{"id": "enwiki-00018159-0000-0000", "contents": "1772 in architecture\nThe year 1772 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018161-0000-0000", "contents": "1772 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1772.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018162-0000-0000", "contents": "1772 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018162-0001-0000", "contents": "1772 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018162-0002-0000", "contents": "1772 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018163-0000-0000", "contents": "1772 in science\nThe year 1772 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018164-0000-0000", "contents": "1772\u20131773 Persian Plague\nThe Persian plague epidemic of 1772\u20131773, also simply known as the Persian Plague, was a massive outbreak of plague, more specifically Bubonic plague, in the Persian Empire, which claimed around 2 million lives in total. It was one of the most devastating Plague epidemics in recorded human history. The outbreak resulted in the introduction of several quarantine measures for the first time in the Persian Gulf regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018164-0001-0000", "contents": "1772\u20131773 Persian Plague, Outbreak\nThe epidemic is believed to have started in Baghdad in the winter of 1772. It then spread to other parts of the Persian-controlled lands. By 1773, the epidemic reached Basra, where it proved to be especially devastating, claiming more than 250,000 lives there alone. The Plague then quickly spread further southwards along the Persian Gulf, eventually reaching Bahrain. Eastwards, the epidemic extended as far as Bombay in India (modern-day Mumbai).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018164-0002-0000", "contents": "1772\u20131773 Persian Plague, Outbreak\nAt the peak of the outbreak, thousand deaths were recorded on a daily basis all throughout the Persian Empire. The outbreak was contained when imposed quarantine measures among the Persian Gulf populations started to show a positive effect by the end of 1773.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018165-0000-0000", "contents": "1773\n1773 (MDCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1773rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 773rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 73rd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1773, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018166-0000-0000", "contents": "1773 British Virgin Islands general election\nGeneral elections were held in the British Virgin Islands in 1773.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018166-0001-0000", "contents": "1773 British Virgin Islands general election, Background\nA petition by residents of the Virgin Islands for the creation of a constitution or a judicial system was made to the British government in 1756, but was rejected. A second attempt was made in 1773, and granted by royal prerogative. In June 1773 Governor Ralph Payne was ordered to issue the writs for an election. He subsequently proclaimed the establishment of a legislature on 30 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018166-0002-0000", "contents": "1773 British Virgin Islands general election, Electoral system\nA new House of Assembly was created, with 11 elected members. Eight were elected in Tortola, two in Virgin Gorda and one in Jost Van Dyke. The right to vote was restricted to white men owning at least 10 acres of land or property worth at least \u00a310. Candidacy was restricted to white men over the age of 21 who owned at least 40 acres of land or property worth \u00a340, or to sons of men owning 80 acres of land or a property worth at least \u00a380. Candidates had to be residents of the constituency that they ran for election in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018166-0003-0000", "contents": "1773 British Virgin Islands general election, Electoral system\nIn addition to the House of Assembly, a 12-member Legislative Council, also known as the Board, was created, which was appointed by the Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018166-0004-0000", "contents": "1773 British Virgin Islands general election, Aftermath\nThe newly elected House of Assembly met for the first time on 1 February 1774.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018167-0000-0000", "contents": "1773 English cricket season\nThe 1773 English cricket season was the second in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of eight first-class matches have survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018167-0001-0000", "contents": "1773 English cricket season, Matches\nA number of other matches were played during the season, including matches between county teams. Full scorecards do not survive of these matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018167-0002-0000", "contents": "1773 English cricket season, Matches\nThe scorecard of the England v Hampshire match on 23 June is the first from which some bowling and fielding details are known, although no credit was given to the bowler when a batsman was out other than by being bowled. The card includes the first known instance of hit wicket as a mode of dismissal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018167-0003-0000", "contents": "1773 English cricket season, Debutants\nThe following players made their first known appearance during the 1773 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018168-0000-0000", "contents": "1773 Guatemala earthquake\nThe 1773 Guatemala earthquake struck Guatemala on July 29 at 15:45 local time. It had an estimated epicentral magnitude of 7.5 Mi. It was part of a sequence that started in May that year. There were two strong foreshocks on June 11 and the mainshock was followed by numerous aftershocks which lasted until December 1773. The series of all these earthquakes is also referred to as the Santa Marta earthquake(s) as it had started on the feast day of Saint Martha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018168-0001-0000", "contents": "1773 Guatemala earthquake\nWith an intensity of approximately VII (Very strong) to VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale, the Santa Marta earthquakes destroyed much of Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala (modern Antigua Guatemala), which was at that time the colonial capital of Central America. About 500\u2013600 people died immediately and at least another 600 died from starvation and disease as a result of the earthquake. The event had significant impact on the number of religious personnel in the area, especially the Mercedarian Order, with the count reduced almost by half and a similar reduction in the amount of income received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018168-0002-0000", "contents": "1773 Guatemala earthquake, Relocation of the capital\nSpanish authorities had previously considered moving the capital to a different location after the devastation of the 1717 Guatemala earthquake and decided after the 1773 event not to rebuild the city again. Thus in 1776 the capital was moved to the new city of Guatemala of Asuncion, known today as Guatemala City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018169-0000-0000", "contents": "1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole\nThe 1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole was a British Royal Navy expedition in which two ships under the commands of Constantine John Phipps and Skeffington Lutwidge sailed towards the North Pole in the summer of 1773 and became stuck in ice near Svalbard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018169-0001-0000", "contents": "1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole, Background\nIn January 1773, on the initiative of its vice president Daines Barrington, the Royal Society sent a letter to Lord Sandwich, the First Lord of the Admiralty, suggesting a voyage to the North Pole. Barrington had been influenced by the writings of the Swiss geographer Samuel Engel, who had suggested in his 1765 book Memoires et observations geographiques et critiques sur la situation des pays septentrionaux de l'Asie et de l'Amerique the existence of a vast empty sea near the North Pole. Sandwich proposed the expedition to King George III, \"which his Majesty was pleased to direct should be immediately undertaken\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018169-0002-0000", "contents": "1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole, Preparations\nConstantine Phipps volunteered for the expedition and was appointed its commander. The bomb vessel HMS\u00a0Racehorse was chosen as the expedition ship and modified at Deptford Dockyard in March and April 1773. The second bomb vessel, HMS\u00a0Carcass under the command of Skeffington Lutwidge, was refitted at Sheerness Dockyard, with both ships provided with additional protection against ice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018169-0003-0000", "contents": "1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole, Preparations\nMembers of the expedition included on Racehorse, Henry Harvey as first lieutenant, Charles Irving as surgeon, Israel Lyons as astronomer, Philippe d'Auvergne as midshipman, and Olaudah Equiano as able seaman. On Carcass, Horatio Nelson served as midshipman. Two Greenland whalers were hired as pilots for each of the ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018169-0004-0000", "contents": "1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole, Preparations\nFor navigation, Racehorse was equipped with a Larcum Kendall K2 chronometer and Carcass with a John Arnold chronometer. Other new technology on board included Pierre Bouguer's improved log and Irving's apparatus for distillation of seawater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018169-0005-0000", "contents": "1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole, Journey\nThe Admiralty's instructions for Phipps from 25 May 1773 stated he should sail north from the Nore and then, \"[...] passing between Spitzbergen and Greenland, proceed up to the North Pole or as far towards it as you are able, carefully avoiding the errors of former navigators by keeping as much as possible in the open sea, and as nearly upon a meridian to the said Pole as the ice or other obstructions you meet with will admit of. If you arrive at the Pole and should even find the sea so open as to admit of a free navigation on the opposite meridian you are not to proceed any further but [...] you are to return to the Nore [...] \"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018169-0006-0000", "contents": "1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole, Journey\nThe ships sailed north from the Nore on 4 June 1773. Spitsbergen was sighted on 28 June, and the ships sailed further north while observing and surveying the coast. From Hakluyt's headland they continued northwest, starting to encounter ice. From 8 July, the ice made movement very difficult, and the ships had to be towed with smaller boats. As the ice was impenetrable, Phipps turned east to determine whether the ice was joined with Spitsbergen. The expedition made further attempts to sail north while going east along the coast and surveying and studying various islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018169-0006-0001", "contents": "1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole, Journey\nOn 27 July they reached their furthest point to the north at 80\u00b048'N. On 30 July, on one of the Seven Islands, Phipps and Lutwidge climbed a hill and could see that the sea was completely frozen over to the east. On their return, the ships were completely surrounded by ice. Over the next few days, Phipps was ready to abandon ships and the crew started hauling the boats over the ice. However, on 10 August, the ships broke free of the ice and into the open sea and returned west to Fairhaven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018169-0006-0002", "contents": "1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole, Journey\nAfter a final attempt to sail northwest on 19 August, they started the journey home. The ships were separated by storms, and on 18 September, Carcass reached Yarmouth Roads and Lutwidge sent news of the expedition to the Admiralty. The ships reunited on 26 September and returned to docks on the Thames on 30 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018169-0007-0000", "contents": "1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole, Publications\nAn anonymous narrative of the journey appeared in February 1774, and Phipps' book, A voyage towards the North Pole containing 70 pages of narrative as well as a lengthy appendix with the scientific results of the journey, in the late summer of 1774. A French translation appeared in 1775 and a German translation in 1777. The journey also features in Olaudah Equiano's 1789 autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, and another eyewitness account, that of midshipman Thomas Floyd, was compiled by his family and published in 1879.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018169-0008-0000", "contents": "1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole, Legacy\nThe failure of the expedition to get through the ice to the North Pole did not convince Barrington or Engel that this was impossible. Scientific results of the journey include the first scientific description of the polar bear and the ivory gull. Some islands of Sju\u00f8yane are named after expedition members: Nelson\u00f8ya, Phipps\u00f8ya, and Walden\u00f8ya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 53], "content_span": [54, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018169-0009-0000", "contents": "1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole, Legacy\nStarting in 1800, a story about Horatio Nelson chasing a polar bear began to circulate, including Nelson's alleged response to a reprimand from Lutwidge, \"I wished, Sir, to get the skin for my father.\" After Nelson's death, the story was expanded in his biographies, and included claims that Nelson had tried to attack the bear with his broken musket, wielding it like a club, a scene immortalised in a painting by Richard Westall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 53], "content_span": [54, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018180-0000-0000", "contents": "1773 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1773 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018183-0000-0000", "contents": "1773 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1773.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018184-0000-0000", "contents": "1773 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1773.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018185-0000-0000", "contents": "1773 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018185-0001-0000", "contents": "1773 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018185-0002-0000", "contents": "1773 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018186-0000-0000", "contents": "1773 in science\nThe year 1773 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018187-0000-0000", "contents": "1774\n1774 (MDCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1774th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 774th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 74th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1774, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018188-0000-0000", "contents": "1774 Alexander Rock House\nThe 1774 Alexander Rock House in Charlotte, North Carolina is the oldest house in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina and was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Originally built by the Alexander Family who finished construction in 1774, the Rock House and its various outbuildings have had many owners over the years with The Charlotte Museum of History being its steward today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018188-0001-0000", "contents": "1774 Alexander Rock House, History, Alexanders\nHezekiah Alexander (~1728\u20131801), bought more than 600 acres (243\u00a0ha) on Sugar Creek in 1767 and finished building the Rock House 1774. Originally from Cecil County, Maryland, Hezekiah moved to Pennsylvania, then to Delaware, and finally North Carolina. He worked as a blacksmith, a farmer, served in the Fifth Provincial Congress which wrote North Carolina's first constitution, and as a trustee of Queens College (which should not be confused with the present-day Queens University of Charlotte.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018188-0002-0000", "contents": "1774 Alexander Rock House, History, Alexanders\nAfter Hezekiah's death, the homesite passed to his wife Mary Sample Alexander (1734-1805). Mary never remarried and thus the land was divided between her youngest sons Joel and Oswald upon her death. In addition to the land, Oswald also received the Rock House and outbuildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018188-0003-0000", "contents": "1774 Alexander Rock House, History, Alexanders\nIn 1826, Oswald married Mary Moore only to die suddenly and without a will before the year's end. After his death, Mary Moore filled a petition for and ultimately received the estate including the Rock House in 1828. Mary Moore married William Lucky that same year and due to how property law worked at the time, the house then passed from her to William Lucky and out of the Alexander Family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018188-0004-0000", "contents": "1774 Alexander Rock House, History, Lucky\nWilliam Lucky and Mary Moore had 3 kids, Dorcus, William, and Catherine, who all received portions of the land when William died without a will in 1845. Mary was also given a portion of the land but was not given the house which went to Dorcus. Dorcus married and moved to South Carolina in 1852, leaving the property to her uncle John W. Moore who sold it to Joseph W. Cadwell in late 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018188-0005-0000", "contents": "1774 Alexander Rock House, History, Cadwell\nDr. Joseph Cadwell lived in the Rock House for 2 years until his death at age 28 in 1861. His brother Samuel Cadwell inherited the property and moved in with his parents and younger sister. After living there for 22 years, Samuel sold the property to Adam Yandle in March of 1883.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018188-0006-0000", "contents": "1774 Alexander Rock House, History, Yandle\nAdam Yandle bought the house paying mostly upfront and promising the rest in January of the following year. Knowing he would not be able to pay by the deadline, Yandle mortgaged his home to Victor Barringer in order to pay Samuel Cadwell. This second loan went equally as well as the first and in 1888, Barringer took the property and sold it at auction to Joseph Reid in 1890.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018188-0007-0000", "contents": "1774 Alexander Rock House, History, Reid\nJoseph Reid and his wife Rachel renovated the house multiple times including adding a large front porch and replacing the flooring on the ground level. Joseph died in 1913 without any children so the house went to Rachel who would pass 15 years later in 1928 without ever remarrying thus the house passed to the control of their estate who put it up for sale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018188-0008-0000", "contents": "1774 Alexander Rock House, History, Cole\nEugene Cole bought the Rock House and surrounding property from the Reid Estate in 1929 though he never lived in the building himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018188-0009-0000", "contents": "1774 Alexander Rock House, History, Museum\nIn 1943, Eugene Cole donated the house to the Western North Carolina Annual Conference of the Methodist Church which had plans to use the site as a retirement community. In 1949, the home and some of the surrounding property is leased by members of the Daughters of the American Revolution in order to preserve and restore the historic building. The Hezekiah Alexander Home Foundation was formed in 1969 to better manage the property and fundraise for further work. After passing through several hands, The Charlotte Museum of History became independent in 1986 and maintains the Rock House to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018188-0010-0000", "contents": "1774 Alexander Rock House, Architecture\nThe stone house was built in a Georgian style typical of those built by Germans who settled in Pennsylvania and by the Dutch in the Hudson Valley. Germans who moved south to North Carolina brought this style of architecture with them. The Alexander House is one of the few examples of this architecture still in existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018189-0000-0000", "contents": "1774 British general election\nThe 1774 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 14th Parliament of Great Britain to be held, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. Lord North's government was returned with a large majority. The opposition consisted of factions supporting the Marquess of Rockingham and the Earl of Chatham, both of whom referred to themselves as Whigs. North's opponents referred to his supporters as Tories, but no Tory party existed at the time and his supporters rejected the label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018189-0001-0000", "contents": "1774 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018189-0002-0000", "contents": "1774 British general election, Dates of election\nThe general election was held between 5 October 1774 and 10 November 1774. North's ministry pushed for elections to occur in 1774 (instead of the originally planned 1775) in part due to wanting to avoid having an election coincide with increasing tensions in the American colonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018189-0003-0000", "contents": "1774 British general election, Dates of election\nAt this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see husting for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018190-0000-0000", "contents": "1774 English cricket season\nThe 1774 English cricket season was the third in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of five first-class matches have survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018190-0001-0000", "contents": "1774 English cricket season\nThe Laws of Cricket were revised during the season, the first major revision since the 1744 season. The revision of the Laws introduced leg before wicket as a means of dismissal and formalised the standard width of a cricket bat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018190-0002-0000", "contents": "1774 English cricket season, Laws revision\nThe Laws of Cricket were revised during a meeting held at the Star and Garter on Pall Mall, London during February. This was attended by a range of influential cricket figures who produced \"New Articles of the Game of Cricket\", essentially a revised version of the 1744 Laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018190-0003-0000", "contents": "1774 English cricket season, Laws revision\nThe revision of the Laws formalised the standard width of a cricket bat at 4.25 inches (10.8\u00a0cm), a measure that had been introduced by the Hambledon Club following the Monster Bat Incident of 1771. The weight of a cricket ball was narrowed to between 5.5 inches (14\u00a0cm) and 5.75 inches (14.6\u00a0cm), having previously been limited to between 5 inches (13\u00a0cm) and 6 inches (15\u00a0cm), and the toss of a coin was removed from the game, with the listing team instead having the choice of whether to bat or bowl first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018190-0004-0000", "contents": "1774 English cricket season, Laws revision\nThe revision introduced Leg Before Wicket (LBW) as a means of dismissal, stating that \"the striker is out if he puts his leg before the wicket with a design to stop the ball and actually prevent the ball from hitting it\". The introduction of LBW stemmed from batsmen deliberately blocking the ball using their legs rather than attempting to play it with their bat, most notably a player named Ring. The Law was revised nine times between its introduction and 1831 and it was not until 1839 that the Law was amended to state that the ball had to pitch in line with the stumps in order for the batsman to be out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018190-0005-0000", "contents": "1774 English cricket season, Matches\nIn the match between Hampshire and England on 7\u20138 July, bowler William Bullen took the first known five wicket haul in first-class matches. It is possible that this feat had already been accomplished, but details of dismissals are often lacking from this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018190-0006-0000", "contents": "1774 English cricket season, Matches\nSix other matches are known to have been played during the season, including matches between county teams. Full scorecards do not survive from these matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018190-0007-0000", "contents": "1774 English cricket season, Debutants\nThe following players made their first known appearance during the 1774 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018203-0000-0000", "contents": "1774 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1774 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018206-0000-0000", "contents": "1774 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1774.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018207-0000-0000", "contents": "1774 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018207-0001-0000", "contents": "1774 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018207-0002-0000", "contents": "1774 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018208-0000-0000", "contents": "1774 in science\nThe year 1774 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0000-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave\nThe 1774\u201375 papal conclave (October 5 \u2013 February 15), was convoked after the death of Pope Clement XIV and ended with the election of Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Braschi, who took the name of Pius VI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0001-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Death of Clement XIV\nPope Clement XIV died suddenly on September 22, 1774 at the age of 68. His pontificate had been dominated by the problem of the Society of Jesus. The various courts under the House of Bourbon and the Kingdom of Portugal (under the House of Braganza) urged the general suppression of the order. The pope tried to defend Jesuits and to temporize, but finally had to capitulate, and in 1773 he issued the Brief Dominus ac Redemptor which suppressed the Society of Jesus. Father Lorenzo Ricci, general of the order, had been imprisoned in the Castel Sant'Angelo. However, the Jesuits still had many adherents in the Roman Curia and in the Sacred College of Cardinals. The attitude toward Jesuits remained the main criterion of the appreciation of the candidates to the papal succession in the subsequent conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0002-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Death of Clement XIV\nThe death of a pope frequently presented an opportunity for the citizens of Rome to vent their anti-clerical feelings, often in the context of satires, sometimes salacious, directed at either the late pope or the cardinals. In 1774, the Governor of Rome had occasion to ban a drama entitled the Conclave for offending the \"dignity, decorum, and venerable representation of the Sacred College, as well as, other persons as subjects.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0003-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, List of participants\nAt the death of Clement XIV there were fifty-five cardinals in the Sacred College, but two of them died during sede vacante, while another nine remained entirely absent. Forty-four cardinals participated in the conclave:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0004-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, List of participants\nThirteen cardinals were created by Clement XIV, twenty by Clement XIII, ten by Pope Benedict XIV and one (Alessandro Albani) by Innocent XIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0005-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, List of participants, Absentees\nBenedict XIV, Clement XIII and Clement XIV created three of them each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0006-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, List of participants, Died during sede vacante\nTwo cardinals, including one created by Benedict XIV and one created by Clement XIII:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 72], "content_span": [73, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0007-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Divisions in the Sacred College\nThe College of Cardinals was generally divided into two blocs: curial, pro-Jesuit (zelanti) and political, anti-Jesuit. The first one was formed by the Italian curial cardinals who opposed the secular influences on the Church. The second one included crown-cardinals of the Catholic courts. These two blocs were in no way homogenous. Zelanti were divided into moderate and radical factions. The anti-Jesuit bloc was divided into several national groups with different interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0008-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Divisions in the Sacred College\nThe leader of Zelanti was Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna. The other representatives of this faction were Giovanni Battista Rezzonico, his relative Carlo Rezzonico, who occupied the important office of the camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, Gian Francesco Albani, dean of the College of Cardinals, and Alessandro Albani, archdeacon of the College. The Rezzonichi represented the radical wing of this faction, while the Albanis and Colonna represented the moderate wing. Among the anti-Jesuit cardinals the main leader was Cardinal de Bernis, ambassador of Louis XVI of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0008-0001", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Divisions in the Sacred College\nThe interests of Charles III of Spain were represented by Cardona, interests of Ferdinand III of Sicily/Ferdinand IV of Naples by Orsini, while those of Maria Theresa of Austria and her son Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor were under the care of Migazzi and Corsini. Also very influential was Cardinal Giraud, former nuncio in France. Several cardinals were not counted among the members of these factions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0009-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Divisions in the Sacred College\nThere was no main favourite of the conclave. About thirty cardinals were considered papabile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0010-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Conclave\nThe conclave began on October 5, 1774. Initially there were only 28 participants. By the middle of December their number reached only 39, but by the end of the conclave five more cardinals arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0011-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Conclave\nCardinal Marcantonio Colonna, taking advantage of the small number of electors, mostly curial cardinals belonging to his zelanti faction, tried to release Father Ricci from prison. This initiative obtained support of camerlengo Carlo Rezzonico and of Henry Benedict Stuart, but the anti-Jesuit faction was strong enough to frustrate it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0012-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Conclave\nEvery day at least one ballot took place, but no candidates with serious chances for the election were proposed at the beginning, because the number of electors was relatively small and they were obliged to await the arrival of the rest, particularly of those representatives of the courts who did not reside in Rome. Zelanti voted mainly for their leader Colonna, who received the greatest number of votes in these initial ballots, but certainly had no chances to secure the required majority of two thirds. Some other candidates were also put forward by the Zelanti, but they were all rejected by crown-cardinals as too pro-Jesuit. Against the candidature of Giovanni Carlo Boschi the Bourbon courts even pronounced the official papal veto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0013-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Conclave\nAlthough the court factions cooperated by blocking of Zelanti candidates, they were unable to agree upon one of their own. Spain supported Pallavicino, while Austria favoured Visconti, a former nuncio at Vienna. Towards the end of 1774, the name of young Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Braschi was raised for the first time. Braschi belonged to the moderate wing of the Zelanti faction. He was advanced by Cardinal Giraud, and obtained a significant number of votes. The crown-cardinals rejected Braschi as pro-Jesuit, although Cardinal de Bernis in his report for the French court found him moderate man and did not exclude the support for him in the future, if no better candidate would be found. No consensus had been achieved before the end of 1774.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0014-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Conclave\nIn January 1775 cardinals Migazzi, Borromeo, Caracciolo, Pallavicino and Visconti were proposed by the political factions, but without any significant success, because Zelanti rejected all candidates recommended by the monarchs. Cardinal Zelada tried to mediate between factions, proposing to reduce the number of candidates to six, of whom each of the two blocs had to advance three, and to elect the one who would be the most acceptable for all. But this initiative had also failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0015-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Conclave\nGradually French Cardinals de Bernis and Luynes came to the conclusion that it was impossible to find any better candidate with chances for election than the initially rejected Cardinal Braschi. This was the turning point of the conclave. Braschi's candidacy gained important and influential allies. But Spain and Portugal still opposed him as too favorable toward the Jesuits. Braschi also had some opponents in the radical wing of his own party. To secure the required majority, Cardinal de Bernis aligned himself with Cardinal Zelada, who acted as mediator: de Bernis had to convince the political factions, while Zelada had to overcome the opposition among the radical Zelanti. Also Cardinal Albani was engaged in the promotion of Braschi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0016-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Conclave\nCardinal Zelada secured the support of Zelanti without serious problems. Spain's candidate, Pallavicino, openly declared that he would not accept the tiara and supported Braschi. The other political factions agreed when Braschi promised the ratification of the suppression of the Jesuits, his friendship to the House of Bourbon and to the House of Habsburg, and agreed to be guided by the allies in the distribution of State offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0017-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Election of Pius VI\nOn February 15, 1775, after 134 days of deliberation, on the 265th ballot, Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Braschi was elected to the papacy receiving all votes except his own, which, according to custom, he gave to Gian Francesco Albani, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. He took the name of Pius VI, in honour of St. Pius V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018209-0018-0000", "contents": "1774\u20131775 papal conclave, Election of Pius VI\nOn February 22, 1775 the Pope-elect was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Dean Gian Francesco Albani, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, assisted by Sub-dean Henry Benedict Stuart, bishop of Frascati, and Camerlengo Carlo Rezzonico, bishop of Sabina. On the same day he was also solemnly crowned by Cardinal Alessandro Albani, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018210-0000-0000", "contents": "1775\n1775 (MDCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1775th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 775th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 75th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1775, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018210-0001-0000", "contents": "1775, Events, Summary\nThe  American Revolution begins this year, with the first military engagement being the April 19 Battles of Lexington and Concord on the day after Paul Revere's now-legendary ride. The Second Continental Congress takes various steps toward organizing an American government, appointing George Washington commander-in-chief (June 14), Benjamin Franklin postmaster general (July 26) and creating a Continental Navy (October 13) and a Marine force (November 10) as landing troops for it, but as yet the 13 colonies have not declared independence, and both the British (June 12) and American (July 15) governments make laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018210-0001-0001", "contents": "1775, Events, Summary\nOn July 6, Congress issues the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms and on August 23, King George III of Great Britain declares the American colonies in rebellion, announcing it to Parliament on November 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018210-0001-0002", "contents": "1775, Events, Summary\nOn June 17, two months into the colonial siege of Boston, at the Battle of Bunker Hill, just north of Boston, British forces are victorious, but only after suffering severe casualties and after Colonial forces run out of ammunition, Fort Ticonderoga is taken by American forces in New York Colony's northern frontier, and American forces unsuccessfully invade Canada, with an attack on Montreal defeated by British forces on November 13 and an attack on Quebec repulsed December 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018210-0002-0000", "contents": "1775, Events, Summary\nHuman knowledge and mastery over nature advances when James Watt builds a successful prototype of a steam engine, and a scientific expedition continues as Captain James Cook claims the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands in the south Atlantic Ocean for Britain. Nature's power over humanity is dramatically demonstrated when the Independence Hurricane (August 29 \u2013 September 13) devastates the east coast of North America, killing 4,173, and when, on the western side of the North American continent, Tseax Cone erupts in the future British Columbia, as well as when a smallpox epidemic begins in New England. Smallpox was then cured by Edward Jenner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018211-0000-0000", "contents": "1775 (TV pilot)\nSeventeen Seventy Five was a 1992 pilot episode for a CBS situation comedy. Set in colonial Philadelphia during the run-up to the American Revolution, the series was to follow the exploits of innkeeper Jeremy Proctor and his family. The series was not picked up by CBS, but was broadcast as a special presentation once September 5, 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018211-0001-0000", "contents": "1775 (TV pilot)\nA similar idea for a situation comedy was mentioned by Andrew Alexander in a commentary track for SCTV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018211-0002-0000", "contents": "1775 (TV pilot), Plot\nInnkeeper Jeremy Proctor needs funds to send his daughters to a ball (which will hopefully lead to marrying one of them off). He thus tries to borrow the money from his brother-in-law, George Washington, but to no avail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018212-0000-0000", "contents": "1775 English cricket season\nThe 1775 English cricket season was the fourth in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of four first-class matches have survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018212-0001-0000", "contents": "1775 English cricket season, Matches\nDuring the second Hampshire v Surrey match, John Small set a new record for the highest known score in cricket matches, making 136 for the Hampshire XI. This beat John Minshull's score of 107 set in 1769 and was the first century scored in a match that has been awarded first-class status. It lasted only until 1777 when James Aylward set a new mark with a score of 167.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018212-0002-0000", "contents": "1775 English cricket season, Matches\nTen other matches are known to have been played during the season, including matches between county teams. Full scorecards do not survive from most of these matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018212-0003-0000", "contents": "1775 English cricket season, Other events\nDuring a single wicket cricket match in May at the Artillery Ground, Lumpy Stevens, bowling, beat John Small at least three times only for the ball to pass through centre of the wicket, which at that time still consisted of two stumps and a single bail crosspiece. This led to calls for the introduction of a third stump to make it impossible for the ball to pass through the centre of the wicket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018212-0004-0000", "contents": "1775 English cricket season, Other events\nThe earliest known reference to Oldfield Cricket Club in Berkshire and to cricket in Huntingdonshire date from 1774.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018213-0000-0000", "contents": "1775 Liverpool Seamen's revolt\nThe 1775 Liverpool Seamen's revolt was a revolt by seamen faced by a cut in wages and consisted of industrial sabotage actions, protests and prison escapes. At the height of the struggle, the seamen bombarded Liverpool Town Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018213-0001-0000", "contents": "1775 Liverpool Seamen's revolt, Economic crisis\nAt the time a large number of  the working class in Liverpool were seamen and enjoyed the support of much of the general population. In August 1775, the American War of Independence had a big impact on the economy of Liverpool, particularly the transatlantic slave trade. In 1773 105 ships had sailed for Africa with a burthen tonnage of 11,056. By 1775 this had reduced to 81 ships with a total tonnage of 9,200. There were 3,000 unemployed seamen in Liverpool and about 40 ships fitted out for the transport of slaves were laid up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018213-0002-0000", "contents": "1775 Liverpool Seamen's revolt, Economic crisis\nMerchants decided to reduce the standard pay for rigging out a ship in preparation for a voyage, which was 30 shillings a month. Seamen who had been engaged to rig the Derby found that they were to be paid at only 20 shillings a month, and were told that there were plenty of sailors to be had in the port.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018213-0003-0000", "contents": "1775 Liverpool Seamen's revolt, Economic crisis\nThe seamen returned to the ship, cut down the rigging and left it lying on deck. The rest of the rigged ships in the harbour were treated in the same way. When nine of the men were arrested and committed to prison by the magistrates, two or three thousand seamen surrounded the prison and secured the release of eight of the men. They marched away, discovered that they had left one prisoner behind, and marched back to the prison. Here they succeeded in releasing not only the other seaman, but also a woman who had been accused of aiding and abetting the rioters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018213-0004-0000", "contents": "1775 Liverpool Seamen's revolt, Economic crisis\nThe crowd marched to the Town Hall - which was also the merchants' Exchange - with a red flag. They continued their peaceful meetings and marching and a delegation met Lord Mayor James Clemens on the fifth day. There was a report that the merchants agreed to pay the rates that were asked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018213-0005-0000", "contents": "1775 Liverpool Seamen's revolt, Economic crisis\nHowever, that afternoon the merchants hired a body of armed men at ten shillings a day, and posted some in the Town Hall to arrest the strike leaders. In the evening, they fired on the unarmed strikers who were surrounding the building. The dead were variously reported at two or seven, the wounded at ten or several.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018213-0006-0000", "contents": "1775 Liverpool Seamen's revolt, Economic crisis\nThe seamen went aboard ships collecting cannon, and then put them into position to bombard the Town Hall. They bedecked their hats with red ribbons, raised the red flag, and at 1pm the next day, they began bombarding the Town Hall. Four people were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018213-0007-0000", "contents": "1775 Liverpool Seamen's revolt, Economic crisis\nThe merchants sent a message to the military in Manchester and two days later 100 cavalry with six officers set off for Liverpool. The seamen were attending the funeral of the victims of the shooting. The troops hunted down and arrested forty to sixty sailors and marched them off to Lancaster for indictment and trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018213-0008-0000", "contents": "1775 Liverpool Seamen's revolt, Economic crisis\nOnly twelve of the sailors were indicted at Lancaster. Eight were found guilty, but all were discharged on agreeing to enlist in the Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018214-0000-0000", "contents": "1775 Newfoundland hurricane\nThe 1775 Newfoundland hurricane, also known as the Independence Hurricane, was a hurricane that struck the Thirteen Colonies and the Colony of Newfoundland in August and September, 1775, at the outset of the American War of Independence. It is believed to have killed at least 4,000 people, making it one of the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes of all time. There is disagreement among historians and meteorologists whether the events were one storm or two distinct storms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018214-0001-0000", "contents": "1775 Newfoundland hurricane, Impact, North Carolina and Virginia\nOn August 27, 1775, a hurricane hit the Outer Banks of North Carolina. It turned northeastward and left the state on September 2, bringing heavy wind and rain to southeastern Virginia. A letter from New Bern, North Carolina, recounted, \"We had a violent hurricane...which has done a vast deal of damage here, at the Bar, and at Matamuskeet, near 150 lives being lost at the Bar, and 15 in one neighborhood at Matamuskeet.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018214-0002-0000", "contents": "1775 Newfoundland hurricane, Impact, North Carolina and Virginia\nThe September 9, 1775, edition of The Virginia Gazette reported: \"The shocking accounts of damage done by the rains last week are numerous: Most of the mill-dams are broke, the corn laid almost level with the ground, and fodder destroyed; many ships and other vessels drove ashore and damaged, at Norfolk, Hampton, and York. In the heavy storm of wind and rain, which came on last Saturday, and continued most part of the night, the Mercury man of war as drove from her station abreast of the town of Norfolk, and stuck flat aground in shoal water.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018214-0003-0000", "contents": "1775 Newfoundland hurricane, Impact, Newfoundland\nA storm struck the eastern coast of Newfoundland on September 9, 1775. It is uncertain if this storm was the remnants of the hurricane that had crossed the Outer Banks over a week earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018214-0004-0000", "contents": "1775 Newfoundland hurricane, Impact, Newfoundland\nNewfoundland's fisheries \"received a very severe stroke from the violence of a storm of wind, which almost swept everything before it,\" Commodore Governor Robert Duff wrote shortly after it struck. \"A considerable number of boats, with their crews, have been totally lost, several vessels wrecked on the shores,\" he said. Ocean levels rose to heights \"scarcely ever known before\" and caused great devastation, Duff reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018214-0005-0000", "contents": "1775 Newfoundland hurricane, Impact, Newfoundland\nA total of 4,000 sailors, mostly from England and Ireland, were reported to have been drowned. A localized storm surge is reported to have reached heights of between 20 and 30\u00a0feet. Losses from the hurricane include two armed schooners of the Royal Navy, which were on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland to enforce Britain's fishing rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018214-0006-0000", "contents": "1775 Newfoundland hurricane, Impact, Newfoundland\nThe hurricane is Atlantic Canada's first recorded hurricane and Canada's deadliest natural disaster (and by far the deadliest hurricane to ever hit territory of present-day Canada), as well as the eighth-deadliest Atlantic hurricane in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018215-0000-0000", "contents": "1775 Zimmerwald\n1775 Zimmerwald, provisional designation 1969 JA, is a stony Eunomian asteroid and slow rotator from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 May 1969, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. It is named for the village of Zimmerwald, where the discovering observatory is located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018215-0001-0000", "contents": "1775 Zimmerwald, Orbit and classification\nZimmerwald is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of mostly stony S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt, which is located between two prominent Kirkwood gaps. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,533 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery of Zimmerwald was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1949, extending the body's observation arc by 20 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald. During the 1950s, it was also identified at Heidelberg, Goethe Link and McDonald Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018215-0002-0000", "contents": "1775 Zimmerwald, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Zimmerwald was obtained by American astronomer Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies, California, using photometric observations taken at the Santana and Goat Mountain observatories (646, G79). Lightcurve analysis gave a very long rotation period of 122\u00b15 hours with a change in brightness of 0.60 magnitude (U=2+). It is also suspected, that the body might be in a nonprincipal axis rotation, which is commonly known as \"tumbling\". While the slowest rotators have periods above 1000 hours, the majority of minor planets have periods shorter than 20 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018215-0003-0000", "contents": "1775 Zimmerwald, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Zimmerwald measures 10.17 and 10.70 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between of 0.244 and 0.21, respectively (without preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 \u2013 derived from 15\u00a0Eunomia, the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 11.03 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018215-0004-0000", "contents": "1775 Zimmerwald, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the small village of Zimmerwald, location of the discovering Zimmerwald Observatory. It is located about seven miles south of the Swiss capital Bern, after which the binary asteroid 1313 Berna was named. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (M.P.C. 4155).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018217-0000-0000", "contents": "1775 in Canada, Historical documents\nContinental Congress letter to Canadians, May 26, 1775 (two sources)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018217-0001-0000", "contents": "1775 in Canada, Historical documents\nGen. Richard Montgomery letter re Chambly capitulation, officers and stores captured, etc. (note: \"St. John's\" is Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018217-0002-0000", "contents": "1775 in Canada, Historical documents\nGen. Montgomery letter re St.-Jean surrender and capitulation terms, stores captured, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018217-0003-0000", "contents": "1775 in Canada, Historical documents\nCol. Benedict Arnold's bedraggled regiment arrives at Quebec City from Maine, November 8, 1775", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018226-0000-0000", "contents": "1775 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1775 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018229-0000-0000", "contents": "1775 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1775.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018230-0000-0000", "contents": "1775 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018230-0001-0000", "contents": "1775 in poetry, Events\nOctober 26 - Phillis Wheatley sends a poem and letter to General George Washington in his honor. He responded to her in 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018230-0002-0000", "contents": "1775 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018230-0003-0000", "contents": "1775 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018231-0000-0000", "contents": "1775 in science\nThe year 1775 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0000-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic\nThe New World of the Western Hemisphere was devastated by the 1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic. Columbus' first voyage to America can be attributed for bringing the smallpox virus to America and led to its spread across most of the continent of North America. At least 130,000 people were estimated to have died in the epidemic that started in 1775.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0001-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Background\nSmallpox was a dangerous disease caused by the variola major virus. The most common type of smallpox, ordinary, historically has devastated populations with a 30% death rate. The smallpox virus is transmittable through bodily fluids and materials contaminated with infected materials. Generally, face-to-face contact is required for an individual to contract smallpox as a result of an interaction with another human. Unlike some viruses, humans are the only carriers of variola major. This limits the chances of the virus being unknowingly spread through contact with insect or other animal populations. Persons infected with smallpox are infectious to others for about 24 days after their infection time. However, there is a period of time in which individuals are contagious but have only begun to experience minor symptoms such as fever, headaches, body aches, and sometimes vomiting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0002-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Background\nThis epidemic occurred during the years of the American Revolutionary War. During this time, there was no medical technology widely available to protect soldiers from outbreaks in crowded and unhygienic troop camps. Thus, this virus posed a major threat to the success of the Continental Army, led by George Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0003-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Background\nIt is not known where the outbreak began, but the epidemic was not limited to the colonies on the Eastern seaboard, nor to the areas ravaged by hostilities. The outbreak spread throughout the North American continent. In 1775 it was already raging through British-occupied Boston and among the Continental Army's invasion of Canada. During Washington's siege of Boston the disease broke out among both Continental and British camps. Many escaped slaves who had fled to the British lines in the South likewise contracted smallpox and died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0003-0001", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Background\nIn the South, it reached Texas, and from 1778 to 1779, New Orleans was especially hard hit due to its densely populated urban area. By 1779 the disease had spread to Mexico and would cause the deaths of tens of thousands. At its end the epidemic had crossed the Great Plains, reaching as far west as the Pacific coast, as far north as Alaska and as far south as Mexico, infecting virtually every part of the continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0004-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Background\nOne of the worst tragedies of the pandemic was the massive toll it took on the indigenous population of the Americas. The disease was likely spread via the travels of the Shoshone Indian tribes. Beginning in 1780 it reached the Pueblos of the territory comprising present day New Mexico. It also showed up in the interior trading posts of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1782. It affected nearly every tribe on the continent, including the northwestern coast. It is estimated to have killed nearly 11,000 Native Americans in the Western area of present-day Washington, reducing the population from 37,000 to 26,000 in just seven years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0005-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Quarantine methods\nThough there was not too much known about viruses and their transitions, English colonists in North America recognized the effectiveness of isolating individuals infected with smallpox. The English colonies were more aware of the features of smallpox than of almost any other infectious disease. It was widely recognized that there were only two options for protecting oneself against this disease, quarantine or inoculation against the disease. Many feared inoculation, and instead chose isolation via quarantine. Individuals with recognized infections were sent to remote locations where they could let the disease run its course without the fear of infecting others. If needed, the scale of the quarantine could be increased. This meant cutting off entire towns from the rest of the colonies for the duration of the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0006-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Quarantine methods\nMembers of the English colonies as well as English officials were proactive in establishing quarantine guidelines in order to protect the public. One of the earliest recorded examples of this was a quarantine established in 1647 by Puritans in order to prevent the spread of disease from ships coming from the Caribbean. In 1731 an act, entitled , was passed. This act made the heads of households mandatory reporters for smallpox; these individuals were required to report smallpox in their house to the selectmen of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0006-0001", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Quarantine methods\nInfected households would then be indicated with the placement of a red flag. In South Carolina, sentinels were to be posted outside infected households and infectious notices were required to be posted. In many colonies islands were set up to quarantine individuals coming in by ship. This decreased the chances of smallpox being introduced via trade or travel. By the late 1700s, almost all colonies had quarantine laws in effect in order to diminish the hugely damaging effects that smallpox could have on their communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0007-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Quarantine methods\nUpon taking charge of the Continental Army, Washington recognized the severe danger that smallpox posed to his men and the outcome of the war. To this end, Washington became \"particularly attentive to the least Symptoms of Smallpox\"  among his men. Further, Washington was prepared to quarantine any member of his troops showing symptoms according to previously discovered methods and guidelines, including through the use of a special hospital. Following an outbreak of smallpox in Boston, Washington took further precautions to protect his men; he quarantined his men from the dangerous Boston public. These measures included the refusal to allow contact between his soldiers and the viral refugees of Boston. Additionally, certain retreats of the Continental Army can be linked to Washington's wish to avoid smallpox and his intense caution when it came to his troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0008-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Inoculation\nThough it was practiced in many parts of the world, the technology of inoculation, or Variolation, was not known in Europe until the 1670. It was widely publicized by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who inoculated her own children against smallpox, despite widespread concern and controversy. Inoculation was the practice of introducing infected materials in to the bodies of healthy individuals with the hope that they would contract a mild form of smallpox, recover, and be immune to further infections. The outcome of inoculations in surviving patients was successful. These individuals proved to be immune to smallpox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 55], "content_span": [56, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0008-0001", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Inoculation\nUnderstandably, there was much concern surrounding the practice of inoculation. The ordinary person was unable to comprehend the efficacy of intentionally infecting an otherwise healthy person with a potentially fatal disease. Thus, many were reluctant to have themselves or their family members inoculated. There were instances in which these fears were validated. Many of those who had been inoculated died as a result of the smallpox they had been exposed to. Additionally, there was the potential for an accidental outbreak of smallpox after contact between inoculation patients and the public. The choice of significant individuals such as John Adams and Abigail Adams to be inoculated did some to make inoculations more accepted, but there was still much progress to be made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 55], "content_span": [56, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0009-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Inoculation, George Washington\nGeorge Washington contributed greatly to the progression of public health systems in America. During his time working with the Continental Army, Washington observed how smallpox and other diseases spread like wildfire through Army camps and gatherings. This was often due to the cramped and dirty living conditions of these places. Washington understood the destructive nature of smallpox and other diseases such as malaria, diphtheria, and scarlet fever. He was one of the first to introduce the idea of compulsory health initiatives such as widespread inoculation. Washington also had experience with disease outside the realm of combat and war. Having himself suffered from many illnesses and observing those of his family, George Washington was an integral part of the establishment of American public health programs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0010-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Inoculation, George Washington\nAlong with quarantine, another one of Washington's methods for keeping his men healthy was with the use of inoculation. Washington, like others of the time period, was not intimately familiar with the exact mechanisms of the virus. However, he and others were able to realize that men who had previously contracted and subsequently recovered from smallpox were unlikely to become ill a second time. Thus, early on Washington recognized the strategic advantage of these individuals. During an outbreak in Boston, Washington sent troops made up only of men who had previously been infected with smallpox. With this, he was able to both protect his soldiers and take advantage of the vulnerability of Boston and its British inhabitants during the smallpox outbreak of March 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0011-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Inoculation, George Washington\nInitially, George Washington was reluctant to inoculate his troops. But as he watched many of his men fall victim to smallpox, Washington believed that he would be able to keep his troops healthy through sanitary and quarantine methods. There were several events that contributed to the change of Washington's policy. First, Washington recognized that quarantine and attempted cleanliness were not enough to keep his vital troops healthy and in fighting form. Additionally, many prominent members of colonial society were having themselves and their families inoculated. Eventually, even George Washington's wife, Martha Washington was herself inoculated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0011-0001", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Inoculation, George Washington\nIt was not long after this that Washington initiated the inoculation of the American troops. Washington recognized the dangers of inoculating these men; many patients died as result of the infection caused by inoculation. However, the importance of keeping his men healthy outweighed the risks, and almost all Continental soldiers were inoculated against smallpox. Washington (a survivor of smallpox himself) understood the danger that smallpox posed to his men, saying \"Necessity not only authorizes but seems to require the measure, for should the disorder infect the Army . . .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0011-0002", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Inoculation, George Washington\nwe should have more to dread from it, than from the Sword of the Enemy.\" However, it was more complex than just Washington making this decision. Local officials were concerned that the inoculation of soldiers would lead to the accidental spread of smallpox among civilians. But Washington persisted in his quest and managed to get the majority of his soldiers inoculated. Along with the rise in popularity of the practice, Washington's decision to inoculate his troops was also extremely strategic; he was able to realize the deep impact an epidemic would have on his troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0011-0003", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Inoculation, George Washington\nImmunity was initially more widespread among the British men than the Americans. This was due to the more accepted practice of inoculation in Europe and the high rate of childhood cases, resulting in immunity. With this, an epidemic spread among Americans could prove disastrous to the American cause. With his men at Valley Forge inoculated, Washington was able to proceed with more confidence, knowing that at least his men would not be struck down by the smallpox virus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0012-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Inoculation, John and Abigail Adams\nBoth John and Abigail Adams were intimately familiar with disease and illness, having seen many family members and themselves infected. Thus, Abigail made certain to educate her children on the dangers of disease and how to best avoid it. These lessons included both practices of cleaning and the administration of home medicine. The Adams both understood the toll that smallpox could take and therefore feared the disease and its potentially devastating lasting effects. In July 1764, John Adams set an example by choosing to be inoculated before it was a commonly accepted practice. Though techniques were rudimentary at this time, Adams survived the experience, emerging with protective immunity. Adams described the inoculation procedure in a letter to his wife:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 79], "content_span": [80, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0013-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Inoculation, John and Abigail Adams\nWith this act, John Adams set a precedent for many. At the time of his inoculation, the practice was still highly controversial and distrusted by most. This stemmed from the cases in which inoculation patients died as a result of the contracted disease. Additionally, there was always the risk of inoculation patients unintentionally infecting others. However, Adams understood that the benefits of inoculation far outweighed the potential risks. Having a background in medicine, Adams strove to educate others on his findings and beliefs. John Adams was certainly a leading figure in the American Revolution; he played many important roles and was known to many. Adams was able to spread his progressive beliefs about public health programs such as inoculation by taking advantage of his status during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 79], "content_span": [80, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0014-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Inoculation, John and Abigail Adams\nIn July 1776, Abigail and their four children, Charles, Nabby, Thomas, and John Quincy, were all inoculated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 79], "content_span": [80, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0015-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Implications for public health\nMany of the leading figures associated with the American Revolution were also involved in the attempt to stop the disastrous spread of smallpox throughout the American Colonies and beyond. Such individuals included George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin, among others. Prior to the steps made by these parties, public health policies in the colonies were not well established; they were limited to emergency situations. This is to say that policies and programs sprung up around epidemics and quarantines, wherever they were needed in the moment. However, the scourge of smallpox prompted changes to be made that would impact the public health of America for years to come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018232-0016-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131782 North American smallpox epidemic, Implications for public health\nAt the time of its introduction, almost all colonists were extremely wary of this new medical procedure. It was difficult for them to understand how the infection of an otherwise healthy individual could have a positive outcome. However, inoculation saved many lives and may have protected the Continental Army from destruction. The smallpox inoculation program paved the way for the global public health system that is responsible for the control and eradication of many deadly diseases, including but not limited to polio, measles, and diphtheria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0000-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion\nFashion in the twenty years between 1775\u20131795 in Western culture became simpler and less elaborate. These changes were a result of  emerging modern ideals of selfhood, the declining fashionability of highly elaborate Rococo styles, and the widespread embrace of the rationalistic or \"classical\" ideals of Enlightenment philosophes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0001-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Enlightenment concept of \"fashion\"\nAccording to some historians, it was at this time when the concept of fashion, as it is known today, was established (others date it much earlier). Prior to this point, clothes as a means of self-expression were limited. Guild-controlled systems of production and distribution and the sumptuary laws made clothing both expensive and difficult to acquire for the majority of people. However, by 1750 the consumer revolution brought about cheaper copies of fashionable styles, allowing members of all classes to  in fashionable dress. Thus, fashion begins to represent an expression of individuality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0002-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, French Revolution\nAs the radicals and Jacobins became more powerful, there was a revulsion against high-fashion because of its extravagance and its association with royalty and aristocracy. It was replaced with a sort of \"anti-fashion\" for men and women that emphasized simplicity and modesty. The men wore plain, dark clothing and short unpowdered hair. During the Terror of 1794, the workaday outfits of the sans-culottes symbolized Jacobin egalitarianism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0003-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, French Revolution\nHigh fashion and extravagance returned to France and its satellite states under the Directory, 1795\u201399, with its \"directoire\" styles; the men did not return to extravagant customs. These trends would reach their height in the classically-styled fashions of the late 1790s and early 19th century. For men, coats, waistcoats and stockings of previous decades continued to be fashionable across the Western world, although they too changed silhouette in this period, becoming slimmer and using earthier colors and more matte fabrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0004-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nWomen's clothing styles maintained an emphasis on the conical shape of the torso while the shape of the skirts changed throughout the period. The wide panniers (holding the skirts out at the side) for the most part disappeared by 1780 for all but the most formal court functions, and false rumps (bum-pads or hip-pads) were worn for a time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0005-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nMarie Antoinette had a marked influence on French fashion beginning in the 1780s. Around this time, she had begun to rebel against the structure of court life. She abolished her morning toilette and escaped to the Petit Trianon with increasing frequency, leading to criticism of her exclusivity by cutting off the traditional right of the aristocracy to their monarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0005-0001", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nMarie Antoinette found refuge from the stresses of the rigidity of court life and the scrutiny of the public eye, the ailing health of her children, and her sense of powerlessness in her marriage by carrying out a pseudo-country life in her newly constructed hameau. She and an elite circle of friends would dress in peasant clothing and straw hats and retreat to the hameau. It was out of this practice that her style of dress evolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0006-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nBy tradition, a lady of the court was instantly recognizable by the panniers, corset, and weighty silk materials that constructed her gown in the style \u00e0 la fran\u00e7aise or \u00e0 l'anglaise. By doing away with these things, Marie Antoinette's gaulle or chemise \u00e1 la Reine stripped female aristocrats of their traditional identity; noblewomen could now be confused with peasant girls, confusing long standing sartorial differences in class. The chemise was made from a white muslin and the queen was further accused of importing foreign fabrics and crippling the French silk industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0006-0001", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nThe gaulle consisted of thin layers of this muslin, loosely draped around the body and belted at the waist, and was often worn with an apron and a fichu. This trend was quickly adopted by fashionable women in France and England, but upon the debut of the portrait of Marie Antoinette by Elisabeth Vig\u00e9e-Lebrun, the clothing style created a scandal and increased the hatred for the queen. The queen's clothing in the portrait looked like a chemise, nothing more than a garment that women wore under her other clothing or to lounge in the intimate space of the private boudoir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0006-0002", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nIt was perceived to be indecent, and especially unbecoming for the queen. The sexual nature of the gaulle undermined the notions of status and the ideology that gave her and kept her in power. Marie Antoinette wanted to be private and individual, a notion unbecoming for a member of the monarchy that is supposed to act as a symbol of the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0007-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nWhen Marie Antoinette turned thirty, she decided it was no longer decent for her to dress in this way and returned to more acceptable courtly styles, though she still dressed her children in the style of the gaulle, which may have continued to reflect badly on the opinion of their mother even though she was making visible efforts to rein in her own previous fashion excess. However, despite the distaste with the queen's inappropriate fashions, and her own switch back to traditional dress later in life, the gaulle became a popular garment in both France and abroad. Despite its controversial beginnings, the simplicity of the style and material became the custom and had a great influence on the transition into the neoclassical styles of the late 1790s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0008-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nDuring the years of the French Revolution, women's dress expanded into different types of national costume. Women wore variations of white skirts, topped with revolutionary colored striped jackets, as well as white Greek chemise gowns, accessorized with shawls, scarves, and ribbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0009-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nBy 1790, skirts were still somewhat full, but they were no longer obviously pushed out in any particular direction (though a slight bustle pad might still be worn). The \"pouter-pigeon\" front came into style (many layers of cloth pinned over the bodice), but in other respects women's fashions were starting to be simplified by influences from Englishwomen's country outdoors wear (thus the \"redingote\" was the French pronunciation of an English \"riding coat\"), and from neo-classicism. By 1795, waistlines were somewhat raised, preparing the way for the development of the empire silhouette and unabashed neo-classicism of late 1790s fashions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0010-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nThe usual fashion at the beginning of the period was a low-necked gown (usually called in French a robe), worn over a petticoat. Most gowns had skirts that opened in front to show the petticoat worn beneath. As part of the general simplification of dress, the open bodice with a separate stomacher was replaced by a bodice with edges that met center front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0011-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nThe robe \u00e0 la fran\u00e7aise or sack-back gown, with back pleats hanging loosely from the neckline, long worn as court fashion, made its last appearance early in this period. A fitted bodice held the front of the gown closely to the figure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0012-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nThe robe \u00e0 l'anglaise or close-bodied gown featured back pleats sewn in place to fit closely to the body, and then released into the skirt which would be draped in various ways. Elaborate draping \"\u00e0 la polonaise\" became fashionable by the mid-1770s, featuring backs of the gowns' skirts pulled up into swags either through loops or through the pocket slits of the gown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0013-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nFront-wrapping thigh-length shortgowns or bedgowns of lightweight printed cotton fabric remained fashionable at-home morning wear, worn with petticoats. Over time, bedgowns became the staple upper garment of British and American female working-class street wear. Women would also often wear a neck handkerchief or a more formal lace modesty piece, particularly on lower cut dresses, often for modesty reasons. In surviving artwork, there are few women depicted wearing bedgowns without a handkerchief. These large handkerchiefs could be of linen, plain, colored or of printed cotton for working wear. Wealthy women wore handkerchiefs of fine, sheer fabrics, often trimmed with lace or embroidery with their expensive gowns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0014-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Jackets and redingotes\nAn informal alternative to the dress was a costume of a jacket and petticoat, based on working class fashion but executed in finer fabrics with a tighter fit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0015-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Jackets and redingotes\nThe caraco was a jacket-like bodice worn with a petticoat, with elbow-length sleeves. By the 1790s, caracos had full-length, tight sleeves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0016-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Jackets and redingotes\nAs in previous periods, the traditional riding habit consisted of a tailored jacket like a man's coat, worn with a high-necked shirt, a waistcoat, a petticoat, and a hat. Alternatively, the jacket and a false waistcoat-front might be a made as a single garment, and later in the period a simpler riding jacket and petticoat (without waistcoat) could be worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0017-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Jackets and redingotes\nAnother alternative to the traditional habit was a coat-dress called a joseph or riding coat (borrowed in French as redingote), usually of unadorned or simply trimmed woolen fabric, with full-length, tight sleeves and a broad collar with lapels or revers. The redingote was later worn as an overcoat with the light-weight chemise dress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0018-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nThe shift, chemise (in France), or smock, had a low neckline and elbow-length sleeves which were full early in the period and became increasingly narrow as the century progressed. Drawers were not worn in this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0019-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nStrapless stays were cut high at the armpit, to encourage a woman to stand with her shoulders slightly back, a fashionable posture. The fashionable shape was a rather conical torso, with large hips. The waist was not particularly small. Stays were usually laced snugly, but comfortably; only those interested in extreme fashions laced tightly. They offered back support for heavy lifting, and poor and middle class women were able to work comfortably in them. As the relaxed, country fashion took hold in France, stays were sometimes replaced by a lightly boned garment called \"un corset,\" though this style did not achieve popularity in England, where stays remained standard through the end of the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0020-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear\nPanniers or side-hoops remained an essential of court fashion but disappeared everywhere else in favor of a few petticoats. Free-hanging pockets were tied around the waist and were accessed through pocket slits in the side-seams of the gown or petticoat. Woolen or quilted waistcoats were worn over the stays or corset and under the gown for warmth, as were petticoats quilted with wool batting, especially in the cold climates of Northern Europe and America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0021-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Footwear and accessories\nShoes had high, curved heels (the origin of modern \"louis heels\") and were made of fabric or leather. Shoe buckles remained fashionable until they were abandoned along with high-heeled footwear and other aristocratic fashions in the years after the French Revolution,  The long upper also was eliminated, essentially leaving only the toes of the foot covered. The slippers that were ordinarily worn with shoes were abandoned because the shoes had become comfortable enough to be worn without them. Fans continued to be popular in this time period, however, they were increasingly replaced, outdoors at least, by the parasol. Indoors the fan was still carried exclusively. Additionally, women began using walking sticks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0022-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nThe 1770s were notable for extreme hairstyles and wigs which were built up very high, and often incorporated decorative objects (sometimes symbolic, as in the case of the famous engraving depicting a lady wearing a large ship in her hair with masts and sails\u2014called the \"Coiffure \u00e0 l'Ind\u00e9pendance ou le Triomphe de la libert\u00e9\"\u2014to celebrate naval victory in the American war of independence). These coiffures were parodied in several famous satirical caricatures of the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0023-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nBy the 1780s, elaborate hats replaced the former elaborate hairstyles. Mob caps and other \"country\" styles were worn indoors. Flat, broad-brimmed and low-crowned straw \"shepherdess\" hats tied on with ribbons were worn with the new rustic styles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0024-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nHair was powdered into the early 1780s, but the new fashion required natural colored hair, often dressed simply in a mass of curls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0025-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Style gallery, 1790\u20131795\nMiss Shuttle-Cock (1776) compares women's dresses and feathered headwear to the shuttlecocks used in the sport of Badminton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0026-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Style gallery, 1790\u20131795\nIn Following the Fashion (1794), James Gillray caricatured figures flattered and not flattered by the high-waisted gowns then in fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0027-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Style gallery, 1790\u20131795\nIsaac Cruikshank's caricature of a female French revolutionary, emphasizing colorful, mismatched clothes (1794).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0028-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nThroughout the period, men continued to wear the coat, waistcoat and breeches. However, changes were seen in both the fabric used as well as the cut of these garments. More attention was paid to individual pieces of the suit, and each element underwent stylistic changes. Under new enthusiasms for outdoor sports and country pursuits, the elaborately embroidered silks and velvets characteristic of \"full dress\" or formal attire earlier in the century gradually gave way to carefully tailored woolen \"undress\" garments for all occasions except the most formal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0029-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nIn Boston and Philadelphia in the decades around the American Revolution, the adoption of plain undress styles was a conscious reaction to the excesses of European court dress; Benjamin Franklin caused a sensation by appearing at the French court in his own hair (rather than a wig) and the plain costume of Quaker Philadelphia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0030-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nIn the United States, only the first five Presidents, from George Washington to James Monroe, dressed according to this fashion, including wearing of powdered wigs, tricorne hats and knee-breeches. The latest-born notable person to be portrayed wearing a powdered wig tied in a queue according to this fashion was Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia (born in 1779, portrayed in 1795).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0031-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats\nBy the 1770s, coats exhibited a tighter, narrower cut than seen in earlier periods, and were occasionally double-breasted. Toward the 1780s, the skirts of the coat began to be cutaway in a curve from the front waist. Waistcoats gradually shortened until they were waist-length and cut straight across. Waistcoats could be made with or without sleeves. As in the previous period, a loose, T-shaped silk, cotton or linen gown called a banyan was worn at home as a sort of dressing gown over the shirt, waistcoat, and breeches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0031-0001", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats\nMen of an intellectual or philosophical bent were painted wearing banyans, with their own hair or a soft cap rather than a wig. This aesthetic overlapped slightly with the female fashion of the skirt and proves the way in which male and female fashions reflected one another as styles became less rigid and more suitable for movement and leisure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0032-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats\nA coat with a wide collar called a frock coat, derived from a traditional working-class coat, was worn for hunting and other country pursuits in both Britain and America. Although originally designed as sporting wear, frock coats gradually came into fashion as everyday wear. The frock coat was cut with a turned down collar, reduced side pleats, and small, round cuffs, sometimes cut with a slit to allow for added movement. Sober, natural colors were worn, and coats were made from woolen cloth, or a wool and silk mix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0033-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirt and stock\nShirt sleeves were full, gathered at the wrist and dropped shoulder. Full -dress shirts had ruffles of fine fabric or lace, while undress shirts ended in plain wrist bands. A small turnover collar returned to fashion, worn with the stock. In England, clean, white linen shirts were considered important in Men's attire. The cravat reappeared at the end of the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0034-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Breeches, shoes, and stockings\nAs coats became cutaway, more attention was paid to the cut and fit of the breeches. Breeches fitted snugly and had a fall-front opening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0035-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Breeches, shoes, and stockings\nLow-heeled leather shoes fastened with shoe buckles were worn with silk or woolen stockings. Boots were worn for riding. The buckles were either polished metal, usually in silver (sometimes with the metal cut into false stones in the Paris style) or with paste stones, although there were other types. These buckles were often quite large and one of the world's largest collections can be seen at Kenwood House; with the French Revolution they were abandoned in France as a signifier of aristocracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0036-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nWigs were worn for formal occasions, or the hair was worn long and powdered, brushed back from the forehead and clubbed (tied back at the nape of the neck) with a black ribbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0037-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nThe wide-brimmed tricorne hats turned up on three sides were now turned up front and back or on the sides to form bicornes. Toward the end of the period, a tall, slightly conical hat with a narrower brim became fashionable (this would evolve into the top hat in the next period).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0038-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Style gallery, Caricature\nIsaac Cruikshank's caricature of a French revolutionary (1794), emphasizing striped clothing and a Phrygian cap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0039-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\nIn the late 18th century, new philosophies of child-rearing led to clothes that were thought especially suitable for children. Toddlers wore washable dresses called frocks of linen or cotton. British and American boys after perhaps three began to wear rather short pantaloons and short jackets, and for very young boys the skeleton suit was introduced. These gave the first real alternative to boys' dresses, and became fashionable across Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0040-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Working-class clothing\nWorking-class people in 18th-century England and the United States often wore the same garments as fashionable people: shirts, waistcoats, coats and breeches for men, and shifts, petticoats, and dresses or jackets for women. However, they owned fewer clothes, which were made of cheaper and sturdier fabrics. Working-class men also wore short jackets, and some (especially sailors) wore trousers rather than breeches. Smock-frocks were a regional style for men, especially shepherds. Country women wore short hooded cloaks, most often red. Both sexes wore handkerchiefs or neckerchiefs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0041-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Working-class clothing\nMen's felt hats were worn with the brims flat rather than cocked or turned up. Men and women wore shoes with shoe buckles (when they could afford them). Men who worked with horses wore boots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0042-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Working-class clothing\nDuring the French Revolution, men's costume became particularly emblematic of the movement of the people and the upheaval of the aristocratic French society. It was the long pant, hemmed near the ankles, that displaced the knee-length breeches culottes that marked the aristocratic classes. Working-class men had worn long pants for much of their history, and the rejection of culottes became a symbol of working class, and later French, resentment of the Ancien R\u00e9gime. The movement would be given the all-encompassing title of sans-culottes, wearing the same as the working class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0042-0001", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Working-class clothing\nThere was no culotte \"uniform\" per se, but as they were turned into a larger symbol of French society, they had certain attributes attributed to them. In contemporary art and description, culottes become associated with the Phrygian cap a classical symbol. French citizens on all levels of society were  obligated to wear the blue, white and red of the French flag on their clothing, often in the form of the pinned the blue-and-red cockade of Paris onto the white cockade of the Ancien R\u00e9gime,  thus producing the original cockade of France. Later, distinctive colours and styles of cockade would indicate the wearer's faction although the meanings of the various styles were not entirely consistent and varied somewhat by region and period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0043-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Working-class clothing\nIn the 17th century, a cockade was pinned on the side of a man's tricorne or cocked hat, or on his lapel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018233-0044-0000", "contents": "1775\u20131795 in Western fashion, Contemporary summaries of 18th-century fashion change\nThese two images provide 1790s views of the development of fashion during the 18th century (click on images for more information):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018234-0000-0000", "contents": "1776\n1776 (MDCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1776th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 776th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 76th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1776, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018235-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 (boardgame)\n1776 is an Avalon Hill board wargame developed by Randell Reed and originally published in 1974, depicting the American Revolution. It contains a campaign game plus four scenarios covering the invasion of Canada, the Saratoga campaign, Greene's Southern campaign, and the Yorktown campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018236-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 (book)\n1776 (released in the United Kingdom as 1776: America and Britain at War) is a book written by David McCullough, published by Simon & Schuster on May 24, 2005. The work is a companion to McCullough's earlier biography of John Adams, and focuses on the events surrounding the start of the American Revolutionary War. While revolving mostly around the leadership (and often indecisiveness) of George Washington, there is also considerable attention given to King George III, William Howe, Henry Knox, and Nathanael Greene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018236-0000-0001", "contents": "1776 (book)\nKey Revolutionary War battles detailed in the book include the Battle of Dorchester Heights, the Battle of Long Island, and the Battle of Trenton. The activities of the Second Continental Congress and the signing of the Declaration of Independence are treated in less detail, as the focus is on military rather than political events. The book includes multiple pages of full color illustrations, including portraits and historical battlefield maps made by British engineers at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018236-0001-0000", "contents": "1776 (book), Illustrated Edition\n1776: The Illustrated Edition was released on October 2, 2007. The Illustrated Edition contains 140 images and thirty-seven removable replicas of source documents. More than three dozen source documents\u2014including a personal letter George Washington penned to Martha about his commission, a note informing the mother of a Continental Army soldier that her son has been taken prisoner, and a petition signed by Loyalists pledging their allegiance to the King\u2014are re-created in uniquely designed envelopes throughout the book and secured with the congressional seal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018236-0002-0000", "contents": "1776 (book), Illustrated Edition\nThe text closely mirrors the original book, but omits or summarizes some parts deemed too long. The Illustrated Edition comes with its own protective slipcase, decorated with The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 by John Trumbull and has a \"fake watermark\" of the Great Seal of the United States on the back and front. The book is plain covered in blue with the golden embossed numbers \"1776\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018236-0003-0000", "contents": "1776 (book), Reception\n1776 was selected as part of the 2005 and 2006 CSAF Professional Reading Program. 1776 is also a New York Times and Amazon bestseller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 (film)\n1776 is a 1972 American musical drama film directed by Peter H. Hunt. The screenplay by Peter Stone was based on his book for the 1969 Broadway musical of the same name. Set in Philadelphia in the summer of 1776, it is a fictionalized account of the events leading up to the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The song score was composed by Sherman Edwards. The film stars William Daniels, Howard Da Silva, Donald Madden, John Cullum, Ken Howard and Blythe Danner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0001-0000", "contents": "1776 (film)\nPortions of the dialogue and some of the song lyrics were taken directly from the letters and memoirs of the actual participants of the Second Continental Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0002-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Plot\nWhile General George Washington is conducting the struggle against the British Empire on the battlefield, the Continental Congress in Philadelphia piddles away its time over trivial matters and continually refuses to begin debating the question of American independence. The leader of the independence faction is the abrasive John Adams of Massachusetts, whose continuous pushing of the issue has brought their cause to a complete standstill. John Dickinson of Pennsylvania leads an anti-independence faction that hopes for reconciliation with England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0002-0001", "contents": "1776 (film), Plot\nDuring his quieter moments, Adams calls up the image of his wife Abigail Adams, who resides in Massachusetts and gives him insight and encouragement (these conversations are based on letters between the couple). Dr. Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Adams' closest ally, suggests that another colony which supports independence should submit a proposal. Richard Henry Lee of Virginia voluntarily rides off to Williamsburg to get authorization from the state legislature to propose independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0003-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Plot\nAbout a month later, Dr. Lyman Hall arrives to represent Georgia, and is immediately interrogated by his fellow delegates regarding his views on independence (with Dickinson framing it as \"treason\"). Minutes later, Lee returns with the resolution, and debate on the question begins. Eventually, six colonies say \"yea\", five more say \"nay\", and New York (at the behest of delegate Lewis Morris) abstains \"courteously\" as it does in every vote. The debate, largely between Adams and Dickinson, becomes increasingly contentious and personal, culminating in a cane fight between the two men. Caesar Rodney breaks up the fight and reminds the delegates that the enemy is not each other, but England. He falters because of his cancer and is taken back to Delaware by fellow delegate Thomas McKean, leaving the anti-independence George Read to represent Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0004-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Plot\nEdward Rutledge of South Carolina, part of the anti-independence faction, calls for a vote on independence knowing Adams doesn't have the votes to win. The New Jersey delegation, led by Reverend John Witherspoon, arrives just in time to provide a vote supporting independence. In a move intended to defeat the resolution, Dickinson moves that the vote on independence be unanimous. After a tie amongst the delegates, with New York still abstaining, John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress, votes in support of Dickinson's motion, arguing that without unanimity, those opposing independence would fight for England against their fellow colonists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0004-0001", "contents": "1776 (film), Plot\nStalling for time to rally support for the resolution, Adams and Franklin call again for a postponement, stating the need for a written \"declaration\" describing their grievances. Once again, the vote is tied (New York abstains \"courteously\" yet again, since its delegates have never been given specific orders by the disorganized New York legislature) and ultimately decided by Hancock in favor of Adams' motion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0005-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Plot\nHancock appoints a committee that includes Adams, Franklin, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Robert Livingston of New York, and Thomas Jefferson (after Lee declines due to an appointment to serve as governor of Virginia). Jefferson resists because he desires to return home to Virginia to see his wife, Martha, but the others present more compelling reasons to avoid the responsibility; they opine that Jefferson's diplomatic nature and superior writing skill are required to properly draft the declaration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0005-0001", "contents": "1776 (film), Plot\nJefferson develops writer's block due to missing his wife, so Adams sends for her: \"It simply occurred to me that the sooner his problem was solved the sooner ours would be.\" Upon meeting her, Adams and Franklin are quite smitten with the beautiful Martha. While maneuvering to get the required unanimity for the vote on independence, Adams, Franklin, and Samuel Chase of Maryland agree to visit the Continental Army encamped in New Brunswick, at the request of General Washington, to help convince Maryland to support independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0006-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Plot\nWhen they return to Philadelphia, the declaration is read and then subsequently debated and amended for days. Jefferson agrees to most alterations to the document, much to Adams' growing consternation. The debate reaches a head when the Southern delegates, led by Rutledge, walk out of Congress when a clause opposing slavery is not removed. Adams remains adamant that the clause remain, but Franklin appeals to him to allow the passage to be removed so that they can first achieve the vote on independence and the formation of a nation, deferring the fight over slavery to a later time. Adams leaves the final decision to Jefferson, who reluctantly concedes. After removing that clause, 11 of 13 colonies are now in favor. New York abstains \"courteously\" once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0007-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Plot\nThe question is therefore up to the colony of Pennsylvania, whose delegation is polled at Franklin's request. Franklin votes for the declaration, but Dickinson votes against it; the outcome is now in the hands of their fellow delegate, Judge James Wilson. Wilson has always followed Dickinson's lead, but, in this case, he votes in favor of the declaration, not wanting to be remembered by history as the man who voted to prevent American independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0007-0001", "contents": "1776 (film), Plot\nWhen Hancock insists that no man be allowed to sit in Congress unless he signs the Declaration, Dickinson resigns from Congress to accept an officer's commission in the army. After receiving word of the destruction of his property from General Washington, Morris finally withdraws New York's abstention and agrees to sign the document. Finally, with the Declaration of Independence ready to be signed, Hancock places his signature first, whereupon the others (including New York) affix theirs to the Declaration, establishing the United States on July 4, 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0008-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Cast\nAn asterisk (*) indicates an actor or actress who was also in the original Broadway cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0009-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Musical numbers and soundtrack\nAn original motion picture soundtrack album was released in 1972 by Columbia Records on vinyl LP records. It contains all the musical numbers, with the exception of \"Cool, Cool Considerate Men\" and \"Compliments\". The soundtrack also contains the edited versions of some of the musical numbers which were presented in full on the laserdisc and DVD releases. Although the Original Broadway Cast recording was released on CD in 1992, the film soundtrack was not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0010-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Production\nJack L. Warner bought the film rights to the musical for $1.25 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0011-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Production\nMany members of the original Broadway cast, including William Daniels, Ken Howard, John Cullum, and Howard Da Silva, reprised their roles for the film. Ralston Hill, Ron Holgate,  David Ford, Charles Rule and others repeated their roles from the Broadway production, marking their only appearances in feature film. This was a decision Warner made himself after feeling he made a mistake by turning down Julie Andrews for the 1964 film adaptation of My Fair Lady in favor of Audrey Hepburn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0012-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Production\n1776 was also the only film of Donald Madden, who was not in the original Broadway cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0013-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Production\nExteriors were filmed at the Warner Ranch in Burbank, California, the former Columbia Pictures backlot, where they built an entire street of Colonial Philadelphia. Most of the Colonial sets were destroyed by a fire in the mid-1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0014-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Production\nThe water fountain seen during the musical number \"The Lees of Old Virginia\", with Ben Franklin, John Adams, and Richard Henry Lee, became known to television viewers as the fountain seen during the beginning credits of the TV series Friends. This fountain still exists directly across the street from the Bewitched and I Dream of Jeannie houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0015-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Production\nInteriors were shot at the old Columbia studio on Gower Street in Hollywood. 1776 was among the final films shot at Gower Studios before the Warner/Columbia merger in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0016-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Production\n\"Cool, Cool, Considerate Men\" was cut from the film prior to its release and not included on the soundtrack recording nor on the first VHS tapes and laserdiscs. The footage, some of physically poor quality, was restored for the DVD and Blu-Ray releases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0017-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Political changes\nAccording to the Los Angeles Times, \"The song 'Cool, Cool, Considerate Men' depicts Revolutionary War\u2013era conservatives as power-hungry wheedlers focused on maintaining wealth.\" According to Jack L. Warner, the film's producer and a friend of U.S. President Richard Nixon, Nixon requested to have the song removed from the film. Nixon apparently saw the song as an insult to the conservatives of his time, as it suggested that the conservatives were the ones who were hindering American Independence as they danced a minuet singing the song that included the stanza,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0018-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Political changes\nCome ye cool, cool considerate setWe'll dance together to the same minuetTo the right, ever to the rightNever to the left, forever to the right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0019-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Political changes\nTo further complicate things as mentioned above, the song is anachronistic, because the terms \"right\" and \"left\" in politics were not coined until the French Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0020-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Political changes\nWarner's attempt to comply with Nixon's demands had initially been rebuffed by director Hunt during production, only for the song to be removed in post-production while Hunt was on vacation. Warner also wanted the original negative of the song shredded, but the film's editor kept it in storage unaltered. Trailers were already released in theaters with the \"Considerate Men\" number as its centerpiece; Warner had those trailers pulled and re-edited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0020-0001", "contents": "1776 (film), Political changes\nIn a 2015 interview, Hunt mentioned that Warner, on his deathbed in 1978, told a friend that he regretted editing the scene, believing that he had ruined the structure of the film as a result of those edits. It was only decades later that the song was restored to the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0021-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Political changes\nWhen the Broadway musical was about to be presented to Nixon at the White House in 1970, before the film was made, his staff pressed the producers to cut the song then; their request was denied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0022-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nAccording to The Columbia Companion to American History on Film, historical \"[i]naccuracies pervade 1776, though few are very troubling.\" Because Congress was held in secrecy and there are no contemporary records on the debate over the Declaration of Independence, the authors of the play created the narrative based on later accounts and educated guesses, inventing scenes and dialogue as needed for storytelling purposes. Some of the dialogue was taken from words written, often years or even decades later, by the actual people involved, and rearranged for dramatic effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0023-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nThe film particularly omits the views of the mid-Atlantic Quaker population, represented by Dickinson. Although in the film Dickinson is portrayed as loyalist, and John Adams is seen making the points of objection about the tax abuses of George III of the United Kingdom, including regressive taxes and \"taxation without representation\", all to fund wars and the King's lifestyle, not to benefit the people, it was Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania that had originally made these points. A supposed physical fight between Dickinson and Adams is portrayed, in which Dickinson calls Adams a \"lawyer\" as an epithet, which makes little sense as Dickinson was a lawyer himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0024-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nDespite the film's inclusion of Martha Jefferson and Abigail Adams, Dickinson's wife, Mary Norris Dickinson, was the only spouse actually present in Philadelphia during the convention. (Franklin's common law wife, Deborah Read, had died a year or so earlier. Martha Jefferson had just suffered a miscarriage and was dealing with complications of gestational diabetes in Virginia.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0025-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nAnother departure from history is that the separation from Great Britain was accomplished in two steps: the actual vote for independence came on July 2 with the approval of Lee's resolution of independence. The wording of the Declaration of Independence\u2014the statement to the world as to the reasons necessitating the split\u2014was then debated for three days before being approved on July 4. The vote for independence did not hinge on passages being removed from the Declaration, since Congress had already voted in favor of independence. For the sake of drama, the play's authors combined the two events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0025-0001", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nIn addition, some historians believe that the Declaration was not signed on July 4, but was instead signed on August 2, 1776. Others note that the final copy of the document was signed by the delegates over several weeks and months, commencing in July and not completed until as late as September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0026-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nThe Liberty Bell in 1776 is shown being rung as the delegates were signing the Declaration on July 4; however, Independence Hall's wooden steeple was structurally unstable, and the Liberty Bell was silent, having been lowered into the upper chamber of the brick tower. A smaller bell, used to toll the hours, may have rung on July 8, for the public reading of the Declaration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0027-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nMany characters in 1776 differ from their historical counterparts. Central to the drama is the depiction of John Adams as \"obnoxious and disliked.\" According to biographer David McCullough, Adams was one of the most respected members of Congress in 1776. Adams's often-quoted description of himself in Congress as \"obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular\" is from a letter written 46 years later in 1822, after his unpopular presidency had likely colored his view of the past. According to McCullough, no delegate described Adams as obnoxious in 1776. Historian Garry Wills earlier made a similar argument, writing that \"historians relay John Adams's memories without sufficient skepticism\", and that it was Dickinson, not Adams, who was advocating an unpopular position in 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0028-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nThe committee of five appointed to write the Declaration of Independence were: Franklin, age 70 (Howard Da Silva was 62 at the time of filming in 1971); Roger Sherman, 55 (Rex Robbins was 36); Adams, 41 (Daniels was 44); Jefferson 33 (Ken Howard was 27); and Livingston, 29 (John Myhers was 49). The lyrics of \"But Mr. Adams\" give the reason that Livingston can not write the Declaration is because \"I've been presented with a new son by the noble stork\", but Livingston actually had only two children, both daughters, and the elder was not born until 1780.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0029-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nFor practical and dramatic purposes, the work does not depict all of the more than 50\u00a0members of Congress who were present at the time. This version of John Adams is, in part, a composite character, combining the real Adams with his cousin Samuel Adams, who was in Congress at the time but is not depicted in the play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0029-0001", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nAlthough the play depicts Delaware's Caesar Rodney as an elderly man near death from skin cancer (which would eventually kill him), he was just 47 years old at the time and continued to be very active in the Revolution after signing the Declaration. He was not absent from the voting because of health; however, the play is accurate in having him arrive \"in the nick of time\", having ridden 80 miles (130\u00a0km) the night before (an event depicted on Delaware's 1999 State Quarter) unaided, instead of with the help of another delegate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0029-0002", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nFurther, Richard Henry Lee announces that he is returning to Virginia to serve as governor. He was never governor; his cousin Henry Lee (who is anachronistically called \"General 'Lighthorse' Harry Lee\", a rank and nickname earned later) did eventually become governor (and the father of Confederate general Robert E. Lee). John Adams was also depicted as disliking Richard Henry Lee, but according to McCullough, Adams expressed nothing but \"respect and admiration for the tall, masterly Virginian.\" He did dislike Benjamin Franklin, contrary to what was portrayed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0030-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nMartha Jefferson never traveled to Philadelphia to be with her husband; she was extremely ill during the summer of 1776, having just endured a miscarriage. The play's authors invented the scene \"to show something of the young Jefferson's life without destroying the unity of setting.\" Martha is also depicted as dancing a galop or polka with Franklin and Adams, dances not introduced until the 1800s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0031-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nJames Wilson was not the indecisive milquetoast depicted in the play and the film. His patrician WASP accent in the film is misleading, since Wilson was a Scottish immigrant whose parents were farmers. The real Wilson, who was not yet a judge in 1776, had been cautious about supporting independence at an earlier date, but he supported the resolution of independence when it came up for a vote. Pennsylvania's deciding swing vote was actually cast by John Morton, who is not depicted in the musical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0032-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nThe quote attributed to Edmund Burke by Dr. Lyman Hall in a key scene with Adams is a paraphrase of a real quote by Burke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0033-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nThe song \"Cool Considerate Men\" is anachronistic; the terms \"right\" and \"left\" in politics were not in use until the French Revolution of 1789. John Dickinson, who is portrayed as an antagonist here, was motivated mainly by his Quaker roots and his respect for the British Constitution, having lived in England for 3 years in the 1750s. He was no wealthier than some members of the pro-Independence faction, and freed his slaves in 1777. Thomas Jefferson wrote that \"his name will be consecrated in history as one of the great worthies of the revolution\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0034-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nThe film also misses the objection some had to the Declaration's stated basis in \"rights of Man\" based in \"natural law\" derived from a supernatural being. The Quaker-based population in the mid-Atlantic, represented by Dickinson, objected to this conception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0034-0001", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nDickinson's objection to the Declaration had to do with this, as well as the fact he and his base preferred civil disobedience to war as the means, and a view that the colonies were too immature and the egalitarian mid-Atlantic culture would be overruled by the slavery of the South and the patriarchal Puritan attitudes of New England, represented by John Adams, in the foundation of the new country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0034-0002", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nThe film also omits the fact that Dickinson, after refusing to sign the Declaration, set about drafting the Articles of Confederation, which he based on \"rights of Person\" with no reference to anything but law created by human beings and the only reference to \"men\" being in the context of mustering armies. This basis was then used when the Articles were converted to the Constitution but by then completely omitting the word \"man\" and only using the word \"Person.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0035-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nThe musical also deviates from history in its portrayal of attitudes about slavery. In 1776, after a dramatic debate over slavery, the southern delegates walk out in protest of the Declaration's denunciation of the slave trade, and only support independence when that language was removed from the Declaration. The walkout is fictional, as the debate over the wording of the declaration took place after the vote for independence on July 2, and apparently most delegates, northern and southern, supported the deletion of the clause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0036-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nThe musical depicts Edward Rutledge as the leader of the opposition to an anti-slavery clause in Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration. However, while it is known that, according to Jefferson, the clause was opposed by South Carolina and Georgia, plus unspecified \"northern brethren\", that is all that is known about opposition to the clause. Rutledge was a delegate from South Carolina, but there is no historical evidence that he played any part\u2014much less a leadership role\u2014in the opposition to the clause. The musical does acknowledge the complexity of the Colonial attitudes toward slavery in the dramatic song \"Molasses to Rum to Slaves\", sung by the Rutledge character, which illustrates the hypocrisy in northern condemnations of slavery since northerners profited from the triangle trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0037-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nThomas Jefferson is depicted in the musical as saying that he has resolved to free his slaves, something he did not do, except for a few slaves freed after his death 50\u00a0years later. The musical also depicts Franklin as claiming that he is the founder of the first abolitionist organization in the New World; the real Franklin did not become an abolitionist until after the American Revolution, becoming president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society in 1785. It was actually Dickinson who freed his slaves in 1776, conditionally at first, and fully by 1787 when the Constitution was ratified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0038-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nIn both the play and the film, John Adams sarcastically predicts that Benjamin Franklin will receive from posterity too great a share of credit for the Revolution. \"Franklin smote the ground and out sprang\u2014George Washington. Fully grown, and on his horse. Franklin then electrified them with his miraculous lightning rod and the three of them\u2014Franklin, Washington, and the horse\u2014conducted the entire Revolution all by themselves.\" Adams did make a similar comment about Franklin in April 1790, just after Franklin's death, although the mention of the horse was a humorous twist added by the authors of the musical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0039-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nJames Wilson is portrayed as subordinating himself to Dickinson's opposition to independence, only changing his vote so that he would not be remembered unfavorably. In fact, Wilson was considered one of the leading thinkers behind the American cause, consistently supporting and arguing for independence, although he would not cast his vote until his district had been caucused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0040-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nThe formula John Adams gives Abigail for making saltpeter\u2014\"By treating sodium nitrate with potassium chloride, of course! \"\u2014refers to various chemicals by their modern names, instead of the names used in the 1770s. A more historically accurate version might be \"treating soda niter with potash.\" More accurate still would have been a detailed description of the process, involving ingredients such as manure or bat guano, but that probably would have been too long, and repulsive to audiences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0041-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Historical accuracy\nAbigail's request for pins in exchange is not frivolous. Electroplating had not been invented yet: The common pin was subject to rusting and breakage, and so required replacement. At the time, pins were necessary for a wide range of crafts, creating garments and headgear (including wigs), making lace, ribbon and other trimmings and textiles. They also served the roles now played by paperclips and staples. Women used them as closures or to anchor pieces of clothing. (Hooks and eyes existed, but like so many manufactured goods, they had to be imported. The hook-and-eye industry was not established in the United States until the early 19th century.) The real Abigail, if dressed as in this scene in the film, would have supported the front lacing of her gown by using pins to fasten the fabric to the stiffened bodice beneath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0042-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Reception, Critical reception\nVincent Canby of The New York Times observed, \"The music is resolutely unmemorable. The lyrics sound as if they'd been written by someone high on root beer, and the book is familiar history\u2014compressed here, stretched there\u2014that has been gagged up and paced to Broadway's not inspiring standards. Yet Peter H. Hunt's screen version of 1776 ... insists on being so entertaining and, at times, even moving, that you might as well stop resisting it. This reaction, I suspect, represents a clear triumph of emotional associations over material ... [ It] is far from being a landmark of musical cinema, but it is the first film in my memory that comes close to treating seriously a magnificent chapter in the American history.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0043-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Reception, Critical reception\nRoger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 1776 two stars and declared, \"This is an insult to the real men who were Adams, Jefferson, Franklin and the rest ... The performances trapped inside these roles, as you might expect, are fairly dreadful. There are good actors in the movie (especially William Daniels as Adams and Donald Madden as John Dickinson), but they're forced to strut and posture so much that you wonder if they ever scratched or spit or anything ... I can hardly bear to remember the songs, much less discuss them. Perhaps I shouldn't. It is just too damn bad this movie didn't take advantage of its right to the pursuit of happiness.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0044-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Reception, Critical reception\nRotten Tomatoes rates the picture 69%, based on 16 reviews by critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0045-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Reception, Box office\nThe film was the Christmas attraction at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and performed very well, grossing $1,743,978 in its first 6 weeks. It did not perform as well in its other opening engagements in Philadelphia, Boston and Washington. The film returned to the Music Hall for two weeks starting June 3, 1976 in honor of the United States Bicentennial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0046-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Reception, Accolades\nThe film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy but lost to Cabaret. Harry Stradling Jr. was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography but lost to Geoffrey Unsworth for Cabaret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0047-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Reception, Accolades\nThe film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0048-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Reception, Home media\nThe film was released on videocassette and laserdisc in the 1980s, and on DVD in 2002. The Laserdisc version, out of print, contains an additional four minutes of footage and background music not contained on the DVD release. The 168-minute version is considered director Peter Hunt's preferred version, hence its \"director's cut\" moniker. The DVD version was released as the \"Restored Director's Cut\" and contains clips that were unreleased and unavailable in videocassette versions, including the \"Cool, Cool Considerate Men\" musical number and accompanying dialogue. In its theatrical and original home video releases, the film was rated G; following the restoration of various parts cut by producer Jack L. Warner, the DVD was rated PG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018237-0049-0000", "contents": "1776 (film), Reception, Home media\nThe film was released on Blu-ray from a 4K-master on June 2, 2015. It contains two commentaries: an all-new commentary, with director Peter H. Hunt, William Daniels, and Ken Howard, and also the DVD version's commentary with Hunt and Peter Stone only. It also contains two versions of the film: the DVD's \"Director's Cut\", and an \"extended cut\" adding an additional 2 minutes and 44 seconds to the DVD edition's time. It also includes two deleted and alternative scenes with filmmaker commentary, screen tests, and original theatrical release trailers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical)\n1776 is a musical with music and lyrics by Sherman Edwards and a book by Peter Stone. The show is based on the events leading up to the signing of the Declaration of Independence, telling a story of the efforts of John Adams to persuade his colleagues to vote for American independence and to sign the document.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0001-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical)\nThe show premiered on Broadway in 1969, earning warm reviews, and ran for 1,217 performances. The production won three Tony Awards, including Best Musical. In 1972, it was made into a film adaptation. It was revived on Broadway in 1997; another Broadway revival is scheduled for 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0002-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), History\nIn 1925, Rodgers and Hart wrote a musical about the American Revolution called Dearest Enemy. In 1950, a musical about the Revolution was presented on Broadway, titled Arms and the Girl, with music by Morton Gould, lyrics by Dorothy Fields, and book by Herbert Fields, Dorothy Fields and Rouben Mamoulian, the show's director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0003-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), History\nSherman Edwards, a writer of pop songs with several top 10 hits in the late 1950s and early '60s, spent several years developing lyrics and libretto for a musical based on the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Edwards recounted that \"I wanted to show [the founding fathers] at their outermost limits. These men were the cream of their colonies. ... They disagreed and fought with each other. But they understood commitment, and though they fought, they fought affirmatively.\" Producer Stuart Ostrow recommended that librettist Peter Stone collaborate with Edwards on the book of the musical. Stone recalled,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0004-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), History\nThe minute you heard [\"Sit Down, John\"], you knew what the whole show was. ... You knew immediately that John Adams and the others were not going to be treated as gods or cardboard characters, chopping down cherry trees and flying kites with strings and keys on them. It had this very affectionate familiarity; it wasn't reverential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0005-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), History\nAdams, the outspoken delegate from Massachusetts, was chosen as the central character, and his quest to persuade all 13 colonies to vote for independence became the central conflict. Stone confined nearly all of the action to Independence Hall and the debate among the delegates, featuring only two female characters, Abigail Adams and Martha Jefferson, in the entire musical. After tryouts in New Haven, Conn., and Washington, D.C. the show opened on Broadway at the 46th Street Theatre on March 16, 1969. Peter Hunt directed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0006-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Synopsis\nNOTE: The show can be performed in one or two acts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0007-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Synopsis, Act I\nOn May 8, 1776, in Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress proceeds with its business. John Adams, the widely disliked delegate from Massachusetts, is frustrated because Congress will not even debate his proposals on independence. The other delegates, preoccupied by the rising heat, implore him to \u201cSit Down, John\". Adams replies that Congress has done nothing for the last year but dawdle (\"Piddle, Twiddle, and Resolve\"). He reads the latest missive to his loving wife Abigail, who appears in his imagination (\"Till Then\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0008-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Synopsis, Act I\nLater that day, Adams meets delegate Benjamin Franklin, who suggests that a resolution for independence would have more success if proposed by someone else. Richard Henry Lee of Virginia enters, summoned by Franklin. The cocky Lee crows that he cannot fail, as a member of the oldest and most glorious family in America: \"The Lees of Old Virginia\". He will ask the Virginia House of Burgesses to authorize him to offer a pro-independence resolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0009-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Synopsis, Act I\nBack in Congress, John Hancock appoints a committee of Adams, Franklin, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Robert Livingston of New York, and Jefferson to draft the declaration. The five argue about who should write the declaration (\"But, Mr. Adams\"); one by one, each member gives a reason why he cannot do it, until all eyes turn to Jefferson. He tries to wriggle out, but finally agrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0010-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Synopsis, Act I\nA week later, Adams and Franklin visit Jefferson, who has spent the week moping. But Adams has sent for Jefferson's beloved wife Martha. She enters and Adams and Franklin leave the young lovers in peace. Adams, alone, again exchanges letters with his wife Abigail (\"Yours, Yours, Yours\"). The next morning, Franklin and Adams ask Martha how a man as silent as Jefferson won a woman as lovely as she. She tells them that she loves him because of the way \u201cHe Plays the Violin\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0011-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Synopsis, Act I\nJohn Dickinson leads the more conservative Congressmen in a minuet, singing of their desire to hold onto their wealth (\"Cool, Cool Considerate Men\"). After the dance, the remaining delegates depart, leaving Andrew McNair (the custodian), the courier, and a workman in the chamber. The workman asks the courier if he has seen any fighting, and the courier replies that his two closest friends were killed on the same day at Lexington. He describes the final thoughts of a dying young man as his mother searches for his body (\"Momma Look Sharp\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0012-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Synopsis, Act II\nJefferson is outside the chamber while Mr. Thomson reads the declaration to Congress. Adams and Franklin arrive, delighted: An exhibition of shooting by the Continental Army has convinced Chase, and Maryland will vote in favor of independence. They congratulate Jefferson on his work, and Franklin compares the creation of this new country to the hatching of a bird (\"The Egg\"). They debate which bird would best represent America; Franklin argues for the turkey, and Jefferson suggests the dove, but Adams insists on the eagle. The others resign themselves to that choice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0013-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Synopsis, Act II\nOn June 28, Hancock asks if there are any alterations to be offered to the Declaration of Independence. Many delegates voice suggestions. Edward Rutledge of South Carolina objects to a clause condemning the slave trade. He accuses the northern colonies of hypocrisy, as they also prosper from slavery, through the Triangle Trade (\"Molasses to Rum\"). Rutledge leads a walk-out with the delegates from both Carolinas and Georgia. The resolve of the other delegates is broken, and most of them also leave. Adams' faith in himself is shaken. Re -reading a dispatch from Washington, Adams, now alone, wonders \"Is Anybody There?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0014-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Synopsis, Act II\nIt is now July 2. Hancock calls for the vote on the Lee Resolution. Thomson calls on each delegation. Rutledge again presses to have the slavery clause removed under threat of none of the southern states signing; Franklin argues they must first win independence before there is any hope of abolishing slavery, and Jefferson reluctantly crosses it out with his pen. Hancock suggests that no man be allowed to sit in Congress without signing the Declaration. Dickinson announces that he cannot in good conscience sign it, and still hopes for reconciliation with England; however, he resolves to join the army to fight for and defend the new nation. Adams leads Congress in a salute to Dickinson as he leaves the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0015-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Synopsis, Act II\nOn the evening of July 4, McNair rings the Liberty Bell in the background as Thomson calls each delegate to sign the Declaration. The delegates freeze in position as the Liberty Bell rings to a fevered pitch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0016-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Productions\nAfter out-of-town tryouts, the original Broadway production opened on Broadway on March 16, 1969, at the 46th Street Theatre (now the Richard Rodgers Theatre) and closed on February 13, 1972, after 1,217 performances. In its three-year run, it played in three different theatres: the 46th Street, the St. James Theatre (1970) and, finally, the Majestic Theatre (1971). The principal cast included William Daniels, Howard Da Silva, Paul Hecht, Clifford David, Ronald Holgate, David Ford, Virginia Vestoff and Ken Howard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0016-0001", "contents": "1776 (musical), Productions\nRex Everhart, who was Da Silva's understudy, replaced him on the original Broadway cast album after Da Silva suffered a mild heart attack, which required him to leave the show temporarily. Betty Buckley made her Broadway debut as Martha Jefferson in the original stage production. Clifford David left the production soon after opening. He was replaced as Rutledge by David Cryer who was in turn replaced by John Cullum who became one of the few Broadway replacements in history to recreate a role on film. (Cullum was succeeded in the Broadway production by Paul-David Richards.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0017-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Productions\nThe musical toured for two years in the United States and was given a London production, opening on June 16, 1970, at the New Theatre. The production starred Lewis Fiander as Adams, Vivienne Ross as Abigail Adams, Ronald Radd, Bernard Lloyd, David Kernan as Rutledge, John Quentin as Jefferson and Cheryl Kennedy as Martha Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0018-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Productions\nAn Australian production, also with Lewis Fiander, opened at Her Majesty's Theatre in Melbourne on 26 June 1971 and moved to the Theatre Royal in Sydney on 11 September 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0019-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Productions\n1776 was revived by the Roundabout Theatre Company, opening on August 4, 1997, in a limited engagement at the Roundabout's home theater, the Criterion Center, before transferring to the George Gershwin Theatre on December 3, 1997, for a commercial run. It closed on June 14, 1998, after 333 performances and 34 previews. The production was directed by Scott Ellis with choreography by Kathleen Marshall, and featured Brent Spiner as Adams, Michael Cumpsty as Dickinson, Pat Hingle as Franklin, and Paul Michael Valley as Jefferson. Rex Everhart, who replaced Howard Da Silva on the original cast album, understudied Hingle as Franklin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0020-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Productions\nThe musical was produced in an Encores! City Center staged concert from March 30 to April 3, 2016. Directed by Garry Hynes, the cast starred Santino Fontana as John Adams, John Larroquette as Benjamin Franklin, John Behlmann as Thomas Jefferson, Christiane Noll as Abigail Adams, Nikki Ren\u00e9e Daniels as Martha Jefferson, Bryce Pinkham as John Dickinson, Alexander Gemignani as Edward Rutledge, Andr\u00e9 De Shields as Stephen Hopkins, and Jubilant Sykes as Richard Henry Lee. The cast included MacIntyre Dixon, Ric Stoneback, and Kevin Ligon reprising their roles from the 1997 revival as Andrew McNair, Samuel Chase, and George Read respectively. The production notably sported a racially diverse cast in light of the recent success of another musical about the Founding Fathers, Hamilton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0021-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Productions\nThe musical was produced in Chicago, Illinois by Porchlight Music Theatre as part of their \"Porchlight Revisits\" series in November 2018. Directed by Michael Weber, Music Directed by Jeremy Ramey, with Musical Staging by Michelle Lauto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0022-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Productions\nA Broadway revival of 1776, but with an all-female cast, is planned for Spring 2021. It is expected to be a co-production between the American Repertory Theater and the Roundabout Theatre Company. The play was expected to be seen first at the American Repertory Theater in May to June 2020, under the direction of Diane Paulus, and then in Los Angeles at the Ahmanson Theatre, before arriving at the American Airlines Theatre for Roundabout's 2020\u20132021 season. In 2020, the show was postponed, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0023-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Dramatic analysis\nScene Three of 1776 holds the record for the longest time in a musical without a single note of music played or sung \u2013 over thirty minutes pass between \"The Lees of Old Virginia\" and \"But Mr. Adams\", the next song in the show. On the DVD commentary, Peter Stone says that he experimented with adding various songs in this section, but nothing ever worked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0023-0001", "contents": "1776 (musical), Dramatic analysis\nDuring this scene, dubbed \"Big Three\" by cast members, musicians were allowed to leave the pit, reportedly the first time in Broadway history that they were permitted to do so in the middle of a show. Stone also notes that people often told him that, because of the subject matter and the large amount of dialogue, 1776 should have been a conventional play rather than a musical. Stone believes that the songs create a playful, irreverent tone that helps bring the historical characters to life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0024-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nAccording to The Columbia Companion to American History on Film, historical \"[i]naccuracies pervade 1776, though few are very troubling.\" Because Congress was held in secrecy and there are no contemporary records on the debate over the Declaration of Independence, the authors of the play created the narrative based on later accounts and educated guesses, inventing scenes and dialogue as needed for storytelling purposes. Some of the dialogue was taken from words written, often years or even decades later, by the actual people involved, and rearranged for dramatic effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0025-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nThe central departure from history is that the separation from Great Britain was accomplished in two steps: the actual vote for independence came on July 2 with the approval of Lee's resolution of independence. The wording of the Declaration of Independence\u2014the statement to the world as to the reasons necessitating the split\u2014was then debated for three days before being approved on July 4. The vote for independence did not hinge on some passages being removed from the Declaration, as implied in the play, since Congress had already voted in favor of independence before debating the Declaration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0025-0001", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nFor the sake of drama, the play's authors combined the two events. In addition, some historians believe that the Declaration was not signed on July 4, as shown in 1776, but was instead signed on August 2, 1776. The authors of 1776 had the delegates sign the Declaration on July 4 for dramatic reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0026-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nOf the four principal characters, the musical also notably focuses on Jefferson's wife, Martha, and Adams' wife, Abigail, but omits Dickinson's wife, Mary Norris, who was actually in Philadelphia at the time, unlike the other wives, and had a different perspective than the other wives. Franklin's common-law wife, Deborah Read, was deceased at this point, and his mistresses are not depicted, although he does mention a \"Rendez-vous\" he has to attend to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0027-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nMany characters in 1776 differ from their historical counterparts. Central to the drama is the depiction of John Adams as \"obnoxious and disliked\". According to biographer David McCullough, however, Adams was one of the most respected members of Congress in 1776. Adams' often-quoted description of himself in Congress as \"obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular\" is from a letter written 46 years later, in 1822, after his unpopular presidency had likely colored his view of the past. According to McCullough, no delegate described Adams as obnoxious in 1776. Historian Garry Wills earlier made a similar argument, writing that \"historians relay John Adams's memories without sufficient skepticism\", and that it was Dickinson, not Adams, who was advocating an unpopular position in 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0028-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nDickinson, who refused to sign Adams' and Jefferson's declaration based on \"rights of man\" and \"natural law\", was seeking to avoid reopening issues from the English Civil Wars, including Oliver Cromwell's Puritan regime, and the Jacobitism cause. In 1689, these issues had been definitively resolved in the Glorious Revolution and the constitutionalization of the English Bill of Rights based in \"rights and responsibilities of person\"; the word \"man\" is not used except in the context of treason. The last Jacobite rebellion, seeking to re-establish Catholicism and the religious concept of \"natural law\", had only just happened in 1745, however. None of this background of Dickinson's position is depicted. (Dickinson would later draft the Articles of Confederation, a codification of the Continental Congress system that governed the United States until the present United States Constitution supplanted it; the Articles draw upon the \"rights and responsibilities of person\" language.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 1024]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0029-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nFor practical and dramatic purposes, the play does not depict all of the more than 50 members of Congress who were present at the time. The John Adams of the play is, in part, a composite character, combining the real Adams with his cousin Samuel Adams, who was in Congress at the time but is not depicted in the play (though he is mentioned).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0029-0001", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nAlthough the play depicts Caesar Rodney as an elderly man near death from skin cancer (which would eventually kill him), he was just 47 at the time and continued to be very active in the Revolution after signing the Declaration. He was not absent from the voting because of health; however, the play is accurate in having him arrive \"in the nick of time\", having ridden 80 miles the night before (an event depicted on Delaware's 1999 State Quarter). In the play, Richard Henry Lee announces that he is returning to Virginia to serve as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0029-0002", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nHe was never governor; his cousin Henry Lee III (who is anachronistically called \"General 'Lighthorse' Harry Lee\", a rank and nickname earned later) did eventually become governor and would also become the father of Confederate General Robert E. Lee. John Adams was also depicted in the play and the film as disliking Richard Henry Lee. That is not the case as, according to David McCullough, Adams expressed nothing but \"respect and admiration for the tall, masterly Virginian.\" He did, however, contrary to what was portrayed in the play and the film, dislike Benjamin Franklin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0029-0003", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nMartha Jefferson never traveled to Philadelphia to be with her husband. In fact, she was extremely ill during the summer of 1776, having just endured a miscarriage. The play's authors invented the scene \"to show something of the young Jefferson's life without destroying the unity of setting.\" James Wilson was not the indecisive milquetoast depicted in the play. The real Wilson, who was not yet a judge in 1776, had been cautious about supporting independence at an earlier date, but he supported the resolution of independence when it came up for a vote. Pennsylvania's deciding swing vote was actually cast by John Morton, who is not depicted in the musical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0030-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nThe quote attributed to Edmund Burke by Dr. Lyman Hall in a key scene with John Adams is a paraphrase of a real quote by Burke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0031-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nThe song \"Cool Considerate Men\" is anachronistic because the terms \"right\" and \"left\" in politics were not in use until the French Revolution of 1789. John Dickinson, who is portrayed as an antagonist here, was motivated mainly by his Quaker roots and his respect for the British Constitution, having lived in England for 3 years in the 1750s. He was no wealthier than some members of the pro-Independence faction, and freed his slaves in 1777. Thomas Jefferson wrote that \"his name will be consecrated in history as one of the great worthies of the revolution\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0032-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nThe musical also deviates from history in its portrayal of attitudes about slavery. In 1776, after a dramatic debate over slavery, the southern delegates walk out in protest of the Declaration's reference to the slave trade, and only support independence when that language is removed from the Declaration. The walkout is fictional, and apparently most delegates, northern and southern, supported the deletion of the clause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0033-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nThe musical claims that Edward Rutledge led the opposition to the supposedly anti-slavery clause in the original draft of the Declaration. This is inaccurate on two counts. First, the musical does not mention the motivation of the clause, namely the fact that, following Lord Dunmore's Proclamation, England was granting freedom to runaway slaves who joined its army. Second, Rutledge's leadership against the clause is completely fictional. According to Jefferson, the clause was opposed by South Carolina and Georgia, plus unspecified \"northern brethren\"; that is the limit of known information about opposition to the clause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0034-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nThomas Jefferson is depicted as saying that he has resolved to free his slaves, something he did not do, except for a few slaves freed after his death 50 years later. Franklin claims that he is the founder of an abolitionist organization, but the real Franklin did not become an active abolitionist until after the American Revolution, becoming president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society in 1785.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0035-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nJames Wilson is portrayed as subordinating himself to Dickinson's opposition to independence, only changing his vote so that he would not be remembered unfavorably. In fact, Wilson was considered one of the leading thinkers behind the American cause, consistently supporting and arguing for independence, although he would not cast his vote until his district had been caucused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0036-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nThe phrase \"We are about to brave the storm in a skiff made of paper\", placed in the mouth of John Hancock, was actually stated by John Dickinson (\"Others strenuously assert...we ought to brave the Storm in a Skiff made of Paper.\") in his arguments against independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0037-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Historical accuracy\nIn both the play and the film, John Adams sarcastically predicts that Benjamin Franklin will receive from posterity too great a share of credit for the Revolution. \"Franklin smote the ground and out sprang\u2014George Washington. Fully grown, and on his horse. Franklin then electrified them with his magnificent lightning rod and the three of them\u2014Franklin, Washington, and the horse\u2014conducted the entire Revolution all by themselves.\" Adams did make a similar comment about Franklin in April 1790, just after Franklin's death, although the mention of the horse was a humorous twist added by the authors of the musical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0038-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Critical reception\nIn his review of the original 1969 production, Clive Barnes of The New York Times wrote,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0039-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Critical reception\nOn the face of it, few historical incidents seem more unlikely to spawn a Broadway musical than that solemn moment in the history of mankind, the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Yet 1776... most handsomely demonstrated that people who merely go 'on the face of it' are occasionally outrageously wrong....  [1776] is a most striking, most gripping musical. I recommend it without reservation. It makes even an Englishman's heart beat faster... the characters are most unusually full... for Mr. Stone's book is literate, urbane and, on occasion, very amusing....  ", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0039-0001", "contents": "1776 (musical), Critical reception\nWilliam Daniels has given many persuasive performances in the past, but nothing, I think, can have been so effective as his John Adams here. This is a beautiful mixture of pride, ambition, an almost priggish sense of justice and yet \u2013 the saving grace of the character \u2013 an ironic self-awareness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0040-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Critical reception\nThis is by no means a historical tract or a sermon on the birth of this nation. It is warm with a life of its own; it is funny, it is moving... Often, as I sat enchanted in my seat, it reminded me of Gilbert and Sullivan in its amused regard of human frailties.... The songs and lyrics are, as I have indicated, remarkably original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0041-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Critical reception\nIn this cynical age, it requires courage as well as enterprise to do a musical play that simply deals with the events leading up to the signing of the Declaration of Independence. And 1776... makes no attempt to be satirical or wander off into modern bypaths. But the rewards of this confidence reposed in the bold conception were abundant. The result is a brilliant and remarkably moving work of theatrical art... it is Mr. Daniels' John Adams who dominates the evening, as he did the Congress. Peter Hunt's direction, the choreography of Onna White, and the setting by Jo Mielziner are just right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0042-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Awards and nominations, Original Broadway production\n(Note: William Daniels, who starred as John Adams, was ruled ineligible for the Best Actor nomination because his name was not billed above the title of the show. He was nominated for Best Featured Actor, but refused the nomination.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0043-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Film adaptation\nThe 1972 film version of 1776 was produced by Jack L. Warner with Hunt again directing and Stone writing the screenplay. The film featured William Daniels as Adams, Ken Howard as Jefferson, Howard Da Silva as Franklin, John Cullum as Edward Rutledge, Ron Holgate as Richard Henry Lee, and Virginia Vestoff as Abigail Adams, all of whom had performed their roles on Broadway. The supporting cast was also mostly recruited from the Broadway production. The principal exceptions were Donald Madden and Blythe Danner, who took over the roles of John Dickinson and Martha Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0044-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), Film adaptation\nA Director's Cut of the original film has been released on DVD and Blu-ray. Both the look and sound of the original film have been improved through modern technology. Many cuts to the original film by the producer Jack Warner have been restored, including verses from the songs \"Piddle Twiddle and Resolve\" and \"He Plays the Violin\" and the entire \"Cool, Cool, Considerate Men\". Musical underscoring has been removed from several scenes without songs in order to strengthen the focus on dialogue. Bonus material includes commentary by Director Peter Hunt and by Peter Stone, the book/screenwriter. Among other topics, they discuss artistic liberties and anachronisms used to dramatize the events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018238-0045-0000", "contents": "1776 (musical), In popular culture\nThroughout the course of the third season of the Netflix original series Grace and Frankie, Robert, played by Martin Sheen, and his husband Sol, played by Sam Waterston, are persuaded to audition for a local production of 1776 by the local gay men's theater group, resulting in Robert landing the lead role of John Adams, much to the disappointment of Sol who was not cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission\nThe 1776 Commission was an advisory committee established in September 2020 by then\u2013U.S. President Donald Trump to support what he called \"patriotic education\". The commission, which included no historians specializing in United States history, released The 1776 Report on January 18, 2021, two days before the end of Trump's term. Historians condemned the report, saying it was \"filled with errors and partisan politics\". The commission was terminated by President Joe Biden on January 20, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0001-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, History\nTrump first spoke of giving students a \"patriotic education\" on September 2, 2020. He reiterated his intention to establish the commission in a proclamation on October 6, 2020. The commission was conceived partly as a response to The New York Times' 1619 Project, which explores American history through an African-American framing. Various federal laws prohibit the federal government from directly regulating school curricula, which are determined by school districts under rules established by state governments. However, the federal government influences state and local decisions through funding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0002-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, Establishment\nTrump announced the new commission in a speech on September 17, 2020, in which he contended that a \"twisted web of lies\" regarding systemic racism was currently being taught in U.S. schools, calling it \"a form of child abuse.\" On November 2, the day before the 2020 elections, Trump officially established the commission by executive order. Trump appointed the commission's members on December 18, 2020. The commission held its first meeting on January 5, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0003-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, Establishment\nUnder the executive order, Trump established an 18-member group serving a two-year term appointed by the president, which is to write a report on \u201ccore principles of the American founding and how these principles may be understood to further enjoyment of \u2018the blessings of liberty\u2019\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0004-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, Establishment, Goals\nAccording to the executive order establishing the commission, the commission's goal was to end what it calls the \"radicalized view of American history\" which has \"vilified [the United States'] Founders and [its] founding\". In response to the work of figures like Howard Zinn and groups like the 1619 Project, the 1776 Commission seeks to increase \"patriotic education\" via a centralized approach to nationalist curriculum. This effort is linked to Trump's wider attacks on critical race theory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0005-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, Establishment, Goals\nThe commission was also intended to promote these concepts at national parks, landmarks, and monuments among other federal properties; federal agencies were instructed to provide grants and initiatives in a way that prioritized those supporting \"the American Founding\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0006-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, Establishment, Members\nThe 18-member commission was composed of conservative activists, politicians and intellectuals; it included no professional historians of the United States. Trump appointed the Commission's members on December 18, 2020. The chair was Larry Arnn, the president of the conservative Hillsdale College, and the co-chair was Carol Swain, a Black conservative who is a former professor at Vanderbilt Law School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0006-0001", "contents": "1776 Commission, Establishment, Members\nOthers appointed by Trump include his ex-domestic policy advisor Brooke Rollins; Charles R. Kesler;,a Claremont Graduate Studies professor and editor of conservative Claremont Review of Books; conservative activists Ned Ryun, a Bush speech writer; Charlie Kirk; Phil Bryant, the Republican former governor of Mississippi; and classical historian Victor Davis Hanson; as well as John Gibbs; Scott McNealy, founder of Curikki, an online curriculum company; Peter Kirsanow, a black Civil Rights Commission member; Thomas Lindsay, a professor of Political Science; Michael Farris, a lawyer and professor of Political Science; and former Representative, Bob McEwen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0007-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, The 1776 Report, Contents\nThe commission released the 41-page \"The 1776 Report\" on January 18, 2021, two days before the end of Trump's term and the inauguration of Joe Biden. The report does not include citations or footnotes, and does not identify its main authors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0008-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, The 1776 Report, Contents\nAmong other things, the document identifies \"progressivism\" and \"racism and identity politics\" as \"challenges to America's principles\" and likens them to \"communism,\" \"slavery,\" and \"fascism.\" It refers to John C. Calhoun as \"the leading forerunner of identity politics\" and criticizes some aspects of the civil rights movement. The document also describes American universities as \"often today [...] hotbeds of anti-Americanism, libel, and censorship\" and criticizes feminist movements. It concludes with recommendations to promote positive stories and images of the country's founders at home, in schools, and in the arts, among other things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0009-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, The 1776 Report, Reception\nHistorians condemned the report, saying it was \"filled with errors and partisan politics\" and identified factual inaccuracies and a lack of scholarship. The American Historical Association (AHA), in a statement cosigned by 33 other historical societies, stated that the report was completed \"without any consultation with professional historians of the United States.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0009-0001", "contents": "1776 Commission, The 1776 Report, Reception\nOn January 19, 2021, the Association of University Presses released a statement: \"While we leave it to historians to offer a detailed rebuttal of the document\u2019s inaccuracies \u2013 if any should choose to do so \u2013 we note that it is plagued by procedural deficiencies that would render it unpublishable as a serious work of scholarship.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0010-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, The 1776 Report, Reception\nJames Grossman, the executive director of the AHA, criticized Trump's push for so-called \"patriotic education,\" writing that genuinely patriotic history is a rigorous effort to study the past honestly and acknowledge complexity, rather than \"cheerleading\"; \"nationalist propaganda\"; or \"simplistic and inaccurate narrative of unique virtue and perpetual progress.\" Grossman described the 1776 Commission's report as \"a hack job\" that was \"not a work of history,\" but of \"cynical politics.\" Grossman said, \"This report skillfully weaves together myths, distortions, deliberate silences, and both blatant and subtle misreading of evidence to create a narrative and an argument that few respectable professional historians, even across a wide interpretive spectrum, would consider plausible, never mind convincing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0011-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, The 1776 Report, Reception\nHistorian Timothy Messer-Kruse likened the content of the report to \"every moldy trope of 1950s fifth-grade civics books\" and wrote that it misrepresented the beliefs of founding father John Jay as expressed in Federalist No. 2 . Historian Eric Rauchway criticized the report for misreading John Winthrop's \"City upon a Hill\" speech and for the report's claims regarding the civil rights movement. Historian Alexis Coe, a biographer of George Washington, said the report was riddled with \"errors, distortions, and outright lies\" and mischaracterized Washington's involvement with slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0011-0001", "contents": "1776 Commission, The 1776 Report, Reception\nKevin M. Kruse and other historians criticized the report for suggesting that Martin Luther King, Jr. would have opposed affirmative action, noting that King in fact endorsed affirmative action during his life. Even historians who were critical of the 1619 Project, such as Sean Wilentz of Princeton University, criticized the report of the 1776 Commission. Wilentz described the report as \"the flip side of those polemics\" and \"basically a political document\" that \"reduces history to hero worship.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0012-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, The 1776 Report, Reception\nHistorians also noted that portions of the report had been copied without attribution from earlier writings by its authors (including a 2008 op-ed by Thomas Lindsay published in Inside Higher Ed and a 2002 Heritage Foundation essay and Intercollegiate Studies Institute essay written by Matthew Spalding, the commission's executive director).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0013-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, The 1776 Report, Reception\nCommentator Eugene Scott criticized the commission's report for suggesting \"that identity politics is something unique to those outside of the Trump administration\"; Scott writes that Trump's rhetoric and Trumpism \"has been rooted in identity politics\": specifically, a prioritization of demographic groups that are \"largely White, Christian and appealing to traditional gender norms.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0013-0001", "contents": "1776 Commission, The 1776 Report, Reception\nWriting for Slate, Rebecca Onion described the report as \"a screed forwarded by a Fox-poisoned aunt, one that might best be politely ignored\" and noted historian Diana Butler Bass's fear that the report was \"'a huge gift' to white evangelical Trump supporters, who have long taught this vision of history to children who are enrolled in Christian schools or home-schooled.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0014-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, The 1776 Report, Reception\nCommission members Victor Davis Hanson and Mike Gonzalez defended the report. Hanson argued that the report did not \"whitewash the continuance of many injustices\" in U.S. history and defended the report's declaration that \"progressivism\" was at odds with American values, while Gonzalez, a senior fellow of the Heritage Foundation, criticized media coverage of the report and argued that Biden's disbanding of the commission was an outcome of \"the woke left\" waging a \"war on U.S. history.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0015-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, Termination\nOn January 20, 2021, hours after he was inaugurated as Trump's successor, President Joe Biden issued an executive order dissolving the 1776 Commission. The report was removed from the White House website, although the National Archives and Records Administration archived the report, along with the entire Trump White House website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018239-0016-0000", "contents": "1776 Commission, Termination\nIn May 2021, Matthew Spalding, the commission's executive director, announced the commission would resume its activities in a non-governmental capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018240-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1776 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on April 11, 1776; the offices to be filled were governor and lieutenant governor. This was the only such election to take place before Connecticut approved the Declaration of Independence on October 10, 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018240-0001-0000", "contents": "1776 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nStatesman Jonathan Trumbull ran unopposed and won the election. Trumbull had been governor of the Connecticut Colony prior to the American Revolution. The candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 1776 was Matthew Griswold, who also won his election. Trumbull went on to win successive gubernatorial elections until 1784, when he was succeeded by Griswold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018241-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 English cricket season\nThe 1776 English cricket season was the fifth in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of seven first-class matches have survived. The earliest printed cricket scorecard templates were introduced during 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018241-0001-0000", "contents": "1776 English cricket season, Matches\nSeven first-class match scorecards survive from 1776, all of them involving Hampshire XIs playing either Kent XIs or Surrey XIs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018241-0002-0000", "contents": "1776 English cricket season, Matches\nThree other matches not between county sides are known to have been played during the season. Full scorecards do not survive from these matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018241-0003-0000", "contents": "1776 English cricket season, Other events\nA notice in the Leicester Journal of 17 August is the earliest known mention of cricket in Leicestershire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018241-0004-0000", "contents": "1776 English cricket season, First mentions\nRichard Aubrey Veck made his debut in first-class cricket during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018242-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 Kuiper\n1776 Kuiper, provisional designation 2520 P-L, is a dark Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 38 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018242-0001-0000", "contents": "1776 Kuiper\nIt was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten in collaboration with Dutch\u2013American astronomer Tom Gehrels at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California, and named after Dutch astronomer Gerard Kuiper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018242-0002-0000", "contents": "1776 Kuiper, Orbit and classification\nKuiper is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 3.1\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (1,996 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.01 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Kuiper was first identified as 1930 EB at Heidelberg Observatory in 1930, extending its observation arc by 30 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018242-0003-0000", "contents": "1776 Kuiper, Orbit and classification, Palomar\u2013Leiden survey\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for Palomar\u2013Leiden, named after Palomar and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 60], "content_span": [61, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018242-0004-0000", "contents": "1776 Kuiper, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kuiper measures 36.0 and 40.0 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo of 0.033 and 0.054, respectively. Typical value for C-, D- or P-type asteroids in the outer main-belt. However, as of 2017, Kuiper's composition, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018242-0005-0000", "contents": "1776 Kuiper, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after Dutch\u2013American astronomer Gerard Kuiper (1905\u20131973), initiator of the Palomar-Leiden survey. He was a well-known authority in the field of planetary science and director at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory and at Yerkes Observatory. He discovered Miranda and Nereid, satellites of Uranus and Neptune, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018242-0006-0000", "contents": "1776 Kuiper, Naming\nThe third zone of the Solar System, the Kuiper belt, is named after him. Also, the Mercurian crater Kuiper, the Martian crater Kuiper and the lunar crater Kuiper all bear his name. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 1971 (M.P.C. 3185).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018243-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1776 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was the first election in the State after its secession from British colonies and joining the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018243-0001-0000", "contents": "1776 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe election was organized for the 3rd of April, 1776 when Nicholas Cooke won unopposed with 100% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018243-0002-0000", "contents": "1776 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nCooke had also governed the State when it was a Colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018244-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 Unites\n1776 Unites is a project launched by civil rights activist Robert Woodson that seeks to unite African-Americans to advocate principles like entrepreneurship, self-determination, and mutual social support through a series of essays published on its website. Woodson created the project as a response to the 1619 Project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018244-0000-0001", "contents": "1776 Unites\nNotable contributors to the project include academics such as Carol M. Swain, Glenn Loury, Jason D. Hill, Wilfred Reilly, Shelby Steele, John McWhorter, and John Sibley Butler: other contributors including journalists Coleman Hughes and Clarence Page. 1776 Unites essays typically discuss the lives of financially successful African-Americans, and the project includes an open-access curriculum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018244-0001-0000", "contents": "1776 Unites, The project's message\nContributors to 1776 Unites promote current and historical examples of prosperous Black communities as \u201ca powerful refutation of the claim that the destiny of Black Americans is determined by what whites do, or what they have done in the past.\u201d 1776 Unites also promotes the work and thought of entrepreneurs, philanthropists, business and community leaders, and others it considers \",\" to illustrate the opportunities for success that are open to African Americans today, their contributions to national economic and cultural life, and their stake in U.S. life and history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018244-0002-0000", "contents": "1776 Unites, The project's message\nRobert Woodson said his central motivation in founding 1776 Unites was to counter the narratives he contends were embedded in the 1619 Project, developed by the New York Times, which postulates that the founding of America in a structural and economic sense occurred not in 1776, the year of its declared independence, but rather in 1619 when the first Black slaves arrived. In addition to critiquing arguments that place slavery at the center of the United States\u2019 origins, 1776 Unites also publicizes the historical achievements of African American individuals and communities, including those who had been \u201cin slavery but not of slavery\u201d and became successful business leaders after emancipation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018244-0003-0000", "contents": "1776 Unites, History of the project\n1776 Unites was launched at the National Press Club on February 14, 2020, and on that same day partnered with the conservative newspaper Washington Examiner to release a series of essays critical of the 1619 Project, arguing that slavery and its ugly legacy should not be seen as definitive of the black experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018244-0004-0000", "contents": "1776 Unites, History of the project\nIn September 2020, 1776 Unites announced a curriculum that will offer life lessons from largely unknown or forgotten African-American figures from the past, such as Elijah McCoy and Biddy Mason, who triumphed over adverse conditions to gain independence and prosperity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018245-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 Virginia gubernatorial election\nThe Virginia gubernatorial election of 1776 was the first gubernatorial election of the newly independent Commonwealth of Virginia. It was held on June 29, 1776, forty-five days after the adoption of the Lee Resolution by the Fifth Virginia Convention asserting the independence of the United Colonies from Great Britain. The election was conducted under the provisions of the Constitution of Virginia, which had been adopted by the convention the same day and went into effect immediately. Patrick Henry, a leading advocate for independence who had served as a delegate to the First Continental Congress, was elected governor by a majority vote, defeating Thomas Nelson, Jr. and John Page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018245-0001-0000", "contents": "1776 Virginia gubernatorial election\nThe new Constitution called for the Governor of Virginia to be elected by the votes of the Virginia General Assembly meeting in joint session. The Virginia Convention, as the provisional legislature of the commonwealth, performed this function in the election of 1776. Prior to 1830, the governor served a term of one year, renewable no more than three times in a seven-year period. Henry was reelected four times: twice consecutively in 1777 and 1778, and again in 1784 and 1785, to serve a total of five consecutive terms in office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018245-0002-0000", "contents": "1776 Virginia gubernatorial election, Background\nThe Fifth Virginia Convention convened in Williamsburg on May 6, 1776 amidst increasingly widespread support for independence among the Patriots who supported the American Revolution. On May 15, 1776 the convention approved a resolution instructing Virginia's delegates in the Second Continental Congress to support a formal declaration of independence absolving the Thirteen Colonies from their allegiance to the British Empire. Congress voted to adopt the Lee Resolution on July 2, precipitating passage of the United States Declaration of Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018245-0003-0000", "contents": "1776 Virginia gubernatorial election, Background\nWhile Congress debated independence, the Virginia Convention took action to establish the foundations for an independent commonwealth. A Declaration of Rights was introduced in the convention on May 27 and adopted on June 12; on June 29, the delegates voted unanimously to adopt the proposed Constitution of Virginia. With the Constitution now in place, elections for governor and Attorney General proceeded immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018245-0004-0000", "contents": "1776 Virginia gubernatorial election, Electoral system\nThe Constitution of 1776 called for the governor and other executive officers to be elected by a joint session of the General Assembly, with a majority of votes cast necessary to elect the governor. The governor was elected for a term of one year and limited to three terms in a seven-year period. With the first General Assembly yet unelected, the Virginia Convention carried out the election of the first governor and Attorney General. The election was conducted by secret ballot; in all, 106 delegates to the Virginia Convention cast votes for governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018245-0005-0000", "contents": "1776 Virginia gubernatorial election, Results\nThe Virginia Convention elected Henry by a majority of 60 electoral votes to 45 for his nearest competitor, Thomas Nelson. George Wythe, James Madison, Bartholomew Dandridge, and William Roscoe Wilson Curl were appointed to inspect the ballots and inform Henry of his election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018257-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 in Wales\nThis article is about the significance of the year 1776 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018260-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018261-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018262-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018262-0001-0000", "contents": "1776 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018262-0002-0000", "contents": "1776 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018263-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 in science\nThe year 1776 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018264-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 in sports\n1776 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018265-0000-0000", "contents": "1776 in the United States\nEvents from the year 1776 in the United States. This year is celebrated in the United States as the official beginning of the nation, with the Declaration of Independence issued on July 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018266-0000-0000", "contents": "1777\n1777 (MDCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1777th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 777th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 77th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1777, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018267-0000-0000", "contents": "1777 English cricket season\nThe 1777 English cricket season was the sixth in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of six first-class matches have survived. James Aylward made a record score of 167 runs that stood until 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018267-0001-0000", "contents": "1777 English cricket season, Matches\nSix first-class match scorecards survive from 1777, all of them involving Hampshire XIs playing England sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018267-0002-0000", "contents": "1777 English cricket season, Matches\nJames Aylward made his record score of 167 in the first England v Hampshire match of the season in June. This set a new record for the highest score in first-class cricket, surpassing the score of 136 made by John Small which had been made in 1775. A printed bill reporting the match said that \"Aylward went in at 5 o\u2019clock on Wednesday afternoon, and was not out till after three on Friday\" in making his score. The Hampshire total was 403 runs, with Tom Sueter scoring 46 runs, the second highest score in the innings. The match is known to have been played using three stumps, a voluntary measure which had been first introduced in 1775.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018267-0003-0000", "contents": "1777 English cricket season, Matches\nAylward's record stood until 1820, when it was beaten by William Ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018267-0004-0000", "contents": "1777 English cricket season, Matches\nThree other matches are known to have been played during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018267-0005-0000", "contents": "1777 English cricket season, Debutants\nThe following players made their first known appearance during the 1777 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018268-0000-0000", "contents": "1777 Gehrels\n1777 Gehrels, also designated 4007 P-L, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in 1960, and named for astronomer Tom Gehrels, one of the survey's principal investigators and credited discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018268-0001-0000", "contents": "1777 Gehrels, Discovery\nGehrels was discovered during the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey by the Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten, in collaboration with Dutch\u2013American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory, California, on 24 September 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018268-0002-0000", "contents": "1777 Gehrels, Discovery\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for Palomar\u2013Leiden, named after Palomar and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory, where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018268-0003-0000", "contents": "1777 Gehrels, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,554 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018268-0004-0000", "contents": "1777 Gehrels, Orbit and classification\nFirst observed as A905 UE at Heidelberg Observatory in 1905, Gehrels' first used observation was made at Goethe Link Observatory in 1958, extending the body's observation arc by 2 years prior to its official discovery at Palomar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018268-0005-0000", "contents": "1777 Gehrels, Physical characteristics\nThis S-type asteroid is characterized as a transitional Sq-type in the SMASS classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018268-0006-0000", "contents": "1777 Gehrels, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Gehrels measures between 11.860 and 13.14 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2212 and 0.277.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018268-0007-0000", "contents": "1777 Gehrels, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data and takes an albedo of 0.2151 with a diameter of 12.67 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.773.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018268-0008-0000", "contents": "1777 Gehrels, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nSeveral rotational lightcurve of Gehrels were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Wies\u0142aw Wi\u015bniewski, Petr Pravec, Pierre Antonini, Raoul Behrend, Donn Starkey, Laurent Bernasconi, Jacques Montier, Serge Heterier, Daniel Klinglesmith and Robert Stephens. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 2.83 and 2.840 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 and 0.27 magnitude (U=2/3/3/2+/2/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018268-0009-0000", "contents": "1777 Gehrels, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Dutch-born American astronomer Tom Gehrels (1925\u20132011), professor at the University of Arizona, staff member of the LPL research center at Tucson, a principal investigator in the Pioneer program, receiver of the Masursky Award, initiator of the Spacewatch project, and co-discoverer of thousands of minor planets in the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey (see above). He was a pioneer in the field of photometric and polarimetric observations of Solar System bodies in the 1950s. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 1971 (M.P.C. 3185).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018269-0000-0000", "contents": "1777 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1777 New York gubernatorial election was held in June 1777 to elect the governor and the lieutenant governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018269-0001-0000", "contents": "1777 New York gubernatorial election, History\nThe election began on June 1, but due to the American Revolution it took some time to collect and count the votes, and the official result was announced on July 9. George Clinton accepted the office of Governor on July 11 and assumed its duties immediately, pending to take the oath as soon as he could safely leave his military command. He took the oath of office on July 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018269-0002-0000", "contents": "1777 New York gubernatorial election, History\nThere were no parties yet, as the Democratic-Republican and Federalist Parties appeared only in 1792. Until then the candidacies were based on personal recognition. The concepts of \"running mates\" also did not apply in this election, with candidates running separately for Governor and Lieutenant Governor. The New York Committee of Safety endorsed Philip Schuyler for Governor and George Clinton for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018269-0003-0000", "contents": "1777 New York gubernatorial election, Result\nGeorge Clinton was elected both Governor and Lieutenant Governor. Clinton formally resigned the lieutenant governorship, leaving a vacancy. State Senator Pierre Van Cortlandt was elected President pro tempore of the State Senate, and acted as Lieutenant Governor until the end of the legislative year. Van Cortlandt was then elected in a special election and took office as Lieutenant Governor on June 30, 1778.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018278-0000-0000", "contents": "1777 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1777 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018279-0000-0000", "contents": "1777 in architecture\nThe year 1777 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018281-0000-0000", "contents": "1777 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1777.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018282-0000-0000", "contents": "1777 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018282-0001-0000", "contents": "1777 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018282-0002-0000", "contents": "1777 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018283-0000-0000", "contents": "1777 in science\nThe year 1777 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018284-0000-0000", "contents": "1777 in sports\n1777 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018285-0000-0000", "contents": "1777 in the United States, Events, Dates unknown\nIn the St. Louis region, a brood of 13-year cicadas emerges at the same time as a large brood of 17-year cicadas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0000-0000", "contents": "17776\n17776 (also known as What Football Will Look Like in the Future) is a serialized speculative fiction multimedia narrative by Jon Bois, published online through SB Nation. Set in the distant future in which all humans have become immortal and infertile, the series follows three sentient space probes that watch humanity play an evolved form of American football in which games can be played for millennia over distances of thousands of miles. The series debuted on July 5, 2017, and new chapters were published daily until the series concluded with its twenty-fifth chapter on July 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0001-0000", "contents": "17776\nBois began developing 17776 in 2016. Because the story incorporates text, animated GIFs, still images, and videos hosted on YouTube, new tools were developed to allow it to be hosted efficiently on the SB Nation website. The work explores themes of consciousness, hope, despair, and why humans play sports. 17776 was well received by critics, who praised it for its innovative use of its medium and for the depth of emotion it evoked. In 2018, the story won a National Magazine Award for Digital Innovation and was longlisted for both the Hugo Awards for Best Novella and Best Graphic Story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0002-0000", "contents": "17776\nIt is followed by a two-part sequel series: 20020, released from September to October 2020, and the forthcoming 20021. The sequel series follows a 111-team game of college football on fields spanning 236 million yards across the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0003-0000", "contents": "17776, Premise\nThe story takes place on a future Earth where humans stopped dying, aging, and being born in 2026. All social ills were subsequently eliminated, and technology preventing humans from any injury was developed. In the United States, American football evolved to include new rules, including those that allow fields thousands of miles long, hundreds of in-game players, and games millennia long. Over time, computers gained sentience due to constant exposure to broadcast human data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0004-0000", "contents": "17776, Premise\nBy the year 17776, the space probe Pioneer 9 (called Nine) has gained sentience and made contact with Pioneer 10 (called Ten) and the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (called Juice).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0004-0001", "contents": "17776, Premise\nAs Nine adjusts to a world radically different from that of the 20th century, the three space probes watch multiple football games occurring across the United States: a game using the entirety of Nebraska as a field in which the next point scored wins the game; a game in which players strive to possess every existing football autographed by obscure NFL player Koy Detmer; a game played between the Canadian border and the Mexican border deadlocked for 13,000 years at the bottom of a gorge in Arizona; an NFL regulation game between the Denver Broncos and the Pittsburgh Steelers that changed over 15,000 years into 58 playing teams owning and capitalizing upon portions of the field while the ball is lost; a 500 game that results in the destruction of the Centennial Light; and a game in which the possessing player is attempting to score an automatic win by hiding in his team's end zone for 10,000 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0005-0000", "contents": "17776, Format\n17776 is read by scrolling through pages occupied by large GIF images and colored dialogue text, interspersed with occasional YouTube videos. The story is divided into chapters, which were originally published in daily installments between July 5 and July 15, 2017. Much of the GIF and video content of the series uses Google Earth satellite imagery, 3D buildings, and other tools within Google Earth to create animations and visual effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0006-0000", "contents": "17776, Development\nBois wrote and illustrated 17776 for Vox Media's sports news website SB Nation, of which he is creative director. Aside from 17776, Bois produces two other recurring, humorous video essay programs for the site: Pretty Good, which focuses on unusual sports topics and stories, and Chart Party,  which focuses on statistics and has an emphasis on Bois' use of visual art in his journalism and storytelling. Bois is also known for the Breaking Madden series, in which he attempted unusual scenarios in the Madden NFL series of video games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0007-0000", "contents": "17776, Development\nIn early 2016, Bois began developing an \"anti-sci fi\" project as a possible sequel to The Tim Tebow CFL Chronicles, an earlier work for SB Nation, and set the story in a year far enough in the future that \"nobody ever thinks about it.\" Although he liked the concept and the visuals, he believed the project would not connect with readers and shelved it. Later, he realized that the story needed a centering character; he wrote one in the form of a small town, AM radio talk show host before coming up with the characters of the probes. Development renewed in May 2016, and the project solidified after SB Nation published its article \"The Future of Football.\" Bois described it as the biggest project he ever attempted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0008-0000", "contents": "17776, Development\nThe series was developed by Graham MacAree, who used a Vox Media tool that creates custom packages from standard article sets to give Bois creative leeway and to accommodate the series' weight on the SB Nation website. MacAree found that there were few resources online for achieving the desired effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0009-0000", "contents": "17776, Themes\nBois has stated that he had \"conceived [17776] to give the reader a good time,\" asserting that this \"was literally the whole point.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0010-0000", "contents": "17776, Themes\nWilliam Hughes writing for The A.V. Club described 17776 as concerned with why humans play sports: \"That is, given the massive resources, time, and information at our disposal (not to mention those available to our descendants), why does communal game-playing still hold such an important place in society?\" He also listed consciousness, hope, and despair as among the work's themes. Beth Elderkin of io9 described it as \"a deep thought experiment into what we consider humanly possible\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0010-0001", "contents": "17776, Themes\nShe also felt that Ten and Juice take on the role of angel and devil, and she suggested the two may be unreliable narrators. Ian Crouch of The New Yorker felt that the work had a \"tonal echo\" of Don DeLillo's 1972 novel End Zone due to thematic similarities \"with the way that the order and logic of football might act as a counterbalance to the chaos of the real world\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0011-0000", "contents": "17776, Reception\nAccording to the communications director at Vox Media, 17776 garnered over 2.3 million pageviews by July 10. Two days later, it had received more than 2.9 million pageviews. Average engagement time was over nine minutes, and 43 percent of readers finished each installment of the series published by July 7. On July 19, Bois claimed that 17776 received 700,000 unique visitors and 4 million total pageviews, with an average engagement time of 11 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0012-0000", "contents": "17776, Reception\nThu-Huong Ha for Quartz described 17776 as \"part Italo Calvino, part Peter Heller [author of The Dog Stars], with humor seemingly from within the depths of Reddit,\" saying that the story would appeal to fans of both sports and literature. Tor.com described the first chapter as full of tension and felt that receiving answers is a \"surprisingly heartbreaking\" experience \"lessened by a gleeful bouncing immaturity\" one would not expect from the characters. Beth Elderkin at io9 said the series is \"akin to Homestuck\" and described it as \"weird, complex, and pretty spectacular\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0012-0001", "contents": "17776, Reception\nWilliam Hughes writing for The A.V. Club felt that 17776 is a \"truly innovative piece of work\". After reading the first three chapters, Agatha French of the Los Angeles Times stated that she was \"impressed and excited by the innovation\" of what she saw, and that she was intrigued despite not knowing what the work is or is saying. She felt the work took full advantage of its online medium and suggested that it \"may also be a glimpse into the future of reading on the Internet\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0012-0002", "contents": "17776, Reception\nIan Crouch of The New Yorker described the series as, \"despite its seemingly meagre parts, a thing of startling beauty\". Of the chapters published by July 12, he felt \"the most striking chapter\" to be one that utilized audio of Verne Lundquist calling the end of a 2013 game between the University of Alabama and Auburn University over a video panning over Earth. He also noted that the series was compared to Homestuck and relayed additional comparisons to Thomas Pynchon novels and \"a Reddit thread hijacked by robot trolls\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0013-0000", "contents": "17776, Reception\nThe series won the inaugural National Magazine Award for Digital Innovation from the American Society of Magazine Editors; this was the first National Magazine Award nomination and win for SB Nation. It was described by the judges as \"an extraordinary combination of art, fiction and technology, an online acid trip that had to be experienced to be believed.\" It was also longlisted for the Hugo Awards for Best Novella and Best Graphic Story in 2018, ultimately finishing in 11th place in both categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0014-0000", "contents": "17776, Sequel series\nOn September 28, 2020, a sequel titled 20020 was launched on Secret Base, a branch of SB Nation; on October 13, it was revealed to be the first part of a two-part continuation with the second half, 20021, originally planned for release in the winter or spring of 2021, though later delayed. One chapter of 20020 was released every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday beginning on September 28 and ending on October 23. Both parts of the series are expected to run for twelve chapters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018286-0015-0000", "contents": "17776, Sequel series\nIt focuses on a similarly lengthy, interconnected, 111-team competition based on college football. The sentient space probes featured in 17776 return, with Juice serving as the game's designer and commissioner. 20020's format largely resembles 17776's with a more involved use of Google Earth-based YouTube video storytelling interspersed regularly into the narrative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018287-0000-0000", "contents": "1778\n1778 (MDCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1778th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 778th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 78th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1778, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018288-0000-0000", "contents": "1778 Alfv\u00e9n\n1778 Alfv\u00e9n, also designated 4506 P-L, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018288-0001-0000", "contents": "1778 Alfv\u00e9n\nIt was discovered on 26 September 1960, by astronomers Cornelis van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels at the U.S. Palomar Observatory, in California. It was later named after Swedish Nobelist Hannes Alfv\u00e9n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018288-0002-0000", "contents": "1778 Alfv\u00e9n, Orbit and classification\nThe dark C-type asteroid is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. Alfv\u00e9n orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,038 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018288-0003-0000", "contents": "1778 Alfv\u00e9n, Orbit and classification\nA first precovery was taken at Lowell Observatory in 1906, extending the body's observation arc by 54 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018288-0004-0000", "contents": "1778 Alfv\u00e9n, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2013, two rotational lightcurves of Alfv\u00e9n were obtained from analysis at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. The lightcurves gave a rotation period of 4.82 and 4.8050 hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 and 0.36 magnitude, respectively (U=3-/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018288-0005-0000", "contents": "1778 Alfv\u00e9n, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Alfv\u00e9n measures 20.62 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.095, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 20.51 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018288-0006-0000", "contents": "1778 Alfv\u00e9n, Survey designation\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for Palomar\u2013Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018288-0007-0000", "contents": "1778 Alfv\u00e9n, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Swedish engineer, physicist and Nobel prize winner, Hannes Alfv\u00e9n (1908\u20131995). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1974 (M.P.C. 3643).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018289-0000-0000", "contents": "1778 English cricket season\nThe 1778 English cricket season was the seventh in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of five first-class matches have survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018289-0001-0000", "contents": "1778 English cricket season, Matches\nFive first-class match scorecards survive from 1778, four of them involving Hampshire XIs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018289-0002-0000", "contents": "1778 English cricket season, Matches\nThree other matches are known to have been played during the season, including a return match between Chertsey and an England side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018289-0003-0000", "contents": "1778 English cricket season, First-class debutants\nThe following players made their first known appearance during the 1778 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018290-0000-0000", "contents": "1778 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe 1778 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place on March 12, 1778, and resulted in the selection of Thomas Chittenden as the republic's for first governor. This was Vermont's first gubernatorial election after declaring independence in 1777.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018290-0001-0000", "contents": "1778 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nAfter declaring themselves independent, the former New Hampshire Grants were first known as New Connecticut, but soon changed their name to Vermont. In early 1778, the council of safety that temporarily governed the new republic invited each Vermont town to elect two delegates to meet at a convention in Windsor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018290-0002-0000", "contents": "1778 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe delegates assembled on March 12 and organized themselves into the first Vermont House of Representatives. They then proceeded to the election of a governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of a governor's council, who would serve until elections could be held in October. Thomas Chittenden, who had served as president of the council of safety, was chosen for governor. Joseph Marsh was elected lieutenant governor, and Ira Allen was the convention's choice for treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded, but the convention's secretary noted that Chittenden was elected \"by a great majority of votes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018290-0003-0000", "contents": "1778 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nOn October 8, 1778, the Vermont General Assembly met in Windsor. Members of the House of Representatives voted for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Chittenden, Marsh, and Allen were elected to one-year terms, though the recorder did not report the vote totals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018292-0000-0000", "contents": "1778 in Canada, Historical documents\nGeneral George Washington details pros and cons of invading Canada in 1779 (when failed Penobscot Expedition took place instead)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018292-0001-0000", "contents": "1778 in Canada, Historical documents\nContinental Army General Schuyler argues usefulness of Lake Ontario for fighting British in Canada", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018292-0002-0000", "contents": "1778 in Canada, Historical documents\nEnslaved mulatto girl Bell is sold to Quebec lieutenant governor after twice escaping her Quebec City owner", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018301-0000-0000", "contents": "1778 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1778 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018304-0000-0000", "contents": "1778 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1778.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018305-0000-0000", "contents": "1778 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1778.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018306-0000-0000", "contents": "1778 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018306-0001-0000", "contents": "1778 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018306-0002-0000", "contents": "1778 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018307-0000-0000", "contents": "1778 in science\nThe year 1778 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018308-0000-0000", "contents": "1778 in sports\n1778 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018310-0000-0000", "contents": "1779\n1779 (MDCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1779th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 779th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 79th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1779, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018311-0000-0000", "contents": "1779 English cricket season\nThe 1779 English cricket season was the eighth in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of five first-class matches have survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018311-0001-0000", "contents": "1779 English cricket season, Matches\nFive first-class match scorecards survive from 1779, four of them matches between England sides and Hampshire XIs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018311-0002-0000", "contents": "1779 English cricket season, Matches\nFive other matches are known to have been played during the season, including a match between Kent and Surrey at Bourne Paddock in July which was badly affected by rain. Others include early references to cricket in both Berkshire and Oxfordshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018312-0000-0000", "contents": "1779 Paran\u00e1\n1779 Paran\u00e1, provisional designation 1950 LZ, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018312-0001-0000", "contents": "1779 Paran\u00e1\nThe asteroid was discovered on 15 June 1950, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory in La Plata, capital of the province of Buenos Aires. It was named for the Paran\u00e1 River in South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018312-0002-0000", "contents": "1779 Paran\u00e1, Orbit and classification\nParan\u00e1 orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,172 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018312-0003-0000", "contents": "1779 Paran\u00e1, Orbit and classification\nAs no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Paran\u00e1's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1950. Paran\u00e1 has also been cataloged by the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey and received the survey designation 6116 P-L (PLS6116).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018312-0004-0000", "contents": "1779 Paran\u00e1, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Paran\u00e1 measures 4.09 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.221. Based on a magnitude-to-diameter conversion, using an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 and a magnitude of 14.1, the asteroid's generic diameter is between 4 and 9 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018312-0005-0000", "contents": "1779 Paran\u00e1, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, Paran\u00e1's spectral type, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018312-0006-0000", "contents": "1779 Paran\u00e1, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for a large and 4,880-kilometers long Paran\u00e1 River that runs through northern Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. It is a major tributary to the La Plata river, where the city of La Plata and the discovering observatory are located (also see 1029 La Plata). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018313-0000-0000", "contents": "1779 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe 1779 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018313-0001-0000", "contents": "1779 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Manchester on October 14. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and governor's council members. Thomas Chittenden was re-elected governor. Benjamin Carpenter was elected lieutenant governor, and Ira Allen was re-elected as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018315-0000-0000", "contents": "1779 in China, Deaths\nThis China-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018325-0000-0000", "contents": "1779 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1779 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018328-0000-0000", "contents": "1779 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1779.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018329-0000-0000", "contents": "1779 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018329-0001-0000", "contents": "1779 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018329-0002-0000", "contents": "1779 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018330-0000-0000", "contents": "1779 in science\nThe year 1779 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018331-0000-0000", "contents": "1779 in sports\n1779 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018333-0000-0000", "contents": "17795 Elysiasegal\n17795 Elysiasegal, provisional designation 1998 FJ61, is a Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 March 1998, by the LINEAR team at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The asteroid was named after Elysia Segal, a 2003 ISEF awardee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018333-0001-0000", "contents": "17795 Elysiasegal, Orbit and classification\nElysiasegal orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,351 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking program in 1996, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 2 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018333-0002-0000", "contents": "17795 Elysiasegal, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Elysia Segal (born 1985), American actress and first-place winner at the 2003 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, for her research analyzing the use of proteoglycans as a potential biomarker for congenital hydrocephalus. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2004 (M.P.C. 52173).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018333-0003-0000", "contents": "17795 Elysiasegal, Physical characteristics\nLittle is known about Elysiasegal's size, composition, albedo and rotation. Based on its absolute magnitude of 14.5, its diameter is likely to be between 3 and 7 kilometers, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018334-0000-0000", "contents": "177P/Barnard\nComet 177P/Barnard, also known as Barnard 2, is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 119 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < period < 200 years).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018334-0001-0000", "contents": "177P/Barnard\nThe comet, also designated P/2006 M3, was discovered by Edward Emerson Barnard on June 24, 1889, and was re-discovered after 116 years. On July 19, 2006, 177P came within 0.36 AU of the Earth. From late July through September 2006 it was brighter than expected at 8th magnitude in the constellations Hercules and then Draco. Perihelion was August 28, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018334-0002-0000", "contents": "177P/Barnard\nOf Barnard's other two periodic comets, the first, D/1884 O1 (Barnard 1) was last seen on November 20, 1884, and is thought to have disintegrated. The last, 206P/Barnard-Boattini marked the beginning of a new era in cometary astronomy, as it was the first to be discovered by photography. It was a lost comet after 1892, until accidentally rediscovered on October 7, 2008, by Andrea Boattini.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018335-0000-0000", "contents": "177th (2/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade\nThe 177th (2/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War as part of 59th (2nd North Midland) Division and fought again in the Second World War, now the 177th Infantry Brigade, with the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division before being disbanded in August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018335-0001-0000", "contents": "177th (2/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade was raised during the First World War. Part of the Territorial Force, the brigade was raised as a duplicate of the 138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade and was raised from those men in the Territorial Force who had not originally agreed to serve overseas. It was assigned to the 59th (2nd North Midland) Division. However, with the division, the brigade was sent overseas in early 1917 and saw service in the trenches of the Western Front in France and Belgium, in particular during the Third Battle of Ypres, the Battle of Cambrai and Operation Michael, part of the German spring offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 60], "content_span": [61, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018335-0002-0000", "contents": "177th (2/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade was disbanded after the war in late 1919 as was the rest of the Territorial Force, which was reformed as the Territorial Army in 1920. Due to the increasing likelihood of war breaking out with Germany, the Territorial Army was ordered to be doubled in size and the brigade was reformed, as the 177th Infantry Brigade. The brigade was created as a 2nd Line duplicate of 176th Infantry Brigade and was assigned to the 59th (Staffordshire) Motor Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018335-0002-0001", "contents": "177th (2/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War\nAfter spending many years training in the United Kingdom, the brigade, with rest of the division, was sent overseas to France in late June 1944 as part of Operation Overlord and joined the British Second Army in its attempts to capture Caen. The brigade fought in Operation Charnwood and the Second Battle of the Odon and helped the 59th Division gain an excellent reputation as one of Bernard Montgomery's most reliable divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018335-0003-0000", "contents": "177th (2/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War\nThe majority of the British Army was, by this stage of the war, suffering from a shortage of manpower, particularly in the rifle infantry (where the majority of casualties fell and where the problem was most acute) and, to a lesser extent, in the Royal Armoured Corps. As a consequence of this, and higher than anticipated casualties in Normandy, along with there being very few draftable infantrymen in the United Kingdom by August 1944, the only solution to this was by breaking up field force units in order to bring other units up to strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018335-0003-0001", "contents": "177th (2/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, Second World War\nTherefore, the 59th Division, as the most junior of all the British infantry divisions fighting in France, was broken up in late August in order to provide replacements for other British divisions of the 21st Army Group. The 177th Brigade ceased to exist by 26 August 1944 and the battalions were broken up and sent to other infantry units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018336-0000-0000", "contents": "177th Airlift Squadron\nThe 177th Airlift Squadron (177 AS) is a unit of the 119th Wing of the North Dakota Air National Guard, stationed at Fargo Air National Guard Base, North Dakota. The 177th is equipped with the C-21A Learjet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018336-0001-0000", "contents": "177th Airlift Squadron, Overview\nThe 177th Airlift Squadron accomplishes several missions including operational support airlift, transportation of distinguished visitors, and a responsive aeromedical airlift system to move eligible patients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018336-0002-0000", "contents": "177th Airlift Squadron, History\nThe squadron was authorized in 2008 and activated at Fargo Air National Guard Base when the 178th Airlift Squadron of the 119th Airlift Wing was equipped with MQ-1 Predator unmanned aerial vehicles. The 178th was redesignated the 178th Reconnaissance Squadron and the C-21A Learjets it formerly operated being were transferred to the new 177th Airlift Squadron. Support equipment and personnel from the 178th were also reassigned to the 177th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018336-0003-0000", "contents": "177th Airlift Squadron, History\nIn 2009, the 177th deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. It was the first deployment into a combat zone for a unit of the North Dakota Air National Guard. The squadron transported more than 400 service members during their two-month-long rotation in theater. They accomplished this by flying more than 200 sorties during 90 missions as part of the 379th Expeditionary Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018337-0000-0000", "contents": "177th Armored Brigade (United States)\nThe 177th Armored Brigade is an AC/RC unit based at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. The unit is responsible for training selected United States Army Reserve and National Guard units. The unit was formerly designated as 3rd Brigade, 87th Division. The brigade is a subordinate unit of First Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018337-0001-0000", "contents": "177th Armored Brigade (United States), Decorations\nFor further information see The Brigade, A History by John J. McGrath from the Combat Studies Institute Press, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018338-0000-0000", "contents": "177th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF\nThe 177th (Simcoe Foresters) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force raised during the First World War by the 35th Simcoe Foresters. Based in Barrie, Ontario and later at Camp Borden, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Simcoe County, Ontario. The battalion arrived at Camp Borden on 3 July 1916 where it trained until sailing to England in May 1917. The battalion was absorbed into the 3rd Reserve Battalion on May 14, 1917. The 177th (Simcoe Foresters) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. J. B. McPhee, and is perpetuated by The Grey and Simcoe Foresters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0000-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO\nThe 177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO (Russian: 177-\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a \u041f\u0412\u041e; Military Unit Number 10232) was a fighter regiment of the Soviet Air Defense Forces (Russian: \u0412\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0301 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0301\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0301\u043d\u044b; PVO) during World War II and the Cold War, later becoming part of the Russian Air Defense Forces and finally the Russian Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0001-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO\nAfter completing its formation in July 1941, the 177th provided air defense for Moscow during World War II. It began the war equipped with the Polikarpov I-16 fighter, converting to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter in late 1941. After the front had moved far away from Moscow, the regiment was re-equipped with Supermarine Spitfire fighters in late 1944. It moved northeast to an airfield near Yaroslavl, 250 kilometers (160\u00a0mi) from Moscow, in the late 1940s, receiving Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 jet fighters, which were swiftly replaced by Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0001-0001", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO\nIn mid-1950, the regiment relocated to the Soviet Far East before deploying to northeast Manchuria with the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps, part of the first rotation of Soviet air units in the Korean War. The regiment fought over Korea until returning to the Soviet Union in February 1951. It was stationed in Leningrad Oblast, successively operating the Sukhoi Su-9, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, and Sukhoi Su-27 as interceptors from Lodeynoye Pole before its disbandment in 2009 as part of Russian Air Force reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0002-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II\nThe 177th Fighter Aviation Regiment (IAP) was formed between 10 May and 15 July 1941 at Klin as part of the Air Forces (VVS) of the Moscow Military District. It was raised from cadres drawn from the 11th, 34th, and 120th Fighter Aviation Regiments in accordance with an order of 27 March, and included three squadrons of three flights each for a nominal strength of 30 Polikarpov I-16 fighters. On 16 July, after completing its formation, the regiment joined the 6th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0002-0001", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II\nFighter Aviation Corps (IAK) of the Moscow Air Defense Zone and began combat operations in World War II, following the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June, and the subsequent German advance towards Moscow. It provided air cover for the city of Moscow and ground troops, often flying night missions. Captain I.D. Samsonov claimed the regiment's first known victory on 26 July, a Junkers Ju 88 bomber in the vicinity of Lenino station. Four days later, the regiment received a squadron of 15 pilots from the 27th Fighter Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0002-0002", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II\nThe squadron commander, Major Mikhail Ivanovich Korolyov, was promoted to command the regiment. On 7 August, I-16 pilot Junior Lieutenant Viktor Talalikhin made the first Soviet night ramming attack when he downed a Heinkel He 111 bomber over Moscow; he was made a Hero of the Soviet Union for the action. With three victories in the Winter War and four victories in World War II, Talalikhin was the regiment's only I-16 ace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0003-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II\nAround early September 1941, the 177th began re-equipping with new Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighters, after transferring its few remaining I-16s to the 11th, 34th, and 120th IAPs. At this time the regiment was reinforced by 42 sergeant pilots, new graduates of accelerated wartime training courses. These pilots were trained at Dubrovitsy airfield near Podolsk on UTI-4s (I-16 training variant) and I-16s, the best being sent on night missions. The regimental political officer, Battalion Commissar N.L. Khodyrev, flew a MiG from the unit at night for the first time on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0003-0001", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II\nBy the end of September, half of the I-16s had been replaced by MiGs, and nine of its pilots were assessed as combat ready. After Operation Typhoon, the German offensive on Moscow, began in early October, the regiment temporarily joined the 77th Mixed Aviation Division of the VVS, operating in the southern defensive sector. It flew regular patrols along the Moscow\u2013Warsaw road, its first victory being credited to Senior Lieutenant Samodurov and his wingman, Junior Lieutenant Muravyev, who claimed the downing of a Henschel Hs 126 reconnaissance aircraft. Two MiG-3 pilots from the regiment, Senior Lieutenant Alexander Pechenevsky, and Lieutenant Ivan Tyabin, became MiG-3 aces after each claimed five solo victories and three shared victories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0004-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II\nOn 5 April 1942, as part of the 6th IAK, the 177th joined the Moscow Air Defense Front. From 21 September to 1 November, a group of 20 MiG-3s from the regiment fought on the front, operationally subordinated to the 106th Fighter Aviation Division (IAD) of the Bologoye Air Defense Region. The 177th returned to the 6th IAK on 1 November. On 9 June 1943, when the corps reorganized into the 1st Fighter Air Defense Army, the regiment joined the newly formed 319th Fighter Aviation Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0004-0001", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II\nThe front was reorganized as the Special Moscow Air Defense Army on 4 July, becoming part of the Western Air Defense Front. On 1 October, as the front moved far from Moscow, the 177th was excluded from the active army (forces directly engaging in combat or close to combat zones). In late 1944, the regiment began to re-equip with British Lend-Lease Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IX fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0005-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II\nDuring the war, the 177th flew 4,708 missions, conducted 172 air battles, and claimed 78 enemy aircraft downed. It was credited with destroying three tanks, 40 vehicles, an anti-aircraft battery, and ten anti-aircraft guns on ground-attack missions, for the loss of 18 pilots: three were killed in air combat, two were lost to anti-aircraft fire, ten failed to return from missions, and three were non-combat losses. The unit lost 33 aircraft, 22 in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0006-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, World War II, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the regiment during World War II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0007-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years\nOn 9 September 1948, the 177th was transferred to the 303rd Fighter Aviation Division of the 19th Fighter Aviation Army's 31st Fighter Aviation Corps at Yaroslavl's Dyadkovo airfield. In December, it began re-equipping with Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 jet fighters. The regiment began re-equipping with new Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 fighters in March 1950. On 7 July, with the 303rd IAD, the regiment arrived at Vozdvizhenka in the Far Eastern Military District, leaving its aircraft behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0007-0001", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years\nThe 177th was transferred out of the division on 18 September, and was based at Sanshilipu in the People's Republic of China, to cover the main People's Liberation Army Navy base at Dalian. On 6 October, the regiment joined the 50th Fighter Aviation Division (the former 106th IAD), receiving 30 new MiG-15bis fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0008-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War\nThe 50th IAD became part of the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps in November 1950, flying missions from airfields in northeastern Manchuria (part of northeast China) against UN aircraft in an area that became known as MiG Alley during the Korean War. The 50th was part of the first rotation of Soviet aviation units of the corps, and had its red stars replaced by Korean People's Army Air Force roundels. On 20 November, the regiment flew from Sanshilipu to Anshan, under the command of Colonel V. Ia. Terentyev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0008-0001", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War\nIt was not yet combat ready, and spent the next weeks familiarizing itself with the area of operations and practicing formation flying. It also had to wait for the arrival of more drop tanks after the other regiment of the division, the 29th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, began flying combat missions on 30 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0009-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War\nPilots from the regiment flew their first combat sortie on 12 December, but did not encounter enemy aircraft. A squadron from the regiment moved forward to Antung on 15 December and began flying missions, and was joined by the two remaining squadrons on 25 December. The 177th's pilots first met enemy aircraft on 17 December, but the action concluded without result. The deputy commander of the regiment's 1st Squadron, Captain Nikolay Vorobyov, was the second Soviet airman to claim a North American F-86 Sabre fighter downed on 22 December, but this claim was the first corroborated by American records. Later that day, eight aircraft from the 2nd Squadron, still flying from Anshan, dueled with 16 Sabres, claiming three kills with the loss of two MiGs and a pilot, although the USAF did not report any losses for this engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0010-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War\nOn 27 December, eight MiGs of the 1st Squadron and several from the 3rd Squadron scrambled to intercept an American raid in the Chongju station area of Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star fighter-bombers escorted by Sabres. A 1st Squadron pilot claimed a Sabre downed, which was not corroborated by the USAF. Six aircraft from the 2nd Squadron took off following the other two squadrons, Captain Mikhail Fomin downing an F-80 of the 25th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron after the MiGs bypassed the Sabre escort. During the month, the regiment's pilots flew half of the division's 452 combat sorties, claiming to have downed eight F-86s and two F-80s for the loss of two MiGs and one pilot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0011-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War\nThe 177th flew missions on 3 and 6 January 1951, but did not encounter enemy aircraft. On 10 January, a lone Boeing RB-29 Superfortress reconnaissance aircraft was intercepted and reported to have been downed in the Anju area by pilots from the 1st Squadron under Major Pavel Mikhailov, the only enemy aircraft encountered in early January; no RB-29 was recorded as lost by the USAF on that date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0011-0001", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War\nSix pilots from the 2nd Squadron led by Fomin reported an engagement with four Republic F-84 Thunderjet fighter-bombers over Kaesong Station in the Anju area on 20 January, and claimed to have shot down one. The next day, nine pilots from the 3rd Squadron reported an engagement with eight F-84s, claiming to have downed four. None of these claims were corroborated by the USAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0012-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War\nThe regiment's three squadrons fought on 24 January 1951 against what they estimated as 30 F-80s and F-84s, and claimed to have downed an F-80 and an F-84 without loss; these claims were uncorroborated by the USAF. In January, the 177th reported that it had downed eleven aircraft, including one RB-29, three F-80s, and seven F-84s, at the cost of three MiGs damaged in 200 individual sorties and five group combats. On 3 February, on a patrol by 10 MiGs from the 1st Squadron under Mikhailov, two F-80s were reported by pilots to have been shot down north of Sinuiju; these claims were uncorroborated by the USAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0013-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Korean War\nThe 177th IAP flew its last combat sortie on 6 February 1951, ending its tour. Turning its aircraft over to the replacement 151st Guards Fighter Aviation Division, the regiment moved back to Anshan before leaving for the Soviet Union within several days. During its combat tour, the IAP flew over 400 sorties, conducted 13 air battles, and was credited with downing 24 UN aircraft, including one bomber, fifteen fighter-bombers, and eight fighters, as well as three probables. The regiment lost one pilot and two MiGs. Mikhailov and Fomin were the regiment's highest-scoring pilots, each with three victories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0014-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Cold War after return from China\nOn 3 March 1951, the 177th arrived in Leningrad Oblast from China with the division and became part of the 50th Fighter Aviation Army, stationed at Levashovo. It transferred to the 20th Fighter Aviation Division at Gromovo in early 1956. In 1960, the regiment relocated to Lodeynoye Pole, receiving new Sukhoi Su-9 interceptors to provide air defense for Leningrad against NATO aircraft. After the 20th IAD disbanded in 1961, the 177th joined the 18th Air Defense Corps of the 6th Independent Air Defense Army. From 1980, it was successively re-equipped with Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23M, MiG-23ML, and MiG-23MLD fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0014-0001", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Cold War after return from China\nThe regiment  became part of the 54th Air Defense Corps of the 6th Independent Air Defense Army in 1986 and then the 6th Air and Air Defense Forces Army in 1998. In November 1990, according to CFE Treaty data, the regiment had 38 MiG-23MLD aircraft. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991, the regiment became part of the new Russian Air Defense Forces. Between 1993 and 1994, it was re-equipped with Sukhoi Su-27 fighters. On 1 January 2000, the regiment fielded 29 Su-27s, according to CFE Treaty data. On 25 December 2002, the regiment received the honorific \"Moscow\" in honor of its air defense of the capital during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0015-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Cold War after return from China\nOn 15 September 2005, 177th IAP deputy squadron commander Major Valery Troyanov crashed his Su-27 into a field in western Lithuania while flying to Kaliningrad Oblast for a training exercise alongside six fighters, beginning an international incident. Troyanov had lost contact with the other aircraft and Russian ground control, straying 200 kilometers (120\u00a0mi) from the planned route into Lithuanian airspace and remaining there for 20 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0015-0001", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Cold War after return from China\nThe aircraft was briefly picked up and lost multiple times by obsolete Lithuanian radar, and two German Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs, based in Lithuania as part of NATO's Baltic Air Policing deployment, sortied to intercept it. After running out of fuel, Troyanov ejected from his aircraft before it crashed; the F-4s did not intercept the aircraft until it had already nosedived. Troyanov was questioned by Lithuanian officials conducting an investigation into the circumstances of the crash and repatriated to Russia in October at the conclusion of the investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018339-0016-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Postwar years, Cold War after return from China\nA warehouse fire sparked by a cigarette butt at Lodeynoye Pole destroyed a hundred air-to-air missiles belonging to the regiment in May 2008, resulting in damage worth 766.3 million rubles. In late 2009, the 177th was disbanded during the reform of the Russian Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0000-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing\nThe 177th Fighter Wing (177 FW) is a unit of the New Jersey Air National Guard, stationed at Atlantic City Air National Guard Base, New Jersey. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0001-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing\nThe 119th Fighter Squadron assigned to the Wings 177th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 5th Aviation School Squadron (later 119th Aero Squadron), established on 5 June 1917. It was reformed on 30 January 1930, as the 119th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0002-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, Mission\nFederal Mission: provide combat-ready citizen airmen, aircraft and equipment for worldwide deployment in support of United States Air Force objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0003-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, Mission\nState Mission: support the citizens of New Jersey by protecting life and property, preserving the peace, order, and public safety when called upon by the Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0004-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nOn 15 October 1962, the New Jersey Air National Guard 119th Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 177th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 119th TFS became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 117th Headquarters, 117th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 177th Combat Support Squadron, and the 177th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0005-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn January 1968, a new crisis, the seizure of the American ship USS Pueblo by North Korean forces, and the 119th was called to active duty. In May 1968, the 119th TFS was assigned to the 113th Tactical Fighter Wing, District of Columbia Air National Guard and stationed at Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina when the active-duty 354th TFW was deployed to South Korea. Group personnel were spread throughout the United States, Taiwan, South Korea, and South Vietnam. The 177th TFW was placed in non-operational status. The 177th TFG was reformed at Atlantic City airport in June 1969, and returned to New Jersey State control. The 119th TFS transitioned into the F-105 \"Thunderchief\" in 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0006-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission\nIn 1972, the National Guard Bureau announced that the 177 TFG would be assigned to the Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) and be responsible for protecting the United States from airborne attacks, and so was re-designated as the 177th Fighter-Interceptor Group and 119th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. In 1973, the unit transitioned to the F-106 \"Delta Dart\" all-weather interceptor and assumed alert status the following year. In 1979 Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated and the group was reassigned to Air Defense Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), and then again changed to a numbered Air Force, First Air Force in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0007-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission\nOctober 1984, the 177th FIG participated in the air defense community's Worldwide Weapons Meet, known as \"William Tell\", at Tyndall AFB, Florida. The unit captured the Special Achievement Award for Professionalism and Team Spirit, Overall Best Looking Aircraft, Best F-106 Team, Major Richard I. Bong Fighter Interceptor Award, Top Gun Award, F-106 Category Best Looking Aircraft Award, the Pratt and Whitney Award, the Sperry Corporation Award, and the General Dynamics Corporation Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0008-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission\nIn July 1988 the 177th started receiving their first F-16C Fighting Falcon's, a compact, multi-role fighter aircraft. The initial F-16A/B's were of the block 15 type, replacing the aging F-106 in the air defense role. Since this was the primary role of the unit, it was decided to upgrade these airframes with the Air Defense Fighter (ADF) option. To that date the unit also flew some F-106s aside the F-16. The 119th FS was the last USAF unit to withdraw the F-106 from operational duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0008-0001", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission\nIn 1994 the squadron started trading in their ADF version of the Falcon for the more advanced block 25 version. In September 2007 the first USAF F-16Cs to be retired to AMARG were from the 119th FS who sent two to the desert boneyard. Replacing the ageing block 25s were the not much newer block 30s. During this transition the mission of the squadron remained. This being a double task as an air defense squadron in the northern section of the US and as a multirole squadron to carry out contingency operations abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0009-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission\nDuring Operation Desert Shield/Storm, 73 members of the 177 FIG were called to active duty, and others served as volunteers. Fire fighters and Food Services personnel from the 177th Civil Engineering Squadron, elements of the 177th USAF Clinic, members of the Transportation section of the 177th Resource Management Squadron, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal personnel from the Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron provided backfill at various bases whose members had been deployed to Saudi Arabia. Those activated from the 177th Security Police Flight served at home station. And the 177th Chaplain's Assistant completed a five-month tour of active duty in Saudi Arabia. All members were returned to normal Guard status at home base by July 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0010-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission\nSince October 1998, the wing has had an active involvement in Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Freedom's Sentinel, and Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0011-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission\nFrom 1 May through 13 June 1998, the wing deployed five F-16C Fighting Falcon aircraft and 46 personnel to Howard AFB, Panama, in support of OPERATION CORONET NIGHTHAWK. 130 personnel rotated on a two-week basis during the six-week deployment. Operating as part of a joint interagency task force, the wing's role was to detect and identify suspected drug smuggling aircraft. Once identified, the suspected aircraft are turned over to law enforcement agencies for apprehension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0012-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission\nAs a result of the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 the Wing found itself in a key position. Located between New York and Washington DC, the 119th FS was immediately tasked with providing combat air patrols over cities in its region. In fact three aircraft were scrambled to intercept the aircraft that impacted the Pentagon, but were too late. They were then vectored to intercept flight 93 which eventually crashed in Pennsylvania. Although these three pilots did not know it at the time they would have been given authorization to down the airliners once intercepted. Following the attacks, the 119th FS began flying missions for Operation Noble Eagle. On 12 July 2002 the squadron flew its 1000th mission for Operation Nobel Eagle. From that year they also started to contribute in other overseas contingency operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018340-0013-0000", "contents": "177th Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense mission\nThe Fighter Wing has earned numerous awards to include the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the 2016-2017 and the 2018-2019 periods. In 2019, the 177th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (AMXS) was recognized as the Air National Guard top maintenance unit when it won the Category 1 Maintenance Effectiveness Award. The 177th Medical Group earned the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018341-0000-0000", "contents": "177th Information Warfare Aggressor Squadron\nThe 177th Information Warfare Aggressor Squadron is a unit of the 184th Intelligence Wing of the Kansas Air National Guard stationed at McConnell Air Force Base, Wichita, Kansas. The 177th is a non-flying squadron which trains in cyber warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018341-0001-0000", "contents": "177th Information Warfare Aggressor Squadron, Overview\nThe mission of the squadron is to attack American military networks, to discover vulnerabilities before a real enemy does.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018341-0002-0000", "contents": "177th Information Warfare Aggressor Squadron, Overview\nThe Information Warfare Aggressor role is similar to the \"tiger teams\" commercial firms hire (and the air force pioneered) to test the defenses of corporate networks. The two aggressor squadrons have increased the quality and quantity of attacks that can be launched against U.S. systems, to see how well the defenses hold up. Members of the squadron then analyze the results of their attack. Finally, the aggressor hackers tell the sysadmins and other concerned personnel of the target unit what they did wrong, and why.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018341-0003-0000", "contents": "177th Information Warfare Aggressor Squadron, History\nOn 1 February 1984, the 177th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron was established with the unit flying McDonnell F-4 Phantom IIs as a formal training unit. It conducted its first student training class the same year. The squadron converted to the General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon in 1990 and the F-16CC and F-16Din 1992. It was inactivated on 1 August 1994 when the F-16s were withdrawn from McConnell and its parent group became a bomber unit flying B-1B Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018342-0000-0000", "contents": "177th Military Police Brigade (United States)\nThe 177th Military Police Brigade (Combat Support) is a military police brigade of the United States Army based in Taylor, Michigan. It is the largest component of the Michigan Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018342-0001-0000", "contents": "177th Military Police Brigade (United States), History\nThe 177th Military Police Brigade was first organized on 14 June 1921 in the Michigan National Guard at Detroit as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 1st Separate Squadron, Cavalry. It was redesignated on 1 July 1921 as Headquarters Detachment, 1st Squadron, 106th Cavalry, an element of the 22nd Cavalry Division. The unit was reorganized and redesignated on 10 April 1929 as Troop I, 106th Cavalry. It converted and was redesignated on 20 September 1940 as Battery E, 210th Coast Artillery, and subsequently relieved from assignment to the 22nd Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018342-0002-0000", "contents": "177th Military Police Brigade (United States), History\nIt was inducted into Federal service on 24 February 1941 at Detroit before being reorganized and redesignated on 14 February 1944 as Battery A, 593rd Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion. It inactivated on 1 November 1944 at Camp Howze, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018342-0003-0000", "contents": "177th Military Police Brigade (United States), History\nThe unit was reformed on 20 January 1947 at Detroit as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 46th Division Artillery. It reorganized and was redesignated on 1 April 1960 as Headquarter and Headquarters Battery, 46th Infantry Division Artillery. It was ordered into active Federal service on 24 July 1967 at Detroit; and released from active Federal service on 2 August 1967 at which point it reverted to state control. It was reorganized and redesignated on 1 February 1968 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 157th Artillery Group, and relieved from assignment to the 46th Infantry Division. It was redesignated on 1 February 1972 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 157th Field Artillery Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018342-0004-0000", "contents": "177th Military Police Brigade (United States), History\nThe unit was converted and redesignated on 1 April 1976 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 177th Military Police Group. It received its distinctive unit insignia on 5 January 1977. It was reorganized and redesignated on 7 November 1985 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 177th Military Police Brigade. It received a shoulder sleeve insignia on 29 June 1988. The unit relocated on 1 September 1991 to Taylor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018343-0000-0000", "contents": "177th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 177th New York Infantry Regiment (a.k.a. \"10th New York National Guard\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018343-0001-0000", "contents": "177th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 177th New York Infantry was organized at Albany, New York, on September 16, 1862 when the 10th New York National Guard was accepted for federal service. The regiment mustered in November 21, 1862, for nine-months service under the command of Colonel Ira W. Ainsworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018343-0002-0000", "contents": "177th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to September 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018343-0003-0000", "contents": "177th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 177th New York Infantry mustered out September 10, 1863 and discharged September 24, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018343-0004-0000", "contents": "177th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to the Department of the Gulf, and left New York for New Orleans, La., December 16, 1862. Duty at New Orleans and Carrollton, Louisiana, until March 1863. Scout to Pass Manchac, February 8\u201311 (detachment). Advance on Ponchatoula March 21\u201324. Expedition to Amite River March 24\u201330. Duty at Bonnet Carre until May 7. Expedition to Amite River May 7\u201319. Action at Civique's Ferry May 10. Moved to Baton Rouge May 20, then to Port Hudson, Louisiana. Siege of Port Hudson May 24\u00a0\u2013 July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27\u00a0\u2013 June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Duty at and near Port Hudson until August 22. March to Baton Rouge, then ordered home for muster out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018343-0005-0000", "contents": "177th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 161 men during service; 2 officers and 7 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 149 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0000-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature\nThe 177th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4, 1967, to May 25, 1968, during the ninth and tenth years of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0001-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, re-apportioned in 1953, 58 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The Assembly districts consisted either of a single entire county (except Hamilton Co.), or of contiguous area within one county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0002-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down several decisions establishing that State legislatures should follow the One man, one vote rule to apportion their election districts. A special Federal Statutory Court declared the New York apportionment formulae for both the State Senate and the State Assembly unconstitutional, and the State Legislature was ordered to re-apportion the seats by April 1, 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0002-0001", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nThe court also ruled that the 1964 legislative election should be held under the 1954 apportionment, but those elected could serve only for one year (in 1965), and an election under the new apportionment should be held in November 1965. Senators John H. Hughes and Lawrence M. Rulison (both Rep.) questioned the authority of the federal court to shorten the term of the 1964 electees, alleging excessive costs for the additional election in an off-year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0003-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nThe lame-duck Legislature of 1964 met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany from December 15 to 31, 1964, to re-apportion the legislative districts for the election in November 1965, gerrymandering the districts according to the wishes of the Republican majority before the Democrats would take over the Legislature in January. The number of seats in the State Senate was increased to 65, and the number of seats in the Assembly to 165. County representation was abandoned in favor of population-proportional districts, and the new Assembly districts were numbered from 1 to 165.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0004-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn February 1, 1965, the United States Supreme Court confirmed the Federal Statutory Court's order to elect a new New York Legislature in November 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0005-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn April 14, 1965, the New York Court of Appeals declared the apportionment of December 1964 as unconstitutional, citing that the New York Constitution provides expressly that the Assembly shall have 150 seats, not 165 as were apportioned. The court also held that, although the constitutional State Senate apportionment formula provides for additional seats, the increase from 58 to 65 was unwarranted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0006-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn May 10, the Federal Statutory Court ordered that the election on November 2, 1965, be held under the December 1964 apportionment, and that the Legislature thus elected re-apportion the seats again by February 1, 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0007-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn August 24, it was clarified that, if the Governor and Legislature should not have enacted a new apportionment by February 1, 1966, then the courts should draft a new apportionment for the next election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0008-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn October 11, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed four appeals against the ruling of the Federal Statutory Court, and upheld the election of a new New York Legislature on November 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0009-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn January 14, 1966, the Court of Appeals moved the deadline for the new legislative apportionment from February 1 to February 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0010-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn February 23, the Court of Appeal appointed a commission of five members to map out new districts because the Republican-majority Senate and the Democratic-majority Assembly could not agree on a new apportionment. The commission was chaired by President-elect of the American Bar Association Orison S. Marden, of Scarsdale, who was not affiliated with any party and was deemed politically independent. The other members were Ex-Judges of the Court of Appeals Bruce Bromley (Rep.), of Manhattan, and Charles W. Froessel (Dem. ), of Queens; Ex-Republican State Chairman Edwin F. Jaeckle, of Buffalo;  and Robert B. Brady (Dem. ), the Counsel to the Joint Legislative Committee on Re-Apportionment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0011-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn March 14, the apportionment draft was submitted to the Court of Appeals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0012-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn March 22, the Court of Appeals accepted the apportionment as drafted, thus becoming the law, without the need of legislative approval. The number of seats in the State Senate was reduced to 57, and the number of seats in the Assembly to 150.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0013-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, the Socialist Labor Party and the Socialist Workers Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0014-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe 1966 New York state election, was held on November 8. Governor Nelson Rockefeller and Lieutenant Governor Malcolm Wilson were re-elected, both Republicans. The elections to the other three statewide elective offices resulted in a Republican Attorney General; a Democratic State Comptroller with Liberal endorsement; and a Republican Chief Judge with Democratic, Conservative and Liberal endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, was: Republicans 2,691,000; Democrats 2,298,000; Conservatives 513,000; Liberals 507,000; Socialist Labor 12,700; and Socialist Workers 12,500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0015-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAll four women members of the previous legislature\u2014Assemblywomen Shirley Chisholm (Dem. ), a preschool teacher of Brooklyn; Constance E. Cook (Rep.), a lawyer of Ithaca; Gail Hellenbrand (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; and Dorothy H. Rose (Dem. ), a high-school teacher and librarian of Angola\u2014were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0016-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAt the same time, 186 delegates to a New York State Constitutional Convention were elected: 15 statewide at-large, and three in each senatorial district. The final result was the election of 101 Democrat/Liberals and 85 Republican/Conservatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0017-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1967, was held on November 7. The only statewide elective offices up for election were two seats on the New York Court of Appeals. One vacancy in the State Assembly was filled. The proposed changes to the Constitution were rejected by the voters. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the average vote for Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Republicans 2,161,000; Democrats 2,070,000; Conservatives 402,000; and Liberals 202,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0018-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 190th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1967; and adjourned in the morning of April 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0019-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nEarl W. Brydges (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0020-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Constitutional Convention met at the State Capitol in Albany on April 4; and adjourned on September 26. Speaker Anthony J. Travia (Dem.) was elected President of the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0021-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 191st) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1968;  and adjourned on May 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0022-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Douglas Hudson and James E. Powers changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of the session. Assemblyman Robert Garc\u00eda was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0023-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0024-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018344-0025-0000", "contents": "177th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018345-0000-0000", "contents": "177th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 177th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 177th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018345-0001-0000", "contents": "177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 177th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Cleveland in Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in for one year service on October 9, 1864, under the command of Colonel Arthur T. Wilcox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018345-0002-0000", "contents": "177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Defenses of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1865. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, and Department of North Carolina, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018345-0003-0000", "contents": "177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 177th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 24, 1865, at Greensboro, North Carolina, and was discharged July 7, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018345-0004-0000", "contents": "177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Nashville, Tenn.; thence to Tullahoma, Tenn., and garrison duty there under General Milroy until November 30. Ordered to Murfreesboro, Tenn., November 30, arriving there December 2. Siege of Murfreesboro December 5\u201312, 1864. Wilkinson's Pike, near Murfreesboro, December 7. Near Murfreesboro December 13\u201314. Ordered to Clifton, Tenn., and duty there until January 16, 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., then to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 16-February 7. Operations against Hoke February 11\u201314. Near Sugar Loaf Battery February 11. Fort Anderson February 18\u201319. Town Creek February 19\u201320. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21, Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh and Greensboro until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018345-0005-0000", "contents": "177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOne of the 177th:Lincoln's Double. Elmer Loomis, of Girard, Kans., bears the distinction of being the \"double\" of Abraham Lincoln, and has since he was a young boy. He is 80 years old now and a veteran of the Civil War. During the closing days of the conflict he was detailed as a nurse to Douglas hospital at Washington, and here Lincoln saw him often, and spoke to him and smiled in his slow way, but never mentioned the similarity which was so apparent. Just before the close of the war Lincoln took Loomis to the White House for luncheon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018345-0005-0001", "contents": "177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe affair was brief, but nevertheless a fact, and Loomis bears that honor and memory as his most precious possession. Mr. Loomis wears garments of \"Lincoln style,\" and appears in them at national G. A. R. encampments. During the war he was a member of the One Hundred and Seventy-seventh Ohio infantry. Now he is a retired farmer and is known to his neighbors affectionately as \"Uncle Abe.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018345-0006-0000", "contents": "177th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 84 enlisted men during service; 2 killed and 82 due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0000-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company\nThe 177th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and  underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0001-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0002-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0002-0001", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0002-0002", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0003-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0004-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history\n177th Tunnelling Company was formed at Terdeghem in June 1915, and moved into the Ypres Salient into a wide area facing Wijtschate. From its formation until after the end of the war the company served under Third Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0005-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, St Eloi\nMining activity by the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers at St Eloi had begun in early 1915. The Germans exploded mines under the area known as The Mound just south-east of St Eloi in March 1915 and in the ensuing fighting the British suffered some 500 casualties. A month later, on 14 April 1915, the Germans fired another mine producing a crater over 20 metres (66\u00a0ft) in diameter. Much of the British tunnelling in this sector was done by the 177th and the 172nd Tunnelling Company. Mining and counter-mining at St Eloi continued at a pace until the Battle of Messines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0006-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Menin Gate Dugouts\nIn autumn 1915, the 177th Tunnelling Company moved into Ypres itself, where it built tunnelled dugouts in the city ramparts near the Menin Gate from September to November 1915. These were the first British tunnelled dugouts in the Ypres Salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0007-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 \u2013 1917\nSoon after the Menin Gate Dugouts had got underway, the 177th Tunnelling Company left the city and moved to the front line at Hooge to build new dugouts beneath the Menin Road. Between November 1915 and August 1917, the unit was stationed in the Railway Wood-Hooge-Armagh Wood area of the Ypres Salient, where it was engaged in mining activities against the Germans on the Bellewaerde Ridge near Zillebeke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0008-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 \u2013 1917\nThe area at Hooge where the old Ypres-Roeselare railway crossed the Ypres-Menen road belonged to one of the easternmost sectors of the salient and was the site of intense and sustained fighting between German and Allied forces for much of the war. In the Hooge sector, the opposing front lines were almost within whispering distance of each other. With its ruined village and a maze of battered and confusing trench lines, the area was regarded as the hotspot for the infantry, where snipers abounded and trench raids were frequent. Both sides saw Hooge as a particularly important area and a key target for heavy artillery bombardment. British and German army engineers attempted to break the stalemate of trench warfare by tunneling under no man's land and laying large quantities of explosives beneath the enemy's trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0009-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 \u2013 1917\nMajor S. H. Cowan, commanding officer of 175th Tunnelling Company, described the situation at Hooge in June 1915: \"There is some urgent [mining] work to be done at once in a village on a main road east of Ypres. We hold one half and the job is to get the G[ermans] out of the other, failing that they may get us out and so obtain another hill top from which to overlook the land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0009-0001", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 \u2013 1917\nIt is a significant fact that all their recent attacks round Ypres have been directed on hill tops and have rested content on the same, without trying really hard to advance down the slopes towards us.\" Cowan's unit fired a large mine on 19 July 1915, enabling the British infantry to take Hooge, but on 30 July, the Germans took back all and more of the ground they had lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0010-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 \u2013 1917\nWhen 177th Tunnelling Company arrived in November 1915, underground warfare at Hooge was far from over. Aerial photographs clearly show the proliferation of mine warfare in the Railway Wood sector during the unit's presence there, with craters lying almost exclusively in no man's land between the British and German trenches. With both sides trying to undermine their enemy, much of 177th Tunnelling Company's activity at Railway Wood consisted of creating and maintaining a shallow fighting system with camouflets, a deeper defensive system as well as offensive galleries from an underground shaft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0010-0001", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 \u2013 1917\nOn the morning of 28 April 1916, a German camouflet killed three men of 177th Tunnelling Company, including Lieutenant C. G. Boothby (see below). In June 1916 the Germans blew three charges close to 175th Tunnelling Company's crater of July 1915, planned as part of a surprise offensive which captured the ruins of Hooge village as well as the neighbouring Observatory Ridge and Sanctuary Wood - the only high ground on British hands in the whole of the Ypres Salient. Canadian units later regained Observatory Ridge and Sanctuary Wood, but not Hooge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0011-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 \u2013 1917\nWhile tunnelling at Hooge during the defence of Ypres, the 177th Tunnelling Company also built a forward accommodation scheme in the Cambridge Road sector along the rear edge of Railway Wood, halfway in between Wieltje and Hooge. The Cambridge Road dugout system was located within 100 metres (110\u00a0yd) of the front line. It was connected to the mining scheme beneath Railway Wood and eventually became one of the most complex  underground shelter systems in the Ypres Salient. Its mined galleries were named after London streets for easy orientation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0011-0001", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge 1915 \u2013 1917\nFurther projects involved 177th Tunnelling Company constructing new dugouts beneath the Menin Road in the centre of Hooge, located in between 175th TC's July 1915 mine crater and the stables of the destroyed Ch\u00e2teau de Hooge. Parts of these dugouts now lie beneath the Hooge Crater CWGC Cemetery opposite the \"Hooge Crater Museum\". 177th Tunnelling Company also built the Birr Cross Roads dugout and dressing station  beneath the Menin Road further west of Hooge, and the Canal Dugouts along the Ieperlee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0012-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme\nMarch 1918 saw the Company working alongside 173rd Tunnelling Company on construction of the Fifth Army's Green Line near Templeux on the Somme, when the German spring offensive (21 March \u2013 18 July 1918) began. After this the company was engaged in Somme bridge demolition, and other defensive activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0013-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Commemoration, Memorial at Railway Wood\nA memorial dedicated to 177th Tunnelling Company and its activities is RE Grave, Railway Wood, maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC). It is located in the former Ypres Salient, on the Bellewaerde Ridge near Zillebeke, about 4 kilometres east of Ypres. The memorial marks the site where twelve soldiers (eight Royal Engineers of the 177th Tunnelling Company and four attached infantrymen) were killed between November 1915 and August 1917 whilst tunnelling under the hill near Hooge during the defence of Ypres. The men were trapped underground and their bodies not recovered, and after the war, the memorial was erected on the hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0014-0000", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Commemoration, Lieutenant Boothby's letters\nThe officer mentioned on the Cross of Sacrifice at RE Grave, Railway Wood was Second Lieutenant Charles Geoffrey Boothby (13 December 1894 \u2013 28 April 1916), service number 147252, from near Birmingham. He first attended Clayesmore School, then Christ College, Brecon, between 1909 and 1913. In the autumn of 1913, he entered Birmingham University, and spent a year studying dentistry. He was just short of his 20th birthday when he applied for a commission in December 1914. A year later he was seconded from 8th Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment to the Royal Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018346-0014-0001", "contents": "177th Tunnelling Company, Commemoration, Lieutenant Boothby's letters\nAlso in 1915, when he was twenty-one, Boothby had just met eighteen-year-old Edith Ainscow. They exchanged love letters over a period of 18 months until Boothby was reported missing in action in spring 1916, having been blown up by a German mine at Railway Wood on the Bellewaerde Ridge near Ypres. The letter exchange between Boothby and Ainscow survived the war and was eventually published by Edith's son,  University of Oxford professor Arthur Stockwin, in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018347-0000-0000", "contents": "177th meridian east\nThe meridian 177\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018347-0001-0000", "contents": "177th meridian east\nThe 177th meridian east forms a great circle with the 3rd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018347-0002-0000", "contents": "177th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 177th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018348-0000-0000", "contents": "177th meridian west\nThe meridian 177\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018348-0001-0000", "contents": "177th meridian west\nThe 177th meridian west forms a great circle with the 3rd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018348-0002-0000", "contents": "177th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 177th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018349-0000-0000", "contents": "178\nYear 178 (CLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Rufus (or, less frequently, year 931 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 178 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018350-0000-0000", "contents": "178 (number)\n178 (one hundred [and] seventy-eight) is the natural number following 177 and preceding 179.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018351-0000-0000", "contents": "178 BC\nYear 178 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Brutus and Vulso (or, less frequently, year 576 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 178 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018352-0000-0000", "contents": "178 Belisana\nBelisana (minor planet designation: 178 Belisana) is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 38 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 6 November 1877, by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Austrian Naval Observatory in today's Croatia. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.32 hours and a rather spherical shape. It was named after the Celtic goddess Belisama (Belisana).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018352-0001-0000", "contents": "178 Belisana, Orbit and classification\nBelisana is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,409 days; semi-major axis of 2.46\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018352-0002-0000", "contents": "178 Belisana, Physical characteristics\nBelisana has been characterized as a common, stony S-type asteroid in both the Tholen and SMASS classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018352-0003-0000", "contents": "178 Belisana, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid from multiple observatories during 2007 gave a light curve with a period of 12.321 \u00b1 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10 \u00b1 0.03 in magnitude. This is in agreement with a study performed in 1992. However, it is possible that the light curve may have a period of 24.6510 \u00b1 0.0003 hours; it will require further study to exclude this solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018352-0004-0000", "contents": "178 Belisana, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Belisana measures between 35.81 and 42.09 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.214 and 0.2438.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018352-0005-0000", "contents": "178 Belisana, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2026 and a diameter of 35.50 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018352-0006-0000", "contents": "178 Belisana, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the goddess Belisama (or Belisana) from Celtic mythology, meaning \"queen of heaven\", the most warlike goddess among British Celts, and equivalent to the goddesses Athene or Minerva. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 22).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018353-0000-0000", "contents": "1780\n1780 (MDCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1780th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 780th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 80th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1780, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1780 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and fall in 1780. The 1780 season was extraordinarily destructive, and was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history with over 28,000 deaths. Four different hurricanes, one in June and three in October, caused at least 1,000 deaths each; this event has never been repeated and only in the 1893 and 2005 seasons were there two such hurricanes. The season also had the deadliest Atlantic hurricane of all time, the Great Hurricane of 1780. Only one of the storms was not a hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0001-0000", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season\nLandfalling storms affected the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Cuba, Bermuda, Louisiana, Georgia, Florida, and the New England states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0002-0000", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Context\nThis destructive season should be seen against a backdrop of the American Revolution, which involved hostilities in the Caribbean by the fleets of Spain, France and the Dutch Republic operating against British fleets with the concomitant greater risk of loss of life due to increased exposure of warships and transports to hazardous weather conditions. This critical coincidence is at least partially responsible for the unprecedented losses of life inflicted, especially in the three fierce hurricanes that struck in quick succession during October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0003-0000", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, San Antonio Hurricane\nThe San Antonio Hurricane is also known as the St. Lucia Hurricane. On June 13, a hurricane \"caused deaths and losses\" on Puerto Rico, after having also struck St. Lucia, where it killed around 4,000 to 5,000 people. It later went on to the Dominican Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0004-0000", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Louisiana Hurricane\nNew Orleans experienced a powerful hurricane on August 24, with winds gusting over 160\u00a0mph. The hurricane completely destroyed 39 of the 43 buildings on Grand Isle, Louisiana. The eye then passed over New Orleans and severely damaged structures in what is now known as the French Quarter. The hurricane also caused harvest-ruining crop damage, severe flooding, and tornadoes across southeast Louisiana. It is believed that the hurricane killed around 25 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0005-0000", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, St. Kitts Tropical Storm\nOn August 25, St. Kitts in the Leeward Islands was struck by a storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0006-0000", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Savanna-la-Mar Hurricane\nA strong storm formed in the southern Caribbean Sea on October 1. Shortly after, it sank the British transport ship Monarch with all hands, including several hundred Spanish prisoners. The hurricane began to move northwest towards Jamaica, where it destroyed the port of Savanna-la-Mar on October 3. Many of the town's residents gathered at the coast to watch, but the 20 foot storm surge engulfed the onlookers in addition to the docked ships and many of the town's buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0006-0001", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Savanna-la-Mar Hurricane\nIn the nearby port village of Lucea, 400 people perished and all but two structures were destroyed; 360 people were killed in the nearby town of Montego Bay. The hurricane would later sink the British frigate Phoenix, killing 200 crew members, and ships-of-the-line Victor, Barbadoes, and Scarborough among others. It continued its direction, and made landfall in Cuba on October 4, followed by a pass over the Bahamas. The storm is believed to have caused 3,000 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0007-0000", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, The Great Hurricane\nThe second hurricane of October 1780 formed before or on October 10. It is still referred to as \"The Great Hurricane\" or \"Great Hurricane of the Antilles\" in some places, but its official name is \"San Calixto Hurricane.\" The hurricane devastated the island of Barbados on October 10 with 200+ mph wind gusts, killing 4,300 and creating an economic depression. St. Vincent suffered a 20-foot (6 meter) storm surge. The storm went on to kill 6,000 people on the island of St. Lucia and 9,000 on Martinique, with its capital city, St. Pierre, becoming almost completely demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0007-0001", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, The Great Hurricane\nIt later moved northwestward toward the island of St. Eustatius, killing 4,000 to 5,000 and devastating Puerto Rico, Dominique, and Bermuda. In total, the hurricane caused a record 22,000 deaths in the eastern Caribbean Sea and rates as the all-time deadliest hurricane in the Atlantic. The high number of fatalities is due in part to \"the presence of the powerful fleets of Britain and France, both maneuvering on nearby islands to strike blows at each other's rich possessions in the Antilles.\" The storm dissipated on or after October 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0008-0000", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Solano's Hurricane\nA powerful hurricane in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico struck a Spanish war fleet of 64 vessels under Jos\u00e9 Solano en route from Havana, Cuba to attack Pensacola, Florida, the capital of British West Florida. The ships had 4,000 men aboard under the military command of Bernardo de G\u00e1lvez, and 2,000 died. The slow-moving hurricane, known to history as \"Solano's hurricane\", was first noted near Jamaica on October 15. Progressing northwestwards it likely crossed the western end of Cuba, before shifting northeastwards to Apalachee Bay. It struck Solano's fleet on October 20. The hurricane's dissipation is disputed as some claim it dissipated somewhere over the southeastern United States around October 22, while others claim that it crossed the U.S. and finally dissipated over the North Atlantic on October 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0009-0000", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Lesser Antilles Hurricane\nIn late October, a tropical cyclone struck Barbados and then St. Lucia on October 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018354-0010-0000", "contents": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, New England Hurricane\nAround November 17, a tropical cyclone moved up the east coast of the United States disrupting the British blockade of the New England states. It is unknown whether this storm was fully tropical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018355-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 Black Camp Rebellion\nThe 1780 Black Camp Rebellion was a brief Loyalist uprising in Sussex County, Delaware, that occurred during the American Revolutionary War. It was a local reaction to the American War of Independence by Loyalists (called Tories by their opponents) who opposed the independence movement and intended to secure Sussex County for the British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018355-0001-0000", "contents": "1780 Black Camp Rebellion\nThe insurrection lasted from July 15 to about August 10, 1780, when pro-American militia forces were sent in to round up and arrest the participants. The insurrectionists were mainly from Cedar Creek and Broadkill Hundreds, and their headquarters were in a swamp about six miles north of Georgetown (an area later settled as Ellendale, Delaware), which was in what had been disputed wilderness territory between Delaware and Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018355-0002-0000", "contents": "1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Participants\nMost of the insurrectionists were poor farmers in the County who were frustrated over the situation that the war had left them in. The leaders of the insurrection were Bartholomew Banynum (Barnum) of Broadkill Hundred and William Dutton of Cedar Creek Hundred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018355-0003-0000", "contents": "1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Causes\nThe citizens of Sussex County were far away from the centers of colonial rebellion and protests in Boston, Philadelphia and New York and had no significant objections to how they were ruled by the British government. When the Revolutionary War started, many of the citizens were resentful in finding their lives and livelihoods disrupted by the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018355-0004-0000", "contents": "1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Causes\nWhile Sussex County farmers (as did farmers throughout the colonies) suffered throughout the war from the shutdown of their markets in Philadelphia and Baltimore and occasional seizure of their products by both the American and British militia, their situation was exacerbated in 1780 by a summer drought that destroyed most of the summer wheat harvest. Already resentful of the tax burden imposed on them by the war, many of them were forced into destitution and unable to pay those taxes in 1780. But the trigger for the insurrection seemed to be the British capture of Charlestown, South Carolina, in May 1780.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018355-0005-0000", "contents": "1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Chronology\nAround July 15, a number of men from Broadkill Hundred came together to discuss their hardships and frustrations over the war and what they might do about it. With recent knowledge of the British capture of Charleston, it was rumored and believed that most of the southern colonies from Maryland to Georgia were about to be secured by the British. The group began discussing the possibility of securing Sussex County for the British as well, which would earn them favor by the British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018355-0005-0001", "contents": "1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Chronology\nDeciding to move ahead with that plan, the group chose Bartholomew Barnum, a local small planter as their captain, and began training. A similar group formed at about the same time in Cedar Creek Hundred. They chose a full roster of officers to lead their militia: William Dutton as captain; William Ratcliffe as the first lieutenant; Job Townsend as second lieutenant; and Sengo Potter to serve as the company clerk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018355-0006-0000", "contents": "1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Chronology\nThe two groups joined in the training and planning while quietly recruiting other local loyalists. The loyalists set up \"camps\" in the western portion of Cedar Creek Hundred along the drainage divide of the peninsula, where little settlement had yet taken place, and Banynum and Dutton organized the men into \"Associations\" (militia companies). The largest camp was in the Black Swamp about six miles north of Georgetown (near where Ellendale is located today). In early August, they took their campaign public. About 100 men were assembled and sent across the countryside, identifying themselves as \"Tories\" and seizing all arms and ammunition of families who showed sympathy to the Revolution. Their campaign quickly attracted somewhere between 400 and 500 people who joined them in the loyalist camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018355-0007-0000", "contents": "1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Chronology\nDespite the \"training\", the loyalists were quite disorganized and knew almost nothing of military strategy or tactics, causing more mayhem than anything. They apparently did not reach out to the British. By August 7, the Delaware government became aware of the insurrection and moved to suppress them. A pro-American militia, led by the Revolutionary War General John Dagworthy, were sent down from Kent County to disperse the group. Dagworthy's militia spent three days chasing the insurrectionists between their various camps until they were effectively dispersed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018355-0007-0001", "contents": "1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Chronology\nSome two hundred insurrectionists were detained by Dagworthy's forces and were brought before an ad hoc military tribunal. Heavy fines up to \u00a310,000 were levied on most of the defendants, although some consideration was given to the general poverty of the defendants (For instance, tenant farmers William Deputy, Solomon Veach, and John Workman were only assessed \u00a31). Some were ordered to serve in the Continental Army, and thirty-seven were indicted for treason and sentenced to death. However, no death sentences were actually carried out, and the Delaware General Assembly pardoned all of the participants on November 4, 1780.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018355-0007-0002", "contents": "1780 Black Camp Rebellion, Chronology\nNonetheless, many of the participants were stigmatized by their neighbors for months afterwards and suffered ongoing indignities in the hopes of encouraging them to move out of the area. Despite this rough treatment, the bulk of the loyalists remained in the County even after hostilities ended. In 1790 the General Assembly removed the requirement that voters had to take an oath of allegiance, and the loyalists in general became supporters of the Federalist Party while those who supported the war became supporters of the Democratic-Republican Party in the early 1790s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018356-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 British general election\nThe 1780 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 15th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. The election was held during the American War of Independence and returned Lord North to form a new government with a small and rocky majority. The opposition consisted largely of the Rockingham Whigs, the Whig faction led by the Marquess of Rockingham. North's opponents referred to his supporters as Tories, but no Tory party existed at the time and his supporters rejected the label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018356-0001-0000", "contents": "1780 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018356-0002-0000", "contents": "1780 British general election, Dates of election\nThe general election was held between 6 September 1780 and 18 October 1780.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018356-0003-0000", "contents": "1780 British general election, Dates of election\nAt this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018357-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 English cricket season\nThe 1780 English cricket season was the ninth in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of four first-class matches have survived. The first six-seam cricket balls were used during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018357-0001-0000", "contents": "1780 English cricket season, Matches\nFour first-class match scorecards survive from 1780, two of them matches between England sides and Hampshire XIs and two between sides organised by John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset and Horatio Mann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018357-0002-0000", "contents": "1780 English cricket season, Matches\nFour other matches are known to have been played during the season, including one between a Kent XI and a Surrey XI and three involving Berkshire XIs, including one against an Oxfordshire XI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018357-0003-0000", "contents": "1780 English cricket season, Other events\nDuke & Son of Penshurst made the first six-seam cricket ball during the year. It was presented to the Prince of Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018357-0004-0000", "contents": "1780 English cricket season, Other events\nDuke & Son of Penshurst made the first six-seam cricket ball and it was presented to the Prince of Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby\nThe 1780 Epsom Derby was the inaugural running of The Derby \u2013 the horse race which would become the \"greatest turf event in the world\" and after which more than 140 other horse races, including the famous Kentucky Derby, are named. It took place on 4 May 1780 on Epsom Downs in Surrey, England, and was won by Diomed, owned by Sir Charles Bunbury and ridden by Sam Arnull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0001-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Background\nAt the previous year's Epsom May race meeting, Lord Derby had instigated a 1 1/2 mile race for three-year-old fillies, which he had named the Oaks after his nearby estate. His filly Bridget had won the race, and it had been a great success. Accordingly, a post-race celebration was held by Lord Derby, at which it was decided to hold another new race for both colts and fillies the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0001-0001", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Background\nThe matter of naming the race was discussed, with the options being naming it after Derby himself or naming it after Sir Charles Bunbury, a member of the Jockey Club, who was Derby's guest at the Oaks. According to legend, the matter was settled in Derby's favour on the toss of a coin, although it seems likely that Bunbury actually deferred to his host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0002-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Background\nThis first Derby was set to be run over only 1 mile, as were the next three. It was not until 1784 that the race was run over its now familiar distance of 1 mile 4 furlongs. Colts were to be allotted a weight of 8 stone, fillies 7 stone 11\u00a0lbs, another difference between this first race and subsequent runnings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0003-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Pre-race form\nInitially, there were 36 subscribers to the race, 27 of which remained at the forfeit stage. Of these, 9 finally went to post on the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0004-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Pre-race form\nAmong them were three colts sired by the unbeaten Eclipse \u2013 Boudrow (owned by Eclipse's owner-breeder, the gambler and conman Dennis O'Kelly),  Spitfire (owned by a Mr Walker) and Polydore (owned by the Duke Of Cumberland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0005-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Pre-race form\nAlso in the field was Diomed, which in his only outing so far had won a 500 guineas sweepstake at the Second Newmarket Spring meeting, carrying 8 stone. He was less auspiciously bred, being by Florizel, but was beginning to be compared to the sire of his rivals, Eclipse. Another representative from the same line was Drone, a colt by Herod who was Florizel's sire and Diomed's grandsire. The field was completed by Diadem, which had been behind Diomed at Newmarket, Wotton, and unnamed colts by Gimcrack and Matchem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0006-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Pre-race form\nDiomed's unbeaten form led to him going to post as the 6/4 favourite. The two Eclipse colts, Boudrow and Spitfire, were next in the betting at 4/1 and 7/1 respectively. The Matchem colt, owned by the Duke of Bolton was at 10/1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0007-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Raceday\nThe first running of the Derby had \"nothing like its later glamour and importance.\" Rather than being the showpiece event it is today, it was sandwiched into a programme that included \"cokfights [sic] between the gentlemen of Middlesex and the gentlemen of Wiltshire\". In fact, Lord Derby himself was known to prefer cock-fighting to horse racing. Moreover, in those days, the journey from London to Epsom took around 12 to 14 hours over difficult roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0008-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Raceday\nAll this combined to mean there were few spectators. The day is reported to have a comparatively meagre attendance, probably fewer than 5,000. Also in contrast to today, there were no professional bookmakers, the gentlemen making books among themselves. All in all, it could be said that, \"no public interest had yet attached itself to a race destined ultimately to become world famous\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0009-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Raceday\nThere are at least two published notices of the result. One was in the London Evening Post on 6 May 1780 which read thus:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0010-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Raceday\nThursday \u2013 The Derby Stakes of 50gs each; h. ft. colts and fillies. The last mile of the course. \u2013     Sir C. Bunbury's ch c, 1; \u2013     Mr O'Kelly's b c 2; \u2013      Mr Walker's f, 3; \u2013     Sir Evelyn's br c, 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0011-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Raceday\nThe other in the 1780 Racing Calendar gave the full result. Diomed had won as the betting market had predicted, followed by the two Eclipse colts, Boudrow and Spitfire. The field trailed back to the Duke of Bolton's colt by Matchem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0012-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Aftermath\nThe victory proved to be the high water mark of Diomed's racing career. Although he went unbeaten through his seven three-year-old races, at four he proved more than beatable. He was beaten for the first time in the Nottingham Stakes by Fortitude owned by Lord Grosvenor, a race he was fully expected to win. Boudrow also got his revenge, beating Diomed in a 300 guineas match race at Newmarket. Diomed was in fact to win only once more before being put out to stud, where after initial problems he became tremendously successful, especially in the United States where he founded many important families. He died aged 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018358-0013-0000", "contents": "1780 Epsom Derby, Aftermath\nBoudrow's owner, Dennis O'Kelly, would not have to wait long for his first Derby win, Young Eclipse triumphing the following year. Meanwhile the race itself \"fairly caught hold on the public imagination.\" It became the premier British classic and many of the world's top championship races were named after it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018359-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 Kippes\n1780 Kippes, provisional designation A906 RA, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 28 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 September 1906, by astronomer August Kopff at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after German Catholic priest and amateur astronomer Otto Kippes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018359-0001-0000", "contents": "1780 Kippes, Orbit and classification\nKippes is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,914 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018359-0002-0000", "contents": "1780 Kippes, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in 1906, one week after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018359-0003-0000", "contents": "1780 Kippes, Physical characteristics\nKippes is an assumed S-type asteroid, while the overall spectral type of the Eos family is that of a K-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018359-0004-0000", "contents": "1780 Kippes, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Kippes was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Richard P. Binzel at the CTIO and McDonald Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 18.0 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.23 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018359-0005-0000", "contents": "1780 Kippes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kippes measures between 25.77 and 31.262 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.0966 and 0.143.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018359-0006-0000", "contents": "1780 Kippes, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1212 and a diameter of 27.92 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.68.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018359-0007-0000", "contents": "1780 Kippes, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German Catholic priest and amateur astronomer Otto Kippes (1905\u20131994). He was a precise observer, acknowledged for his orbit calculations and identifications of hundreds of minor planets in widely separated oppositions. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1973 (M.P.C. 3508).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018360-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1780 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1780 to elect the Governor of New York and the Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018360-0001-0000", "contents": "1780 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nIncumbent Governor George Clinton and incumbent Lieutenant Governor Pierre Van Cortlandt were re-elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018361-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe 1780 election of the Speaker of the House of Commons occurred on 31 October 1780.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018361-0001-0000", "contents": "1780 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nOpening the debate, Lord George Germain complimented the \"great honour, great diligence, and great dignity\" of the incumbent Speaker Sir Fletcher Norton, but claimed that his health was too impaired to continue in office, and therefore proposed that Charles Wolfran Cornwall take the chair. Welbore Ellis seconded Cornwall. John Dunning proposed an amendment nominating Norton, and Thomas Townshend seconded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018361-0002-0000", "contents": "1780 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nNorton himself acknowledged his ill health, and stated that he intended to step down as Speaker, and wished to decline the nomination. However, he did not believe that his state of health was the true motive behind the government's wish for a new Speaker, and was surprised at his treatment. He called upon Germain and Ellis \"to tell him why he was thus disgracefully dismissed\". He stated that if anything could induce him to seek the Speakership, it was the contempt with which he was treated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018361-0003-0000", "contents": "1780 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nCharles James Fox, George Byng and Lord Mahon praised Norton and condemned the government's treatment of him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018361-0004-0000", "contents": "1780 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nEllis reiterated the government line that they sought a Speaker in better health than Norton. Richard Rigby opposed Norton outright, stating that his statement in presenting the supply bill to King George III in May 1777 \u2013 that the supply was \"great, beyond your Majesty\u2019s highest expense\" \u2013 was unwarranted and insulting to the King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018361-0005-0000", "contents": "1780 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nOn the motion \"That Charles Wolfran Cornwall, esq. do take the chair of this House as Speaker,\" Cornwall was elected by 203 votes to 134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018362-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 Tabriz earthquake\nThe 1780 Tabriz earthquake occurred at 01:15 local time on 8 January. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.4 and a maximum felt intensity of IX on the Mercalli intensity scale. The city of Tabriz was almost completely destroyed. The number of reported casualties varies from 40,000 to as many as 200,000, with 50,000 being a more likely estimate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018362-0001-0000", "contents": "1780 Tabriz earthquake, Tectonic setting\nTabriz lies within the complex zone of collision between the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The main structures accommodating this oblique collision are west-east trending thrust faults and WNW-ESE trending dextral (right lateral) strike-slip faults. The North Tabriz Fault is an active 150 km long dextral strike-slip fault that passes close to the northern edge of Tabriz city. It has two main segments and an estimated overall slip rate of about 7 mm per year. The southeastern segment is interpreted to have ruptured in the 1721 Tabriz earthquake, while the northwestern segment ruptured during the 1780 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018362-0001-0001", "contents": "1780 Tabriz earthquake, Tectonic setting\nBoth events produced associated ground rupture, which is still observable. An average slip of about 4 m has been estimated for earthquakes along the northwestern segment. A recurrence interval of about 800 years has been estimated, suggesting that a major earthquake along this structure is unlikely in the next few centuries, although a recurrence interval of 250\u2013300 years has also been proposed, indicating that there is potential for a major earthquake in the relatively near future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018362-0002-0000", "contents": "1780 Tabriz earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake sequence started with a strong foreshock. The mainshock was felt over a large area, including at Divrigi over 700 km away. Aftershocks continued for several years, the most damaging being on 12 and 20 February. The observed surface fault break extended for 60 km. There is evidence of some vertical movement in addition to the horizontal displacement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018362-0003-0000", "contents": "1780 Tabriz earthquake, Damage\nAll buildings within the city of Tabriz were reported destroyed and similar levels of damage affected many villages in the neighbouring area. The degree of destruction may in part relate to the weakening effects of the 1721 earthquake, which also caused severe damage to the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018363-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe 1780 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018363-0001-0000", "contents": "1780 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Bennington on October 12. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Thomas Chittenden was re-elected governor. Benjamin Carpenter was re-elected lieutenant governor, and Ira Allen was re-elected as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018376-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1780 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018379-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1780.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018380-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018380-0001-0000", "contents": "1780 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018380-0002-0000", "contents": "1780 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018381-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 in science\nThe year 1780 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018382-0000-0000", "contents": "1780 in sports\n1780 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018384-0000-0000", "contents": "1780s\nThe 1780s (pronounced \"seventeen-eighties\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1780, and ended on December 31, 1789. A period widely considered as transitional between the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, the 1780s saw the inception of modern philosophy. With the rise on astronomical, technological, and political discoveries and innovations such as Uranus, cast iron on structures, republicanism and hot air balloons, the 1780s kick-started a rapid global industrialization movement, leaving behind the world's predominantly agrarian customs in the past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018385-0000-0000", "contents": "1780s BC\nThe 1780s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1789 BC to December 31, 1780 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018386-0000-0000", "contents": "1780s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1780s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018387-0000-0000", "contents": "1780s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1780 - 1789 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018388-0000-0000", "contents": "1780s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1780s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018389-0000-0000", "contents": "1780s in rail transport\nThis article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1780s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018390-0000-0000", "contents": "1781\n1781 (MDCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1781st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 781st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 81st  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1781, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018391-0000-0000", "contents": "1781 English cricket season\nThe 1781 English cricket season was the 10th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of six first-class matches have survived. Broadhalfpenny Down in Hampshire was abandoned in favour of Windmill Down and the earliest known mention of cricket in Lancashire has been found during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018391-0001-0000", "contents": "1781 English cricket season, Matches\nSix first-class match scorecards survive from 1781, all of them featuring sides from Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018391-0002-0000", "contents": "1781 English cricket season, Other events\nBroadhalfpenny Down, which had been used by the Hambledon Club as their home venue, was used for the last time by the club as a home venue in first-class cricket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018391-0003-0000", "contents": "1781 English cricket season, Other events\nA match on Brinnington Moor in August is the earliest known reference about cricket being played in Lancashire. It was reported in the Manchester Journal on 1 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018392-0000-0000", "contents": "1781 Epsom Derby\nThe 1781 Epsom Derby was the second running of The Derby - the horse race known as the \"greatest turf event in the world\". It took place on 24 May 1781 on Epsom Downs in Surrey, England, and was won by Young Eclipse, owned by gambler Dennis O'Kelly and ridden by Charles Hindley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018392-0001-0000", "contents": "1781 Epsom Derby\nThe previous year, Lord Derby had instigated a race at Epsom Racecourse for three-year-old horses, the name of which had been decided on a coin toss between Derby and Sir Charles Bunbury, a member of the Jockey Club (although it may have been that Bunbury deferred to Derby, who was his host at the time). The race was over 1 mile (although in 1784 that would be increased to 1 mile 4 furlongs, the distance it has been ever since).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018392-0002-0000", "contents": "1781 Epsom Derby\nThe 1780 race had been won by Bunbury's horse Diomed, which was the favourite, beating Boudrow, owned by Dennis O'Kelly. In this second running of the race, it was O'Kelly who had the winner, Young Eclipse, another colt by the pre-eminent sire of the day, Eclipse. He beat Sir John Lade's Crop who was much the more fancied of the runners, going off 5/4 favourite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018393-0000-0000", "contents": "1781 Van Biesbroeck\n1781 Van Biesbroeck (prov. designation: A906 UB) is a Vesta asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 October 1906, by German astronomer August Kopff at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It was named after astronomer George Van Biesbroeck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018393-0001-0000", "contents": "1781 Van Biesbroeck, Orbit and classification\nVan Biesbroeck orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,354 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It is not known whether the member of the Vesta family of asteroids is in fact a V/J-type, or if it is an unrelated interloper, as currently assumed to be more likely. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no previous identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018393-0002-0000", "contents": "1781 Van Biesbroeck, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Van Biesbroeck measures 8.5 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.203. A generic absolute magnitude-to-diameter conversion gives an inferred diameter between 8 and 14 kilometers, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 for an absolute magnitude of 12.8. As of 2017, Van Biesbroeck's composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018393-0003-0000", "contents": "1781 Van Biesbroeck, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after renowned Belgian\u2013born observational astronomer George Van Biesbroeck, who naturalized as U.S. citizens in 1922. He specialized in the observation of double stars, variable stars, comets and asteroids, of which he discovered sixteen at the U.S. Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, between 1922 and 1939. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 January 1974 (M.P.C. 3569).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018393-0004-0000", "contents": "1781 Van Biesbroeck, Naming\nIn 1961, he published the Van Biesbroeck's star catalog of low-mass, low-luminosity stars. The mountain Van Biesbroeck near the McDonald Observatory, the lunar crater Van Biesbroeck, and most notably the red dwarf Van Biesbroeck's Star, were also named in his honour. (There are very few stars named after people). The George Van Biesbroeck Prize, awarded by the American Astronomical Society for achievements in astronomy, also bears his name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018394-0000-0000", "contents": "1781 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe 1781 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018394-0001-0000", "contents": "1781 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Charlestown, New Hampshire on October 12. The meeting site was chosen as part of a short-lived effort to create a union of Vermont with 17 Connecticut River Valley towns of New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018394-0002-0000", "contents": "1781 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and governor's council members. Thomas Chittenden was re-elected governor. The popular vote indicated that no candidate for lieutenant governor had received a majority. In keeping with the Vermont Constitution, the choice fell to the Vermont General Assembly, which chose Elisha Payne, a New Hampshire resident who supported the union of New Hampshire's western towns with Vermont. Ira Allen was re-elected as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018405-0000-0000", "contents": "1781 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1781 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018406-0000-0000", "contents": "1781 in architecture\nThe year 1781 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018408-0000-0000", "contents": "1781 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1781.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018409-0000-0000", "contents": "1781 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018409-0001-0000", "contents": "1781 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018409-0002-0000", "contents": "1781 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018410-0000-0000", "contents": "1781 in science\nThe year 1781 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018411-0000-0000", "contents": "1781 in sports\n1781 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018412-0000-0000", "contents": "1781 in the United States\nEvents from the year 1781 in the United States. This year marked the beginning of government under the Articles of Confederation as well as the surrender of British armed forces in the American Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018413-0000-0000", "contents": "1781 revolt in Bihar\nThe 1781 revolt in Bihar was an uprising by certain Zamindars and chieftains against the British East India Company in the Indian state of Bihar. The majority of the rebel zamindars were from South Bihar and were likely pushed to revolt due to the recurring droughts which hampered their revenue collections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018413-0001-0000", "contents": "1781 revolt in Bihar, Causes\nEver since the British acquired Bihar after the Battle of Buxar, many of the zamindars had been causing troubles for the administration by withholding revenue or participating in looting. The British therefore had to take expeditions to bring them back under control. Among the zamindars causing disturbances prior to the revolt were Jugal Kishore of Bettiah Raj which was one of the largest estates in Bihar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018413-0002-0000", "contents": "1781 revolt in Bihar, Causes\nAfter the Battle of Buxar, JWF James noted that the zamindars had become \"restless\". Following Chait Singh's rebellion in 1781 in Varanasi, many of the zamindars in Bihar used this as an opportunity to regain their autonomy. This was seen as an attempt to take advantage of the sudden challenge to British power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018413-0003-0000", "contents": "1781 revolt in Bihar, The revolt\nThe zamindar of Huseypur, Fateh Bahadur Sahi had prior to 1781, been waging a guerrilla warfare campaign against the East India Company after being deposed from his estate. Taking advantage of Chait Singh's revolt, he decided to increase the frequency of his raids and met the British forces in a pitched battle accompanied by 20,000 of his own men. However his forces were eventually routed and he was killed in battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018413-0004-0000", "contents": "1781 revolt in Bihar, The revolt\nThe zamindar of Seris-Kutumba in Aurangabad, Raja Narain Singh, had also had a tradition of rebelling and joined Fateh Sahi's revolt. He had been remiss in providing his revenue payments. He had gathered a force of 15,000 soldiers and joined with allies of Chait Singh including Bachu Singh. His rebellion was swiftly put down by John Crawfurd and he was jailed. He was restored to his \"forfeited\" zamindari in 1790 after his release. He had assisted other zamindars with resources and was in secret correspondence with others in an attempt to stir up anti-British sentiment before his arrest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018413-0005-0000", "contents": "1781 revolt in Bihar, The revolt\nRaja Akbar Ali of the Mayi clan controlled the Narhat and Samoy estates in modern-day Gaya district also took part in the rebellion. He had previously been arrested in Patna for owing large unpaid revenue to the British. His estate had been badly affected by the Great Bengal famine of 1770. Akbar Ali likely viewed revolt as the best method of escaping the payment of his arrears. He was able to raise a body of 4000 matchlock men and they murdered a servant of the company by the name of Hotchiss. This was followed by a period of plundering in the region however he was forced to retreat by the EIC's Captain Powell. He also laid waste to neighbouring zamindaris but eventually, he was forced to flee to Delhi and his zamindari was confiscated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018413-0006-0000", "contents": "1781 revolt in Bihar, Aftermath\nThe British were able to put down the revolt without too much trouble given the disorganised approach of the rebels. In the aftermath, the British were able to reassert their control of the region and install loyal zamindars in place of the ones that had been deposed. These new zamindars could be relied upon to provide revenue when required. The revolt itself, however, could be seen as a signal of the discontent in Bihar towards the British that later reemerged in the 1857 Rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018414-0000-0000", "contents": "1781\u20131782 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 2nd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1781 and 1782 during the governorship of John Hancock. Jeremiah Powell and Samuel Adams served as presidents of the Senate and Caleb Davis served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018415-0000-0000", "contents": "1782\n1782 (MDCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1782nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 782nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 82nd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1782, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018416-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 Central Atlantic hurricane\nThe Central Atlantic hurricane of 1782 was a hurricane that hit the fleet of British Admiral Thomas Graves as it sailed across the North Atlantic in September, 1782. It is believed to have killed some 3,500 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018416-0001-0000", "contents": "1782 Central Atlantic hurricane, Impact\nOn 17 September 1782, the fleet under Admiral Graves was caught in a violent storm off the banks of Newfoundland. Ardent and Caton were forced to leave the fleet and make for a safe anchorage, Ardent returning to Jamaica and Caton making for Halifax in company with Pallas. Of the rest of the warships, only Canada and Jason survived to reach England. The French prizes Ville de Paris, Glorieux and Hector foundered, as did HMS Centaur. HMS\u00a0Ramillies had to be abandoned, and was burnt. A number of the merchant fleet, including Dutton, British Queen, Withywood, Rodney, Ann, Minerva, and Mentor also foundered. Altogether around 3,500 lives were lost from the various ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018417-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 Edict of Tolerance\nThe 1782 Edict of Tolerance (Toleranzedikt vom 1782) was a religious reform of Emperor Joseph II during the time he was emperor of the Habsburg Monarchy as part of his policy of Josephinism, a series of drastic reforms to remodel Austria in the form of the ideal Enlightened state. Joseph II's enlightened despotism included the Patent of Toleration, enacted in 1781, and the Edict of Tolerance in 1782. The Patent of Toleration granted religious freedom to the Lutherans, Calvinists, and Serbian Orthodox, but it was not until the 1782 Edict of Tolerance that Joseph II extended religious freedom to the Jewish population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018417-0001-0000", "contents": "1782 Edict of Tolerance, 1781 Patent of Toleration\nThe 1781 Patent of Toleration allowed certain rights and recognized the existence of non-Catholic religions in the Habsburg Empire. The Edict of Toleration allowed Protestants from other countries where religious tolerance was not enforced to immigrate to Austria and hold jobs such as pharmacists, carpenters and blacksmiths. The tolerated religions, however, were allowed to have congregations no larger than 100 people in a private home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018417-0001-0001", "contents": "1782 Edict of Tolerance, 1781 Patent of Toleration\nIf a certain sect had more than 100 families living in an area, they were allowed to build a church only if the church did not have a direct entrance from the street and had no visible appearance of being a church. When it came to the case of mixed marriages, there were also laws that had to be followed: if a Catholic man had children with a non-Catholic woman, all the children would be raised Catholic. In the case of a Catholic woman with a non-Catholic man, the girls would be raised Catholic while the boys would be raised non-Catholic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018417-0002-0000", "contents": "1782 Edict of Tolerance, 1781 Patent of Toleration\nScrutiny from Catholic officials occurred in places, like Bohemia, where the officials attempted to preserve religious unity. In order to do this they had printed out all the pamphlets that described this edict in German. The population whom this would affect, however, generally could not speak or read German.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018417-0003-0000", "contents": "1782 Edict of Tolerance, 1781 Patent of Toleration\nSerbian Metropolitan Mojsije Putnik translated and published the tolerance patent in Serbian. The patent meant that there were equal rights for members of the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church in Sremski Karlovci.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018417-0004-0000", "contents": "1782 Edict of Tolerance, Jewish community before the Edict\nLong before the Jews had been granted religious freedom by Joseph II, they were treated rather harshly by his mother, Maria Theresa and had been ostracized by others. During the Middle Ages, Austrian Jews had lived apart from the Christians and had not been allowed by the government to own immovable property. Although this was not the case for the more affluent Jews, those who were wealthy and were able to establish factories were recipients of preferential treatment by Maria Theresa, but otherwise there were restrictions on the rest of the Jewish population. Joseph II was the first one who made an attempt to eliminate these attitudes and sanctions that were toward the majority of the Jewish population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018417-0005-0000", "contents": "1782 Edict of Tolerance, 1782 Edict of Tolerance\nThe 1782 Edict of Tolerance was issued on January 2, 1782. The Edict was initially put into effect in lower Austria. The prologue to the resolution stated \"This policy paper aims at making the Jewish population useful to the state.\" This second edict allowed Jewish children to attend schools and universities. It allowed adults to engage in jobs such as being merchants or to open factories. Jews could learn trades, but were still not allowed to become master craftsmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018417-0005-0001", "contents": "1782 Edict of Tolerance, 1782 Edict of Tolerance\nThe Edict did eliminate some previous restrictions, which had forced the Jews to wear gold stars or to pay a tax that was only levied on the Jews and cattle. According to the edict, however, the Jewish languages, the written language Hebrew and the spoken language Yiddish, were to be replaced by the national language of the country. Official documents and school textbooks could not be printed in Hebrew. Also immigration of new Jews into Austria was severely restricted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018418-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 English cricket season\nThe 1782 English cricket season was the 11th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of four first-class matches have survived. The great fast bowler David Harris made his first-class debut and the Hambledon Club moved to Windmill Down as a new home venue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018418-0001-0000", "contents": "1782 English cricket season, Matches\nFour first-class match scorecards survive from 1782, three of them matches between Kent XIs and Hampshire XIs. The other match was between a Hampshire XI and an England side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018418-0002-0000", "contents": "1782 English cricket season, Other events\nThe Hampshire Chronicle reported in June the first meeting on Windmill Down, referring to the ground as \"a field called the New Broad Halfpenny adjoining to the Town of Hambledon\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018419-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 Mendoza earthquake\nThe 1782 Mendoza earthquake took place in the province of Mendoza, Argentina, on 22 May 1782, at about 4 PM (UTC-3). It had an estimated magnitude of 7.0 in the Richter scale. Its epicenter was at , at a depth of 30\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018419-0001-0000", "contents": "1782 Mendoza earthquake\nThis was the first documented earthquake of many which would affect the provincial capital of Mendoza since its foundation. It was felt with grade VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and damaged several buildings, but did not produce casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018420-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 Saigon massacre\nThe 1782 Saigon Massacre was a massacre of ethnic Chinese carried out by the Vietnamese T\u00e2y S\u01a1n rebels under the leadership of Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c in 1782 in the city of Saigon, which is modern-day Ho Chi Minh city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018420-0001-0000", "contents": "1782 Saigon massacre\nDuring the early phase of the Vietnamese civil war (1771\u20131802), many Chinese formed a military group called the Ho\u00e0 Ngh\u0129a army that fought for the Nguyen lord who was the T\u00e2y S\u01a1n's enemy. In 1782 the T\u00e2y S\u01a1n led by Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c launched an attack on Saigon and succeeded in capturing the city. However, one of Nh\u1ea1c's key lieutenants was killed by an ethnic Chinese general fighting for the Nguyen. Nh\u1ea1c decided to clean out Chinese settlers in Saigon. T\u00e2y S\u01a1n troops burned and pillaged the shops of Chinese merchants and massacred thousands of Chinese residents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018420-0001-0001", "contents": "1782 Saigon massacre\nThis was more generally reflected by T\u00e2y S\u01a1n's anger at the increasing support given by the Chinese community to their Nguyen rivals. After this savage victory, the T\u00e2y S\u01a1n leaders returned north in June, leaving the city in the hands of their lieutenants. Chinese civilian death toll ranged from 4,000 to 20,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018420-0002-0000", "contents": "1782 Saigon massacre, Bibliography\nThis massacre-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018420-0003-0000", "contents": "1782 Saigon massacre, Bibliography\nThis article related to the history of Vietnam or its predecessor states is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018421-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe 1782 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018421-0001-0000", "contents": "1782 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Manchester on October 10. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018421-0002-0000", "contents": "1782 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe popular vote indicated that no candidate for lieutenant governor had received a majority. In keeping with the Vermont Constitution, the choice fell to the Vermont General Assembly, which chose Paul Spooner for a one-year term. Ira Allen was re-elected to a one-year term as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018426-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 in Great Britain\nEvents from the year 1782 in Great Britain. The American Revolutionary War draws to a close.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018428-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 in Ireland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 16:31, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018433-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1782 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018436-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1782.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018437-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018437-0001-0000", "contents": "1782 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018437-0002-0000", "contents": "1782 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018438-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 in science\nThe year 1782 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018439-0000-0000", "contents": "1782 in sports\n1782 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018441-0000-0000", "contents": "1783\n1783 (MDCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1783rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 783rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 83rd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1783, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018442-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 Albitskij\n1783 Albitskij, provisional designation 1935 FJ, is a carbonaceous Adeonian asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 March 1935, by Georgian\u2013Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Soviet astronomer Vladimir Albitzky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018442-0001-0000", "contents": "1783 Albitskij, Orbit and classification\nAlbitskij is a member of the Adeona family (505), a large family of carbonaceous asteroids, when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements. It has also been dynamically classified as a member of the Eunomia family (as many other members of the Adeona family), which can be ruled out, due to the fact, that this family consist of stony rather than carbonaceous asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018442-0002-0000", "contents": "1783 Albitskij, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,587 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018442-0003-0000", "contents": "1783 Albitskij, Orbit and classification\nIn 1933, it was first identified as 1933 TB at the U.S. Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts, two years prior to its discovery. The body's observation arc begins one month after its official discovery with the first used observation made at Uccle Observatory in Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018442-0004-0000", "contents": "1783 Albitskij, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS taxonomic scheme, Albitskij is a Ch-subtype, a hydrated C-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a common carbonaceous C-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. This agrees with the overall spectral type of the Adeona family (505).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018442-0005-0000", "contents": "1783 Albitskij, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nPublished by Cl\u00e1udia Angeli and Maria Barucci, a rotational lightcurve was obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations made at the French Haute-Provence and Pic du Midi observatories by astronomers at Meudon in the early 1990s. It gave a rotation period of 12 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.4 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018442-0006-0000", "contents": "1783 Albitskij, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Albitskij measures between 20.47 and 25.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.07.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018442-0007-0000", "contents": "1783 Albitskij, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the results obtained by IRAS and derives an albedo of 0.07 and a diameter of 21.3 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.85.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018442-0008-0000", "contents": "1783 Albitskij, Naming\nThis minor planet is named after Soviet astronomer, discoverer of minor planets and head of Simeiz Observatory, Vladimir Albitzky (1891\u20131952). His research included variable stars and the measurement of radial velocities. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1980 (M.P.C. 5357).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes\nThe 1783 Calabrian earthquakes were a sequence of five strong earthquakes that hit the region of Calabria in southern Italy (then part of the Kingdom of Naples), the first two of which produced significant tsunamis. The epicenters form a clear alignment extending nearly 100\u00a0km from the Straits of Messina to about 18\u00a0km SSW of Catanzaro. The epicenter of the first earthquake occurred in the plain of Palmi. The earthquakes occurred over a period of nearly two months, all with estimated magnitudes of 5.9 or greater. Estimates of the total number of deaths lie in the range 32,000 to 50,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0001-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Tectonic setting\nThe southwestern part of Calabria and the eastern part of Sicily are areas of active crustal extension within the Siculo\u2013Calabrian Rift Zone. This 350\u00a0km long zone developed within the Apennine chain during the Pleistocene and takes up WNW\u2013ESE directed extension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0002-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 5\nThis earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 7.0, affected a large area including most of the southern Italian peninsula and shook the whole island of Sicily. Many villages were damaged and as many as 180 almost completely destroyed, with more than 25,000 casualties. A tsunami affected the coastline on both sides of the Straits of Messina, destroying the harbour walls at Messina. The earthquake had already caused widespread death and destruction in Messina. Homes were razed to the ground, the medieval Duomo was badly damaged and most of the historic buildings were reduced to rubble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0003-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 5\nNear the epicenter the ground shaking was so intense that people were knocked off their feet and heavy stones were found to be dislodged and upturned. Large landslides caused major destruction at Terranova and Molochio but even well-constructed buildings not thus affected were almost completely destroyed, such as in Oppido Mamertina and Casalnuovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0004-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 5\nThe earthquake is thought to have involved rupturing of the Galatro, Cittanova and Sant'Eufemia faults, which form the southeastern boundary to the Gioia Basin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0005-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 6\nThis magnitude 6.2 event occurred during the night following the first event and struck the area just to the southwest. Most of the damage and casualties appear to have been caused by a tsunami that was set off by a major collapse of Monte Pac\u00ed into the sea near Scilla shortly after the earthquake. Many of Scilla's residents, frightened by the tremors of the previous day had moved onto the open beach for the night, where they were overwhelmed by the waves. The tsunami caused severe flooding in the town, reaching as far as 200 m inland, and there were more than 1500 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0006-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 6\nThe earthquake is thought to have involved rupturing of the Scilla fault, which defines the coast around Scilla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0007-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 7\nThis event occurred at about midday 40\u00a0km NE of the first mainshock on the 5th. Severe damage extended 15\u00a0km along the front of the Serre Mountains, levelling all the villages between Acquaro and Soriano Calabro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0008-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, February 7\nThe earthquake is thought to have involved rupturing of the southern segment of the Serre fault that bounds the Mesima Basin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0009-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, March 1\nThis earthquake was the weakest of the sequence and caused relatively little damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0010-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, March 1\nThe earthquake is thought to have involved rupturing of the northern segment of the Serre fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0011-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, March 28\nThe final event of the sequence was of similar magnitude to the first and had an epicenter about 20\u00a0km east of the fourth, near Girifalco and Borgia in the Catanzaro Basin. The earthquake lasted for about ten seconds, and many villages were destroyed with many hundreds dead in Borgia, Girifalco, Maida and Cortale. Landslides were common and sand volcanoes were seen, particularly on the banks of the Amato river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0012-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Events, March 28\nThis earthquake has not been tied to a particular fault, but a recent re-evaluation of the intensity data indicates that the isoseismal areas are elongated NE\u2013SW, suggesting faulting of similar trend to that observed for the other earthquakes in the sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0013-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Summary of earthquakes\nThe earthquake parameters shown below are taken from the CFTI4 online catalogue. The epicentral locations are here related to the nearest large village or town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018443-0014-0000", "contents": "1783 Calabrian earthquakes, Relationship between earthquakes\nAll the earthquakes in this sequence are thought to be linked by a process of triggering caused by stress redistribution following each individual event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018444-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 English cricket season\nThe 1783 English cricket season was the 12th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of four first-class matches have survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018444-0001-0000", "contents": "1783 English cricket season, Matches\nFour first-class match scorecards survive from 1783, including two matches between Kent XIs and Hampshire XIs. One of these matches, played in July at Windmill Down, is the first first-class match known to have finished as a tie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018444-0002-0000", "contents": "1783 English cricket season, Other events\nA portrait of Edward \"Lumpy\" Stevens was probably executed this year. The picture is at Knole House, seat of the Duke of Dorset in Sevenoaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018445-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 Great Meteor\nThe 1783 Great Meteor was a meteor procession observed on 18 August 1783 from the British Isles, at a time when such phenomena were not well understood. The meteor was the subject of much discussion in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and was the subject of a detailed study by Charles Blagden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018445-0001-0000", "contents": "1783 Great Meteor, Observations\nThe event occurred between 21:15 and 21:30 on 18 August 1783, a clear, dry night. Analysis of observations has indicated that the meteor entered Earth's atmosphere over the North Sea, before passing over the east coast of Scotland and England and the English Channel; it finally broke up, after a passage within the atmosphere of around a thousand miles (around 1600\u00a0km), over south-western France or northern Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018445-0002-0000", "contents": "1783 Great Meteor, Observations\nThere were many witnesses. Perhaps the most prominent was Tiberius Cavallo, an Italian natural philosopher who had happened to be amongst a group of people on the terrace at Windsor Castle at the time the meteor appeared. Cavallo published his account of the phenomenon in v. 74 of the Philosophical Transactions\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018445-0003-0000", "contents": "1783 Great Meteor, Observations\nSome flashes of lambent light, much like the aurora borealis, were first observed on the northern part of the heavens, which were soon perceived to proceed from a roundish luminous body, whose apparent diameter equaled half that of the moon, and almost stationary in the same point of the heavens [...]  This ball at first appeared of a faint bluish light, perhaps from appearing just kindled, or from its appearing through the haziness; but it gradually increased its light, and soon began to move, at first ascending above the horizon in an oblique direction towards the east. Its course in this direction was very short, perhaps of five or six degrees; after which it directed its course towards the east [...] Its light was prodigious. Every object appeared very distinct; the whole face of the country, in that beautiful prospect before the terrace, being instantly illuminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018445-0004-0000", "contents": "1783 Great Meteor, Observations\nCavallo noted both that the meteor, which was visible for around thirty seconds in total, appeared to split into several smaller bodies (a meteor procession) immediately following the main mass and that a rumbling noise, \"as it were of thunder at a great distance\", was heard around ten minutes after the meteor appeared, which he speculated \"was the report of the meteor's explosion\". Other accounts, such as those of Alexander Aubert and Richard Lovell Edgeworth, noted red and blue colour tints in the fireball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018445-0005-0000", "contents": "1783 Great Meteor, Observations\nSome accounts appeared rather more fanciful; the London Magazine mentioned a letter by a lieutenant on a British warship which had been positioned north of Ireland \"who relates he saw the same meteor moving along the north-east quarter [...] but he adds something singular enough, namely, that a little time afterwards, he saw it moving back again, the contrary way to which it came\". The author added that \"several other observations of this meteor have come into my hands, but they are so inconsistent with these already related, as well as with one another, that I forebear to mention them\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018445-0006-0000", "contents": "1783 Great Meteor, Observations\nGilbert White, writing in 1787, was to remember the \"amazing and portentous\" summer of 1783 as \"full of horrible phaenomena [...] alarming meteors and tremendous thunder-storms that affrighted and distressed the different counties of this kingdom\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018445-0007-0000", "contents": "1783 Great Meteor, Visual depictions\nOne of Cavallo's five companions on the terrace was the artist Thomas Sandby, who in collaboration with his brother Paul based a now well-known engraving on the event. A print of this engraving is in the collection of the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery at Glasgow University. A second engraving was produced by a schoolmaster, Henry Robinson, who observed the meteor from the village of Winthorpe, Nottinghamshire. Further engravings, based on the drawings of the authors and presented in a fold-out form, were included with articles by Cavallo and Nathaniel Pigott in the Philosophical Transactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018445-0008-0000", "contents": "1783 Great Meteor, Visual depictions\nA painting traditionally thought to be of the 1759 apparition of Halley's Comet and attributed to the \"English Canaletto\", Samuel Scott, has in more recent years been interpreted as depicting a large fireball meteor given its generally uncometary appearance. Further work by Jay Pasachoff and Roberta Olson has suggested that the painting is not in fact by Scott, and that it depicts the third stage of the 1783 fireball, viewed over the Thames.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018445-0009-0000", "contents": "1783 Great Meteor, Possible relation to meteorite falls\nIt has been speculated that the Hambleton Pallasite, a rare type of meteorite found in 2005 in Hambleton, North Yorkshire, may be related to the 1783 Great Meteor, based on the latter's track, and on weathering on the pallasite's surface. In support of this, in 2008 the terrestrial age of the Hambleton meteorite was determined to be around 225 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018446-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 Irish general election\nGeneral elections were held in the Kingdom of Ireland in 1783, the first after the passing of the series of constitutional legal changes known as the Constitution of 1782, which lifted the substantial legal restrictions on the Irish parliament. The elections were fought in a highly-charged political atmosphere, with a major emphasis on the issues of parliamentary reform and free trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018446-0001-0000", "contents": "1783 Irish general election\nFollowing the election, Sexton Pery was re-elected Speaker. Henry Grattan, the leader of the Patriot Party, had rejected an office in government in 1782, choosing instead to continue his role in opposition. Instead, the Dublin Castle administration was undertaken by a group that was referred to by Edmund Burke as the Junta; dominated by individuals such as John FitzGibbon, the new Attorney General and later Lord Chancellor. John Foster was appointed as the Junta's Chancellor of the Exchequer, succeeding William Gerard Hamilton, who had treated the position as a sinecure posting. The new administration prioritised links with Great Britain, which from December 1783 was governed by Pitt the Younger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018446-0002-0000", "contents": "1783 Irish general election, Background\nThe preceding several years had seen great social upheaval in Ireland. The 1770s had seen Britain at war with France and Spain as part of the American Revolutionary War, and British forces stationed in Ireland had been dispatched to fight in the Thirteen Colonies. Claiming that Irish defences against potential invasion had been weakened by a negligent Dublin Castle Administration, the Irish gentry began forming Volunteer companies to defend defending Ireland. In fact only 4,000 soldiers had been dispatched to the American colonies, leaving as many as 9,000 behind in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018446-0003-0000", "contents": "1783 Irish general election, Background\nThese Volunteer Companies were independent of both the Irish Parliament and Dublin Castle, and became characterised by their patriotic and liberal political leanings. The companies were as concerned about British interference in Irish politics as they were about resisting potential foreign invasions, and pushed for free trade between Ireland and Great Britain. At the time the Navigation Acts had meant that Irish exports faced tariffs when entering Britain, although British exports met no tariffs in Ireland. Facing pressure both from the Volunteer movement and the Irish Parliament, whilst simultaneously engaged in a war with France, Spain, and the American Colonies, the British government relented and enacted a series of legal changes granting greater legislative autonomy to the Irish parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018446-0004-0000", "contents": "1783 Irish general election, Dates\nAt this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018447-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 New Jersey earthquake\nThe 1783 New Jersey earthquake occurred on November 29 in the Province of New Jersey. With a magnitude estimated at 5.3, it stands as the most powerful earthquake to occur in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018447-0001-0000", "contents": "1783 New Jersey earthquake, Damage\nShaking was felt from New Hampshire to Pennsylvania. A brief foreshock occurred at 9:00 PM on November 29 (02:00 UTC on November 30) and an aftershock five hours later were reported only in New York City and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The earthquake caused intensity VII damage on the Mercalli intensity scale. George Washington was sleeping at Fraunces Tavern when the earthquake struck, but he was not woken by the tremors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018448-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1783 New York gubernatorial election was held in April/May 1783 to elect the Governor and the Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018448-0001-0000", "contents": "1783 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe incumbent George Clinton ran for re-election. New York State Surveyor General Philip Schuyler and state senator Ephraim Paine also ran for Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018448-0002-0000", "contents": "1783 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nIncumbent Pierre Van Cortlandt was the only candidate for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018449-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe 1783 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018449-0001-0000", "contents": "1783 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Westminster on October 9. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and governor's council members. Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018449-0002-0000", "contents": "1783 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, Paul Spooner was re-elected to a second one-year term. In addition, Ira Allen was re-elected to a one-year term as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018450-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 in Canada, Historical documents\nListing African Americans taken to Nova Scotia, \"Book of Negroes\" includes Deborah, age 20, formerly enslaved by George Washington", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018450-0001-0000", "contents": "1783 in Canada, Historical documents\nWashington is surprised Blacks have been part of British evacuation, and wants to prevent future loss \"of any Negroes or other Property\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018450-0002-0000", "contents": "1783 in Canada, Historical documents\nPeace best policy in U.S. west because even totally expelling Indigenous people would be military and economic advantage to Canada", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018453-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 in Great Britain\nEvents from the year 1783 in Great Britain. This year is notable for the conclusion of the American Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018458-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 in Spain\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1783 to Spain and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018460-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1783 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018461-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 in architecture\nThe year 1783 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018463-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018464-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018464-0001-0000", "contents": "1783 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018464-0002-0000", "contents": "1783 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018465-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 in science\nThe year 1783 in science and technology involved some significant events:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018466-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 in sports\n1783 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018467-0000-0000", "contents": "1783 in the United States\nEvents from the year 1783 in the United States. The American Revolution officially ended with the Treaty of Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018468-0000-0000", "contents": "1784\n1784 (MDCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1784th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 784th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 84th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1784, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018469-0000-0000", "contents": "1784 Benguella\n1784 Benguella, provisional designation 1935 MG, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Johannesburg Observatory on 30 June 1935. It was named for the city of Benguela in Angola. The low-numbered asteroid has been studied poorly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018469-0001-0000", "contents": "1784 Benguella, Orbit and classification\nAccording to modern HCM-analyses, Benguella is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,362 days; semi-major axis of 2.41\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in June 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018469-0002-0000", "contents": "1784 Benguella, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Angola's city and chief port Benguela (S\u00e3o Felipe de Benguela), formerly spelled Benguella. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5183).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018469-0003-0000", "contents": "1784 Benguella, Physical characteristics\nBenguella's spectral type is unknown, with no assumptions possible based on the asteroid's albedo (see below)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018469-0004-0000", "contents": "1784 Benguella, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Benguella has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Benguella measures between 10.48 and 16.68 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.076 and 0.24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018470-0000-0000", "contents": "1784 British general election\nThe 1784 British general election resulted in William Pitt the Younger securing an overall majority of about 120 in the House of Commons of Great Britain, having previously had to survive in a House which was dominated by his opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018470-0001-0000", "contents": "1784 British general election, Background\nIn December 1783, George III engineered the dismissal of the Fox\u2013North coalition, which he hated, and appointed William Pitt the Younger as Prime Minister. Pitt had very little personal support in the House of Commons and the supporters of Charles James Fox and Lord North felt that the constitution of the country had been violated. The doctrine that the government must always have a majority in the House of Commons was not yet established and Fox knew he had to be careful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018470-0002-0000", "contents": "1784 British general election, Background\nOn 2 February 1784 Fox carried a motion of no confidence which declared \"That it is the Opinion of this House, That the Continuance of the present Ministers in their Offices is an Obstacle to the Formation of such an Administration as may enjoy the Confidence of this House, and tend to put an End to the unfortunate Divisions and Distractions of the Country\" by 223 to 204. Pitt remained in office, and government supporters ensured petitions and resolutions of borough corporations were presented to Parliament to encourage members to back Pitt, and slowly Members changed sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018470-0003-0000", "contents": "1784 British general election, Background\nBy 1 March, Fox's motion which concluded by \"beseech[ing] His Majesty, that He would be graciously pleased to lay the Foundation of a strong and stable Government, by the previous Removal of His present Ministers\" was carried but only by 201 to 189. A week later, a more strongly worded motion threatening the withholding of supply was also passed\u2014but only by 191 to 190. Fox thereafter declined to push motions, as his base continued to crumble. Pitt meanwhile decided to go to the country and on 24 March, Parliament was prorogued and on the following day the Parliament first elected in 1780 was dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018470-0004-0000", "contents": "1784 British general election, Course of the election\nThe election was fought very much as a national campaign around the questions of the fall of the Fox\u2013North government and whether or not Pitt should continue in office, rather than a series of local campaigns, which was more common for 18th century British elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018470-0005-0000", "contents": "1784 British general election, Course of the election\nThanks to a combination of patronage and bribes paid by HM Treasury, many small pocket boroughs returned Pitt-supporting MPs as widely expected. Additionally, in the constituencies decided by large electorates there was massive support for candidates who backed Pitt. Many of Fox's supporters were forced either to withdraw or to make deals with their opponents to avoid electoral defeat. In the county constituencies only one Fox supporter was elected in a contest, although others returned due to local electoral pacts. Those Members who had remained in opposition, refusing to go over to support Pitt, who failed to return to the House of Commons as a consequence, became known as \"Fox's Martyrs\" in reference to John Foxe's Book of Martyrs (although the majority were supporters of North).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018470-0006-0000", "contents": "1784 British general election, Course of the election\nThe first day's polling, 30 March, saw thirteen government supporters and four opponents returned. By the conclusion of the fifth day (3 April), there were already more than 150 government Members and a lead of fifty over the supporters of the coalition. The government achieved an overall majority on 15 April and the election ended on 10 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018470-0007-0000", "contents": "1784 British general election, Notable contests, University of Cambridge\nThe contests involving both Pitt and Fox attracted particular attention. Pitt had long wished to be a Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge and had failed to be elected when he stood for the seat in the 1780 general election. Now he was returned at the top of the poll and would hold the seat for the rest of his life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018470-0008-0000", "contents": "1784 British general election, Notable contests, Westminster\nFox was one of the two sitting members for the constituency of Westminster, which had the largest electorate of any in the country and a great deal of prestige. His position there was central to his claim to be representing the people. He stood against two Pitt supporters for the constituency's two seats; both sides spent heavily, campaigned bitterly, allegedly libelled and slandered their opponents relentlessly and resorted to all kinds of tactics, including Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, touring the streets and, according to the opposition, kissing many voters to induce them to vote for Fox. Even George, Prince of Wales, campaigned for Fox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018470-0009-0000", "contents": "1784 British general election, Notable contests, Westminster\nAt the conclusion of polling on 17 May, Fox had narrowly succeeded, with 6,233 votes to Sir Cecil Wray's 5,998. However, Pitt's supporters then demanded a scrutiny of the votes and the Returning Officer therefore did not make the return. A scrutiny in a constituency as large as Westminster was an enormously time-consuming process; Fox, suspecting this might happen, had already arranged for his return for the Tain Burghs, which had elected him on 26 April, so that he would not be out of the House during such a scrutiny. The process did not show unexpectedly large numbers of unqualified voters and as the months went by it looked more and more like a political delaying tactic; on 4 March 1785 the House of Commons finally put an end to it by ordering the Returning Officer to declare the result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018470-0010-0000", "contents": "1784 British general election, Notable contests, Westminster\nA London constable, Nicholas Casson, was killed during the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018470-0011-0000", "contents": "1784 British general election, Notable contests, Ipswich\nThe election results were originally recorded as being 490 votes for William Fowle Middleton, 297 votes for John Cator and 7 votes for Charles Crickitt. However Crickitt filed a petition against Cator's election, accusing him of bribery. The petition was handled by Bamber Gascoyne, who was both Crickitt's political agent and godfather. John Strutt acted on Crickitt's behalf on the House of Commons committee which investigated the allegation. Crickitt also had the support of the Duke of Cumberland. Cator's election was declared void and Crickett was seated in June 1784.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018471-0000-0000", "contents": "1784 English cricket season\nThe 1784 English cricket season was the 13th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecard of only one first-class match has survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018471-0001-0000", "contents": "1784 English cricket season, Matches\nA single first-class match scorecard survives from 1784. The match was played between an England side and a Hampshire XI at Sevenoaks Vine in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018472-0000-0000", "contents": "1784 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe 1784 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018472-0001-0000", "contents": "1784 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Rutland on October 14. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and governor's council members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018472-0002-0000", "contents": "1784 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to a one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, Paul Spooner was chosen for a third one-year term. No candidate for treasurer obtained a majority. In accordance with the Vermont Constitution, the Vermont General Assembly was required to make a selection. On October 15, the Assembly (Vermont House of Representatives, governor, and governor's council) re-elected Ira Allen to a one-year term as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018482-0000-0000", "contents": "1784 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1784 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018483-0000-0000", "contents": "1784 in architecture\nThe year 1784 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018485-0000-0000", "contents": "1784 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1784.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018486-0000-0000", "contents": "1784 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1784.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018487-0000-0000", "contents": "1784 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018487-0001-0000", "contents": "1784 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018487-0002-0000", "contents": "1784 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018488-0000-0000", "contents": "1784 in science\nThe year 1784 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018489-0000-0000", "contents": "1784 in sports\n1784 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018491-0000-0000", "contents": "1785\n1785 (MDCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1785th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 785th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 85th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1785, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018492-0000-0000", "contents": "1785 English cricket season\nThe 1785 English cricket season was the 14th after matches have been first awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The season saw no top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018492-0001-0000", "contents": "1785 English cricket season, Matches\nNo top-class matches were played during the year, after just one had been played the previous year. A number of other matches took place and scorecards survive of several. These include matches played by sides playing under the names of counties as well as by teams such as Hambledon Club, the White Conduit Club and the Gentlemen of Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018493-0000-0000", "contents": "1785 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe 1785 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018493-0001-0000", "contents": "1785 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Windsor on October 13. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018493-0002-0000", "contents": "1785 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to a one-year term, his eighth. In the election for lieutenant governor, Paul Spooner was chosen for a fourth one-year term. No candidate for treasurer obtained a majority. In accordance with the Vermont Constitution, the Vermont General Assembly was required to make a selection. On October 14, the Assembly (Vermont House of Representatives, governor, and governor's council) re-elected Ira Allen to his eighth one-year term as treasurer. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018505-0000-0000", "contents": "1785 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1785 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018506-0000-0000", "contents": "1785 in architecture\nThe year 1785 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018508-0000-0000", "contents": "1785 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1785.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018509-0000-0000", "contents": "1785 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018509-0001-0000", "contents": "1785 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018509-0002-0000", "contents": "1785 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018510-0000-0000", "contents": "1785 in science\nThe year 1785 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018511-0000-0000", "contents": "1785 in sports\n1785 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018514-0000-0000", "contents": "1786\n1786 (MDCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1786th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 786th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 86th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1786, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018515-0000-0000", "contents": "1786 English cricket season\nThe 1786 English cricket season was the 15th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the last before the Marylebone Cricket Club was founded in 1787. The season saw five top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018515-0001-0000", "contents": "1786 English cricket season, Matches\nFive first-class matches for which scorecards exist were played during the year, four of them involving sides playing under the name of Kent. The season saw the first \"great\" matches played by the White Conduit Club, the direct predecessor of the Marylebone Cricket Club which was formed the following year. One of these matches saw Tom Walker scored 95 and 102 runs in his two innings, a pair of scores considered \"an astonishing double by the standards of the day\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018515-0002-0000", "contents": "1786 English cricket season, Matches\nIn another match, Tom Sueter of Hampshire was given out hit the ball twice, the first time that this method if dismissal is recorded in a first-class scorecard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018516-0000-0000", "contents": "1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake\nAn earthquake occurred on 1 June 1786 in and around Kangding, in what is now China's Sichuan province. It had an estimated magnitude of about 7.75 and a maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The initial quake killed 435 people. After an aftershock ten days later, a further 100,000 died when a landslide dam collapsed across the Dadu river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018516-0001-0000", "contents": "1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake, Tectonic setting\nSichuan lies within the complex zone of deformation associated with the continuing collision between the India Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The thickened crust of the Tibetan plateau is spreading to the east causing the southward motion of the Sichuan-Yunnan block. The eastern side of this block is bounded by the Xianshuihe fault system, a major left lateral strike-slip fault zone. Movement on this fault zone has been responsible for many major damaging earthquakes, such as the 1981 Dawu earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018516-0002-0000", "contents": "1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake, Earthquake\nAn isoseismal map constructed for this earthquake shows that the zone of maximum shaking was elongated in a northwest-southeast direction, parallel to the trace of the Xianshuihe Fault. The magnitude of 7.5\u20138.0 has been estimated from the extent of the intensity VIII (Severe) zone. Remote sensing techniques, backed up by a field survey, identified a 70-kilometre (43\u00a0mi) long zone of surface fault rupture thought to be associated with the earthquake. The active fault segment has been identified as the Moxi Fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018516-0003-0000", "contents": "1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake, Landslide dam\nThe earthquake triggered numerous landslides, one of which blocked the Dadu River, forming a temporary lake. The dam was about 70 metres (230\u00a0ft) high, holding back an estimated water volume of about 50,000,000 cubic metres (65,000,000\u00a0cu\u00a0yd). By 9 June the lake had started to flow over the dam and an aftershock on 10 June caused the dam to collapse suddenly, releasing the impounded water and devastating areas downstream. It is the second-deadliest landslide disaster on record, after the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018516-0004-0000", "contents": "1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake caused widespread damage in the epicentral area. The city walls at Kangding collapsed and severe damage to many houses and government buildings caused 250 casualties. In Luding County 181 people were killed in collapsed buildings. At both Qingxi and Yuexi, parts of the city walls were destroyed and many buildings were severely damaged, causing further casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018516-0005-0000", "contents": "1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake, Damage\nThe flood that resulted from the landslide dam failure reached the city of Leshan on 11 June, causing collapse of part of the city walls. Spectators who had gathered to watch the flood from the walls were thrown into the water. The destructive effects of the flood continued downstream at Yibin and Luzhou, with an estimated 100,000 people being killed overall. Local residents made a memorial tablet, describing these events, which is now kept at the Seismological Office in Luding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018517-0000-0000", "contents": "1786 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1786 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1786 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018517-0001-0000", "contents": "1786 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nIncumbent Governor George Clinton and incumbent Lieutenant Governor Pierre Van Cortlandt were re-elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018518-0000-0000", "contents": "1786 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe 1786 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018518-0001-0000", "contents": "1786 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Rutland on October 12. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. In the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to a one-year term, his ninth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018518-0002-0000", "contents": "1786 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, no candidate received a majority. As required by the Vermont Constitution, the Vermont General Assembly convened on October 13 to make a choice. The balloting by the Assembly resulted in the selection of Paul Spooner for a fifth one-year term. Spooner subsequently declined the office. On October 14, the General Assembly selected Joseph Marsh, who began performing the duties in February 1787.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018518-0003-0000", "contents": "1786 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe election for treasurer also resulted in no candidate obtaining a majority. As with the lieutenant governor's office, the Vermont Constitution required the General Assembly to choose. On October 13, the Assembly chose Samuel Mattocks for treasurer, the first time since the republic's founding that Ira Allen was not selected. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded. According to contemporary newspaper articles, Chittenden was re-elected \"by a respectable majority.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018531-0000-0000", "contents": "1786 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1786 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018532-0000-0000", "contents": "1786 in architecture\nThe year 1786 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018534-0000-0000", "contents": "1786 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1786.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018535-0000-0000", "contents": "1786 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018535-0001-0000", "contents": "1786 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018535-0002-0000", "contents": "1786 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018536-0000-0000", "contents": "1786 in science\nThe year 1786 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018537-0000-0000", "contents": "1786 in sports\n1786 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018539-0000-0000", "contents": "1787\n1787 (MDCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1787th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 787th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 87th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1787, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018540-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 Boricua earthquake\nThe 1787 Boricua earthquake struck the island of Puerto Rico on May 2. The magnitude of the earthquake was believed to have been around 8.0\u20138.5, however there is evidence that it was only about 6.9. The epicenter is thought to have been somewhere north of Puerto Rico, probably on the Puerto Rico Trench. Puerto Rican geomorphologist Jos\u00e9 Molinelli considers it \"the strongest\" in the seismic history of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018540-0001-0000", "contents": "1787 Boricua earthquake, Effects\nAccording to some sources, the earthquake was felt all across the Island. It demolished some structures like the Arecibo church, along with monasteries like El Rosario and La Concepcion. It is also reported that it damaged the churches at Bayamon, Toa Baja and Mayag\u00fcez. It also caused considerable damage to the forts of San Felipe del Morro and San Cristobal, breaking cisterns, walls and guard houses. Apparently, the earthquake did not cause major damage in the South of the island, but did crack the walls of the Our Lady of Guadalupe church in Ponce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018540-0002-0000", "contents": "1787 Boricua earthquake, Effects\nThere are no historical records of damage to the surrounding islands, adding to the evidence that the quake was smaller than previously thought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018540-0003-0000", "contents": "1787 Boricua earthquake, Evidence\nThe earthquake that struck the island has little historical record itself, but some of the little evidence that exists suggests that effects were done to the topography of the ocean floor. Also, soil deposits give evidence that the event may have had a physical effect on the island; this evidence suggests that the island may have sunk about 3 meters. It is estimated that the tsunami produced by the earthquake may have been some 40\u201360\u00a0ft. high, mostly because the Caribbean ocean in particular is quite shallow. Coastal regions of the island were swamped, producing a thin layer of the crust, showing that salt water had reached almost 2 miles inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018541-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 English cricket season\nThe 1787 English cricket season was the 16th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. It saw the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Lord's Old Ground in London. The season saw 11 top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018541-0001-0000", "contents": "1787 English cricket season, Foundation of MCC and Lord's\nDuring 1786, Thomas Lord had been approached to establish his first ground at Dorset Fields in the Marylebone area of London, leasing land from the Portman Estate and fencing it off. Lord was backed financially by George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea and Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, leading members of the White Conduit Club, an aristocratic club based in Islington. The ground opened in May 1787 with White Conduit playing matches on the ground. The club are also believed to have used it as a practice ground. The first match on the ground to be considered first-class cricket was played at the end of May between a Middlsex XI and one from Essex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018541-0002-0000", "contents": "1787 English cricket season, Foundation of MCC and Lord's\nThe Marylebone Cricket Club was formed at Lord's in the same year, partly from members of the White Conduit Club led by Winchelsea. It played its first matches the same season before undertaking a reissue of the Laws of Cricket the following year. MCC has developed into the custodian and publisher of the Laws of Cricket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018541-0003-0000", "contents": "1787 English cricket season, Matches\nA total of 11 top-class matches were played during the year, including four at Lord's. Middlesex XIs played in two of the matches at Lord's. Elsewhere, Kent played Hampshire in three matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018541-0004-0000", "contents": "1787 English cricket season, First mentions\nA number of players are first noted during 1787. Among them were some famous names such as John Wells of Surrey and Thomas Lord of Middlesex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018542-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 Massachusetts Senate election\nElections to the Massachusetts Senate were held during 1787 to elect 40 State Senators. Candidates were elected at the county level, with some counties electing multiple Senators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018542-0001-0000", "contents": "1787 Massachusetts Senate election\nFor election, a candidate needed the support of a majority of those voting. If a seat remained vacant because no candidate received such majority, the Massachusetts General Court was empowered to fill it by a majority vote of its members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018542-0002-0000", "contents": "1787 Massachusetts Senate election\nThe primary issue in this race was the ongoing ratification of the United States Constitution by a separate ratifying convention; the reaction divided the state (and nation) between Federalists and Anti-Federalists, though the factions did not appear as strictly formal political parties until 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018542-0003-0000", "contents": "1787 Massachusetts Senate election\nThe elections were also held during the midst of Shays' Rebellion, an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts against the national government, formed in opposition to the ongoing debt crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018542-0004-0000", "contents": "1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Dukes and Nantucket\nBecause Mayhew failed to achieve a majority, the election was put to the General Court, which certified his election with near unanimity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018542-0005-0000", "contents": "1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Essex\nDalton, Choate, and Greenleaf would subsequently be elected by the General Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018542-0006-0000", "contents": "1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Hampshire\nHastings, Smead, and Phelps were subsequently elected by the General Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018542-0007-0000", "contents": "1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Middlesex\nBased on returns from Weston, Ezra Sergant, Abraham Fuller, James Prescot, Joseph Curtis, Thomas Fairweather, Joseph Roberts, John Brooks, and Abner Sanderson also received votes, but how many they received county-wide is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018542-0008-0000", "contents": "1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Middlesex\nHosmer and MacFarland were subsequently elected by the General Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018542-0009-0000", "contents": "1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Plymouth\nTurner and Cushing were subsequently elected by the General Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018542-0010-0000", "contents": "1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Suffolk\nAustin and Dunbar were subsequently elected by the General Court. (No result is listed for Dunbar's election.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018542-0011-0000", "contents": "1787 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, York\nNo candidate received a majority. Cutts and Jordan were subsequently elected by the General Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018543-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 New Spain earthquake\nThe 1787 New Spain earthquake, also known as the San Sixto earthquake, occurred on 28 March at 11:30 local time (17:30 UTC). It caused a large tsunami that affected the coast of the Puebla Intendancy (includes the current state of Guerrero) and the Oaxaca Intendancy (currently Oaxaca) in Southwestern New Spain (in currently boundary of Mexico). With an estimated magnitude of 8.6 on the moment magnitude scale, it was more powerful than any instrumentally recorded Mexican earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018543-0001-0000", "contents": "1787 New Spain earthquake, Tectonic setting\nSouthwestern Mexico lies above the convergent boundary where the Cocos Plate is being subducted below the North American Plate at a rate of 6.4\u00a0cm/yr. The dip of the subducting slab is about 15\u00b0 as defined by focal mechanisms and earthquake hypocenters. Seismicity in this area is characterised by regular megathrust earthquakes along the plate interface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018543-0002-0000", "contents": "1787 New Spain earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake was reported as lasting between 6 and 7 minutes. It was followed by three strong aftershocks on 29 March, 30 March, and 3 April, all of which were probably of magnitude 7 or more, based on estimates of the reported intensities in the city of Oaxaca. It was felt over a wide area from Valladolid to Tehuantepec along the coast and as far inland as Tulancingo. The magnitude of this earthquake has been estimated from contemporary reports of seismic intensity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018543-0002-0001", "contents": "1787 New Spain earthquake, Earthquake\nAnalysis of other subduction interface earthquakes along this margin suggest that the extent of shaking of VIII or greater on the Mercalli intensity scale matches well with the rupture extent for each event. This suggests that the 1787 rupture extended for about 450\u00a0km along the coast, providing an estimate of magnitude 8.6, based on scaling against other similar earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018543-0003-0000", "contents": "1787 New Spain earthquake, Tsunami\nThe tsunami triggered by the earthquake affected the Mexican Pacific coast for more than 500\u00a0km along the shores of Oaxaca, Guerrero and Chiapas. The maximum wave height has been estimated as 18.5 m, based on records of inundation and current elevations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018543-0004-0000", "contents": "1787 New Spain earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake caused damage to buildings in Mexico City and many buildings in Oaxaca City were destroyed. Three churches in Teuchitlan were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018543-0005-0000", "contents": "1787 New Spain earthquake, Future earthquake hazard\nThe rupture behaviour of the subduction interface in the area of the 1787 earthquake involves occasional very large earthquakes, such as that in 1787, with smaller (M7) earthquakes rupturing just part of the plate boundary during the intervening period. Similar behaviour has been observed along the Colombia-Ecuador subduction zone, with three M7 earthquakes since the M8.8 1906 Ecuador\u2013Colombia earthquake rupturing just part of the same area that slipped in that great earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018544-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1787 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an election held on April 4, 1787 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. John Collins beat William Bradford with 72.24% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018545-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe 1787 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018545-0001-0000", "contents": "1787 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Newbury on October 11. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. In the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to his tenth one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018545-0002-0000", "contents": "1787 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor Joseph Marsh, who had served a partial term beginning in February, was elected to a full one-year term. The freemen re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his second one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded. One Vermont newspaper reported that Chittenden had been re-elected \"by a great majority of the freemen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018546-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 in Belgium\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Andreas Philopater (talk | contribs) at 17:06, 3 April 2020 (\u2192\u200eDeaths:  space). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018546-0001-0000", "contents": "1787 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1787 in the Austrian Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018556-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1787 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018557-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 in architecture\nThe year 1787 in architecture involved some significant events in architectural history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018559-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1787.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018560-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1787.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018561-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018561-0001-0000", "contents": "1787 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018561-0002-0000", "contents": "1787 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018562-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 in science\nThe year 1787 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018563-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 in sports\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 16:40, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018563-0001-0000", "contents": "1787 in sports\n1787 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018564-0000-0000", "contents": "1787 in the United States\nEvents from the year 1787 in the United States. The United States Constitution was written and the ratification process began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018565-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\n1788 (MDCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1788th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 788th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 88th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1788, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018566-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 English cricket season\nThe 1788 English cricket season was the 17th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the second after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw 11 top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018566-0001-0000", "contents": "1788 English cricket season\nIn May, MCC published a revised code of the Laws of Cricket, calling themselves the \"Cricket Club at Marylebone\". This established the club as being in charge of the Laws and responsible for the sport's governance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018566-0002-0000", "contents": "1788 English cricket season, Laws of Cricket\nMCC produced the first official Laws of Cricket in a meeting on 30 May. The Laws provided a more detailed version of the previous codes under which the game had been played, including specifying the size of the pitch, ball and wickets. It introduced a version of the Leg Before Wicket Law which specified that the ball was required to pitch between the stumps in order for a batsman to be out. The 1788 version of the Laws also included a section on dealing with the issue of gambling in the game - many 18th century matches attracted large gambling stakes and it was common for players to bet on matches they were taking part in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018566-0003-0000", "contents": "1788 English cricket season, Matches\nA total of 11 top-class matches were played during the season, most of them featuring sides from Hampshire, Kent or Surrey. Two matches were also played between teams named A to M and N to Z, one at Lord's Old Ground and the other at Bishopsbourne in Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018566-0004-0000", "contents": "1788 English cricket season, Matches\nA non-top-class match between MCC and White Conduit Club, from which it was largely derived, is the earliest featuring MCC for which a scorecard survives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018566-0005-0000", "contents": "1788 English cricket season, First mentions\nA number of players are first noted in first-class matches in 1788, amongst them the Hampshire professional Andrew Freemantle who played the first of his 134 first-class matches in a career which lasted until 1810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018567-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 Kiess\n1788 Kiess, provisional designation 1952 OZ, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 July 1952, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at the U.S. Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and later named after astronomer Carl Kiess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018567-0001-0000", "contents": "1788 Kiess, Orbit and classification\nThe C-type asteroid is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. The asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,010 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Kiess was first identified as 1935 NE at Algiers Observatory in 1935. Its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018567-0002-0000", "contents": "1788 Kiess, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2010, two rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12 and 11.0335 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 and 0.30 magnitude, respectively (U=2-/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018567-0003-0000", "contents": "1788 Kiess, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kiess measures 20.99 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.07. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 19.59 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018567-0004-0000", "contents": "1788 Kiess, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for American astronomer Carl C. Kiess (1887\u20131967), a graduate of Indiana University, who made distinguished contributions both in astronomy and spectroscopy at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards where he worked for over 40 years. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1973 (M.P.C. 3508). Kiess was also a member of several eclipse expeditions. The lunar crater Kiess was named in his honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election\nElections to the Massachusetts Senate were held during 1788 to elect 40 State Senators. Candidates were elected at the county level, with some counties electing multiple Senators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0001-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election\nFor election, a candidate needed the support of a majority of those voting. If a seat remained vacant because no candidate received such majority, the Massachusetts General Court was empowered to fill it by a majority vote of its members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0002-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Berkshire\nWilliam Williams, Ebenezer Pierce, John Bacon, and William Walker also received votes, though exact totals are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0003-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Bristol\nThomas Durfee, Walter Spooner, and Elisha May also received votes, but their exact totals are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0004-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Essex\nUnaffiliated candidates Peter Coffin and John Choate also received votes, but their exact totals are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0005-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Essex\nJonathan Greenleaf was subsequently be elected by the General Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0006-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Hampshire\nIncumbent Senator David Smead was not re-elected, and his exact vote total is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0007-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Hampshire\nMany other candidates received votes throughout the county, but their exact totals are unknown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0008-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Hampshire\nBliss and Sexton were subsequently elected by the General Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0009-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Lincoln\nWaterman Thomas, Daniel Cony, and Henry Dearborn also received votes, but their exact totals are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0010-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Lincoln\nSince no candidate received a majority of votes cast, the General Court elected Dummer Sewall to the seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0011-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Middlesex\nNathaniel Gorham, William Hunt, John Brooks (Federalist), William Hull, Joseph Curtis, James Winthrop and Elbridge Gerry also received votes, though their exact totals are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0012-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Plymouth\nIsaac Winslow, Hugh Orr, Joseph Bryant, James Briggs, and Ebenezer White also received votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0013-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Suffolk\nMany other candidates received votes throughout the county, but their exact totals are unknown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0014-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Worcester\nMany other candidates received votes throughout the county, but their exact totals are unknown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0015-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, York\nNathaniel Low also received votes, but his exact total is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018568-0016-0000", "contents": "1788 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, York\nNo candidate received a majority. Edward Cutts and Nathaniel Wells were subsequently elected by the General Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018569-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 Polish-Lithuanian legislative election\nThe 1788 election held in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth marked one of the most crucial events in the history of both countries prior to 1795. The elections returned a significant pro-reform camp to the Sejm of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth chosen to repair the Commonwealth's political system and prevent the country from collapsing. The Sejm that emerged as a result of the election has been dubbed the Great Sejm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018569-0001-0000", "contents": "1788 Polish-Lithuanian legislative election, Background\nThe election was called by the King in May 1788 and the Sejmiks gathered to elect the deputies in August. The Sejm gathered on 28 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018570-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania\nAn Election to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania were held on November 26, 1788 for the 1st Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018570-0001-0000", "contents": "1788 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania, Background\nThe United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, and then ratified by the States. Pennsylvania's legislature ratified the Constitution on December 12, 1787 by a vote of 46-23. On July 8, 1788, the Congress of the Confederation passed a resolution calling the first session of the 1st United States Congress for March 4, 1789, to convene at New York City and the election of senators and representatives in the meanwhile by the States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 80], "content_span": [81, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018570-0002-0000", "contents": "1788 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania, Election\nPennsylvania's legislature scheduled the election for November 26, 1788, and provided for the election to be held on an at-large basis, an attempt by the Federalist-dominated legislature to prevent anti-Federalist Representatives from being elected in frontier districts. Both parties submitted tickets with 8 candidates each. The large German population in Pennsylvania tended to vote for German candidates, giving the Anti- Federalist Muhlenberg and Hiester enough votes to gain seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 78], "content_span": [79, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018571-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina\nThe 1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 24 and 25, 1788 to select five Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. The elections resulted in two candidates in support of Washington's administration and three candidates opposed to his policies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018571-0001-0000", "contents": "1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district\nWilliam L. Smith defeated two candidates in the first election of the 1st congressional district, known as the Charleston District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 99], "content_span": [100, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018571-0002-0000", "contents": "1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district\nAedanus Burke defeated Robert Barnwell in the first election of the 2nd congressional district, known as the Beaufort-Orangeburg District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 99], "content_span": [100, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018571-0003-0000", "contents": "1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district\nDaniel Huger won the first election of the 3rd congressional district, known as the Georgetown-Cheraw District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 99], "content_span": [100, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018571-0004-0000", "contents": "1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district\nThomas Sumter won the first election of the 4th congressional district, known as the Camden District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 99], "content_span": [100, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018571-0005-0000", "contents": "1788 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district\nThomas Tudor Tucker won the first election of the 5th congressional district, known as the Ninety-Six District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 99], "content_span": [100, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018572-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania\nThe 1788 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, held on September 30, 1788, was the first United States Senate election held in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, elected Pennsylvania's first two United States Senators, William Maclay and Robert Morris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018572-0001-0000", "contents": "1788 United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania, Results\nAnti - Federalist William Maclay was elected to the two-year staggered term of the Class I seat, while Federalist and American Founding Father Robert Morris was elected to the full six-year term of the Class III seat. While no official results of the votes were recorded, the State House recorded minutes of its election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018572-0002-0000", "contents": "1788 United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania, Results\nAgreeably to the order of the day, the House proceeded to the election of Senators to represent this state in the Congress of the United States, agreeably to the constitution adopted for the government of the said states; and the ballots being taken, it appeared that the Honorable William Maclay and Robert Morris, Esquires, were duly elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018572-0003-0000", "contents": "1788 United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania, Results\nUpon the expiration of Senator Maclay's term in 1791, the State House of Representatives would not be able to elect a new United States Senator due to a dispute regarding the rules and procedures of the election. The seat was finally filled in a 1793 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018573-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe 1788 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018573-0001-0000", "contents": "1788 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Manchester on October 9. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. In the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden was re-elected to his eleventh one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018573-0002-0000", "contents": "1788 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor Joseph Marsh, who re-elected to a one-year term. The freemen re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his third one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 1st Congress were held in 1788 and 1789, coinciding with the election of George Washington as first President of the United States. The dates and methods of election were set by the states. Actual political parties did not yet exist, but new members of Congress were informally categorized as either \"pro-Administration\" (i.e., pro-Washington and pro-Hamilton) or \"anti-Administration\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0001-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe first session of the first House of Representatives came to order in Federal Hall, New York City on March 4, 1789, with only thirteen members present. The requisite quorum (thirty members out of fifty-nine) was not present until April 1, 1789. The first order of business was the election of a Speaker of the House. On the first ballot, Frederick Muhlenberg was elected Speaker by a majority of votes. The business of the first session was largely devoted to legislative procedure rather than policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0002-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nIn the 18th and much of the 19th century, each state set its own date for elections. In many years, elections were even held after the legal start of the Congress, although typically before the start of the first session. In the elections for the 1st Congress, five states held elections in 1788, electing a total of 29 Representatives, and six held elections in 1789, electing a total of 30 Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0002-0001", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nTwo states, North Carolina and Rhode Island, did not ratify the Constitution until November 21, 1789 and May 29, 1790 respectively, well after the Congress had met for the first time, and, consequently, elected representatives late, in 1790, leaving North Carolina unrepresented in the 1st session and Rhode Island in the 1st and 2nd sessions of a total of 3 sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0003-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, House composition, End of the 1st Congress (1791)\nSix seats were filled late because North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified the Constitution late. One pro-Administration representative resigned and the seat remained open at the end of the Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 113], "content_span": [114, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0004-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Special election\nThis was the first special election to the United States House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 80], "content_span": [81, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0005-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Delaware\nDelaware had a single representative. The election was held January 7, 1789. Under the law at the time, each voter cast two votes for representative, at least one of whom had to be from a different county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0006-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia\nGeorgia had a mixed at-large/district system for the 1st Congress. Representatives were elected at-large, but for three district-based seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0007-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nMaryland had a mixed district/at-large system similar to Georgia's. Under Maryland law, \"candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0008-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts required a majority vote, necessitating additional votes if no one won a majority. This was necessary in 4 of the districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0009-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nThe first election in the district was in part a reflection of the rivalry between Hampshire and Berkshire counties. Berkshire was the less populous county, but four of the six candidates who received the most votes - Theodore Sedgwick, William Whiting, Thompson J. Skinner, and William Williams - were residents of the county. The two Hampshire candidates were Samuel Lyman and John Worthington. The first election did not reflect the fact that the two counties were centers of agrarian discontent and of support for Shays's Rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0009-0001", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nNor did it reflect the fact that in the state Convention the Hampshire delegates voted 32 to 19 and the Berkshire delegates voted 16 to 6 against ratification of the Constitution. Only Whiting was regarded as a Shaysite and an Anti-Federalist, while the other five men were Federalists - and two of these - Worthington and Williams - had been virtual if not actual Loyalists during the Revolution. The issue of amendments to the Constitution was not raised during the first election in the district, but it became so important in the ensuing elections that Theodore Sedgwick, who opposed amendments, publicly promised to support them before the fifth election, which he won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0010-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nThe only problem was whether Partridge could retain his post of sheriff of Plymouth County and accept a seat in Congress, as he had done in 1779-1782 and 1783-1785. He received a certificate from Governor Hancock on 10 January notifying him of his election. Partridge wrote three letters to the Governor. In the first, which he apparently did not send, he refused the appointment. He accepted in the two following letters but explained that he would not take the seat if he had to give up his post as sheriff (12, 20 January, 23 February).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0010-0001", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nThe issue of whether or not a state officeholder could retain a state post and still serve in Congress had been and would be raised in other states. On 12 February Governor Hancock asked his Council for advice about Partridge and about George Leonard, judge of probate in Bristol County, who had been elected to Congress from the Bristol-Dukes-Nantucket District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0010-0002", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nThe Council replied in writing the same day that it was 'inexpedient' for a man to hold the office of judge of probate and a seat in Congress, but that it did not find anything in the state constitution which prevented a sheriff from also being a member of Congress. The Council advised, however, that it would be inexpedient to introduce the practice of sheriffs being absent for long periods although Partridge 'may at present be indulged' and take a seat in Congress 'consistently with the safety of that county' (Council Proceedings, Thursday 12 February, M-Ar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0010-0003", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nThe next day Governor Hancock sent the Council's written reply to the legislature and asked for its advice (13 February, Miscellaneous Legislative Documents, House Files, M-Ar). The two houses appointed a joint committee which wrote a report that was approved and sent to the Governor on Monday, 16 February. The legislature declared that if George Leonard continued to hold the office of judge of probate and also took a seat on Congress, any future legislature would address the Governor authorizing him and the Council to appoint another person judge of probate in Bristol County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0010-0004", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nBut the legislature refused to give advice about George Partridge. It pointed out that sheriffs served during the pleasure of the governor, and (with the advice of his Council) were removable by him at any time. Sheriffs were not removable in any other way except through impeachment by the House and a trial before and conviction by the Senate. Therefore the House and Senate declared that intervention by the legislature was 'neither necessary or proper; and from the conduct and advice of your Council, they see no reason to doubt the wisdom of that constitutional provision' (House and Senate Proceedings, 13, 14, 16 February).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0011-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nIt was evident before the elections were completed in Worcester District that a candidate who did not support amendments to the Constitution had no chance of winning. The three leading candidates in the three Worcester District elections were Jonathan Grout, Timothy Paine, and Artemas Ward. Grout, a local leader during the Revolution, had voted against ratification of the Constitution and in 1788 was a member of the legislature. Paine, a prominent officeholder in the county for two decades before the Revolution, had been appointed to the Royal Council in 1774. Unlike most 'mandamus councillors,' he did not become a Loyalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0011-0001", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nBy 1788 he had regained much of his influence in the town of Worcester. Ward had been appointed commanding general of Massachusetts troops after Lexington and Concord, he remained in charge until George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in July 1775. The popular Ward resigned his commission in April 1776 and returned to state politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0011-0002", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nThe past records of these three men did not become a public issue until shortly before the third and final election....AS in the two previous election, the two Worcester newspapers, with one exception, printed nothing until their last issues before the election on 2 March. The exception consisted of two items (one of which supported Timothy Paine) in the Massachusetts Spy on 19 February. Then on 26 February the Massachusetts Spy published five articles. Two of them supported Jonathan Grout, one supported Artemas Ward, one backed Timothy Paine, and the fifth did not mention any names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0011-0003", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nOn the same day the American Herald published four items. One supported Grout, one opposed Paine because he had been a mandamus councillor, and the other two items urged that he be elected. The issue of Paine's appointment as a mandamus councillor by the British government in 1774 had been brought up for the first time by the Boston Independent Chronicle, 12 February, and not by the Worcester newspapers. Despite the ambivalence of the newspapers, there was a considerable increase of interest, for the vote almost doubled over the first election on 18 December 1788: from 1,886 to 3,484. Grout was elected Representative by a decisive majority. Artemas Ward, who ran a poor third in each of the three elections, finally defeated Grout in the election to the second Congress in 1791. Paine was elected to the state House of Representatives in 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0012-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire law required a winning candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters (16.7% of votes). No candidate won such a majority on the first ballot, so a second ballot was held February 2, 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0013-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nThe election of all four representatives was contested, but the records that explained the precise grounds on which the election was contested have been lost due to the burning of Washington in the War of 1812. It is known to have related to questions of regularity and procedure. All four representatives' elections were ruled valid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0014-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York held elections to the 1st Congress on March 3 and 4, 1789. At the time, districts were unnumbered. They are retroactively numbered in this section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0015-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina ratified the Constitution late and thus elected representatives to the 1st Congress in 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0016-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania held elections to the 1st Congress on November 26, 1788. For this first election (and again in 1792 election for the 3rd Congress), Pennsylvania chose to elect all of its representatives on a single statewide general ticket, an attempt by the pro-Administration-majority legislature to prevent anti-Administration candidates from winning seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0017-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island ratified the Constitution late and thus elected representatives to the 1st Congress in 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018574-0018-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina\nIn the 1st district, William L. Smith (Pro-Administration)'s election was contested by David Ramsay (Pro-Administration) who claimed that Smith had not been a citizen for the required 7 years at the time of his election, the House Committee on Elections ruled in Smith's favor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1788 and 1789 were the first elections for the United States Senate, which coincided with the election of President George Washington. As of this election, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of senators who supported George Washington's administration were known as \"Pro-Administration\", and the senators against him as \"Anti-Administration\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0001-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, senators were chosen by State legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0002-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Resulting composition\nNote: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0003-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Resulting composition, Beginning of the 1st Congress\nNew York failed to elect its senators until after the Congress began, so its seats are labelled here as \"Vacant.\" North Carolina and Rhode Island did not ratify the Constitution until after the Congress began, so their seats are not included here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 98], "content_span": [99, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0004-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nExcept if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0005-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 1st Congress\nIn these general elections, the winners were elected in advance of March 4, 1789, the date set to be the beginning of the 1st Congress. Ordered by state, then by class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0006-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 1st Congress\nIn these general elections, the winners were elected in 1789 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0007-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe election was held in July 1789. It was the first such election, and before the actual election the New York State Legislature had to establish rules for proceeding. They decided to ballot separately, and then pass a joint resolution once they had concurred in the election of two candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0008-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, New York\nOn July 15, Schuyler was nominated first, and members of each chamber attempted to substitute the names of other candidates, including Ezra L'Hommedieu and Rufus King. These motions failed, and Schuyler was elected by a vote of 37 to 19 in the Assembly, and 13 to 6 in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0009-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, New York\nKing's election came after individual legislators and the two chambers failed to agree on the election of James Duane, Ezra L'Hommedieu, or Lewis Morris. King was then elected unanimously by the Assembly, and by a vote of 11 to 8 in the Senate. On July 16, Schuyler and King were appointed to the U.S. Senate by a joint resolution of the State Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0010-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, New York\nKing took his seat on July 25, and drew the lot for Class 3, his term expiring on March 3, 1795. Schuyler took his seat on July 27, and drew the lot for Class 1, his term expiring on March 3, 1791. The 1st United States Congress convened at New York City, as did the regular session of the New York State Legislature in January 1790. Schuyler retained his seat in the State Senate while serving concurrently in the U.S. Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0010-0001", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, New York\nSchuyler was also elected on January 15 a member of the State's Council of Appointments which consisted of the Governor of New York, and four State Senators elected annually by the State Assembly. On January 27, the New York State Legislature resolved that it was \"incompatible with the U.S. Constitution for any person holding an office under the United States government at the same time to have a seat in the Legislature of this State\", and that if a member of the State Legislature was elected or appointed to a federal office, the seat should be declared vacant upon acceptance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0010-0002", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, New York\nThus U.S. Senator Schuyler, Federal Judge James Duane and Congressmen John Hathorn and John Laurance vacated their seats in the State Senate. On April 3, John Cantine, a member of the Council of Appointments, raised the question if Schuyler, after vacating his State Senate seat, was still a member of the Council. Philip Livingston, another member, held that once elected a member could not be expelled in any case. On April 5, Governor Clinton asked the State Assembly for a decision, but the latter refused to do so, arguing that it was a question of law, which could be pursued in the courts. Schuyler thus kept his seat in the Council of Appointments until the end of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0011-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina was the 12th state to ratify the new United States Constitution, doing so in November 1789, months after the First Congress had first convened. A few days after that ratification, on November 26, 1789, the two houses of the state legislature jointly elected incumbent Governor Samuel Johnston (who was considered pro-Administration) as North Carolina's first United States Senator. The minutes of the state Senate indicate that the two houses had actually voted for both U.S. Senate seats, but that no candidate received a majority for the second seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0012-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, North Carolina\nDays later, the state Senate sent messages to the state House of Commons nominating candidates for the state's other Senate seat. These included William Lenoir, William Blount, Benjamin Hawkins, and Timothy Bloodworth. Hawkins (who was also pro-Administration at the time) was elected jointly by the two houses on December 8, 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0013-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nThe election was held on September 30, 1788. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, elected Pennsylvania's first two United States Senators, William Maclay and Robert Morris. Anti - Federalist William Maclay was elected to the two-year staggered term of the Class 1 seat, while Federalist and founding father Robert Morris was elected to the full six-year term of the Class 3 seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0014-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nWhile no official results of the votes were recorded, the State House recorded minutes of its election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018575-0015-0000", "contents": "1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nAgreeably to the order of the day, the House proceeded to the election of Senators to represent this state in the Congress of the United States, agreeably to the constitution adopted for the government of the said states; and the ballots being taken, it appeared that the Honorable William Maclay and Robert Morris, Esquires, were duly elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018576-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 doctors' riot\nThe doctors' riot was an incident that occurred in April 1788 in New York City, where the illegal procurement of corpses from the graves of the recently deceased caused a mass expression of discontent from poorer New Yorkers that was directed primarily at physicians and medical students.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018576-0001-0000", "contents": "1788 doctors' riot, Background\nBy the end of the American Revolution, roughly one fifth of New York City's population was black, most of whom were slaves. Their low social standing allowed slaves' bodies to be buried only outside the city limits. Most often, they were buried in a few plots north of Chambers Street, across the street from the Pauper's Cemetery, often with several bodies to a grave, in a site now marked by the African Burial Ground National Monument, then known as the \"Negroes Burying Ground\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018576-0002-0000", "contents": "1788 doctors' riot, Background\nBoth cemeteries were close to Columbia College, which housed the city's only school of medicine. Taboos associated with the violation of corpses made it difficult to procure cadavers for dissection and study, and many students and doctors would exhume bodies from the nearby graveyards because of the socially-marginalized status of their occupants. \"Resurrection,\" as body-snatching or grave-robbing was called, was the cheapest, surest way to obtain the remains of the newly deceased, especially in the winter, when bodies decayed more slowly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018576-0003-0000", "contents": "1788 doctors' riot, Riot\nBecause there was then no known method to preserve an entire corpse, thefts were performed hastily, often in winter to slow the rate of decomposition. In the winter of 1788, the number of corpses being exhumed by students increased substantially. The activities of medical students and physicians, who were known colloquially as \"Resurrectionists\" in the black cemetery, were noticed by a group of freedmen who, on February the 3rd, petitioned the Common Council to take action against it. The petition was largely ignored, and no effort was made to stop the unlicensed exhumations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018576-0004-0000", "contents": "1788 doctors' riot, Riot\nIn April 1788, a group of children were playing outside the New York Hospital, next to a room where a student of the physician Richard Bayley, who was known to exhume corpses from the two cemeteries, was dissecting an arm. Bayley, born and bred in Connecticut, had received his medical education in England, where body-snatching was more common. There were whispers about him \"cutting up his patients and performing cruel experiments upon the sick.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018576-0005-0000", "contents": "1788 doctors' riot, Riot\nThe student, John Hicks, waved the arm out at the children, telling a boy whose mother had recently died that it belonged to her. The boy ran home and told his father of that. He, after exhuming his wife's coffin and finding it empty, gathered a group of concerned citizens who marched to the hospital and began to mass around the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018576-0006-0000", "contents": "1788 doctors' riot, Riot\nThe mob eventually broke into the hospital and, after becoming incensed upon finding several bodies in various stages of mutilation, pulled Richard Bayley's assistant Wright Post and a number of his students into the street, where the mayor of New York City, James Duane intervened and ordered them escorted to the jailhouse for protection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018576-0007-0000", "contents": "1788 doctors' riot, Riot\nA crowd of 2,000 people had gathered, and news spread of the horrors seen in the hospital, leading to widespread rioting, with the few physicians remaining in New York City being forced into hiding. A large group of rioters descended upon Broadway, searching for John Hicks, who was felt by the crowd to be the main source of blame. As they assembled in front of the courthouse and threw rocks, militia and cavalry were called in to repel them. The riot lasted a few days, ceasing when Governor Clinton sent the militia to patrol the streets until a calm environment was ensured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018576-0008-0000", "contents": "1788 doctors' riot, Riot\nAt least three rioters and three militiamen died in the confrontation; some estimate up to 20 dead. The protesters also destroyed all the available human specimens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018576-0009-0000", "contents": "1788 doctors' riot, Effects\nPublic opinion of physicians in New York stood very low for many years, and while some students were brought to trial, Hicks was not among them. Post-mortem dissection was considered an indignity to the dead, and the city fathers even forbade using bodies abandoned in the rougher parts of the city. A year later, in January 1789, a statute was finally put into law in order to codify the proper treatment of corpses, with harsh punishments imposed for those who violated it. Anyone who broke the law would stand on the pillory or be publicly whipped, fined, or imprisoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018576-0010-0000", "contents": "1788 doctors' riot, Effects\nThe statute also permitted the bodies of executed criminals to be used in dissection \"in order that science [might not] be injured by preventing the dissection of proper subjects.\" \"Resurrection men,\" professionals who used stealth and discretion, were recruited to replace the students and went on to control the supply of cadavers for generations. Throughout the 1700s, British law considered dissection as a worse punishment than death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018576-0011-0000", "contents": "1788 doctors' riot, Effects\nTo discourage dueling, the Massachusetts General Court also imposed dissection as a threat by ruling that anyone who died as a result of a duel would be sentenced to post-mortem dissection and dismemberment. Dissection was seen as perhaps one of the worst things that could happen to a person other than death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018577-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1788 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018582-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 in Great Britain, Notes\nThree non-overlapping twelve-month periods have been drier over England and Wales than calendar year 1788 \u2013 August 1784 to July 1785, September 1975 to August 1976 and February 1854 to January 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018591-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1788 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018594-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1788.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018595-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018595-0001-0000", "contents": "1788 in poetry, Works published in English, United Kingdom\nThis year three works of poetry, all written by women (the Falconars, More and Yearsley), condemn slavery; while Samuel Pratt is an early advocate of animal rights:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018595-0002-0000", "contents": "1788 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018595-0003-0000", "contents": "1788 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018596-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 in science\nThe year 1788 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018597-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 in sports\n1788 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018598-0000-0000", "contents": "1788 in the Dutch Republic\nThe following lists events that happened during 1788 in the Dutch Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018600-0000-0000", "contents": "1788-L\n1788-L is an electronic music producer. He rose to fame in 2018 with a remix of Virtual Self's \"Particle Arts\" uploaded onto his SoundCloud account. Other releases following this include \"Multiverse\" (with 4AM) and a remix of Daft Punk's \"Rinzler\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018600-0001-0000", "contents": "1788-L, Career\nOn 26 January 2018, 1788-L uploaded his debut release, \"Replica\", on SoundCloud. A digital download release of his song was issued on 2 February 2018. On 9 February 2018 he released a remix of \"Particle Arts\" by Virtual Self. On 2 March 2018, a remix of Daft Punk's \"Rinzler\" (from Tron: Legacy) was released, and premiered on Dancing Astronaut. On 30 March 2018, a remix of \"Radioactivity\" by Kraftwerk was released on all platforms. His debut extended play, Sentience, which comprises four tracks was released on August 24, 2018 through Zeds Dead' label, Deadbeats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018600-0002-0000", "contents": "1788-L, Career\n1788-L performed his first live show on July, 2018 in Los Angeles, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018601-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire law required a winning candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters (16.7% of votes). No candidate won such a majority on the first ballot, so a second ballot was held February 2, 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [74, 74], "content_span": [75, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018602-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts law required a majority vote, necessitating additional votes if no one won a majority. This was necessary in 4 of the districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018602-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nThe first election in the district was in part a reflection of the rivalry between Hampshire and Berkshire counties. Berkshire was the less populous county, but four of the six candidates who received the most votes - Theodore Sedgwick, William Whiting, Thompson J. Skinner, and William Williams - were residents of the county. The two Hampshire candidates were Samuel Lyman and John Worthington. The first election did not reflect the fact that the two counties were centers of agrarian discontent and of support for Shays's Rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018602-0001-0001", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nNor did it reflect the fact that in the state Convention the Hampshire delegates voted 32 to 19 and the Berkshire delegates voted 16 to 6 against ratification of the Constitution. Only Whiting was regarded as a Shaysite and an Anti-Federalist, while the other five men were Federalists - and two of these - Worthington and Williams - had been virtual if not actual Loyalists during the Revolution. The issue of amendments to the Constitution was not raised during the first election in the district, but it became so important in the ensuing elections that Theodore Sedgwick, who opposed amendments, publicly promised to support them before the fifth election, which he won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018602-0002-0000", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nThe only problem was whether Partridge could retain his post of sheriff of Plymouth County and accept a seat in Congress, as he had done in 1779-1782 and 1783-1785. He received a certificate from Governor Hancock on 10 January notifying him of his election. Partridge wrote three letters to the Governor. In the first, which he apparently did not send, he refused the appointment. He accepted in the two following letters but explained that he would not take the seat if he had to give up his post as sheriff (12, 20 January, 23 February).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018602-0002-0001", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nThe issue of whether or not a state officeholder could retain a state post and still serve in Congress had been and would be raised in other states. On 12 February Governor Hancock asked his Council for advice about Partridge and about George Leonard, judge of probate in Bristol County, who had been elected to Congress from the Bristol-Dukes-Nantucket District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018602-0002-0002", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nThe Council replied in writing the same day that it was 'inexpedient' for a man to hold the office of judge of probate and a seat in Congress, but that it did not find anything in the state constitution which prevented a sheriff from also being a member of Congress. The Council advised, however, that it would be inexpedient to introduce the practice of sheriffs being absent for long periods although Partridge 'may at present be indulged' and take a seat in Congress 'consistently with the safety of that county' (Council Proceedings, Thursday 12 February, M-Ar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018602-0002-0003", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nThe next day Governor Hancock sent the Council's written reply to the legislature and asked for its advice (13 February, Miscellaneous Legislative Documents, House Files, M-Ar). The two houses appointed a joint committee which wrote a report that was approved and sent to the Governor on Monday, 16 February. The legislature declared that if George Leonard continued to hold the office of judge of probate and also took a seat on Congress, any future legislature would address the Governor authorizing him and the Council to appoint another person judge of probate in Bristol County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018602-0002-0004", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nBut the legislature refused to give advice about George Partridge. It pointed out that sheriffs served during the pleasure of the governor, and (with the advice of his Council) were removable by him at any time. Sheriffs were not removable in any other way except through impeachment by the House and a trial before and conviction by the Senate. Therefore the House and Senate declared that intervention by the legislature was 'neither necessary or proper; and from the conduct and advice of your Council, they see no reason to doubt the wisdom of that constitutional provision' (House and Senate Proceedings, 13, 14, 16 February).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018602-0003-0000", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nIt was evident before the elections were completed in Worcester District that a candidate who did not support amendments to the Constitution had no chance of winning. The three leading candidates in the three Worcester District elections were Jonathan Grout, Timothy Paine, and Artemas Ward. Grout, a local leader during the Revolution, had voted against ratification of the Constitution and in 1788 was a member of the legislature. Paine, a prominent officeholder in the county for two decades before the Revolution, had been appointed to the Royal Council in 1774. Unlike most 'mandamus councillors,' he did not become a Loyalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018602-0003-0001", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nBy 1788 he had regained much of his influence in the town of Worcester. Ward had been appointed commanding general of Massachusetts troops after Lexington and Concord, he remained in charge until George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in July 1775. The popular Ward resigned his commission in April 1776 and returned to state politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018602-0003-0002", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nThe past records of these three men did not become a public issue until shortly before the third and final election.\u2026AS in the two previous election, the two Worcester newspapers, with one exception, printed nothing until their last issues before the election on 2 March. The exception consisted of two items (one of which supported Timothy Paine) in the Massachusetts Spy on 19 February. Then on 26 February the Massachusetts Spy published five articles. Two of them supported Jonathan Grout, one supported Artemas Ward, one backed Timothy Paine, and the fifth did not mention any names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018602-0003-0003", "contents": "1788\u20131789 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nOn the same day the American Herald published four items. One supported Grout, one opposed Paine because he had been a mandamus councillor, and the other two items urged that he be elected. The issue of Paine's appointment as a mandamus councillor by the British government in 1774 had been brought up for the first time by the Boston Independent Chronicle, 12 February, and not by the Worcester newspapers. Despite the ambivalence of the newspapers, there was a considerable increase of interest, for the vote almost doubled over the first election on 18 December 1788: from 1,886 to 3,484. Grout was elected Representative by a decisive majority. Artemas Ward, who ran a poor third in each of the three elections, finally defeated Grout in the election to the second Congress in 1791. Paine was elected to the state House of Representatives in 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018603-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States elections\nThe United States elections of 1788\u20131789 were the first federal elections in the United States following the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788. In the elections, George Washington was elected as the first president and the members of the 1st United States Congress were selected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018603-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States elections\nFormal political parties did not exist, as the leading politicians of the day largely distrusted the idea of \"factions.\" However, in the years after the ratification of the Constitution, Congress would become broadly divided by the economic policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, with the Pro-Administration faction supporting those policies. Opposing them was the Anti-Administration faction, which sought a smaller role for the federal government. In these elections, the Pro-Administration faction won majorities in both houses of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018603-0002-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States elections\nMeanwhile, General George Washington was elected as the country's first president, while John Adams, who finished with the second largest number of electoral votes, was elected as the first vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018603-0003-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States elections, Presidential election\nThe presidential election of 1788\u20131789 was the first election of a federal head of state or head of government in United States history. Prior to the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788, the U.S. had been governed under the Articles of Confederation, which provided for a very limited central government; what power that did exist was vested in the Congress of the Confederation, a unicameral legislature consisting of representatives elected by the states. The Congress of the Confederation had elected a president, but this position was largely ceremonial and was not equivalent to the presidency that was established by the United States Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018603-0004-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States elections, Presidential election\nUnder the U.S. Constitution, the president was chosen by the Electoral College, which consisted of electors selected by each state. Prior to the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment, each elector cast two votes; the individual who received the most electoral votes would become president, while the individual who received the second-most electoral votes would become vice president. If no individual received votes from a majority of the electors, or if two individuals tied for the most votes, then the House of Representatives would select the president in a contingent election. Under the Constitution, each state determines its own method of choosing presidential electors; in the 1788\u20131789 presidential election, many electors were appointed by state legislators, while others were chosen through elections. In the states that did hold elections, suffrage was generally restricted to white men who owned property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 975]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018603-0005-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States elections, Presidential election\nNo party made a nomination for the presidency in the 1788\u20131789 presidential election, but several individuals vied for electoral votes. After his service in the American Revolutionary War, General George Washington was the first choice of many for president, but Washington was somewhat reluctant to re-enter public service. The American public at large, however, wanted Washington to be the nation's first president. The first U.S. presidential campaign was, to some degree, what today would be called a grassroots effort to convince Washington to accept the office. Alexander Hamilton was one of the most dedicated in his efforts to get Washington to accept the presidency, as he foresaw himself receiving a powerful position in the administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018603-0006-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States elections, Presidential election\nLess certain was the choice for the vice presidency, which contained little definitive job description in the constitution. The only official role of the vice president was as the President of the United States Senate, a duty unrelated to the executive branch. Because Washington was from Virginia, Washington (who remained neutral on the candidates) assumed that a vice president would be chosen from Massachusetts to provide sectional balance between the Northern states and the Southern states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018603-0006-0001", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States elections, Presidential election\nIn an August 1788 letter, Thomas Jefferson wrote that he considered John Adams, John Hancock, John Jay, James Madison, and John Rutledge to be contenders for the vice presidency. Fearing an electoral college tie that could end with Adams winning the presidency, Alexander Hamilton arranged for several electors to vote for other candidates, including John Jay, who finished with the third most electoral votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018603-0007-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States elections, Presidential election\nOn April 6, 1789, the House and Senate, meeting in joint session, counted the electoral votes and certified that Washington had received electoral votes from each of the 69 electors that had cast votes, and thus had been elected president. They also certified that Adams, with 34 electoral votes, had been elected as vice president. The other 35 electoral votes were divided among: John Jay (9), Robert H. Harrison (6), John Rutledge (6), John Hancock (4), George Clinton (3), Samuel Huntington (2), John Milton (2), James Armstrong (1), Benjamin Lincoln (1), and Edward Telfair (1). Only ten of the thirteen states cast electoral votes; North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate as they had not yet ratified the Constitution, while the New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted electors in time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018603-0008-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States elections, Congressional elections\nIn 1788 and 1789, there were no political parties, but the major political split was between federalists who favored the ratification of the Constitution and anti-federalists who favored either completely rejecting the Constitution or only ratifying the document after making major changes to it. For example, in the election to represent Virginia's 5th congressional district, James Madison, a federalist who had played a major role in designing and ratifying the Constitution, defeated James Monroe, an anti-federalist who favored major changes to the Constitution. In many elections, local issues and the personal popularity of the candidates played a more important role than positions on the Constitution and other national issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018603-0009-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States elections, Congressional elections\nRetrospectively, political scientists and historians have divided the 1st Congress into members of the Pro-Administration and Anti-Administration factions. The Pro-Administration faction would generally support the centralizing economic policies of the Washington administration and Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton. The Anti-Administration faction generally opposed those policies, instead favoring states' rights and a weaker federal government. The Pro-Administration faction overlapped heavily with both the federalists who favored the ratification of the Constitution and the later Federalist Party, while the Anti-Administration faction overlapped with the anti-federalists and the later Democratic-Republican Party. Using this divide as a lens through which to view the elections, the Pro-Administration faction won majorities in both houses of Congress. Factional alignment would be fluid for much of the Washington administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 1001]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election\nThe 1788\u201389 United States presidential election was the first quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Monday, December 15, 1788, to Saturday, January 10, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president, and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years, without a contingent election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election\nUnder the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. Separation of the executive function of government from the legislative was incomplete, as in countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation, whose \"President of the United States in Congress Assembled\" was also chair of the Committee of the States, which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0002-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election\nThe Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's Congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote in a way even roughly resembling the modern method in all states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0003-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election\nThe enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, it was known that he would be elected by virtual acclaim; Washington did not select a running mate, as that concept was not yet developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0004-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election\nNo formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the Vice-Presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti - Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0005-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election\nAll 69 electors cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0006-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, Candidates\nThough no organized political parties yet existed, political opinion loosely divided between those who had more stridently and enthusiastically endorsed ratification of the Constitution, called Federalists or Cosmopolitans, and Anti- Federalists or Localists who had only more reluctantly, skeptically, or conditionally supported, or who had outright opposed ratification. Both factions supported Washington for president. Limited, primitive political campaigning occurred in states and localities where swaying public opinion might matter. For example, in Maryland, a state with a statewide popular vote, unofficial parties campaigned locally, advertising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0007-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, General election\nNo nomination process existed at the time of planning, and thus, the framers of the Constitution presumed that Washington would be elected unopposed. For example, Alexander Hamilton spoke for national opinion when in a letter to Washington attempting to persuade him to leave retirement on his farm in Mount Vernon to serve as the first President, he wrote that \"...the point of light in which you stand at home and abroad will make an infinite difference in the respectability in which the government will begin its operations in the alternative of your being or not being the head of state.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0008-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, General election\nAnother uncertainty was the choice for the vice presidency, which contained no definite job description beyond being the President's designated successor while presiding over the Senate. The Constitution stipulated that the position would be awarded to the runner-up in the Presidential election. Because Washington was from Virginia, then the largest state, many assumed that electors would choose a vice president from a northern state. In an August 1788 letter, U.S. Minister to France Thomas Jefferson wrote that he considered John Adams and John Hancock, both from Massachusetts, to be the top contenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0008-0001", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, General election\nJefferson suggested John Jay, John Rutledge, and Virginian James Madison as other possible candidates. Adams received 34 electoral votes, one short of a majority \u2013 because the Constitution did not require an outright majority in the Electoral College prior to ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to elect a runner-up as vice president, Adams was elected to that post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0009-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, General election\nVoter turnout comprised a low single-digit percentage of the adult population. Though all states allowed some rudimentary form of popular vote, only six ratifying states allowed any form of popular vote specifically for presidential electors. In most states only white men, and in many only those who owned property, could vote. Free black men could vote in four Northern states, and women could vote in New Jersey until 1807. In some states, there was a nominal religious test for voting. For example, in Massachusetts and Connecticut, the Congregational Church was established, supported by taxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0009-0001", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, General election\nVoting was hampered by poor communications and infrastructure and the labor demands imposed by farming. Two months passed after the election before the votes were counted and Washington was notified that he had been elected president. Washington spent one week traveling from Virginia to New York for the inauguration. Similarly, Congress took weeks to assemble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0010-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, General election\nAs the electors were selected, politics intruded, and the process was not free of rumors and intrigue. For example, Hamilton aimed to ensure that Adams did not inadvertently tie Washington in the electoral vote. Also, Federalists spread rumors that Anti- Federalists plotted to elect Richard Henry Lee or Patrick Henry president, with George Clinton as vice president. However, Clinton received only three electoral votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0011-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, General election, Results, Popular vote\n(a) Only six of the 11 states eligible to cast electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote. (b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 Census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes. (c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 84], "content_span": [85, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0012-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, General election, Results, Electoral vote\nSource: Source (popular vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787\u20131825", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 86], "content_span": [87, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0013-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, General election, Results, Electoral vote\n(a) Only 6 of the 10 states casting electoral votes chose electors by any form of the popular vote. (b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 Census would count a total population of 3.0\u00a0million with a free population of 2.4\u00a0million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes. (c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. (d) As the New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted eight electors in time, there were no voting electors from New York. (e)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 86], "content_span": [87, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0013-0001", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, General election, Results, Electoral vote\nTwo electors from Maryland did not vote. (f) One elector from Virginia did not vote and another elector from Virginia was not chosen because an election district failed to submit returns. (g) The identity of this candidate comes from The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections (Gordon DenBoer (ed. ), University of Wisconsin Press, 1984, p.\u00a0441). Several respected sources, including the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and the Political Graveyard, instead show this individual to be James Armstrong of Pennsylvania. However, primary sources, such as the , list only Armstrong's name, not his state. Skeptics observe that Armstrong received his single vote from a Georgia elector. They find this improbable because Armstrong of Pennsylvania was not nationally famous\u2014his public service to that date consisted of being a medical officer during the American Revolution and, at most, a single year as a Pennsylvania judge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 86], "content_span": [87, 1039]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0014-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, Results by state, Popular vote\nThe popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest vote totals. The vote totals of Virginia appear to be incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 75], "content_span": [76, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0015-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, Results by state, Electoral Vote, New York's lack of electors\nDue to feuding political factions, New York's legislative branches could not come to agreement on how Presidential Electors would be chosen. The Anti-federalists (championing the middling-classes and state prerogatives) controlled the Assembly and were resentful that they had been forced by events to agree to ratify the Constitution of the United States of America without amendments. While the Federalists had gone from being conservative patriots during the war to nationalists who, backed by the great landed families and New York City commercial interests, controlled the Senate. Bills on how the state should appoint Presidential Electors were crafted by each of the legislative bodies and rejected by the other body. This was not resolved by January 7, 1789, which was the required date for all presidential Electors to be chosen by the states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 106], "content_span": [107, 959]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0016-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, Electoral college selection\nThe Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. State legislatures chose different methods:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 72], "content_span": [73, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018604-0017-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election, Electoral college selection\n(a) New York's legislature did not choose electors on time. (b) One electoral district failed to choose an elector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 72], "content_span": [73, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018605-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between December 15, 1788 \u2013 January 10, 1789 as part of the 1789 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018605-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nConnecticut, which had become the 5th state on January 9, 1788, unanimously cast its seven electoral votes for George Washington during its first presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018606-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Delaware\nThe 1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Delaware took place between December 15, 1788, and January 10, 1789, as part of the 1788\u20131789 United States presidential election to elect the first President. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018606-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Delaware\nDelaware unanimously voted for independent candidate and commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, George Washington. The total vote is composed of 685 for Federalist electors, all of whom were supportive of Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018607-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Georgia\nThe 1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Georgia took place between December 15, 1788 \u2013 January 10, 1789 as part of the 1788\u201389 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 5 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018607-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Georgia\nGeorgia, which had become the 4th state on January 2, 1788, unanimously cast its 5 electoral votes for George Washington during its first presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018608-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Maryland\nThe 1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Maryland took place between December 15, 1788 and January 10, 1789, as part of the 1788\u20131789 United States presidential election to elect the first President. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President. However, 2 electors would not vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018608-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Maryland\nMaryland unanimously voted for nonpartisan candidate and commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, George Washington. The total vote is composed of 5,539 for Federalist electors and 2,193 for Anti- Federalist electors, all of whom were supportive of Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018609-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nThe 1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place between December 15, 1788 and January 10, 1789, as part of the 1788\u20131789 United States presidential election to elect the first President. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018609-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts unanimously voted for independent candidate and commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, George Washington. The total vote is composed of 17,740 for Federalist electors, all of whom were supportive of Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018610-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThe 1788\u201389 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place between December 15, 1788 and January 10, 1789, as part of the 1788\u201389 United States presidential election to elect the first President. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018610-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire unanimously voted for independent candidate and commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, George Washington. The total vote is composed of 5,909 for Federalist electors, all of whom were supportive of Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018611-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1788\u201389 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between December 15, 1788 \u2013 January 10, 1789 as part of the 1789 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018611-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey, which had become the 3rd state on December 18, 1787, unanimously cast its 6 electoral votes for George Washington during its first presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018612-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on January 7, 1789, as part of the 1788\u201389 United States presidential election to elect the first President. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018612-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania unanimously voted for nonpartisan candidate and commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, George Washington. The total vote is composed of 6,711 for Federalist electors and 672 for Anti- Federalist electors, all of whom were supportive of Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018613-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1788\u201389 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between December 15, 1788 \u2013 January 10, 1789 as part of the 1789 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 7 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018613-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina, which had become the 8th state on May 23, 1788, unanimously cast its seven electoral votes for George Washington during its first presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018614-0000-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Virginia took place between December 15, 1788 and January 10, 1789, as part of the 1788\u20131789 United States presidential election to elect the first President. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President. However, one elector did not vote and another elector was not chosen because an election district failed to submit returns, resulting in only 10 electoral votes being submitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018614-0001-0000", "contents": "1788\u201389 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia unanimously voted for nonpartisan candidate and commander-in-chief of the Continental Army George Washington. The total popular vote is composed of 3,040 for Federalist electors and 1,293 for Anti- Federalist electors, all of whom were supportive of Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018615-0000-0000", "contents": "1789\n1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1789th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 789th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 89th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1789, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018616-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 Conspiracy\nThe 1789 Conspiracy was a plot in Sweden in 1789, with the purpose of deposing Gustav III of Sweden, and place his brother Charles XIII of Sweden on the throne. The plot was instigated by a group of consirators at the royal court, consisting of among others the king's sister-in-law, Charles' spouse Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, the king's youngest brother Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland, and Charles' favorite Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018616-0000-0001", "contents": "1789 Conspiracy\nThe plot was influenced by the opposition of the nobility against Gustav III because of the Union and Security Act during the Russo-Swedish War (1788\u20131790), and the plan was to convince Charles to act as the central figure and symbol of this opposition. The plot was discontinued because Charles, when informed, refused to participate in it. The plot was never officially exposed and did not result in any legal action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018617-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 Dobrovolsky\n1789 Dobrovolsky (prov. designation: 1966 QC) is a Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 August 1966, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after cosmonaut Georgy Dobrovolsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018617-0001-0000", "contents": "1789 Dobrovolsky, Orbit and classification\nDobrovolsky is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,203 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1936 KK at Johannesburg, the body's first used observation was taken at Nice Observatory in 1943, when Dobrovolsky was identified as 1943 SG, extending its observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018617-0002-0000", "contents": "1789 Dobrovolsky, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Ukrainian\u2013Soviet cosmonaut Georgy Dobrovolsky, commander of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft, who died on 30 June 1971 during the vehicle's return to Earth after completing the flight program of the first manned orbital station, Salyut. The subsequently numbered minor planets 1790 Volkov and 1791 Patsayev were named in honour of his dead crew members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018617-0003-0000", "contents": "1789 Dobrovolsky, Naming\nThe names of all three cosmonauts are also engraved on the plaque next to the sculpture of the Fallen Astronaut on the Moon, which was placed there during the Apollo 15 mission, containing the names of eight American astronauts and six Soviet cosmonauts, who had all died in service. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3296).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018617-0004-0000", "contents": "1789 Dobrovolsky, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe so-far best rated rotational lightcurve of Dobrovolsky was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian A. Skiff in March 2011. It gave a rotation period of 4.812 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13 magnitude (U=3). Other lightcurves were obtained by Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist (in 1973) and at the Palomar Transient Factory (in 2014), giving a period of 5.8, 4.800 and 4.8111 hours, respectively (U=2/2/2). An international study from February 2016, published a modeled period of 4.811096 hours (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018617-0005-0000", "contents": "1789 Dobrovolsky, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Dobrovolsky measures 7.92 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.185 (best result), while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of its family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 9.85 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018618-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 English cricket season\nThe 1789 English cricket season was the 18th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class status and the third after the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club. It featured 14 top-class matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018618-0001-0000", "contents": "1789 English cricket season\nThe French Revolution escalated after the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July when cricket patron John Frederick Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset, was the British ambassador in Paris. Dorset was reportedly planning a goodwill visit to France by an England team, but the crisis forced him to return home and the venture was cancelled before the team could leave England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018618-0002-0000", "contents": "1789 English cricket season, Matches\nA total of 14 top-class matches were played during the season and involved teams from each of Essex, Hampshire, Kent, Middlesex and Surrey. An England side took part in three matches, two against the Hampshire XI and one against the Kent XI while a Gentlemen of England side played against the Middlesex XI. There were two matches between teams from West Kent and East Kent and a team from Hornchurch Cricket Club hosted MCC in August. A match between teams named A to M and N to Z was played at Lord's Old Ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018618-0003-0000", "contents": "1789 English cricket season, Proposed visit to Paris by an England team\nThe British ambassador to France, the Duke of Dorset, a leading patron of cricket, planned the formation of an England team to visit Paris on a goodwill tour and play matches there in August. The team, captained by William Yalden, reportedly assembled in London and travelled to Dover on 10 August where, unexpectedly, they met the Duke himself coming the other way. He was returning to England following the escalation of the French Revolution and the venture was cancelled. According to John Major in More Than A Game, \"the whole story is nonsense\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018618-0003-0001", "contents": "1789 English cricket season, Proposed visit to Paris by an England team\nOn 16 July, two days after the Storming of the Bastille, Dorset had written to Foreign Secretary Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds, about the crisis and had warned other British residents to leave Paris so, Major contends, he would hardly have invited a cricket team to come to France at such a time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018618-0004-0000", "contents": "1789 English cricket season, Proposed visit to Paris by an England team\nDorset is known to have left Paris on 8 August. He did not return and was temporarily replaced by his Embassy Secretary, Lord Robert Stephen FitzGerald, as Minister Plenipotentiary. New credentials were delivered by his official successor, Earl Gower, on 20 June 1790. Dorset's credentials were terminated on 29 June 1790. If the venture had gone ahead, it would have been the first-ever international cricket tour but, instead, it became the first to be cancelled for political reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018619-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 New Hampshire's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New Hampshire's at-large congressional district on June 22, 1789 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Representative-Elect Benjamin West, who had declined to serve. This was the first special election in the history of the United States House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018620-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1789 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1789 to elect the Governor and the Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018620-0001-0000", "contents": "1789 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nIncumbent George Clinton and justice of the New York Supreme Court Robert Yates, both members of the Anti-Administration faction, ran for Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018620-0002-0000", "contents": "1789 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nIncumbent Pierre Van Cortlandt was the only candidate for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018620-0003-0000", "contents": "1789 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nClinton and Van Cortlandt were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018621-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1789 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 1, 1789 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. John Collins, the incumbent Governor, was the sole candidate and so won with 100% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018622-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 Sydney smallpox outbreak\nIn April 1789, Sydney, Australia, experienced one of its most violent outbreaks of smallpox when the disease swept through aboriginal and colonial Australians on the coast. The outbreak began in early March with the first cases appearing in a tribes living near Port Jackson. Aboriginal communities had no preexisting immunity to smallpox, and suffered mortality rates of around 70%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018622-0001-0000", "contents": "1789 Sydney smallpox outbreak, Smallpox in Sydney\nAboriginal tribes on Arnhem Land first contracted smallpox when they made infectious contact with fishermen from southeast Asia. Governor Arthur Philip estimated that around half of the aboriginal population around Sydney harbor died in the outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018623-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nThe Delaware United States House election for 1789 was held on January 7, 1789. The former Continental Congressman John Vining won the election and became Delaware`s first Representative to the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018624-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey\nThe election of all four representatives was contested, but the records that explained the precise grounds on which the election was contested have been lost due to the burning of Washington in the War of 1812. It is known to have related to questions of regularity and procedure. All four representatives' elections were ruled valid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018625-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia\nGeorgia had a mixed at-large/district system for the 1st Congress. Representatives were elected at-large, but for three district-based seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018626-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland\nThe 1789 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland were held from December 15, 1788, to January 10, 1789, to elect the six U.S. Representatives from the state of Maryland, one from each of the state's six congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 1788\u201389 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018626-0001-0000", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland\nMaryland had a mixed district/at-large system similar to Georgia's. Under Maryland law, \"candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018627-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1789 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held on March 3 and 4, 1789, to elect 6 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the 1st United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018627-0001-0000", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nThe United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, and then ratified by the States. On July 8, 1788, the Congress of the Confederation passed a resolution calling the first session of the 1st United States Congress for March 4, 1789, to convene at New York City and the election of U.S. Senators and U.S. Representatives in the meanwhile by the States. New York ratified the U.S. Constitution on July 26, 1788 by a very slim margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018627-0002-0000", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nOn January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018627-0003-0000", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018627-0004-0000", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nThree Federalists and three Anti- Federalists (later known as the Democratic-Republicans) were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018627-0005-0000", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: This was the first time political parties appeared in the United States. Before the question of establishing a federal government, or not, arose, all candidatures had been personal. Now, politicians aligned in two opposing groups: First those in favor of the establishment of a federal government and those against it, and then - after the federal government had been indeed established - those who supported it and those who did not. The first group are generally known as the Federalists, or (as a group in Congress) the \"Pro-Administration Party.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018627-0005-0001", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nThe second group at first were called the Anti-Federalists, or (as a group in Congress) the \"Anti-Administration Party\", but soon called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018627-0006-0000", "contents": "1789 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath\nThe 1st United States Congress had convened at Federal Hall in New York City on March 4, 1789, without any members from the State of New York, and without a quorum in either Senate or House. The first day with a quorum in the House was April 1. The representatives elected in and near New York City took their seats soon after the election. The upstate representatives needed some time to arrive, and Peter Silvester took his seat on April 22, John Hathorn on April 23, and Jeremiah Van Rensselaer on May 9. Their term ended on March 3, 1791. In April 1790, all six representatives ran for re-election: Floyd, Hathorn and Van Rensselaer (all Dem.-Rep.) were defeated; Laurance, Benson and Silvester (all Fed.) were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018628-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 United States Senate elections in New York\nThe 1789 United States Senate election in New York was held in July 1789 to elect two U.S. Senators to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate. It was the first such election, and before the actual election the New York State Legislature had to establish the proceedings how to elect the senators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018628-0001-0000", "contents": "1789 United States Senate elections in New York, Background\nThe United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, and then ratified by the States. On July 8, 1788, the Congress of the Confederation passed a resolution calling the first session of the First United States Congress for March 4, 1789, and the election of U.S. Senators and U.S. Representatives in the meanwhile by the States. New York ratified the U.S. Constitution on July 26, 1788.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018628-0002-0000", "contents": "1789 United States Senate elections in New York, Legislation\nIn February and March 1789, the 12th New York State Legislature (term 1788-89) debated at length \"An act for prescribing the times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators of the United States of America, to be chosen in this State\" but the Anti- Federalist Assembly majority and the Federalist Senate majority could not agree, and they adjourned on March 3, without having elected U.S. Senators. Both sides expected to win the State election in April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018628-0003-0000", "contents": "1789 United States Senate elections in New York, Legislation\nOn June 4, Governor George Clinton called an extra session of the State Legislature to convene on July 6 at City Hall in Albany, New York. At the State election in April 1789, for a term beginning on July 1, a large Federalist majority had been elected to the New York State Assembly (65 members), estimated by State Senator James Duane at 42 to 22. The New York State Senate (24 members) continued with a slim Federalist majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018628-0004-0000", "contents": "1789 United States Senate elections in New York, Legislation\nThe 13th New York State Legislature (term 1789-90) convened on July 6, and on July 11 passed \"An act directing the manner of electing Senators to represent this State in the Senate of the United States,\" which required the election to be made by \"concurrent vote\" of both houses of the Legislature. This meant, if only one U.S. Senator was to be elected, that each house nominated a candidate, and if both houses nominated the same person (\"concurred\"), the nominee was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018628-0004-0001", "contents": "1789 United States Senate elections in New York, Legislation\nIf the Assembly nominated one, the Senate another, then the Senate's nominee was voted upon in the Assembly and the Assembly's nominee in the Senate; if none of the nominees was accepted by the other house, the proceedings started at the beginning. If two U.S. Senators were to be elected, and Assembly and Senate chose different nominees, then the Assembly should elect one of the two Senate nominees, and the Senate one of the two Assembly nominees, effectively leaving one seat to be filled by each house of the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018628-0005-0000", "contents": "1789 United States Senate elections in New York, Legislation\nOn July 13, the law was submitted to the Council of Revision. On July 15, the Council objected to the law in two points:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018628-0006-0000", "contents": "1789 United States Senate elections in New York, Legislation\nThus the law was vetoed, and the State Legislature was left to fill the seats without written rules. In practice, the Assembly and the Senate separately took a vote, and if the winner in both houses was the same, he was declared elected. If Assembly and Senate chose different persons, the houses met for a joint ballot, which occurred for the first time in 1802.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018628-0007-0000", "contents": "1789 United States Senate elections in New York, Election and aftermath\nOn July 16, after the Council of Revision had vetoed the law, State Senator Philip Schuyler and Assemblyman Rufus King, two Federalists, were appointed to the U.S. Senate by a joint resolution of both houses of the State Legislature. King took his seat on July 25, and drew the lot for Class 3, his term expiring on March 3, 1795. Schuyler took his seat on July 27, and drew the lot for Class 1, his term expiring on March 3, 1791.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 71], "content_span": [72, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018628-0007-0001", "contents": "1789 United States Senate elections in New York, Election and aftermath\nThe 1st United States Congress convened at New York City, as did the regular session of the New York State Legislature in January 1790. Schuyler retained his seat in the State Senate while serving concurrently in the U.S. Senate. Schuyler was also elected on January 15 a member of the State's Council of Appointments which consisted of the Governor of New York, and four State Senators elected annually by the State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 71], "content_span": [72, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018628-0007-0002", "contents": "1789 United States Senate elections in New York, Election and aftermath\nOn January 27, the New York State Legislature resolved that it was \"incompatible with the U.S. Constitution for any person holding an office under the United States government at the same time to have a seat in the Legislature of this State\", and that if a member of the State Legislature was elected or appointed to a federal office, the seat should be declared vacant upon acceptance. Thus U.S. Senator Schuyler, Federal Judge James Duane and Congressmen John Hathorn and John Laurance vacated their seats in the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 71], "content_span": [72, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018628-0007-0003", "contents": "1789 United States Senate elections in New York, Election and aftermath\nOn April 3, John Cantine, a member of the Council of Appointments, raised the question if Schuyler, after vacating his State Senate seat, was still a member of the Council. Philip Livingston, another member, held that once elected a member could not be expelled in any case. On April 5, Governor Clinton asked the State Assembly for a decision, but the latter refused to do so, arguing that it was a question of law, which could be pursued in the courts. Schuyler thus kept his seat in the Council of Appointments until the end of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 71], "content_span": [72, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018629-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont Republic gubernatorial election of 1789 took place in September. Though incumbent Governor Thomas Chittenden won a plurality of the popular vote over his main competitor, Vermont Supreme Court Chief Justice Moses Robinson, the Vermont Constitution required that the legislature choose if no candidate won a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018629-0001-0000", "contents": "1789 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Westminster on October 8 to count the votes of the freemen for governor of the Republic of Vermont, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Joseph Marsh was easily re-elected as lieutenant governor, and Samuel Mattocks was chosen for another term as treasurer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018629-0002-0000", "contents": "1789 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nFor the first time since the founding of the Vermont Republic in 1778, Chittenden found himself in political difficulty. Shortly before the election, he had granted Ira Allen title to the town of Woodbridge (now Highgate) but had neglected to first obtain the approval of the governor's council. Chittenden was accused of malfeasance for supposedly favoring a clique led by the Allen family with respect to land grants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018629-0003-0000", "contents": "1789 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nAs a result of the controversy, On October 9, the legislature chose Robinson, the first time Chittenden had not been elected governor. Robinson served a one-year term, but the controversy over the Woodbridge land grant abated, and Chittenden was returned to office in 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election\nThe first election for Virginia's 5th congressional district took place on February 2, 1789, for a two-year term to commence on March 4 of that year. In a race that turned on the candidates' positions on the need for amendments (the Bill of Rights) to the recently ratified U.S. Constitution, James Madison defeated James Monroe for a place in the House of Representatives of the First Congress. It is the only congressional election in U.S. history in which two future presidents opposed each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0001-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election\nThe race came about when former governor Patrick Henry and other Anti- Federalists in the Virginia General Assembly, who had opposed the state's ratification of the Constitution, sought to defeat Madison, who had been a strong advocate for ratification, and who wanted to become a member of the new House of Representatives; they had already defeated him in the legislative election to choose Virginia's first U.S. senators. They put forward Monroe, a young but experienced politician who was a war hero wounded at the 1776 Battle of Trenton, as a candidate for the seat. Monroe did not seek the contest, but once drafted campaigned vigorously. Despite bitterly cold weather, the two candidates debated outdoors; traveling after one such meeting, Madison suffered frostbite on his face.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0002-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election\nAlthough Madison had earlier stated that amendments to the Constitution were not necessary, during the campaign he took the position that they were, but should be proposed by Congress, rather than by an Article V Convention that Anti- Federalists such as Monroe and Henry supported. Madison won the election comfortably, to the satisfaction of his supporters such as President-elect George Washington. The race did not affect Madison's friendship with Monroe, who was elected to the Senate in 1790, and who would serve as Madison's Secretary of State and succeed him as president in 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0003-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Background\nJames Madison was born on March 16, 1751 (March 5, 1750, Old Style), at the Belle Grove plantation near Port Conway, Virginia. He grew up on his parents' estate of Montpelier, and was involved in politics from a young age, serving on the local Committee of Safety at age 23. He represented Orange County in the Fifth Virginia Convention of 1776. After service on the Virginia Council of State, where he forged a lifelong friendship with Governor Thomas Jefferson, he was elected to the Second Continental Congress becoming its youngest member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0003-0001", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Background\nIn the following years, he became a strong advocate of closer ties between the states, and when in 1784 he returned home and became a member of the Virginia House of Delegates (the lower house of the Virginia General Assembly, the state legislature), he helped defeat a plan by Patrick Henry to impose taxes to support the Christian religion. He was one of Virginia's delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and helped persuade General George Washington to be its chair, which gave the convention the moral authority to propose a new plan of government. He was the originator of the Virginia Plan that became the basis of the federal government proposed by the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0004-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Background\nJames Monroe was born April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, the son of prosperous planters, Spence Monroe and Elizabeth Jones Monroe. By 1774, the year he entered the College of William & Mary, both his parents had died. In early 1776, he joined the Virginia militia and became an officer in the Continental Army, later that year being severely wounded at the Battle of Trenton. He left Continental service in 1779, and was made a colonel in the state militia. After the war, Monroe studied law under Jefferson and was elected to the House of Delegates in 1782, and to the Congress of the Confederation in New York in 1783, where he sought to expand the powers of that body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0005-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Background\nIn 1784, Madison was told by Jefferson that Monroe wanted to begin a correspondence with him, beginning a relationship that would last until Monroe's death in 1831. The two men differed over whether their state should ratify the Constitution at the Virginia Ratifying Convention, with Madison in favor and Monroe against. Opponents deemed the proposed national government to be too powerful, and many wanted a second constitutional convention in order to place limits on it. Despite their efforts, Virginia narrowly ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788. Monroe, like Jefferson, believed that there needed to be a Bill of Rights protecting fundamental liberties from infringement by the new federal government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0006-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Selection of candidates\nRatification had not been a major issue in the Virginia legislative elections of 1788, since it was expected to be decided by the Ratifying Convention that had just been chosen by the voters. When the General Assembly convened in October 1788, though, it had a majority of Anti- Federalist members, and was led by Henry, a member of the House of Delegates for Prince Edward County. Henry sought to avenge the Anti- Federalist defeat at the Ratifying Convention, and also believed Madison would not seek amendments, or would do so in a lukewarm fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0006-0001", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Selection of candidates\nOn October 31, the General Assembly re-elected Madison to his seat in the lame-duck Confederation Congress, a body that would cease to exist with the coming of the new federal government. Henry's motives in allowing this are uncertain, with some historians stating it was to keep Madison in New York, far from the elections for Congress taking place in Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0006-0002", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Selection of candidates\nHistorian Chris DeRose hypothesizes that Madison's seat there was his if he wanted it, and his acceptance meant that he expected to remain in New York (where the new Congress would convene) and win his seat in Virginia without needing to campaign. The Anti- Federalists were not seeking to prevent the Federal government from coming into existence as some Federalists alleged, for they could have blocked the necessary bills for elections for Congress and for presidential electors, but they were determined to have members of their faction elected to those posts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0007-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Selection of candidates\nMadison, who sought election to the House of Representatives, yielded to Washington and the Federalist minority in the legislature and allowed his name to be put forward in the legislature's election for Virginia's two U.S. senators\u2014until 1913, senators were elected by the state legislatures. Henry nominated two Anti-Federalists, Richard Henry Lee and William Grayson, while Madison was the sole Federalist named. Henry told the General Assembly that Madison was \"unworthy of the confidence of the people\" and that his election \"would terminate in producing rivulets of blood throughout the land\". Henry's nominees were elected, Lee with 98 votes and Grayson with 86, while the defeated Madison gained 77.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0008-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Selection of candidates\nThe General Assembly turned its attention to dividing the state into congressional districts. Madison's home county, Orange, was placed in a district with seven others, five of which had elected representatives to the Ratifying Convention who had opposed ratification, while Orange and one other had voted in favor and one county's delegation had split its vote. The General Assembly required that candidates live in the district, a qualification not found in the federal Constitution. Fauquier County, closely associated with Orange both geographically and economically, had supported ratification, but was excluded despite the efforts of Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0008-0001", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Selection of candidates\nDespite some stating that Henry had contrived a district in which Madison was sure to be defeated, Thomas Rogers Hunter in a journal article examined the question, and concluded, \"the district was compact and bounded on all sides by natural geographic features. Simply put, Patrick Henry did not attempt to gerrymander James Madison out of a seat in the first U.S. Congress.\" Virginia's 5th congressional district consisted of the counties of Albemarle, Amherst, Culpeper, Fluvanna, Goochland, Louisa, Orange and Spotsylvania. Some of these counties were later divided, so the district that Madison contested also included the present-day counties of Greene, Madison, Nelson and Rappahannock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0009-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Selection of candidates\nFrench Strother, a long-time Virginia legislator from Culpeper County who had opposed ratification at the Virginia Convention, was solicited as a candidate to oppose Madison, but declined. William Cabell, of Amherst County, was also considered as an Anti- Federalist candidate but Monroe was selected instead. Both Strother and Cabell threw their support behind Monroe. A resident of Spotsylvania County, Monroe was reluctant to run against his friend Madison, but was probably encouraged by Henry, George Mason and other Anti-Federalists, though discouraged by his uncle, Joseph Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0009-0001", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Selection of candidates\nHis service in the Revolutionary War, and his political service after it, were electoral assets. Monroe wrote to Jefferson after the election, \"those to whom my conduct in publick life has been acceptable, press'd me to come forward in this Govt. on its commencement; and that I might not lose an opportunity of contributing my feeble efforts, in forwarding an amendment of its defects, nor shrink from the station those who confided in me [would] wish to place me, I yielded.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0009-0002", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Selection of candidates\nMonroe's reluctance clashed with his ambition and desire for honorable public service, and as his biographer, Tim McGrath, put it, \"He truly did not want to run against his friend, but who could refuse Patrick Henry?\" David O. Stewart, in his book on Madison's key relationships, takes another perspective: \"A simpler explanation is more credible: Monroe disagreed with Madison over whether, how, and how soon the Constitution should be amended, and he thought he just might win the race.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0010-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Selection of candidates\nThe selection of Monroe was enough to worry Washington: \"Sorry indeed should I be if Mr. Madison meets the same fate in the district of which Orange composes a part as he has done in the [General] Assembly and to me it seems not at all improbable.\" Others were less concerned; Alexander Hamilton of New York wrote to Madison that if he was defeated, \"I could console myself\u00a0... from a desire to see you in one of the Executive departments\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0010-0001", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Selection of candidates\nFederalist Henry Lee wrote to him, \"I profess myself pleased with your exclusion from the senate & I wish it may so happen in the lower house [in which case] you will be left qualified to take part in the administration, which is the place proper for you\". Nevertheless, Henry Lee believed Madison would win, calling Monroe \"the beau\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0010-0002", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Selection of candidates\nFormer Confederation congressman Edward Carrington wrote to Madison, assuring him that he need not seek election in another district, \"each County [in the Fifth District] will have several active Characters in your behalf,\" and there was \"every reason to think your Election will be tolerably safe at home\". Madison disliked electioneering, but realized he would have to campaign hard to win the race. The Fifth District race would be the only congressional election in history to oppose two future U.S. presidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0011-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Issues\nThe largest issue in the campaign was the question of a Bill of Rights protecting personal freedoms as amendments to the Constitution. Madison's view had been that these were unnecessary as the Federal government had only limited power and that in any event, the new government should be allowed to operate for a time before changes were made to the Constitution. To take such a stance in the campaign would be political suicide, and Madison recognized that there was widespread support for such amendments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0011-0001", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Issues\nBut he felt it to be important that Congress proposed them, believing that route to be a quicker, easier, and safer means of passage than an Article V convention, which was favored by the Anti- Federalists such as Monroe. Nevertheless, he was skeptical about the effect of such amendments, calling them \"parchment barriers\", ineffective if the Federal government was determined to bypass them. He told the voters that if elected, he would work diligently for the passage of a Bill of Rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0012-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Issues\nAlthough Monroe was unwilling to indulge in negative campaigning against his friend Madison, supporters of his such as Henry and Cabell did not feel so bound, and a number of pamphlets and letters were published against Madison, alleging that he supported direct taxation of individuals by the Federal government (he had supported including such a power in the Constitution for use in time of war or other need) and that he had pronounced the Constitution perfect and not in need of any change (he had admitted there were imperfections in it, but had not initially supported amending it with a Bill of Rights). Madison's earlier stances made it easy to depict him in this light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0013-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Issues\nMadison's pledge to support a Bill of Rights if elected left the question of direct taxation as the major difference between them. Monroe believed the power of the Federal government to directly tax the citizens to be not only unnecessary, but injurious to American liberty. He felt the government could raise money by tariffs, by the sale of public lands, or by borrowing. Madison responded that were the Federal government unable to tax citizens directly, tariffs would be the major source of revenue, and this would disproportionately hurt the South, which had few manufactures and imported heavily from overseas. He also stated that having federal taxes paid in each state would help bind the nation together as giving each a financial stake in the Union's success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0014-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Campaign\nMadison had been in New York, helping to wrap up the affairs of the old Congress of the Confederation. He received letters from other parts of Virginia from those who believed the residency requirement unconstitutional, offering to have him run there, but he preferred to run in his home district, and he declined. A trip to Virginia on horseback or in a carriage would be personally hard on Madison, then suffering from a bad case of hemorrhoids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0014-0001", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Campaign\nOn December 8, 1788, he wrote to Jefferson (who was in Paris) that he would return to Virginia to campaign for his election, a decision prompted in part by warnings from Virginians that he could not win without personally fighting for the seat. He arrived at Washington's plantation, Mount Vernon, on December 18, for a visit that lasted until he returned home to Orange County and his estate, Montpelier, just after Christmas. From the time Madison arrived in Virginia, the weather was unusually cold and snowy; the candidates often had to speak in freezing conditions, and the last weekend before the election saw 10 inches (250\u00a0mm) of snow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0015-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Campaign\nAware he was not an orator of Henry's quality, Madison launched a letter-writing campaign, advocating for the new Constitution; though initially taken by surprise, Monroe also set out his positions in letters. It was Madison's intent, in writing to key citizens in each community, both to enlist support, and have the recipients circulate the letters locally or publish them in local newspapers. For Monroe's part, according to DeRose, he \"poured himself into the campaign with frenetic energy, determined to campaign everywhere, to personally engage voters, and to make liberal use of his pen to correspond with community leaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0015-0001", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Campaign\nFrom the first days of the race, Monroe wrote letter after letter to voters and mailed them to a county's prominent Anti-Federalists, who would then distribute them personally to the intended recipients.\" Strother wrote a letter in support of Monroe, calling him \"a man who possesses great abilities integrity and a most amiable Character\u00a0... Considering him as being able to render his Country Great Services on this important occasion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0016-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Campaign\nOn January 7, 1789, Virginians chose electors who would vote for the first U.S. president. The districts for this were not coextensive with congressional districts, since Virginia was entitled to 12 electors but only 10 congressmen. Still, six of the counties in the Fifth District were in the same district for choosing an elector, and the race featured a Federalist and Anti-Federalist, though both were pledged to vote for Washington for president. Goochland and Louisa counties were not in that electoral district, but Buckingham County was. The Federalist, Edward Stevens, was elected, and outpolled his opponent within the Fifth District, but both parties took hope from the result, with the Anti- Federalists cheered by the fact that Stevens had easily taken Spotsylvania County, where the local favorite Monroe would presumably do better.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0017-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Campaign\nThe candidates sought to appeal to the local religious communities, of which the Baptists were the most influential. That community had taken the position that the Constitution did not provide sufficient protection for their religious liberty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0017-0001", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Campaign\nMadison wrote to one of their clergymen, George Eve, on January 2, 1789, stating that \"it is my sincere opinion that the Constitution ought to be revised, and that the first Congress meeting under it, ought to prepare and recommend to the states for ratification, the most satisfactory provisions for all essential rights, particularly the rights of conscience [religion] in the fullest latitude, the freedom of the press, trials by jury, security against general warrants, etc.\" Eve became a powerful advocate for Madison against Monroe surrogates who sought the endorsement of Baptist congregations for their candidate. Madison's pledge of support for amendments defused much of the Anti- Federalist anger against him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0018-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Campaign\nThe two men were quite friendly with each other, and decided to travel together between debates, riding from courthouse to courthouse, making speeches before large crowds. These debates showed the physical contrast between the tall, athletic Monroe, who had a full head of brown hair, and the short, slender Madison and his receding hairline. They often rode together, ate together, and lodged in the same room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0018-0001", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Campaign\nIn 18th century Virginia, Court Day, a different day in each local county, was not only an opportunity for lawyers and judges to try cases, but a social gathering, including fairs, markets, and other events. The candidates addressed those present, sometimes speaking for hours to the largest crowds they were likely to find during the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0018-0002", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Campaign\nOn January 14, Madison reported to Washington that he had \"pursued my pretensions much farther than I had premeditated; having not only made great use of epistolary means [letter writing], but actually visited two Counties, Culpeper & Louisa, and publicly contradicted the erroneous reports propagated agst. me\". Henry Lee wrote to Washington three days later, \"Mr Madison is gaining ground fast but still he is involved in much doubt & difficulty. Powerful & active supporters appear in every county for him\u2014his presence has done good & will do more.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0019-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Campaign\nThe debate that DeRose deemed perhaps the most significant of the race took place one evening at the Hebron Lutheran Church in Culpeper (today in Madison County). The Lutherans, like the Baptists, had been persecuted in America, and generally voted as a bloc to maximize their influence. Monroe and Madison attended the worship service, after which there was musical entertainment featuring fiddles. They and the congregation then went outside, and the two candidates debated on the front porch as the congregation stood in the bitter cold, with snow on the ground, likely for hours. Riding away afterwards, likely home to Montpelier, Madison suffered a frostbitten nose. In his old age, former president Madison would tell the story of that night, and point to the left side of his nose, saying he had battle scars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0020-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Election\nWhite males who were 21 years of age or older and who owned 50 acres (20\u00a0ha) of unimproved land or half that with a house were eligible to vote in the Fifth District. Approximately 5,189 voters formed the district's electorate. Per the 1790 census, there were 11,231 free white males age over 16 in the district, so about half of free white men were able to vote. The total population (including women, slaves and children) of the district was 91,007, so the electorate made up less than 6% of the total population, and perhaps 12\u201315% of those aged over 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0021-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Election\nThere was no secret ballot in Virginia elections in 1789; voters entered the local courthouse and publicly declared their votes, to be recorded by a clerk. The elections were administered by county sheriffs, normally the senior justice of the peace who had not already served in that capacity. Due to the bitterly cold weather in the Fifth District, the sheriffs in some counties extended voting beyond February 2, allowing more voters to reach their county courthouse. This was not authorized by Virginia law, but had also occurred in the voting for presidential electors the previous month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0022-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Election\nTo get out the vote, Madison's supporters sent wagons around to transport voters to the polls. They brought one very old man from a distance, and he listened to them talk and asked if the Monroe spoken of was the son of Spence Monroe, formerly of Westmoreland County. On being told he was, the man declared he would vote for James Monroe, for \"I do not know James Madison\", but Spence Monroe had once fed him, clothed him and sheltered him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0023-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Election\nOnce the polls closed, the local sheriff went to the door of the courthouse and proclaimed the result. It took time for complete results to be compiled; partial returns were printed in newspapers. On February 10, the sheriffs of the eight counties of the Fifth District met at Albemarle's courthouse, as the county first named in the election statute, to certify the results. Their returns indicated that Madison won the election with 1,308 votes to 972 for Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0024-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Election\nIn Madison's home county of Orange, he received 216 votes to Monroe's 9, in Culpeper 256 to Monroe's 103; he won Albemarle County by 69 votes and Louisa by 104. Madison had given considerable attention to Orange, apparently spending the day of the polls there despite the urgings of some supporters to base himself for the day in a more populous county, and two-thirds of his margin of victory came from Orange. Strong Baptist support for Madison there contributed to the outcome. Madison had been able to hold down the margin in strongly Anti- Federalist Amherst to 246\u2013145 for Monroe, who also took his home county of Spotsylvania by 74 votes, Fluvanna by 21 and Goochland by 1 vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0025-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Election\nThe Baptists favored Madison due to his record of support for religious liberty. Washington congratulated Madison on the \"respectable majority of the suffrages of the district for which you stood.\" Monroe stated of Madison, \"It would have given me concern to have excluded him.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0026-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Aftermath and assessment\nAfter the election, Madison wrote to Jefferson, \"It was my misfortune to be thrown into a contest with our friend, Col. Monroe. The occasion produced considerable efforts among our respective friends. Between ourselves, I have no reason to doubt that the distinction was duly kept in mind between political and personal views, and that it has saved our friendship from the smallest diminution.\" He wrote in later years, \"Perhaps there never was another instance of two men brought so often, and so directly at points [of disagreement], who retained their cordiality towards each other unimpaired through the whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 77], "content_span": [78, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0026-0001", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Aftermath and assessment\nWe used to meet in days of considerable excitement, and address the people on our respective sides; but there never was an atom of ill will between us.\" Within ten weeks of the election, the two were exchanging friendly letters, and Monroe purchased for Madison four tickets in the Fredericksburg Academy lottery, one of which won. According to Stewart, \"Barely thirty years old, Monroe had time to make his way. Losing to the prominent Madison was no disgrace.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 77], "content_span": [78, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0027-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Aftermath and assessment\nIn the House of Representatives, Madison introduced and guided to passage the amendments that became known as the Bill of Rights. He broke with Washington over the administration's policies, and allied with Jefferson, helping gain the latter's election to the presidency, and became his Secretary of State in 1801. He succeeded Jefferson as president in 1809. Although defeated for Congress, Monroe's frequent court appearances as a lawyer kept him in the public eye in Virginia. In 1790, after Grayson's death, the General Assembly elected him to the U.S. Senate. He served thereafter in a number of offices, including, twice, Governor of Virginia, and in 1811 Madison named Monroe as Secretary of State. Monroe was elected president in succession to Madison in 1816, taking office the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 77], "content_span": [78, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0028-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Aftermath and assessment\nEarly Monroe biographer George Morgan wrote, \"There have been hundreds of exciting congressional races, but was there ever another quite as curious as this?\" Hunter stated, \"Unlike most congressional elections, this one had significant ramifications, for had Monroe been victorious, our ultimate constitutional framework might have been quite different\u00a0... had it not been for Madison's tireless efforts, twelve would-be amendments\u2014including what we now know as the Bill of Rights\u2014would probably not have passed the First Congress in September 1789 and been sent to the states for ratification\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 77], "content_span": [78, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0028-0001", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Aftermath and assessment\nHarlow Giles Unger, in his biography of Monroe, wrote, \"By supporting the most important Antifederalist demand and pledging to sponsor a bill of rights in the First Congress, Madison had extended a hand of compromise to moderate Antifederalists and effectively separated them from Patrick Henry's radicals, who sought to emasculate the new central government.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 77], "content_span": [78, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018630-0029-0000", "contents": "1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election, Aftermath and assessment\nAccording to DeRose, \"no residents of a U.S. congressional district have ever had a better selection of candidates since the 5th District of Virginia in the election of 1789.\" He commented, though, that had the Anti- Federalist Monroe been victorious, he would not have been able to persuade the Federalist majority in Congress to pass amendments, as did the Federalist leader Madison, and without such, ultimately the Union would have failed. DeRose wrote, \"The high-stakes battle between two Founding Fathers would forever alter the trajectory of the young nation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 77], "content_span": [78, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018631-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1789 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018632-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1789 in the Austrian Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018635-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 in France\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Monkbot (talk | contribs) at 18:46, 11 January 2021 (Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 1 template: hyphenate params (1\u00d7); cvt lang vals (1\u00d7);). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018643-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1789 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018646-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018647-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018647-0001-0000", "contents": "1789 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018647-0002-0000", "contents": "1789 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018648-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 in science\nThe year 1789 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018649-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 in sports\n1789 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018651-0000-0000", "contents": "1789 in the United States\nEvents from the year 1789 in the United States. The Articles of Confederation, the agreement under which the nation's government had been operating since 1781, was superseded by the Constitution in March of this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018652-0000-0000", "contents": "1789: Les Amants de la Bastille\n1789: Les Amants de la Bastille is a French stage musical with music by Dove Attia, Laurent Delort, Louis Delort, Rod Janois, Jean-Pierre Pilot, Benoit Poher, William Rousseau and Olivier Schultheis as well as lyrics by Attia and Vincent Baguian and a book by Attia and Fran\u00e7ois Chouquet. It had its debut on 10 October 2012 at Palais des Sports de Paris. An accompanying double CD album was also successful in the French SNEP charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018652-0001-0000", "contents": "1789: Les Amants de la Bastille, Synopsis\nIn the spring of 1789, France is devastated by famine. The French people begin to rise in unrest against the ruling French king Louis XVI. Ronan, a young peasant, leads a revolt marching to Paris after his father's death (killed by Count Lazare de Peyrolles), where he encounters Olympe, an assistant governess of the children of Marie Antoinette of Austria. The two fall in love during the tumultuous stirrings of the French Revolution, their romance playing out amid encounters with major Revolutionary figures such as Georges Jacques Danton, Maximilien de Robespierre and Camille Desmoulins. After they are separated, Ronan and Olympe find each other again on 14 July 1789 in the course of the assault on the Bastille prison\u2014 an encounter that seals their destiny even as a new era begins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018652-0002-0000", "contents": "1789: Les Amants de la Bastille, Performances\nAs a pre-launch, the musical was performed on 29 September 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018652-0003-0000", "contents": "1789: Les Amants de la Bastille, Performances\nThe main role of Ronan had been entrusted initially to Matthieu Carnot. When Carnot suffered from vocal cord problems and had to undergo an operation, his role was given to  Louis Delort, a finalist in France's The Voice: la plus belle voix competition. Carnot ended up with a lesser role as Lazare, Count of Peyrol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018652-0004-0000", "contents": "1789: Les Amants de la Bastille, Performances\nS\u00e9bastien Agius, the winner of the inaugural season of X Factor in France in 2009, plays the role of Maximilien de Robespierre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018652-0005-0000", "contents": "1789: Les Amants de la Bastille, Discography, Singles\n\"\u00c7a ira mon amour,\" performed by Rod Janois, became the debut single from the show. A music video was released in October 2011. A collector's edition was made available on 2 January 2012. The follow-up single, \"Pour la peine,\" was sung by the musical's ensemble and was released on 27 February 2012, and its music video was released on 2 March 2012. The music video for a third song, \"Je veux le monde\", performed by Nathalia, was made available in May 2012, followed by a fourth release, \"Tomber dans ses yeux,\" performed by Louis Delort and Camille Lou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018652-0006-0000", "contents": "1789: Les Amants de la Bastille, DVD\nA 2-DVD set of the December 18, 2012 performance was released on November 6, 2013 in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 36], "content_span": [37, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018653-0000-0000", "contents": "1789\u20131822 List of United States House of Representatives elections\nThis provides a summary of the results of elections to the United States House of Representatives from the first election held variably in 1788 or 1789 (different states held elections at different times) to 1822. This time period corresponds to the First Party System of the United States. For more detailed results of each election, see the main page for that election. Information about the popular vote in early elections is not available as records of the popular vote were not kept. Parties with a majority in the House of Representatives are shown in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018654-0000-0000", "contents": "178P/Hug\u2013Bell\n178P/Hug\u2013Bell is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It was discovered by Northeast Kansas Amateur Astronomers' League members Gary Hug and Graham Bell and is thought to be the first periodic comet to be discovered by amateurs. It was declared a comet less than two days after its initial discovery, after having its course confirmed on previous images.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018654-0001-0000", "contents": "178P/Hug\u2013Bell\nHug-Bell's orbital period is about seven years; its orbit is eccentric, though less so than many comets. Hug-Bell's orbit lies entirely outside the orbit of Mars, but at its aphelion overlaps in solar distance with the orbit of Jupiter. Because it never comes closer to the Sun than about 2 AU, it is never expected to be a very bright comet, with a typical perihelion magnitude of 18-19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018655-0000-0000", "contents": "178th (2/1st Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade\nThe 178th (2/1st Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army. The brigade saw active service during the First and the Second World Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018655-0001-0000", "contents": "178th (2/1st Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade was raised during the First World War. It was formed as a Territorial Force duplicate of the 139th (1/1st Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade originally from those men in the Territorial Force who had agreed, at the outbreak of war, to not serve overseas. Assigned to the 59th (2nd North Midland) Division, the brigade saw service on the Western Front. The brigade saw service at Passchendaele, Cambrai and during Operation Michael, part of the German spring offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 69], "content_span": [70, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018655-0002-0000", "contents": "178th (2/1st Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade number was reactivated again in the later stages of the Second World War as the 178th Infantry Brigade. The brigade was formed on 21 April 1945 in the United Kingdom, shortly before Victory in Europe Day and the end of the war in Europe, for the reception and retraining of personnel who were returning from fighting overseas, who were temporarily unfit from wounds suffered or other medical causes. The brigade was assigned to 45th Division, and disbanded on 11 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 70], "content_span": [71, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0000-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery\n178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, was a British Army unit during World War II. Formed as a conventional field artillery regiment in 1942, it was sent to Burma where it was given a range of specialist roles, ranging from operating tracked self-propelled guns to manning light howitzers parachuted into jungle clearings. After the Japanese surrender, it saw action in the Allied Occupation of Java before disbanding in late 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0001-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\n178th Field Regiment was formed in the Royal Artillery (RA) on 29 January 1942 in the West Country with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0002-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nOn 15 May 1942 the new regiment was assigned to 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, which was being re-assembled in Western Command after  a period of service in Iceland. However, on 28 December the regiment left the division and (together with its Signal Section of the Royal Corps of Signals and Light Aid Detachment of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers) came under direct control of the War Office preparatory to embarking for service overseas in March 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0003-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\n178th Field Rgt arrived at Bombay in India on 10 June 1943 under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel K.M. Wright, and went to Bangalore where it joined XXXIII Indian Corps. On 17 July it moved to Poona and came under the command of 36th Indian Division. On 1 August it was redesignated 178th Assault Field Regiment, 122 Bty being given eight Priest 105 mm self-propelled (SP) guns and 366 Bty getting eight 3.7-inch mountain howitzers, while 516 retained the standard towed 25-pounder field gun. '", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 52], "content_span": [53, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0003-0001", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nAssault Field Regiments' were equipped and trained for assault landings from the sea, but most of the planned amphibious operations in Burma were cancelled because of a lack of landing craft, even for training, before 1945. 366 Battery was sometimes referred to as 366 Light Battery because of its small guns: the 3.7-inch howitzer was also chosen for the new 'Jungle Field Regiments' because of its accuracy at close range and for its high angle fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 52], "content_span": [53, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0004-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma, Arakan\n36th Indian Division was in reserve for the Second Arakan Offensive launched in January 1944. The Japanese counter-attacked fiercely in the 'Battle of the Admin Box', and the division was hurried up to the area. 178th Assault Fd Rgt moved into the Arakan on 10 February, but 122 Bty's Priests were replaced by towed 25-pounders. By early March the division was deployed south of Ngakyedauk ('Okeydoke') Pass and pushed eastwards to clear the railway tunnels as the besieged  'Admin Box' of 7th Indian Infantry Division was relieved. The regiment was attached to 25th Indian Division on 9 April for the attack on Point 551 which involved days of bitter fighting that effectively ended the Arakan  campaign before the arrival of the Monsoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0005-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma, Arakan\n36th Indian Division was withdrawn from Arakan in May 1944 and made available to reinforce the Allied campaign in northern Burma. 178th Assault Fd Rgt rejoined it for the move to Shillong, which began on 12 May and was completed by 7 June. All the division's amphibious assault equipment was returned to the amphibious warfare training school and the division reorganised as a standard infantry division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0006-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma, Railway Corridor\n36th Indian Division was now assigned to reinforce US Gen Joseph Stilwell's Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC). In July it moved to  Ledo, where the infantry units began to be airlifted into Myitkyina airfield to replace the exhausted Chindits. At first no guns or transport could be sent, the divisional artillery remaining at Shillong. However, 178th Assault Fd Rgt, with 321 Anti-Tank Bty attached from 122nd (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Light Anti- Aircraft/Anti-Tank Rgt, moved up to Ledo ready to move into the forward area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0006-0001", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma, Railway Corridor\nOn 18 August, while 36th Division was advancing on the Japanese stronghold of Pinbaw, it was augmented by six of 366 Lt Bty's mountain howitzers, which were successfully dropped by parachute close to the tactical HQ of 29th Brigade. Pinbaw was captured on 25 August, although most of the supporting bombardment came from aircraft of US Tenth Air Force. 36th Division then began pushing along 'Railway Corridor', entirely supplied by air until the railway and roads could be repaired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0007-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma, Railway Corridor\nOn 1 September 1944, 36th Indian Division was redesignated as a British division, the majority of the Indian Army units having been transferred. The gunners of the rest of 178th Assault Fd Rgt were flown into Burma to join the division on 15 October (321 A/T Bty having returned unused to Shillong in September). When NCAC began its post-Monsoon offensive on 16 October 1944, 36th Division was the only formation in contact with the enemy, and was the first to run into heavy opposition on 25 October, at a Japanese defensive position that blocked all roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0007-0001", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma, Railway Corridor\nThis was broken through on 29 October and Mawlu occupied on 31 October, but then the Japanese began to raid the division's precarious supply route and the advance halted until the following Chinese division broke through to Mawlu. Resuming its advance along the railway corridor, 36th Division captured Pinwe on 30 November, and occupied Indaw, Naba and Katha, reaching the Irrawaddy and Shweli Rivers without opposition during December. It continued to push along the river valleys in January 1945, meeting occasional rearguards, until it found the river crossing on the Shweli bend at Myitson to be strongly held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0008-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma, Meiktila and Mandalay\n36th Division was now the only part of NCAC in action, on the left flank of Fourteenth Army, which was closing in on Meiktila and Mandalay in Central Burma. While the British Division forced a bridgehead at Myitson and then advanced south (supplied by air) to link up with Fourteenth Army, NCAC was broken up and its Chinese elements returned to China. By the end of March, Fourteenth Army had won the Battle of Mandalay and was preparing to advance on Rangoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 75], "content_span": [76, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0009-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma, Meiktila and Mandalay\nWhile Fourteenth Army fought the Battle of the Rangoon Road, 36th Division cleared the area east of Meiktila, supplied by road from the Mandalay airhead and by supply drops to the forward troops by US Tenth Air Force. However, the difficulty of supplying and reinforcing British formations in Central Burma meant that 36th Division was selected to be flown out before the onset of the Monsoon and the withdrawal of US aircraft to China. On 5 May 1945 178th Assault Fd Rgt was flown to Imphal, and then moved to the rest areas round Poona, arriving on 15 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 75], "content_span": [76, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0010-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Zipper\nWhile 36th Division remained in India for the rest of the war, 178th Assault Fd Rgt left on 5 July 1945 and moved to Nazik, where it joined 23rd Indian Division two days later. This division was preparing for Operation Zipper, an amphibious invasion of Malaya to be launched from India. The division was intended to sail from Bombay and Madras to make an assault landing on beaches near Port Dickson and then capture that harbour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0010-0001", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Zipper\nThe operation was planned for 9\u201312 September 1945, but following the Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki the Japanese surrender was signed on 2 September. Nevertheless, Zipper went ahead, without the preliminary bombardment, and greeted by a Japanese envoy to arrange the surrender of Japanese forces in Malaya and takeover by British and Indian forces. The landing beaches proved troublesome, and vehicles could not be unloaded until 12 September. 23rd Division took over the Seremban\u2013Cape Rachado\u2013Port Dickson area, sending out columns to disarm Japanese troops and put down banditry and inter-communal fighting that had broken out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0011-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Occupation of Java\n23rd Division's stay in Malaya was brief because it was required in Java in the Netherlands East Indies. The British and Indian troops were only expected to take the Japanese surrenders and coordinate the repatriation of Prisoners of War. However, an independent state had been declared and there was a state of civil war between the nationalists and the Dutch colonial forces. An Allied Occupation became necessary. The first British battalion to land at Batavia had to deal with looting, arson and riots. On 3 October it was joined by 1st Indian Brigade Group, including 178th Assault Fd Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0011-0001", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Occupation of Java\nThe gunners took over guarding internment camps, the airfield and the dock area. The brigade was soon fully occupied in trying to maintain order in the face of looting and murders, and reinforcements had to be sent. British and Indian troops were engaged in serious actions across the island and suffered considerable casualties, while the released prisoners, internees and refugees were collected at Batavia where they could be protected. By early 1946 the situation was quieter and evacuation of Japanese troops and displaced persons continued, but armed clashes still occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0011-0002", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Occupation of Java\nThe whole of 23rd Division was moved to the Bandoeng\u2013Buitenzorg area in February to deal with a reported build-up of extremists in the area. Because of raids on the roads, convoy protection required tanks and 25-pounders fighting pitched battles, and the division and the internees had to be supplied by air. The Royal Netherlands Army arrived in March to take over responsibility, but 23rd Division was retained in west Java until the autumn while evacuation of internees continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018656-0012-0000", "contents": "178th Assault Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Occupation of Java\n178th Assault Fd Rgt was joined on 1 June 1946 by 395 Bty from 145th (Berkshire Yeomanry) Fd Rgt which was being placed in suspended animation. 395 Battery in turn disbanded on 14 September. 23rd Division began to withdraw from Java in stages in the autumn. Regimental HQ of 178th Assault Fd Rgt disbanded at Batavia on 30 November 1946 and the two TA batteries (366 and 514) were placed in suspended animation pending the reform of their parent regiments in the UK in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018657-0000-0000", "contents": "178th Battalion (Canadien-Fran\u00e7ais), CEF\nThe 178th (Canadien-Fran\u00e7ais) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018657-0001-0000", "contents": "178th Battalion (Canadien-Fran\u00e7ais), CEF\nBased in Victoriaville, Quebec, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Military Districts 4 and 5, and in eastern Ontario. The battalion absorbed the 233rd Battalion (Canadiens-Fran\u00e7ais du Nord-Ouest), CEF, in March 1917, and sailed to England later that same month. Upon arrival, the 178th Battalion was absorbed into the 10th Reserve Battalion on March 16, 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018657-0002-0000", "contents": "178th Battalion (Canadien-Fran\u00e7ais), CEF\nThe 178th (Canadien-Fran\u00e7ais) Battalion had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel Ren\u00e9-Arthur de la Bru\u00e8re Girouard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018657-0003-0000", "contents": "178th Battalion (Canadien-Fran\u00e7ais), CEF\nThe battalion badge is a beaver couchant on plinth inscribed d'outre-mer above the numeral 178, below an arch inscribed canadien-fran\u00e7ais supporting the Tudor crown, and surrounded by scrolls inscribed \"Arthabaska\", \"Drummond\", \"Nicolet\", and vouloir c'est pouvoir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018657-0004-0000", "contents": "178th Battalion (Canadien-Fran\u00e7ais), CEF\nThe perpetuation of the battalion was assigned to the Three Rivers Regiment in 1920. This regiment is now named 12e R\u00e9giment blind\u00e9 du Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018658-0000-0000", "contents": "178th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 178th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c178\u5e08) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 22nd Brigade, 8th Column of Huabei Military District. Its history could be traced to 2nd Independent Brigade of Jiluyu Military District formed in August 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018658-0001-0000", "contents": "178th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of 60th Corps . Under the flag of 178th it took part in the Chinese civil war, including the Chengdu Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018658-0002-0000", "contents": "178th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 532nd, 533rd and 534th Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018658-0003-0000", "contents": "178th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1950, the division was combined with Mianyang Military Sub-district. Its 532nd and 533rd Infantry Regiments moved to Chengdu as local garrison force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018659-0000-0000", "contents": "178th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 178th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c178\u5e08)(2nd Formation) was activated on July 1, 1967 at Chengxihu Farm in Huoqiu, Anhui province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018659-0001-0000", "contents": "178th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of 60th Army Corps. As its activation the division was a behind-the-enemy-line formation, composing of 4 infantry regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018659-0002-0000", "contents": "178th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division conducts agricultural construction missions until October 1969, when it was replaced by the activating 73rd Army Division and moved to Suzhou, Jiangsu as a combat alert unit. By that time the division was converted to a field-army formation, and its 538th Infantry Regiment was reorganized as Artillery Regiment, 178th Army Division. Since then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018659-0003-0000", "contents": "178th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1985 the division was disbanded. Headquarters, 178th Army Division was converted to Headquarters, Artillery Brigade of 1st Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018660-0000-0000", "contents": "178th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 178th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army, Illinois Army National Guard. It traces its history back to the Illinois state militia and has served in several American wars since its founding. The regiment is unique because its original members were part of a segregated \"colored\" unit. The regiment's 1st Battalion (1-178 Infantry) still exists today as an Air assault battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018660-0001-0000", "contents": "178th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 178th Infantry Regiment traces its history back to the formation of the 16th Battalion, Illinois State Militia, on 1 April 1878. A and B Companies were recruited from Chicago. The Clark County Guards from Marshall became C Company, and the Cumberland County Guards from Greenup became D Company. Elements of the 178th have been reputed to extend back to 1871, with the formation of the Hannibal Guard, but federal and state recognition did not come until 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018660-0001-0001", "contents": "178th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe Illinois General Assembly removed the 16th from the military roster in 1882, but it was reactivated soon after in 1883 as the Chicago Light Infantry until its disbanding in 1887. In 1890, the unit was reactivated as the 9th Infantry Battalion, and was accepted into the Illinois State Guard in 1894. After expanding in size and funds, it was redesignated the 8th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored Troops). On 28 June 1898, the unit was called into service in the Spanish\u2013American War with a strength of 43 officers and 1,126 enlisted men. The regiment served in Cuba from 16 August 1898 to 10 March 1899, and suffered no casualties. The unit returned to Chicago and was demobilized on 3 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018660-0002-0000", "contents": "178th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe Eighth Infantry Regiment was federalized on 30 June 1916, in Springfield, and served briefly during the Mexican Border War. It was discharged from service at Springfield on 27 October 1916. On 3 August 1917, the 8th was called to serve in World War I, and was renamed the 370th Infantry Regiment, and was placed in the 185th Infantry Brigade as part of the provisional 93rd Infantry Division on 5 January 1918. The 178th, which had not yet been activated, traces much of its history to the service of the 370th in France during World War I. Upon returning to Illinois, the regiment was disbanded on 11 March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018660-0003-0000", "contents": "178th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 370th was reorganized as the 8th Illinois again in June 1919, and conducted state duties, including intensive training and maneuvers until 6 October 1940, when it was redesignated as the 184th Field Artillery Regiment (155mm howitzer. After receiving many new recruits in preparation for World War II. The 184th trained intensely at Fort Custer, Michigan and eventually deployed to the ETO, earning campaign streamers for the Rhineland Campaign and the Central Europe Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018660-0004-0000", "contents": "178th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nWhile training in Michigan, men of the regiment were detached to form the 795th Tank Destroyer Battalion in February 1942. On 16 January 1943, further restructuring followed as men of the regiment were detached to furnish new \"colored\" units for the Army. The 930th and 931st Field Artillery Battalions were created, and were subsequently converted into the 1698th and 1699th Combat Engineer Battalions, respectively, by 20 March 1944. These men reported to the 92nd Infantry Division and served in the North Apennines Campaign and the Po Valley Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018660-0005-0000", "contents": "178th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nAfter World War II, the 184th Field Artillery was redesignated as the 178th Regimental Combat Team on 31 March 1947. The RCT contained the 178th Infantry Regiment (the parent unit), the 184th Field Artillery Battalion, the 1698th Engineer Company, the 184th Medical Collecting Company, and the 154th Army Band. On 26 July 1948, President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9981 in order to desegregate the US Military, and although the units of the Illinois National Guard were no longer split by race, the 178th remembers its proud history as a segregated African-American unit. At the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, the 184th Medical Collecting Company was detached from the 178th and did not return until the war ended, four years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018660-0006-0000", "contents": "178th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nAfter reorganizations in 1959, 1963, and 1965, the First Battalion, 1-178, was assigned to the 33rd Infantry Division on 1 February 1968 and assisted in riot control in Chicago during the 1968 Democratic National Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018660-0007-0000", "contents": "178th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nSince 1968, 1-178 has performed state duties in riot control, natural disaster relief, and overseas training missions. In the winter of 2008, as a part of the 33rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, the battalion was deployed to several provinces across Afghanistan to perform SECFOR missions and assist in Provincial Reconstruction Teams, including Paktia Province, Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, where they relieved elements of the 27th IBCT, New York Army National Guard. The heavy mortar platoon, consisting of four 120mm mortars and four 81mm mortars were placed at Command Outpost (COP) Najil, Lagman province and in Forward Operating Base (FOB) Metar Lam. They returned home in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018661-0000-0000", "contents": "178th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 178th New York Infantry Regiment was an Infantry Regiment that served in the United States Army during the American Civil War. It was often referred to as the \"Second Regiment, Hawkins Zouaves\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018661-0001-0000", "contents": "178th New York Infantry Regiment, Military Service, 1865\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on April 20, 1866, at Montgomery, Alabama, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John B. Gandolfo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0000-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature\nThe 178th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 8, 1969, to April 20, 1970, during the eleventh and twelfth years of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0001-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1966 by order of the New York Court of Appeals, 57 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned without restrictions regarding county boundaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0002-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, the Peace and Freedom Party, the Socialist Labor Party and the Socialist Workers Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0003-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1968, was held on November 5. The only two statewide elective offices up for election were a seat on the New York Court of Appeals and a U.S. Senator from New York. The incumbent office-holders were re-elected: Judge Adrian P. Burke, a Democrat with Republican, Liberal and Conservative endorsement; and U.S. Senator Jacob K. Javits, a Republican with Liberal endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. Senator, was: Republicans/Liberals 3,270,000; Democrats 2,151,000; Conservatives 1,139,000; Peace and Freedom 9,000; Socialist Labor 8,000; and Socialist Workers 5,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0004-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, Elections\nTwo of the four women members of the previous legislature\u2014Assemblywomen Constance E. Cook (Rep.), a lawyer of Ithaca; and Gail Hellenbrand (Dem. ), of Brooklyn\u2014were re-elected. Rosemary R. Gunning (Cons. ), a lawyer of Ridgewood, Queens; and Mary Anne Krupsak (Dem. ), a lawyer of Amsterdam, were also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0005-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1969, was held on November 4. The only statewide elective office up for election was a seat on the New York Court of Appeals. Two vacancies in the Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0006-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 192nd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1969; and recessed on March 30. The Legislature met again on April 15; and adjourned sine die on May 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0007-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nEarl W. Brydges (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0008-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 28, the Legislature increased the state sales tax by 1 percentage point. Democrats Charles F. Stockmeister and Albert J. Hausbeck voted with the Republicans and subsequently were ostracised by their party. Stockmeister was appointed by Gov. Rockefeller to the Civil Service Commission on July 3, 1969. Hausbeck changed parties in 1970, and was re-elected to the Assembly on the Republican and Conservative tickets in November 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0009-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn December 3, 1969, the Court of Appeals did not allow a re-apportionment of the legislative districts which the Republican majorities in both Houses intended to enact in time to be used for the elections in November 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0010-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 193rd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1970; and adjourned sine die on April 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0011-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 9, 1970, the Assembly passed a bill allowing abortion without restrictions until 24 weeks of pregnancy. The Senate passed the bill on April 10, and Gov. Rockefeller signed it on April 11, thus becoming the law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0012-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Jess J. Present changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of the session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0013-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0014-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018662-0015-0000", "contents": "178th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018663-0000-0000", "contents": "178th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 178th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 178th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 178th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018663-0001-0000", "contents": "178th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 178th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in for one year service on September 26, 1864, under the command of Colonel Joab Arwin Stafford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018663-0002-0000", "contents": "178th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to the Defenses Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, and Department of North Carolina, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018663-0003-0000", "contents": "178th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 178th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 29, 1865, at Charlotte, North Carolina, and was discharged July 7, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018663-0004-0000", "contents": "178th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Nashville, Tenn., October 8. Duty at Nashville, Tenn., until October 22, 1864. and at Tullahoma, Tenn., until November 30. Moved to Murfreesboro, Tenn., November 30-December 2. Siege of Murfreesboro December 5\u201312. Wilkinson's Cross Roads, near Murfreesboro, \"The Cedars,\" December 7. Wilkinson's Pike, near Murfreesboro, December 13\u201314. Ordered to Clifton, Tenn., and duty there until January 16, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C., January 16\u201329, and to Fort Fisher, N.C., February 21\u201323; to Morehead City February 24, then to New Berne February 25. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Kingston and Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Battle of Wyse Fork March 8\u201310. Occupation of Kingston March 14. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh and Charlotte, N.C., until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 975]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018663-0005-0000", "contents": "178th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 68 enlisted men during service; 2 killed and 66 due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0000-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe 178th Attack Squadron (178 ATKS) is a unit of the North Dakota Air National Guard 119th Wing located at Fargo Air National Guard Base, North Dakota. The 178th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0001-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe squadron operates General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, a medium-altitude, long-endurance, remotely piloted aircraft. The MQ-1's primary mission is interdiction and conducting armed reconnaissance against critical, perishable targets. When the MQ-1 is not actively pursuing its primary mission, it acts as a Joint Forces Air Component Commander-owned theater asset for reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition in support of the Joint Forces commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0002-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Training in the United States\nThe squadron was first organized as the 392d Fighter Squadron at Hamilton Field, California on 15 July 1943, as one of the original squadrons of the 367th Fighter Group. Several members of its initial cadre were former Flying Tigers with prior combat experience. It was not until late August, however, that the group received its first Bell P-39 Airacobra. After building up its strength, the squadron moved in October to Santa Rosa Army Air Field, California. In December group headquarters moved to Oakland Municipal Airport, while the 392d was at Sacramento Municipal Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 83], "content_span": [84, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0002-0001", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Training in the United States\nThe squadron moved temporarily Tonopah Army Air Field, Nevada, where they performed dive bombing and gunnery training. Training accidents with the Bell P-39 Airacobra cost several pilots their lives. In January 1944, as it prepared for overseas movement, the 392d was beefed up with personnel from the 328th and 368th Fighter Groups. The squadron staged through Camp Shanks, and sailed for England aboard the SS\u00a0Duchess of Bedford. The \"Drunken Duchess\" docked at Greenock, Scotland on 3 April and the group was transported by train to its airfield at RAF Stoney Cross, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 83], "content_span": [84, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0003-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nHaving trained on single engine aircraft, the squadron's pilots were surprised to find Lockheed P-38 Lightnings sitting on Stoney Cross's dispersal pads. Only members of the advance party had any experience flying the Lightning. These pilots had flown combat sorties with the 55th Fighter Group. The change from single engine to twin engine aircraft required considerable retraining for both pilots and ground crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 104], "content_span": [105, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0003-0001", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nAlthough some pilots entered combat with as little as eight hours of flying time on the P-38, in late April the squadron was reinforced by pilots who had trained on the Lightning in the States and were more experienced on the type. However, the lack of instrument training in the P-38 took its toll on the 392d as weather, not enemy action, caused the loss of pilots and airplanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 104], "content_span": [105, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0004-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nOn 9 May, the squadron flew its first combat mission, a fighter sweep over Alen\u00e7on. For the remainer of the month, the unit flew fighter sweeps, bomber escort and dive bombing, missions and suffered its first combat losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 104], "content_span": [105, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0005-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nOn D-Day and the next three days the squadron flew missions maintaining air cover over shipping carrying invasion troops. These missions continued for the next three days. The 392d and other P-38 units stationed in England were selected for these missions with the expectation that the distinctive silhouette of the Lightning would prevent potential friendly fire incidents by anti-aircraft gunners mistaking them for enemy fighters. Shortly after the Normandy invasion, on 12 June, the 367th Group was selected to test the ability of the P-38 to carry a 2,000 lb bomb under each wing. The selected target was a railroad yard, and results were mixed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 104], "content_span": [105, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0006-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nBy mid June German ground forces had withdrawn to defend a perimeter around Cherbourg, a major port whose capture had become more important to the allies with the destruction of Mulberry A, one of the artificial harbors constructed near the Normandy beachhead. An attack by VII Corps on 22 June was to be preceded by low level bombing and strafing attack by IX Fighter Command. Briefed by intelligence to expect a \"milk run\" The 394th flew at low altitude through what turned out to be a heavily defended area. Seven group pilots were killed in action. Nearly all surviving aircraft received battle damage and the entire 367th Group was out of action for several days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 104], "content_span": [105, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0007-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nNinth Air Force moved its medium bomber forces to bases closer to the Continent in July, so they would be able to strike targets near the expanding front in France. The 387th Bombardment Group was moved to Stoney Cross, forcing the 392d to vacate their station and move the short distance to RAF Ibsley. From Ibsley the group struck railroads, marshaling yards, and trains to prevent enemy reinforcements from reaching the front during the Allied breakthrough at Saint Lo in July 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 104], "content_span": [105, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0008-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Operations on the European Continent\nStarting on 19 July, the 367th Group's forward echelon crossed the English Channel to take up stations in Normandy. Group headquarters shared Beuzeville Airfield with the 371st Fighter Group, while the 392d Squadron was at Carentan Airfield, advanced landing grounds made from pierced steel planking. After the breakout of ground forces in the Saint-L\u00f4 area, the squadron concentrated on close air support of General Patton's Third Army. In late August, the squadron attacked German Seventh Army convoys which, to prevent being surrounded, were withdrawing eastward from the Falaise pocket. Five convoys and 100 Tiger Tanks were destroyed on one day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 90], "content_span": [91, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0009-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Operations on the European Continent\nOn 22 August the group attacked three Luftwaffe airfields near Laon. The squadron dive bombed and destroyed two hangars on one airfield but were jumped by twelve Focke-Wulf Fw 190s as they completed their attack. Eighteen Messerschmitt Me 109s and Fw 190s engaged the 393d Fighter Squadron as it reformed from its dive bomb run. After bombing its target, the 394th Fighter Squadron turned to reinforce the 392d. The squadrons of the 367th Group claimed fourteen enemy aircraft in total against a loss of one Lightning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 90], "content_span": [91, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0010-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Operations on the European Continent\nThe 392d received a Distinguished Unit Citation when it returned to the Laon area three days later. That day, the 367th Group attacked Luftwaffe airfields at Clastres, P\u00e9ronne and Rosi\u00e8res-en-Haye through an intense flak barrage. The group then engaged more than thirty Focke-Wulf 190 fighters that had just taken off. Group claims were 25 enemy aircraft destroyed, one probably destroyed and 17 damaged against the loss of 6 group aircraft. Then, despite a low fuel supply, the unit strafed a train and convoy after leaving the scene of battle. In the afternoon the squadron conducted a long range fighter sweep of more than 800 miles to airfields in the Dijon-Bordeaux area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 90], "content_span": [91, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0011-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Operations on the European Continent\nAs Allied forces moved forward across France the squadron began leap-frogging to new bases. In early September they relocated at Peray Airfield, but moved again a week later to Clastres Airfield. From Clastres The 392d supported Operation Market-Garden by escorting troop carrier aircraft and attacking flak positions. For its attacks that fall, the squadron was cited in the Order of the Day by the Belgium Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 90], "content_span": [91, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0012-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Operations on the European Continent\nIn late October, as Ninth Air Force brought its medium bombers to bases in France, the 392d was bumped from its station for the second time by the 387th Bombardment Group, when it moved to Juvincourt Airfield (A-68), north of Reims. Juvincourt was a former Luftwaffe base with permanent facilities, in contrast to the advanced landing grounds where the squadron had been based since moving to France. The squadron attacked German strong points to aid the Allied push against the Siegfried Line throughout the fall of 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 90], "content_span": [91, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0013-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Operations on the European Continent\nThe German Ardennes Offensive occurred as the holidays approached. A planned move to a field in Belgium was canceled. During the Battle of the Bulge, the 392d, after escorting C-47s on a resupply drop to encircled troops at Bastogne, conducted an armed reconnaissance of the Trier area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 90], "content_span": [91, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0014-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nEarly in 1945 a desire to standardize the fighter-bombers in Ninth Air Force, the group transitioned into Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. Pilots flew Lightings on combat missions while training at the same time with the Thunderbolt. Using the Thunderbolt the group was again cited in a Belgium Army Order of the Day, earning the Belgian Fourragere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0015-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nThe 392d received a second Distinguished Unit Citation for action on 19 March 1945. The 367th Group's target was the headquarters of Field Marshal Kesselring, the German Commander-ln-Chief, West, at Ziegenburg near Bad Nauheim, Germany. Aircraft of the leading 394th Fighter Squadron would attack at low level to achieve surprise, carrying a 1,000-pound bomb under each wing. The P-47s of the 392d would be similarly armed, but would dive bomb from a higher altitude. The bombs were equipped with time-delay fuses intended to crack the concrete roofs of the bunker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0015-0001", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nThe 393d Fighter Squadron carried napalm intended to seep into the bunkers and burn what remained. The attack was scheduled for a time that intelligence reports indicated would find senior staff and commanders at lunch, the only time they would not be in the reinforced tunnels underneath the castle that housed the headquarters. The target was located in mountainous terrain well defended by antiaircraft artillery. Moreover, to avoid alerting the Germans to the pending attack, photographic reconnaissance aircraft had avoided the area, so detailed target photography was not available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0015-0002", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nThe day of the attack the castle was concealed by ground haze which caused the 394th Fighter Squadron to stray off course at the last minute, preventing them from executing the attack as planned and reducing the element of surprise. Although senior German officers reached the underground bunkers and survived the attack, the group reduced the military complex to ruins, disrupting communications and the flow of intelligence at a critical time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0016-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nThe squadron struck tanks, trucks, flak positions, and other objectives in support of the assault across the Rhine late in March and the final allied operations in Germany. It was commended by the commanding generals of XII Corps and the 11th Armored Division for the close air support the unit provided for their commands. On 10 April the squadron moved to Eschborn Airfield on the northwest side of Frankfurt, Germany. The 392d flew its last combat mission, a defensive patrol, one year after entering combat on 8 May. During its combat tour, the squadron was credited with 39.5 air-to-air victories over enemy aircraft, the most of any of the squadrons in the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 88], "content_span": [89, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0017-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Return to the United States and inactivation\nAll hostilities ceased the following day, exactly one year after the squadron became operational. On 4 June, the 367th Group led a flyby for General Weyland. On 1 July it was announced the 392d was to redeploy to the Pacific Theater of Operations after it was re-equipped with and trained with long range P-47Ns in preparation for Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan. The squadron moved to Camp Detroit in France then to a staging area near Marseille. Here it boarded two ships, the USS\u00a0General C. G. Morton, and the USNS\u00a0John Ericsson (T-AO-194).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 98], "content_span": [99, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0017-0001", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Return to the United States and inactivation\nWhen Japan surrendered, the Morton was diverted to Newport News, Virginia while the Ericcson sailed for Staten Island, New York. Following leave for everyone, the few personnel that remained in the squadron after transfers and discharges reassembled at Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina on 2 November, and the 394th was inactivated there on 7 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 98], "content_span": [99, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0018-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard\nThe wartime 392d Fighter Squadron was redesignated as the 178th Fighter Squadron and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Hector Field near Fargo, North Dakota and was extended federal recognition on 16 January 1947. The squadron was equipped with North American P-51D Mustangs trained in air defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0019-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard\nThere was a cartoon during the 1950s called Pappy Easter and his Happy Hooligans and the 178th Fighter Squadron began calling themselves the \u201cHappy Hooligans\u201d and Duane S. Larson, as their commander, became \u201cPappy\u201d. It became Pappy Larson and his Happy Hooligans and this nickname has been adopted by the entire unit and still exists. In recognition of his contributions to aviation in North Dakota, Larson was among the ten inaugural inductees into the North Dakota Aviation Hall of Fame in March 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0020-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nOn 1 March 1951 the 178th was federalized and brought on active duty due to the Korean War. It moved to Moody Air Force Base, Georgia, where it became part of Strategic Air Command (SAC), and was assigned to the federalized 146th Fighter-Bomber Group. The 146th Group was composed of the 178th, the 186th Fighter-Bomber Squadron and the 190th Fighter-Bomber Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 94], "content_span": [95, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0021-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe unit remained a Moody until October when it moved to George Air Force Base, California, where it became part of Tactical Air Command (TAC) in November. It trained with its Mustangs as a tactical unit and augmented the air defenses of the United States. The 178th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was released from active duty and returned on paper to North Dakota state control on 1 January 1953. Its personnel and equipment at George were transferred to the 72d Fighter-Bomber Squadron, which was simultaneously activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 94], "content_span": [95, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0022-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard, Air Defense\nThe squadron was redesignated the 178th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and reactivated at Fargo the same day. In September 1953 the squadron began to keep two F-51D Mustangs on alert status 14 hours a day. The squadron continued to maintain this alert in various forms for over 50 years until it lost its fighter mission in the summer of 2007. On 1 November 1954, the 192d began the transition from the piston-engine, propeller driven F-51D to its first jet aircraft, the Lockheed F-94A Starfire interceptor. The Starfire was armed with 20 millimeter cannon and was equipped with radar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0023-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard, Air Defense\nOn 15 April 1956, the 178th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 119th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established to command the squadron and its associated support units. The 178th became the new group's flying squadron. Other units assigned into the group were the 119th Material Squadron, 119th Air Base Squadron and the 119th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0024-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard, Air Defense\nThe \"Happy Hooligan\" pilots upgraded to the Northrop F-89 Scorpion in 1958. Its first Scorpions were F-89Ds, armed with Mighty Mouse rockets, but a year later the squadron began to receive the F-89J, which could carry the nuclear armed MB-1 Genie (later AIR-2). The Scorpion was also equipped with data link for interception control through the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system. The 178th was one of the last units to fly the F-89, only replacing then in 1966 when it received the supersonic Convair F-102A Delta Dagger interceptor, armed with AIM-4 Falcons. It replaced its \"Deuces\" in 1969 with McDonnell F-101B Voodoo interceptors. In 1977, it began tp fly McDonnell F-4 Phantom IIs, and two years later, its mobilization gaining command changed to TAC, when ADC was inactivated and replaced by Air Defense Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0025-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard, Air Defense\nThe unit's first overseas deployment occurred in 1983, when six Phantoms and 120 support personnel deployed to Naval Air Station Keflavik, Iceland. Eight Soviet Tupolev Tu-95 Bear bombers were intercepted by Hooligan pilots during the deployment. In 1986, the 119th Fighter Group became the first Guard unit to assume the USAF Zulu alert mission at Ramstein Air Base, West Germany in Operation Creek Klaxon. The 119th and other air defense units rotated to Ramstein and stood continuous alert for one year, to provide air sovereignty in Western Europe for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. During Operation Desert Storm in 1991, 107 Happy Hooligans were mobilized and deployed to support operations at numerous locations within the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0026-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard, Air Defense\nThe 178th FS converted from the F-4 Phantom to the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon in mid-1990. The first squadron \"Vipers\" were mostly older Block 5 and 10 models. although some Block 15 aircraft were delivered to the squadron. The main task for the unit remained air defense, as with many Guard units that were equipped with the F-16. In 1991 the F-16s were modified to be brought up to the Air Defense Fighter variant of the plane . This improved the performance and capability of the squadron in their air defense role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0027-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard, Air Defense\nThe Hooligans earned first place at the October 1994 William Tell worldwide weapons meet. William Tell tests pilots and ground crews from the Air Force fighter units in air-to-air combat. This was the Hooligans' third William Tell victory, which it added to wins in 1970 and 1972. It also placed first among F-4 units in William Tell 1986. In 1994 the 119th Group won the Hughes Trophy which recognizes the most outstanding air-to-air unit in the Air Force. The only Air National Guard unit to win the award twice, the Hooligans are also the only F-16 unit ever to win the Hughes Trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0028-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard, Air Defense\nA permanent alert detachment of the squadron was established at Kingsley Field, Oregon, beginning 1 October 1989. The detachment, staffed by 18 members, was relocated to March Air Force Base, California, on 31 July 1994 when the Oregon Air National Guard took over air defense at Kingsley. An announcement was made in March 1999 that the squadron would convert from an air defense mission to a general purpose mission with 15 F-16A/B aircraft while activating an alert detachment at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia on 1 March 1999. The March and Langley detachments remained in operation as long as the squadron operated the \"Viper.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0029-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard, Current status\nThe 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended that the mission of the North Dakota Air National Guard be realigned. The 119th Fighter Wing's F-16As (15 aircraft) were reaching the end of their operational life and would retire. In Jan 2007, the 119th ended its F-16 mission after almost 60 years of air defense interceptor missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 87], "content_span": [88, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0030-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard, Current status\nReplacing the F-16s in 2007, the squadron began to receive the C-21A Learjet and was redesignated the 178th Airlift Squadron. The C-21 has room for eight passengers and 42\u00a0ft3 (1.26 m3) of cargo. In addition to its normal role, the aircraft is capable of transporting litters during medical evacuations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 87], "content_span": [88, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0031-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, History, North Dakota Air National Guard, Current status\nLater in 2007, it was announced that C-21 operations would be transferred to the newly activated 177th Airlift Squadron, and the 179th would convert to operating the MQ-1 Predator and be redesignated the 178th Reconnaissance Squadron. In 2008 it received its first Predator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 87], "content_span": [88, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018664-0032-0000", "contents": "178th Reconnaissance Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0000-0000", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company\nThe 178th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and  underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0001-0000", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0002-0000", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0002-0001", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0002-0002", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0003-0000", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0004-0000", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Battle of the Somme\nFrom its formation until after the end of the war 178th Tunnelling Company served under Third Army. After formation, the company moved to the Fricourt sector of the Somme. In the Somme sector of the Western Front, local but very fierce underground fighting had taken place in the winter of 1914 and spring of 1915 at La Boisselle, Fricourt, Bois Fran\u00e7ais and Carnoy. Fowke moved the 174th and 183rd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0004-0001", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Battle of the Somme\nTunnelling Companies there to relieve the French engineers, but the British did not have enough miners to take over the large number of French shafts and the French agreed to leave their engineers at work for several weeks. To provide the tunnellers needed, the British formed the 178th and 179th Tunnelling Companies in August 1915, followed by the 185th and 252nd Tunnelling Companies in October. The 181st Tunnelling Company was also present on the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0005-0000", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Battle of the Somme\n178th Tunnelling Company's war diary records a high mortality rate while engaged on the Somme. In the last five months of 1915, more than 300 men of the unit died. In May 1916, the 178th Tunnelling Company was billeted in the village of M\u00e9aulte and mining in the Fricourt sector. The war diary for 1 May records heavy damage to the British trenches and mine heads by German bombardment on 30 April. On 6 May, orders and instructions  had to be issued regarding the frequent task of rescuing gassed and entombed miners in the sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0005-0001", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Battle of the Somme\nOn 1 June, eight men of the 178th Tunnelling Company were killed in a German mine blow and the war diary entry for 2 June reads, \"Work of rescuing entombed miners proceeding with difficulty. Only one still alive.\" In the month of June 1916, 101 mines were fired by the British along the frontline in a single month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0006-0000", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Battle of the Somme\nAs part of the Allied preparations for the Battle of the Somme (1 July \u2013 18 November 1916), the tunnelling companies were to make two major contributions by placing 19 large and small mines beneath the German positions along the front line and by preparing a series of shallow Russian saps from the British front line into no man's land, which would be opened at zero hour and allow the infantry to attack the German positions from a comparatively short distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0007-0000", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Battle of the Somme\nIn the British front sector allocated to XV Corps, the tunnellers of 178th Tunnelling Company placed a group of mines known as Triple Tambour beneath the German Kniewerk stronghold . The Tambour was a very active mining area, German trench maps indicating five craters before 1 July 1916. The craters resulting from the explosion of the three charges on the first day of the battle were intended to protect the advancing British infantry from German enfilade fire from the village of Fricourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0007-0001", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Battle of the Somme\nIt was thought the mines could raise a protective \"lip\" of earth that would obscure the view from the village but the actual benefit was minimal. The Triple Tambour mines were loaded with relatively small charges of 4,100 kilograms (9,000\u00a0lb), 6,800 kilograms (15,000\u00a0lb) and 11,000 kilograms (25,000\u00a0lb) which were detonated just before the infantry advanced; one failed to explode due to damp and still lies buried off Fricourt. 178th Tunnelling Company's war diary entry reads \"1/7/16 \u201cZ\u201dDay. Mines in G3E, G19Aexploded at 7:28 a.m. 2 minutes before Zero. G15b not successful\". The site of these mines () now appears as a small area of cratered ground in the field beyond the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's Fricourt New Military Cemetery. The land they are on is private property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0008-0000", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Battle of the Somme\nAfter its work at Fricourt, 178th Tunnelling Company moved up to try to mine enemy positions in High Wood, as the advance progressed in July 1916. In late summer of 1916, the unit drove a mine at High Wood at just 7.6 metres (25\u00a0ft) depth, 98 metres (320\u00a0ft) long, which they charged with 1,400 kilograms (3,000\u00a0lb) of ammonal. It was blown thirty seconds before Zero Hour on 3 September 1916. After advancing British infantry had failed to capture the crater permanently, 178th Tunnelling Company reopened the gallery, charged it with another 1,400 kilograms (3,000\u00a0lb) of ammonal and blew the mine again on 9 September. This time the crater was successfully held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018665-0009-0000", "contents": "178th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive\nIn March 1918, the 178th Tunnelling Company was spread in Fins, Gouzeaucourt and Heudicourt when the German bombardment struck these places during the Spring Offensive. After this, the company was engaged in bridge demolition at the Tortille river, and other defensive activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0000-0000", "contents": "178th Wing\nThe 178th Wing is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard, stationed at the Springfield-Beckley Municipal Airport ANG complex, Springfield, Ohio. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command (ACC), with elements of the wing gained by the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency (AFISRA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0001-0000", "contents": "178th Wing\nThe 178th Wing transitioned from a Fighter Wing to an Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing. It supports MQ-1B Predator Unmanned Aerial Systems combat support sorties, which provide theater and national-level leadership with critical real-time intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance and air-to-ground munitions and strike capability. Also, the Air Support Operations Squadron provides terminal control for weapons employment in a close air support scenario integrating combat air and ground operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0002-0000", "contents": "178th Wing\nThe Wing is under the control of the Air Combat Command. Pilots that are based in Springfield are able to fly MQ-1s on the other side of the world in Iraq or Afghanistan. The second component is under Administrative Control of the Ohio Air National Guard while Operationally Controlled by AFISRA Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency and Directly supporting National Air and Space Intelligence Center, (NASIC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0003-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, Units\nThe 178th Wing consists of four groups (178th Intelligence Group, 178th Operations Group, 178th Mission Support Group, and 178th Medical Group).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0004-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, Units\nDuring the transition, the 178th Operations Group was re-designated as the 178th Reconnaissance Group and consists of the 162d Reconnaissance Squadron and the 178th Operational Support Squadron with 131 traditional and 81 full-time personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0005-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, Units\nThe 178th maintenance group was re-designated as the 178th Intelligence Group with the Air Force ISR Agency (AFISRA) as the gaining major command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0006-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, Units\nIn addition to its 900 personnel, the 178 Wing also supports 320 members of the Headquarters, 251st Communications Group, the 269th Combat Communications Squadron (both co-located with the 178 Wing), and the 123d Air Control Squadron, located in Cincinnati, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0007-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History\nOn 15 October 1962, the Ohio Air National Guard 162d Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 178th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 162d TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 178th Headquarters, 178th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 178th Combat Support Squadron, and the 178th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0008-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nEquipped with F-84F Thunderstreaks, the new group was assigned to the Ohio ANG 121st Tactical Fighter Wing at Lockbourne AFB, Ohio. The 178th TFG was tasked with a tactical fighter-bomber mission in support of Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0009-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1967, the 162d TFS deployed to Hickam AFB, Hawaii for Tropic Lighting III, an exercise designed to assist in the training of Army ground units prior to their deployment to South Vietnam. This deployment required two over-water air refuelings in either direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0010-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\n1968 was the first time the 162d participated in a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) exercise. It deployed to Greece, participating in Operation Deep Furrow 68 at Larrossa Air Base. On this exercise fourteen F-84Fs were deployed, staging though Lajes Field, Azores and Torrejon Air Base, Spain. During Deep Furrow, they performed air-to-ground maneuvers with the United States Navy's Sixth Fleet. Upon their return, the 162d TFS deployed eight aircraft to Alaska in November for Operation Punch Card IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0011-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, F-100 Super Sabre\nIn the spring of 1970, the F-84F Thunderstreaks were sent to Davis-Monthan AFB for storage, the squadron receiving Vietnam War Veteran F-100D/F Super Sabres. Concentration on the qualifications of aircrews, munitions load crews and the attainment of a C-3 combat readiness rating were the primary objectives for 1971. The squadron achieved C-3 on 30 August, a \"first\" for F-100D-equipped Air Guard units. January 1972 saw the squadron in extensive practice for their pending 9th Air Force Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI). The ORI was conducted in March and the 9th Air Force did not agree with the unit's C-3 rating. A retake was scheduled in June, with the 162d coming away with the TAC-confirmed rating of C-1, the first F-100D squadron to achieve this feat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0012-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, F-100 Super Sabre\nDuring April 1973, the squadron participated in \"Gallant Hand '73,\" a large-scale U.S. Readiness Command Joint Forces Training exercise at Fort Hood, Texas. Flying a 98 percent sortie rate. In August, the 162d took part in another joint training exercise called Operation Ember Dawn/Punch Card XIX at Eielson AFB, Alaska. In October, the TAC Unit Achievement Award was received for the fourth consecutive time, and the General Frank P. Lahm Air Safety Trophy was awarded for the second consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0013-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, F-100 Super Sabre\n31 May 1974 saw the 162d's accident-free flying streak end at 69 months when a pilot was forced to eject from his out-of-control F-100D. The unit participated in \"Sentry Guard Strike V\" at Volk Field, Wisconsin during 13\u201327 July the same year. In September 1975, the 162d was selected as a replacement for another unit to participate in NATO's \"Reforger '75\" Cornet Razor exercise at Ramstein AB, West Germany as part of a series of NATO exercises called \"Autumn Forge.\" Deploying thirteen F-100D aircraft, 162d pilots provided close air support as the aggressor in exercise \"Captain Trek,\" flying 121 sorties with 198 hours of flying time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0014-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, F-100 Super Sabre\nJanuary 1976 saw the unit preparing for Operation Snowbird and the pending April ORI. \"Snowbird\" was conducted at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. and was designed to give pilots favorable weather locations for clear weather flying opportunities. To provide its pilots with proficiency for real combat conditions, the 162d took part in \"Red Flag 77-9.\" Captain Edward J. Mechenbier, a former Vietnam War POW, was selected as the outstanding fighter pilot for 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0015-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\nJanuary 1978 initiated the conversion to the Vought Corporation's A-7D Corsair II attack aircraft. The conversion from the F-100 to the A-7 was accomplished in less than three months, the fastest ever for an Air Force or Air National Guard unit. The first major deployment with the A-7 was to Patrick AFB, Florida, on 12 August in support of Forward Air Controller training. Also in 1978, the 162d participated in \"Red Flag 78-9\" on 23 September, and \"Tequilla Shooter\" at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona, from 14 to 20 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0016-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\nThe first deployment in 1979 was \"Operation Snowbird\" again as 118 enlisted and 30 officers deployed to Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. in support of the exercise. \"Sabre Sluff 79-2,\" a locally generated version of \"Red Flag\" was conducted at Springfield during 26\u201328 April, providing realistic training for the 162d's flying, communications, and radar control units. 13\u201315 September saw a second \"Sabre Sluff\" exercise, now known as \"Buckeye Flag,\" carried out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0017-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\nThe 1980 exercise year started with \"Empire Glacier\" at Fort Drum, New York. The 162d was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for its meritorious service from 1 March 1978 to 28 February 1979. In April, the 162nd was teamed with the Ohio ANG 166th Tactical Fighter Squadron in support of exercise \"Cope Elite.\" The exercise which was carried out at NAS Barbers Point, Hawaii, involved combat training for U.S. Army and Air Force units based in Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0018-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\nIn February 1981, Major John Smith commanded a six-aircraft deployment to the 49th TFW at Holloman AFB, New Mexico for Dissimilar air combat training (DACT). In March, the squadron flew close air support (CAS) missions for opposing forces during \"Eagle Strike I,\" an exercise involving two brigades for the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. During the May exercise \"Maple Flag 7,\" support was given to the Ohio ANG 112th Tactical Fighter Squadron for a 30-day rotation TDY to Howard AFB, Panama. This deployment provided the only operational fighters in the Southern Command. In July, the 162nd participated in the Michigan-based combat readiness exercise \"Sentry Buckeye XI,\" the first \"Sentry Buckeye\" to be flown from the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0019-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\n1982 was a busy year with the unit taking part in eight individual exercises, including \"Red Flag 82-4\" at Nellis AFB, Nevada. The 162d won the annual Ohio ANG \"Turkey Shoot\" competition in October at the Jefferson Proving Ground air-to-ground range. The squadron also celebrated its 35th anniversary with an open house and a military ball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0020-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\nMore deployments were in store for 1983, starting with \"Coronet Castle\" in April. In June, the 162nd completed five and one-half years of accident-free flying and earned the Tactical Air Command Flight Safety Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0021-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\n1984's first deployment was the Panama rotation. In April, it was up to Canada for exercise \"Maple Flag.\" The June \"Sentry Buckeye\" at Alpena Mich. pitted \"friendly\" forces against \"aggressor\" forces from the Missouri ANG 131st Tactical Fighter Wing, St. Louis. A deployment in December for another Operation Snowbird at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. rounded out the year. A \"Red Flag\" exercise at Nellis AFB, Nevada was the first deployment for 1985. \"Solid Shield,\" a joint exercise with the 166th TFS was conducted in May at the Naval Air Station, Key West, Florida. In June, it was off to the Panama Canal Zone for a deployment involving 50 personnel and four aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0022-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\nIn 1986, DACT missions were conducted from January to April at various locations. Also in April, CAS sorties were flown for the Canadian Forces Operation School. \"Coronet Miami,\" a six-week NATO exercise, was begun at RAF Sculthorpe, England. There the 162nd trained with military elements of NATO and the U.S. Air Forces in Europe. In November, 14 aircraft and 149 personnel supported \"Operation Snowbird.\" The final 162nd deployment for 1986 was at CFB Chatham, New Brunswick. There, CAS missions were provided for the school that trains forward controller for the Canadian Armed Forces. With all of the flying, the 162nd ended the year with the prestigious Tappan Memorial Trophy, awarded to Ohio's outstanding Air National Guard Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0023-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\nOn 28 February 1987, the 162nd deployed five A-7D aircraft and 41 personnel to MacDill AFB, Florida in support of the 9th Air Force FAC (Forward Air Controller Training). In March 1987, the 162nd rotated to support CORNET COVE XII, a 30-day mission to Howard AFB, Panama in which the 162nd maintained the only operational fighter in the Southern Air Command. Nine officers and 43 members deployed four A-7D aircraft to provide the 24th Composite Wing the support they needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0024-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\nIn 1988, the 162nd took twelve aircraft to participate in SNOWBIRD for the December deployment that allowed the jets to schedule heavy air operations in Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. 1989 saw the 162nd participate in Panama for the 11th time in 19 years to support CORONET COVE. Nine officers and 46 enlisted provided five aircraft to support the 24th Composite Wing operations. In May 1989, the 162nd deployed in support of CORONET PINE I and II at RAF Sculthorpe, England. After a series of groundings, the 162nd deployed five aircraft and 295 personnel to participate in the major NATO Exercise Central Enterprise at RAF Boscombe Down, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0025-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\nIn 1990, Operation Desert Storm saw 93 unit members deploy to the Middle East, but the A-7D aircraft remained in Ohio as by then, they were considered second-line aircraft, being replaced by the A-10 Thunderbolt II in front-line combat service. In September 1990, the 162nd deployed to the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Michigan for field training. The 162nd ended 1990 at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona, in support of the December exercise SNOWBIRD. In March 1991, the 162nd deployed to the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Mississippi and flew a total of 219 sorties during the deployment exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0025-0001", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\nIn September 1991, the 162nd deployed seven aircraft to Nellis AFB, Nevada, to participate in AIR WARRIOR exercise. The 162nd deployed again to support SNOWBIRD at Davis-Monthan AFB in November 1991. In 1992 the 162nd deployed to Savannah Air National Guard Base, Georgia to support practicing units for the William Tell Competition and then traveled to Otis Air National Guard Base, Massachusetts for DACT training soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0026-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, A-7D Corsair II\nIn May 1993 the 162nd hosted a farewell to the A-7D Corsair II. The SLUF Salute was an Air Force sanctioned event to say farewell to this great aircraft that the 162nd flew from 1978 to 1993. The 162nd flew the last public demonstration of the A-7D Corsair II in the United States. While assigned to the unit, the aircraft flew a total of 55,357.4 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0027-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nIn March 1992, the unit adopted the USAF Objective Wing organization and the 178th Tactical Fighter Group became simply the 178th Fighter Group; the 162d as a Fighter Squadron. On 1 June of that year, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force re-organizing after the end of the Cold War. Air Combat Command (ACC) became the gaining major command for the 178th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0028-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nDuring May 1993 the squadron marked the end of 15 years of A-7D operations with the 162d Fighter Squadron. Later in the year the conversion to the Block 30 F-16C Fighting Falcon. The 162d took twelve F-16's, 20 pilots and over 600 personnel to Operation WINTERBASE at the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center, Mississippi, to perform flight training for the first big deployment with the new F-16Cs. During the month-long deployment, 30 aircrew certifications were attained and the sortie generation was the largest ever by the 178th Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0028-0001", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nFor LONGSHOT 94, the 162d launched four F-16's in support of the competition. The mission was for the aircraft to rendezvous with the various units fly to Nellis AFB, Nevada to drop ordnance on target and on time. Opposing Red Air Enemy attempted to thwart the attack. The 162d was part of the outstanding 3rd place team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0029-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nIn 1995, Operation SNOWBIRD occurred in February, with the 162d flying 223 sorties for live weapons and desert combat simulations. Later in April 1995, the 162d provided RED AIR for Tyndall AFB, Florida air training in Dissimilar air combat training (DACT) called LONGSHOT 95. In June 1995, the 162d deployed to Karup Air Base, Denmark to participate in NATO exercises BALTOP 95 and CENTRAL ENTERPRISE. The 162d provided RED AIR for the BALTOP exercise and flew 225 sorties in CENTRAL ENTERPRISE with eight of the F-16 aircraft from the 162d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0030-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nOn 11 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force One Base-One Wing directive, the 178th Fighter Group was expanded and changed in status to the 178th Fighter Wing. Under the Objective Wing organization, the 162d Fighter Squadron was assigned to the 178th Operations Group. Support groups to the wing were the 178th Maintenance Group, 178th Mission Support Group and the 178th Medical Group. In December 1995, DACT training occurred again for the 162d at the Gulfport CRTC, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0031-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nDuring the period of 1995 to 1998, the 162d took first place in the \"Turkey Shoot\" Competition in Indiana, taking on units from the Ohio ANG and other participating states showing the 162d skill and accuracy in air-to-ground employment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0032-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0033-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nIn August 1996, the 162d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (162 EFS) was first formed from 178th personnel and aircraft and deployed to Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait to support Operation Southern Watch and Operation Desert Strike with the mission to enforce the southern no-fly zone imposed by the United Nations over Iraq. In 1997, the 162d Fighter Squadron deployed to Tyndall AFB, Florida for a COMBAT ARCHER exercise to perform supersonic air-to-air combat with drones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0034-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nIn May 1997, the 162 EFS was again formed, deploying to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey to support Operation Northern Watch. Later in 1997, the 162d Fighter Squadron invited past members to attend the 50th Anniversary Celebration of the squadron at Springfield. In 1998 the 162d deployed to Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska and underwent Exercise Cope Thunder arctic training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0035-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Education and Training Command\nIn 1998 the mission of the 178th Fighter Wing was changed to become a flying training unit under Air Education and Training Command (AETC). Its new mission was to skillfully train and support Active Duty, Guard and Reserve F-16 pilots as an Advanced Flight Training Unit. Its gaining command was officially changed from Air Combat Command to AETC on 17 March 1999. As part of the new mission, the 162d received Block 30 F-16D twin-seat trainers which provided the aircraft required for training. Courses included the Basic Course, or also known as the B-course, which was for students who have never flown a fighter aircraft, but are graduates of Air Force Undergraduate Pilot Training. Students were put through an 8.5-month training module. This included in class time, simulator training and in-flight training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 77], "content_span": [78, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0036-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Education and Training Command\nIn 2000 the 162d took their F-16's to Savannah Air National Guard Base, Georgia for Annual Training. In 2001, the 162d went back to Hickam AFB, Hawaii for the first time in 20 years to participate in exercise SENTRY ALOHA 01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 77], "content_span": [78, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0037-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Education and Training Command\nIn September 2001, while on Annual Training at the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Michigan, the 11 September 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon occurred. The 162d flew numerous missions in support of homeland defense and for Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 77], "content_span": [78, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0038-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nUnder the 2005 Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC), a decision came down that the parent 178th Fighter Wing would lose its sixteen F-16s and ultimately convert to a drone squadron. The Springfield aircraft would be distributed to the 132d Fighter Wing, Iowa Air National Guard, Des Moines IAP ANGS, IA (nine aircraft); the 140th Wing, Colorado Air National Guard, Buckley AFB, CO (three aircraft) and 149th Fighter Wing, Texas Air National Guard, Lackland AFB/Kelly Field, TX (four aircraft). It was later revealed that the decision may have been a mistake as the 2005 BRAC decision did not take into account that the 162d FS was indeed a training squadron, however the decision stood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 84], "content_span": [85, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0039-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nIn the interim, through the Foreign Military Sales program, the 178th was able to obtain another training mission with the Royal Netherlands Air Force. In April 2007 the Dutch 306 Detachment from Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona moved to Springfield to provide a different training environment. The detachment was not associated directly to the 162d FS. However the Springfield facilities were F-16 ready so as a result, when the 162d FS shut down their F-16 operations, the Dutch detachment would leave shortly after. The current RNLAF training mission at Springfield ANGB ended in 2010 when the unit returned for Arizona. About 6 classes graduated out of the Dutch detachment while at Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 84], "content_span": [85, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0040-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nThe 162d FS graduated its final American F-16 Basic Course class on 12 December 2009. The class had started on 30 March 2009. In the squadron's tenure, as a training squadron, a total 77 pilots went through the B-course. Another 273 people went for pilots upgrading to operational or formal training instructor pilot. This made a total of 350 pilots that received any pilot training at Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 84], "content_span": [85, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0041-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nKnowing the American training mission would be ending soon, the 178th pursued another foreign military trainingmission with the Singapore Air Force. However, in 2009 it became apparent that mission would not be coming to Springfield due to economic limitations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 84], "content_span": [85, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0042-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nJust prior to the squadron closing out Viper operations, on 22 April 2010 the squadron had a more well received deployment in Hungary. The fifteen-day deployment allowed USAF F-16s to fly with Hungarian Air Force Saab JAS 39 Gripens, MiG-29s and the Mi-24s. The American pilots and Hungarian AF pilots had the opportunity to engage in various air-to-air scenarios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 84], "content_span": [85, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0043-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nFor the 162d FS the final sortie was on 30 July 2010. To celebrate the squadron's history, F-16C #86-0364 was painted up in special markings and incorporated some markings from the famous Second World War P-51 Mustang 'Old Crow'. On the last flight four of the most senior pilots in the squadron with the most hours in the F-16 flew. The four pilots had a combined 100 years in fighters and topped out at 15,920 hours in fighters with 12,380 of those hours in the Viper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 84], "content_span": [85, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0044-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, BRAC 2005 and closeout of F-16 operations\nAlthough the last sortie had been a few months earlier, the last American aircraft departed Springfield on 20 September 2010. This ended the manned flying mission of the 162d FS. The Dutch detachment was scheduled to return to Tucson AGB, Arizona by January 2011. Instead they pulled out early and were gone from Springfield by 15 November 2010 when the last Dutch F-16 departed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 84], "content_span": [85, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0045-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Reconnaissance mission\nOn May 7, 2010 the DoD and Air Force decided to assign the 178th a new mission. They were made a ground control station for the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator. Along with this mission came the associated intelligence analysis mission. Conversion to the MQ-1 began in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 65], "content_span": [66, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018666-0046-0000", "contents": "178th Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Reconnaissance mission\nThe mission is under the control of Air Combat Command. Pilots based in Springfield can fly MQ-1s on the other side of the world. A second component works under the National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) on the associated intelligence mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 65], "content_span": [66, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018667-0000-0000", "contents": "178th meridian east\nThe meridian 178\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018667-0001-0000", "contents": "178th meridian east\nThe 178th meridian east forms a great circle with the 2nd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018667-0002-0000", "contents": "178th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 178th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018668-0000-0000", "contents": "178th meridian west\nThe meridian 178\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018668-0001-0000", "contents": "178th meridian west\nThe 178th meridian west forms a great circle with the 2nd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018668-0002-0000", "contents": "178th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 178th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018669-0000-0000", "contents": "178th\u2013179th Street Tunnels\nThe 178th and 179th Street Tunnels are two disused vehicular tunnels in Upper Manhattan in New York City. Originally conceived and constructed under the auspices of Robert Moses, the twin tunnels have been superseded by the Trans-Manhattan Expressway in Washington Heights, which itself runs through a cut with high-rise apartments built over it in places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018669-0001-0000", "contents": "178th\u2013179th Street Tunnels\nIn the 1950s, the Trans-Manhattan Expressway (I-95) was constructed as a high-speed interstate bypass of the tunnels, and by 1962, the two tunnels were out of commission. Both Tunnels are now are being used by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey as storage space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018669-0002-0000", "contents": "178th\u2013179th Street Tunnels, History\nThe tunnels were built to carry traffic between the east side of Upper Manhattan and the George Washington Bridge (which opened in 1931) on the west side. Originally, only the 178th Street Tunnel was built, consisting of a 2,400-foot-long (730\u00a0m) tube with a width of 22 feet (6.7\u00a0m) and a clearance of 13.5 feet (4.1\u00a0m). It carried traffic to and from the George Washington Bridge at the western end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018669-0002-0001", "contents": "178th\u2013179th Street Tunnels, History\nThe eastern end split into two directions: a ramp to Amsterdam Avenue on the right and a 1,000-foot-long (300\u00a0m) driveway south to the Harlem River Drive on the left. Plans for the 178th Street Tunnel were approved in 1930, and the tunnel was nearly completed by early 1932. However, the opening of the tube was postponed for several years until traffic growth warranted the tunnel's opening, and the Port Authority resumed construction in 1938 for the 1939 New York World's Fair. After delays related to the construction of the Harlem River Drive ramp, the 178th Street Tunnel opened on June 27, 1940, serving both directions of traffic. Due to labor shortages and low traffic during World War II, the tunnel was closed in May 1942, reopening in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018669-0003-0000", "contents": "178th\u2013179th Street Tunnels, History\nWhile the 179th Street Tunnel had been planned along with its counterpart in 1930, engineers waited until the traffic loads demanded the opening of a new tunnel. By the late 1940s, the 178th Street Tunnel was frequently congested. Construction began on the 179th Street Tunnel in June 1949. The work involved constructing the Highbridge Interchange, which contained ramps from the 178th Street Tunnel to the Harlem River Drive, Amsterdam Avenue, and the Washington Bridge across the Harlem River, as well as corresponding ramps from these roads to the 179th Street Tunnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018669-0003-0001", "contents": "178th\u2013179th Street Tunnels, History\nThe ramp from the 178th Street Tunnel to Harlem River Drive, which had been completed only a decade prior, was demolished in 1950. The 179th Street Tunnel cost $9 million and the Highbridge Interchange cost $4.6 million. Both projects opened on May 5, 1952. At that time, the 178th Street Tunnel was reconfigured to serve eastbound traffic only, while the 179th served the westbound. The two tunnels had a similar display, with a stone arch for portals and \"Whitestone\" light posts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018669-0004-0000", "contents": "178th\u2013179th Street Tunnels, History\nAfter the end of World War II, New York public works baron Robert Moses started work on a bypass in Manhattan of the Washington Heights area to serve the George Washington Bridge. The traffic for the George Washington Bridge began to overwhelm the twin two-lane tunnels. In addition, the ventilation system was inadequate, and needed replacing. The plans for the Trans-Manhattan Expressway were conceived in 1955 and seven years later, the new expressway opened to traffic. Following the closures, the entranceway of the 178th Street Tunnel was used as a secondary emergency equipment garage for the George Washington Bridge but later removed. The two tunnels are currently being used as storage space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018669-0005-0000", "contents": "178th\u2013179th Street Tunnels, History\nAlthough the two tunnels were closed, there were proposals to use them again for vehicular traffic. A study was completed, in which the tunnels would be rehabilitated and reused temporarily for traffic diverted from a reconstruction of the Trans-Manhattan Expressway and the Alexander Hamilton Bridge. The rehabilitation never happened and the tunnels continue to be used as storage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018670-0000-0000", "contents": "179\nYear 179 (CLXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Veru (or, less frequently, year 932 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 179 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018671-0000-0000", "contents": "179 (number)\n179 (one hundred [and] seventy-nine) is the natural number following 178 and preceding 180.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018671-0001-0000", "contents": "179 (number), In mathematics\n179 is a prime number; that is, it is not divisible by any integer (except for 1 and itself). It is an Eisenstein prime, as it is indivisible even by complex Gaussian integers. It is a Chen prime, being two less than another prime, 181. It is a full reptend prime, meaning 1/179 has a decimal expansion of a repeated sequence of 178 digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018671-0002-0000", "contents": "179 (number), In mathematics\n179 is a safe prime, as it is one more than two times the prime 89. It is also a Sophie Germain prime, as the prime 359 is one more than two times 179. It is only the fifth number with both of these properties (after 5, 11, 23, and 83).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018671-0003-0000", "contents": "179 (number), In mathematics\n179 is a strictly non-palindromic number. It is not a palindromic number in any base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018672-0000-0000", "contents": "179 BC\nYear 179 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Fulvianus (or, less frequently, year 575 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 179 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018673-0000-0000", "contents": "179 Klytaemnestra\nKlytaemnestra (minor planet designation: 179 Klytaemnestra) is a stony Telramund asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 77 kilometers (48 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 November 1877, by Canadian-American astronomer James Craig Watson at the old Ann Arbor Observatory in Michigan, United States. It was his last discovery three years before his death. The transitional S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 11.17 hours. It was named after Clytemnestra from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018673-0001-0000", "contents": "179 Klytaemnestra, Orbit and classification\nTogether with asteroid 9506 Telramund, Klytaemnestra is the largest members of the Telramund family (614), a mid-sized family of stony asteroids in the outer main belt, which is also known as the Klytaemnestra family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018673-0002-0000", "contents": "179 Klytaemnestra, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 1 month (1,871 days; semi-major axis of 2.97\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Lick Observatory in February 1899, more than 21 years after to its official discovery observation at Ann Arbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018673-0003-0000", "contents": "179 Klytaemnestra, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Klytaemnestra is a common stony S-type asteroid, while in the SMASS classification it is a Sk-subtype, that transitions between the S- and K-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018673-0004-0000", "contents": "179 Klytaemnestra, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the Oakley Observatory in Terre Haute, Indiana, during 2006 gave a light curve with a period of 11.13 \u00b1 0.02 hours and a brightness variation of 0.55 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude (U=2). A better rated lightcurve, already obtained by Alan Harris in October 1979, gave a period of 11.173 hours with an amplitude of 0.35 (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 70], "content_span": [71, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018673-0005-0000", "contents": "179 Klytaemnestra, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nA modeled lightcurve using photometric data from a larger international collaboration was published in 2016. It gave a period of 11.17342 hours, identical to the 1979-observations by Harris, as well as two spin axes at (65.0\u00b0, \u22126.0\u00b0) and (248.0\u00b0, \u22129.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 70], "content_span": [71, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018673-0006-0000", "contents": "179 Klytaemnestra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Klytaemnestra measures between 64.25 and 90.17 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.119 and 0.245.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018673-0007-0000", "contents": "179 Klytaemnestra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1609 and a diameter of 77.69 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018673-0008-0000", "contents": "179 Klytaemnestra, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Clytemnestra, the daughter of Leda and the Spartan king Tyndareus. She was the wife of Agamemnon and the mother Orestes, Electra, Iphigenia and Chrysothemis. Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus murdered Agamemnon on his return from the Trojan War. The minor planets (38), (112), (130), (911), (637) and (8125) were named after these mythological figures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018674-0000-0000", "contents": "1790\n1790 (MDCCXC) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1790th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 790th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 90th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1790, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018675-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 British general election\nThe 1790 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018675-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 British general election, Political situation\nThe Prime Minister since 1783, William Pitt the Younger, led a coalition of Whig and Tory politicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018675-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 British general election, Political situation\nThe principal opposition to Pitt was a faction of Whigs led by Charles James Fox and the Duke of Portland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018675-0003-0000", "contents": "1790 British general election, Dates of election\nThe general election was held between 16 June 1790 and 28 July 1790. At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018675-0004-0000", "contents": "1790 British general election, Dates of election\nThis was the first general election after the law had been changed in 1785 to limit the maximum duration of polling in county elections to fifteen days. Under the old law, the poll could remain open longer. For example, the election for Sussex in 1774 had polls open for 24 days (ignoring Sundays when polling did not take place). It was hoped that the change would reduce the enormous expense of most contested county elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018675-0005-0000", "contents": "1790 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nSee 1796 British general election, for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018676-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Connecticut's at-large congressional district on December 16, 1790 to fill a vacancy left when Representative-elect Pierpont Edwards (P) declined to serve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018677-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 English cricket season\nThe 1790 English cricket season was the 19th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the fourth after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw 12 top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018677-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 English cricket season\nSamuel Britcher, the MCC scorer, began his annual publication of A list of all the principal Matches of Cricket that have been played, a compilation of match scorecards which he published until after the 1805 season. His 1790 edition features fourteen scorecards, including six from matches played at Lord's Old Ground, the MCC venue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018677-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 English cricket season, Matches\nA total of 12 top-class matches were played during the season. Four county teams played first-class matches, with a Hornchurch side also playing at the top level. A West Sussex side is recorded playing a non-first-class match, whilst there is a record of cricket being played in Rutland for the first time during the season when an England side played one from Hampshire at The Park, Burley-on-the-Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018677-0003-0000", "contents": "1790 English cricket season, First mentions\nA number of players made their top-class debut during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints\nThe 1790 Footprints refer to a set of footprints found near the K\u012blauea volcano in present-day Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the island of Hawai\u02bbi. Resulting from an unusually explosive eruption, they may be associated with a series of battles in the area in 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints, Background\nThe 1782 Battle of Moku\u02bb\u014dhai gave Kamehameha I control of the west and north sides of the island of Hawai\u02bbi, but Ke\u014dua Kuahu\u02bbula and his uncle Keawemauhili were able to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints, Background\nFor a few years, Kamehameha was occupied with Maui and the arrival of Europeans to Kona, Ke\u014dua ruled Ka\u02bb\u016b and Keawemauhili ruled Hilo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0003-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints, Background\nBy 1790, Keawemauhili and Kamehameha had made peace, Keawemauhili aided Kamehameha's invasion of Maui that year. This cooperation broke an agreement between Keawemauhili and Ke\u014dua. Ke\u014dua, angered, raided some of the lands of Kamehameha while he was in Maui at the Battle of Kepaniwai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0004-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints, Background\nKe\u014dua then attacked and killed his uncle at Hilo. Kamehameha returned from Maui to the Big Island, and Ke\u014dua ambushed them in a thick forest of Pa\u02bbauhau, but the battle was inconclusive (near coordinates ). Kamehameha counterattacked and drove Ke\u014dua back, in what is known as the Battle of Koapapa\u02bba. Kamehameha had brought a cannon salvaged from the ship Fair American' captured at Ka\u02bb\u016bp\u016blehu. Ke\u014dua captured the piece, but did not have gunpowder nor expertise to use it effectively. After heavy losses on both sides, the commanders each decided to retreat to their secure territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0005-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints, Background\nThe footprints were thought to have been left by Ke\u014dua's forces in their retreat. While passing K\u012blauea, they made offerings to the goddess Pele and made camp. As the volcano started to erupt, they thought they might have made some offense, so he split his group into three and stayed to make more offerings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0006-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints, Background\nTwo parties of warriors were overwhelmed by a pyroclastic eruption while crossing the desert. Only one party of three survived the eruption. The footprints were attributed by early geologist Thomas Jaggar to those warriors who were killed in this event. Ke\u014dua would be killed later in 1791 at Kawaihae.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0007-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints, Background\nThe Ancient Hawaiians kept elaborate oral histories, but did not accurately count years from the Christian era. One important event in the oral history was Ke one helelei which means \"the falling sand\" in the Hawaiian Language. This corresponded to an eruption witnessed in 1790 by British sailor John Young. It probably was given the specific name because it was an unusual kind of eruption for Hawaiian volcanoes. Surveyor Frederick S. Lyman used the 1790 date to estimate people's birthdates during his 1857 tax assessment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0008-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints, New research\nMore recent research indicates that some or all of the footprints may in fact be attributable to everyday activities, and not to the war parties. Extensive surveys were done in 1998 and 2000 including radiocarbon dating the few samples of charcoal that could be found. A large number of habitation sites and trails were counted, indicating the area was in use for hundreds of years during the eruption cycle of 1500 to 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0009-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints, New research\nModern forensic techniques applied in 2008 determined that many of the footprints were made by women and children, not warriors. They were probably already in the area chipping off sharp chunks of glass to use as tools, and left the footprints while escaping during a lull in the eruption. Ke\u014dua's groups, however, were at the summit, and some were killed instantly by the following blast of poison gas, not by the actual falling of the ash. Although sometimes called \"fossilized\", the imprints are not old enough to be true fossils. The fine ash was probably made into thick mud by a rain triggered in the eruption, which then quickly solidified in the tropical sun and was preserved in the arid desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0010-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints, Recognition\nThe footprints were found accidentally by geologist Ruy H. Finch in the hardened ash of the Ka\u02bb\u016b Desert while he was trying to investigate a 1919 eruption that produced Mauna Iki (small mountain). Although the National Park had been formed by then, these lands were owned by the Territory of Hawaii. In 1938 the area was proposed as a bombing practice range, resulting in protest from conservation groups. On June 20, 1938, the Federal Government bought the land to add to the park, with the bombing range limited to four and a half square miles. The Army never used the land, but the Navy caused some injuries to fishermen in 1945. In June 1950 the bombing range was returned to the park after being cleared of unexploded ordnance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0011-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints, Recognition\nIn 1941 the Civilian Conservation Corps built a trail and shelter. It is Hawai\u02bbi state archaeological site number 10-61-5505, and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on August 7, 1974, as site number 74000351.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018678-0012-0000", "contents": "1790 Footprints, Recognition\nTo access the area, park 9.1 miles (14.6\u00a0km) southwest of the park headquarters on the Hawaii Belt Road, State Highway 11. From this trailhead (coordinates ) the Footprints Trail leads about a mile southeast to the area. For a longer hike, start at the Ka\u02bb\u016b Desert trailhead on Crater Rim Drive at coordinates . and hike for about five miles (8\u00a0km) through the area. These trails or roads might be closed during high levels of volcanic activity; check conditions in advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018679-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 House\nThe 1790 House, also called the Joseph Bartlett House or the Bartlett\u2013Wheeler House, is a historic house located at 827 Main Street, Woburn, Massachusetts, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is close to the Baldwin House, with the Middlesex Canal running between them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018679-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 House\nThe 1790 House, originally on Main Street, has been moved closer to the canal to make room for a hotel. It now faces more south than its original facing of southwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018679-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 House, History\nThe Federal style house was originally built in 1790 on the banks of the Middlesex Canal, for Woburn lawyer Joseph Bartlett. Shortly before completion it was purchased by Col. Loammi Baldwin, noted engineer, who hoped to convince expatriate scientist and inventor Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, to return to his home town. Although this idea never came to fruition, author Frances Parkinson Keyes, who later spent childhood summers in the home, refers to it repeatedly in her memoirs as the Count Rumford House. The house also features in her autobiography, Roses in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018679-0003-0000", "contents": "1790 House, History\nIn 1815 Hall Jackson Kelley conducted a private school for boys in the house, and there he first read the newly published Journals of Lewis and Clark. Kelley conceived a passion for the Pacific Northwest and became the prime advocate of the United States settlement of Oregon. He then migrated west to become a legendary \"mountain man\" and explorer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018679-0004-0000", "contents": "1790 House, History\nThe house was purchased by the BNMC MA Realty LLC in March 2014. Previously, the house was owned by Woburn Daily Times Inc since 1981 and is currently used as office space. Before that it was owned by the North Congregational Church of Woburn, and used as a Sunday School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018679-0005-0000", "contents": "1790 House, Structure\nThe structure stands two stories tall beneath a hip roof, seven bays wide and four bays deep. It is of frame construction covered with clapboard, except at the front where it is imitation ashlar; wood quoins ornament its corners. A two tier Doric porch projects from the front facade, with single-story Tuscan pillars supporting the porch, and two-story Doric pillars at the corners. The upper level has a balustrade with Chinese railings. The two sides and rear also contain entrances, and the rear facade was once graced with a large Palladian window. (As of 2005, the rear facade seems to have been obliterated in a large-scale extension to the building.) There are two interior end chimneys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018679-0006-0000", "contents": "1790 House, Structure\nAt one time there was a large barn filled with old books behind the building; this was torn down in the late 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018680-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1790 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on September 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018680-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 Imperial election, Background\nMaximilian III Joseph, the elector of Bavaria, died of smallpox on December 30, 1777, leaving no immediate heirs. He was succeeded by his distant cousin Charles Theodore, then elector of the Electoral Palatinate. Under the provisions of the Peace of Westphalia covering a merger of family lines, the vote of the Palatinate was suppressed, and Charles Theodore, while ruling both territories, would hold one vote as elector of Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018680-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 Imperial election, Background, War of the Bavarian Succession\nAs Charles Theodore also had no immediate legitimate heirs, his cousin Charles II August, the duke of Zweibr\u00fccken, was entitled to inherit both Bavaria and the Palatinate. When Charles Theodore, who preferred to live in the Palatinate, offered southern Bavaria to Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor in exchange for part of the Austrian Netherlands, Charles August objected. He was joined in this objection by Prussia and Saxony, both of whom were wary of any increase in Austrian power in Central Europe. The resulting war was settled by the Treaty of Teschen of May 13, 1779, which granted the Innviertel to Austria, affirmed Charles Theodore's inheritance of the entire Bavarian electorate, and recognized some Prussian territorial claims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018680-0003-0000", "contents": "1790 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1790\nJoseph died on February 20, 1790. The electors called to Frankfurt to choose his successor were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018680-0004-0000", "contents": "1790 Imperial election, Background, Election of 1790\nLeopold was also king of Hungary and grand duke of Tuscany. In the latter role, he had been a reformer and constitutionalist, and his election offered the potential of the spread of similar reforms in Austria and the broader Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018681-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 Naval Air Squadron\n1790 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy was formed on 1 January 1945 at RNAS Burscough as a night fighter squadron. It was initially equipped with the Fairey Firefly I, replaced in May 1945 by the Firefly INF, which was fitted with a US-derived ASV radar. The squadron joined HMS Vindex on 24 June, bound for Australia, with the ship arriving at HMS Nabthorpe (the Mobile Naval Air Base at RAAF Station Schofields) 2 days before the war in the Far East ended. The squadron was disbanded on 3 June 1946 at Devonport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018682-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 Oran earthquake\nThe 1790 Oran earthquake occurred on October 10, striking near the coastal city of Oran in Algeria. The earthquake had an evaluated maximum seismic intensity of VIII to X on the European macroseismic scale (EMS-98). An estimated 3,000 people lost their lives during the earthquake and accompanying tsunami. The magitude of this earthquake is still disputed among members of the paleoseismology field, with estimates ranging from 7.5 to even as small as 5.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018682-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 Oran earthquake, Impact\nBeginning on October 8, the Spanish-conquered city was rocked by a series of strong earthquakes which were felt as far as Spain and Malta. The earthquakes were felt by residents in Granada, Cartagena, M\u00e1laga, and Santa Fe. Violent shaking was felt at Oran until October 25. Major damage occured in Oran, with much of the historic city destroyed. Reports of damage also came from Carthage, Tunisia, and Spain across the Mediterranean Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018682-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 Oran earthquake, Impact\nOn the morning of October 10, at 01:15 local time, the most violent shock razed many homes in Oran to the ground, trapping 1,000 people. Multiple shocks occurred in the aftermath, causing destruction and killing many. Landslides were triggered, spilling debris into the city. Modern construction, and a fortress in the city remained intact after the shocks, and no damage was reported outside Oran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018682-0003-0000", "contents": "1790 Oran earthquake, Impact\nAccording to the Gazeta de Madrid, over 250 soldiers were among the 3,000 killed, while some sources suggest up to 600 died. At an alcazaba, the earthquake severely damaged the structure, killing a commander general and his daughter. A number of high-ranking military officials were killed by collapsing structures. At least 86 prisoner, and 23 prison officials died when a jail collapsed. Half of the inmated managed to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018682-0004-0000", "contents": "1790 Oran earthquake, Impact\nBecause the city streets were narrow, many survivors gathered at an open space right after the quake. Looting of personal belongings took place in the ruined city. In response, the colonial announced capital punishment for anyone caught. Aid was provided to the survivrs one week later, which included tents, food and medical assistance. The governor of Oran was appointed by Charles IV of Spain to write a report on the earthquake a few days later. Damage to Oran was so severe that the Spanish Empire eventually left the city and neighbouring Mazalquivir in 1792 because repair works were not viable any more. Many of the Spanish residents in Algeria resettled to Ceuta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018682-0005-0000", "contents": "1790 Oran earthquake, Tsunami\nA notable tsunami was triggered during the quake, and witnessed by many at the coast. Sailors on ships were thrown overboard when the strong waves struck. Many residents ran fom the coast as the tsunami approached. The waves inundated the coasts of North Africa, but no disturbance of the sea was reported in Morocco. Boats were taken from ports and drifted away. Small waves also struck the Iberian Peninsula in Almeria and Cartagena, where in the latter location, the sea level rose by up to 6 feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018682-0006-0000", "contents": "1790 Oran earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe nation of Algeria lie near a complex and poorly defined convergent plate boundary separating the African Plate from the Eurasian Plate. The converging plates create a zone of compression in northern Algeria, which are accommodated by mainly thrust and reverse faults onshore and inland. Thrusting of strata due to compression formed the Atlas Mountains in Algeria and Morocco. The tectonic situation of Algeria also make the country vulnerable to large and deadly seismic events with magnitudes greater than 6.0. The offshore thrust faults also pose a tsunami threat to the Algerian coast during large earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018682-0007-0000", "contents": "1790 Oran earthquake, Earthquake\nPrevious studies of earthquakes in Algeria and on this particular event have assigned the maximum seismic intensity at IX to X on the MSK-64, EMS-98 and Mercalli scales. Based on inferring the historical descriptions of the event, Oran was assigned IX-X, while intensities IV-V was felt in Almeria and Cartagena (IV). At Mers-El-K\u00e9bir, the felt intensity was IV-V based on literature reviews. A re-evaluation of more recent literature describing the earthquake suggest the intensity was only VIII. The severe damage which occurred was due to poor construction practices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018682-0007-0001", "contents": "1790 Oran earthquake, Earthquake\nThe intensity most likely did not achieve IX level because at Mers-El-K\u00e9bir, a mere 8 km from Oran, did not report any damage suggesting the intensity was weaker than previously thought. In a 2019 journal, the authors assigned the coastal areas of Oran, where the dreatest damage was reported, intensity IX-X. The intensity IX-X was inferred from the original Spanish documents describing the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018682-0008-0000", "contents": "1790 Oran earthquake, Earthquake\nThe high intensity shaking and tsunami generation is due to the shallow hypocenter depth and offshore epicenter location. According to Pedro Mar\u00eda Legallois Grimarest, a military officer, the tremors began with the vertical movement of the ground, and was followed by shaking in the southwest-northeast direction. This would suggest the earthquake rupture consisted of two sub-events on a reverse fault. The northwest coast of Oran hosts a reverse fault offshore which may be the source of the quake and tsunami. The source fault may be one that stretches from the sea to onshore. Based on considering the damage and tsunami, a seismic magnitude of 6.0 to 6.5 has been proposed for the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018682-0009-0000", "contents": "1790 Oran earthquake, Other events\nOn June 6, 2008, a Mwc\u202f 5.5 earthquake struck off the coast of Oran with a maximum felt intensity of VII on the EMS-98 scale or VI on the Mercalli. The earthquake killed one person and caused dozens of injuries. The moment tensor solution indicated reverse faulting at a shallow depth with an epicenter offshore. The faults offshore are activated by northwest-southeast comression as a result of the Africa-Eurasia convergence in the Mediterranean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018683-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1790 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was the first gubernatorial election after the establishment of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a U.S. state. Thomas Mifflin, the incumbent President of the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was elected as the first Governor of Pennsylvania. He defeated Federalist candidate Arthur St. Clair, former Revolutionary War general and President of the Continental Congress, by a wide margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018684-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 State of the Union Address\nThis State of the Union Address was given on Friday, January 8, 1790, during the term of George Washington. It was the first annual address given by a president. It was given in New York City. The first President felt, \"great satisfaction from a cooperation with you in the pleasing though arduous task of insuring to our fellow citizens the blessings which they have a right to expect from a free, efficient, and equal government.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018684-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 State of the Union Address\nThis State of the Union Address was given on Friday, January 8, 1790, by President George Washington. It was given in New York City in the Senate Chamber of Federal Hall. It was the first annual address given by a president of the United States of America. As the first State of the Union Address President Washington created the example of what would become expected of presidents long after him. Everything from his choice of clothing, who was standing beside him, to the way he gave his message was criticized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018684-0001-0001", "contents": "1790 State of the Union Address\n\"According to Sen. William Maclay\u2019s account \"The President was dressed in second morning, and read his speech well. The senate headed by their president were on his right The House of Representatives \u2026. With their speaker were on his left\u2026\". His demeanor gave the event the respect and importance that it has been given since his first speech. For all the importance that his speech has it is the shortest State of the Union Address that has been given to this day with only 1,089 words. His speech did not address in detail many of his points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018684-0001-0002", "contents": "1790 State of the Union Address\nHe explained some of the challenges that their young America would face and he addressed what he expected of the future. President George Washington begins his speech by congratulating the houses with the accession of North Carolina and expressing the country's progress \"\u2026 and plenty with which we are blessed are circumstances auspicious in an eminent degree to our national prosperity.\". President Washington celebrated with the people but he realized the work that they would have to do in order to secure America's future. \"To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018684-0001-0003", "contents": "1790 State of the Union Address\nwas Washington's call to his country to create a good army and to gather the resources needed to maintain it. The army itself, its funding, supplies, and structure still needed to be decided so Washington included this in his speech because it was of great importance that needed to be addressed immediately. As a new country it had to find its place in the world and shine the light of democracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018684-0001-0004", "contents": "1790 State of the Union Address\nThe need for foreign policy was a concern that he felt should be dealt with by the President and he promised to do his \"duty in that respect in the manner which circumstances may render most public good.\". The need for a naturalization process to be made for foreigners was inserted to show how important they were to the country and to show the need the nation had for new citizens. The citizens themselves were not ignored in his State of the Union Address.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018684-0001-0005", "contents": "1790 State of the Union Address\nWith the government being formed by various official men the citizens of the United States were also asked to participate in the growth of their country. President Washington moved beyond official needs to address the everyday lives of the citizens. The President expressed \" the advancement of agriculture, commerce, manufactures\u2026the promotion of science and literature. Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of public happiness.\" in hopes of inspiring the people to embrace these fields of knowledge in order to better the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018684-0001-0006", "contents": "1790 State of the Union Address\nHe reminded the country that they needed knowledge in order to be able to \"know and to value their own rights; to discern and provide against invasions of them, etc\u2026\". Lastly he also reminded the houses of their duty to the country and the cooperation that they would need to have for the future. The first President felt, \"great satisfaction from a cooperation with you in the pleasing though arduous task of insuring to our fellow citizens the blessings which they have a right to expect from a free, efficient, and equal government.\" The short speech that will forever be remembered by American citizens gave them hope for the future and revealed to the world the great efforts that were made by courageous men and women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018684-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 State of the Union Address, Congressional response\nIn concert with the portion of Washington's speech calling for \"the promotion of \"science and literature,\" Congress began drafting the Patent Act of 1790 and the Copyright Act of 1790. However, Washington's further suggestion that the United States establish a \"national university\" was questioned in the House of Representatives. Representative Michael Jenifer Stone was concerned that this would be unconstitutional because there was no authorization for Congress to found such a business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018685-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut\nConnecticut elected all five of its representatives at-large on a general ticket on September 20, 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018685-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut\nThere were two subsequent special elections. The first was held to fill the vacancy left by Pierpont Edwards (Pro-Administration) declining to serve and was won by Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Administration). The second was held September 19, 1791 to fill the vacancy left by Roger Sherman (Pro-Administration)'s election to the Senate and was won by Amasa Learned (Pro-Administration).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018686-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nThe Delaware United States House election for 1790 was held on November 8, 1790. The former Continental Congressman John Vining won reelection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018687-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland\nUnder Maryland law for the election for the 1st and 2nd Congresses \"candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018688-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 27 to 29, 1790, to elect six U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018688-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nThe first U.S. Representatives under the United States Constitution had been elected in March 1789, and had taken their seats in the 1st United States Congress for a term ending on March 3, 1791. State elections in New York were at that time held during the last week of April, which meant that the State election preceding the beginning of the next congressional term was held more than ten months in advance, although the regular session of Congress was scheduled to convene only on the first Monday in December. Nevertheless, the New York politicians chose to have the seats filled, in case there might be a special session to convene at an earlier date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018688-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nOn January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered. The districts remained the same as for the previous elections in March 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018688-0003-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018688-0004-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nFive Federalists and one Anti- Federalist (later known as the Democratic-Republicans) were elected. The incumbents Laurance, Benson and Silvester were re-elected, the incumbents Floyd, Hathorn and Van Rensselaer were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018688-0005-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: At this time political parties were still very new in the United States. Politicians aligned in two opposing groups: Those supporting the federal government and those opposing it. The first group are generally known as the Federalists, or (as a group in Congress) the \"Pro-Administration Party.\" The second group at first were called the Anti-Federalists, or (as a group in Congress) the \"Anti-Administration Party\", but soon called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018688-0006-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Special election\nRepresentative-elect James Townsend died on May 24, 1790, just a month after his election, and well before the congressional term began. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual state election, from April 26 to 28, 1791, and was won by Anti- Federalist Thomas Tredwell. Thus four Federalists and two Anti- Federalists represented New York in the House of Representatives of the 2nd U.S. Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018688-0007-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath\nThe House of Representatives of the 2nd United States Congress convened for its first session at Congress Hall in Philadelphia on October 24, 1791, and Gordon, Laurance, Silvester and Tredwell took their seats on this day. Benson took his seat on November 4; and Schoonmaker at some time between November 15, 1791, and January 30, 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018689-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018690-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 United States Senate election in Delaware\nThe United States Senate election in Delaware for 1790 was held on October 23, 1790. George Read was elected unanimously by the state legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018691-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 United States census\nThe United States census of 1790 was the first census of the whole United States. It recorded the population of the United States as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution and applicable laws. In the first census, the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018691-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 United States census\nCongress assigned responsibility for the 1790 census to the marshals of United States judicial districts under an act which, with minor modifications and extensions, governed census taking until the 1840 census. \"The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in 'two of the most public places within [each jurisdiction], there to remain for the inspection of all concerned...' and that 'the aggregate amount of each description of persons' for every district be transmitted to the president.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018691-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 United States census, Contemporary perception\nBoth Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and President George Washington expressed skepticism over the results, believing that the true population had been undercounted. If there was indeed an undercount, possible explanations for it include dispersed population, poor transportation links, limitations of contemporary technology, and individual refusal to participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018691-0003-0000", "contents": "1790 United States census, Loss of data\nAlthough the census was proved statistically factual, based on data collected, the records for several states (including Delaware, Georgia, New Jersey, and Virginia) were lost sometime between 1790 and 1830. Almost one third of the original census data have been lost or destroyed since their original documentation. These include some 1790 data from: Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Vermont; however, the validity and existence of most of these data can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018691-0004-0000", "contents": "1790 United States census, Data availability\nNo microdata from the 1790 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018691-0005-0000", "contents": "1790 United States census, Data\nCensus data included the name of the head of the family and categorized inhabitants as follows: free white males at least 16 years of age (to assess the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years of age, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves. Under the direction of the Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, marshals collected data from all thirteen states (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia), and from Maine and the Southwest Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018691-0005-0001", "contents": "1790 United States census, Data\nThe census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. (From 1777 until early 1791, and hence during all of 1790, Vermont was a de facto independent country whose government took the position that Vermont was not then a part of the United States.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018691-0006-0000", "contents": "1790 United States census, Data\nAt 17.8 percent, the 1790 census's proportion of slaves to the free population was the highest ever recorded by any census of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018692-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 United States elections\nThe 1790 United States elections occurred in the middle of President George Washington's first term. Members of the 2nd United States Congress were chosen in this election. Formal political parties did not exist, but Congress was broadly divided between a faction supporting the policies of the Washington administration and a faction opposed to those policies. Despite modest gains for the anti-administration faction, the pro-administration faction retained control of both houses of Congress. Vermont and Kentucky joined the union during the 2nd Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018692-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 United States elections\nIn the House, neither faction made significant gains or losses, and the pro-administration faction retained control of the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018692-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 United States elections\nIn the Senate, the anti-administration faction picked up a moderate number of seats, but the pro-administration faction narrowly retained control of the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018693-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe 1790 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election for governor of the Republic of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of former Governor Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018693-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Castleton on October 14. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. In the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden, who had served from 1778 until losing re-election to Moses Robinson in 1789, defeated Robinson for a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018693-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, incumbent Joseph Marsh indicated in August that he would not be a candidate for reelection. No candidate obtained a majority of the popular vote. On October 15, the legislature elected Peter Olcott to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018693-0003-0000", "contents": "1790 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThe freemen re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his fourth one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals for statewide offices were not recorded. According to an article in the Vermont Gazette, Chittenden's majority was over 1,300 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018693-0004-0000", "contents": "1790 Vermont Republic gubernatorial election\nThis was the final gubernatorial election in the independent republic of Vermont, because Vermont was admitted to the Union as the 14th state on March 4, 1791.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018694-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 Virginia's 9th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Virginia's 9th congressional district in July, 1790, to fill the vacancy left by the death of Theodorick Bland (A) on June 1, 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018695-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 Volkov\n1790 Volkov, provisional designation 1967 ER, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018695-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 Volkov\nIt was discovered on 9 March 1967, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula, and named after cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018695-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 Volkov, Orbit and classification\nVolkov is a stony S-type asteroid and member of the Flora family, one of the largest populations of inner main-belt asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,223 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1926 AB at Heidelberg Observatory, Volkov's observation arc is extended by 41 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018695-0003-0000", "contents": "1790 Volkov, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTwo rotational lightcurves of Volkov were obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens and by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini in early 2007. The lightcurves gave a rotation period of 10.7419 and 21.455 hours with a brightness variation of 0.09 and 0.14 magnitude, respectively (U=3/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018695-0004-0000", "contents": "1790 Volkov, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Volkov measures between 7.08 and 8.67 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.241 and 0.511. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of its family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 8.98 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018695-0005-0000", "contents": "1790 Volkov, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Russian\u2013Soviet cosmonaut Vladislav Volkov, flight engineer of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft, who died at the age of 35 during the vehicle's return to Earth after completing the flight program of the Salyut station on 30 June 1971. The lunar crater Volkov is also named after him. The minor planets 1789 Dobrovolsky and 1791 Patsayev were named in honour of his dead crew members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018695-0006-0000", "contents": "1790 Volkov, Naming\nThe names of all three cosmonauts are also engraved on the plaque next to the sculpture of the Fallen Astronaut on the Moon, which was placed there during the Apollo 15 mission, containing the names of eight American astronauts and six Soviet cosmonauts, who had all died in service. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3296).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 2nd Congress took place in 1790 and 1791, in the middle of President George Washington's first term. While formal political parties still did not exist, coalitions of pro-Washington (pro-Administration) representatives and anti-Administration representatives each gained two seats as a result of the addition of new states to the union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections\nSpeaker Frederick Muhlenberg, who had led the Pro-Administrationists in 1789, switched loyalties to the Anti- Administrationists during the tenure of the 1st Congress. He failed to win election to the Speakership as their leader as a result of these elections, and was succeeded by Jonathan Trumbull Jr., who became the 2nd Speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Retirements, Anti-Administration\nAedanus Burke, a U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 2nd Congressional District, either retired or lost re-election but it is not known", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 96], "content_span": [97, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0003-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nIn this period, each state fixed its own date for congressional general elections, a In this period, each state fixed its own date for congressional general elections early as April 27, 1790 (in New York) and as late as October 11, 1791 (in Pennsylvania). Elections to a Congress took place both in the even-numbered year before and in the odd-numbered year when the Congress convened. In some states, the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress (on the 4th day of March in the odd-numbered year). The first session of this Congress was convened in Philadelphia on October 24, 1791.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0004-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nKentucky and Vermont became states during the 2nd Congress, adding two seats each. The legislation admitted Vermont was passed at the end of the 1st Congress taking effect on March 4, 1791, the first day of the 2nd Congress, so that Vermont was represented from the start of the Congress, while Kentucky was unrepresented until the 2nd session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0005-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1790 and 1791 during the 1st United States Congress and 2nd United States Congress. New states and newly-ratified states are not included as special elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0006-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected all five of its representatives at-large on a general ticket on September 20, 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0007-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nThere were two subsequent special elections. The first was held to fill the vacancy left by Pierpont Edwards (Pro-Administration) declining to serve and was won by Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Administration). The second was held September 19, 1791 to fill the vacancy left by Roger Sherman (Pro-Administration)'s election to the Senate and was won by Amasa Learned (Pro-Administration).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0008-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia\nGeorgia switched to a conventional district system for the Second Congress. At the time, the districts were not numbered, but are retroactively renumbered as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectively here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0009-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nKentucky was admitted during the 2nd Congress and elected its first representatives in 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0010-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nUnder Maryland law for the election for the 1st and 2nd Congresses \"candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0011-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts law required a majority for election. This condition was met in four of the eight districts, the remaining four required between 2 and 9 ballots for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0012-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York's districts were not numbered at the time, therefore the numbering here is retroactive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0013-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789 and elected its representatives after admission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0014-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina, 2nd Congress\nDue to the cession of North Carolina's trans-Appalachian territory to form the Southwest Territory, the territory of the old 5th district was lost. North Carolina retained the same number of Representatives, and so it redistricted for the Second Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 92], "content_span": [93, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0015-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania had elected its Representatives at-large in the 1st Congress, but switched to using districts in the 2nd Congress. Five incumbents ran for re-election, four of whom won, while three others retired leaving three open seats. Two districts had no incumbents residing in them, while one (the 8th district) had a single representative who declined to run for re-election and one (the 2nd district) had three incumbents, only one of whom ran for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0016-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island, 1st Congress\nRhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. It elected its representatives after admission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 90], "content_span": [91, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0017-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island, 2nd Congress\nRhode Island held elections for the 2nd Congress on October 18, 1790, about six weeks after elections for the 1st Congress due to the state's late ratification of the Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 90], "content_span": [91, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018696-0018-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont was admitted at the end of the First Congress, with the admission taking effect at the start of the Second Congress. Vermont was entitled to elect two representatives. Vermont law at the time required a majority to win an office. In the 1st district, no candidate won a majority, necessitating a run-off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1790 and 1791 were the second series of elections of senators in the United States. In these elections, terms were up for the nine senators in Class 1. As of these elections, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of senators who supported President George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, senators were chosen by State legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Change in Senate composition\nNote: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0003-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nExcept if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0004-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Regular and special elections during the 1st Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were seated before March 4, 1791; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 115], "content_span": [116, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0005-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 2nd Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winners were seated March 4, 1791; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0006-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special and regular elections in 1791 during the 2nd Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were seated after March 4, 1791, the beginning of the next Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 123], "content_span": [124, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0007-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Connecticut\nAll of the senators from Connecticut were Pro-Administration through 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0008-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Connecticut, Connecticut (Special)\nWilliam Samuel Johnson resigned March 3, 1791 at the end of the 1st Congress and Roger Sherman was elected June 13, 1791 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0009-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts\nIncumbent U.S. Senator, Tristam Dalton sought re-election but was eliminated before the third ballot. The third ballot saw the election of George Cabot, who had been a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress. Cabot won 87 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0010-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe election in New York was held January 19, 1791 by the New York State Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0011-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, New York\nAt the State election in April 1790, nominal Federalist majorities were elected to both houses of the 14th New York State Legislature, but many Federalists were friendly to the Democratic-Republican Governor George Clinton, party lines not being drawn very strictly then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0012-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe incumbent Philip Schuyler ran for re-election as the candidate of the Federalist Party. New York State Attorney General Aaron Burr was the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party, but was at that time a rather moderate politician, opposing the ultras of both parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0013-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, New York\nBurr was the choice of both the State Senate and the State Assembly, and was declared elected. Schuyler was defeated despite the nominal majority of his party. Many of the Federalists took the opportunity to show their disapproval of both Schuyler's haughtiness and the financial policies of Alexander Hamilton, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and Schuyler's son-in-law. Besides, the Livingston faction of the Federalist Party felt betrayed after the election of Rufus King over their candidate James Duane in 1789, and now allied themselves with Clinton and later became Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0014-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, New York\nObs. : Burr had a majority of 5 votes in the Assembly, but the exact number of votes is unclear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0015-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nIn 1791, the legislature failed to elect due to a disagreement on procedure. The seat would remain vacant until 1793.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0016-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Vermont\nStephen R. Bradley and Moses Robinson were elected by the Vermont House of Representatives and Governor and Council in January 1791, anticipating Vermont's admission to the union. Vermont was admitted as the 14th state on March 4, 1791. The Senate had adjourned on March 3, at the completion of the 1st United States Congress; the 2nd United States Congress held a one-day session on March 4, and was not scheduled to convene again until October 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0017-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Vermont\nAs a result of this Congressional schedule Bradley and Robinson had not been seated when the Vermont House of Representatives convened in early October, 1791. At this legislative session, some members suggested that the January election of Bradley and Robinson had been premature, since Vermont had not yet been admitted to the union. Bradley and Robinson volunteered to resign the credentials of their January elections; on October 17, the Governor and Council voted again, and selected Bradley and Robinson. The House of Representatives then voted a second time, and also selected Bradley and Robinson. No vote totals were recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0018-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Vermont\nBradley was selected for the \"short term\" (Class 3), which expired on March 3, 1795. Robinson received the \"long term\" (Class 1), which expired on March 3, 1797.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0019-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Virginia\nWilliam Grayson died March 12, 1790 and John Walker was appointed to continue the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0020-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Special)\nFuture President James Monroe was elected in November 1790 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018697-0021-0000", "contents": "1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Regular)\nMonroe was re-elected in 1791 to the next term, as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018698-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1790 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018709-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1790 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018710-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 in architecture\nThe year 1790 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018712-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018713-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018714-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or French).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018714-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018714-0002-0000", "contents": "1790 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018715-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 in science\nThe year 1790 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018716-0000-0000", "contents": "1790 in sports\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 16:46, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018716-0001-0000", "contents": "1790 in sports\n1790 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018718-0000-0000", "contents": "1790s\nThe 1790s (pronounced \"seventeen-nineties\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 7, 1790, and ended on December 31, 1799. Considered as some of the Industrial Revolution's earlier days, the 1790s called for the start of an anti-imperialist world, as new democracies such as the French First Republic and the United States of America began flourishing at this era. Revolutions \u2013 both political and social \u2013 forever transformed global politics and art, as wars such as the French Revolutionary Wars and the American Revolutionary War moulded modern-day concepts of liberalism, partisanship, elections, and the political compass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018719-0000-0000", "contents": "1790s BC\nThe 1790s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1799 BC to December 31, 1790 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018719-0001-0000", "contents": "1790s BC, Events and trends\nc.1792 BC: Hammurabi starts to rule in Babylon, according to the middle chronology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018719-0002-0000", "contents": "1790s BC, Events and trends\nc.1792 BC: Work begins on the Stela of Hammurabi (now in the Louvre, Paris).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018720-0000-0000", "contents": "1790s in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during the 1790s in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018721-0000-0000", "contents": "1790s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1790 - 1799 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018722-0000-0000", "contents": "1790s in archaeology\nThe decade of the 1790s in archaeology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018723-0000-0000", "contents": "1790s in rail transport\nThis article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1790s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0000-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nElections for the United States House of Representatives for the 2nd Congress were held in Massachusetts beginning October 4, 1790, with subsequent elections held in four districts due to a majority not being achieved on the first ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0001-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Background\nIn the previous election, 6 Pro-Administration and 2 Anti-Administration Representatives had been elected. One representative, George Partridge (P) of the 5th district resigned August 14, 1790. His seat was vacant at the time of the 1790 elections, so that there were 5 Pro-Administration and 2 Anti-Administration incumbents, all of whom ran for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 87], "content_span": [88, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0002-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Background\nThree candidates ran in districts with different numbers from the previous election. It is not clear from the source used whether there was redistricting or if the districts had simply been renumbered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 87], "content_span": [88, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0003-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Background\nMassachusetts law at the time required a majority for election. This occurred on the first ballot in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th districts. In the remaining four districts additional elections were required. In the 5th and 7th districts, a majority was achieved on the 2nd ballot. In the 8th district, a majority was achieved on the 4th ballot, while in the 6th district, 9 ballots were required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 87], "content_span": [88, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0004-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, First Ballot\nThe first ballot was held on October 4, 1790. Four representatives, from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th districts won on the first ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 89], "content_span": [90, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0005-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Second ballot\nThe second ballot was held in the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th districts on November 26, 1790. A majority was achieved in the 5th and 7th districts on the second ballot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 90], "content_span": [91, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0006-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Third ballot\nThe third ballot was held in the 6th and 8th districts on January 25, 1791. Neither district achieved a majority on this ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 89], "content_span": [90, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0007-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Fourth ballot\nThe fourth ballot was held in the 6th and 8th districts on April 4, 1791. A majority was achieved in the 8th district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 90], "content_span": [91, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0008-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Fifth ballot\nThe fifth ballot was held in the 6th district on September 8, 1791. A majority was not achieved. This was the last ballot before the first session of the 2nd Congress began on October 24, 1791. The 6th district was still vacant at the start of the 1st session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 89], "content_span": [90, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0009-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Sixth ballot\nThe sixth ballot was held in the 6th district on November 11, 1791. A majority was not achieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 89], "content_span": [90, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0010-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Seventh ballot\nThe seventh ballot was held in the 6th district on December 26, 1791. A majority was not achieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 91], "content_span": [92, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0011-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Eighth ballot\nThe eighth ballot was held in the 6th district on December 26, 1791, during the 1st session of the 2nd Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 90], "content_span": [91, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018724-0012-0000", "contents": "1790\u20131792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Ninth ballot\nThe ninth and final ballot was held in the 6th district on April 2, 1792, near the end of the 1st session of the 2nd Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 89], "content_span": [90, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018725-0000-0000", "contents": "1791\n1791 (MDCCXCI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1791st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 791st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 91st  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1791, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018726-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election\nAmasa Learned (Pro-Administration) was elected September 19, 1791 in Connecticut's at-large congressional district to finish the term of Roger Sherman (Pro-Administration). Sherman had been re-elected in 1790, but resigned June 13, 1791 to become U.S. Senator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018727-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 English cricket season\nThe 1791 English cricket season was the 20th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the fifth after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw 14 top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018727-0001-0000", "contents": "1791 English cricket season, Matches\nA total of 14 top-class matches were played during the season. These included matches played by teams from Hampshire, Kent, Middlesex and Surrey as well as by club sides at Hornchurch in Essex and Brighton in Sussex. MCC played seven first-class matches. Other teams included England sides, the Gentlemen of Kent and Old Etonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018727-0002-0000", "contents": "1791 English cricket season, Matches\nA number of matches below top-level were played, including the first by a team from Leicestershire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018727-0003-0000", "contents": "1791 English cricket season, First mentions\nPlayers who made their first appearances in 1791 included Lord Frederick Beauclerk, who went on to be an influential, albeit controversial, figure in the development of MCC, and Charles Cumberland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018728-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 French legislative election\nFrench legislative elections were held in September 1791 to elect the Legislative Assembly and was the first ever French election. However, only citizens paying taxes were allowed to vote. A plurality of the elected candidates were independents, but almost all were affiliated with the three political factions emerging in the new legislative assembly; the Marais, the Feuillants and the Jacobins (Montagnards, since they occupied the most elevated in the assembly). The factions were only vaguely affiliated to an organized program. The Feuillants did, however, support a constitutional monarchy, the Girondists a moderate republican policy and the Cordeliers a radical democratic constitution, supported by the lower classes. These factions preceded the later dominant factions: the Jacobin, the Girondists and the Marais party, consisting mainly of moderates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018729-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 Maryland's 3rd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 3rd congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of William Pinkney (P) due to questions of ineligibility due to his residence", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018730-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 Naval Air Squadron\n1791 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy was formed on 15 March 1945 at Lee-on-Solent as a night fighter squadron. It was equipped with the Fairey Firefly NF.Mk I, which was fitted with radar in a centre-line container. The squadron joined HMS Puncher in June for deck landing practice but saw no action. Following VJ day the squadron was disbanded on 23 September 1945 at RNAS Burscough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018731-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 New York's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New York's 1st congressional district April 26-28, 1791 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Representative-elect James Townsend (P) on May 24, 1790, before the first meeting of the 2nd Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018731-0001-0000", "contents": "1791 New York's 1st congressional district special election\nTownsend had defeated incumbent William Floyd (A) and, as he died before the first meeting of the 2nd Congress and the special election was won by Thomas Tredwell (A), there was no change of parties between the 1st and 2nd Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018732-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 Patsayev\n1791 Patsayev (prov. designation: 1967 RE) is a dark background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 September 1967, by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after cosmonaut Viktor Patsayev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018732-0001-0000", "contents": "1791 Patsayev, Orbit and classification\nThe dark C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,664 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Patsayev was first identified as 1931 TW3 at Lowell Observatory in 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 36 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018732-0002-0000", "contents": "1791 Patsayev, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Patsayev was obtained from photometric observations taken by Sydney Black at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Coonabarabran, Australia. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 19.809 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 in magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018732-0003-0000", "contents": "1791 Patsayev, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Patsayev measures between 29.39 and 31.50 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a high albedo between 0.030 and 0.039. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) disagrees with the results found by WISE. CALL derives a much lower carbonaceous albedo of 0.046, and calculates a diameter of 25.69 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018732-0004-0000", "contents": "1791 Patsayev, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Russian\u2013Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Patsayev (1933\u20131971), test Engineer of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft, who died on his first spaceflight on 30 June 1971 during the vehicle's return to Earth after completing the flight program of the first manned orbital station, Salyut. The lunar crater Patsaev is also named after him. The precedingly numbered minor planets 1789 Dobrovolsky and 1790 Volkov were named in honour of his dead crew members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018732-0005-0000", "contents": "1791 Patsayev, Naming\nThe names of all three cosmonauts are also engraved on the plaque next to the sculpture of the Fallen Astronaut on the Moon, which was placed there during the Apollo 15 mission, containing the names of eight American astronauts and six Soviet cosmonauts, who had all died in service. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3296).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address\nThe state of union is an address, in the United States, given by the president to a joint session of Congress, the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate. The United States constitution requires the president \"from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union.\" Today the state of the union address is given as a speech, though this is not a requirement of the constitution. George Washington chose to address the congress in a speech annually, on October 25, 1791 he gave his third speech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0001-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Historical background, Government\nA major concern at the time was the raising of taxes, as the Congress was arguing if they had the constitutional power to do so. Revenues at the time for the Federal Government were mostly collected on import duties. Alexander Hamilton, then the Secretary of the Treasury felt these fees had been raised to as high a level as reasonable, and a new income stream was necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0002-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Historical background, Government\nIt is important to note that before the speech congress had been debating where to put the capital, but finally, through a deal between Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, they came to a conclusion. This deal is known as the Compromise of 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0003-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Historical background, Westward movement and Census Act\nAt the time America was currently in possession of the original thirteen colonies as well as the land gained in the Treaty of Paris. The Treaty of Paris ended the revolutionary war, in it America is granted territory as far west as the Mississippi River. Known as the year of \"Great Immigration\" 1788 is the year many Americans move west. On October 18, 1790 the Ohio tribe defeated an expedition of American troops near Fort Wayne, Indiana, this signifies the beginning of the hostilities in the North West territory. On March 30, 1791 construction of the Knoxville Road begins, it links the Wilderness Road and with Knoxville. The road opens up more frontier area for settlements. In September 1791 there is much hostility in Ohio territory, this causes Americans to build forts at Hamilton, St.Clair, Jefferson, Greenville and Recovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 88], "content_span": [89, 928]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0004-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Historical background, Westward movement and Census Act\nAt the time the Census Act had been put in place just over a year and a half before the speech. This act called for a routine census of the United States, and was passed by Congress on March 1, 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 88], "content_span": [89, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0005-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Opening\nWashington opened the speech with \"I meet you upon the present occasion with the feelings which are naturally inspired by a strong impression of the prosperous situations of our common country, and by a persuasion equally strong that the labors of the session which has just commenced will, under the guidance of a spirit no less prudent than patriotic, issue in measures conducive to the stability and increase of national prosperity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0006-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Opening\nHe acknowledges that there has been some \"degree of discontent\" about the Whiskey Tax, and that it is not perfect but he is going to keep it anyway. He says that \"revision of the provision will be found advisable.\" The Whiskey tax was one that Hamilton wanted to enacted as part of a funding system for the new country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0007-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Opening\nHe then goes on to talk about the creation on Washington D.C., and that it \"will comprehend lands on both sides of the river Potomac and the Towns Alexandria and Georgetown.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0008-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, America's Debt\nHe says that the debt has been mostly dealt with, but there might be a few things that still need to be paid off and he urges The House of Representatives to pay off any lingering debts, and there will be exact numbers coming to them soon. \"The part of the debt of the United States which remains unsubscribed will naturally engage your further deliberation,\" Washington is saying The House of Representatives must talk further on the debt that has not yet been dealt with.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0009-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Hostilities with Native Americans\nWashington admonished those along the border and their treatment of the Native Americans, stating \"In vain may we expect peace with the Indians on our frontiers so long as a lawless set of unprincipled wretches can violate the rights of hospitality, or infringe the most solemn treaties, without receiving the punishment they so justly merit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0009-0001", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Hostilities with Native Americans\nWashington states he wish for peace in the future: \"It is sincerely to be desired that all need of coercion in future may cease and that an intimate intercourse may succeed, calculated to advance the happiness of the Indians and attach them firmly to the United States.\" Although he wishes peace, he also wants the tribes to attach themselves to the United States, he remarks that some already have, \"considerable numbers of individuals belong to them [the tribes] have lately renounced all further opposition, removed from their former situation, and placed themselves under the immediate protection of the United States.\" He is also willing to use \"offensive operations\" because peace \"proved unsuccessful.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0010-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Conclusion\nWashington briefly mentions the \"completion of the census of the inhabitants,\" he is talking about the Census of 1790. He says that \"the present population of the United States boarders on 4,000,000 persons,\" the number was 3,929,625.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0011-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Conclusion\nAt the end of the speech he comments on \"the militia, the post office and post roads, the mint, weights and measures, a provision for the sale of the vacant lands of the United States.\" Washington wants to send militia to particularly vulnerable places in the USA, as they are a new country. He says that the United States must have \"systematic and solid arrangements, exposed as little as possible to the hazards of fortuitous circumstances.\" He beliefs that there must be more post offices and roads, to create unity with in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0011-0001", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Speech, Conclusion\nAs well to make sure that there is no :misrepresentation and misconception\" of the \"laws and proceedings of the Government.\" He then remarks that there is a scarcity of smaller American change and that there must be more put into place. Washington then goes on to say that the wright and measures of the country must be uniform and conducive to public convenience. Lastly, he closes with asking that \"the sale of the vacant land of the United States,\"  and that it is seen \"as s fund for reimbursing the public debt.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0012-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Policies\nWashington spend a good deal of the speech trying to convince the Native Americans to become part of the United States, as well as convincing the citizens of the country of the importance of doing so. He pushed the Senate to ratify the treaties pending before that House with the Cherokees and Six Nations of Indians (Iroquois Confederation). He said: \"Gentlemen of the Senate: Two treaties which have been provisionally concluded with the Cherokees and the Six Nations of Indians will be laid before you for your consideration and ratification.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0013-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Policies\nHe stated that the House needed to act on bills to ensure the financial security of the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018733-0014-0000", "contents": "1791 State of the Union Address, Policies\nWashington defended the need for the unpopular \"Whiskey Tax\" a leading cause of the Whiskey Rebellion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018734-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey switched to a conventional district system for the Second Congress. At the time, the districts were not numbered, but are retroactively renumbered as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectively here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018735-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia\nGeorgia switched to a conventional district system for the Second Congress. At the time, the districts were not numbered, but are retroactively renumbered as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectively here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018736-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina\nDue to the cession of North Carolina's trans-Appalachian territory to form the Southwest Territory, the territory of the old 5th district was lost. North Carolina retained the same number of Representatives, and so it redistricted for the Second Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018737-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nElections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania were held on October 11, 1791 for the 2nd Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018737-0001-0000", "contents": "1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nSix Pro-Administration and two Anti-Administration Representatives had been elected on an at-large basis in the previous election. The elections in Pennsylvania were the last elections held for the 2nd Congress, out of the states that were in the Union at the start of the Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018737-0002-0000", "contents": "1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nThe previous election had been held at-large, but for the 2nd Congress, Pennsylvania divided itself up into 8 districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018737-0003-0000", "contents": "1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nNote: Many of these counties covered much larger areas in 1791 than they do today, having since been divided into smaller counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018737-0004-0000", "contents": "1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election Returns\nFive incumbents (3 Anti-Administration and 2 Pro-Administration) ran for re-election, four of whom won. The incumbents George Clymer (P) and Henry Wynkoop (P) of the 2nd district and Thomas Scott (P) of the 8th district did not run for re-election. In addition, Frederick A. Muhlenberg switched from Pro-Administration to Anti-Administration. Four Pro-Administration and four Anti-Administration candidates were elected, a net gain of 2 seats for the Anti-Administration Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018737-0005-0000", "contents": "1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election Returns\nElection data are incomplete for the 1st and 2nd districts and are missing for the 4th and 5th districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018738-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nVermont was admitted at the end of the First Congress, with the admission taking effect at the start of the Second Congress. Vermont was entitled to elect two representatives. Vermont law at the time required a majority to win an office. In the 1st district, no candidate won a majority, necessitating a run-off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018739-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1791 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 19, 1791 by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate. The election was conducted by a system of approval voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018739-0001-0000", "contents": "1791 United States Senate election in New York\nIncumbent Senator Philip Schuyler was not re-elected. Aaron Burr, Attorney General of New York, won majority support in both the State Senate and State Assembly to succeed him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018739-0002-0000", "contents": "1791 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nIn July 1789, Philip Schuyler and Rufus King had been elected to the U.S. Senate. Schuyler had drawn the short term which would expire on March 3, 1791.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018739-0003-0000", "contents": "1791 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in April 1790, nominal Federalist majorities were elected to both houses of the 14th New York State Legislature, but many Federalists were friendly to the Democratic-Republican Governor George Clinton, party lines not being drawn very strictly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018739-0004-0000", "contents": "1791 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nSchuyler, the incumbent, and Benson were both Federalists. Burr was not affiliated with the Federalist Party but was considered a moderate member of the emergent Jeffersonian faction that would coalesce as the Democratic-Republican Party the next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018739-0005-0000", "contents": "1791 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nBurr was declared elected after receiving a majority of \"Yeas\" in each chamber of the legislature. Schuyler and Benson were both rejected by the Assembly and no vote was taken on either in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018739-0006-0000", "contents": "1791 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nThe incumbent Schuyler was defeated, despite the nominal majority of his party. Many of the Federalists took the opportunity to show their disapproval of both Schuyler's haughtiness and the financial policies of Alexander Hamilton, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and Schuyler's son-in-law. Besides, the Livingston faction of the Federalist Party felt betrayed after the election of Rufus King over their candidate James Duane in 1789, and now allied themselves with Clinton and later became Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018739-0007-0000", "contents": "1791 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nAfter a one-day special session of the U.S. Senate on March 4, 1791, the 2nd United States Congress convened for the regular session on October 24, 1791 at Congress Hall in Philadelphia. On November 8, 1791, the State's Council of Appointments declared the office of attorney general vacant, and appointed Morgan Lewis to succeed Burr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018740-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nIn 1791, the Pennsylvania legislature failed to elect a U.S. Senator due to a disagreement on procedure. The seat would remain vacant until 1793.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018741-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1791 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont, the first since Vermont joined the Union as the 14th state, took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Governor Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018741-0001-0000", "contents": "1791 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Windsor on October 13. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Vermont was admitted into the United States on March 4, 1791, and this was the first election for state offices since Vermont had become the 14th state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018741-0002-0000", "contents": "1791 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden, who had been governor from 1778 to 1789, and again starting in 1790, was re-elected for a one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, Peter Olcott was re-elected to a second one-year term. The freemen also re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his fifth one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals for statewide offices were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018742-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1791 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018744-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 in Canada, Events\nAn Anglo-French colonial aristocracy of rich merchants, leading officials, and landholders is expected to work with the royal governors to ensure proper order. Legislative assemblies, although elected by propertied voters, have little real power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018756-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1791 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018757-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 in architecture\nThe year 1791 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018759-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1791.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018761-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018761-0001-0000", "contents": "1791 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018761-0002-0000", "contents": "1791 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018762-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 in science\nThe year 1791 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018763-0000-0000", "contents": "1791 in sports\n1791 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018765-0000-0000", "contents": "1792\n1792 (MDCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1792nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 792nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 92nd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1792, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018766-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 Bourbon\n1792 Bourbon, formerly known as Ridgewood Reserve 1792 and 1792 Ridgemont Reserve, is a Kentucky straight Bourbon whiskey produced since 2002 by the Barton 1792 Distillery in Bardstown, Kentucky. The brand and distillery have been owned by the Sazerac Company since 2009. It is part of a line of small-batch bourbons aimed at the high-end liquor market. It is sold at 93.7 U.S. proof (46.85% alcohol by volume).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018766-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 Bourbon\nThe name of the bourbon is a reference to the year Kentucky became a state. The bourbon is positioned as a premium brand, and the pricing policy makes it a competitor to Knob Creek or Woodford Reserve. This reflects a trend in bourbon production, resulting from competition with single malt whisky, which makes small batch bourbons a big business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018766-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 Bourbon\nWhen originally introduced, the bourbon carried a \"Small Batch Aged 8 years\" statement on the back label and \"8-year-old\" in the text printed on the back of the bottle. In December 2013, the age statement was dropped from the label and replaced with the wording \"small batch bourbon whiskey\" and the term \"8-year-old\" was removed from the text.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018766-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 Bourbon\n1792 Bourbon was originally introduced into the market by Barton as \"Ridgewood Reserve 1792\". The Brown-Forman Corporation sued Barton for trademark infringement, arguing that the similar name and bottle design of Ridgewood Reserve could potentially create consumer confusion with Brown-Foreman's older Woodford Reserve brand. A federal judge ruled in favor of Brown-Forman in 2004, and Barton changed the name of the product to \"1792 Ridgemont Reserve\" to comply with the ruling. The company later dropped the \"Ridgemont Reserve\" from the name, making it just \"1792 Bourbon\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018767-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1792 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 2, 1792. It was the first popular election for the state's chief executive; under the 1776 constitution, the President of Delaware was elected by the legislature. Incumbent President Joshua Clayton ran for re-election. He was nominated by the Federalist Party and was opposed by two Anti-Federalists, Thomas Montgomery and George Mitchell. He won re-election by a decisive margin, but fell short of a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018767-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018768-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 English cricket season\nThe 1792 English cricket season was the 21st in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the sixth after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw 19 top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018768-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 English cricket season\nElsewhere, the earliest known cricket club in India was formed at Calcutta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018768-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 English cricket season, Matches\nA total of 19 top-class matches were played during the season. These included matches played by teams from Berkshire, Essex, Hampshire, Kent, Middlesex and Surrey. Club sides at Hornchurch in Essex and Brighton in Sussex also played at the top-level and MCC played eight first-class matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018768-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 English cricket season, Matches\nA number of matches below top-level were played, including one between Nottingham and a Leicestershire and Rutland side. A match in Sheffield may be the first in which a player is known to have been given out obstructing the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018768-0004-0000", "contents": "1792 English cricket season, First mentions\nFirst-class matches were first played at Dartford Brent and Cobham Park in Kent and at Old Field, Bray in Berkshire. A military match is known to have been played at Dublin, the first cricket known to have been played in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018768-0005-0000", "contents": "1792 English cricket season, First mentions\nPlayers who made their first-class cricket debuts in 1792 include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018769-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 French National Convention election\nThe first election for the National Convention of France was held in 1792. It established the nation's first government without a monarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018769-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 French National Convention election\nThe election of the deputies was held in early September and lasted three weeks; they were the first to be held under universal male suffrage; royalist and Girondin candidates were boycotted. To be an elector a citizen had to be over 21, resident one year in his department and not a domestic servant. An elector could stand as a candidate in any constituency. To be a delegate or a deputy an elector had to be over 25. If at the first ballot no candidate received an absolute majority of votes cast, there was to be a second ballot at which only the top two candidates of the first could compete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018769-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 French National Convention election\nAccording to Malcolm Crook \"Evidence of orchestrated attempts to intimidate rivals is not hard to find.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018769-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 French National Convention election\nAn absolute majority of the male deputies elected belonged to the Marais party, a political faction of vague but largely moderate policies. The Montagnards or Jacobins received 200 seats and the republican, though more moderate Girondin faction 160 seats. According to Ian Davidson these are not hard numerical facts. The election preceded the fall of the Girondins as a political faction, mainly because of the political and social unrest following the war started by the Girondin-dominated government in the spring of 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018770-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 Georgia's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Georgia's 1st congressional district on July 9, 1792 to fill a vacancy caused by the House Committee on Elections finding on March 21, 1792 that electoral fraud had been involved in Anthony Wayne's election in 1791. His election was declared void and he was removed from the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018771-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of 1792 was the final imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on July 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018771-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 Imperial election, Background\nLeopold II, Holy Roman Emperor died on March 1, 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018771-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 Imperial election, Background, French Revolution\nFollowing the Seven Years' War and its support of the United States in the American Revolutionary War, the French government was deeply in debt. Its main source of income was a burdensome tax on its peasants which could not be much increased. As 1789 dawned, after years of bad harvests, it stood at the brink of a financial and social crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018771-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 Imperial election, Background, French Revolution\nIn order to resolve the crisis, the king, Louis XVI of France, called the Estates General of 1789 on January 24. The Estates General quickly became mired in disputes over the representation of the various estates. On June 17, after months of such disputes, the Third Estate, representing the common people, declared itself the National Assembly. On June 20, the National Assembly swore not to disperse until they had established a constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018771-0004-0000", "contents": "1792 Imperial election, Background, French Revolution\nThe dismissal of the Controller-General of Finances Jacques Necker, seen as sympathetic to the Third Estate, and the gathering of the army outside Paris led to fears that the National Assembly and its supporters among the people were soon to be crushed. In response, a bourgeois militia, the National Guard, was spontaneously established on July 13. On July 14, the National Guard stormed the Bastille, a prison and armory, and killed its defenders. On July 15, the army outside Paris withdrew to its garrisons. The capital would never return to effective royal control. During the night of June 20, 1791, the king and his wife, Leopold's sister Marie Antoinette, fled Paris in an attempt to meet counterrevolutionary troops at Montm\u00e9dy. They were recognized and arrested on June 21 at Varennes-en-Argonne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018771-0005-0000", "contents": "1792 Imperial election, Background, French Revolution\nOn August 27, Leopold and Frederick William II of Prussia, king of Prussia, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, calling for the release of Louis and Marie Antoinette and promising that, if his safety was threatened, and with the support of the other monarchs of Europe, they would go to war to restore him. The National Assembly interpreted the declaration as a declaration of war against the revolutionary government. On April 20, 1792, it declared war on Leopold's son Francis, his successor as king of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018771-0006-0000", "contents": "1792 Imperial election, Elected\nFrancis was elected. He was crowned as Francis II in Frankfurt on July 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018771-0007-0000", "contents": "1792 Imperial election, Aftermath\nOn September 20, a Prussian army advancing on Paris was stopped at the Battle of Valmy, the first significant victory for the French revolutionary government. On August 23, 1793, that government issued a decree calling for a lev\u00e9e en masse, the conscription of all able-bodied men between eighteen and twenty-five years of age. The dramatic increase in French manpower and the tactical brilliance of the brigadier general Napoleon, who saw his first major action as an artillery commander in the Siege of Toulon that same year, led to increasing military success. By the end of 1794, France had conquered the territories of the Holy Roman Empire west of the Rhine. Prussia recognized these conquests and withdrew from the first coalition against France in the secret Peace of Basel of April 5, 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018771-0008-0000", "contents": "1792 Imperial election, Aftermath\nOn February 9, 1801, France and the Holy Roman Empire signed the Treaty of Lun\u00e9ville, under which the latter recognized French conquests up to the Rhine as well as the independence of a number of French client states. The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, passed by the Imperial Diet on March 24, 1803 and ratified by Francis on April 27, reorganized the Empire in recognition of the territorial changes under the treaty. The electorates of Mainz, Trier and Cologne were abolished. Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg, archbishop and prince-elector of Mainz, was created archbishop and prince-elector of Regensburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018771-0008-0001", "contents": "1792 Imperial election, Aftermath\nMainz's territory east of the Rhine was divided among Regensburg, Hesse-Darmstadt, Prussia and the counties of what would become the Duchy of Nassau. Trier's territory east of the Rhine was also divided among the counties of Nassau. Cologne's territory east of the Rhine was divided between Hesse-Darmstadt and Arenberg. Francis's younger brother Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, deprived of Tuscany in the course of the French Revolutionary Wars, was created elector of Salzburg. The Duchy of W\u00fcrttemberg, the Margraviate of Baden and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel were raised to the electorates of W\u00fcrttemberg, Baden and Hesse, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018771-0009-0000", "contents": "1792 Imperial election, Aftermath\nHostilities between France and Francis II broke out again in 1805. Following Napoleon's historic victory over Russia and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Austerlitz on December 2, the latter was forced to conclude the Peace of Pressburg on December 26. Under the terms of this treaty, Francis II recognized the royal titles of the kings of Bavaria and W\u00fcrttemberg, and ceded to Napoleon's allies in Bavaria, W\u00fcrttemberg and Baden substantial Austrian territories in Germany. He also ceded some Austrian land south of the Alps to Italy, a client of Napoleon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018771-0010-0000", "contents": "1792 Imperial election, Aftermath\nOn July 12, 1806, Baden, Bavaria, Berg, Hesse, Regensburg and W\u00fcrttemberg established the Confederation of the Rhine, with Napoleon as its protector. On August 1, they seceded from the Holy Roman Empire. On August 6, Francis resigned as emperor and declared the Empire dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018772-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 Naval Air Squadron\n1792 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy was formed on 15 May 1945 at Lee-on-Solent as a night fighter squadron. It was equipped with the Fairey Firefly NF.Mk I, which was fitted with radar in a centre-line container. The squadron joined HMS Ocean in December for service in the Mediterranean. On return to the UK the squadron was disbanded on 17 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018773-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1792 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1792 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018773-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic-Republican Party nominated incumbent George Clinton. They nominated incumbent Pierre Van Cortlandt for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018773-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Federalist Party nominated Chief Justice of the United States John Jay. They nominated state senator Stephen Van Rensselaer for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018773-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nJohn Jay received more votes than George Clinton, but on technicalities the votes of Otsego, Tioga and Clinton counties were disqualified and not canvassed, giving George Clinton a slight majority in the official result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018773-0004-0000", "contents": "1792 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nUnder the Constitution of 1777, the votes were canvassed by a joint committee of the New York State Legislature, six members each from the Assembly and the Senate. The members were David Gelston, Thomas Tillotson, Melancton Smith, Daniel Graham, Pierre Van Cortlandt, Jr., David McCarty, Jonathan N. Havens, Samuel Jones, Isaac Roosevelt, Leonard Gansevoort and Joshua Sands. The state constitution said that the cast ballots shall be delivered to the Secretary of State \"by the sheriff or his deputy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018773-0004-0001", "contents": "1792 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nThe ballots from Otsego County were forwarded to the secretary of state by Sheriff Smith who was holding over in office until the appointment of a successor after his term had expired. The ballot box from Clinton County was delivered to the secretary of state's office by a person without a written deputation who had received the box from the sheriff. The ballot box from Tioga County was delivered to the secretary of state by the clerk of the special deputy appointed by the sheriff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018773-0005-0000", "contents": "1792 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nThe canvass committee disagreed on whether to allow these ballots to be counted or not. The question was referred to the United States senators from New York, Federalist Rufus King and Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr, for arbitration. King said all votes ought to be canvassed, Burr said that the ballots from Clinton County ought to be allowed, the ones from Otsego and Tioga counties should be rejected. Thereupon, a majority of the canvass committee (Gelston, Tillotson, Smith, Graham, Van Cortlandt, McCarty, Havens) rejected the ballots from all three counties and declared George Clinton duly elected governor by a majority of 108 votes. Van Cortlandt was elected Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018773-0006-0000", "contents": "1792 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nThe minority (Jones, Roosevelt, Gansevoort, Sands) protested in writing. In Otsego County, John Jay had a majority of about 400, and discounting the small majorities for Clinton in Tioga and Clinton counties, would have won the election. Clinton was accused by the Federalists of usurpation and the canvass committee of having made a partisan decision against the wishes of the electorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018774-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 State of the Union Address\nThe 1792 State of the Union Address was delivered by George Washington to Congress on Tuesday, November 6, 1792. It was presented in Philadelphia's Congress Hall. He said,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018775-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut\nConnecticut gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1790 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018775-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut\nThree special elections followed the 1792 elections in Connecticut after Representatives-elect Sturges and Huntington resigned before the start of Congress and Mitchell was elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018776-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nThe Delaware United States House election for 1792 was held on October 2, 1792. The former Continental Congressman John Vining chose not to run for reelection and was followed by John Patten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018777-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia\nFollowing the 1790 census, Georgia's apportionment was decreased from 3 seats to 2 (the only state whose representation decreased after the census). Georgia switched from separate districts to at-large seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018778-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire increased from 3 seats to 4 seats after the 1790 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018779-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey increased from 3 seats to 4 seats after the 1790 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018779-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey\nFollowing the 1790 census, New Jersey's apportionment increased from 4 to 5 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018780-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania\nAn election to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania for the 3rd Congress were held on October 9, 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018780-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania, Background\nEight representatives, 4 Pro-Administration and 4 Anti-Administration, had been elected in the previous election. In the previous election, Pennsylvania had been divided into 8 districts. Five additional seats had been apportioned to Pennsylvania after the 1790 Census. All 13 seats were elected at-large, an attempt by the Pro-Administration-majority legislature of Pennsylvania to prevent the election of Anti-Administration Representatives. This backfired and an 8-5 Anti-Administration majority was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 80], "content_span": [81, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018780-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania, Election results\nAll 8 incumbents ran for re-election. Seven were re-elected. There were a total of 20 candidates running for the 13 seats, 11 Anti-Administration and 9 Pro-Administration (two of the Anti-Administration candidates ran on a dual ticket but are listed here as Anti-Administration)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 86], "content_span": [87, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018780-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania, Election results\nThis was the last year in which Pennsylvania would elect all of its representatives at-large. In the following election, Pennsylvania would be divided up into 12 districts (including one plural district). At various times between 1873 and 1945, between 1 and 4 of Pennsylvania's Representatives were elected at-large, with the rest being elected from single-member districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 86], "content_span": [87, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018781-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island gained a second representative from the results of the 1790 census. Rhode Island did not divide itself into districts, but elected two at-large representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018782-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland\nMaryland increased from 6 to 8 representatives after the 1790 census. The previous mixed district/at-large system was replaced with a conventional district system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018783-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States elections\nThe 1792 United States elections elected the members of the 3rd United States Congress. Congress was broadly divided between a Pro-Administration faction supporting the policies of George Washington's administration and an Anti-Administration faction opposed to those policies. Due to this, the Federalist Party (generally overlapping with the Pro-Administration faction) and the Democratic-Republican Party (generally overlapping with the Anti-Administration faction) were starting to emerge as the distinct political parties of the First Party System. In this election, the Pro-Administration faction maintained control of the Senate, but lost its majority in the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018783-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 United States elections\nIn the presidential election, incumbent President George Washington was re-elected without any major opposition. Washington had considered retirement, but was convinced to seek re-election for the purpose of national unity. Though Washington went unchallenged, Governor George Clinton of New York sought to unseat John Adams as vice president. However, Adams received the second most electoral votes, and so was re-elected to office. Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018783-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 United States elections\nIn the House, 37 seats were added following the 1790 census. The Anti-Administration faction picked up several seats, narrowly taking the majority from the Pro-Administration faction. However, Frederick Muhlenberg, who leaned closer to the Pro-Administration faction, was elected Speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018783-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 United States elections\nIn the Senate, the Anti-Administration faction picked up one seat, but the Pro-Administration faction maintained a small majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election\nThe 1792 United States presidential election was the second quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, November 2, to Wednesday, December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was re-elected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election\nElectoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election\nWashington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election\nWhile it was also the only presidential election that was not held exactly four years after the previous election, most of the previous election was held four years prior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0004-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Candidates\nIn 1792, presidential elections were still conducted according to the original method established under the U.S. Constitution. Under this system, each elector cast two votes: the candidate who received the greatest number of votes (so long as they won a majority) became president, while the runner-up became vice president. The Twelfth Amendment would eventually replace this system, requiring electors to cast one vote for president and one vote for vice president, but this change did not take effect until 1804. Because of this, it is difficult to use modern-day terminology to describe the relationship among the candidates in this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0005-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Candidates\nWashington is generally held by historians to have run unopposed. Indeed, the incumbent president enjoyed bipartisan support and received one vote from every elector. The choice for vice president was more divisive. The Federalist Party threw its support behind the incumbent vice president, John Adams of Massachusetts, while the Democratic-Republican Party backed the candidacy of New York Governor George Clinton. Because few doubted that Washington would receive the greatest number of votes, Adams and Clinton were effectively competing for the vice presidency; under the letter of the law, however, they were technically candidates for president competing against Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0006-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Candidates, Democratic-Republican nomination\nBorn out of the Anti- Federalist faction that had opposed the Constitution in 1788, the Democratic-Republican Party was the main opposition to the agenda of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. They had no chance of unseating Washington, but hoped to win the vice presidency by defeating the incumbent, Adams. Many Democratic-Republicans would have preferred to nominate Thomas Jefferson, their ideological leader and Washington's Secretary of State. However, this would have cost them the state of Virginia, as electors were not permitted to vote for two candidates from their home state and Washington was also a Virginian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 86], "content_span": [87, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0006-0001", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Candidates, Democratic-Republican nomination\nClinton, the Governor of New York and a former anti-Federalist leader, became the party's nominee after he won the backing of Jefferson and James Madison. Clinton was from an electorally-important swing state, and he convinced party leaders that he would be a stronger candidate than another New Yorker, Senator Aaron Burr. A group of Democratic-Republican leaders met in Philadelphia in October 1792 and selected Clinton as the party's vice presidential candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 86], "content_span": [87, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0007-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Campaign\nBy 1792, a party division had emerged between Federalists led by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, who desired a stronger federal government with a leading role in the economy, and the Democratic-Republicans led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Representative James Madison of Virginia, who favored states' rights and opposed Hamilton's economic program. Madison was at first a Federalist until he opposed the establishment of Hamilton's First Bank of the United States in 1791. He formed the Democratic-Republican Party along with Anti- Federalist Thomas Jefferson in 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0008-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Campaign\nThe elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis. In most states, the congressional elections were recognized in some sense as a \"struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest,\" to use the words of Jefferson strategist John Beckley. In New York, the race for governor was fought along these lines. The candidates were Chief Justice John Jay, a Hamiltonian, and incumbent George Clinton, the party's vice presidential nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0009-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Campaign\nAlthough Washington had been considering retiring, both sides encouraged him to remain in office to bridge factional differences. Washington was supported by practically all sides throughout his presidency and gained more popularity with the passage of the Bill of Rights. However, the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists contested the vice-presidency, with incumbent John Adams as the Federalist nominee and George Clinton as the Democratic-Republican nominee. Federalists attacked Clinton for his past association with the anti-Federalists. With some Democratic-Republican electors voting against their nominee George Clinton \u2013 voting instead for Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr \u2013 Adams easily secured re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0010-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Results\nAt the time, there were 15 states in the United States: the 13 original states and the two recently admitted states of Vermont (March 1791) and Kentucky (June 1792). The Electoral College consisted of 132 electors, with each elector having two votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0011-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Results\nThe Electoral College chose Washington unanimously. John Adams was again elected vice-president as the runner-up, this time getting the vote of a majority of electors. George Clinton won the votes of only Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, his native New York, and a single elector in Pennsylvania. Thomas Jefferson won the votes of Kentucky, newly separated from Jefferson's home state of Virginia. A single South Carolina elector voted for Aaron Burr. All five of these candidates would eventually win election to the offices of president or vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0012-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Results, Popular vote\nSource: . . (February 11, 2006). Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0013-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Results, Popular vote\n(a) Only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote. (b) Pre -Twelfth Amendment electoral vote rules obscure the intentions of the voters(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0014-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Results, Popular vote by state\nSix of the fifteen states chose electors by any form of popular vote. The vote totals of Kentucky and Virginia appear to be lost. Vote totals for 13 of 76 Virginia counties exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 72], "content_span": [73, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0015-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Results, Electoral vote\n(a) Only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote, while pre-Twelfth Amendment electoral vote rules obscure the intentions of the voters, and those states that did choose electors by popular vote restricted the vote via property requirements. (b) Two electors from Maryland and one elector from Vermont did not cast votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018784-0016-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election, Electoral college selection\nThe Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. Different state legislatures chose different methods:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018785-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1792 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between November 2 and December 5, 1792, as part of the 1792 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose nine members of the Electoral College, each of whom, under the provisions of the Constitution prior to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, cast two votes for President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018785-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nConnecticut's nine electors each cast one vote for incumbent George Washington and one for incumbent Vice President John Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018786-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in Delaware\nThe 1792 United States presidential election in Delaware took place between November 2 and December 5, 1792 as part of the 1792 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose three members of the Electoral College, each of whom, under the provisions of the Constitution prior to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, cast two votes for President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018786-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in Delaware\nDelaware's three electors each cast one vote for the incumbent, George Washington, and one vote for John Adams, the incumbent Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018787-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1792 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between November 2 and December 5, 1792 as part of the 1792 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose seven members of the Electoral College, each of whom, under the provisions of the Constitution prior to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, cast two votes for President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018787-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey's seven electors each cast one vote for incumbent George Washington and one vote for incumbent Vice President John Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018788-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1792 United States presidential election in New York took place between November 2 and December 5, 1792 as part of the 1792 United States presidential election. The New York State Legislature chose 12 members of the Electoral College, each of whom, under the provisions of the Constitution prior to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, cast 2 votes for President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018788-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in New York\nNew York's 12 electors each cast one vote for incumbent George Washington and one vote for George Clinton in the state's first presidential election. (Although the state had ratified the Constitution to become the eleventh state on July 26, 1788, it did not participate in the first presidential election in 1789 due to the state legislature's being deadlocked.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018789-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1792 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place as part of the 1792 United States presidential election. Pennsylvania voters chose 15 members of the Electoral College, each of whom, under the provisions of the Constitution prior to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, cast two votes for President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018789-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania unanimously voted for nonpartisan candidate and incumbent President George Washington. The total statewide popular vote comprised 3,479 for Federalist electors and 1,097 for Anti- Federalist electors, all of whom were supportive of Washington and all but one of whom supported John Adams, the incumbent Vice President; one elector voted for George Clinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018790-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1792 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between November 2 and December 5, 1792 as part of the 1792 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 8 members of the Electoral College, each of whom, under the provisions of the Constitution prior to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, cast two votes for President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018790-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina's 8 electors each cast 1 vote for the incumbent, George Washington; with 1 exception, each of those electors cast a second vote for Vice President John Adams, the outlier voting for Aaron Burr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018791-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1792 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between November 2 and December 5, 1792 as part of the 1792 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose four members of the Electoral College, each of whom, under the provisions of the Constitution prior to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, cast two votes for President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018791-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 United States presidential election in Vermont\nVermont participated in its first ever presidential election, having become the 14th state on March 4, 1791. The state cast three electoral votes for incumbent George Washington and three for the incumbent vice president John Adams; one elector did not cast his votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018792-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami\nThe 1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami resulted from the volcanic activities of Mount Unzen (in the Shimabara Peninsula of Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan) on 21 May. This caused the collapse of the southern flank of the Mayuyama dome in front of Mount Unzen, resulting in a tremendous megatsunami, killing 15,000 people altogether. It was also called Shimabara erupted, Higo affected (\u5cf6\u539f\u5927\u5909\u80a5\u5f8c\u8ff7\u60d1), (Shimabara means the central mountain of the Shimabara Peninsula) since many people were killed by this tsunami in Higo (Kumamoto Prefecture, situated 20\u00a0km (12.4\u00a0mi) away across the Ariake Sea).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018792-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami, Volcanic activities\nTowards the end of 1791, a series of earthquakes occurred on the western flank of Mount Unzen which gradually moved towards Fugen-dake (one of Mount Unzen's peaks). In February 1792, Fugen-dake started to erupt, triggering a lava flow which continued for two months. Meanwhile, the earthquakes continued, shifting nearer to the city of Shimabara. On the night of 21 May, two large earthquakes were followed by a collapse of the eastern flank of Mount Unzen's Mayuyama dome, causing a landslide which swept through the city of Shimabara and into Ariake Bay, triggering a great tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018792-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami, Volcanic activities\nMount Unzen (center) and Mayuyama (right) showing the destruction, recent photo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018792-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami, Volcanic activities\nMayuyama of Shimabara Peninsula, from the sea of Shimabara City", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018792-0004-0000", "contents": "1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami, Megatsunami\nIt is not known to this day whether the collapse occurred as a result of an eruption of the dome or as a result of the earthquakes. The tsunami struck Higo Province on the other side of Ariake Bay before bouncing back and hitting Shimabara again. Out of an estimated total of 15,000 fatalities, around 5,000 are thought to have been killed by the landslide, around 5,000 by the tsunami across the bay in Higo Province, and a further 5,000 by the tsunami returning to strike Shimabara. The waves reached a height of 330 feet, classing this tsunami as a small megatsunami. At the Osaki-bana point Futsu town, the waves locally grew to a height of 187\u00a0ft (57\u00a0m) due to the effect of sea bottom topography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018792-0005-0000", "contents": "1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami, Monuments\nAs of July, 1991, the following monuments have been found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018792-0006-0000", "contents": "1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami, Lake Shirachi\nLake Shirachi is a pond in Shimabara city, Nagasaki Prefecture which was created after the landslide at Mayuyama created by the inpouring of underground water. Its size was first 1\u00a0km (south-north) and 300m 400m (east to west), but the production of a water exit river made it smaller and it is now 200 m by 70 m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018792-0007-0000", "contents": "1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami, Tsukumojima (99 Islets)\nAs a result of the destruction, Tsukumojima or 99 islets or rocks were distributed near Shimabara city. In the same Nagasaki Prefecture, there are 99 islands or Kuj\u016bkushima distributed from Sasebo city to Hirado city. These islands are different from Tsukumojima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018793-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1792 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Governor Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018793-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Rutland on October 11. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018793-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden, who had been governor from 1778 to 1789, and again starting in 1790, was re-elected for a one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, Peter Olcott was re-elected to a third one-year term. The freemen also re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his sixth one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals for statewide offices were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 3rd Congress were held in 1792 and 1793, coinciding with the re-election of George Washington as President. While Washington ran for president as an independent, his followers (more specifically, the supporters of Alexander Hamilton) formed the nation's first organized political party, the Federalist Party, whose members and sympathizers are identified as pro-Administration on this page. In response, followers of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison created the opposition Democratic-Republican Party, who are identified as anti-Administration on this page. The Federalists promoted urbanization, industrialization, mercantilism, centralized government, and a broad interpretation of the United States Constitution. In contrast, Democratic-Republicans supported the ideal of an agrarian republic made up of self-sufficient farmers and small, localized governments with limited power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 1012]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections\nDespite nearly unanimous support for Washington as a presidential candidate, Jeffersonian ideas edged out Hamiltonian principles at the ballot box for congressional candidates, with the Democratic-Republicans taking 24 seats more than they had prior to the organization of their political movement. Most of the increase was due to the addition of new seats in Western regions as a result of the United States census of 1790. Dominated by agrarian culture, these Western territories offered strong support to Democratic-Republican congressional candidates. As a result, they secured a thin majority in the legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\n\u2022In this period, each state fixed its own date for a congressional general election, a In this period, each state fixed its own date for a congressional general elections early as August 1792 (in New Hampshire and Rhode Island) and as late as September 1793 (in Kentucky). In some states, the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress (on the 4th day of March in the odd-numbered year), but as the first session of Congress typically began in November or December, the elections took place before Congress actually met. The 3rd Congress first met on December 2, 1793.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nThese were the first elections held after reapportionment following the first census. Thirty-six new seats were added, with 1 state losing 1 seat, 3 states having no change, and the remaining 11 states gaining between 1 and 9 seats. This was the first apportionment based on actual census data, the apportionment for the 1st and 2nd Congresses being set by the Constitution using estimated populations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0004-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1792 and 1793 during the 2nd and 3rd United States Congresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0005-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1790 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0006-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nThree special elections followed the 1792 elections in Connecticut after Representatives-elect Sturges and Huntington resigned before the start of Congress and Mitchell was elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0007-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Delaware\nDelaware's apportionment did not change following the 1790 census. As in the 1st and 2nd Congresses, each voter cast votes for two separate candidates, at least one of whom had to be from a different county as the voter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0008-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia\nFollowing the 1790 census, Georgia's apportionment was decreased from 3 seats to 2 (the only state whose representation decreased after the census). Georgia switched from separate districts to at-large seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0009-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nMaryland increased from 6 to 8 representatives after the 1790 census. The previous mixed district/at-large system was replaced with a conventional district system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0010-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nFollowing the 1790 Census, Massachusetts's representation increased from eight to fourteen Representatives and was redistricted into four plural districts, plus a single at-large district. The 4th district covered the District of Maine (the modern-day State of Maine). The plural districts were concurrent tickets rather than a single general ticket, though the 1st and 2nd districts appeared to have also had a general ticket alongside the more specific tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0011-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nAs before, a majority was required for election, in those districts where a majority was not achieved, additional ballots were required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0012-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire increased from 3 seats to 4 seats after the 1790 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0013-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nFollowing the 1790 census, New Jersey's apportionment increased from 4 to 5 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0014-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nDue to re-apportionment following the 1790 census, New York's congressional delegation grew from 6 to 10. Three incumbents ran for re-election, two of whom won, and the other three incumbents retired. With the increase following re-apportionment, this left seven open seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0015-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nFollowing the 1790 census, North Carolina's apportionment increased from 5 to 10 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0016-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania switched from using districts to electing its representatives on an at-large basis for the 3rd Congress, just as it had done for the 1st Congress. This would be the last time that Pennsylvania would elect all of its Representatives at-large. Due to re-apportionment following the 1790 census, Pennsylvania's delegation increased from 8 representatives to 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0017-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island gained a second representative from the results of the 1790 census. Rhode Island did not divide itself into districts, but elected two at-large representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0018-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina\nSouth Carolina gained one representative as a result of the 1790 census, increasing from 5 to 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0019-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont had no apportionment in the House of Representatives before 1790 census because it was not admitted to the Union until 1791. Vermont's election laws at the time required a majority to win election to the House of Representatives. If no candidate won a majority, a runoff election was held, which happened in the 1st district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018794-0020-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia gained nine representatives from the 1790 census, and in addition, the old 2nd district was lost after its territory became the new State of Kentucky. There were, therefore, ten new districts created for the 3rd Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1792 and 1793 were elections of United States Senators that coincided with President George Washington's unanimous re-election. In these elections, terms were up for the ten senators in class 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections\nFormal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of Senators who supported George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the Senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party. As these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Change in composition\nNote: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Beginning of the next Congress\nTwo Pro-Administration senators (Benjamin Hawkins of North Carolina and John Langdon of New Hampshire) changed to Anti-Administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 99], "content_span": [100, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0004-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Beginning of the next Congress\nThe vacant seat in Pennsylvania was filled February 28, 1793 by an Anti-Administration senator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 99], "content_span": [100, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0005-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nExcept if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0006-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 2nd Congress\nIn these elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1793; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0007-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 3rd Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1793; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0008-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Election in 1793 during the 3rd Congress\nIn this special election, the winner was seated after March 4, 1793, the beginning of the next Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 102], "content_span": [103, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0009-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Georgia\nOne-term Anti- Federalist William Few was defeated by fellow Anti-Federalist, James Jackson. Jackson won 24 votes in the Georgia House of Representatives and 11 in the State Senate for a combined total of 35. Few won 3 in the House and 2 in the Senate for a combined total of 5. Jackson took office as a member of the 3rd United States Congress on March 4, 1793. He would later resign in 1795 to run for his state's legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0010-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Kentucky\nIncumbent John Brown, who had previously been elected in a special election was easily reelected with no opposition and 100% of votes from the legislators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0011-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, New Hampshire\nIncumbent U.S. Senator Paine Wingate was not reelected. The New Hampshire General Court instead elected Federalist Samuel Livermore, a U.S. Representative, to the seat. Livermore, like his fellow senator, John Langdon, would go on to serve as President Pro-Tempore during this term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0012-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, North Carolina\nPro -Administration Samuel Johnston lost re-election to Anti-Administration Alexander Martin for the class 2 seat. The other senator, Benjamin Hawkins, switched his support from Pro- to Anti-Administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0013-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania (Special)\nThere was a special election on February 28, 1793 for the Class 1 seat from Pennsylvania. Incumbent William Maclay's term had ended on March 3, 1791, but the legislature failed to elect a successor due to a disagreement on the procedure to be followed in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0014-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania (Special)\nThe seat remained vacant until Albert Gallatin was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the seat during this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0015-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania (Special)\nUpon agreement between the two houses of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, the House of Representatives and the Senate, regarding the procedure to elect a new Senator, an election was finally held on February 28, 1793. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0016-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania (Special)\nOn February 28, 1794, the Senate determined that Gallatin did not satisfy the citizenship requirement for service and he was removed from office. He later went on to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. Gallatin was replaced in the Senate by a special election in 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018795-0017-0000", "contents": "1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections, Virginia\nAnti -Administration senator Richard Henry Lee resigned October 8, 1792, just before the March 3, 1793 end of term. Anti -administration John Taylor of Caroline was elected October 18, 1792 to finish Lee's term and then re-elected in 1793 to the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018796-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 contract rifle\nThe 1792 contract rifle is not a specific model of gun, rather it is a modern way to categorize a collection of rifles bought by the United States government in that year. United States 1792 contract rifles are Pennsylvania-Kentucky Rifles with a 42-inch octagon barrel in .49 caliber, with a patch box built into the buttstock. What distinguishes them from civilian rifles is that they were bought by the government under military contract.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018796-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 contract rifle, History\nBefore the United States military used standardized weapons with interchangeable parts, it bought rifles that are difficult to distinguish from their civilian equivalent. The process was similar to today, in which the government requests weaponry of certain specifications and then finds a manufacturer to build them. In 1792 there was a need for rifles, and a contract was drawn-up with Lancaster, Pennsylvania gunsmiths to deliver rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018796-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 contract rifle, History\nIn January 1792, Henry Knox, the Secretary of War for the period, authorized former General Edward Hand to contract with manufacturers for the rifles. The rifles were to be delivered in units of 100 as quickly as possible. He told General Hand that the contract was for 500 rifles, but that he was willing to extend it to 1,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018796-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 contract rifle, History\nThe 1792 contract specified rifles with a 44 1/2 inch barrel in .47 caliber. That was modified to a 42-inch barrel in .49 caliber, with a well-seasoned maple stock and a flintlock with a fly. Eleven different gunsmiths took the contract on, delivering 1,476 rifles between April 1792 and December 1792. A second contract for the same weapon took place in 1794. Seventeen gunsmiths delivered 2,000 rifles by November 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018796-0004-0000", "contents": "1792 contract rifle, History\nThese military- or militia-issued rifles were of civilian style, and it has been very difficult for collectors to identify them from this contract. However, the military issued them to regular troops and militias and called them back to the arsenals as needed. Edward Flanagan, who wrote a paper on the 1792 and 1807 contract rifles, stated that he believed that the weapons were marked by the US government, a lesson learned from gun thefts during the Revolutionary War. He pointed to a \"US\" stamp on the barrel of a weapon known to have been a contract rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018796-0005-0000", "contents": "1792 contract rifle, History\nA second contract rifle has been identified, the 1807 Contract Rifle, which has different specifications than the weapons of 1792 and 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018796-0006-0000", "contents": "1792 contract rifle, History, Lewis and Clark\nBefore their exploratory trip, the Lewis and Clark Expedition obtained rifles from the Harper's Ferry Arsenal. The US Army's website mentions the procurement of the rifles, saying that there were 300 of the 1792 or 1794 contract rifles at the arsenal at that time. The Army site also refers to modern speculation that the changes Lewis had made to the contract rifles (adding sling swivels, shortening the barrel further to 33-36 inches and reboring them to a larger caliber), led to the design of the US Model 1803, created six months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018797-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 half disme\nThe 1792 half disme (pronounced \"deem\") is an American silver coin with a face value of five cents which was minted in 1792. Although it is subject to debate as to whether this was intended to be circulating coinage or instead an experimental issue, President George Washington referred to it as \"a small beginning\" and many of the coins eventually were released into circulation. It is widely (although not universally) considered the first United States coinage struck under authority of the Coinage Act of 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018797-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 half disme, Origins\nWhen speaking to the House of Representatives in November 1792, President Washington mentioned the \"want of small coins in circulation\" and stated that he had begun work on establishing a U.S. Mint and that some half dismes had been produced already. At this point, most of the personnel had been hired, but the Mint's buildings and machinery were not yet ready. As a result, the half dismes, which had been struck in or around July 1792, were produced using the private facilities of local craftsman John Harper, although under the auspices of official Mint personnel. In his personal log book, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson recorded the receipt of 1,500 specimens on July 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018797-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 half disme, Origins\nBecause of President Washington's connection with these early coins, numismatic folklore holds that the portrait on the obverse is that of First Lady Martha Washington and that some of the coins were struck using melted-down silverware from the Washington household. However, there is no solid evidence for either of these assertions. To the contrary, evidence uncovered from Thomas Jefferson's memorandum book shows that he provided \"75 (Mexican) Silver Dollars\" and received the first 1,500 half dismes. He then spent those coins on his trip home to Monticello.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018797-0003-0000", "contents": "1792 half disme, Production, rarity, and value\nAlthough the exact number is not known, it is believed that between 2,000 and 3,500 specimens were produced. Approximately 10% of these survive today; one expert estimated between 250 and 400 half dismes exist, and most appear to have been used in circulation for some time. An about uncirculated (AU55 on the Sheldon coin grading scale) 1792 half disme was auctioned for $138,000 on July 24, 2004. A specimen strike from the Starr collection, graded MS67 by PCGS, sold for $1,322,500 on April 26, 2006. The highest numerically graded piece, an NGC MS68, sold for $1,500,000 by private treaty transaction in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018797-0004-0000", "contents": "1792 half disme, Production, rarity, and value\nAlthough nearly all 1792 half dismes were produced in a silver alloy, a unique pattern piece in copper is also known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018798-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1792 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018809-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1792 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018812-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018812-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 in literature, Events\nunknown date \u2013 Henry Walton Smith and his wife Anna set up a newsagent's business in London that will become the bookselling chain WHSmith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018813-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018813-0001-0000", "contents": "1792 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018813-0002-0000", "contents": "1792 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018814-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 in science\nThe year 1792 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018815-0000-0000", "contents": "1792 in sports\n1792 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018818-0000-0000", "contents": "1792\u20131793 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nFollowing the 1790 Census, Massachusetts's representation increased from eight to fourteen Representatives and was redistricted into four plural districts, plus a single at-large district. The 4th district covered the District of Maine (the modern-day State of Maine). The plural districts were concurrent tickets rather than a single general ticket, though the 1st and Massachusetts\u00a02s appear to have also had a general ticket alongside the more specific tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018818-0001-0000", "contents": "1792\u20131793 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nAs before, a majority was required for election, in those districts where a majority was not achieved, additional ballots were required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018819-0000-0000", "contents": "1793\n1793 (MDCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1793rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 793rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 93rd  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1793, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018819-0001-0000", "contents": "1793\nThe French Republic introduced the French Revolutionary Calendar starting with the year I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018820-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special elections\nThree special elections were held in Connecticut's at-large congressional district in 1793 to fill vacancies caused by the resignation, prior to the start of the 3rd Congress, of three Representatives-elect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018820-0001-0000", "contents": "1793 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special elections, First special election\nThe first special election was held on April 8, 1793 after Jonathan Sturges (P) declined to serve the term for which he'd been elected", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 92], "content_span": [93, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018820-0002-0000", "contents": "1793 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special elections, Second special election\nBenjamin Huntington (P) also resigned his seat before the start of Congress and was replaced by Jonathan Ingersoll in a special election held September 16, 1793", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 93], "content_span": [94, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018820-0003-0000", "contents": "1793 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special elections, Third special election\nA pair of openings lead to a two-seat special election: 1. Member-elect Jonathan Ingersoll declined to serve from the September special election; and 2. Member-elect Stephen M. Mitchell declined to serve from the general election when he was appointed to the U.S. Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 92], "content_span": [93, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018820-0004-0000", "contents": "1793 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special elections, Third special election\nA third election was held for their replacements, with the top two winning seats in the 3rd Congress: Joshua Coit (Pro-Administration) and Zephaniah Swift (Pro-Administration).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 92], "content_span": [93, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018821-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 English cricket season\nThe 1793 English cricket season was the 22nd in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the seventh after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw 17 top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018821-0001-0000", "contents": "1793 English cricket season, Matches\nA total of 17 top-class matches were played during the season. These included matches played by teams from Berkshire, Essex, Kent, Middlesex and Surrey as well as a combined Surrey and Sussex side. Berkshire played the last of their three first-class fixtures, a match followed a month later by Oldfield's first first-class match featuring the same eleven players who had played for Berkshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018821-0002-0000", "contents": "1793 English cricket season, First mentions\nA number of players made their first appearances in first-class matches during the season, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018822-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 French constitutional referendum\nThe French Constitution of 1793 was approved by a referendum in the summer of 1793. It was held via universal male suffrage, with voting on different days in different departments, in some cases after the result was proclaimed in Paris on 9 August 1793. While most voters abstained, of those who voted, 99.41% majority approved. The events took place during the French revolution and the Constitution never came into effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018822-0001-0000", "contents": "1793 French constitutional referendum, Outcome\nFrench voters approved the French Constitution of 1793 with an official result of 99.41% of those voting in favor, although voter turnout was under 30%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018823-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 Maryland's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 2nd congressional district on January 7, 1793 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Joshua Seney (A) on December 6, 1792 to accept a judicial appointment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018824-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1793 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on November 5, 1793. Incumbent Democratic-Republican governor Thomas Mifflin sought re-election to another term, defeating Federalist candidate and U.S. Representative Frederick Muhlenberg. Muhlenberg only won two counties: York and Bedford. However, Mifflin's 2-1 vote margin was down from his 10-1 victory margin in the 1790 gubernatorial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic\nDuring the 1793 yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, 5,000 or more people were listed in the official register of deaths between August 1 and November 9. The vast majority of them died of yellow fever, making the epidemic in the city of 50,000 people one of the most severe in United States history. By the end of September, 20,000 people had fled the city, including congressional and executive officials of the federal government. Most did not return until after the epidemic had abated in late November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0000-0001", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic\nThe mortality rate peaked in October, before frost finally killed the mosquitoes and brought an end to the outbreak. Doctors tried a variety of treatments, but knew neither the origin of the fever nor that the disease was transmitted by mosquitoes (this information was not verified until the late nineteenth century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0001-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic\nThe mayor and a committee of two dozen organized a fever hospital at Bush Hill and other crisis measures. The assistance of the Free African Society was requested by the city and readily agreed to by its members. Parties mistakenly assumed that people of African descent would have the same partial immunity to the new disease as many had to malaria, which was typically the most common source of fever epidemics during the summer months. Black nurses aided the sick, and the group's leaders hired additional men to take away corpses, which most people would not touch. But blacks in the city died at the same rate as whites, about 240 altogether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0002-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic\nSome neighboring towns refused to let refugees in from Philadelphia, for fear they were carrying the fever. Major port cities such as Baltimore and New York had quarantines against refugees and goods from Philadelphia, although New York sent financial aid to the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0003-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Beginnings\nIn the spring of 1793, French colonial refugees, some with slaves, arrived from Cap Fran\u00e7ais, Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). The 2,000 immigrants were fleeing the slave revolution in the north of the island. They crowded the port of Philadelphia, where the first yellow fever epidemic in the city in 30 years began in August. It is likely that the refugees and ships carried the yellow fever virus and mosquitoes. The virus is transmitted by mosquito bites. Mosquitoes easily breed in small amounts of standing water. The medical community and others in 1793 did not understand the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0004-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Beginnings\nIn the ports and coastal areas of the United States, even in the northeast, the months of August and September were considered the \"sickly season,\" when fevers were prevalent. In the South, planters and other people wealthy enough usually left the Low Country during this season. Natives thought that newcomers especially had to undergo a \"seasoning\" and were more likely to die of what were thought to be seasonal fevers in their early years in the region. In 1793 Philadelphia was the temporary capital of the United States, and the government was due to return in the fall. President George Washington left the city for his Mount Vernon estate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0005-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Beginnings\nThe first two people to die of yellow fever in early August in Philadelphia were both recent immigrants, one from Ireland and the other from Saint-Domingue. Letters describing their cases were published in a pamphlet about a month after they died. The young doctor sent by the Overseers of the Poor to treat the Irish woman was perplexed, and his treatment did not save her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0006-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Beginnings\nA 2013 book by Billy G. Smith, professor of history at Montana State University, makes a case that the principal vector of the 1793 plague in Philadelphia (and other Atlantic ports) was the British merchant ship Hankey, which had fled the West African colony of Bolama (an island off West Africa, present day Guinea-Bissau) the previous November. It trailed yellow fever at every port of call in the Caribbean and eastern Atlantic seaboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0007-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared\nAfter two weeks and an increasing number of fever cases, Dr. Benjamin Rush, a doctor's apprentice during the city's 1762 yellow fever epidemic, saw the pattern; he recognized that yellow fever had returned. Rush alerted his colleagues and the government that the city faced an epidemic of \"highly contagious, as well as mortal... bilious remitting yellow fever.\" Adding to the alarm was that, unlike with most fevers, the principal victims were not the very young or very old. Many of the early deaths were teenagers and heads of families in the dockside areas. Believing that the refugees from Saint-Domingue were carrying the disease, the city imposed a quarantine of two to three weeks on immigrants and their goods, but was unable to enforce it as the epidemic increased its reach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0008-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared\nThen the largest city in the US, with around 50,000 residents, Philadelphia was relatively compact and most houses were within seven blocks of its major port on the Delaware River. Docking facilities extended from Southwark south of the city to Kensington to the north. Cases of fever clustered at first around the Arch Street wharf. Rush blamed \"some damaged coffee which putrefied on the wharf near Arch Street\" for causing the fevers. Soon cases appeared in Kensington. As the port was critical to the state's economy, the Pennsylvania governor, Thomas Mifflin, had responsibility for its health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0008-0001", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared\nHe asked the port physician, Dr. James Hutchinson, to assess conditions. The doctor found that 67 of about 400 residents near the Arch Street wharf were sick, but only 12 had \"malignant fevers.\" Alarmed by what Rush and others told him, Mayor Matthew Clarkson asked the city's medical society, the College of Physicians, to meet and advise the city's government and citizens how to proceed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0009-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared\nRush later described some early cases: On August 7, he treated a young man for headaches, fever and vomiting, and on the 15th treated his brother. On the same day a woman he was treating turned yellow. On the 18th a man in the third day of a fever had no pulse, was cold, clammy, and yellow, but he could sit up in his bed. He died a few hours later. On the 19th a woman Rush visited died within hours. Another physician said five persons within sight of her door died. None of those victims was a recent immigrant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0010-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared\nThe College published a letter in the city's newspapers, written by a committee headed by Rush, suggesting 11 measures to prevent the \"progress\" of the fever. They warned citizens to avoid fatigue, the hot sun, night air, too much liquor, and anything else that might lower their resistance. Vinegar and camphor in infected rooms \"cannot be used too frequently upon handkerchiefs, or in smelling bottles, by persons whose duty calls to visit or attend the sick.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0010-0001", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared\nThey outlined measures for city officials: stopping the tolling of church bells and making burials private; cleaning streets and wharves; exploding gunpowder in the street to increase the amount of oxygen. Everyone should avoid unnecessary contact with the sick. Crews were sent to clean the wharves, streets and the market, which cheered those remaining in the city. Many of those who could, left the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0011-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared\nElizabeth Drinker, a married Quaker woman, kept a journal for years; her account from August 23 through August 30 tells the quickening story of the spread of the disease in the city and the rising toll of deaths. She also describes the many people leaving the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0012-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared, Temporary hospitals\nLike all hospitals of that time, the Pennsylvania Hospital did not admit patients with infectious diseases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0013-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared, Temporary hospitals\nThe Guardians of the Poor took over Bush Hill, a 150-acre estate farther outside the city, whose owner William Hamilton was in England for an extended stay. Vice President John Adams had recently rented the main house, so yellow fever patients were placed in the outbuildings. Nurses were hired to treat patients, under orders by young physicians from the city, who were to visit on a daily basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0014-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared, Temporary hospitals\nThe end of August was not historically a busy time in the city. Many families who could afford to, or who had relatives in the countryside, lived elsewhere during that hot month. Beginning in September, shipments generally increased with the arrival of fall goods from Britain. In 1793, the Federal Congress was not scheduled to resume session until November, but the Pennsylvania Assembly met in the first week of September. Founded by the Quaker William Penn, the city was the center of Quaker life in the United States. The Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends was scheduled to be held in the third week of September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0015-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared, Panic and refugees\nBetween the college's advisory on August 25 and the death of Dr. Hutchinson from yellow fever on September 7, panic spread throughout the city; more people fled. Between August 1 and September 7, 456 people died in the city; 42 deaths were reported on September 8. An estimated 20,000 people left the city through September, including national leaders. The daily death toll remained above 30 until October 26. The worst seven-day period was between October 7 and 13, when 711 deaths were reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0016-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared, Panic and refugees\nSome neighboring towns had patrols on the roads to prevent entry by refugees. The major ports of Baltimore and New York prevented refugees from entering, and quarantined them and goods from Philadelphia for weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0017-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared, Panic and refugees\nThe publisher Mathew Carey published a short pamphlet later in the fall in which he described the changes that had occurred in the life of the city:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0018-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Epidemic declared, Panic and refugees\n\"Those who ventured abroad, had handkerchiefs or sponges impregnated with vinegar of camphor at their noses, or smelling-bottles full of the thieves\u2019 vinegar. Others carried pieces of tarred rope in their hands or pockets, or camphor bags tied round their necks.... People hastily shifted their course at the sight of a hearse coming towards them. Many never walked on the footpath, but went into the middle of the streets, to avoid being infected in passing by houses wherein people had died. Acquaintances and friends avoided each other in the streets, and only signified their regard by a cold nod. The old custom of shaking hands fell in such general disuse, that many shrunk back with affright at even the offer of a hand. A person with crape [mourning crepe], or any appearance of mourning, was shunned like a viper.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0019-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Black nurses\nThe College of Physicians' advisory implied the fever was contagious and people should avoid contact with its victims although \"duty\" required that they be cared for. Yet in families, when the person with the fever was a mother or father, they could forbid their children from coming near them. Rush knew of Dr. John Lining's observation during the 1742 yellow fever epidemic in Charleston, South Carolina, that African slaves appeared to be affected at rates lower than whites; he thought they had a natural immunity. Writing a short letter to the newspapers under the pseudonym \"Anthony Benezet,\" a Quaker who had provided schooling for blacks, Rush suggested that the city's people of color had immunity and solicited them \"to offer your services to attend the sick to help those known in distress.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0020-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Black nurses\nRichard Allen and Absalom Jones recalled their reaction to the letter in a memoir they published shortly after the epidemic:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0021-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Black nurses\nEarly in September, a solicitation appeared in the public papers, to the people of colour to come forward and assist the distressed, perishing, and neglected sick; with a kind of assurance, that people of our colour were not liable to take the infection. Upon which we and a few others met and consulted how to act on so truly alarming and melancholy occasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0021-0001", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Black nurses\nAfter some conversation, we found a freedom to go forth, confiding in Him who can preserve in the midst of a burning fiery furnace, sensible that it was our duty to do all the good we could to our suffering fellow mortals. We set out to see where we could be useful. The first we visited was a man in Emsley's alley, who was dying, and his wife lay dead at the time in the house, there were none to assist but two poor helpless children. We administered what relief we could, and applied to the overseers of the poor to have the woman buried. We visited upwards of twenty families that day\u2014they were scenes of woe indeed! The Lord was plentiful to strengthen us, and removed all fear from us...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0022-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Black nurses\nIn order the better to regulate our conduct, we called on the mayor the next day, to consult with him on how to proceed, so as to be the most useful. The first object he recommended was a strict attention to the sick, and the procuring of nurses. This was attended to by Absalom Jones and William Gray; and, in order that the distressed might know where to apply, the mayor advised that upon application to them they would be supplied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0022-0001", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Black nurses\nSoon after, the mortality increased, the difficulty of getting a corpse taken away, was such, that few were willing to do it, when offered great rewards. The black people were looked to. We then offered our services in the public papers, by advertising that we would remove the dead and procure nurses. Our services were the production of real sensibility\u2014we sought not fee nor reward, until the increase of the disorder rendered our labour so arduous that we were not adequate to the service we had assumed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0023-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Black nurses\nAllen noted in his account that because of the increase in mortality, he and Jones had to hire five men to assist them in removing corpses, as most people avoided the sick and the dead. In a September 6 letter to his wife, Rush said that the \"African brethren ... furnish nurses to most of my patients.\" Despite Rush's theory, most of the city's people of color, who were born in North America, were not immune to the fever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0023-0001", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Black nurses\nMany of the slaves in Charleston in 1742 could have gained immunity before having been transported from Africa, by having been exposed to yellow fever in a mild case. People who survived one attack gained immunity. A total of 240 blacks died in Philadelphia, in proportion to their population at the same rate as whites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0024-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversy over treatment\nGiven the limited resources and knowledge of the times, the city's response was credible. The medical community did not know the natural history of yellow fever, a viral infection spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Efforts to clean the city did not defeat the spread of the fever, as the mosquitoes bred in clean water as well as in dirty water. Philadelphia's newspapers continued to publish during the epidemic, and through the doctors and others tried to understand and combat the epidemic. On September 7, Dr. Adam Kuhn, who had studied medicine at the University of Uppsala in Sweden, advised patients to treat symptoms as they arose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0025-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversy over treatment\nRush claimed that he had tried Kuhn's and Steven's stimulating remedies but that his patients still died. He recommended other treatments, including purging and bloodletting, and published his theories. The hope offered by any of these treatments was soon dashed when it became clear that they did not cure the disease, and the doctors' competing claims demoralized patients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0026-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversy over treatment\nIn his 1794 account of the epidemic, Mathew Carey noted that other doctors claimed to have used calomel (a mercury compound) before Rush and that \"its efficacy was great and rescued many from death.\" Carey added that the \"efficacy of bleeding, in all cases not attended with putridity, was great.\" Rush taught the African-American nurses how to bleed and purge patients. Allen and Jones wrote that they were thankful that \"we have been the instruments, in the hand of God, for saving the lives of hundreds of our suffering fellow mortals.\" Rush's brand of medicine became the standard American treatment for fevers in the 1790s and was widely used for the next 50 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0027-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversy over treatment\nDr. Mark Chesterfield also suggested training prisoners to perform the dangerous jobs of collecting the dead and transporting the sick, but the idea met with great controversy and was abandoned. Dr. Chesterfield later fell victim to the sickness and died as the result of excessive bloodletting at the hands of Dr. Benjamin Rush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0028-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversy over treatment\nRush's claim that his remedies cured 99 out of 100 patients has led historians and modern doctors to ridicule his remedies and approach to medical science. Some contemporaries also attacked him. The newspaper editor William Cobbett attacked Rush's therapies and called him a Sangrado, after a character in Gil Blas, who bled patients to death. In 1799 Rush won a $5,000 libel judgment against Cobbett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0029-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Government responses to crisis\nThe responses of the various levels of government in the city varied. The Federal government had no authority to act and Congress had not been in session since June. President Washington and his cabinet continued to meet until he left the city on September 10 for his scheduled vacation, a period that included laying the cornerstone on September 18 of the new US Capitol to be built in the City of Washington, the designated capital. Employees of the Treasury Department, who collected customs and worked on the country's financial system, worked throughout the epidemic; the post office also stayed open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0030-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Government responses to crisis\nThe state legislature cut short its September session after a dead body was found on the steps of State House. Governor Mifflin became ill and was advised by his doctor to leave. The city's banks remained open. But, banking operations were so slowed by the inability of people to pay off notes because of disruptions from the epidemic that banks automatically renewed notes until the epidemic ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0031-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Government responses to crisis\nThe mayor Matthew Clarkson organized the city's response to the epidemic. Most of the Common Council members fled, along with 20,000 other residents. People who did not leave Philadelphia before the second week in September could leave the city only with great difficulty, and they faced road blocks, patrols, inspections and quarantines. On September 12, Clarkson summoned fellow citizens interested in helping the Guardians of the Poor. They formed a committee to take over from the Guardians and address the crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0032-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Government responses to crisis\nOn the 14th, Clarkson was joined by 26 men, who formed committees to reorganize the fever hospital, arrange visits to the sick, feed those unable to care for themselves, and arrange for wagons to carry the sick to the hospital and the dead to Potter's Field. The Committee acted quickly: after a report of 15-month-old twins being orphaned, two days later the committee had identified a house for sheltering the growing number of orphans. As noted above, Richard Allen and Absalom Jones offered the services of members of the Free African Society to the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0033-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Government responses to crisis\nWhen the Mayor's Committee inspected the Bush Hill fever hospital, they found the nurses unqualified and arrangements chaotic. \"The sick, the dying, and the dead were indiscriminately mingled together. The ordure and other evacuations of the sick, were allowed to remain in the most offensive state imaginable... It was, in fact, a great human slaughter-house.\" On September 15, Peter Helm, a barrel maker, and Stephen Girard, a merchant and shipowner born in France, volunteered to personally manage the hospital and represent the Mayor's Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0034-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Government responses to crisis\nThey made rapid improvements in hospital operations: bedsteads were repaired and more brought from the prison so patients would not have to lie on the floor. A barn was adapted as a place for convalescing patients. On September 17, the managers hired 9 female nurses and 10 male attendants, as well as a female matron. They assigned the 14 rooms to separate male and female patients. With the discovery of a spring on the estate, workers were organized to have clean water pumped into the hospital. Helm and Girard informed the Committee that they could accommodate more than the 60 patients then under their care, and soon the hospital had 140 patients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0035-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Government responses to crisis\nGirard found that the intermittent visits by four young physicians from the city added to the confusion about patient treatment. He hired Jean Dev\u00e8ze, a French doctor with experience treating yellow fever in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). Dev\u00e8ze cared only for the patients at the hospital, and he was assisted by French apothecaries. Dev\u00e8ze admired Girard's fearlessness in his devotion to the patients. In a memoir published in 1794, Dev\u00e8ze wrote of Girard:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0036-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Government responses to crisis\nI even saw one of the diseased ... [ discharge] the contents of his stomach upon [him]. What did Girard do? ... He wiped the patient's cloaths, comforted [him] ... arranged the bed, [and] inspired with courage, by renewing in him the hope that he should recover. \u2014From him he went to another, that vomited offensive matter that would have disheartened any other than this wonderful man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0037-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Government responses to crisis\nNews that patients treated at the hospital were recovering encouraged many people to believe that medicine was gaining control of the fever. But, it soon became clear that mortality at the hospital remained high; about 50% of those admitted died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0038-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Reactions by other cities\nAs the death toll in the city rose, officials in neighboring communities and major port cities such as New York and Baltimore established quarantines for refugees and goods from Philadelphia. New York established a \"Committee appointed to prevent the spreading and introduction of infectious diseases in this city\", which set up citizen patrols to monitor entry to the city. Stage coaches from Philadelphia were not allowed in many cities. Havre de Grace, Maryland, for example, tried to prevent people from Philadelphia from crossing the Susquehanna River to Maryland. Neighboring cities did send food supplies and money; for example, New York City sent $5000 to the Mayor's Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0039-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Reactions by other cities\nWoodbury and Springfield, New Jersey; Chester, Pennsylvania and Elkton, Maryland, were among towns that accepted refugees. President Washington corresponded with members of his cabinet on where to assemble if the epidemic prevented Congress from meeting as scheduled in December. Washington decided to hold the cabinet in early November in Germantown, at that time an independent town ten miles from the heart of Philadelphia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0040-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Carey's accusations\nIn his 1793 account of the epidemic, Mathew Carey contrasted the sacrifices of men like Joseph Inskeep, a Quaker who served on the Mayor's Committee and also visited the sick, with the selfishness of others. When Inskeep contracted the fever, he asked for the assistance of a family whom he had attended when several of its members were sick. They refused. He died, which might well have happened even if they had aided him. Carey reported their refusal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0041-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Carey's accusations\nHe published rumors of greed, especially by landlords who threw convalescing tenants into the street to gain control of their flats. While he praised Richard Allen and Absalom Jones for their work, he suggested that blacks had caused the epidemic, and that some black nurses had charged high fees and even stolen from those for whom they cared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0042-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Carey's accusations\nAllen and Jones quickly wrote a pamphlet to defend the people of color in the crisis. The historian Julie Winch believes they wanted to defend their community, knowing how powerful Carey was, and wanting to maintain the reputation of their people in the aftermath of the epidemic. The men noted that the first nurses from the Free African Society had worked without any pay. As the mortality rate increased, they had to hire men to get anyone to deal with the sick and dying. They recounted that", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0043-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Carey's accusations\nthe great prices paid did not escape the observation of that worthy and vigilant magistrate, Matthew Clarkson, mayor of the city, and president of the committee. He sent for us, and requested we would use our influence to lessen the wages of the nurses. But on informing him of the cause, i.e. that of the people over-bidding one another, it was concluded unnecessary to attempt any thing on that head; therefore it was left to the people concerned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0044-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Carey's accusations\nAllen and Jones noted that white nurses also profited and stole from their patients. \"We know that six pounds was demanded by and paid to a white woman, for putting a corpse into a coffin; and forty dollars was demanded and paid to four white men, for bringing it down the stairs.\" Many black nurses served without compensation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0045-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Carey's accusations\n\"A poor black man, named Sampson, went constantly from house to house where distress was, and no assistance, without fee or reward. He was smitten with the disorder, and died. After his death his family were neglected by those he had served. Sarah Bass, a poor black widow, gave all the assistance she could, in several families, for which she did not receive any thing; and when any thing was offered her, she left it to the option of those she served.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0046-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Response of churches\nChurch clergy continued to hold services, which helped keep up residents' morale. Rev. J. Henry C. Helmuth, who led the city's German Lutheran congregation, wrote A Short Account of the Yellow Fever in Philadelphia for the Reflecting Christian. He also left a diary. On September 16 he reported that his church was \"very full\" the day before. In one week in October, 130 members of his congregation were buried. On October 13, he wrote in his diary:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0047-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Response of churches\nPreached to a large gathering about Jes.26,1. I showed that Philadelphia a very blessed city\u2014the Lord is among us and especially in our congregation. I proved this with examples of dead and still living people. Baptized a child. Announced that I could not be with the corpses, that the sick should be reported to me in the morning so that I could visit them in the afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0048-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Response of churches\nThe Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends at the Arch Street Meeting House drew 100 attendees, most from outside the city. The meetinghouse is not far from the waterfront where the epidemic had started. In their Yearly Epistle following the meeting, the Friends wrote that to have changed the time or place of the meeting would have been a \"haughty attempt\" to escape \"the rod\" of God, from which there was no escape. The Quaker John Todd, who attended the meeting, contracted the fever and died of it. His young widow, Dolley Payne Todd, later married James Madison, a Virginia congressman whom she met in Philadelphia and who later was elected as US president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0049-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, End of the epidemic\nDoctors, preachers, and laymen all looked to the coming of autumn to end the epidemic. At first they hoped a seasonal \"equinoctial gale,\" or hurricane, common at that time of year, would blow away the fever. Instead, heavy rains in late September seemed to correlate with a higher rate of cases. Residents next anticipated freezing temperatures at night, which they knew were associated with ending fall fevers, but not why this was so. By the first two weeks of October, which was the peak of the crisis, gloom pervaded the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0049-0001", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, End of the epidemic\nMost churches had stopped holding services, and the post office moved out of the area of the highest number of cases. The market days continued, and bakers continued to make and distribute bread. Several members of the Mayor's Committee died. African-American nurses had also begun dying of the fever. Carts took ill victims to Bush Hill and the dead to burial grounds. Doctors also suffered illness and death, and fewer were available to care for patients. Three of Rush's apprentices and his sister died; he was too sick to leave his house. Such news cast doubts on Rush's methods, but none of those victims had submitted to his harsh treatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0050-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, End of the epidemic\nThose refugees from Saint-Domingue who thought they had immunity used the streets freely, but few other residents did. Those who had not escaped the city tried to wait out the epidemic in their homes. When the Mayor's Committee took a quick census of the dead, they found that the majority of victims were poor people, who died in homes located in the alleys, behind the main streets where most of the business of city was conducted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0051-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, End of the epidemic\nOn October 16, after temperatures cooled, a newspaper reported that \"the malignant fever has very considerably abated.\" Stores began to reopen October 25, many families returned, and the wharves were \"once more enlivened\" as a London-based ship arrived with goods. The Mayor's Committee advised people outside the city to wait another week or 10 days before returning. In the belief that the epidemic was related to bad air, the Committee published directions for cleaning houses which had been closed up, recommending that they be aired for several days with all windows and doors open. \"Burning of nitre will correct the corrupt air which they may contain. Quick lime should be thrown into the privies and the chambers whitewashed.\" On the 31st, a white flag was hoisted over Bush Hill with the legend, \"No More Sick Persons Here.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0052-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, End of the epidemic\nBut, after some warm days, fever cases recurred. The white flag had to be struck. Finally on November 13, stagecoaches resumed service to the north and south. A merchant reported that the streets were \"in an uproar and rendered the wharves impossible by reason of the vast quantities of wine, sugar, rum, coffee, cotton & c. The porters are quite savvy and demand extravagantly for anything they do.\" On November 14, the Mayor's Committee recommended purifying houses, clothing and bedding, but said that anyone could come to the city \"without danger from the late prevailing disorder.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0053-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Lists of the dead\nAn official register of deaths listed 4044 people as dying between August 1 and November 9, 1793 based on grave counts, so the total was probably higher. City officials, medical and religious leaders, and newspaper publishers reported the number and names of victims, based on the minutes of the Mayor's Committee. The Appendix of the on-line edition of Minutes lists the names of all the patients admitted to Bush Hill hospital, as well as the disposition of their cases. The publisher Mathew Carey released his history of the epidemic just weeks after its end. He listed the names of the dead at the back of the book, which is one reason it was a bestseller. While Dev\u00e8ze did not reveal his patients' names in describing his treatments, Rush named his patients in his memoir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0054-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversies over the epidemic\nThe end of the epidemic did not end the controversies among the city's doctors, who disagreed about causes and treatment. Hearing rumors that colleagues were going to try to get him expelled from the College of Physicians, Rush resigned and formed a new medical society. Many of the city's younger doctors joined him. Rush's promotion of his remedies and attacks on others were strongly criticized by the medical community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0055-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversies over the epidemic, Cause\nMerchants worried more about Rush's theory that the fever arose from the filth of Philadelphia and was not imported from the West Indies. They did not want the port's reputation to suffer permanently. Doctors used his treatments while rejecting his etiology of the disease. Others deprecated his therapies, such as Dr. Dev\u00e8ze, but agreed that the fever had local origins. Dev\u00e8ze had arrived on the refugee ship from Saint-Domingue, which many accused of having carried the disease, but he thought it healthy. The doctors did not understand the origin or transmittal of the disease. Historians believe it was carried by refugees from Saint-Domingue, where it was endemic, and transmitted by mosquitoes between infected and healthy persons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0056-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversies over the epidemic, Differing courses of treatment during the epidemic\nDr. Kuhn advised drinking wine, \"at first weaker wines, such as claret and Rhenish; if these cannot be had, Lisbon or Madeira diluted with rich lemonade. The quantity is to be determined by the effects it produces and by the state of debility which prevails, guarding against its occasioning or encreasing  the heat, restlessness or delirium.\" He placed \"the greatest dependence for the cure to the disease, on throwing cool water twice a day over the naked body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0056-0001", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversies over the epidemic, Differing courses of treatment during the epidemic\nThe patient is to be placed in a large empty tub, and two buckets full of water, of the temperature 75 or 80 degrees Fahrenheit's thermometer, according to the state of the atmosphere, are to be thrown on him.\" The water treatment was also advocated by Dr. Edward Stevens, who in mid-September claimed it had cured Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, of the fever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0057-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversies over the epidemic, Differing courses of treatment during the epidemic\nRush searched the medical literature for other approaches. Benjamin Franklin had given him letters sent by Dr. John Mitchell, related to treating patients during a 1741 yellow fever outbreak in Virginia. (Franklin never published the letters.) Mitchell noted that the stomach and intestines filled with blood and that these organs had to be emptied at all costs. \"On this account,\" Mitchell argued, \"an ill-timed scrupulousness about the weakness of the body is of bad consequences in these urging circumstances.... I can affirm that I have given a purge in this case, when the pulse has been so low that it can hardly be felt, and the debility extreme, yet both one and the other have been restored by it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0058-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversies over the epidemic, Differing courses of treatment during the epidemic\nAfter experimenting, Rush decided that a powder of ten grains of calomel (mercury) and ten grains of the cathartic drug jalap (the poisonous root of a Mexican plant, Ipomoea purga, related to the morning glory, which was dried and powdered before ingesting) would create the desired elimination he was seeking. Since the demand for his services was so great, he had his assistants make as many of his powders in pill form as they could.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0059-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversies over the epidemic, Differing courses of treatment during the epidemic\nOn September 10, he published a guide to treating the fever: \"Dr. Rush's Directions for Curing and Treating the Yellow Fever\", outlining a regimen of self-medication. At the first sign of symptoms, \"more especially if those symptoms be accompanied by a redness, or faint yellowness in the eyes, and dull or shooting pains about the region of the liver, take one of the powders in a little sugar and water, every six hours, until they produce four or five large evacuations from the bowels...\" He urged that the patient stay in bed and \"drink plentifully\" of barley or chicken water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0059-0001", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversies over the epidemic, Differing courses of treatment during the epidemic\nThen after the \"bowels are thoroughly cleaned,\" it was proper to take 8 to 10 ounces of blood from the arm if, after purging, the pulse was full or tense. To keep the body open he recommended more calomel or small doses of cream of tartar or other salts. If the pulse was weak and low, he recommended camomile or snakeroot as a stimulant, and blisters or blankets soaked in hot vinegar wrapped around the lower limbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0059-0002", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversies over the epidemic, Differing courses of treatment during the epidemic\nTo restore the patient he recommended \"gruel, sago, panada, tapioca, tea, coffee, weak chocolate, wine whey, chicken broth, and white meats, according to the weak or active state of the system; the fruits of the season may be eaten with advantage at all times.\" The sick room should be kept cool and vinegar should be sprinkled around the floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0060-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversies over the epidemic, Differing courses of treatment during the epidemic\nRush's therapy was generalized as \"purge and bleed,\" and as long as the patient remained debilitated, Rush urged further purging and bleeding. Not a few of his patients became comatose. The calomel in his pills soon brought on a state of constant salivation, which Rush urged patients to attain to assure a cure. A characteristic sign of death was black vomit, which salivation seemed to ward off. Since he urged purging at the first sign of fever, other doctors began seeing patients who suffered severe abdominal distress. Autopsies after their death revealed stomachs destroyed by such purges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0061-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversies over the epidemic, Differing courses of treatment during the epidemic\nUnlike other doctors, Dev\u00e8ze did not offer advice in the newspapers during the epidemic. He later discussed treatment in his memoir, which included 18 case studies and descriptions of several autopsies. While he deprecated Rush's harsh purgatives and \"heroic\" bleeding, he moderately bled patients and also used medicines to evacuate the bowels. Like Rush, he thought poisons had to be \"abstracted\" in severely debilitated patients. Instead of purges, he used blisters to raise welts on the skin. Unlike Kuhn, he did not favor baths. He preferred to apply heat, using hot bricks on hands or feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0061-0001", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Controversies over the epidemic, Differing courses of treatment during the epidemic\nHe strongly discounted the traditional treatment for severe fevers, which was to wrap patients in blankets, give them camomile tea or Madeira, and try to bring on sweats. He preferred \"acidulated\" water to the use of Peruvian bark as many patients found the bark distasteful. He thought the use of opium very helpful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 124], "content_span": [125, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0062-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Aftermath\nThe Governor created a middle path: he ordered the city to be kept clean and the port policed to prevent infected ships, or those from the Caribbean, from docking until they had gone through a period of quarantine. The city suffered additional yellow fever epidemics in 1797, 1798, and 1799, which kept the origin and treatment controversies alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0063-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Aftermath\nSome of the city's clergy suggested the epidemic was a judgment from God. Led by the Quakers, the religious community petitioned the state legislature to prohibit theatrical presentations in the state. Such entertainment had been banned during the Revolution and had only recently been authorized. After an extensive debate in the newspapers, the State Assembly denied the petition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0064-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Aftermath\nThe recurrences of yellow fever kept discussions about causes, treatment and prevention going until the end of decade. Other major ports also had epidemics, beginning with Baltimore in 1794, New York in 1795 and 1798, and Wilmington and Boston in 1798, making yellow fever a national crisis. New York doctors finally admitted that they had had an outbreak of yellow fever in 1791 that killed more than 100 people. All the cities that suffered epidemics continued to grow rapidly. The widespread recognition that the epidemics were based along the waterfront meant that cities grew more rapidly in outlying areas, but that was also where land was available at lower cost. Families who could afford it planned to vacate the port cities during the sick season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0065-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Aftermath\nDuring the epidemic of 1798, Benjamin Rush commuted daily from a house just outside the city, near what is now 15th and Columbia streets, to the new city fever hospital, where as chief doctor he treated fever victims. The civic responses to the 1798 epidemics in Philadelphia and New York were more complex than the efforts of the 1793 Mayor's Committee. For instance, Philadelphia forced evacuation of certain neighborhoods and placed refugees in supervised camps. After the epidemic, the city inspected all houses and destroyed those it deemed unhealthy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0066-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Aftermath\nAmerican doctors did not identify the vector of yellow fever until the late nineteenth century. In 1881 Carlos Finlay, a Cuban doctor, argued that mosquito bites caused yellow fever; he credited Rush's published account of the 1793 epidemic for giving him the idea. He said that Rush had written: \"Mosquitoes (the usual attendants of a sickly autumn) were uncommonly numerous...\" In the late 1880s, Finlay's theories were confirmed in Cuba by experiments of the US Medical Army Corps under direction of Dr. Walter Reed, in which subjects allowed themselves to be bitten by infected mosquitoes and were found to develop the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0067-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Aftermath\nIn the first week of September 1793, Dr. William Currie published a description of the epidemic and an account of its progress during August. The publisher Mathew Carey had an account of the epidemic for sale in the third week of October, before the epidemic had ended. He accused blacks of causing the epidemic and black nurses of overcharging patients and taking advantage of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0068-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Aftermath\nThe reverends Richard Allen and Absalom Jones of the Free African Society published their own account rebutting Carey's attacks; by that time Carey had already published the fourth edition of his popular pamphlet. Allen and Jones noted that some blacks had worked for free, that they had died at the same rate as whites from the epidemic, and that some whites had also overcharged for their services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0069-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Aftermath\nCurrie's work was the first of several medical accounts published within a year of the epidemic. Dr. Benjamin Rush published an account more than 300 pages long. Two French doctors, Jean Dev\u00e8ze and Nassy, published shorter accounts. Clergymen also published accounts; the most notable was by the Lutheran minister J. Henry C. Helmuth. In March 1794, the Mayor's Committee published its minutes. (Letters written during the epidemic, which in some cases expressed the last sentiments of victims, were preserved by many families and have been a source for scholars in various archives.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0070-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Aftermath\nThe rapid succession of other yellow fever epidemics in Philadelphia and elsewhere in the northeastern United States inspired many accounts of the efforts to contain, control and cope with the disease. Rush wrote accounts of the 1797, 1798, and 1799 epidemics in Philadelphia. He revised his account of the 1793 epidemic to eliminate reference to the disease being contagious. He varied his cures. In 1798 he was appointed as the chief doctor at the fever hospital. The mortality rate that year was roughly the same as it had been at Bush Hill in 1793, despite radical difference between the therapies used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0071-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Aftermath\nNoah Webster, then a notable New York newspaper publisher, joined two doctors in publishing the Medical Repository, a magazine that collected accounts of fever epidemics throughout the nation. Webster used this data in his 1798 book, suggesting that the nation was being subjected to a widespread \"epidemic constitution\" in the atmosphere that might last 50 years and make deadly epidemics almost certain. Yellow fever epidemics became seen as a national crisis. When in 1855 a French doctor published an 813-page history of yellow fever in Philadelphia, covering outbreaks from 1699 to 1854, he devoted only a few pages to the 1793 epidemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0072-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Aftermath\nGeneral 20th-century US histories, such as the 10-volume Great Epochs in American History, published in 1912, used short excerpts from Carey's account. The first history of the epidemic to draw on more primary sources was J. H. Powell's Bring Out Your Dead (1949), but he did not use the personal letters, which are largely held by Quaker colleges in the area. While Powell did not write a scholarly history of the epidemic, his work reviewed its historical importance. Since the mid-twentieth century, scholars have studied aspects of the epidemic, first in papers. For example, Martin Pernick's \"Politics, Parties, and Pestilence: Epidemic Yellow Fever in Philadelphia and the Rise of the First Party System,\" developed statistical evidence to show that Republican doctors generally used Rush's therapies and Federalist doctors used Kuhn's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0073-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Aftermath\nScholars celebrated the 200th anniversary of the epidemic with the publication of papers on various aspects of the epidemic. A 2004 paper in the Bulletin of the History of Medicine reexamined Rush's use of bleeding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018825-0074-0000", "contents": "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, Representation in other media\nSeveral novels and short stories have explored the Philadelphia epidemic, including the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018826-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 State of the Union Address\nThe 1793 State of the Union Address was given by George Washington, the first president of the United States. It was given in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at Congress Hall. Washington stood before the 3rd United States Congress on Tuesday, December 3, 1793, and said, \"While on the one hand it awakened my gratitude for all those instances of affectionate partiality with which I have been honored by my country, on the other it could not prevent an earnest wish for that retirement from which no private consideration should ever have torn me.\" He ended with, \"Permit me to bring to your remembrance the magnitude of your task. Without an unprejudiced coolness the welfare of the Government may be hazarded; without harmony as far as consists with freedom of sentiment its dignity may be lost.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018827-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held in January 1793, to elect 10 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018827-0001-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nSix U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1790 to a term in the 2nd United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1791. One representative-elect had died in May 1790, and a representative had been elected in April 1791 to fill the vacancy. Their term would end on March 3, 1793.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018827-0002-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nState elections in New York were at that time held during the last week of April, which meant that the State election preceding the beginning of the next congressional term was held more than ten months in advance, although the regular session of Congress was scheduled to convene only on the first Monday in December. Nevertheless, the New York Legislature had chosen in 1790 to have the congressional elections held that early, in case there might be a special session to convene at an earlier date. However, in 1792, Congress re-apportioned the seats, and New York's representation was increased from six to ten. This required a re-apportionment of congressional districts in the State which was enacted only in December 1792, and the elections were held only in January 1793.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018827-0003-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nOn January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature had divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered. On December 18, 1792, the Legislature divided the State into ten districts, which were still not numbered, taking into account the new counties created in 1791.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018827-0004-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018827-0005-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n7 Federalists and 3 Anti- Federalist (later known as the Democratic-Republicans) were elected. The incumbents Tredwell and Gordon were re-elected; the incumbent Schoonmaker was defeated; and the incumbents John Laurance, Egbert Benson and Peter Silvester did not run for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018827-0006-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: At this time political parties were still very new in the United States. Politicians aligned in two opposing groups: Those supporting the federal government and those opposing it. The first group are generally known as the Federalists, or (as a group in Congress) the \"Pro-Administration Party.\" The second group at first were called the Anti-Federalists, or (as a group in Congress) the \"Anti-Administration Party\", but soon called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018827-0007-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath\nThe House of Representatives of the 3rd United States Congress met for the first time at Congress Hall in Philadelphia on December 2, 1793, and nine of the ten representatives took their seats on this day. Only Thomas Tredwell arrived later, and took his seat on December 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018827-0008-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath\nOn December 6, Henry K. Van Rensselaer contested the election of John E. Van Alen, alleging several irregularities to have happened in the towns of Stephentown and Hoosick, and in the area of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck. Van Rensselaer's petition was rejected on December 24 by the House, confirming Van Alen's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018827-0009-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath\nOn June 5, 1794, President Washington chose Silas Talbot one of the first six captains of the newly established United States Navy. Talbot vacated his seat upon his appointment to the Navy, but Democratic-Republican Governor George Clinton declined to call e special election, in which another Federalist would have been elected, and the seat remained vacant until the end of the term on March 3, 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018828-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina\nFollowing the 1790 census, North Carolina's apportionment increased from 5 to 10 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018829-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina gained one representative as a result of the 1790 census, increasing from 5 to 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018830-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nVermont had no apportionment in the House of Representatives before 1790 census because it was not admitted to the Union until 1791. Vermont's election laws at the time required a majority to win election to the House of Representatives. If no candidate won a majority, a runoff election was held, which happened in the 1st district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018831-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia\nVirginia gained nine representatives from the 1790 census, and in addition, the old 2nd district was lost after its territory became the new State of Kentucky. There were, therefore, ten new districts created for the 3rd Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018832-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1793 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held on February 28, 1793. Albert Gallatin was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018832-0001-0000", "contents": "1793 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Background\nDue to the initial staggering of United States Senate terms, the Class I seat held by William Maclay became vacant upon the expiration of Maclay's term on March 4, 1791. He had served since March 4, 1789, after being elected by the State Assembly in 1788. The election of a new Senator to succeed Maclay in 1791 was delayed due to a disagreement on the procedure to be followed in the election. The seat remained vacant until Albert Gallatin's election to the seat during this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018832-0002-0000", "contents": "1793 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results\nUpon agreement between the two houses of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, the House of Representatives and the Senate, regarding the procedure to elect a new Senator, an election was finally held on February 28, 1793. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018832-0003-0000", "contents": "1793 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results\nOn February 28, 1794, the United States Senate determined that Gallatin did not satisfy the citizenship requirement to serve in the Senate. He was subsequently removed from office. He later went on to serve in the United States House of Representatives. Gallatin was replaced in the Senate by another special election in the State Assembly in 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018833-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1793 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Governor Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018833-0001-0000", "contents": "1793 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Rutland on October 10. On October 11, the Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018833-0002-0000", "contents": "1793 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden, who had been governor from 1778 to 1789, and again starting in 1790, was re-elected for a one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, Peter Olcott was re-elected to a fourth one-year term. The freemen also re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his seventh one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals for governor were recorded as detailed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018834-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 Zoya\n1793 Zoya, provisional designation 1968 DW, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 February 1968, by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula, and named after World War II partisan Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018834-0001-0000", "contents": "1793 Zoya, Orbit and classification\nZoya is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,211 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018834-0002-0000", "contents": "1793 Zoya, Orbit and classification\nFirst identified as 1932 MC at Johannesburg, Zoya's first used observation was taken at Uccle Observatory in 1933, when it was identified as 1933 UV, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 35 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018834-0003-0000", "contents": "1793 Zoya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Zoya was obtained from photometric observations taken by astronomer James W. Brinsfield (G69), giving a rotation period of 5.753 hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 magnitude (U=2+), superseding a previous period of 7.0 hours obtained by Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist in 1978 (U=2). Modeled lightcurves published in 2016, gave a period of 5.751872 and 5.75187, respectively (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018834-0004-0000", "contents": "1793 Zoya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Zoya measures 8.35 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.334, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this asteroid family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 9.41 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018834-0005-0000", "contents": "1793 Zoya, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (1923\u20131941), Hero of the Soviet Union, partisan who died at the age of 18 during World War II in the Great Patriotic War. The minor planets 2072\u00a0Kosmodemyanskaya and 1977\u00a0Shura were named in honour of her mother and brother. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3297).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018835-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1793 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018846-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1793 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018847-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 in architecture\nThe year 1793 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018849-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1793.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018850-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018850-0001-0000", "contents": "1793 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018850-0002-0000", "contents": "1793 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018851-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 in science\nThe year 1793 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018852-0000-0000", "contents": "1793 in sports\n1793 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018854-0000-0000", "contents": "1794\n1794 (MDCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1794th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 794th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 94th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1794, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018855-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 English cricket season\nThe 1794 English cricket season was the 23rd in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the eighth after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw 16 top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018855-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 English cricket season, Matches\nA total of 16 top-class matches were played during the season. These included matches played by teams from Kent, Middlesex and Surrey as well as Oldfield Cricket Club from Berkshire which played in five first-class matches, four of them against MCC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018855-0002-0000", "contents": "1794 English cricket season, First mentions\nCricket is first known to have been played in Shropshire in 1794. A number of players made first-class debuts, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018856-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 Maryland's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 2nd congressional district on May 5, 1794 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of John Francis Mercer (A) on April 13, 1794", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018857-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 Maryland's 3rd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 3rd congressional district on December 8, 1794 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Uriah Forrest (P) on November 8 of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018857-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 Maryland's 3rd congressional district special election, Election results\nEdwards took his seat in the 3rd Congress on January 2, 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018858-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 South Carolina's 5th congressional district special election\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by GoldRingChip (talk | contribs) at 18:15, 13 April 2020 (\u2192\u200eReferences:  Special). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018858-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 South Carolina's 5th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in South Carolina's 5th congressional district on October 13\u201314, 1794 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Alexander Gillon (A) on October 6, 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials\nThe 1794 Treason Trials, arranged by the administration of William Pitt, were intended to cripple the British radical movement of the 1790s. Over thirty radicals were arrested; three were tried for high treason: Thomas Hardy, John Horne Tooke and John Thelwall. In a repudiation of the government's policies, they were acquitted by three separate juries in November 1794 to public rejoicing. The treason trials were an extension of the sedition trials of 1792 and 1793 against parliamentary reformers in both England and Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Historical context\nThe historical backdrop to the Treason Trials is complex; it involves not only the British parliamentary reform efforts of the 1770s and 1780s but also the French Revolution. In the 1770s and 1780s, there was an effort among liberal-minded Members of Parliament to reform the British electoral system. A disproportionately small number of electors voted for MPs and many seats were bought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0001-0001", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Historical context\nChristopher Wyvill and William Pitt the Younger argued for additional seats to be added to the House of Commons and the Duke of Richmond and John Cartwright advocated a more radical reform: \"the payment of MPs, an end to corruption and patronage in parliamentary elections, annual parliaments (partly to enable the speedy removal of corrupt MPs) and, preeminently and most controversially, universal manhood suffrage\". Both efforts failed and the reform movement appeared moribund in the mid-1780s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0002-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Historical context\nOnce the revolution in France began to demonstrate the power of popular agitation, the British reform movement was reinvigorated. Much of the vigorous political debate in the 1790s in Britain was sparked by the publication of Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). Surprising his friends and enemies alike, Burke, who had supported the American Revolution, criticized the French Revolution and the British radicals who had welcomed its early stages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0002-0001", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Historical context\nWhile the radicals saw the revolution as analogous to Britain's own Glorious Revolution in 1688, which had restricted the powers of the monarchy, Burke argued that the appropriate historical analogy was the English Civil War (1642\u20131651) in which Charles I had been executed in 1649. He viewed the French Revolution as the violent overthrow of a legitimate government. In Reflections he argues that citizens do not have the right to revolt against their government, because civilizations, including governments, are the result of social and political consensus. If a culture's traditions were challenged, the result would be endless anarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0002-0002", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Historical context\nThere was an immediate response from the British supporters of the French revolution, most notably Mary Wollstonecraft in her Vindication of the Rights of Men and Thomas Paine in his Rights of Man. In this lively pamphlet war, now referred to as the \"Revolution Controversy\", British political commentators addressed topics ranging from representative government to human rights to the separation of church and state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0003-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Historical context\n1792 was the \"annus mirabilis of eighteenth-century radicalism\": its most important texts, such as Rights of Man, were published and the influence of the radical associations was at its height. In fact, it was as a result of the publication of the Rights of Man that such associations began to proliferate. The most significant groups, made up of artisans, merchants and others from the middling and lower sorts, were the Sheffield Society for Constitutional Information, the London Corresponding Society (LCS) and the Society for Constitutional Information (SCI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0003-0001", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Historical context\nBut it was not until these groups formed an alliance with the more genteel Society of the Friends of the People that the government became concerned. When this sympathy became known, the government issued a royal proclamation against seditious writings on 21 May 1792. In a dramatic increase compared to the rest of the century, there were over 100 prosecutions for sedition in the 1790s alone. The British government, fearing an uprising similar to the French Revolution, took even more drastic steps to quash the radicals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0003-0002", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Historical context\nThey made an increasing number of political arrests and infiltrated the radical groups; they threatened to \"revoke the licences of publicans who continued to host politicized debating societies and to carry reformist literature\"; they seized the mail of \"suspected dissidents\"; and they supported groups that disrupted radical events and attacked radicals in the press. Additionally, the British Government initiated the Aliens Act of 1793 in order to regulate the entrance of immigrants into Great Britain. Essentially, the Aliens Act enforced that aliens be recorded upon arrival and register with the local justice of the peace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0003-0003", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Historical context\nSpecifically, immigrants were required to give their names, ranks, occupations, and addresses. Overall, the Aliens Act reduced the number of immigrants into Great Britain out of fear that one of them may be an unwanted spy. Radicals saw this period as \"the institution of a system of terror, almost as hideous in its features, almost as gigantic in its stature, and infinitely more pernicious in its tendency, than France ever knew\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0004-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Prelude: Trials of Thomas Paine, John Frost and Daniel Isaac Eaton, Thomas Paine\nThe administration did not immediately begin to prosecute all of its detractors after the proclamation against seditious writings was issued. Although Paine's publisher, J. S. Jordan, was indicted for sedition for publishing the Rights of Man in May 1792, Paine himself was not charged until the royal proclamation was promulgated. Even then, the government did not actively pursue him, apart from spying on him and continuing its propaganda campaign against \"Mad Tom\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 101], "content_span": [102, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0004-0001", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Prelude: Trials of Thomas Paine, John Frost and Daniel Isaac Eaton, Thomas Paine\nPaine's trial was delayed until December and he fled to France in the intervening months, apparently with the government's blessing, which was more interested in getting rid of such a troublesome citizen than trying him in person. Moreover, afraid that Paine might use his trial as a political platform, the government may not have wanted to prosecute Paine personally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 101], "content_span": [102, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0005-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Prelude: Trials of Thomas Paine, John Frost and Daniel Isaac Eaton, Thomas Paine\nWhen the trial took place on 18 December 1792, its outcome was a foregone conclusion. The government, under Pitt's direction, had been lambasting Paine in the papers for months and the trial judge had negotiated the prosecution's arguments with them ahead of time. The radical Thomas Erskine defended Paine by arguing that his pamphlet was part of an honorable English tradition of political philosophy that included the writings of John Milton, John Locke and David Hume; he also pointed out that Paine was responding to the philosophical work of an MP, Burke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 101], "content_span": [102, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0005-0001", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Prelude: Trials of Thomas Paine, John Frost and Daniel Isaac Eaton, Thomas Paine\nThe Attorney-General argued that the pamphlet was aimed at readers \"whose minds cannot be supposed to be conversant with subjects of this sort\" and cited its cheap price as evidence of its lack of serious intent. The prosecution did not even have to rebut Erskine's arguments; the jury informed the judge they had already decided Paine was guilty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 101], "content_span": [102, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0006-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Prelude: Trials of Thomas Paine, John Frost and Daniel Isaac Eaton, John Frost\nJohn Frost was a member of the SCI, a former associate of Pitt, an attorney and a friend of Paine's. On 6 November 1792 he got involved in a dispute with a friend over the French revolution in a tavern and was heard to say \"Equality, and No King\". This dispute was reported by publicans to government informers. When Frost went to Paris later that month, the government declared him an outlaw and encouraged him to stay in France. Frost, challenging the government to act, returned and surrendered himself to the authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 99], "content_span": [100, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0006-0001", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Prelude: Trials of Thomas Paine, John Frost and Daniel Isaac Eaton, John Frost\nSuggestions began to float around, from government and radical sources alike, that the government was embarrassed to prosecute Frost because of his former friendship with Pitt. But on 27 May, he was brought to trial for sedition. Erskine defended Frost, arguing that there was no seditious intent to his statement, his client was drunk, he was in a heated argument, and he was in a private space (the tavern). The Attorney-General contended that Frost \"was a man whose seditious intent was carried with him wherever he went\". The jury convicted him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 99], "content_span": [100, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0007-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Prelude: Trials of Thomas Paine, John Frost and Daniel Isaac Eaton, Daniel Isaac Eaton\nDaniel Isaac Eaton, the publisher of the popular periodical Politics for the People, was arrested on 7 December 1793 for publishing a statement by John Thelwall, a radical lecturer and debater. Thelwall had made a speech that included an anecdote about a tyrannical gamecock named \"King Chanticleer\" who was beheaded for its despotism and Eaton reprinted it. Eaton was imprisoned for three months before his trial in an effort to bankrupt him and his family. In February 1794, he was brought to trial and defended by John Gurney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 107], "content_span": [108, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0007-0001", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Prelude: Trials of Thomas Paine, John Frost and Daniel Isaac Eaton, Daniel Isaac Eaton\nGurney argued that the comment was an indictment of tyranny in general or of Louis XVI, the king of France, and announced his dismay that anyone could think that the author meant George III. \"Gurney went so far as to cheekily suggest that it was the Attorney-General who was guilty of seditious libel; by supplying those innuendos he, not Eaton or Thelwall, had represented George III as a tyrant.\" Everyone laughed uproariously and Eaton was acquitted; the membership of the radical societies rocketed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 107], "content_span": [108, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0008-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794\nThe radical societies were briefly enjoying an upsurge in membership and influence. In the summer of 1793 several of them decided to convene in Edinburgh to decide on how to summon \"a great Body of the People\" to convince Parliament to reform, since it did not seem willing to reform itself. The government viewed this assembly as an attempt to set up an anti-parliament. In Scotland, three leaders of the convention were tried for sedition and sentenced to fourteen years of service in Botany Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0008-0001", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794\nSuch harsh sentences shocked the nation and while initially the societies believed that an insurrection might be necessary to resist such an overbearing government, their rhetoric never materialized into an actual armed rebellion. Plans were made by some of the societies to meet again if the government became more hostile (e.g. if they suspended habeas corpus). In 1794, a plan was circulated to convene again, but it never got off the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0008-0002", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794\nThe government, frightened however, arrested six members of the SCI and 13 members of the LCS on suspicion of \"treasonable practices\" in conspiring to assume \"a pretended general convention of the people, in contempt and defiance of the authority of parliament, and on principles subversive of the existing laws and constitution, and directly tending to the introduction of that system of anarchy and confusion which has fatally prevailed in France\". Over thirty men were arrested in all. Of the people arrested were Thomas Hardy, secretary of the LCS; the linguist John Horne Tooke; the novelist and dramatist Thomas Holcroft (arrested in October); the Unitarian minister Jeremiah Joyce; writer and lecturer John Thelwall; bookseller and pamphleteer Thomas Spence; and silversmith and, later, historian John Baxter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0009-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794\nAfter the arrests, the government formed two secret committees to study the papers they had seized from the radicals' houses. After the first committee report, the government introduced a bill in the House of Commons to suspend habeas corpus; thus, those arrested on suspicion of treason could be held without bail or charge until February 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0009-0001", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794\nIn June 1794 the committee issued a second report, asserting that the radical societies had been planning at least to \"over-awe\" the sovereign and Parliament by the show of \"a great Body of the People\" if not to overthrow the government and install a French-style republic. They claimed that the societies had attempted to assemble a large armoury for this purpose, but no evidence could be found for it. They were charged with an assortment of crimes, but seditious libel and treason were the most serious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0009-0002", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794\nThe government propagated the notion that the radicals had committed a new kind of treason, what they called \"modern\" or \"French\" treason. While previous defendants had tried to replace one king with another from another dynasty, these democrats wanted to overthrow the entire monarchical system and remove the king entirely. \"Modern French treason, it seemed, was different from, was worse than, old-fashioned English treason.\" The treason statute, that of the Act of Edward III from 1351, did not apply well to this new kind of treason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0009-0003", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794\nThe Attorney-General Sir John Scott, who would prosecute Hardy and Horne Tooke, \"decided to base the indictment on the charge that the societies had been engaged in a conspiracy to levy war against the king, that they intended to subvert the constitution, to depose the King, and put him to death; and for that purpose, and 'with Force and Arms', they conspired to excite insurrection and rebellion\" (emphasis in original).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0010-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794\nInitially the men were confined to the Tower of London, but they were moved to Newgate prison. Those charged with treason faced the brutal punishment of hanging, drawing and quartering if convicted: each would have been \"hanged by the neck, cut down while still alive, disembowelled (and his entrails burned before his face) and then beheaded and quartered\". The entire radical movement was also on trial; there were supposedly 800 warrants that were ready to be acted upon when the government won its case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0011-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794, Thomas Hardy\nHardy's trial was first; his wife had died while he was in prison, generating support for him among the populace. Thomas Erskine, defending again, argued that the radicals had proposed nothing more than the Duke of Richmond (now an anti-reformer) had in the 1780s and \"their plan for a convention of delegates was borrowed from a similar plan advanced by Pitt himself\". The government could provide no real evidence of an armed insurrection. The Attorney-General's opening statement lasted nine hours, leading the former Lord Chancellor Lord Thurlow to comment that \"there was no treason\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0011-0001", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794, Thomas Hardy\nTreason must be \"clear and obvious\"; the great legal theorist Edward Coke had argued that treason was to be determined \"not upon conjecturall  [sic] presumptions, or inferences, or strains of wit, but upon good and sufficient proof\". Part of Erskine's effective defence was to dismiss the prosecution's case, as it was based on \"strains of wit\" or \"imagination\" (a play on words of the statute itself). He claimed, as he had in the earlier trials, that it was the prosecution that was \"imagining the king's death\" rather than the defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0011-0002", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794, Thomas Hardy\nHis cross-examination of the prosecution's spies also helped demolish their case; he \"cross-examined these witnesses in a tone of contemptuous disbelief and managed to discredit much of their evidence\". After a nine-day trial, which was exceptionally long for the time, he was acquitted. The foreman of the jury fainted after delivering his verdict of not guilty, and the crowd enthusiastically carried Hardy through the streets of London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0012-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794, Thomas Hardy\nIn his speeches, Erskine emphasized that the radical organizations, primarily the London Corresponding Society and the Society for Constitutional Information, were dedicated to a revolution of ideas, not a violent revolution\u2014they embodied the new ideals of the Enlightenment. Erskine was helped in his defence by pamphlets such as William Godwin's Cursory Strictures on the Charge Delivered by Lord Chief Justice Eyre to the Grand Jury, 2 October 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0013-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794, John Horne Tooke\nJohn Horne Tooke's trial followed Hardy's, in which Pitt was forced to testify and admit that he had attended radical meetings himself. Throughout the trial Horne Tooke \"combined the affectation of boredom with irreverent wit\". One observer noted that when asked by the court if he would be tried \"by God and his Country\", he \"eyed the court for some seconds with an air of significancy few men are so well able to assume, and shaking his head, emphatically answered 'I would be tried by God and my country, but\u2014!'\" After a long trial, he too was acquitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0014-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794, John Horne Tooke\nAll of the other members of the SCI were released after these two trials, as it became obvious to the government that they would not gain any convictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0015-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Treason Trials of 1794, John Thelwall\nJohn Thelwall was tried last; the government felt forced to try him because the loyalist press had argued that his case was particularly strong. While awaiting trial, he wrote and published poetry indicting the entire process. During Thelwall's trial, various members of the London Corresponding Society testified that Thelwall and the others had no concrete plans to overthrow the government, and that details of how reform was to be achieved were an \"afterthought\". This undermined the prosecution's claims that the society was responsible for fomenting rebellion. Thelwall was also acquitted, after which the rest of the cases were dismissed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0016-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Trial literature\nAll of these trials, both those from 1792 and those from 1794, were published as part of an 18th-century genre called \"trial literature\". Often, multiple versions of famous trials would be published and since the shorthand takers were not always precise, the accounts disagree. Moreover, the accounts were sometimes altered by one side or another. Importantly, those in the courtroom knew that their words would be published. In Scotland, one of the accused ringleaders of the plot said: \"What I say this day will not be confined within these walls, but will spread far and wide.\" Indeed, the government may have resisted trying Paine until he had left the country because of the notorious power of his pen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0017-0000", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Aftermath\nAlthough all of the defendants of the Treason Trials had been acquitted, the administration and the loyalists assumed they were guilty. Secretary at War William Windham referred to the radicals as \"acquitted felon[s]\" and William Pitt and the Attorney-General called them \"morally guilty\". There was widespread agreement that they got off because the treason statute was outdated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0017-0001", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Aftermath\nWhen, in October 1795, crowds threw refuse at the king and insulted him, demanding a cessation of the war with France and lower bread prices, Parliament passed the \"gagging acts\" (the Seditious Meetings Act and the Treasonable Practices Act, also known as the \"Two Acts\"). Under these new laws, it was almost impossible to have a public meeting and speech at such meetings was severely curtailed. As a result of these legislative acts, societies that were not directly involved with the Treason Trials, like the Society of the Friends of the People, disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018859-0017-0002", "contents": "1794 Treason Trials, Aftermath\nBritish \"radicalism encountered a severe set-back\" during these years, and it was not until a generation later that any real reform could be enacted. The trials, although they were not government victories, served the purpose for which they were intended\u2014all of these men, except Thelwall, withdrew from active radical politics as did many others fearful of governmental retribution. Few took their place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018861-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nThe Delaware United States House election for 1794 was held on October 4, 1794. The current Representative Henry Latimer was defeated after a rematch with John Patten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018862-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia\nOne of the Georgia incumbents was re-elected and the other lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018863-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire\nUnder New Hampshire law a majority of voters (12.5% of votes) was required for election. Only three candidates achieved a majority, and so a run-off election was held for the fourth seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018864-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey\nOnly one of the five New Jersey incumbents were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018866-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1794 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held on December 12, 1794, to elect ten U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 4th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018866-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nTen U.S. Representatives had been elected in January 1793 to a term in the 3rd United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1793. One representative, Silas Talbot (10th D.), had accepted in June 1794 an appointment to the United States Navy, and thus vacated his seat. No special election was called to fill the vacancy. The other nine representatives' term would end on March 3, 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018866-0002-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nOn January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature had divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered. On December 18, 1792, the Legislature divided the State into ten districts, which were still not numbered, taking into account the new counties created in 1791. The congressional districts remained at this election the same as at the previous election, only inside the Tenth District a new county, Onondaga, was created in 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018866-0003-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018866-0004-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n6 Democratic-Republicans and 4 Federalists were elected. Thomas Tredwell, the incumbent from the 1st District, had moved to Plattsburgh and ran for re-election in the 7th District, but was defeated by the local incumbent John E. Van Alen. Of the other incumbents, Watts was defeated; Glen, Gilbert, Bailey and Van Cortlandt were re-elected; and Peter Van Gaasbeck and James Gordon did not run for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018866-0005-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: The Anti- Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018866-0006-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath\nThe House of Representatives of the 4th United States Congress met for the first time at Congress Hall in Philadelphia on December 7, 1795, and nine of the ten representatives took their seats on this day. Only John Hathorn arrived late, and took his seat on December 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018867-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nElections to the House of Representatives in Pennsylvania for the Fourth Congress were held on October 14, 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018867-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nThirteen Representatives, 8 Anti-Administration (Democratic-Republican) and 5 Pro-Administration (Federalist), had been elected in the previous election on an at-large basis, the last time that Pennsylvania elected all of its representatives at-large. Ten incumbents (6 Anti-Administration and 4 Pro-Administration) ran for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018867-0002-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nFor the 1794 elections, Pennsylvania divided itself into 12 districts, one of which (the 4th) was a plural district, with 2 Representatives. These districts remained in use until redistricting after the Census of 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018867-0003-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nThe counties that made up the 5th district did not border each other. That district was therefore made up of two separate pieces rather than being a single contiguous entity", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018867-0004-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nNote: Many of these counties covered much larger areas in 1794 than they do today, having since been divided into numerous counties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018867-0005-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election returns\nTen incumbents (6 Democratic-Republicans and 4 Federalists) ran for re-election. The incumbents James Armstrong (F), from the 9th district, William Montgomery (DR) from the 11th district, and John Smilie (DR) from the 12th district did not run for re-election. Smilie would later return to the House in 1798, where he would remain until his death in 1812. Of the ten who ran for re-election, 6 (4 Democratic-Republicans and 2 Federalists) were re-elected. A total of 9 Democratic-Republicans and 4 Federalists were elected, a net gain of one seat for the Democratic-Republicans over the previous election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018867-0006-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election returns\nElection results are unavailable from the 5th, 7th, 8th, and 11th districts, and are incomplete for the 9th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018867-0007-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election returns\nIn the 4th district, John Richards (DR) disputed the official returns (shown above) which showed himself in 3rd place and James Morris (DR) in 2nd. The Governor of Pennsylvania only issued certification for Samuel Sitgreaves (F). On July 10, 1795, before the House could act on the dispute, Morris died. The House voted Richards the legitimate winner of 2nd place, with the revised vote totals being 1,791 for Richards and 1,688 for Morris", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018867-0008-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections\nDaniel Hiester (DR), re-elected to the 5th district, resigned on July 1, 1796. A special election was held on October 11, 1796 (the same day as the 1796 general elections) to fill the resulting vacancy. Hiester would later be elected to Maryland's 4th congressional district in 1800", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 88], "content_span": [89, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018868-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island\nRhode Island elected its two members at-large on separate tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018869-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina\nOnly one of the five South Carolina incumbents were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018869-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina\nElectoral data are only available for the 1st and 5th district of South Carolina's 6 districts at the time of the elections of 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018870-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1794 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held on March 31, 1794. James Ross was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018870-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Background\nThe Anti-Administration Albert Gallatin had been elected to the United States Senate by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in February 1793. In February 1794, the United States Senate challenged his eligibility for holding the office under the citizenship requirement and he was subsequently removed from office on February 28, 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018870-0002-0000", "contents": "1794 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results\nFollowing the removal of Sen. Albert Gallatin from office after his eligibility was successfully challenged, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 31, 1794, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018871-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 United States elections\nThe 1794 United States elections occurred in the middle of President George Washington's second term. Members of the 4th United States Congress were chosen in this election. Tennessee was admitted as a state during the 4th Congress. The election took place at the beginning of the First Party System, with the Democratic-Republican Party and Federalist Party emerging as political parties, succeeding the anti-administration faction and the pro-administration faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018871-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 United States elections\nIn the House, the Democratic-Republicans picked up a small number of seats, increasing their majority. However, Federalist Jonathan Dayton was elected Speaker of the House, defeating Frederick Muhlenberg, who had a less clear partisan affiliation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018871-0002-0000", "contents": "1794 United States elections\nIn the Senate, the Federalists picked up a moderate number of seats, increasing their majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018871-0003-0000", "contents": "1794 United States elections\nWashington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018872-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1794 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Governor Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018872-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Rutland on October 9. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The body met to count the votes on the morning of October 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018872-0002-0000", "contents": "1794 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden, who had been governor from 1778 to 1789, and again starting in 1790, was re-elected for a one-year term. The freemen also re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his eighth one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018872-0003-0000", "contents": "1794 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, no candidate received a majority. In keeping with the Vermont Constitution, the Assembly was required to choose. On the afternoon of October 10, the body elected Jonathan Hunt. Hunt declined the appointment and the Assembly adjourned. On the morning of October 11, Hunt agreed to accept the position and took the oath of office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018872-0004-0000", "contents": "1794 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe names of candidates and balloting totals for statewide offices were not recorded. According to a contemporary newspaper article, Chittenden won by a majority of several hundred votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018873-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 4th Congress were held on various dates in each state between August 25, 1794 (New Hampshire), and September 5, 1795 (Kentucky). The election was held during President George Washington's second term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018873-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections\nIn the second election for the House of Representatives with organized political parties, the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson, once again defeated the Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton, and slightly increased their majority. These new wins by the Democratic-Republicans can mostly be attributed to the popularity of Jeffersonian ideas of agrarian democracy in the Western territories of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018873-0002-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summary\nDuring this period, each state fixed its own date for a congressional general election. Elections took place both in the even-numbered year before and in the odd-numbered year when a Congress convened. In some states, the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress (on the 4th day of March in the odd-numbered year).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 80], "content_span": [81, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018873-0003-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special and late elections to the 3rd and 4th Congresses in 1794 and 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018873-0004-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections, Delaware\nOnly two candidates are recorded for Delaware's congressional election in 1794, suggesting that the voting procedure in place for the first three Congresses for two candidates had been changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018873-0005-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts redistricted between the 3rd and 4th Congress, dividing itself into 14 districts. The 12th-14th districts were in the District of Maine (the modern State of Maine). A majority was required for election. Additional ballots were required in five districts due to the majority requirement not being met on the first ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018873-0006-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nUnder New Hampshire's electoral laws, a majority of voters (12.5% of votes) was required for election. Only three candidates achieved a majority, and so a run-off election was held for the fourth seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018873-0007-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York's districts were not numbered at the time, but were later numbered retroactively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018873-0008-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania once again divided itself into districts instead of electing representatives at-large, as it had for the 3rd Congress. The state divided intself into 12 districts, one of which (the 4th) had two seats. Pennsylvania would continue to use one or more plural districts until 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018873-0009-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina\nElectoral data are only available for the 1st and 5th district of South Carolina's 6 districts at the time of the elections of 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018873-0010-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina\nRepresentative-elect Barnwell of the 2nd district declined to serve. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy, electing Wade Hampton (Democratic-Republican).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018873-0011-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont law required a majority for election to Congress, with a second election to be held if the first did not return a majority. Run-off elections were required in both districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1794 and 1795 were elections that had the formation of organized political parties in the United States, with the Federalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and the Democratic-Republican Party emerging from the Anti-Administration coalition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0002-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Before the elections\nNote: There were no political parties in the 3rd Congress. Members are informally grouped here into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0003-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Beginning of the next Congress\nSeven senators who were considered \"Anti-Administration\" became Democratic-Republicans and eleven \"Pro-Administration\" became Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 99], "content_span": [100, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0004-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nExcept if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0005-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 3rd Congress\nIn these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1795; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0006-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 4th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1795; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0007-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections, Delaware (Special)\nThe Delaware special election was held February 7, 1795. Incumbent Senator George Read had resigned to take the position of Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court. Henry Latimer defeated the former Governor of Delaware, Governor of Pennsylvania and Continental Congressmen from Delaware and Pennsylvania by one vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0008-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (Regular)\nIncumbent Federalist Robert Morris, who was elected in  1788, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on February 26, 1795, to elect a senator for the term beginning March 4, 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0009-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections, Virginia\nEven though neither of Virginia's incumbent's terms were up, both resigned in 1794, leading to two special elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0010-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Special, class 1)\nFuture-president James Monroe resigned March 27, 1794 to become U.S. Minister to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0011-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Special, class 1)\nStevens Thomson Mason was elected November 18, 1794 and would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018874-0012-0000", "contents": "1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Special, class 2)\nHenry Tazewell was elected November 18, 1794 and would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018875-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1794 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018877-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 in Belgium\nEvents of the year 1794 in the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018880-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 in France\nThe following lists events that happened during 1794 in the French Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018888-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1794 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018889-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 in architecture\nThe year 1794 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018891-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018892-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018893-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018893-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018893-0002-0000", "contents": "1794 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018894-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 in science\nThe year 1794 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018895-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 in sports\n1794 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018897-0000-0000", "contents": "1794 razees\nIn 1794, three 64-gun third-rate ships were cut down to 44-gun fifth-rate frigates with a primary armament of 24-pounder guns, in a process known as razeeing. This was in response to rumours then circulating of very large French frigates supposed to be under construction. By Admiralty Order of 11 August 1794, two 64-gun ships of the Intrepid class - Anson and Magnanime - were to be cut down by one deck level. By a subsequent Admiralty Order of 8 September 1794, a third 64-gun ship - the Indefatigable of the Ardent class - which had been launched but never commissioned in 1784, was similarly to be cut down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018897-0001-0000", "contents": "1794 razees\nThe conversion retained the primary armament of twenty-six 24-pounder guns on the gun deck (but this deck became the upper deck rather than the lower deck), while the secondary armament became eight 12-pounder guns and four 32-pounder carronades on the quarter deck, and four 12-pounder guns and two 32-pounder carronades on the forecastle; the complement was reduced to 310 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018898-0000-0000", "contents": "1794\u20131795 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts redistricted between the 3rd and 4th Congress, dividing itself into 14 districts. The 12th-14th districts were in the District of Maine (the modern state of Maine). A majority was required for election. Additional ballots were required in five districts due to the majority requirement not being met on the first ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018899-0000-0000", "contents": "1794\u20131795 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nVermont law required a majority for election to Congress, with a second election to be held if the first did not return a majority. Run-off elections were required in both districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018900-0000-0000", "contents": "1795\n1795 (MDCCXCV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1795th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 795th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 95th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1795, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018901-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Connecticut's at-large congressional district on April 13, 1795, to fill a vacancy left by Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. (F)'s election to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018902-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1795 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 6, 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018902-0001-0000", "contents": "1795 Delaware gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Federalist Governor Joshua Clayton was not eligible for re-election under the Delaware Constitution of 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018902-0002-0000", "contents": "1795 Delaware gubernatorial election\nFederalist nominee Gunning Bedford Sr. defeated Democratic-Republican nominee Archibald Alexander with 52.34% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018902-0003-0000", "contents": "1795 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018903-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 English cricket season\nThe 1795 English cricket season was the 24th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the ninth after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw 19 top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018903-0001-0000", "contents": "1795 English cricket season, Matches\nA total of 19 top-class matches were played during the season. These included matches played by teams from Kent, Hampshire, Middlesex and Surrey as well as Oldfield Cricket Club from Berkshire which played the last of its matches given first-class status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018903-0002-0000", "contents": "1795 English cricket season, Matches\nThe season saw first-class matches played for the first time at Bowman's Lodge, where Hampshire teams twice played an England side, Dandelion Paddock, where Sir Horatio Mann's XI played three matches, and Penenden Heath, which saw Kent play and England XI in the only first-class match played on the ground. Windmill Down at Hambledon saw its final first-class match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018903-0003-0000", "contents": "1795 English cricket season, Matches\nOne match, played between teams organised by the Earl of Winchilsea and Richard Leigh began in July at Stoke Down, Alresford and was completed the following year. The match was unfinished after three days with Leigh's team requiring another 36 runs for victory. Usually teams would have aimed to complete matches as quickly as possible at a later date and an extra days play was scheduled for 17 August. This did not take place ad the match was completed on 28 June 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018904-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 French Directory election\nThe French elections of 1795 were held from 12 October to 4 November 1795 (20 Vend\u00e9miaire to 13 Brumaire Year IV) Constitution of the Year III. The elections elected the fifth member of the French Directory, the new collective government of France, and renewed 150 deputies (one-third) of the French Council of Five Hundred. The rest of the Corps l\u00e9gislatif (\"Legislative Body\") remained unelected, as expressed by the Constitution. There was a census suffrage, so only 30,000 citizens voted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018904-0001-0000", "contents": "1795 French Directory election\nThe election was narrowly won by the Thermidorians, a faction which managed to win both the directorial and parliamentary majority. The election served as an alarm signal for the Republican political forces, as the monarchists, in a landslide, obtained 87 out of 161 elected seats inside the Legislative Body, as well a sympathizer Director: General Lazare Carnot, formerly a Jacobin and revolutionary chief. The threat of a return to monarchy, and possibly to the Ancien R\u00e9gime, finally led to the republican Coup of 18 Fructidor in 1797, which expelled the monarchist opposition from the Legislative Body and banned the royalist circles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018905-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 French referendums\nTwo referendums were held in France on 6 September 1795: one adopting the Constitution of the Year III establishing the Directory, and another on the Two-Thirds Decree reserving two-thirds of the seats in the new Council of Five Hundred and Council of Ancients for former members of the National Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018905-0001-0000", "contents": "1795 French referendums, Constitutional Referendum\nThe official result was more than 95% in favor of the new constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018905-0002-0000", "contents": "1795 French referendums, Two-Thirds Decree Referendum\nOf the seven million eligible voters, only 4.49% of voters cast valid votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018906-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New Jersey's at-large congressional district on January 11, 1795 to fill a vacancy in the Third Congress left by the death of Abraham Clark (P) on September 15, 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018906-0001-0000", "contents": "1795 New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nKitchell took his seat in the Congress on January 29, 1795", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 84], "content_span": [85, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018907-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1795 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1795 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018907-0001-0000", "contents": "1795 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Federalist Party nominated Chief Justice of the United States John Jay who had been their nominee in 1792 and lost in a controversial and narrow election. They nominated state senator Stephen Van Rensselaer for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018907-0002-0000", "contents": "1795 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic-Republican Party nominated Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court Robert Yates. They nominated former U.S. representative William Floyd for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018907-0003-0000", "contents": "1795 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nThe Federalist ticket of Jay and Van Rensselaer was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018908-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 North Carolina's 4th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in North Carolina's 4th congressional district on August 4, 1795 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Alexander Mebane (DR) on July 5, 1795, before the start of the 1st session of the 4th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018908-0001-0000", "contents": "1795 North Carolina's 4th congressional district special election, Election results\nComplete results are not available, the below results are based on incomplete returns", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018908-0002-0000", "contents": "1795 North Carolina's 4th congressional district special election, Election results\nTatom took his seat at the start of the 4th Congress, on December 7, 1795. Tatom subsequently resigned at the end of the 1st session, on June 1, 1796 necessitating a second special election in the same district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018909-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 South Carolina's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in South Carolina's 2nd congressional district January 19-20, 1795 to fill a vacancy left by Representative-election John Barnwell (F) declining to serve the term for which he'd been elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018913-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1795 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 27, 1795 by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018913-0001-0000", "contents": "1795 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nIn July 1789, Philip Schuyler and Rufus King had been elected to the U.S. Senate. King had drawn the long term which would expire on March 3, 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018913-0002-0000", "contents": "1795 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in April 1794, Federalist majorities were elected to both houses of the 18th New York State Legislature which met from January 6 to 14 at Poughkeepsie, New York, and from January 20 to April 9, 1795, at New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018913-0003-0000", "contents": "1795 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nKing's name was proposed for re-election in the Senate, and passed narrowly with 12 Yeas and 11 Nays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018913-0004-0000", "contents": "1795 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nIn the Assembly, two alternatives were proposed: State Senator Thomas Tillotson and Judge John Lawrence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018913-0005-0000", "contents": "1795 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nRufus King was appointed U.S. Minister to Great Britain, and resigned from the U.S. Senate on May 23, 1796. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in November 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018914-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1795 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on February 26, 1795. William Bingham was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018914-0001-0000", "contents": "1795 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nIncumbent Federalist Robert Morris, who was elected in 1788, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on February 26, 1795, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1795. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018915-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 United States Senate special election in Delaware\nThe Delaware United States Senate special election for 1795 was held on March 16, 1795. The former Senator George Read had resigned to take the position of Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court. Henry Latimer defeated the former governor of Delaware, governor of Pennsylvania and Continental Congressmen from Delaware and Pennsylvania by one vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018916-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1795 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Governor Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018916-0001-0000", "contents": "1795 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Windsor on October 8. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018916-0002-0000", "contents": "1795 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden, who had been governor from 1778 to 1789, and again starting in 1790, was re-elected for a one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, Jonathan Hunt was reelected to a second one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018916-0003-0000", "contents": "1795 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe freemen also re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his ninth one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals for statewide offices were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018917-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1795 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018920-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 in France\nEvents from the year 1795 in the French First Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018929-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1795 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018932-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018933-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018933-0001-0000", "contents": "1795 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018933-0002-0000", "contents": "1795 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018934-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 in science\nThe year 1795 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018935-0000-0000", "contents": "1795 in sports\n1795 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0000-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion\nFashion in the period 1795\u20131820 in European and European-influenced countries saw the final triumph of undress or informal styles over the brocades, lace, periwigs and powder of the earlier 18th century. In the aftermath of the French Revolution, no one wanted to appear to be a member of the French aristocracy, and people began using clothing more as a form of individual expression of the true self than as a pure indication of social status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0000-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion\nAs a result, the shifts that occurred in fashion at the turn of the 19th century granted the opportunity to present new public identities that also provided insights into their private selves. Katherine Aaslestad indicates how \"fashion, embodying new social values, emerged as a key site of confrontation between tradition and change.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0001-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion\nFor women's dress, the day-to-day outfit of the skirt and jacket style were practical and tactful, recalling the working-class woman. Women's fashions followed classical ideals, and stiffly boned stays were  abandoned in favor of softer, less boned corsets. This natural figure was emphasized by being able to see the body beneath the clothing. Visible breasts were part of this classical look, and some characterized the breasts in fashion as solely aesthetic and sexual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0002-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion\nIn Britain, the era of Regency in England covered the years when King George III was deemed unfit to rule and his son, the Prince of Wales ruled England as Prince Regent before his accession as King George IV. But the broadest definition of the period, characterized by trends in fashion, architecture, culture, and politics, begins with the French Revolution of 1789 and ends with Queen Victoria's rise to power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0002-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion\nThe names of popular people who lived in this time are still famous: Napoleon I Bonaparte and Josephine, Madame R\u00e9camier, Jane Austen, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron, Beau Brummell, Lady Emma Hamilton, Queen Louise of Prussia and her husband and many more. Beau Brummell introduced trousers, perfect tailoring, and unadorned, immaculate linen as the ideals of men's fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0003-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion\nIn Germany, republican city-states relinquished their traditional, modest, and practical garments and started to embrace the French and English fashion trends of short-sleeved chemise dresses and Spencer jackets. American fashion trends emulated French dress, but in a toned-down manner with shawls and tunics to cope with the sheerness of the chemise. However, in Spain, members of the Aristocracy, as well as citizens of the lower class, united and rebelled against French enlightenment ideals and fashion by dressing as majas and majos to contain their Spanish pride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0004-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion\nBy the end of the eighteenth century, a major shift in fashion was taking place that extended beyond changes in mere style to changes in philosophical and social ideals. Prior to this time, the style and traditions of the \"Ancien R\u00e9gime\" prevented the conceptualization of \"the self\". Instead, one's identity was considered malleable; subject to change depending on what clothes one was wearing. However, by the 1780s, the new, \"natural\" style allowed one's inner self to transcend their clothes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0005-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion\nDuring the 1790s, there was a new concept of the internal and external self. Before this time, there had only been one self, which was expressed through clothing. When going to a masquerade ball, people wore specific clothing, so they could not show their individuality through their clothing. Incorporated in this new \"natural\" style was the importance of ease and comfort of one's dress. Not only was there a new emphasis on hygiene, but also clothing became much lighter and more able to be changed and washed frequently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0005-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion\nEven upper-class women began wearing cropped dresses as opposed to dresses with long trains or hoops that restricted them from leaving their homes. The subsequent near stasis of the silhouette inspired volumes of new trims and details on heavily trimmed skirts back into fashion. In the Regency years, complicated historic and orientalist elements provided lavish stylistic displays as such details were a vigorous vehicle for conspicuous consumption given their labor-intensive fabrications, and therefore a potent signifier of hierarchy for the upper classes who wore the styles. This kind of statement was particularly noticeable in profuse trimmings, especially on skirts where unrestrained details were common, along with cut edge details and edge trims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0006-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion\nWomen's fashion was also influenced by male fashion, such as tailored waistcoats and jackets to emphasize women's mobility. This new movement toward practicality of dress showed that dress became less of a way to solely categorize between classes or genders; dress was meant to suit one's personal daily routine. It was also during this time period that the fashion magazine and journal industry began to take off. They were most often monthly (often competing) periodicals that allowed men and women to keep up with the ever-changing styles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0007-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Influence of Industrial Revolution on fashion\nIn the late 18th century, clothes were mostly sold by individual shopkeepers who were often the artisans who made the goods. Customers usually lived in the same neighborhood as the shops and the shops would gain popularity by their customers' word-of\u2013mouth recommendation, with the exception of warehouses (i.e., any retail on wholesale), where goods being sold were not necessarily made in the shop. However, things started to change during the transition to the 19th century. People sought efficiency and variety; under the influence of the Industrial Revolution, improved transportation and introduction of machines in manufacturing allowed fashion to develop at an even faster pace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0008-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Influence of Industrial Revolution on fashion\nThe first sewing machine emerged in 1790, and later, Josef Madersperger began developing his first sewing machine in 1807, presenting his first working machine in 1814. The introduction of the sewing machine sped up garment production. However, it had no widespread social impact until the 1840s, and clothing was entirely made by hand in the period to 1820. Meanwhile, advanced spinning, weaving and cotton-printing techniques developed in the 18th century had already brought cheaper, widely available washable fabrics. These durable and affordable fabrics became popular among the larger population. These techniques were further developed by the introduction of machines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0008-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Influence of Industrial Revolution on fashion\nBefore, accessories like embroidery and lace were manufactured on a small and limited scale by skilled craftsmen and sold in their own shops; in 1804, a machine for embroidering was constructed by John Duncan, and people started producing these essential accessories in factories and dispatching the products to shops throughout the country. These technical developments in clothing production allowed a greater variety of styles; rapid changes in fashion also became possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0009-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Influence of Industrial Revolution on fashion\nThe Industrial Revolution bridged Europe and America with regards to travel. When Louis Simond first arrived in America, he was struck by the mobility of the population and frequency of people made trips to the capital, writing \"you meet nowhere with those persons who never were out of their native place, and whose habits are wholly local \u2014 nobody above povertywho has not visited London once in his life; and most of those who can, visit once a year.' New canals and railways not only transported people, but created national and even broader markets by transporting goods manufactured in factories at great distances. The rise of industry throughout the Western world increased garment production and people were encouraged to travel more widely and purchase more goods than ever before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0010-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Influence of Industrial Revolution on fashion\nCommunication was also improved in this era. New ideas about fashion were conveyed by little dolls dressed in the latest style, newspapers, and illustrated magazines; for example, La Belle Assembl\u00e9e, founded by John Bell, was a British women's magazine published from 1806 to 1837. It was known for its fashion plates of contemporary fashions, demonstrating ways for women to dress and create ensembles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0011-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nIn this period, fashionable women's clothing styles were based on a high, under the bust waistline, only called the Empire silhouette in the 20th century \u2014 dresses were closely fitted to the torso just under the bust, falling loosely below. In different contexts, such styles are now commonly called \"Directoire style\" (referring to the Directory government of France during the second half of the 1790s), \"Empire style\" (referring to Napoleon's 1804\u20131814/1815 empire, and often also to his 1800\u20131804 \"consulate\"), or \"Regency\" (loosely used to refer to various periods between the 18th century and the Victorian). Empire silhouette and Directoire style were not used at the time these styles were worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0012-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview\nThese 1795\u20131820 fashions were quite different from the styles prevalent during most of the 18th century and the rest of the 19th century when women's clothes were generally tight against the torso from the natural waist upwards, and heavily full-skirted below (often inflated by means of hoop skirts, crinolines, panniers, bustles, etc.). Women's fashion around this time started to follow classical ideals, inspired by the ancient Greek and Roman style with its gracious, loosely falling dresses that were gathered or just accentuated over the natural waist under the bust. For women, heavily boned stays  gave way to a celebration of the natural form. Bodices were short with waistlines falling just below the bust. Fashion fabrics such as cotton muslin were light to the point of being sheer, however, printed heavier cottons, wools and other textiles were also popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0013-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nInspired by neoclassical tastes, 'undress' was the style of the day, casual and informal. It was the type of gown a woman wore from morning until noon or later depending on her social engagements of the day. The short-waisted dresses sported soft, loose skirts and were often made of white, almost transparent muslin, which was easily washed and draped loosely like the garments on Greek and Roman statues. Since the fabric clung to the body, revealing what was underneath, it made nudity \u00e0 la grecque a centerpiece of public spectacle. Satin was sometimes worn for evening wear. '", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0013-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nHalf Dress' is thought of as how one would dress when going out during the day or meeting with guests.' Full Dress' was what a lady wore to formal events, day or night. ' Evening Dress' was only appropriate at evening affairs. Thus during the 1795\u20131820 period, it was often possible for middle- and upper-class women to wear clothes that were not very confining or cumbersome, and still be considered decently and fashionably dressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0014-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nAmong middle- and upper-class women there was a basic distinction between \"morning dress\" (worn at home in the afternoons as well as mornings) and evening attire \u2014 generally, both men and women changed clothes in preparation for the evening meal and possible entertainments to follow. There were also further gradations such as afternoon dress, walking dress, riding habits, traveling dress, dinner dress, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0015-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nIn the Mirror of Graces; or the English Lady's Costume, published in London in 1811, the author (\"a Lady of Distinction\") advised:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0016-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nIn the morning the arms and bosom must be completely covered to the throat and wrists. From the dinner-hour to the termination of the day, the arms, to a graceful height above the elbow, may be bare; and the neck and shoulders unveiled as far as delicacy will allow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0017-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nA Lady of Distinction also advised young ladies to wear softer shades of color, such as pinks, periwinkle blue, or lilacs. The mature matron could wear fuller colors, such as purple, black, crimson, deep blue, or yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0018-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nMany women of this era remarked upon how being fully dressed meant the bosom and shoulders were bare, and yet being under-dressed would mean one's neckline went right up to one's chin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0019-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Silhouette\nDue to the importance of showing social status, the fashion industry was very much influenced by society during the Regency era. One's position was determined by the person's wealth, etiquette, family status, intelligence, and beauty. Women financially and socially relied on their husbands. The only socially-acceptable activities in which women could participate centered around social gatherings and fashion, the most important component of which was attending evening parties. These parties helped to build relationships and connection with others. As etiquette dictated different standards of attire for different events, afternoon dress, evening dress, evening full dress, ball dress, and different types of dresses were popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0020-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Silhouette\nWomen's fashion in the Regency era started to change drastically. It popularized the empire silhouette, which featured a fitted bodice and high waist. This \"new natural style\" emphasized the beauty of the body's natural lines. Clothing became lighter and easier to care for than in the past. Women often wore several layers of clothing, typically undergarments, gowns, and outerwear. The chemise, the standard undergarment of the era, prevented the thin, gauzy dresses from being fully transparent. Outerwear, such as the spencer and the pelisse, were popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0021-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Silhouette\nThe empire silhouette was created in the late 18th century to about the early 19th century and referred to the period of the First French Empire. This adoption had been linked with France's Relation and adopted of Greek and Roman principles. The style was often worn in white to denote as high social status. Josephine Bonaparte was one of the figureheads for the Empire waistline, with her elaborated and decorated Empire line dresses. Regency women followed the Empire style along with the same trend of raised waistlines as French styles, even when their countries were at war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0021-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Silhouette\nStarting from the 1780s and early 1790s, women's silhouette became slimmer and the waistlines crept up. After 1795, waistlines rose dramatically and the skirt circumference was further reduced. A few years later, England and France started to show the focus of the high waist style and this led to the creation of Empire style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0022-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Silhouette\nThe style began as part of Neoclassical fashion, reviving styles from Greco-Roman art which showed women wearing loose-fitting rectangular tunics known as peplos which were belted under the bust, providing support for women and a cool, comfortable outfit especially in a warm climate. The empire silhouette was defined by the waistline, which was positioned directly under the bust. The Empire silhouette was the key style in women's clothing during the Regency era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0022-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Silhouette\nThe dresses were usually light, long, and fit loosely, they were usually in white and often sheer from the ankle to just below the bodice which strongly emphasized thin hem and tied around the body. A long rectangular shawl or wrap, very often plain red but with a decorated border in portraits, helped in colder weather and was apparently lain around the midriff when seated\u2014for which sprawling semi-recumbent postures were favored. The dresses had a fitted bodice and it gave a high-waist appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0023-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Silhouette\nThe style had waxed and waned in fashion for hundreds of years. The shape of the dresses also helped to lengthen the body's appearance. The clothing can also be draped to maximize the bust. Lightweight fabrics were typically used to create a flowing effect. Also, ribbon, sash, and other decorative features were used to highlight the waistline. The empire gowns were often with a low neckline and short sleeves and women usually wore them as evening dresses. On the other hand, day gowns had a higher neckline and long sleeves. The chemisette was a staple for fashionable ladies. Although there were differences between day dresses and evening dresses, the high waistline was not changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0024-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nDuring this period, the classical influence extended to hairstyles. Often masses of curls were worn over the forehead and ears, with the longer back hair drawn up into loose buns or Psyche knots influenced by Greek and Roman styles. By the later 1810s, front hair was parted in the center and worn in tight ringlets over the ears. Adventurous women like Lady Caroline Lamb wore short cropped hairstyles \"\u00e0 la Titus\", the Journal de Paris reporting in 1802 that \"more than half of elegant women were wearing their hair or wig \u00e0 la Titus\", a layered cut usually with some tresses hanging down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0025-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nIn the Mirror of Graces, a Lady of Distinction writes,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0026-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nNow, easy tresses, the shining braid, the flowing ringlet confined by the antique comb, or bodkin, give graceful specimens of the simple taste of modern beauty. Nothing can correspond more elegantly with the untrammeled drapery of our newly-adopted classic raiment than this undecorated coiffure of nature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0027-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nConservative married women continued to wear linen mob caps, which now had wider brims at the sides to cover the ears. Fashionable women wore similar caps for morning (at home undress) wear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0028-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nFor the first time in centuries, respectable but daringly fashionable women would leave the house without a hat or bonnet, previously something often associated with prostitutes. However, most women continued to wear something on their head outdoors, though they were beginning to cease to do so indoors during the day (as well as for evening wear). The antique head-dress, or Queen Mary coif, Chinese hat, Oriental-inspired turban, and Highland helmet were popular. As for bonnets, their crowns and brims were adorned with increasingly elaborate ornamentations, such as feathers and ribbons. In fact, ladies of the day embellished their hats frequently, replacing old decorations with new trims or feathers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0029-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nArtist Rolinda Sharples wears her hair in a mass of curls; her mother wears a sheer indoor cap, c. 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0030-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nMme Seriziat wears a straw bonnet trimmed with green ribbon over a lace mob cap, 1795 (painting by Jacques-Louis David)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0031-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Undergarments\nFashionable women of the Regency era wore several layers of undergarments. The first was the chemise, or shift, a thin garment with tight, short sleeves (and a low neckline if worn under evening wear), made of white cotton and finished with a plain hem that was shorter than the dress. These shifts were meant to protect the outer-clothes from perspiration and were washed more frequently than outer clothes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0031-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Undergarments\nIn fact, washerwomen of the time used coarse soap when scrubbing these garments, then plunged them in boiling water, hence the absence of color, lace, or other embellishments, which would have faded or damaged the fabric under such rough treatment. Chemises and shifts also prevented the transparent muslin or silk dresses from being too revealing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0032-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Undergarments\nThe next layer was a pair of stays or corset (more lightly boned). While high-waisted classical fashions required no corset for the slight of figure, most ordinary women still wore some kind of bust support, although the aim was to look as if they were not. The disappearance of the corset or stays has been much exaggerated by writers on the Regency period. There were some experiments to produce garments which would serve the same functions as a modern brassiere. (In the Mirror of Graces, a \"divorce\" was described as an undergarment that served to separate a woman's breasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0032-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Undergarments\nMade of steel or iron that was covered by a type of padding, and shaped like a triangle, this device was placed in the center of the chest.) \"Short stays\" (corsets extending only a short distance below the breasts) were often worn over the shift or chemise (not directly next to the skin), and \"long stays\" (corsets extending down towards the natural waist) were worn by women trying to appear slimmer than they were or who needed more support. The English wore these more than the French, but even such long stays were not primarily intended to constrict the waist, in the manner of Victorian corsets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0033-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Undergarments\nThe final layer was the petticoat, which was the name for any skirt worn under the gown and could be a skirt with a bodice, a skirt attached over the torso by tapes, or a separate skirt. These petticoats were often worn between the underwear and the outer dress and were considered part of the outer clothing, not underwear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0033-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Undergarments\nThe lower edge of the petticoat was intended to be seen since women would often lift their outer dresses to spare the relatively delicate material of the outer dress from mud or damp (so exposing only the coarser and cheaper fabric of the petticoat to risk). Often exposed to view, petticoats were decorated at the hem with rows of tucks or lace, or ruffles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0034-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Undergarments\n\"Drawers\" (large, flowy 'shorts' with buttons at the crotch) were only occasionally worn at this time. Women had no underwear under their dresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0035-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Undergarments\nStockings (hosiery), made of silk or knitted cotton, were held up by garters below the knee until suspenders were introduced in the late 19th century and were often of a white or pale flesh color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0036-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear and shoes\nDuring this time period, women's clothing was much thinner than in the eighteenth century so warmer outerwear became important in fashion, especially in colder climates. Coat-like garments such as pelisses and redingotes were popular, as were shawls, mantles, mantelets, capes, and cloaks. The mantelet was a short cape that was eventually lengthened and made into a shawl. The redingote, another popular example, was a full-length garment resembling a man's riding coat (hence the name) in style, that could be made of different fabrics and patterns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0036-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear and shoes\nThroughout the period, the Indian shawl was the favored wrap, as houses and the typical English country house were generally draughty, and the sheer muslin and light silk dresses popular during this time provided less protection. Shawls were made of soft cashmere or silk or even muslin for summer. Paisley patterns were extremely popular at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0037-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear and shoes\nShort (high-waisted) jackets called spencers were worn outdoors, along with long-hooded cloaks, Turkish wraps, mantles, capes, Roman tunics, chemisettes, and overcoats called pelisses (which were often sleeveless and reached down as far as the ankles). These outer garments were often made of double sarsnet, fine Merino cloth, or velvets, and trimmed with furs, such as swan's down, fox, chinchilla, or sable. On May 6, 1801, Jane Austen wrote her sister Cassandra, \"Black gauze cloaks are worn as much as anything.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0038-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear and shoes\nThin, flat fabric (silk or velvet), or leather slippers were generally worn (as opposed to the high-heeled shoes of much of the 18th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0039-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear and shoes\nMetal pattens were strapped on shoes to protect them from rain or mud, raising the feet an inch or so off the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0040-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Accessories\nGloves were always worn by women outside the house. When worn inside, as when making a social call, or on formal occasions, such as a ball, they were removed when dining. About the length of the glove, A Lady of Distinction writes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0041-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Accessories\nIf the prevailing fashion be to reject the long sleeve, and to partially display the arm, let the glove advance considerably above the elbow, and there be fastened with a draw-string or armlet. But this should only be the case when the arm is muscular, coarse, or scraggy. When it is fair, smooth, and round, it will admit of the glove being pushed down to a little above the wrists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0042-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Accessories\nLonger gloves were worn rather loosely during this period, crumpling below the elbow. As described in the passage above, \"garters\" could fasten longer gloves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0043-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Accessories\nReticules held personal items, such as vinaigrettes. The form-fitting dresses or frocks of the day had no pockets, thus these small drawstring handbags were essential. These handbags were often called buskins or balantines. They were rectangular in shape and was worn suspended by a woven band from a belt placed around the figure above the waist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0044-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Accessories\nParasols (as shown in the illustration) protected a lady's skin from the sun and were considered an important fashion accessory. Slender and light in weight, they came in a variety of shapes, colors, and sizes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0045-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Accessories\nFashionable ladies (and gentlemen) used fans to cool themselves and to enhance gestures and body language. Made of paper or silk on sticks of ivory and wood, and printed with oriental motifs or popular scenes of the era, these ubiquitous accessories featured a variety of shapes and styles, such as pleated or rigid. An information sheet from the Cheltenham Museum describes fans and their use in body language and communication (click and scroll to page 4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0046-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Directoire (1795\u20131799)\nBy the mid-1790s, neoclassical clothing had come into fashion in France. Several influences had combined to bring about this simplification in women's clothing: aspects of Englishwomen's practical country outdoor-wear leaked up into French high fashion, and there was a reaction in revolutionary France against the stiffly boned corsets and brightly colored satins and other heavy fabrics that were in style in the Ancien R\u00e9gime (see 1750\u20131795 in fashion). But ultimately, Neo-classicism was adopted for its association with classical republican ideas [with reference to Greece, rather than republican Rome, which was now considered politically dangerous]. This renewed fascination of the classical past was encouraged by the recent discoveries of Pompeii and Herculaneum, and would likely have not been possible outside such a specific geographic and historical setting that allowed the idea of the past made present to become paramount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 1008]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0047-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Directoire (1795\u20131799)\nAlong with the influences of the Pompeii and Herculaneum excavations, several other factors came together to popularize neoclassical dress. Starting in the early 1790s, Emma Hamilton began her performances of attitudes, something that was considered by contemporaries as entirely new. These attitudes were based loosely on the ancient practice of pantomime, though Emma's performances lacked masks and musical accompaniment. Her performances created a fusion between art and nature; art came alive and her body became a type of art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0047-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Directoire (1795\u20131799)\nAs an aid to her performances of tragic mythological and historical figures, Emma wore the clothing \u00e1 la grecque that would become popular in mainstream France in the coming years. A simple light-colored chemise made from thin, flowing material was worn and gathered with a narrow ribbon under the breasts. Simple cashmere shawls were used as headdresses or to give more fullness to the drapery of the chemise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0047-0002", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Directoire (1795\u20131799)\nThey also helped to prevent broken lines in the performance so that the outstretched arms were always connected with the body, escalating the effect of fluid movement, and oftentimes, a cape or a cloak was worn to emphasize the lines of the body in certain poses. This highlighted the continuity of surface of line and form in the body of the performer to emphasize the unity, simplicity, and continuously flowing movement from one part of the body to the next. The hair was worn in a natural, loose, and flowing fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0047-0003", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Directoire (1795\u20131799)\nAll of these properties blended together to allow an extensive play of light and shadow to reveal and accent certain parts of the body during the performance while covering others. Emma was highly capable in her attitudes, and the influence of her dress spread from Naples to Paris as wealthy Parisians took the Grand Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0048-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Directoire (1795\u20131799)\nThere is also some evidence that the white muslin shift dress became popular after Thermidor through the influence of prison dress. Revolutionary women such as Madame Tallien portrayed themselves in this way because it was the only clothing they possessed during their time in prison. The chemise \u00e1 la grecque also represented the struggle for representation of the self and the stripping down of past cultural values.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0048-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Directoire (1795\u20131799)\nAlso, a simplification of the attire worn by preteen girls in the 1780s (who were no longer required to wear miniature versions of adult stays and panniers) probably paved the way for the simplification of the attire worn by teenage girls and adult women in the 1790s. Waistlines became somewhat high by 1795, but skirts were still rather full, and neoclassical influences were not yet dominant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0049-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Directoire (1795\u20131799)\nIt was during the second half of the 1790s that fashionable women in France began to adopt a thoroughgoing Classical style, based on an idealized version of ancient Greek and Roman dress (or what was thought at the time to be ancient Greek and Roman dress), with narrow clinging skirts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0049-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Directoire (1795\u20131799)\nSome of the extreme Parisian versions of the neoclassical style (such as narrow straps which bared the shoulders, and diaphanous dresses without sufficient stays, petticoats, or shifts worn beneath) were not widely adopted elsewhere, but many features of the late-1790s neoclassical style were broadly influential, surviving in successively modified forms in European fashions over the next two decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0050-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Directoire (1795\u20131799)\nWith this Classical style came the willingness to expose the breast. With the new iconography of the Revolution as well as a change in emphasis on maternal breast-feeding, the chemise dress became a sign of the new egalitarian society. The style was simple and appropriate for the comfort of a pregnant or nursing woman as the breasts were emphasized and their availability was heightened. Maternity became fashionable and it was not uncommon for women to walk around with their breasts exposed. Some women took the \"fashionable maternity\" a step further and wore a \"six-month pad\" under their dress to appear pregnant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0051-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Directoire (1795\u20131799)\nWhite was considered the most suitable color for neoclassical clothing (accessories were often in contrasting colors). Short trains trailing behind were common in dresses of the late 1790s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0052-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Empire (1800\u20131815)\nDuring the first two decades of the 19th century, fashions continued to follow the basic high-waisted empire silhouette, but in other respects, neoclassical influences became progressively diluted. Dresses remained narrow in the front, but fullness at the raised back waist allowed room to walk. Colors other than white came into style, the fad for diaphanous outer fabrics faded (except in certain formal contexts), and some elements of obviously visible ornamentation came back into use in the design of the dress (as opposed to the elegant simplicity or subtle white-on-white embroidery of the dress of ca. 1800).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0053-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Regency (1815\u20131820) gallery\nThis era signaled the loss of any lingering neoclassical, pseudo-Grecian styles in women's dress. This decline was especially evident in France due to the Emperor Napoleon's suppression of trade in the fabrics used in neoclassical dress. While waistlines were still high, they were beginning to drop slightly. Larger and more abundant decoration, especially near the hem and neckline foreshadowed greater extravagance in the coming years. More petticoats were being worn, and a stiffer, more cone-shaped skirt became popular. Stiffness could be supplemented by layers of ruffles and tucks on a hem, as well as corded or flounced petticoats. Sleeves began to be pulled, tied, and pinched in ways that were more influenced by romantic and gothic styles than neoclassical. Hats and hairstyles became more elaborate and trimmed, climbing higher to balance widening skirts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0054-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nThis period saw the final abandonment of lace, embroidery, and other embellishments from serious men's clothing outside of formalized court dress\u2014it would not reappear except as an affectation of Aesthetic dress in the 1880s and its successor, the \"Young Edwardian\" look of the 1960s. Instead, cut and tailoring became much more important as an indicator of quality. This transformation can be attributed in part to an increased interest in antiquity stemming from the discovery of classical engravings, including the Elgin Marbles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0054-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nThe figures depicted in classical art were viewed as an exemplar of the ideal natural form, and an embodiment of Neoclassical ideas. The style in London for men became more and more refined and this was due to the influence of two things: the dandy and the romantic movement. The dandy (a man who placed high importance on personal aesthetics and hobbies but wanted to seem totally nonchalant about it) arguably emerged as early as the 1790s. Dark colors were all but mandatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0054-0002", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\n(Dark doesn't necessarily mean dreary though; many items, particularly vests and coats were cut from rich, vivid fabrics.) Blue tailcoats with gold buttons were everywhere. White muslin shirts (sometimes with ruffles on the neck/sleeves) were extremely popular. Breeches were officially on their way out, with pants/trousers taking their place. Fabrics in general were becoming more practical silk and more wool, cotton, and buckskin. Therefore, in the 18th century, the dress was simplified and greater emphasis was put on tailoring to enhance the natural form of the body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0055-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nThis was also the period of the rise of hair wax for styling men's hair, as well as mutton chops as a style of facial hair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0056-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nBreeches became longer\u2014tightly fitted leather riding breeches reached almost to the boot tops\u2014and were replaced by pantaloons or trousers for fashionable streetwear. The French Revolution is largely responsible for altering the standard male dress. During the revolution, clothing symbolized the division between the upper classes and the working-class revolutionaries. French rebels earned the nickname sans-culottes, or \"the people without breeches,\" because of the loose floppy trousers they popularized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0057-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nCoats were cutaway in front with long skirts or tails behind, and had tall standing collars. Lapels were not as large as they had been in years before and often featured an M-shaped notch unique to the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0058-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nShirts were made of linen, had attached collars, and were worn with stocks or wrapped in a cravat tied in various fashions. Pleated frills at the cuffs and the front opening went out of fashion by the end of the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0059-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nWaistcoats were high-waisted, and squared off at the bottom, but came in a broad variety of styles. They were often double-breasted, with wide lapels and stand collars. Around 1805 large lapels that overlapped those of the jacket began to fall out of fashion, as did the 18th-century tradition of wearing the coat unbuttoned, and gradually waistcoats became less visible. Shortly before this time waistcoats were commonly vertically striped but by 1810 plain white waistcoats were increasingly fashionable, as did horizontally striped waistcoats. High-collared waistcoats were fashionable until 1815, then collars were gradually lowered as the shawl collar came into use toward the end of this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0060-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nOvercoats or greatcoats were fashionable, often with contrasting collars of fur or velvet. The garrick, sometimes called a coachman's coat, was a particularly popular style, and had between three and five short caplets attached to the collar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0061-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nBoots, typically Hessian boots with heart-shaped tops and tassels were a mainstay in men's footwear. After the Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815, Wellington boots, as they were known, became the rage; tops were knee-high in front and cut lower in back. The jockey boot, with a turned-down cuff of lighter colored leather, had previously been popular but continued to be worn for riding. Court shoes with elevated heels became popular with the introduction of trousers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0062-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The rise of the dandy\nThe clothes-obsessed dandy first appeared in the 1790s, both in London and Paris. In the slang of the time, a dandy was differentiated from a fop in that the dandy's dress was more refined and sober. The dandy prided himself in \"natural excellence\" and tailoring allowed for exaggeration of the natural figure beneath fashionable outerwear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0063-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The rise of the dandy\nIn High Society: A Social History of the Regency Period, 1788\u20131830, Venetia Murray writes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0064-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The rise of the dandy\nOther admirers of dandyism have taken the view that it is a sociological phenomenon, the result of a society in a state of transition or revolt. Barbey d'Aurevilly, one of the leading French dandies at the end of the nineteenth century, explained:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0065-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The rise of the dandy\nIn Regency London dandyism was a revolt against a different kind of tradition, an expression of distaste for the extravagance and ostentation of the previous generation, and of sympathy with the new mood of democracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0066-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The rise of the dandy\nBeau Brummell set the fashion for dandyism in British society from the mid-1790s, which was characterized by immaculate personal cleanliness, immaculate linen shirts with high collars, perfectly tied cravats, and exquisitely tailored plain dark coats (contrasting in many respects with the \"maccaroni\" of the earlier 18th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0067-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The rise of the dandy\nBrummell abandoned his wig and cut his hair short in a Roman fashion dubbed \u00e0 la Brutus, echoing the fashion for all things classical seen in women's wear of this period. He also led the move from breeches to snugly tailored pantaloons or trousers, often light-colored for day and dark for the evening, based on working-class clothing adopted by all classes in France in the wake of the Revolution. In fact, Brummel's reputation for taste and refinement was such that, fifty years after his death, Max Beerbohm, wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0068-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The rise of the dandy\nIn certain congruities of dark cloth, in the rigid perfection of his linen, in the symmetry of his glove with his hand, lay the secret of Mr Brummell's miracles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0069-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The rise of the dandy\nNot every male aspiring to attain Brummel's sense of elegance and style succeeded, however, and these dandies were subject to caricature and ridicule. Venetia Murray quotes an excerpt from Diary of an Exquisite, from The Hermit in London, 1819:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0070-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The rise of the dandy\nTook four hours to dress; and then it rained; ordered the tilbury and my umbrella, and drove to the fives' court; next to my tailors; put him off after two years tick; no bad fellow that Weston...broke three stay-laces and a buckle, tore the quarter of a pair of shoes, made so thin by O'Shaughnessy, in St. James's Street, that they were light as brown paper; what a pity they were lined with pink satin, and were quite the go; put on a pair of Hoby's; over-did it in perfuming my handkerchief, and had to recommence de novo; could not please myself in tying my cravat; lost three quarters of an hour by that, tore two pairs of kid gloves in putting them hastily on; was obliged to go gently to work with the third; lost another quarter of an hour by this; drove off furiously in my chariot but had to return for my splendid snuff-box, as I knew that I should eclipse the circle by it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 953]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0071-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The rise of the dandy\nMarquis de Lafayette (1757\u20131834) wearing a powdered wig tied in a queue that was a common piece of men's dress by c. 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0072-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, The rise of the dandy\nMarquis de Lafayette depicted in later years of his life, dressed according to the fashion of the 1820s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0073-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nDuring this period, younger men of fashion began to wear their hair in short curls, often with long sideburns. In 1795, Pitt's hair powder tax effectively ended the fashion for wigs and powder, and new styles like the Brutus and the Bedford Crop became fashionable. Older men, military officers, and those in conservative professions such as lawyers, judges, physicians, and servants retained their wigs and powder. Formal court dress also still required powdered hair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0074-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nTricorne and bicorne hats were still worn, but the most fashionable hat was tall and slightly conical; this would soon, however, be displaced by the top hat and reign as the only hat for formal occasions for the next century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0075-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Children's fashion\nBoth boys and girls wore dresses until they were about four or five years old, when boys were \"breeched\", or put into trousers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0076-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Revival of Directoire/Empire/Regency fashions\nDuring the first half of the Victorian era, there was a more or less negative view of women's styles of the 1795\u20131820 period. Some people would have felt slightly uncomfortable to be reminded that their mothers or grandmothers had once promenaded about in such styles (which could be considered indecent according to Victorian norms), and many would have found it somewhat difficult to really empathize with (or take seriously) the struggles of a heroine of art or literature if they were being constantly reminded that she was wearing such clothes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0076-0001", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Revival of Directoire/Empire/Regency fashions\nFor such reasons, some Victorian history paintings of the Napoleonic wars intentionally avoided depicting accurate women's styles (see example below), Thackeray's illustrations to his book Vanity Fair depicted the women of the 1810s wearing 1840s fashions, and in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's 1849 novel Shirley (set in 1811\u20131812) neo-Grecian fashions are anachronistically relocated to an earlier generation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0077-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Revival of Directoire/Empire/Regency fashions\nLater in the Victorian period, the Regency seemed to retreat to an unthreateningly remote historical distance, and Kate Greenaway and the Artistic Dress movement selectively revived elements of early 19th century fashions. During the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, many genre paintings, sentimental valentines, etc. contained loose depictions of 1795\u20131820 styles (then considered to be quaint relics of a bygone era). In the late 1960s / early 1970s, there was a limited fashion revival of the Empire silhouette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018938-0078-0000", "contents": "1795\u20131820 in Western fashion, Revival of Directoire/Empire/Regency fashions\nIn recent years, 1795\u20131820 fashions are most strongly associated with Jane Austen's writings, due to the various movie adaptations of her novels. There are also some Regency fashion \"urban myths\", such as that women dampened their gowns to make them appear even more diaphanous (something which was certainly not practiced by the vast majority of women of the period).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018939-0000-0000", "contents": "1796\n1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1796th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 796th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 96th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1796, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018940-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 British general election\nThe 1796 British general election returned members to serve in the 18th and last House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain. They were summoned before the Union of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801. The members in office in Great Britain at the end of 1800 continued to serve in the first Parliament of the United Kingdom (1801\u201302).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018940-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 British general election, Political situation\nGreat Britain had been at war with France since 1792. The Prime Minister since 1783, William Pitt the Younger, led a broad wartime coalition of Whig and Tory politicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018940-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 British general election, Political situation\nThe principal opposition to Pitt was a relatively weak faction of Whigs, led by Charles James Fox. For four years after 1797 opposition attendance at Westminster was sporadic as Fox pursued a strategy of secession from Parliament. Only a small group, led by George Tierney, had attended frequently to oppose the ministers. As Foord observes \"only once did the minority reach seventy-five, and it was often less than ten\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018940-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 British general election, Political situation, Dates of election\nThe period between the first and last returns was 25 May to 29 June 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018940-0004-0000", "contents": "1796 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nMonmouthshire (One County constituency with two members and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018940-0005-0000", "contents": "1796 British general election, Summary of the constituencies\nTable 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018941-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 English cricket season\nThe 1796 English cricket season was the 25th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the tenth after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw seven top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018941-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 English cricket season, Matches\nA total of seven top-class matches were played during the season, all bar one of which included a team playing under the name of Kent, Middlesex or Surrey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018941-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 English cricket season, Matches\nThe season saw the last match between two sides named for counties until 1825. It also saw the completion of the first-class match which had been begun the following year - a match between teams organised by the Earl of Winchilsea and Richard Leigh which had been begun in July 1795 and was completed on 28 June 1796 before a match between an England side and a Surrey and Kent XI began on the same day, a number of players appearing in both matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018941-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 English cricket season, First mentions\nPlayers who made their first-class cricket debuts in 1796 included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword\nThe pattern 1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword was the sword used by the British heavy cavalry (Lifeguards, Royal Horse Guards, Dragoon Guards and Dragoons), and King's German Legion Dragoons, through most of the period of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It played an especially notable role, in the hands of British cavalrymen, at the battles of Salamanca and Waterloo. The pattern was adopted by Sweden and was used by some Portuguese cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, Background\nThe British 1796 Heavy Cavalry Trooper's Sword was a direct copy of the Austrian pallasch sword pattern of 1769 for heavy cavalry (it later received an iron scabbard (1775), in which form it was adopted by the British). John Le Marchant, a cavalry officer who designed the curved 1796 pattern light cavalry sabre, undoubtedly saw the Austrian weapon in use during the Low Countries Campaign of 1793-95, when he also made many drawings of Austrian cavalry equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0001-0001", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, Background\nHis initial intention was that his own sword design should be adopted by all the cavalry; however, this was denied by the decision of the board of general officers to arm the heavy cavalry with a straight sword. It is probable, once a straight sword had been decided upon, that he then suggested the Austrian sword as a model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, Design, Trooper's pattern\nTechnically the 1796 heavy cavalry sword is a backsword, that is a sword with a straight blade with one cutting edge and the opposite edge of the blade (the \"back\") thickened for most of its length to give added strength. The blade is 35 inches (890\u00a0mm) in length, with a single broad fuller each side. The grip is of ribbed wood, or wood bound with cord to resemble the same, and covered in leather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0002-0001", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, Design, Trooper's pattern\nThe iron backpiece of the grip has ears which are riveted through the tang of the blade to give the hilt and blade a very secure connection. The hilt combines a disc guard pierced with 2 semicircular and 6 oval (never circular) holes, with single knucklebow and two slim 2-inch-long (51\u00a0mm) langets (projections from the guard, which grip the throat of the scabbard) extending from the front of the guard. The langets were often removed and the left side of the guard ground away so as to reduce wear to uniforms. The latter modification would also have made it more comfortable to wear, especially on horseback.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, Design, Trooper's pattern\nThe sword was often modified by its users. The point was originally a 'hatchet point', a curved diagonal front edge similar to that of the Japanese katana, but most were altered to a symmetrical 'spear point', more common at the time, or alternatively made more acute whilst retaining the asymmetry of the tip. This was done in order to improve the sword's ability to thrust. Quite large numbers of spear-pointed examples exist with 33-inch (840\u00a0mm) blades, along with an appropriately shortened scabbard. These may be conversions of the original standard 35-inch (890\u00a0mm) blade, although many appear to have been manufactured to this shorter length. The sword was carried in an iron scabbard with wooden liners,  and hung from the waist via sword-belt slings attached to two loose suspension rings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0004-0000", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, Design, Household cavalry other ranks\nVariant sword types with the standard trooper's blade, but a bowl hilt similar to that of the officers' pattern, in brass with a brass scabbard (for the Life Guards) or iron with an iron scabbard (for the Horse Guards), exist and are believed to have been issued to the other ranks of the Household regiments for use when on home (ceremonial) service. The scabbards of these swords did not usually have suspension rings, but were fitted with a button or slide for use with a 'frog' - a type of baldric or belt attachment. It is known that the Household regiments employed the standard trooper's pattern swords on active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0005-0000", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, Design, Officer's patterns\nOfficers carried a service sword, also termed an \"undress sword\", with a blade of identical general form to that of the trooper's pattern detailed above. However, many officers' blades bore etched, or blued and gilt, decoration. The guard, in contrast, was entirely different from the trooper's pattern, being of bowl form, and incorporating an elaborate pierced honeysuckle design with a prominent rear quillon. This hilt form is often referred to as a 'ladder hilt' (due to the pierced knucklebow resembling a ladder).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0006-0000", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, Design, Officer's patterns\nThe dress sword for Heavy Cavalry officers was a much smaller and lighter weapon, having a knucklebow, ovoid pommel and boat-shell guard in gilt brass or gunmetal. The blade was much shorter and narrower than the service sword's, and usually double edged with a short narrow central fuller each side. The dress sword usually had a leather scabbard with gilt brass mounts, however, a number of examples exist of swords with iron service scabbards, suggesting that some officers may have employed the dress sword in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0007-0000", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, Use\nThe trooper's sword, and the officer's undress sword, was a dedicated cutting weapon with a broad heavy blade and was renowned as being completely unfit for delicate swordsmanship. This was also the foundation for respect it gained from those who appreciated it; most cavalry troopers used the blades like bludgeons and the guards as knuckle dusters (as Le Marchant observed) and the 1796 was significantly more suited for this than most other swords.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 29], "content_span": [30, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0008-0000", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, Use\nA well-known description of the brutal power of the weapon was made by Sgt. Charles Ewart, 2nd Dragoons (Scots Greys) concerning how he captured an Imperial Eagle at Waterloo:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 29], "content_span": [30, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0009-0000", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, Use\n\"It was in the charge I took the eagle off the enemy; he and I had a hard contest for it; he made a thrust at my groin I parried it off and cut him down through the head. After this a lancer came at me; I threw the lance off my right side, and cut him through the chin upwards through the teeth. Next, a foot soldier fired at me, then charged me with his bayonet, which I also had the good luck to parry, and I cut him down through the head; thus ended the contest.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 29], "content_span": [30, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018942-0010-0000", "contents": "1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, In fiction\nThe fictional character most often associated with the 1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword is Richard Sharpe, Bernard Cornwell's Napoleonic Rifle officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018943-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 Maryland's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 2nd congressional district on April 18, 1796 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Gabriel Duvall (DR) on March 28, 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018944-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 Massachusetts's 10th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district on August 1, 1796 and September 12, 1796 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Benjamin Goodhue (F) in June, 1796. Goodhue had resigned upon being elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018944-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 Massachusetts's 10th congressional district special election, Election results\nTwo elections were held due to a majority not being achieved on the first vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018945-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 1st congressional district on September 5, 1796 and November 21, 1796 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Theodore Sedgwick (F) upon his election to the Senate", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018945-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district special election, Election results\nTwo elections were held due to a majority not being achieved on the first ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018946-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 North Carolina's 4th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in North Carolina's 4th congressional district on November 23, 1796 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Absalom Tatom (DR) on June 1, 1796. Tatom had, himself, been elected in a special election the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018947-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 Pattern British Infantry Officer's Sword\nThe 1796 Pattern British Infantry Officers Sword was carried by officers of the line infantry in the British Army between 1796 and the time of its official replacement with the gothic hilted sword in 1822. This period encompassed the whole of the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018947-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 Pattern British Infantry Officer's Sword, Design\nThe sword was introduced by General Order in 1796, replacing the previous 1786 Pattern. It was similar to its predecessor in having a spadroon blade, i.e. one straight, flat backed and single edged with a single fuller on each side. The hilt was of gilt brass or gunmetal, with a knucklebow, vestigial quillon and a twin-shell guard somewhat similar in appearance to that of the smallswords which had been common civilian wear until shortly before this period. The pommel was urn shaped and, in many later examples, the inner guard was hinged to allow the sword to sit against the body more comfortably and reduce wear to the officer's uniform. Blades were commonly quite extensively decorated, often blued and gilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 53], "content_span": [54, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018947-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 Pattern British Infantry Officer's Sword, Criticism\nThe 1796 Pattern Sword was not renowned as a great fighting sword. The blade was weak and the hilt gave very little protection to the hand. General Cavalie Mercer of the Royal Artillery, who wore the same sword stated that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018947-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 Pattern British Infantry Officer's Sword, Criticism\n\"Nothing could be more useless or ridiculous than the old infantry regulation [sword]; it was good for neither cut nor thrust and was a perfect encumberance. In the Foot Artillery, when away from headquarters, we generally wore dirks instead of it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018947-0004-0000", "contents": "1796 Pattern British Infantry Officer's Sword, Influence on United States Army swords\nRegardless of its weaknesses as a fighting weapon, according to Robson, a nearly identical sword was carried by the Army Corps of Engineers in the early nineteenth century and in turn similar swords were adopted by the United States Army in 1840 for foot officers and (with a simpler, unhinged guard) for NCOs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018948-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1796 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on November 8, 1796. Incumbent Democratic-Republican governor Thomas Mifflin successfully sought re-election to a third term. For the second consecutive election, he was victorious over U.S. Representative Frederick Muhlenberg, the Federalist candidate, by a wide margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018949-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district on October 11, 1796 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Daniel Hiester (DR) on July 1, 1796", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018949-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district special election, Election results\nGeorge Ege also won the 5th district in the general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018950-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 Rhode Island's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Rhode Island's at-large congressional district on November 15, 1796 to fill a vacancy left in both the 4th and 5th Congresses by the resignation of Benjamin Bourne (F).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018950-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 Rhode Island's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nPotter took his seat December 19, 1796 but the subsequently resigned after the 1st Session of the 5th Congress, resulting in a second special election", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 86], "content_span": [87, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018951-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 Riga\n1796 Riga, provisional designation 1966 KB, is a dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 70 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 May 1966, by Russian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. It is named after the Latvian capital Riga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018951-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 Riga, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.2\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 2 months (2,247 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body was first identified as \"1907\u00a0TG\" at the U.S Taunton Observatory (803) in 1907, and its first used precovery was taken at the Goethe Link Observatory in 1953, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 13 years prior to its official discovery observation. It is a member of the Cybele group of asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018951-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 Riga, Spectral type\nThe carbonaceous C-type asteroid is also classified as a very dark and featureless reddish P-type body by the NEOWISE survey of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). In the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy, it has a XFCU and Cb subtype, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018951-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 Riga, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's WISE/NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 66.2 and 85.7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.028 and 0.05. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, adopting a diameter of 73.83 kilometers with an albedo of 0.0376, based on an absolute magnitude of 9.84.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018951-0004-0000", "contents": "1796 Riga, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurve for this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations since 1997. They gave a variety of rotation periods from 10.608 to 22.226 hours with inconsistent brightness variations in the range of 0.05 to 0.40 magnitude (U=2/2-/n.a./2). CALL adopts the results of the most observations made by astronomer Julian Oey at the Australian Blue Mountains Observatory (Q68) in March 2014, which gave a period of 22.226\u00b10.001 hours and an amplitude of 0.40\u00b10.05 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018951-0005-0000", "contents": "1796 Riga, Naming\nThe minor planet was named after Riga, the capital of Latvia and location of the Astronomical Observatory of the University of Latvia. The name was proposed by Matiss A. Dirikis, who was a member of the observatory at the Latvian State University, and after whom the asteroid 1805 Dirikis is named. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 1971 (M.P.C. 3185).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018952-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 State of the Union Address\nThe 1796 State of the Union Address was given by George Washington, the first president of the United States, on Wednesday, December 7, 1796. It was given in Congress Hall, Philadelphia. He gave it directly to Congress. He began with, \"In recurring to the internal situation of our country since I had last the pleasure to address you, I find ample reason for a renewed expression of that gratitude to the Ruler of the Universe which a continued series of prosperity has so often and so justly called forth.\" He ended with, \"God's providential care may still be extended to the United States, that the virtue and happiness of the people may be preserved, and that the Government which they have instituted for the protection of their liberties may be perpetual.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018953-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its seven representatives at-large on a general ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018954-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nThe 1796 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware was held October 4, 1796. James A. Bayard Sr. won the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018955-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire, New Hampshire\nIn 1796, New Hampshire had a single at-large district with 4 seats. Each voter cast 4 votes and a majority of voters (12.5% of votes) was required to be elected. Since only three candidates received a majority, a run-off was held between the candidates in fourth and fifth place to fill the remaining seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 84], "content_span": [85, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018956-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives election in Tennessee\nTennessee was admitted June 1, 1796. The first member of the U.S. House of Representatives was elected October 15, 1796 and seated December 5, 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018956-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives election in Tennessee\nHe was future U.S. President Andrew Jackson, a Democratic-Republican, who swamped James Rody 98.9% to 1.1%", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018957-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland\nTwo of the four Democratic-Republicans were replaced by Federalists, bringing the Federalists from a 4\u20134 split to a 6-2 majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018958-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1796 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held on December 15, 1796 to elect ten U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 5th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018958-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nTen U.S. Representatives had been elected in December 1794 to a term in the 4th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1795. Their term would end on March 3, 1797.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018958-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nOn January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature had divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered. On December 18, 1792, the Legislature divided the State into ten districts, which were still not numbered, taking into account the new counties created in 1791. The geographical area of the congressional districts remained at this election the same as at the previous election in December 1794. A new county was created, Schoharie Co. Most of the new Schoharie County was taken from Albany County, and remained in the 8th District, a part was taken from Otsego County, and remained in the 10th District. Besides, inside the 10th District a new county had been created: Steuben Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018958-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018958-0004-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n6 Federalists and 4 Democratic-Republicans were elected. The incumbents Havens, Livingston, Van Cortlandt, Van Alen, Glen and Williams were re-elected; the incumbents Bailey and Cooper were defeated; and John Hathorn and Ezekiel Gilbert did not run for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018958-0005-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: The Anti- Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018958-0006-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath\nThe House of Representatives of the 5th United States Congress met for the first time at Congress Hall in Philadelphia on May 15, 1797, and all ten representatives took their seats on this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018959-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nElections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania were held on October 11, 1796 for the 5th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018959-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nThirteen Representatives (9 Democratic-Republicans and 4 Federalists) had been elected in 1794. One Representative, Daniel Hiester (DR) of the 5th district resigned on July 1, 1796. His seat was vacant at the time of the 1796 election, and was filled in a special election held at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018959-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nPennsylvania was divided into 12 districts, one of which (the 4th) was a plural district, with 2 Representatives. These districts remained in use until redistricting after the Census of 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018959-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nThe counties that made up the 5th district did not border each other. That district was therefore made up of two separate pieces rather than being a single contiguous entity", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018959-0004-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nNote: Many of these counties covered much larger areas than they do today, having since been divided into numerous counties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018959-0005-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results\n11 incumbents (7 Democratic-Republicans and 4 Federalists) ran for re-election. Frederick Muhlenberg (DR) of the 2nd district did not run for re-election. Of the incumbents who ran for re-election, 9 (5 Democratic-Republicans and 4 Federalists) were re-elected. Overall, 7 Democratic-Republicans and 6 Federalists were elected, a net gain of 2 seats for the Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018959-0006-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special Elections\nGeorge Ege (F) of the 5th district resigned in October, 1797 and was replaced in a special election held October 10, 1797", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 88], "content_span": [89, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018959-0007-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special Elections\nWith Hiester's election, the Democratic-Republicans gained 1 seat, increasing their majority to 8-5", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 88], "content_span": [89, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018959-0008-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special Elections\nJohn Swanwick (DR) of the 1st district died on August 1, 1798 and Samuel Sitgreaves (F) of the 4th district resigned on August 29, 1798. Special elections were held in those districts on October 9, 1798, the same day as the elections to the 6th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 88], "content_span": [89, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018959-0009-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special Elections\nBoth also won election to the 6th Congress. The 1st district changed from Democratic-Republican to Federalist while the 4th district changed from Federalist to Democratic-Republican, leaving no net change in seats for the remainder of the 5th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 88], "content_span": [89, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018960-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island\nRhode Island had an at-large district with two seats, each of which were elected separately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018961-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States Senate special election in New York\nThe 1796 United States Senate special election in New York was held on November 9, 1796, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018961-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 United States Senate special election in New York, Background\nRufus King had been re-elected in 1795 to a second term in the U.S. Senate (1795\u20131801). On May 23, 1796, he resigned after having been appointed U.S. Minister to Great Britain, leaving the State Legislature to fill the vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018961-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 United States Senate special election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in April 1796, Federalist majorities were elected to both houses of the 20th New York State Legislature which met from November 1 to 11, 1796, at New York City, and from January 3 to April 3, 1797, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018961-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 United States Senate special election in New York, Candidates\nUnited States District Judge for the District of New York John Laurance was the candidate of the Federalist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018961-0004-0000", "contents": "1796 United States Senate special election in New York, Result\nLaurance was the choice of both the State Senate and the State Assembly, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 62], "content_span": [63, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018961-0005-0000", "contents": "1796 United States Senate special election in New York, Aftermath\nLaurance took his seat on December 8, 1796, and resigned in August 1800. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in November 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 65], "content_span": [66, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018962-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States elections\nThe 1796 United States elections elected the members of the 5th United States Congress. The election took place during the beginning stages of the First Party System, as the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party clashed over the states' rights, the financial policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, and the recently ratified Jay Treaty. The Federalists maintained control of the Senate, and won control of the House and the presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018962-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 United States elections\nIn the first contested Presidential election and the first presidential election in which parties played a major role, Federalist Vice President John Adams narrowly defeated Democratic-Republican former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. Adams won New England while Jefferson won the South, leaving the mid-Atlantic states to decide the election. As the election took place prior to the ratification of the 12th Amendment, Jefferson, who finished with the second most electoral votes, succeeded Adams as vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018962-0001-0001", "contents": "1796 United States elections\nFederalist former Governor Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina finished with the third most electoral votes, while Democratic-Republican Senator Aaron Burr of New York finished in fourth place. This election marked the only time in American history that members of two different political parties were elected as president and vice president. Adams's election made him the first member of a political party to be elected president, as George Washington had remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018962-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 United States elections\nIn the House, Federalists won moderate gains, taking majority control of the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018962-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Federalists picked up one seat, maintaining a commanding majority in the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election\nThe 1796 United States presidential election was the third quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, November 4 to Wednesday, December 7, 1796. It was the first contested American presidential election, the first presidential election in which political parties played a dominant role, and the only presidential election in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing tickets. Incumbent Vice President John Adams of the Federalist Party defeated former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election\nWith incumbent President George Washington having refused a third term in office, the 1796 election became the first U.S. presidential election in which political parties competed for the presidency. The Federalists coalesced behind Adams and the Democratic-Republicans supported Jefferson, but each party ran multiple candidates. Under the electoral rules in place prior to the 1804 ratification of the Twelfth Amendment, the members of the Electoral College each cast two votes, with no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0001-0001", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election\nThe individual with the majority of the total votes cast became president, and the runner-up became vice president. In case of a first place tie between candidates who received votes from a majority of electors, or should no individual win a majority, the House of Representatives would hold a contingent election. Also, if there were a tie for second place, the vice presidency, the Senate would hold a contingent election to break the tie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election\nThe campaign was a bitter one, with Federalists attempting to identify the Democratic-Republicans with the violence of the French Revolution and the Democratic-Republicans accusing the Federalists of favoring monarchism and aristocracy. Republicans sought to associate Adams with the policies developed by fellow Federalist Alexander Hamilton during the Washington administration, which they declaimed were too much in favor of Great Britain and a centralized national government. In foreign policy, Republicans denounced the Federalists over the Jay Treaty, which had established a temporary peace with Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0002-0001", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election\nFederalists attacked Jefferson's moral character, alleging he was an atheist and that he had been a coward during the American Revolutionary War. Adams supporters also accused Jefferson of being too pro-France; the accusation was underscored when the French ambassador embarrassed the Republicans by publicly backing Jefferson and attacking the Federalists right before the election. Despite the hostility between their respective camps, neither Adams nor Jefferson actively campaigned for the presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election\nAdams was elected president with 71 electoral votes, one more than was needed for a majority. He became the first incumbent vice president to be elected president. He won by sweeping the electoral votes of New England and winning votes from several other swing states, especially the states of the Mid-Atlantic region. Jefferson received 68 electoral votes and was elected vice president. Former Governor Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina, a Federalist, finished with 59 electoral votes, while Senator Aaron Burr, a Democratic-Republican from New York, won 30 electoral votes. The remaining 48 electoral votes were dispersed among nine other candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0003-0001", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election\nReflecting the evolving nature of both parties, several electors cast one vote for a Federalist candidate and one for a Democratic-Republican. The election marked the formation of the First Party System, and established a rivalry between Federalist New England and the Democratic-Republican South, with the middle states holding the balance of power (New York and Maryland were the crucial swing states, and between them only voted for a loser once between 1789 and 1820).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0004-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Candidates\nWith Washington retiring after two terms, both parties sought the presidency for the first time. Before the ratification of the 12th Amendment in 1804, each elector was to vote for two persons, but was not able to indicate which vote was for president and which was for vice president. Instead, the recipient of the most electoral votes would become president and the runner-up vice president. As a result, both parties ran multiple candidates for president, in hopes of keeping one of their opponents from being the runner-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0004-0001", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Candidates\nThese candidates were the equivalent of modern-day running mates, but under the law they were all candidates for president. Thus, both Adams and Jefferson were technically opposed by several members of their own parties. The plan was for one of the electors to cast a vote for the main party nominee (Adams or Jefferson) and a candidate besides the primary running mate, thus ensuring that the main nominee would have one more vote than his running mate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0005-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Candidates, Federalist candidates\nThe Federalists' nominee was John Adams of Massachusetts, the incumbent vice president and a leading voice during the Revolutionary period. Most Federalist leaders viewed Adams, who had twice been elected vice president, as Washington's natural heir. Adams's main running mate was Thomas Pinckney, a former governor of South Carolina who had negotiated the Treaty of San Lorenzo with Spain. Pinckney agreed to run after the first choice of many party leaders, former Governor Patrick Henry of Virginia, declined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0005-0001", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Candidates, Federalist candidates\nAlexander Hamilton, who competed with Adams for leadership of the party, worked behind the scenes to elect Pinckney over Adams by convincing Jefferson electors from South Carolina to cast their second votes for Pinckney. Hamilton did prefer Adams to Jefferson, and urged Federalist electors to cast their votes for Adams and Pinckney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0006-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Candidates, Federalist candidates\nJames Iredell,Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court,from North Carolina", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0007-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Candidates, Democratic-Republican candidates\nThe Democratic-Republicans united behind former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who had co-founded the party with James Madison and others in opposition to Hamilton's policies. Congressional Democratic-Republicans sought to also unite behind one vice-presidential nominee. With Jefferson's popularity strongest in the South, many party leaders wanted a Northern candidate as Jefferson's running mate. Popular choices included Senator Pierce Butler of South Carolina and three New Yorkers: Senator Aaron Burr, Chancellor Robert R. Livingston, and former Governor George Clinton. A group of Democratic-Republican leaders met in June 1796 and agreed to support Jefferson for president and Burr for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 86], "content_span": [87, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0008-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Results\nTennessee was admitted into the United States after the 1792 election, increasing the Electoral College to 138 electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0009-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Results\nUnder the system in place before the 1804 ratification of the Twelfth Amendment, electors were to cast votes for two persons for president; the runner-up in the presidential race was elected vice president. If no candidate won votes from a majority of the Electoral College, the House of Representatives would hold a contingent election to select the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0009-0001", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Results\nEach party intended to manipulate the results by having some of their electors cast one vote for the intended presidential candidate and one vote for someone besides the intended vice-presidential candidate, leaving their vice-presidential candidate a few votes shy of their presidential candidate. But all electoral votes were cast on the same day, and communications between states were extremely slow at that time, making it very difficult to coordinate which electors were to manipulate their vote for vice president. Additionally, there were rumors that Hamilton had coerced southern electors pledged to Jefferson to give their second vote to Pinckney in hope of electing him president instead of Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0010-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Results\nCampaigning centered in the swing states of New York and Pennsylvania. Adams and Jefferson won a combined 139 electoral votes from the 138 members of the Electoral College. The Federalists swept every state north of the Mason-Dixon line except Pennsylvania, though one Pennsylvania elector voted for Adams. The Democratic-Republicans won the votes of most Southern electors, but the electors of Maryland and Delaware gave a majority of their votes to Federalist candidates, while North Carolina and Virginia each gave Adams one electoral vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0011-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Results\nNationwide, most electors voted for Adams and a second Federalist or for Jefferson and a second Democratic-Republican, but there were several exceptions to this. One elector in Maryland voted for both Adams and Jefferson, and two electors cast votes for Washington, who had not campaigned and was not formally affiliated with either party. Pinckney won the second votes from most of the electors who voted for Adams, but 21 electors from New England and Maryland cast their second votes for other candidates, including Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0011-0001", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Results\nThose who voted for Jefferson were significantly less united in their second choice, though Burr won a plurality of the Jefferson electors. All eight electors in Pinckney's home state of South Carolina, as well as at least one Pennsylvania elector, cast their ballots for Jefferson and Pinckney. In North Carolina, Jefferson won 11 votes, but the remaining 13 were spread among six different candidates from both parties. In Virginia, most electors voted for Jefferson and Governor Samuel Adams of Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0012-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Results\nThe result was that Adams received 71 electoral votes, one more than required to be elected president. If any two of the three Adams electors in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina had voted with the rest of their states, it would have flipped the election. Jefferson received 68 votes, nine more than Pinckney, and was elected vice president. Burr finished in a distant fourth place with 30 votes. Nine other candidates received the remaining 48 electoral votes. If Pinckney had won the second votes of all of the New England electors who voted for Adams, he would have been elected president over Adams and Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0013-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Results\nSource (Popular Vote): . . (February 11, 2006).Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825Source (Electoral Vote):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0014-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Results\n(a) Votes for Federalist electors have been assigned to John Adams and votes for Democratic-Republican electors have been assigned to Thomas Jefferson. (b) Only 9 of the 16 states used any form of popular vote. (c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0015-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Results, Popular vote by state\nWhile popular vote data is available for some states, presidential elections were vastly different in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Instead of the name of the presidential candidates, voters would see the name of an elector. Confusion over who the elector would vote for was common. Several states also elected a statewide slate of electors (for example, since Jefferson won the popular vote in Georgia, the slate of four Jefferson electors was chosen) but because of the archaic voting system, votes were tallied by elector, not candidate. The popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest total of votes. The vote totals of Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee appear to be lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 72], "content_span": [73, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0016-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Results, Close states\nStates where the margin of victory was under 1% (15 electoral votes):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0017-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Results, Close states\nStates where the margin of victory was under 5% (11 electoral votes):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0018-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Consequences\nThe following four years were the only time (as of 2021) that the president and vice president were from different parties. John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun were later elected president and vice-president as political opponents, but they were both Democratic-Republicans, and while Andrew Johnson, Abraham Lincoln's second vice-president, was a Democrat, Lincoln ran on a combined National Union Party ticket in 1864, not as a strict Republican.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0019-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Consequences\nJefferson leveraged his position as vice president to attack Adams's policies, and this helped him reach the White House in the 1800 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0020-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Consequences\nThis election provided part of the impetus for the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0021-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Consequences\nOn January 6, 1797, Representative William L. Smith of South Carolina presented a resolution on the floor of the House of Representatives for an amendment to the Constitution by which the presidential electors would designate which candidate would be president and which vice president. No action was taken on his proposal, setting the stage for the deadlocked election of 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018963-0022-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election, Electoral college selection\nThe Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. Different state legislatures chose different methods:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018964-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1796 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between November 4 and December 7, 1796, as part of the 1796 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018964-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nDuring this election, New Jersey cast seven electoral votes for incumbent Vice President John Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018965-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1796 United States presidential election in New York took place between November 4 and December 7, 1796, as part of the 1796 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018965-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election in New York\nDuring this election, New York cast 12 electoral votes for Vice President John Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018966-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1796 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place as part of the 1796 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018966-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate, Thomas Jefferson, over the Federalist candidate, John Adams. Jefferson won Pennsylvania by a margin of 1.16%. Greene County's returns, which favored Jefferson, were not submitted in time to be included in the official vote totals. As a result, the 2 highest vote-getting Adams electors received more votes than the 2 lowest vote-getting Jefferson electors and the electoral vote was split, with 14 of 15 electors casting their ballots for Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018967-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1796 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between November 4 and December 7, 1796, as part of the 1796 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018967-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election in Vermont\nDuring this election, Vermont cast four electoral votes for Vice President and New England native John Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018968-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1796 United States presidential election in Virginia took place as part of the 1796 United States presidential election. Voters chose 21 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018968-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate, Thomas Jefferson, over the Federalist candidate, John Adams. Jefferson won Virginia by a margin of 36.72%. Virginia chose electors by popular vote per electoral district and as such granted 1 electoral vote to John Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018968-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 United States presidential election in Virginia\nPrior to the 12th Amendment, electors cast two votes, making no distinction if they were voting for Vice President or President, as such: Thomas Pinckney received 1 electoral vote, Aaron Burr received 1 electoral vote, Samuel Adams received 15 electoral votes, George Clinton received 3 electoral votes and George Washington received 1 electoral vote. It was well-known in 1796 that Jefferson and Adams were intended to be elected as president and Burr and Pinckney for Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018969-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1796 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Governor Thomas Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018969-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Rutland on October 13. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018969-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, Thomas Chittenden, who had been governor from 1778 to 1789, and again starting in 1790, was re-elected for a one-year term. The freemen also re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his tenth one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018969-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, no candidate received a majority of the popular vote. As required by the Vermont Constitution, the General Assembly was required to choose. On October 14, the Assembly selected Paul Brigham for a one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals for statewide offices were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018970-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 5th Congress took place in the various states took place between August 12, 1796 (in North Carolina), and October 15, 1797 (in Tennessee). The first session was convened on May 15, 1797, at the proclamation of the new President of the United States, John Adams. Since Kentucky and Tennessee had not yet voted, they were unrepresented until the second session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018970-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections\nGains for the Federalist Party provided the president with a reliable majority in support of his policies. Many of the Federalist pick-ups in Congress came from the former Middle Colonies (New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware). New England remained heavily Federalist, whereas the South and West favored Democratic-Republican candidates. Federalist trade and infrastructure policies found widespread approval in the Mid-Atlantic states during this era. With the growth of cities in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York, government intervention in the interest of industrialization and mercantilism became more attractive to voting citizens in these areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018970-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections\nDuring this period, each state fixed its own date for a congressional general election. Elections to a Congress took place both in the even-numbered year before and in the odd-numbered year when the Congress convened. In some states the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress (on the 4th day of March in the odd-numbered year).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018970-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nDuring this period, each state fixed its own date for a congressional general election. Elections took place both in the even-numbered year before and in the odd-numbered year when a Congress convened. In some states, the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress (on the 4th day of March in the odd-numbered year). The 1st session of the 5th Congress ran May 15 \u2013 July 10, 1797, before the states of Kentucky and Tennessee had their elections, causing those states to be unrepresented in the 1st session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018970-0004-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections, Fourth Congress\nThere were special and late elections to the 4th Congress in 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 98], "content_span": [99, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018970-0005-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections, Fifth Congress\nThere were special and late elections to the 5th Congress in 1797.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 97], "content_span": [98, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018970-0006-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its seven representatives at-large on a general ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018970-0007-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nTwo of the four Democratic-Republicans were replaced by Federalists, bringing the Federalists from a 4-4 split to a 6-2 majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018970-0008-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts's electoral law required a majority for election, necessitating additional trials in three districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018970-0009-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nIn 1796, New Hampshire had a single at-large district with 4 seats. Each voter cast 4 votes and a majority of voters (12.5% of votes) was required to be elected. Since only three candidates received a majority, a run-off was held between the candidates in fourth and fifth place to fill the remaining seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018970-0010-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island had an at-large district with two seats, each of which were elected separately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018970-0011-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nDue to Vermont's law requiring a majority to secure a congressional seat, the 1st district required three ballots to choose a winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018971-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1796 and 1797 were elections for the United States Senate which, coinciding with John Adams's election as President, had the ruling Federalist Party gain one seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018971-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018971-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nExcept if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018971-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 4th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated before March 4, 1797; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018971-0004-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 5th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1797; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018971-0005-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 5th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were elected after the March 4, 1797 beginning of the next Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018971-0006-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Tennessee (Initial)\nTennessee became a state June 1, 1796 and elected its new senators August 2, 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018971-0007-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Tennessee (Special, Class 1)\nThe term of the initially-elected senator, Democratic-Republican William Cocke, ended March 3, 1797 and the Tennessee legislature failed to elect a senator for the new term. The Governor of Tennessee, therefore, appointed Cocke to begin the term, pending a special election. Cocke, however, lost that October 6, 1798 special election to Democratic-Republican Daniel Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 85], "content_span": [86, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018971-0008-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Tennessee (Special, Class 2)\nDemocratic-Republican William Blount was expelled July 8, 1797 for conspiracy with the Kingdom of Great Britain. Democratic-Republican Joseph Anderson was elected September 26, 1797 to finish Blount's term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 85], "content_span": [86, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018971-0009-0000", "contents": "1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections, Vermont\nFederalist Isaac Tichenor was elected October 18, 1796 both to finish Robinson's term and to the new term that would begin March 4, 1797. However, Tichenor resigned just one year later, October 17, 1797, to become Governor of Vermont. Federalist Nathaniel Chipman was then elected October 17, 1797 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018972-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1796 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018983-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1796 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018986-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018987-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018987-0001-0000", "contents": "1796 in poetry, Works published in English, United Kingdom\nQuoth little Peterkin. \"Why that I cannot tell,\" said he,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018987-0002-0000", "contents": "1796 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018987-0003-0000", "contents": "1796 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018988-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 in science\nThe year 1796 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018989-0000-0000", "contents": "1796 in sports\n1796 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018991-0000-0000", "contents": "1796\u20131797 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts law required a majority for election, necessitating additional trials in three districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 90], "content_span": [91, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018992-0000-0000", "contents": "1796\u20131797 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nDue to Vermont's election law requiring a majority to secure a congressional seat, the 1st district required three ballots to choose a winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018993-0000-0000", "contents": "1797\n1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1797th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 797th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 97th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1797, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018994-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum\nA referendum on the constitution of the Batavian Republic was held on August 8, 1797. The draft constitution was rejected, eventually culminating in a coup d'\u00e9tat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018994-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum, Background\nThe country we now know as the Netherlands had declared independence as the Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Dutch: Republiek der Zeeven Vereenigde Provinci\u00ebn) in 1581. This independence was officially recognized in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. As the name indicates, the country was a federation of seven autonomous provinces: the duchy of Gelre, the counties of Holland and Zeeland, the former bishopric of Utrecht, the lordship of Overijssel and the free provinces of Friesland and Groningen. Each province was governed by the Provincial States; the main executive official was a stadtholder (stadhouder in Dutch). Over the years, these stadtholderships were concentrated among the descendants of William the Silent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018994-0002-0000", "contents": "1797 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum, Background\nThis led to a friction with the regenten, the wealthy merchant class, who were mainly based in Amsterdam. They saw the central position of the House of Orange-Nassau in Dutch politics as a threat to their own power. The infighting between the regents and the Orangists was one of the causes of the downturn of the Netherlands as a global economic and military power throughout the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018994-0003-0000", "contents": "1797 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum, Background\nIn the 1780s, the tensions came to a head in the Batavian Revolution, a struggle between republican Patriots and royalist Orangists. The Patriots, aided by French troops, eventually managed to drive stadtholder William V out of the country in late 1794. A few weeks later, on January 19, 1795, the Batavian Republic was proclaimed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018994-0004-0000", "contents": "1797 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum, Background\nThe Nationale Vergadering (National Assembly) subsequently went through two years of discussions. On May 10, 1797, a final draft constitution was formed. The constitution was a compromise between two groups: those who felt that the gewesten (regions) in the Republic should maintain their historic autonomy, and those who felt that the Republic should become a unitary state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018994-0005-0000", "contents": "1797 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum, Aftermath\nThe draft constitution had been rejected by almost eighty percent, which meant that a new Constitution would have to be drafted. In the elections for the National Assembly a few months later, the supporters of a unitary state won the majority, but the supporters of a federal state retained the majority in the constitutional commission. Meanwhile, in France, the radicals led by Pierre Augereau had seized power. With French help, the radical unitarists staged a coup d'\u00e9tat in January 1798. A new constitution, establishing a unitary republic, was quickly adopted in the National Assembly. This draft constitution was approved in a referendum on April 23, 1798.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 59], "content_span": [60, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018995-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election\nWilliam Edmond (Federalist) was elected to represent one of the four seats in Connecticut's at-large congressional district in late 1797. He replaced James Davenport (Federalist) who had died August 3, 1797.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018996-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 English cricket season\nThe 1797 English cricket season was the 26th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the 11th after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw 13 top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018996-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 English cricket season\nRichard Nyren, who was a pioneer of the game with the Hambledon Club died in April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018996-0002-0000", "contents": "1797 English cricket season, Matches\nA total of 13 top-class matches were played during the season, including matches featuring MCC as well as Hampshire and Surrey sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018996-0003-0000", "contents": "1797 English cricket season, Matches\nFour matches saw the George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea's XI play a side organised by Charles Lennox. In one of these Winchelsea is reported to have attempted to introduce a fourth stump and to increase the height of the stumps by two inches. The following year saw a new version of the Laws of Cricket introduced which raised the height of the stumps but did not introduce a fourth stump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018996-0004-0000", "contents": "1797 English cricket season, First mentions\nPlayers who made their first-class cricket debuts in 1797 included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018997-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 French Directory election\nThe French Directory election of 1797 was held between 21 March and 2 April 1797 to elect a third of the Legislative Body of the  Directory, that is to say 2/3rds of the lower house, the Council of Five Hundred and the upper house, the Council of Ancients. The 1797 election marks the beginning of the 1/3rds vote of its type. An election occurs each year with a 1/3 of the deputies up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018997-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 French Directory election, Context\nFollowing the events of the Conjuration of Equals, the Jacobins and Montagnards loose their majority in the house simply by supporting Fran\u00e7ois-No\u00ebl Babeuf. These leads to a massive pro-Royalist push in the country and even more so following the end of the impending end to the War of the First Coalition in site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018997-0002-0000", "contents": "1797 French Directory election, Context\nThough the Royalists disagreed on who they would want to see as the proper pretender to the throne, they did in-fact agree that legally being elected would be the only means which they would re-establish the monarchy. Then, they would call for the dissolution of the Directory, but see the recreation of the Constitution of 1791 with a new National Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018997-0002-0001", "contents": "1797 French Directory election, Context\nThe Royalists were also divided on the future however, with the Absolutists (later known as the Ultra Royalists) preferring a return to the absolute Ancien R\u00e9gime under Louis, Count of Provence (future Louis XVIII)  and supported the now two-year old Quiberon Expedition. The 'Constitutionalists' (later known as the Liberals or Doctrinaires) favoured a constitutional monarchy in addition to supporting individual rights and property in addition to freedoms and fair elections. The constitutionalists later began meeting at the 'Clichy Club', hence the new name, in addition to their nickname, the 'Clichyens'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018997-0003-0000", "contents": "1797 French Directory election, Results\nFollowing the election, the Royalists gained a supermajority, and an even larger one than what was expected. The Directory now comprised 182 new deputies of pro-constitutional monarchy, 44 ultra-royalists, and 34 republicans. Among the later included two new Jacobins, Joseph Bonaparte and Jean-Baptiste Jourdan. In addition to the nearly 200 new seats taken by the Royalists, there were around 100 other royalist deputies already present and more than 130 other deputies likely to accept a constitutional monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018997-0004-0000", "contents": "1797 French Directory election, Results\nLess than six months after the election, fearing a return to the monarchy, the Coup of 18 Fructidor is carried out. The coup removes all those accused of being \"pro-Monarchist\" or those who had supported those deputies. According to most historians, the coup marks the beginning of the 'Second Directory period' which is described as the 'Authoritarian Directory'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018998-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 Irish general election\nThe 1797 Irish general election was the last general election to the Irish House of Commons, with the Act of Union three years later uniting the Kingdom of Ireland with the Kingdom of Great Britain. The election followed the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791, meaning it was the first general election in Ireland in which Catholics could vote, provided they met the property requirements. The election also coincided with simmering rebellion in Ireland, coming not long after an attempted French expedition to Ireland, and the following year witnessing the Irish Rebellion of 1798.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018998-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 Irish general election\nDespite the changes to the electorate, and the heavily political backdrop, the election was marked most by the apathy shown to it by Ireland's electorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018998-0002-0000", "contents": "1797 Irish general election\nThomas Pelham, as Chief Secretary for Ireland, was responsible for representing Dublin Castle in the Irish House of Commons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018998-0003-0000", "contents": "1797 Irish general election, Background\nThe election took place at a time of increasing unrest in Ireland. The preceding years had seen both the growth of the Society of United Irishmen within Ireland, as well as the beginning of the French Revolutionary Wars in Europe. Ulster in particular saw increasing unrest, with low level conflict between the Catholic Defenders and the Protestant Peep o' Day Boys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018998-0003-0001", "contents": "1797 Irish general election, Background\nBoth Irish and British Whigs were united in their opposition to the Irish security policies of the Pitt Government, and the Whigs also held the ear of the heir to the British throne, the Prince of Wales, through his close friend Lord Moira. The Irish Whigs therefore appeared to enter the election in a strong position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018998-0004-0000", "contents": "1797 Irish general election, Background\nThe Lord Lieutenant closed parliament on 3 July 1797, and dissolved it on 11 July, thereby calling a general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018998-0005-0000", "contents": "1797 Irish general election, Campaign, United Irishmen\nThe United Irishmen considered running Lord Edward FitzGerald and Arthur O\u2019Connor as candidates for the constituencies of Antrim and Down respectively, and in preparation organised meetings of freeholders in Armagh, Antrim and Down calling for the removal of the Castle junto. Father James Coigly played an active role in this campaign, distributing printed notices throughout Armagh and encouraging freeholders \u2018to attend to their duty\u2019. He also likely authored the anonymous pamphlet, \"A view of the present state of Ireland with an account of the origin and progress of the disturbances in that country,\" which was heavily praised by James Hope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018998-0006-0000", "contents": "1797 Irish general election, Campaign, Irish Whig Party\nHenry Grattan, the prominent statesman, former leader of the Patriot Party, and Member of Parliament for Dublin, chose not to contest the election, suffering from ill-health and immense disappointment at both the increasing political polarization in Ireland and the failure of his attempts at Catholic Emancipation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018998-0007-0000", "contents": "1797 Irish general election, Campaign, Irish Whig Party\nGrattan and Ponsonby had introduced a proposal for parliamentary reform in the previous parliament, with Grattan threatening that if it was rejected that he and the Whigs would withdraw from parliament. The bill, which would have allowed Catholics to become MPs, was defeated by 143 votes to 19. As a result Grattan and a number of Whigs, including his fellow MP for Dublin Lord Henry FitzGerald withdrew. A number of Whigs did however remain in parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018998-0008-0000", "contents": "1797 Irish general election, Results\nDespite the revolutionary backdrop to the elections, the House was broadly similar. In the example of the 64 county seats, only 18 saw changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00018999-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 Massachusetts's 11th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 11th congressional district on August 4, 1797 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Theophilus Bradbury (F) upon his appointment to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on July 24, 1797.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019000-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 New Hampshire gubernatorial election\nThe 1797 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 14, 1797. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Taylor Gilman won re-election to a fourth term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019001-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 New Hampshire's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New Hampshire's at-large congressional district on August 28, 1797 to fill a vacancy created by the resignation of Jeremiah Smith (F) on July 26 of the same year. Smith had been appointed United States Attorney for the District of New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019001-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 New Hampshire's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nNew Hampshire electoral law required a majority for election. As no candidate won a majority on the first ballot, a run-off election was held October 30, 1797", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019002-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district on October 10, 1797 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of George Ege (F).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019003-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 Rhode Island's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Rhode Island's at-large congressional district on August 29, 1797 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Elisha R. Potter (F) shortly after the end of the 1st session of the 5th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019004-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 Riobamba earthquake\nThe 1797 Riobamba earthquake occurred at 12:30 UTC on 4 February. It devastated the city of Riobamba and many other cities in the Interandean valley, causing between 6,000\u201340,000 casualties. It is estimated that seismic intensities in the epicentral area reached at least XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and that the earthquake had a magnitude of 7.6\u20138.3, the most powerful historical event known in Ecuador. The earthquake was studied by Prussian geographer Alexander von Humboldt, when he visited the area in 1801\u20131802.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019004-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 Riobamba earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe active tectonics of Ecuador is dominated by the effects of the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate. The main NNE-SSW trending fault systems show a mixture of dextral (right lateral) strike-slip faulting and reverse faulting. In addition to these faults that run parallel to the Andes in Ecuador, there are two important SW-NE trending-dextral-fault systems:  the Pallatanga fault and the Chingual fault. The Pallatanga fault runs close to the epicenter and movement on this fault has been suggested as the cause of the earthquake, although there is no clear surface break supporting such recent movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019004-0002-0000", "contents": "1797 Riobamba earthquake, Damage\nThe area of significant damage (Intensity \u2265VII) extended from Quito in the north to more than 60\u00a0km south of Riobamba, including the cities of Guaranda, Ambato, Latacunga and the towns of Saquisil\u00ed and Ba\u00f1os. Riobamba and the town of Quero were both destroyed by landslides. At the foot of the Tungurahua volcano, the Pastaza River was dammed by landslides for up to eighty days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019004-0003-0000", "contents": "1797 Riobamba earthquake, Damage\nHumboldt's analysis of this earthquake relied on anecdotal accounts that he gathered during his visit. Some of the observations such as \"the bodies of many of the inhabitants were found to have been hurled to Cullca, a hill several hundred feet in height and on the opposite side of the river Lican\", are not credible. He gave a figure of thirty to forty thousand for the number of casualties, while some more recent estimates give figures ranging from six to twelve thousand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019004-0004-0000", "contents": "1797 Riobamba earthquake, Characteristics\nThe shaking lasted for three to four minutes. The estimated rupture length for the earthquake is 70.3\u00a0km, with a fault azimuth of 067\u00b0. A moment magnitude of 7.6 was estimated based on data about the intensity distribution of the earthquake. An earthquake of this size would imply a rupture length of about 110 km, which can only be achieved along the Pallatanga Fault System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019004-0005-0000", "contents": "1797 Riobamba earthquake, Aftermath\nThe city of Riobamba was rebuilt nearly 20\u00a0km northeast of its original site, now occupied by the small town of Cajabamba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion\nThe 1797 Rugby School Rebellion was a mutiny of the boys at Rugby School after the headmaster, Dr Henry Ingles, demanded that boys from the fifth and sixth forms should pay for the repair of a local tradesman's windows after they had been smashed by the school's pupils. The rebellion saw many of the school windows broken and its furniture burnt before the boys withdrew to an island on the school grounds. A local justice of the peace read the Riot Act, while soldiers crossed the island's moat from the rear and took the boys prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion\nThe rebellion was only one of several that took place at Rugby. The school was not alone in seeing disruption: several other public schools also saw trouble between 1710 and 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0002-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion, Rugby School and discipline in 18th century public schools\nRugby School\u2014founded in 1567\u2014was one of the original seven public schools, along with Winchester, founded in 1382; Eton College, founded in 1440; Shrewsbury, founded in 1552; Westminster, founded in 1560; Harrow, founded in 1571; Charterhouse, founded in 1611.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0003-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion, Rugby School and discipline in 18th century public schools\nDiscipline at public schools in the 18th and 19th centuries was poor. According to the sociologists Kenneth Sheard and Eric Dunning, the reason lay in the balance of power between pupils and masters. Because the children of the upper class had previously been educated at home by tutors, these took the position of paid staff, and were therefore seen as socially inferior by their pupils. Sheard and Dunning consider that the tutors, \"confronted with pupils who were aristocrats and gentlemen,\u00a0... became hesitant and uncertain in the execution of their role\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0004-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion, Rugby School and discipline in 18th century public schools\nAt its worst, the breakdown in discipline led pupil rebellions at several institutions. In 1710 the pupils of Winchester rebelled over their beer ration. The school further rebelled in 1770, 1774, 1788 and 1793; Eton revolted in 1728, 1768 and 1783; Harrow had their protest in 1771; and Rugby's first revolt came in 1786. Some were peaceful\u2014the first Eton rebellion had been a walk out by pupils with no violence\u2014others were accompanied by threats, violence and damage to the school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0005-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion, Rugby School and discipline in 18th century public schools\nAt the time of the rebellion, Rugby's headmaster was Dr Henry Ingles. He was appointed to the position in 1794 after having been the headmaster at Macclesfield School. A gloomy man and a strict disciplinarian, the pupils nicknamed him the Black Tiger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0006-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion, November 1797\nIn November 1797 Ingles found Astley, a pupil from Gascoigne's boarding house, firing cork bullets at the study windows of Mr Gascoigne, the housemaster. Ingles asked the boy where he had purchased the gunpowder, and was informed it was from Rowell's, a local outlet that combined a grocers, booksellers and ironmongers. When Ingles confronted Rowell, the shopkeeper denied selling the powder and showed Ingles his sales book, in which the sale had been recorded as tea. Ingles took the shopkeeper's word over that of Astley, and the boy was flogged for lying. Astley told his friends about the flogging and the reason for it. Angered, Astley's friends smashed the windows of Rowell's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0007-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion, November 1797\nWhen Ingles heard of the vandalism, he said that all the members of the fifth and sixth forms would pay for the damage. The boys drew up a round robin response\u2014hiding the identity of the ringleaders\u2014in which they refused to pay. The headmaster threatened punishment as a result. That Friday, after fourth lesson, the boys placed a home-made petard\u2014a small bomb used to blow open doors\u2014against a school door, which was blown off its hinges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0008-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion, November 1797\nThe following day the school bell was rung by the boys to signal the next part of the rebellion; at the same time fags were sent to the boarding houses to rally boys to the main school building. The windows of the main building were all broken and the school's furniture\u2014including its wainscot panelling\u2014were thrown into the Close, the large main field in front of the school, where it was set alight. Also added to the pile were Ingles's books; Billy Plus, the school butler rescued some of the more expensive copies from the fire. The passage between School House, one of the boarding houses, and the main school building was nailed shut by the boys to stop Ingles\u2014who lived in at the boarding house\u2014gaining access into the school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0009-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion, November 1797\nAs Saturday afternoons were free of lessons, many of the masters had already left the school grounds. Ingles sent messages for them to return, but most were too far away to be found (two were fishing in the River Avon, another was out shooting rabbits). Ingles sent a message to Mr Butlin, a local banker and the town's justice of the peace. It was market day in Rugby, so Butlin asked the horse-dealers, with their long droving whips to assist. He also asked an army recruitment party, headed by a sergeant, for their assistance. An armed guard, with fixed bayonet, was placed at School House, and the remainder of the soldiers, together with the horse-dealers and special constables, approached the Close.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0010-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion, November 1797\nThe rebellious schoolboys left the bonfire of furniture, and retreated to \"the Island\", a Bronze Age burial mound on the side of the Close, surrounded by a water moat, up to 6 feet (1.8\u00a0m) deep and 20 to 30 feet (6.1 to 9.1\u00a0m) wide; after crossing the ditch, the boys drew up the wooden drawbridge. While Butlin distracted the boys, by reading them the Riot Act, the soldiers circled round behind them and crossed the moat on the opposite side and took them prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0011-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion, Aftermath\nIngles had locked himself into School House while the events unfolded, but he emerged at the conclusion of the event. He immediately expelled the ringleaders and had many others flogged. One of the ringleaders was subsequently identified as Willoughby Cotton who entered the army shortly afterwards and led troops in Jamaica to put down a slave rebellion in 1831; of those expelled, one later became a bishop, another a marquess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019005-0012-0000", "contents": "1797 Rugby School rebellion, Aftermath\nThe rebellion was not the last to occur in public schools, nor even at Rugby: the school was the location of further revolts by the boys in 1820 and 1822. Between 1797 and 1832 there were ten further rebellions in schools, four at Eton, three at Winchester and one each at Charterhouse, Harrow and Shrewsbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019006-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 State of the Union Address\nJohn Adams' First State of the Union Address was delivered on Wednesday, November 22, 1797, in the Congress Hall of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At the time of the address, sickness was spreading through Philadelphia and Adams notes in his introduction that he was tempted to relocate the assembly of the national legislature but avoided this due to inevitable expense and general inconvenience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019006-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 State of the Union Address, French aggression\nAdams began his State of the Union Address by expressing concern over European, most notably French, aggression towards American merchant vessels. He emphasizes the importance of America's growing role in international commerce, citing accomplishments in agriculture and commercial fishing. In July and August 1797 delegates traveled to the Batavian Republic and then to France. They arrived in Paris on September 19 and began negotiations in the hope of pacifying Franco-American relations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019006-0001-0001", "contents": "1797 State of the Union Address, French aggression\nAt the time the speech was delivered, the status of the meetings in France were unknown, but Adams knew and stated in the speech that war, with France or possibly other European countries, for example Great Britain, was becoming an increasingly likely turn of events. The Federalist Party advocated going to war, but Adams ignored Francophobia and avoided going to war with France until 1798 in the Quasi-War. The U.S. later went to war with Britain in the War of 1812, partly due to Jefferson's refusal to pay tribute to a foreign nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019006-0002-0000", "contents": "1797 State of the Union Address, Colonial competition and intimidation of the U.S.\nPiracy of American ships in international waters by the French was a microcosm of French and British colonial competition; specifically, French aggression was a reaction to the Jay Treaty, which they perceived was an Anglo-American alliance, and the belief that tribute could be collected from the infantile republic by exerting sufficient military pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019006-0003-0000", "contents": "1797 State of the Union Address, Colonial competition and intimidation of the U.S.\nAdams' assertion that \"respect to treaties has been so diminished\" is a reference to the violation of the Treaty of Alliance by the French through piracy and the violation of Pinckney's Treaty by the Spanish through illegal garrisons in the western U.S. frontiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019006-0004-0000", "contents": "1797 State of the Union Address, Colonial competition and intimidation of the U.S.\nThe Jay Treaty, Pinckney's Treaty, the Treaty of Tripoli, also negotiated by Thomas Pinckney, the Treaty with Tunis, and France's attempt at forming a similar treaty with the U.S. in March 1797, the infamous XYZ Affair, were attempts by foreign powers to extort money and power from the U.S. government while limiting the influence other world powers had on the emerging nation. Although these treaties were highly unfavorable to the U.S., the policy of appeasement carried out during the Washington and Adams administrations was necessary to provide time for the U.S. to build up its navy and militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019006-0005-0000", "contents": "1797 State of the Union Address, Colonial competition and intimidation of the U.S.\nForeign intervention in domestic affairs of the U.S. was not limited to abuses in the water. Adams condemned ventures by foreign agents, such as those of Spain, who tried to incite an insurgency among Native Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019006-0006-0000", "contents": "1797 State of the Union Address, Colonial competition and intimidation of the U.S.\nAdams expresses hope that the as yet unfulfilled obligations of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1797), surveying the St. Croix River between Maine and New Brunswick and paying debts American citizens owed to British subjects prior to the American Revolutionary War, due to various unstated causes, and the unfulfilled obligations of the Spanish regarding compensation for American ships stolen or destroyed in recent Franco-Spanish hostilities, will continue without offending citizens of any country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019006-0007-0000", "contents": "1797 State of the Union Address, Colonial competition and intimidation of the U.S.\nHe deplores the impressing of American soldiers by French and Spanish forces and criticizes the legal framework concerning the proper reaction to such action; how to guarantee the safe return of captured seamen from foreign territories, and the inability of consuls to \"demand an inspection of the registers and sea letters.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019006-0008-0000", "contents": "1797 State of the Union Address, National debt\nAdams directly addresses the House of Representatives in regard to the national debt and taxes which had to be raised in order to fund a larger, more mobile Army. He warns against loans as he believed that they had contributed to the vast debt and economic collapse of historical empires. He ends his address by reiterating his general theme of the necessity to militarize to adequately defend against foreign imperialism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019007-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 Sumatra earthquake\nThe 1797 Sumatra earthquake occurred at 22:00 local time on February 10. It was the first in a series of great earthquakes that ruptured part of the Sumatran segment of the Sunda megathrust. It caused a damaging tsunami that was particularly severe near Padang, where a 150\u2013200 ton English ship was driven 1\u00a0km inland up the Arau River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019007-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 Sumatra earthquake, Background\nThe island of Sumatra lies on the convergent plate boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The convergence between these plates is highly oblique near Sumatra, with the displacement being accommodated by near pure dip-slip faulting along the subduction zone, known as the Sunda megathrust, and near pure strike-slip faulting along the Great Sumatran fault. The major slip events on the subduction zone interface are typically of the megathrust type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019007-0002-0000", "contents": "1797 Sumatra earthquake, Background\nHistorically, great or giant megathrust earthquakes have been recorded in 1797, 1833, 1861, 2004, 2005 and 2007, most of them being associated with devastating tsunamis. Smaller (but still large) megathrust events have also occurred in the small gaps between the areas that slip during these larger events, in 1935, 1984, 2000 and 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019007-0003-0000", "contents": "1797 Sumatra earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake caused the collapse or damage of many houses. The tsunami surge drove an English sailing ship of 150\u2013200 tons, moored in the Arau River, about 1\u00a0km inland, destroying several houses as it went. Smaller boats were driven up to 1.8\u00a0km upstream. In Air Manis, the whole town was flooded and the bodies of several people who had climbed trees to escape the surge were found the next day in the branches. Only two fatalities were reported from Padang itself but many more from Air Manis. The Batu Islands were also reported to be affected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019007-0004-0000", "contents": "1797 Sumatra earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nThe shaking at Padang lasted one minute. Reports in 1845 and 1847 said either that this was the strongest earthquake in the memory of the residents of Padang or the strongest for forty years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019007-0005-0000", "contents": "1797 Sumatra earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nThe run-up of the tsunami at Padang and the village of Air Manis is estimated to be in the range of 5\u201310 m. Modelling of tsunami effects using source parameters estimated from the uplift of coral microatolls, provide a reasonable match to the sparse historical records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019007-0006-0000", "contents": "1797 Sumatra earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nThe tsunami reports for this event are localised around Padang and it has been suggested that the tsunami may have been caused by an underwater landslide triggered by the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019008-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 United States Senate election in Delaware\nThe Delaware United States Senate election for 1797 was held on January 6, 1797. Henry Latimer defeated the future governor of Delaware David Hall by 10 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019009-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1797 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 24, 1797, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate. Incumbent Senator Aaron Burr's name was not placed into nomination for a second term. Former Senator Philip Schuyler was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019009-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nDemocratic-Republican Aaron Burr had been elected in 1791 after the Assembly rejected incumbent Philip Schuyler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019009-0002-0000", "contents": "1797 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in April 1796, Federalist majorities were elected to both houses of the 20th New York State Legislature which met from November 1 to 11, 1796, at New York City, and from January 3 to April 3, 1797, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019009-0003-0000", "contents": "1797 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nEx-U.S. Senator (in office 1789-1791) Philip Schuyler, now a State Senator, ran again as the candidate of the Federalist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019009-0004-0000", "contents": "1797 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nSchuyler was the choice of both the State Senate and the State Assembly, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019009-0005-0000", "contents": "1797 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nSchuyler resigned on January 3, 1798 because of ill health, and a special election to fill the vacancy was held on January 11, 1798.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019010-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1797 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on February 16, 1797. Incumbent James Ross was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019010-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Background\nAfter Sen. Albert Gallatin was removed from office after his eligibility was successfully challenged, James Ross was elected by the General Assembly, consisting of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and Pennsylvania State Senate, in 1794 to fill the remainder of the unexpired term, which was to expire on March 4, 1797.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019010-0002-0000", "contents": "1797 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on February 16, 1797, to elect a Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1797. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019011-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1797 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019011-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Windsor on October 12. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019011-0002-0000", "contents": "1797 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThomas Chittenden, who had been governor from 1778 to 1789, and again starting in 1790, died in August 1797. Paul Brigham, the incumbent lieutenant governor, served as governor from Chittenden's death until the election of a successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019011-0003-0000", "contents": "1797 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the popular election, no candidate received a majority. In keeping with the Vermont Constitution, the Vermont General Assembly was required to make a selection. On October 13, the Assembly chose Isaac Tichenor and a committee was appointed to notify him. Tichenor indicated that he would notify the General Assembly the following day as to whether he would accept the position. On October 14, Tichenor indicated his acceptance. He appeared before the Assembly on October 15 and took his oath of office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019011-0004-0000", "contents": "1797 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a second one-year term. The freemen also re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his eleventh one-year term. The names of candidates and balloting totals for statewide offices were not recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019012-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 Vermont's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Vermont's 2nd congressional district on May 23, 1797 to fill a vacancy left by Daniel Buck (F) declining to serve the term to which he'd been re-elected in the previous election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019013-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1797 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019015-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1797 in the Belgian Departments of France. The French First Republic had annexed the Austrian Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium) in 1795 and had reorganised the territory as the nine departments Dyle, Escaut, For\u00eats, Jemmape, Lys, Meuse-Inf\u00e9rieure, Deux-N\u00e8thes, Ourthe, and Sambre-et-Meuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019015-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 in Belgium\nThe year 1797 corresponds to the period from 12 Niv\u00f4se of Year V to 11 Niv\u00f4se of Year VI in the French Republican Calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019016-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 in Canada, Historical documents\nReport of the settlement of Maroons in Nova Scotia, April 21, 1797", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019016-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 in Canada, Historical documents\nChief Joseph Brant complains that inability to sell or rent out Grand River lands granted his people makes their future insecure", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019020-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1797 in the Qajar dynasty, Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019027-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1797 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019030-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1797.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019031-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019031-0001-0000", "contents": "1797 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019031-0002-0000", "contents": "1797 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019032-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 in science\nThe year 1797 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019033-0000-0000", "contents": "1797 in sports\n1797 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019035-0000-0000", "contents": "1798\n1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1798th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 798th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 98th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1798, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019036-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum\nA constitutional referendum was held in the Batavian Republic in 1798. After a previous referendum in 1797 resulted in a coup d'\u00e9tat, a new constitution was written. On 23 April 1798, a referendum was held about the new constitution. Only opponents of the federalists were allowed to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019036-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum\nAfter the referendum, a new coup d'\u00e9tat was done by the Unitarians, and the constitution became effective in July 1798. The French, who had a big influence in the Batavian Republic, were not satisfied with the 1798 constitution, so a new constitution was written, for which a referendum in 1801 was organized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019037-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1798 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 2, 1798.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019037-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 Delaware gubernatorial election\nActing Governor Daniel Rogers was not eligible for re-election under the Delaware Constitution of 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019037-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 Delaware gubernatorial election\nFederalist nominee Richard Bassett defeated Democratic-Republican nominee David Hall and Federalist nominee Barclay Townsend with 52.50% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019037-0003-0000", "contents": "1798 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019038-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 English cricket season\nThe 1798 English cricket season was the 27th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the 12th after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw eight top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019038-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 English cricket season\nThe Laws of Cricket were revised by MCC during the year. Significant changes saw the height of the stumps raised by two inches to 24 inches and the width increased by an inch to 7 inches and the bowling side able to ask for a new ball at the start of every innings. The revision introduced the idea of a \"dead ball\" and fielders were also to be penalised five runs for stopping the ball with their hat - an element of the Laws which survives today in Law 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019038-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 English cricket season, Matches\nA total of eight top-class matches were played during the season, including matches featuring MCC as well as Hampshire, Surrey and Middlesex sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019038-0003-0000", "contents": "1798 English cricket season, First mentions\nPlayers who made their first-class cricket debuts in 1798 included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019039-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 French Directory election\nThe French Directory election of 1798 was held between 9 and 18 April 1798 and marked the beginning of the end of the French far-left and rise of the anti-mountain and anti-jacobin parties in France. The 1798 elections were partially invalidated by the passage of the Law of 22 Flor\u00e9al Year VI which saw 106 members of the mountain loose their seats by decree of the Council of Five Hundred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019039-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 French Directory election, Political context\nAfter the Coup of 18 Fructidor Year V, which saw the union of pro-Republican French parties (The Mountain, Jacobins, and Thermidorians), faced with the threat of a bourbon restoration, the reconsitution of the 'clubs' is authorised. With the new 'constitutional circles', these clubs would help public authorities to help rid any 'Monarchists' and support the Republican defence policy. However, this partially led to a backfire when terrorists, Babouvists, and supporters of the Constitution of the Year III, began attacking the Monarchists leading to open attacks in the streets, leading to the downfall of the extremist Jacobin club and rise of the moderate Thermidorians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019039-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 French Directory election, Political context\nIn order to prevent further monarchist gains, the new 'coup assembly' organised several laws by working with the Council of Ancients which would see a reduction of the royalist supporters. Among the many laws passed was the 'one thirds' vote, in which only one third of the assembly would be up for 're-election' while the other 2/3rd would be 'up for election' but the vote wouldn't really count. This was passed in the lower house, but when moved to the Ancients, it was denied by a very large majority and the law thrown away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019039-0003-0000", "contents": "1798 French Directory election, Results\nThe election of 1798 sees 1/3 of the legislative body up for election, or about 236 of the conventional members from 1795, as well as 190 seats vacant since the coup, and 11 seats of those who have died or resigned, leaving a total of 437 deputies. 298 seats are to be renewed in the Council of Five Hundred and 139 in the Council of Ancients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019039-0004-0000", "contents": "1798 French Directory election, Results\nThe overall voter turnout sees a sizable decrease, with just 20% of the eligible population, compared to 23% in 1797 and later 11.5% in 1799. The massive abstention is almost entirely in-part due to the support of the moderate and royalist parties which had been ousted following the coup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019039-0005-0000", "contents": "1798 French Directory election, Results\nThroughout France however, the local departmental and 'mother assemblies' of the regions become dominated by pro-Monarchy parties or the new 'pro-directorial' party (known today as the Thermidorians). Not only are the smaller regions owned by the monarchists, but more than 27 electoral assemblies are now also controlled by monarchists (these assemblies would elect their deputies to the assembly).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019039-0006-0000", "contents": "1798 French Directory election, Results\nIn the smaller departments however, the results are the opposite, with the regions of Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Atlantiques and Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales, Massif Central, Bouches-du-Rh\u00f4ne, Doubs, Sarthe, Seine, and some 40 other departments voting for the neo-Jacobins (the moderate faction of the Jacobins). Five departments opt for the monarchists. The directionals also had good results in the Eastern, Western, and eastern edge of the Massif Central. On the other hand however, many of the remaining departments have assemblies which are split and/or indecisive in achieving a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019039-0007-0000", "contents": "1798 French Directory election, Results\nAmong the many new neo-Jacobins elected, includes Lucien Bonaparte, Bertrand Bar\u00e8re and Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet. In the councils, out of a total of 807 representatives, the groups are now distributed as follows: 387 directorials (107 more and a gain of 38% compared to Year V), 175 Jacobins (105 more), 115 royalists, and 245 independents or undetermined. The Directory retains a majority of around 400 deputies in the councils, but the threat of another defeat in the 1799 elections makes the results unacceptable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019040-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 Helvetic Republic constitutional referendum\nA constitutional referendum was held in the Helvetic Republic over several months in 1798. Modelled after the French Constitution of the Year III of 1795, the new constitution was approved by voters. In some places voting took places in public assemblies, whilst in others the local councils took the decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019041-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 Maryland's 7th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 7th congressional district on November 29, 1798, to fill a vacancy left by the death of Representative-election Joshua Seney (DR) before the start of the 6th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019041-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 Maryland's 7th congressional district special election, Election results\nNicholson took his seat with the rest of the 6th Congress at the start of the 1st session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019042-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 New Hampshire gubernatorial election\nThe 1798 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 13, 1798. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Taylor Gilman won re-election to a fifth term, easily defeating various minor candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019042-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 New Hampshire gubernatorial election, Notes\nThis New Hampshire elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019043-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1798 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1798 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019043-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Federalist Party nominated incumbent John Jay. They nominated incumbent Stephen Van Rensselaer for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019043-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic-Republican Party nominated Chancellor of New York Robert R. Livingston. They also nominated incumbent Stephen Van Rensselaer for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019043-0003-0000", "contents": "1798 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nThe Federalist ticket of Jay and Van Rensselaer was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019044-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 North Carolina's 10th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in North Carolina's 10th congressional district on August 2, 1798 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Nathan Bryan (DR) on June 4, 1798", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019045-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district on October 9, 1798 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of John Swanwick (DR) on August 1, 1798. The election was held on the same day as elections to the 6th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019046-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district was held on October 9, 1798 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Samuel Sitgreaves (F), who'd been appointed commissioner to Great Britain under the Jay Treaty. The election was held on the same day as elections to the 6th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates\nThe Bahian Conspiracy, also known as Revolt of the Tailors (after the trade of many of the leaders) and recently also called Revolt of Buzios, was a late eighteenth century slave rebellion in the then Captaincy of Bahia, in the State of Brazil. Unlike the Inconfid\u00eancia Mineira of 1789, it was a separatist movement with a popular base and extensive black participation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates\nThe objectives of the rebelling baianos were, according to Cl\u00f3vis Moura, \"much more radical,\" and the proposal to liberate the slaves was one of the main goals. Its leaders and members included \"freed blacks, black slaves, pardo slaves, freed pardos, artisans, tailors; those who were from the most oppressed or discriminated classes of Bahia colonial society\". With many slaves living in Bahia, the probability of revolts and rebellions ran high. The elites of the area were frightened that if rebellion or revolts did happen, they would be similar to the Haitian Revolution. Because of the significant participation of Bahia's lower classes, the revolt has also been called \u201cThe First Brazilian Social Revolution\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Background\nThe revolt's beginnings were established in the city of Salvador by a group of disenfranchised workers seeking to initiate an uprising against Portuguese authority. These marginalized groups resented the Portuguese \u201cfor their domination of the country, as well as the apparent wealth that had been accumulated by a handful of free Brazilians\u201d. This revolt was influenced by principles of the Enlightenment and the successful independence movements that resulted . To add to the narrative of civil discontent were the various accusations of corruption and wrongdoing made toward the Rela\u00e7\u00e3o, Salvador's High Court, which Portuguese authorities failed to properly investigate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0002-0001", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Background\nIt was during this period characterized by internal and external conflict that a conspiracy of rebellion developed. Current evidence suggests that the initial plot began through conversation in 1797 between Francisco Moniz Barreto, Lucas Dantas d'Amorim T\u00f4rres, and Manuel de Santa Anna. The ideology of the rebellion spread via a forty-four line poem authored by Barreto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0003-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Background\nOn August 12, 1798 a proclamation was posted to a church door in Salvador, Bahia that read: \u201cBe encouraged People of Bahia because the time of our Liberty is approaching. The time when all will be brothers. The time when all will be equal.\u201d It was this written proclamation with no identified author that brought the conspiracy to the attention of Bahia's authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0004-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Background\nThe conspiracy, largely inspired by the events of the French Revolution, had three specific demands: \u201cfull independence, the creation of a republic, racial equality, and the complete abolition of slavery\u201d. The revolt included members of many different racial backgrounds. Poor whites, freed-men, slaves, interracial artisans, and radical members of the upper class were among those who joined in the uprising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0004-0001", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Background\nLucas Dantas do Amorim T\u00f4rres, a mulatto soldier who was captured and tried for his involvement in the revolt, is quoted explaining to the judges during his trial: \"We want a republic in order to breathe freely because we live subjugated and because we're colored and we can't advance and if there was a republic there would be equality for everyone.\" These demands for equality threatened to undermine Brazil's race-based hierarchy for political and social privileges and were swiftly repressed by crown authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0005-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Background\nAt the onset of the revolt in 1798, there was no organized plan of action. According to Manuel Faustino dos Santos Lira, one of the revolt's coconspirators, the goal was to convince the governor to become the president of the new republic through means of minimal violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0006-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Background\nThe 1798 Revolt of the Tailors was appropriately named due to the participation of tailors as well as other members of Bahia's skilled workers such as \u201csoldiers, artisans, [and] carpenters\u201d. Most of the rebels were not slaves but free mulattoes who lived in extreme poverty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0007-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Economic and Political Factors\nBrazil during the eighteenth century was characterized by revolts taking place in many of its cities, notably Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, and Salvador. The northeastern state of Bahia was the center of Brazil's Afro-Brazilian culture during this period, and hosted a large population of slaves. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, Bahia was experiencing economic decline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0008-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Economic and Political Factors\nFrom as early as 1504, the French were engaged in trade with communities in Bahia. Roughly four years before, Pedro Alvar\u00e9s Cabral had first landed at Porto Seguro. At first, the French did not choose to establish formal communities within Bahia, instead establishing truchements, which were where residents of France lived in already-established communities in Bahia in order to facilitate trade between the two countries. This trade was based around the French desire for \"brazilwood\", which could be used to make anything from furniture to dye for cloth. It is, in fact, the cloth industry that made the French want to be involved with the Bahian economy. This later led to the creation of the first French colony in Brazil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0009-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Economic and Political Factors\nThe truchements started out very friendly, with the French and natives teaching each other their own language and culture. Some Brazilians were even taken to France, where they were warmly welcomed. The relations between the two countries prompted humanists, during the Renaissance, to wonder about the idea of equality in friendship. The French, unlike the Portuguese, allowed the natives to participate in dialogues and create their own speeches. There are also records in France that contain the language of some of the Brazilian natives, and vice versa. Soon enough, the French decided to set up their own colony in Brazil. The way some French citizens justified a colony in Brazil was by pointing out how, along the Brazilian coast, you could find people speaking Portuguese, Spanish, and French, and they seemed to have more favorable relationships with the Frenchmen than they did with the Portuguese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 969]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0010-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Economic and Political Factors\nJo\u00e3o de Deus (a leader in the rebellion), would one day speak of the port in his town, saying that \u201cthis port will be free to all Foreign Nations to come and trade, bringing cloth and all merchandise to be exchanged for sugar, tobacco and other crops of the land without need of Portugal\u201d. He said this in hopes that France would be the main country to take advantage of the new trade policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0011-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Main Actors\nThe four identified leaders of the revolt were Lu\u00eds Gonzaga dos Virgens, a soldier, Jo\u00e3o de Deus do Nascimento, a tailor, Lucas Dantas d\u2019Amorim Torres, a soldier, and Manuel Faustino dos Santos Lira, a tailor. All four were mulattoes and poor. There was a second group (white and of high social status) that authorities did not prosecute, and they were Cipriano Barata de Almeida, Francisco Moniz Barreto d\u2019Arag\u00e3o, and Lieutenants Hermogenes Francisco d\u2019Aguilar and Jos\u00e9 Gomes de Oliveira Borges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0011-0001", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Main Actors\nLieutenant d\u2019Aguilar, Lu\u00eds Gonzaga and Lucas Dantas were known to have actively attempted to destabilize the military by recruiting members to the revolutionary movement. These efforts were met with some success. Borges and d\u2019Aguilar were assigned to guard M. Larcher, who was a Frenchman allowed to stay in Salvador as long as he agreed to be under military watch. Larcher inspired both d\u2019Aguilar and Borges and their political views. Larcher was the founder of the Knights of Light, a prominent masonic society that was formally established on July 14, 1797. Most of the original propaganda spread from this organization. The full involvement of the Knights of Light cannot be completely traced, though. It is vague in some spots, and has completely disappeared in others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0012-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Main Actors\nOn the 8 of November 1799, the government proceeded to the execution of those sentenced for the beginning of the revolt to capital punishment by hanging, in the following order: soldier Lucas Dantas Amorim Torres, an apprentice tailor Manuel Faustino dos Santos Lira, soldier Lu\u00eds Gonzaga dos Virgens and master tailor Jo\u00e3o de Deus Nascimento.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0013-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Main Actors, Lu\u00eds Gonzaga dos Virgens\nLu\u00eds Gonzaga dos Virgens was a soldier and a leader of the rebellion. He was arrested on August 22 for the spreading of propaganda. When he got to prison, he did not confess, but he did say that \u201cthe propaganda was an excellent way to initiate the projected revolution because in this way the people would be encouraged and they would become accustomed little by little to the ideas of liberty and independence\u201d. He was part of the five men sentenced to death after the failure of the revolt. The fifth is not included in this list, as his sentence was later reduced due to him not being as prominent a member of the revolt as the rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0014-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Main Actors, Jo\u00e3o de Deus do Nascimento\nJo\u00e3o de Deus do Nascimento was a tailor and a leader of the rebellion. He was a strong advocate for free trade, and was against the high taxes and various tributes that the Portugal government had imposed. He was sentenced to death after the failure of the revolt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0015-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Main Actors, Lucas Dantas d\u2019Amorim Torres\nLucas Dantas d\u2019Amorim Torres was a soldier and a leader of the rebellion. The meetings to plan for the revolution were usually held at his home, since he was the leader by practicality. He was active within his regiment, constantly spreading propaganda. He was actively, yet quietly, trying to destabilize the military. He was also sentenced to death after the failure of the revolt; he refused his last rites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0016-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Main Actors, Manuel Faustino dos Santos Lira\nManuel Faustino dos Santos Lira was a tailor and a leader of the rebellion. He was a critic of the church, due to them defending slavery. He was the third to be sentenced to death after the revolt, and refused his last rites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0017-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Main Actors, Cipriano Barata de Almeida\nCipriano Barata de Almeida was a surgeon that graduated from the University of Coimbra; he was a member of the Knights of Light, and spread propaganda throughout the lower classes, despite his own status. For some reason, he tried and was able to convince two people to give up on the conspiracy. He was acquitted after the failure of the revolt, due to his influence in the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0018-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Main Actors, Francisco Moniz Barreto d\u2019Arag\u00e3o\nFrancisco Moniz Barreto d\u2019Arag\u00e3o was a teacher; he was a member of the Knights of Light. He wrote poems supporting the ideologies of independence, equality, liberty, and the importance of reason. He was not in Salvador during the end of the revolt, and therefore did not face any punishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0019-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Main Actors, Hermogenes Francisco d\u2019Aguilar\nHermogenes Francisco d\u2019Aguilar was a Lieutenant in the army, and was assigned to guard M. Larcher. He was a member of the Knights of Light. Along with Torres, he was trying to destabilize the military. He was sentenced to one year in prison after the failure of the revolt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0020-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Main Actors, Jos\u00e9 Gomes de Oliveira Borges\nJos\u00e9 Gomes de Oliveira Borges was also a Lieutenant assigned to guard M. Larcher. He was a member of the Knights of Light. He was also sentenced to one year in prison after the failure of the revolt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0021-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Outcomes of the Revolt\nIt took less than two weeks for authorities to apprehend and charge forty people tied to the revolt. Out of these forty, thirty-six were brought to trial. Of these there was one university graduate, one of noble heritage, two junior officers in the army, eight military men, and the remainder self-employed artisans including ten tailors. Twenty-four of the forty seized were of mulatto heritage and \u201calmost all were native-born Brazilians\u201d. Those tried were charged with conspiring against the Crown, pillaging, and planning to murder government officials. Seventeen of the accused were absolved, four were given prison sentences, eight were exiled to Africa, two slaves involved were sold and discharged from the military, and five were sentenced to death. On November 8, 1799, four leaders of the conspiracy were publicly hanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019047-0022-0000", "contents": "1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates, Outcomes of the Revolt\n\"The plot and resultant repression demonstrates the divergent goals that previously silent social groups were bringing to the foreground, and the importance of class position in determining the depth of commitment of individual insurgents.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019048-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 State of the Union Address\nJohn Adams' Second State of the Union Address was delivered on Saturday, December 8, 1798, in the Congress Hall of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Adams compares the sickness affecting various coastal cities in 1797 to the dispensations of the Tribulation. He called upon the Congress to pass public health laws to prevent the spread of disease through interstate commerce. He also suggests the establishment of \"a system which, while it may tend to preserve the general health, may be compatible with the interests of commerce and the safety of the revenue.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019048-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 State of the Union Address\nAdams attributes the subsidence of disease to the Divine Providence of the Supreme Being. He notes the enthusiasm and nationalism of Americans in dealing with foreign aggression; notably from France by sea and Spain by land through illegal garrisons in the southern U.S. frontiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019048-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 State of the Union Address, French aggression\nAdams begins his address by solemnly expressing his doubts concerning negotiations in Paris, accusing France of insincerity. In 1796 the French Directory rejected Charles Cotesworth Pinckney as the United States Minister Plenipotentiary to France. The Directory passed a decree in January 1797 allowing the \"capture and condemnation neutral vessels and their cargoes if any portion of the latter are of British fabric or produce,\" essentially justifying the already institutionalized impressment of American sailors by the French Navy in international waters. Adams refers to the decree as an, \"unequivocal act of war on the commerce of the nations it attacks,\" and states that if the U.S. has the means it can \"reconcile nothing with their interest and honor but a firm resistance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019048-0003-0000", "contents": "1798 State of the Union Address, French aggression\nAdams expresses a need to invigorate and extend the U.S. measure of defense, alluding to the United States Navy, in light of French conduct. Adams parallels his pugnacious comments by confirming his desire for an amicable end to hostilities and insistence that preparation for war is the only way to insure peace. Another ambassador will not be sent to France without, \"more determinate assurances that he would be received,\" because his rejection would be an, \"act of humiliation.\" Before Adams is willing to restore formal relations, France must end depredations and pay reparations for past grievances, \"heretofore inflicted on our commerce.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019048-0004-0000", "contents": "1798 State of the Union Address, French aggression\nThe necessity of maritime protection through a navy is formally expressed and exalted through the statements, \"no country ever experienced more sudden and remarkable advantages from any measure of policy than we have derived from the arming for our maritime protection and defense,\" and \"We ought...to...increase of our Navy to a size sufficient to guard our coast and protect our trade.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019048-0005-0000", "contents": "1798 State of the Union Address, Demarcation of Spanish\u2013American border\nThe illegal Spanish garrisons in the Natchez and Walnut Hills, mentioned in Adams' previous address, have been evacuated. Two commissioners, one from the United States and one from Spain, outline the 31st degree of north latitude, the border between the United States and Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019048-0006-0000", "contents": "1798 State of the Union Address, Demarcation of Spanish\u2013American border\nSouthern Indians, most likely Natchez, are preventing official demarcation of the border, either for personal reasons or through clandestine Spanish encouragement. Adams decides that maintaining a commissioner in remote areas of the nation is not worth the cost and states that the commissioner should be recalled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019049-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut, Notes\nThis Connecticut elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 74], "content_span": [75, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019050-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nThe Delaware United States House election for 1798 was held on October 2, 1798. The incumbent Representative James A. Bayard Sr. won reelection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019051-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey\nElections to the United States House of Representatives in New Jersey for the 6th Congress were held October 10, 1798.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019051-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey, Background\nAll previous elections had been held on an at-large basis. Five Federalists had been elected in the previous election. For this election, New Jersey switched, for the first time, to using districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 79], "content_span": [80, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019051-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey, Election results\nThree incumbents ran for re-election, of whom, two of whom lost to Democratic-Republicans. The incumbents Jonathan Dayton (F) and Thomas Sinnickson (F) did not run for re-election. In the districts with no incumbents, one was won by a Democratic-Republican and the other by a Federalist, for a net gain of 3 seats by the Democratic-Republicans", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 85], "content_span": [86, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019052-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 24 to 26, 1798, to elect ten U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 6th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019052-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nTen U.S. Representatives had been elected in December 1796 to a term in the 5th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1795. Their term would end on March 3, 1799. After three winter elections (January 1793, December 1794 and December 1796), the New York State Legislature moved the congressional elections back to be held together with the State elections in late April (like in 1790), about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1799, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on December 2, 1799.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019052-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nOn January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature had divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered. On December 18, 1792, the Legislature divided the State into ten districts, which were still not numbered. On March 27, 1797, the Legislature re-apportioned the districts, taking into account the new counties which had been created in the meanwhile, and for the first time the districts were numbered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019052-0003-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019052-0004-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n6 Democratic-Republicans and 4 Federalists were elected. Of the incumbents, Havens, Livingston, Van Cortlandt, Elmendorf and Glen were re-elected; Brooks and Williams were defeated; and Hezekiah L. Hosmer, John E. Van Alen and James Cochran did not run for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019052-0005-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: The Anti- Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019052-0006-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath\nThe House of Representatives of the 6th United States Congress met for the first time at Congress Hall in Philadelphia on December 2, 1799, and nine representatives took their seats on this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019052-0007-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Special election\nJonathan N. Havens, who had been re-elected to a third term, died on October 25, 1799, shortly before Congress met. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in the 1st District in December 1799, and was won by John Smith, of the same party as Havens. Smith took his seat on February 27, 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019053-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019054-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nElections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania for the 6th Congress were held October 9, 1798", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019054-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nThirteen Representatives (7 Democratic-Republicans and 6 Federalists) had been elected in 1796. One seat had changed from Federalist to Democratic-Republican in a special election in 1797. Two more seats, one held by a Democratic-Republican and one by a Federalist, had become vacant in August, 1798, and were still vacant at the time of the 1798 elections", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019054-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nPennsylvania was divided into 12 districts, one of which (the 4th) was a plural district, with 2 Representatives. These districts remained in use until redistricting after the Census of 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019054-0003-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nThe counties that made up the 5th district did not border each other. That district was therefore made up of two separate pieces rather than being a single contiguous entity", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019054-0004-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nNote: Many of these counties covered much larger areas than they do today, having since been divided into numerous counties. The boundaries of the districts are based on the counties' 1790 borders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019054-0005-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results\nThere were two vacancies and 11 incumbents at the time of the 1798 elections. The two vacancies were filled by special elections held at the same time as the general election. Blair McClenachan (DR) of the 2nd district and William Findley (DR) of the 11th district did not run for re-election. The remaining 9 incumbents (5 Democratic-Republicans and 4 Federalists) ran for re-election. 8 Democratic-Republicans and 5 Federalists were elected, a net increase of 1 seat for the Democratic-Republicans over the 1796 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019054-0006-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special election\nThomas Hartley (F) of the 8th district died on December 21, 1800. A special election was held January 15, 1801 to fill the vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019055-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island\nRhode Island used at-large districts, but elected the candidates on separate tickets instead of using a general ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019056-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nMajority vote required to win, necessitating a run-off election in the 1st (Western) district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019057-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 United States Senate special elections in New York\nIn 1798, there were two special elections for the U.S. Senate from New York:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019058-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 United States elections\nThe 1798 United States elections occurred in the middle of Federalist President John Adams's term. Members of the 6th United States Congress were chosen in this election. The election took place during the First Party System. The election saw no significant partisan change, with the Federalists keeping control of both houses of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019059-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1798 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019059-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Vergennes on October 11. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019059-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the popular election, Isaac Tichenor was chosen for a second one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a third one-year term. The freemen also re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his twelfth one-year term. Vote totals were reported in local newspapers as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019060-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 Watts\n1798 Watts, provisional designation 1949 GC, is a stony asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019060-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 Watts\nIt was discovered on 4 April 1949, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named for American astronomer Chester Burleigh Watts. Its small minor-planet moon has a period of 26.96 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019060-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 Watts, Orbit and classification\nWatts is a member of the Flora family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,192 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Watts was first observed and identified as 1934 VS at Yerkes Observatory in 1934, extending the body's observation arc by 15 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019060-0003-0000", "contents": "1798 Watts, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nIn the SMASS classification, Watts is characterized as a common stony S-type asteroid. It is also classified as a LS-type by PanSTARRS's photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019060-0004-0000", "contents": "1798 Watts, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Watts measures 6.63 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.276 and 0.294. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this asteroid family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 7.14 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019060-0005-0000", "contents": "1798 Watts, Physical characteristics, Moon and lightcurve\nIn February 2017, a rotational lightcurve of Watts was obtained from photometric observations by . Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.5060 hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.06 magnitude, indicating that the body has a spheroidal shape (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019060-0006-0000", "contents": "1798 Watts, Physical characteristics, Moon and lightcurve\nDuring the photometric observations, a minor-planet moon was discovered, making Watts a binary asteroid. The satellite of the synchronous binary has an orbital period of 26.96 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019060-0007-0000", "contents": "1798 Watts, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of American astronomer Chester Burleigh Watts (1889\u20131971), a graduate of Indiana University. He worked at the United States Naval Observatory for 44 years, making distinguished contributions in the field of positional astronomy and pioneered in the field of automation of transit circle observations, which led to results of the highest systematic accuracy. From the late 1940 until 1963 he meticulously mapped every feature on the marginal zone of the Moon. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1973 (M.P.C. 3508).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019061-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 6th Congress took place in 1798 and 1799, the earliest in New York in April 1798, and the latest in Tennessee in August 1799, after the official start of the 6th Congress on March 4, 1799, but before the start of the first session of this Congress in Philadelphia on December 2, 1799. It was the last congressional session before the move to the new capital at Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019061-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections\nPresident John Adams, a Federalist elected two years prior in the election of 1796, remained popular during a time of national economic growth, and the Federalists made a modest gain of three seats at the expense of the opposition Democratic-Republicans, the party of Vice President and future President Thomas Jefferson. This resulted in an increased Federalist majority in the House, 60-46 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019061-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe Federalist party squandered its popularity by passing a series of controversial new laws in the summer of 1798, including the Naturalization Act of 1798 and the Alien and Sedition Acts. Their passage seriously injured the chances of President Adams and Federalist congressional candidates in the elections of 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019061-0003-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe House that met during this Congress would ultimately elect Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr in the presidential election of 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019061-0004-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1798 and 1799 during the 5th United States Congress and 6th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019061-0005-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts required a majority for election. This was not met in the 5th district and 7th district necessitating additional ballots in those districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019061-0006-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nNew Jersey switched to district representation for this election. The districts were not numbered at the time, but are retroactively numbered here as 1\u20135. New Jersey would go back to an at-large district the following election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019061-0007-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nBetween the 1796 and 1798 elections, New York re-districted. This marked the first time that its districts were numbered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019061-0008-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island used at-large districts, but elected the candidates on separate tickets instead of using a general ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019061-0009-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nMajority vote required to win, necessitating a run-off election in the 1st (Western) district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019062-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1798 and 1799 were held at the middle of President John Adams's administration and had no net change in political control of the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019062-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019062-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nExcept if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019062-0003-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 5th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1799; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019062-0004-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 6th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1799; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019062-0005-0000", "contents": "1798 and 1799 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 6th Congress\nIn this special election, the winner was seated after March 4, 1799, the beginning of the next Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019063-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1798 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019064-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 in Belgium\nEvents in the year 1798 in the Belgian Departments of France. The French First Republic had annexed the Austrian Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Li\u00e8ge (predecessor states of modern Belgium) in 1795 and had reorganised the territory as the nine departments Dyle, Escaut (department), For\u00eats, Jemmape, Lys, Meuse-Inf\u00e9rieure, Deux-N\u00e8thes, Ourthe, and Sambre-et-Meuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019064-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 in Belgium\nThe year 1798 corresponds to the period from 12 Niv\u00f4se of Year VI to 11 Niv\u00f4se of Year VII in the French Republican Calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019068-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 in Great Britain\nEvents from the year 1798 in Great Britain. (See also 1798 in Ireland, then a separate kingdom although under the same monarch.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019076-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1798 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019079-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1798.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019080-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019080-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019080-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019081-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 in science\nThe year 1798 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019082-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 in sports\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 17:05, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019082-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 in sports\n1798 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019084-0000-0000", "contents": "1798 \u2013 The First Year of Liberty\n1798\u00a0\u2013 The First Year of Liberty is an album of traditional Irish songs relating to the 1798 rebellion by the United Irishmen. All songs are sung by Frank Harte and some are accompanied on bouzouki, guitar and occasional bodhr\u00e1n by Donal Lunny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019084-0001-0000", "contents": "1798 \u2013 The First Year of Liberty\nThe album was released in 1998 to commemorate the bicentenary of the events and is accompanied by a detailed booklet about the rebellion and each of the songs on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019084-0002-0000", "contents": "1798 \u2013 The First Year of Liberty\n'The booklet, as well as containing a concise account of the rising, has biographies of all the leaders of the 1798 rebellion, and a handsome cover illustration. It has a substantial bibliography for those seeking further enlightenment, and it makes a useful complement to the more orthodox histories thereby listed. In fact, it tells us what orthodox histories do not tell us; what those who suffered made of the events of 1798.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019085-0000-0000", "contents": "1798\u20131799 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts required a majority for election. This was not met in the 5th district and 7th district necessitating additional ballots in those districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019086-0000-0000", "contents": "1799\n1799 (MDCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1799th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 799th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 99th  year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1799, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019087-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 English cricket season\nThe 1799 English cricket season was the 28th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the 13th after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw four top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019087-0001-0000", "contents": "1799 English cricket season\nA cricket club was formed at Seringapatam in south India after the successful British siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019087-0002-0000", "contents": "1799 English cricket season, Matches\nJust four top-class matches were played during the season, three of them featuring sides styled at least in part as Surrey XIs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019087-0003-0000", "contents": "1799 English cricket season, First mentions\nPlayers who made their first-class cricket debuts in 1799 included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019088-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 French Directory election\nThe French Directory election of 1799 was held between 9 and 16 April 1799 to elect one-third of the Council of Five Hundred in addition to the Council of Elders and any vacant seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019088-0001-0000", "contents": "1799 French Directory election, Context\nFollowing the Coup of 11 May 1798 (22 Flor\u00e9al year VI in the Republican calendar), the small Jacobin minority led by Generals Jean-Antoine Marbot and Jean-Baptiste Jourdan harassed the Directory, with the occasional support of directorial deputies exasperated by the encroachments of the executive. The opposition to the Jacobins continues to grow with the deteriorating situation of the War of the Second Coalition. In messidor, they manage to form a small coalition government, forming a majority in the Council of the Five Hundred to refuse the Directory to complete the court of cessation, even if the Council of Elders voted in their prerogative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019088-0002-0000", "contents": "1799 French Directory election, Context\nAfter the loss of Italy, the Minister of War, Barth\u00e9lemy Louis Joseph Sch\u00e9rer, was accused of (what would be considered corruption today) and was brought before a commission of inquiry. It was on this occasion that Lucien Bonaparte asserts himeself in the political scene and a leader of the opponents of the left, though not a devoted Jacobin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019088-0003-0000", "contents": "1799 French Directory election, Context\nIn this context, the Director does not dare to organise and election under the same pressure it had felt in the 1798 election. If the council was to be seen as promoting the election of candidates of the government, the policy of appeasement and peace could continue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019088-0004-0000", "contents": "1799 French Directory election, Election\nDuring the electoral processes, 27 departments experienced splits from the 25 in the 1798 election, and the assemblies were less troubled than the last election. Participation in the election however, fell to just 11.5% of the national vote, against 20% of the vote in 1798. In Alsace for instance, the vote fell from 30% to just 15%. Of the 79 members supported by the government, 43 are beaten. This also the case for the 39 of the 64 new official candidates for government. In addition, out of 44 candidates recommended by one or other directors, only 6 were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019088-0005-0000", "contents": "1799 French Directory election, Election\nUnlike the 1798 election, the Council validates majority assemblies in the departments which have experienced a split, except in Deux-N\u00e8thes, where the elections are cancelled because the required turnout is not met. This \"non-election\" also occurs in Bouches-du-Rh\u00f4ne, where many irregularities are noted by the local assemblies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019088-0006-0000", "contents": "1799 French Directory election, Results\nThe 1799 election ended with a massive victory for the left-wing republican Montagnards. However, the Royalist parties, the Clichy Club (moderate constitutionalists) and Ultra-Royalists (absolute monarchists) won almost half of the seats within the council. The Extreme Left Group (Groupe de Extr\u00eame-Gauche) also won their first group of seats in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019088-0007-0000", "contents": "1799 French Directory election, Results\nThe 1799 election would end up being the last parliamentary election in France until the May 1815 legislative election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019089-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 Koussevitzky\n1799 Koussevitzky (prov. designation: 1950 OE) is an asteroid of the Eos family from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers (11 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 25 July 1950, by astronomers at Indiana University during the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The K-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.3 hours. It was named for Russian conductor Serge Koussevitzky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019089-0001-0000", "contents": "1799 Koussevitzky, Orbit and classification\nAccording to several HCM-analyses by Zappal\u00e0, Moth\u00e9-Diniz, as well as Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107, Koussevitzky is a core member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. However, in a more recent HCM-analysis by Nesvorn\u00fd, Koussevitzky is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019089-0002-0000", "contents": "1799 Koussevitzky, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,923 days; semi-major axis of 3.03\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1929 QD at Simeiz Observatory in August 1929. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Goethe Link in July 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019089-0003-0000", "contents": "1799 Koussevitzky, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Russian-born Serge Koussevitzky (1874\u20131951), long-time music director and conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The asteroid's name was proposed by astronomer Frank K. Edmondson of Indiana University on the occasion of Serge Koussevitzky's centenary of the birth on 26 July 1974. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 January 1974 (M.P.C. 3569).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019089-0004-0000", "contents": "1799 Koussevitzky, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Koussevitzky is a stony K-type asteroid, typical for members of the Eos family. The asteroid has also been characterized as an L-type by Pan-STARRS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019089-0005-0000", "contents": "1799 Koussevitzky, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn June 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Koussevitzky was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Station (U82) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.318\u00b10.005 hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 magnitude (U=3). Alternative period determinations of 6.325, 6.328 and 6.329 hours were made by astronomers at the University of Iowa using its Rigel Telescope at the Iowa Robotic Observatory (857) in Arizona, by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy, and by staff members of the Palomar Transient Factory in California, respectively (U=x2/3-/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019089-0006-0000", "contents": "1799 Koussevitzky, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Koussevitzky measures between 17.88 and 23.26 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1426 and 0.241. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1506 and a diameter of 18.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019090-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 New Hampshire gubernatorial election\nThe 1799 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 12, 1799. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Taylor Gilman won re-election to a sixth term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019091-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 New Hampshire's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New Hampshire's at-large congressional district on November 18, 1799 to replace a vacancy caused by Peleg Sprague (F) declining to serve in the 6th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019091-0001-0000", "contents": "1799 New Hampshire's at-large congressional district special election, Election result\nSheafe took his seat with the rest of the 6th Congress when the 1st session began on December 2, 1799", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 86], "content_span": [87, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019092-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 New York's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New York's 1st congressional district December 27\u201329, 1799 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Jonathan N. Havens (DR) on October 25, 1799.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019093-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1799 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was between two candidates. Incumbent governor Thomas Mifflin was not running. The race was between Federalist U.S. Senator James Ross and Democratic-Republican Thomas McKean. The retired Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, McKean was a Federalist and a Mifflin ally, as both supported strong state executive power but rejected the domestic policies of the national government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019094-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 State of the Union Address\nThe 1799 State of the Union Address was given to the United States Congress, on Tuesday, December 3, 1799, by the second president of the United States, John Adams. He said, \"the return of health, industry, and trade to those cities which have lately been afflicted with disease, and the various and inestimable advantages, civil and religious, which, secured under our happy frame of government, are continued to us unimpaired, demand of the whole American people sincere thanks to a benevolent Deity for the merciful dispensations of His providence.\" It was the last address to be given at Congress Hall, Philadelphia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019095-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 Tennessee gubernatorial election\nThe 1799 Tennessee gubernatorial election took place from August 1\u20132, 1799. The Democratic-Republican incumbent John Sevier won another term almost unanimously against scattering opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019096-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes\nThis Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019097-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes\nThis Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake\nThe 1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake (French: S\u00e9isme de 1799 dans le Marais breton-vend\u00e9en) or  Bouin earthquake was an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 that struck the region on 25 January 1799 (6 Pluvi\u00f4se of year VII in the French Republican calendar) with aftershocks on the following days. Its epicenter was located at a depth of 24 km in the Bay of Bourgneuf at the level of the island of Bouin. Shocks of intensity 7-8 were felt throughout the west of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0001-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Location\nThe earthquake of 25 January 1799 was located in the Marais Breton marshland, a wetland located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean which marks the limit between the two former French provinces of Brittany and Poitou and extends over the two departments of Loire-Atlantique and Vend\u00e9e in the French region of Pays de la Loire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0002-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Location\nThe epicenter was located at sea, in the bay of Bourgneuf, between Barb\u00e2tre at the entrance to the island of Noirmoutier and Bouin on the mainland. The most significant damage occurred in Bouin, Machecoul, Bois-de-C\u00e9n\u00e9, La Garnache, Beauvoir-sur-Mer and Barb\u00e2tre areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0003-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Location\nThe earthquake was felt all along the coast, as far as Vannes in the north and La Rochelle in the south, and up to a distance of one hundred and fifty to two hundred kilometres inland. The Grand-Ouest of France was shaken from Brittany to Normandy, from Berry to Anjou and Touraine, from Limousin to Poitou, from Saintonge to Aunis and Bordelais, in Auvergne, in the Morvan and as far as \u00cele-de-France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0004-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Location\n...the spire of the steeple, all in dressed stone, built with cement, is about to fall...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0005-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Location\nThe castle of Gilles de Retz at Machecoul burned during the War in the Vend\u00e9e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0006-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Characteristics\nThe earthquake of 25 January 1799 is one of the major events of the Grand-Ouest of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0006-0001", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Characteristics\nBy its magnitude and intensity of VIII, maximum for the Armorican Massif, it constitutes the most important earthquake recorded to date in this region and it is one of the six historic earthquakes to have had destructive effects in metropolitan France along with those from Basel near the French border (intensity IX-X) in 1356, Bagn\u00e8res-de-Bigorre (intensity VIII-IX) in 1660, Remiremont (intensity VIII) in 1682, from the Ligurian sea off the C\u00f4te d'Azur (intensity X) in 1887 and Lambesc (intensity IX) in 1909 that of Arette (intensity VIII-IX) in 1967 being the first earthquake with destructive effect in mainland France to be documented by instrumental seismicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0007-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Characteristics\nThe 6 Pluviose of the Year VII of the Republic, around 4 am, the population of the Vend\u00e9e was suddenly awakened by the earthquake that would add its ruins to those of a region already hit by the War in the Vend\u00e9e still nearby and by the harsh climatic conditions of the winter of 1799.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0008-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Characteristics\nIn Bouin the duration of the tremor was a \"half-minute\" and its direction from south to north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0009-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Characteristics\nSeveral recent studies have made it possible to estimate the magnitude at 6.4 and the depth at 24 km, estimates adopted by the Bureau of Geological and Mining Research.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0010-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Characteristics\nThe intensity was of the order of VII-VIII at the epicenter, the centre of the tremor not being located in the heart of the marshland as initially advanced but more to the west, at sea, in the bay of Bourgneuf. In the hardest hit area, the earthquake is estimated to have reached intensity VIII due to the lower resistance of the sediments making up the marsh, which locally amplified the seismic movement. Intensity decreases with increasing distance but remained significant in Nantes and Les Sables-d'Olonne (VI-VII), La Rochelle, Ile d'Ol\u00e9ron and Belle-\u00cele-en-Mer(VI). It was still V-IV in Tours, Guernsey, Vannes, Ch\u00e2teauroux, Rennes and Limoges and weaker (III) but still felt in Paris, Bordeaux or Caen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0011-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Characteristics\nSeveral aftershocks occurred in the sector of Bouin and Machecoul, on 27 and 28 January, then on 5 and 6 February. The variations in the movement of the waters of the region demonstrate that the earthquake was indeed underwater and that it may have given rise to a tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0012-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Probable cause\nThe collision between the Aquitaine and Armorican tectonic plates gave birth in the Carboniferous era to the Hercynian basement of the Armorican massif creating faults oriented north-west, south-east, which go from the Pointe du Raz to Nantes and the Landes de Lanvaux to Angers and extend south of the Loire estuary. These shear fractures are at the origin of grabens which are accentuated during the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic, and fill up with sediments that may be more than 100 m thick in the deepest ditches. They are still active in the Quaternary and their replay explains the earthquakes of the south of the Loire and more particularly those of the Vend\u00e9e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0013-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Probable cause\nThe municipalities where the greatest damage was reported (Bouin, Machecoul) are close to these fractures, as are the localities where the earthquake was felt with force even if the damage was less ( Champtoceaux, Beauvoir-sur-Mer, Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie, Nantes, La Bri\u00e8re, Tiffauges, and, further on, La Fl\u00e8che). The epicenter was located on the continental shelf off the island of Noirmoutier, in Bourgneuf bay. The earthquake caused a large wave felt in Belle-\u00cele-en-Mer , La Rochelle and in the Loire Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0014-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Damage\nIn some villages, Bouin and Machecoul in particular, the shock was so violent that many houses cracked or collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0015-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Damage\nIn Bouin there were two types of constructions, those of the town, built on a hard limestone hillock in the middle of the marshes and constructed from stones extracted from the hill itself and those of the marsh, built on mudflats - far more fragile buildings which could not be repaired after the shocks. About 6-8% of the total number of houses were close to ruin (14 collapsed and 150 damaged). These were probably the most fragile. Lightweight constructions were not, however, the only buildings affected by the earthquake, as one testimony reports: \"the spire of the steeple, all in dressed stone, built with cement, is on the verge of falling\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0016-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Damage\nThe observations made at Machecoul are quite comparable. Here too, it was especially the fragile buildings of the marshes that seem to be the most affected. Most of the houses damaged during the civil war had only been repaired temporarily and were all the more weakened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0017-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Damage\nDamage was also noted in La Garnache, 6 km northeast of Challans, in the Bois-de-C\u00e9n\u00e9 marsh area, in Barb\u00e2tre, a town which, partly destroyed by the earthquake, lost its title of municipality and was united in Noirmoutier, and Bourgneuf-en-Retz. The unique case of a house destroyed in Champtoceaux in Maine-et-Loire, a village on the left bank of the Loire about 25 kilometers upstream from Nantes was also  reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0018-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Damage\nIn the Marais, the towns of Noirmoutier, Beauvoir-sur-Mer and Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie strongly felt the tremors without any damage being reported however. In the neighbouring areas of the Marais, fairly detailed information on the effects of the earthquake was reported for Nantes , Saint-Lyphard en Bri\u00e8re, Tiffauges , around the Lac de Grand-Lieu, near the Temple but also for the municipalities of the neighbouring departments like Vannes and Josselin in Morbihan, Le Mans, La Fl\u00e8che, La Fert\u00e9-Bernard in Sarthe, Angers, Beaufort-en-Vall\u00e9e in Maine-et-Loire, Rennes, La Guerche in Ille-et-Vilaine, La Rochelle in Charente-Maritime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0019-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Damage\nSignificant water movements are indicated by letters and newspaper articles: flooding, submersion of dykes, strong wave shaking boats, abnormal rises of rivers, etc., south of the Loire as near Bouin (submersion of dykes and wave), in Bourgneuf (waves and land transport), in La Rochelle (wave) as well as in the north of the Loire as in Nantes (waves), in Bri\u00e8re near Saint-Nazaire (water movements) or again at Belle-\u00cele-en-Mer (dyke submersion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0020-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Damage\nSome of the water movements, in particular floods and abnormal rises in rivers, are of dubious cause. They could equally be explained by a sudden thaw removing the ice dams in the rivers reported a few weeks earlier as by a tidal wave. Other observations, made just after the earthquake (strong wave shaking the boats, submersion of the dikes), are more convincing. They seem to show that the epicenter of the earthquake was at sea and not around Bouin as first thought. This wave and these submersions could be due to a tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0021-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Consequences on the local economy\nBeyond the destruction of buildings and superstructures, the more or less long-term consequences of the earthquake on the local economy were reported in particular to the central administration of Loire-Inf\u00e9rieure by the municipal administration of Herbignac which indicates the 1st March 1799 (11 Ventose year VII) that the population of the municipalities of La Briere in St-Hyphard and Herbignac that \"... usually draw clods which are used for heating the township and still supply all the surrounding townships and allow them to live for two thirds of the year\u201d showed losses caused by the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0021-0001", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Consequences on the local economy\nLikewise, the municipal administration of Machecoul pointed out that if the owners succeeded in partially re-establishing the crops destroyed by the civil war, they had not yet derived any benefit from it at the date of the earthquake and that \"the lowlands both in the upper and lower marshes of the municipality de Machecoul will not yet produce anything this year, these lands have been under water for more than two months, the wheat will be rotten like last year\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0022-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Informing the authorities\nThe Commissioners of the Directory such as Sieur Mignon, Commissioner of the Executive Board for the canton of Bouin, informed the \"Citizen Minister\" of the event. The central administration of Loire-Inf\u00e9rieure was quickly warned of the significant damage suffered in the town of Machecoul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0022-0001", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Informing the authorities\nFrom the coast and up to a distance of one hundred and fifty to two hundred kilometers inland, the earthquake created such a commotion that the central administration near all the departments close to the earthquake did not fail to inform the Minister of the Interior, from Nantes, Laval, Le Mans, Tours, Poitiers, Ch\u00e2teauroux, Fontenay-le-Comte, Ch\u00e2teaubriant, etc.<", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0023-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Press coverage\nThe local press, Le Publicateur de Nantes, La Feuille Nantes, Les \u00c9trennes de Nantes, L'Ami de la libert\u00e9, La Feuille du jour, etc. recount the event over several days, relayed by the national press, Le Bien Inform\u00e9, La Gazette nationale, Les Annales de la R\u00e9publique. In this period of development of the written press, these pages are important sources of information for future seismology when the original records are lost: they indeed publish the testimonies and the communiques of the authorities, directly or with the hindsight and analysis of their own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0024-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Testimonials\nThe writings which relate the effects of the earthquake are marked by the proximity of the Vend\u00e9e War which ravaged the region, and must be considered in this historical framework. The letters from the local administrators describe the damage most accurately and precisely. Newspapers can provide additional insight, but their information should be examined with caution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0025-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Other earthquakes in the region\nNo other example of an earthquake of such magnitude has been identified in the area The only tremors recorded are minor and were noted on the island of Noirmoutier (23 August 1747, 5 February 1833, 15 October 1945 and 22 June 2005) and Bourgneuf-en-Retz (7 April 1767). On the Atlantic coast near the marsh, however, approaching tremors were noted at Vannes (intensity VII) on 9 January 1930, in Quimper (intensity VII) on 2 January 1959 and on the island of Ol\u00e9ron (intensity VII), 7 September 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0026-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Contemporary projections\nBouin, like all the communes of the Vend\u00e9e and the 146 communes of the south of Loire-Atlantique, is classified in seismicity zone 3 (moderate risk).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0027-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Contemporary projections\nThe authors of the 2016 Geological and Mining Research Bureau study report \u201cImpact of the 1799 earthquake on current buildings in the departments of Loire-Atlantique (44) and Vend\u00e9e (85)\u201d, modelled the 1799 earthquake in the contemporary setting of the two departments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0027-0001", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Contemporary projections\nThey estimated damage of the order of 10,000 to 12,000 uninhabitable buildings would occur, i.e. a much larger consequence than at the time due to the urbanisation that has since taken place and in particular on poor quality land on which would reproduce, on buildings constructed before the implementation of the 2011 building regulations, the known effects on the mudflats of the Marais Breton in 1799.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0028-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Contemporary projections\nIn 2019, Caroline Kaub proposed in her thesis to \u201ccharacterise the geometry of possible plio-Quaternary and potentially active faults in this region, with a particular interest in the Machecoul fault, bordering the sedimentary basins of the Breton Marsh and the Bay of Bourgneuf and potential candidate for the Vend\u00e9en earthquake of 1799 [suggesting] that the plio-Quaternary sedimentation of the sea and land basins south of the Machecoul fault could be controlled by this fault probably inherited from the Eocene [and in providing] a bundle of clues making it possible to link the Machecoul fault to the rupture of the Vend\u00e9en earthquake of 1799\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019098-0029-0000", "contents": "1799 Vend\u00e9e earthquake, Contemporary projections\nThe Bouin earthquake is the reference earthquake for the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019099-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1799 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019099-0001-0000", "contents": "1799 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Windsor on October 10. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019099-0002-0000", "contents": "1799 Vermont gubernatorial election\nOn October 11, the committee examined the votes, which showed that Isaac Tichenor was chosen for a third one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a fourth one-year term. The freemen also re-elected Samuel Mattocks as treasurer, his thirteenth one-year term. Vote totals were reported in local newspapers as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019100-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1799 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019101-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 in Canada, Historical documents\nChief Joseph Brandt gets intelligence from Delaware about French attempts to recruit \"Southern and Western Indians\" to invade Canada", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019101-0001-0000", "contents": "1799 in Canada, Historical documents\nJoseph Brant explains how former Lieut. Gov. Simcoe obstructed rights promised Six Nations by Gov. Haldimand, and asks for redress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019103-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 in France\nThis article lists events from the year 1799 in France", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019111-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1799 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019114-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1799.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019115-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019115-0001-0000", "contents": "1799 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019115-0002-0000", "contents": "1799 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019116-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 in science\nThe year 1799 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019117-0000-0000", "contents": "1799 in sports\n1799 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0000-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave\nThe 1799\u20131800 papal conclave followed the death of Pope Pius VI on August 29, 1799, and led to the selection as pope of Barnaba Niccol\u00f2 Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, who took the name Pius VII, on March 14, 1800. This conclave was held in Venice and was the last to take place outside Rome. This period was marked by uncertainty for the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church following the invasion of the Papal States and abduction of Pius VI under the French Directory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0001-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, Historical context, Pope Pius VI\nPius VI's reign had been marked by tension between his authority and that of the European monarchs and other institutions, both secular and ecclesiastical. This was largely due to his moderate liberal and reforming pretences. At the beginning of his pontificate he promised to continue the work of his predecessor, Pope Clement XIV, in whose 1773 brief Dominus ac Redemptor the dissolution of the Society of Jesus was announced. Pro -Jesuit powers remained in support of Pius, thinking him secretly more inclined to the Society than Clement. The Archduchy of Austria proved a threat when its ruler, Emperor Joseph II, made internal reforms which conflicted with some of the power of the Papacy. Further, German archbishops had shown independence at the 1786 Congress of Ems, but were soon brought into line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0002-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, Historical context, Pope Pius VI\nAt the outbreak of the French Revolution Pius was compelled to see the independent Gallican Church suppressed, the pontifical and ecclesiastical possessions in France confiscated, and an effigy of himself burnt by the populace at the Palais Royal. The murder of the republican agent Hugo Basseville in the streets of Rome (January 1793) gave new ground of offence; the papal court was charged with complicity by the French Convention, and Pius threw in his lot with the First Coalition against the French First Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0003-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, Historical context, The State of the See\nIn 1796 Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte invaded the Italian Peninsula, defeated the papal troops and occupied Ancona and Loreto. He did not continue and conquer Rome, as the French Directory ordered, being aware that this would not win favour among the French and Italian populations. Pius sued for peace, which was granted at Tolentino on February 19, 1797. The Treaty of Tolentino transferred Romagna to Bonaparte's newly formed Cispadane Republic (founded in December 1796 out of a merger of Reggio, Modena, Bologna and Ferrara) in a hope that the French would not further pursue the Papal lands. Several reforms were made in the French-controlled regions, where much property of the Church was confiscated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0004-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, Historical context, The State of the See\nSome factors led to the complete occupation of Rome by the French. Firstly, the entrance of the Russian army into Northern Italy pushed the French back. Secondly, on December 28, 1797, in a riot created by some Italian and French revolutionists, the French general Mathurin-L\u00e9onard Duphot of the French embassy was killed and a new pretext furnished for invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0005-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, Historical context, The State of the See\nLouis Alexandre Berthier marched to Rome, entered it unopposed on February 13, 1798, and, proclaiming a Roman Republic, demanded of the pope the renunciation of his temporal authority. His actions were at the direction of the French Government, at that time the Directory. Upon the Pope's refusal he was taken prisoner, and on February 20 was escorted from the Vatican to Siena, and thence to the Certosa near Florence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0005-0001", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, Historical context, The State of the See\nThe French declaration of war against Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany led to Pius' removal, though by this time deathly ill, by way of Parma, Piacenza, Turin and Grenoble to the citadel of Valence, where he died six weeks later, on August 29, 1799. Napoleon was not directly involved. He was in the Near East, and did not return to France until November, 1799, where he conducted the coup-d'\u00e9tat of November 9 (18 Brumaire).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0006-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, The Conclave\nWith the loss of the Vatican and the pope's other temporal power, the cardinals were left in a remarkable position. All had been expelled from the city of Rome by the French occupying authorities. They were forced to hold the conclave in Venice. This followed an ordinance issued by Pius VI in 1798, which established that when a conclave could not be held in Rome it would be held in the city with the greatest number of cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0007-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, The Conclave\nThe Benedictine San Giorgio Monastery in Venice was chosen as the location for the conclave, and the voting would be held in its night chapel. The city, along with other northern Italian lands, was held by the Archduchy of Austria, whose ruler Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, agreed to defray the costs of the conclave. Since the Secretary of the College of Cardinals was unable to leave Rome to attend, the cardinals elected, in an almost unanimous vote, Msgr. Ercole Consalvi as Secretary in his place. Consalvi would prove an influential figure in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0008-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, The Conclave\nThe conclave began on November 30, 1799, and the assembled cardinals could not overcome a stalemate between Bellisomi and Mattei until March 1800. Thirty-four Cardinals were present at the start, with the late appearance in conclave on December 10 of Cardinal Franziskus Herzan von Harras, who was also the imperial plenipotentiary of Francis II. He bore the Imperial commands, the first of which was to get Cardinal Alessandro Mattei elected Pope. Strangely, by December 28, 1799, Cardinal Herzan had not yet presented his credentials as Imperial plenipotentiary to the College of Cardinals, and thus had no special status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0009-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, The Conclave\nCardinal Carlo Bellisomi, the Bishop of Cesena, seemed a viable candidate (papabile), with some eighteen committed votes. His unpopularity among the Austrian faction, however, who preferred Cardinal Alessandro Mattei, the Archbishop of Ferrara, subjected Bellisomi to the \"virtual veto\", since the Mattei faction had sufficient numbers to deny Bellisomi a canonically required two-thirds vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0010-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, The Conclave\nThe conclave considered a third possible candidate, Cardinal Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil CRSP but Austria had rejected him from before the beginning of the Conclave as too old\u2014he was eighty-two. As the conclave was in the third month Cardinal Maury, who supported neither Bellisomi nor Mattei, suggested  Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti, OSB Cassin., the Bishop of Imola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0011-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, The Conclave\nIn the middle of February, both Herzan and Maury independently calculated that Chiaramonti had about twelve supporters. On March 11, a frank private conversation took place between Cardinal Antonelli and Cardinal Herzan, in which each frankly admitted that the candidacies of Calcagni, Bellisomi, Gerdil, Mattei, and Valenti were failures. During the conversation Cardinal Dugnani appeared and suggested that Chiaramonti might be considered; numbers of supporters of Mattei were willing to go over to him. On March 12, the Spanish agent, Cardinal Francisco Lorenzana, received news from Madrid that he had permission to formally exclude Cardinal Mattei. It was unnecessary to do so, of course, since Bellisomi's supporters had already given him the virtual veto. On March 14, with the support of the active and influential Conclave secretary Consalvi, Cardinal Chiaramonti was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0012-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, The Conclave\nChiaramonti was, at the time, the bishop of Imola in the Subalpine Republic. He had stayed in place after the assumption of his diocese by Bonaparte's army in 1797 and famously made a speech in which he stated that good Christians could make good democrats, a speech described as \"Jacobin\" by Bonaparte himself. Though he could not save ecclesiastical reform and confiscation under the new rule, he did prevent the church being dissolved, unlike that in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0013-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, The Conclave\nDue to its temporary siting in Venice, the Papal coronation was hurried. Having no papal treasures on hand the noblewomen of the city manufactured the famous papier-m\u00e2ch\u00e9 papal tiara. It was adorned with their own jewels. Chiaramonti was declared Pope Pius VII and crowned on March 21 at the monastery church of S. Giorgio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0014-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, A new pope\nBy the Battle of Marengo on June 14, 1800, the French regained Northern Italy from the forces of Austria. Following this promotion, Bonaparte decided to recognise the new Pope and restored the Papal States to those borders set out at Tolentino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0015-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, A new pope\nThe new Pope headed for Rome, which he entered to the pleasure of the population on July 3. Fearing further invasion he decreed the Papal States should remain neutral between Napoleonic Italy in the north and the Kingdom of Naples in the south. At the time the latter was ruled by Ferdinand III of Sicily/Ferdinand IV of Naples, a member of the House of Bourbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0016-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, A new pope\nErcole Consalvi, the Secretary of the Conclave, was created a Cardinal on August 11, and became the Secretary of State of His Holiness. On July 15 France officially re-recognised Catholicism as its majority (not state) religion in the Concordat of 1801, and the Church was granted a measure of freedom with a Gallician constitution of the clergy. The Concordat further recognised the Papal States and that which it had confiscated and sold during the occupation of the area. In 1803 the reinstatement of the Papal States was made official by the Treaty of Lun\u00e9ville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0017-0000", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, A new pope\nNapoleon pursued secularisation of smaller, independent lands and, through diplomatic pressure, the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (1806). The relations between the Church and the First French Empire declined following the Pope's refusal to divorce J\u00e9r\u00f4me Bonaparte and Elizabeth Patterson in 1805. The newly crowned Emperor of the French restarted his expansionist policies and assumed control over Ancona, Naples (following the Battle of Austerlitz, making his brother Joseph Bonaparte its new monarch), Pontecorvo and Benevento.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019119-0017-0001", "contents": "1799\u20131800 papal conclave, A new pope\nThe changes angered the pope, and following his refusal to accept them, Napoleon, in February 1808, demanded he subsidise France's military conflict with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The pope again refused, leading to further confiscations of territory such as Urbino, Ancona and Macerata. Finally in 1809, on May 17, the Papal states were formally annexed to the First French Empire and Pius VII was taken to the Ch\u00e2teau de Fontainebleau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019120-0000-0000", "contents": "179th (2/4th London) Brigade\nThe 179th (2/4th London) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was assigned to the 60th (2/2nd London) Division and served in the Middle East. Raised by Colonel, later Brigadier-General, Ned Baird.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019120-0001-0000", "contents": "179th (2/4th London) Brigade, Formation\nIn June 1918 three battalions (2/14th, 2/15th and 2/16th) were replaced by", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0000-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing\nThe 179th Airlift Wing (179 AW) is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard, stationed at Mansfield Lahm Air National Guard Base, Mansfield, Ohio. If activated to federal service with the United States Air Force, the Wing is gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0001-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe 179th utilizes the C-130H Hercules to provide direct airlift support to the United States Army and ancillary airlift support to other branches of the U.S. armed forces. The primary mission of the unit is to deliver time sensitive/mission critical supplies the \"last tactical mile\", as well as to provide airlift capabilities in support of homeland defense operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0002-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History\nOn 15 October 1962, the Ohio Air National Guard's 164th Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level and the 179th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau, with the 164th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 179th Headquarters, 179th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 179th Combat Support Squadron, and the 179th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0003-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nEquipped with F-84F Thunderstreaks, the new group was assigned to the Ohio ANG 121st Tactical Fighter Wing at Lockbourne AFB, Ohio. The 179th TFG was tasked with a tactical fighter-bomber mission to augment the Tactical Air Command (TAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0004-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nThe squadron continued normal peacetime training throughout the 1960s. Individual squadron members volunteered for duty during the Vietnam War, however the 164th was not federalized in 1968 as the F-84Fs were not considered front line combat aircraft. In February 1972, the squadron retired its Thunderstreaks and converted to the F-100 Super Sabre as a result of the American draw-down from the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0005-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Tactical Airlift\nThe squadron flew the F-100s until the winter of 1976 when the 179th was transferred from Tactical Air Command to Military Airlift Command (MAC) on 5 January. At this time, the unit converted to the C-130B Hercules and received a complement of eight aircraft. With the change of equipment, the unit was designated a Tactical Airlift Group. Upgrade to the C-130H was completed in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0006-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Tactical Airlift\nThe 179th Airlift Group was active during 1991 Gulf War providing airlift support throughout the Continental United States and Europe. Portions of the 179th were activated during Desert Shield/Storm and served in the US, Europe and Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0007-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Tactical Airlift\nIn March 1992, the 179th adopted the USAF Objective Wing organization and became simply the 179th Airlift Group (179 AG) and the 164th as the 164th Airlift Squadron (164 AS). On 1 June of that year, Military Airlift Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force restructuring after the end of the Cold War. Air Mobility Command (AMC) initially became the gaining major command for the 179th, although on 1 October 1993, it was moved to Air Combat Command (ACC) along with the other C-130 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0008-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Tactical Airlift\nWith the Air National Guard in the post-Cold War era providing nearly 50% of the USAF's tactical airlift capability, the 179th Airlift Group supported combat and humanitarian operations and exercises around the world, beginning in July 1992 as part of Operation Provide Promise; a humanitarian relief operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav War. Ongoing until 1996 airlift units delivered food, medicine, and supplies and evacuating over 1,300 wounded people from the region. It the longest running humanitarian airlift in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0009-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Tactical Airlift\nIn late 1992, the 179th began airlifting personnel, equipment and supplies to Somalia as part of Operation Restore Hope. The Air Force enlisted Air National Guard units being charged with carrying out United Nations Security Council Resolution 794: to create a protected environment for conducting humanitarian operations in the southern half of Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0010-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Tactical Airlift\nThe 179th was also engaged in Operation Uphold Democracy (19 September 1994 \u2013 31 March 1995) providing airlift support to United States military forces in Hati during its military intervention designed to remove the military regime installed by the 1991 Haitian coup d'\u00e9tat that overthrew the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0011-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Tactical Airlift\nOn 11 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force One Base-One Wing directive, the 179th Airlift Group was expanded and changed in status to the 179th Airlift Wing (179 AW). Under the Objective Wing organization, the 164th Airlift Squadron was assigned to the 179th Operations Group. Support groups to the wing were the 179th Maintenance Group, 179th Mission Support Group and the 179th Medical Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0012-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Tactical Airlift\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active Duty Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and the Air National Guard (ANG), would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0013-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Tactical Airlift\nIn December 1996, the 164th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron (164 EAS) was first formed from 179th personnel and aircraft and deployed to Pisa Airport, Italy in support of Operation Joint Guard. It assisted in providing logistical support to NATO-led multinational peacekeeping force in Bosnia and Herzegovina which was tasked with upholding the Dayton Peace Agreement. This ongoing commitment continued until 1998. Other Air Expeditionary Force deployments in the late 1990s included Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Joint Forge and Operation Shining Hope, all addressing the Yugoslavian crises of the era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0014-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, After September 11\nAfter the events of 11 September 2001 the 164th EAS has been activated on several occasions, initially providing logistic support for Air Force fighter squadrons engaged in Combat Air Patrols over major cities during Operation Noble Eagle in late 2001 and 2002. The EAS has seen duty in Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom and Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0015-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, After September 11\nPursuant to 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to close Mansfield-Lahm Municipal Airport Air National Guard Station, Ohio. The 179th Airlift Squadron would distribute its eight C-130H aircraft to the Air Force Reserve Command's 908th Airlift Wing at Maxwell AFB, Alabama (four aircraft), and the active duty Air Force's 314th Airlift Wing at Little Rock AFB, Arkansas (four aircraft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0015-0001", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, After September 11\nFlying-related Expeditionary Combat Support (ECS) would moves to the Kentucky Air National Guard's 123rd Airlift Wing at Louisville Air National Guard Base, Kentucky (aerial port) and the Ohio Air National Guard's 180th Fighter Wing at Toledo Air National Guard Base, Ohio (fire fighters). However, due to the base's superior record and recommendations for reconsideration by state and local officials, the base was incorporated into the Ohio Air National Guard's future by receiving a bridge mission of flying the C-21 Learjet operational support airlift (OSA) aircraft mission until it became operational in the C-27J Spartan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0016-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, After September 11\nOn 20 July 2008, the 179 AW continued its growth by the standing up of the 200th Red Horse (Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers) detachment. The Mansfield base has been assigned with 200 RED HORSE personnel and another 200 assigned to Port Clinton. A new building across the airfield was to be constructed to house the detachment with an approximated completion date in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0017-0000", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, After September 11\nThe 179 AW, along with the 175th Wing of the Maryland Air National Guard, was the first unit to train and deploy the C-27J Spartan in 2010. Airmen from the 179th Airlift Wing made Air National Guard history 26 July 2011, by deploying in support of Operation Enduring Freedom for the first time with the C-27J Spartan, one of the Air Force's newest aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019121-0017-0001", "contents": "179th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, After September 11\nThis joint mission was conducted with aircrew from the 164th Airlift Squadron, a subordinate unit of the 179th Airlift Wing, and Soldiers from the Oklahoma and Georgia Army National Guard, working in conjunction with the 159th Combat Aviation Brigade (159th CAB), from Fort Campbell, Kentucky, in direct support of the U.S. Army for airlift and airdrop operations. The 179 AW made history with a nine-month overseas rotation, as opposed to the typical four-to-six-month Air National Guard deployment schedule. Due to budget constrained force structure changes within the Air Force eliminating all C-27s, the 179 AW's C-27s were retired and the 179th began transitioning back to the C-130 in May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019122-0000-0000", "contents": "179th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF\nThe 179th (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 17th Reserve Battalion on October 21, 1916. The battalion was disbanded on 17 July 1917. The 179th (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. J. Y. Reid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019122-0001-0000", "contents": "179th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF\nThe battalion is perpetuated by The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0000-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron\nThe 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0001-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Training in the United States\nThe squadron was first organized as the 393d Fighter Squadron at Hamilton Field, California, on 15 July 1943, as one of the original squadrons of the 367th Fighter Group. Several members of its initial cadre were former Flying Tigers with prior combat experience. It was not until late August, however, that the group received its first Bell P-39 Airacobra. After building up its strength, the squadron moved in October to Santa Rosa Army Air Field, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0001-0001", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Training in the United States\nIn December group headquarters and the squadron moved to Oakland Municipal Airport, while the other squadrons of the group were at other locations in northern California. The squadron moved temporarily to Tonopah Army Air Field, Nevada, where it performed dive bombing and gunnery training. Training accidents with the Bell P-39 Airacobra cost several pilots their lives. In January 1944, as it prepared for overseas movement, the 393d was beefed up with personnel from the 328th and 368th Fighter Groups. The squadron staged through Camp Shanks, and sailed for England aboard the SS\u00a0Duchess of Bedford. The \"Drunken Duchess\" docked at Greenock, Scotland on 3 April and the group was transported by train to its airfield at RAF Stoney Cross, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0002-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nHaving trained on single engine aircraft, the squadrons's pilots were surprised to find Lockheed P-38 Lightnings sitting on Stoney Cross's dispersal pads. Only members of the advance party had any experience flying the Lightning. These pilots had flown combat sorties with the 55th Fighter Group. The change from single engine to twin engine aircraft required considerable retraining for both pilots and ground crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 97], "content_span": [98, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0002-0001", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nAlthough some pilots entered combat with as little as eight hours of flying time on the P-38, in late April the squadron was reinforced by pilots who had trained on the Lightning in the States and were more experienced on the type. However, the lack of instrument training in the P-38 took its toll on the 393d as weather, not enemy action, caused the loss of pilots and airplanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 97], "content_span": [98, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0003-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nOn 9 May, the squadron flew its first combat mission, a fighter sweep over Alen\u00e7on. For the remainer of the month, the unit flew fighter sweeps, bomber escort and dive bombing, missions and suffered its first combat losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 97], "content_span": [98, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0004-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nOn D-Day and the next three days the squadron flew missions maintaining air cover over shipping carrying invasion troops. These missions continued for the next three days. The 393d and other P-38 units stationed in England were selected for these missions with the expectation that the distinctive silhouette of the Lightning would prevent potential friendly fire incidents by anti-aircraft gunners mistaking them for enemy fighters. Shortly after the Normandy invasion, on 12 June, the 367th Group was selected to test the ability of the P-38 to carry a 2,000 lb bomb under each wing. The selected target was a railroad yard, and results were mixed. However, on this mission, the squadron scored its first air-to-air victory when Lts James Pinkerton and James Mason teamed up to shoot down a Messerschmitt Me 410 flying near the assigned target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 97], "content_span": [98, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0005-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nBy mid June German ground forces had withdrawn to defend a perimeter around Cherbourg, a major port whose capture had become more important to the allies with the destruction of Mulberry A, one of the artificial harbors constructed near the Normandy beachhead. An attack by VII Corps on 22 June was to be preceded by low level bombing and strafing attack by IX Fighter Command. Briefed by intelligence to expect a \"milk run\" The 394th flew at low altitude through what turned out to be a heavily defended area. Within two to three minutes after beginning the attack the squadron lost five pilots. Seven group pilots were killed in action. Nearly all surviving aircraft received battle damage and the entire 367th Group was out of action for several days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 97], "content_span": [98, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0006-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nNinth Air Force moved its medium bomber forces to bases closer to the Continent in July, so they would be able to strike targets near the expanding front in France. The 387th Bombardment Group was moved to Stoney Cross, forcing the 394th to vacate their station and move the short distance to RAF Ibsley. From Ibsley the group struck railroads, marshaling yards, and trains to prevent enemy reinforcements from reaching the front during Operation Cobra, the Allied breakthrough at Saint-L\u00f4 in July 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 97], "content_span": [98, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0007-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nStarting on 19 July, the 367th Group's forward echelon crossed the English Channel to take up stations in Normandy. Group headquarters shared Beuzeville Airfield with the 371st Fighter Group, while the 393d Squadron was at Cricqueville Airfield, advanced landing grounds made from pierced steel planking. After the breakout of ground forces in the Saint-L\u00f4 area, the squadron concentrated on close air support of General Patton's Third Army. In late August, the squadron attacked German Seventh Army convoys which, to prevent being surrounded, were withdrawing eastward from the Falaise pocket. Five convoys and 100 Tiger Tanks were destroyed on one day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 97], "content_span": [98, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0008-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nOn 22 August the group attacked three Luftwaffe airfields near Laon. The 392d Fighter Squadron dive bombed and destroyed two hangars on one airfield but were jumped by twelve Focke-Wulf Fw 190s as they completed their attack. Eighteen Messerschmitt Me 109s and Fw 190s engaged the 393d as it reformed from its dive bomb run. After bombing its target, the 394th Fighter Squadron turned to reinforce the 392d. The squadrons of the 367th Group claimed fourteen enemy aircraft in total against a loss of one Lightning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 97], "content_span": [98, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0009-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nThe 393d received a Distinguished Unit Citation when it returned to the Laon area three days later. That day, the 367th Group attacked Luftwaffe airfields at Clastres, P\u00e9ronne and Rosi\u00e8res-en-Haye through an intense flak barrage. The group then engaged more than thirty Focke-Wulf 190 fighters that had just taken off. Group claims were 25 enemy aircraft destroyed, one probably destroyed and 17 damaged against the loss of 6 group aircraft. Then, despite a low fuel supply, the unit strafed a train and convoy after leaving the scene of battle. Captain Larry Blumer of the 393d destroyed five enemy aircraft becoming an ace on one mission. In the afternoon the squadron conducted a long range fighter sweep of more than 800 miles to airfields in the Dijon-Bordeaux area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 97], "content_span": [98, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0010-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nAs Allied forces moved forward across France the squadron began leap-frogging to new bases. In early September they relocated at Peray Airfield, but moved again a week later to Clastres Airfield. From Clastres The 393d supported Operation Market-Garden by escorting troop carrier aircraft and attacking flak positions. For its attacks that fall, the squadron was cited in the Order of the Day by the Belgium Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 97], "content_span": [98, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0011-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nIn late October, as Ninth Air Force brought its medium bombers to bases in France, the 393d was bumped from its station for the second time by the 387th Bombardment Group, when it moved to Juvincourt Airfield, north of Reims. Juvincourt was a former Luftwaffe base with permanent facilities, in contrast to the advanced landing grounds where the squadron had been based since moving to France. The squadron attacked German strong points to aid the Allied push against the Siegfried Line throughout the fall of 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 97], "content_span": [98, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0012-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, P-38 transition and combat operations from England\nThe German Ardennes Offensive occurred as the holidays approached. A planned move to a field in Belgium was canceled. During the Battle of the Bulge, the 394th, after escorting C-47s on a resupply drop to encircled troops at Bastogne, conducted an armed reconnaissance of the Trier area. The group was engaged by Fw 190s and a 40-minute air battle ensued in which the group claimed eight destroyed, two probably destroyed and nine damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 97], "content_span": [98, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0013-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nEarly in 1945 a desire to standardize the fighter-bombers in Ninth Air Force, the squadron transitioned into Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. Pilots flew Lightings on combat missions while training at the same time with the Thunderbolt. The 393d was the first squadron of the 367th Group to fly a combat missions with the P-47s. Using the Thunderbolt the squadron was again cited in a Belgium Army Order of the Day, earning the Belgian Fourragere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0014-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nThe 393d received a second Distinguished Unit Citation for action on 19 March 1945. The 367th Group's target was the headquarters of Field Marshal Kesselring, the German Commander-ln-Chief, West, at Ziegenburg near Bad Nauheim, Germany. Aircraft of the leading 394th Fighter Squadron would attack at low level to achieve surprise, carrying a 1,000-pound bomb under each wing. The P-47s of the 392d Fighter Squadron would be similarly armed, but would dive bomb from a higher altitude. The bombs were equipped with time-delay fuses intended to crack the concrete roofs of the bunker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0014-0001", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nThe 393d carried napalm intended to seep into the bunkers and burn what remained. The attack was scheduled for a time that intelligence reports indicated would find senior staff and commanders at lunch, the only time they would not be in the reinforced tunnels underneath the castle that housed the headquarters. The target was located in mountainous terrain well defended by antiaircraft artillery. Moreover, to avoid alerting the Germans to the pending attack, photographic reconnaissance aircraft had avoided the area, so detailed target photography was not available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0014-0002", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nThe day of the attack the castle was concealed by ground haze which caused the 394th Fighter Squadron to stray off course at the last minute, preventing them from executing the attack as planned and reducing the element of surprise. Although senior German officers reached the underground bunkers and survived the attack, the group reduced the military complex to ruins, disrupting communications and the flow of intelligence at a critical time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0015-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt\nThe squadron struck tanks, trucks, flak positions, and other objectives in support of the assault across the Rhine late in March and the final allied operations in Germany. It was commended by the commanding generals of XII Corps and the 11th Armored Division for the close air support the unit provided for their commands. On 10 April the squadron moved to Eschborn Airfield on the northwest side of Frankfurt, Germany. The 393d flew its last combat mission, a defensive patrol, one year after entering combat on 8 May. During its combat tour, the squadron was credited with 22.5 air-to-air victories over enemy aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0016-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Return to the United States and inactivation\nAll hostilities ceased the following day, exactly one year after the squadron became operational. On 4 June, the 367th Group led a flyby for General Weyland. On 1 July it was announced the 393d was to redeploy to the Pacific Theater after it was re-equipped with and trained with long range P-47Ns in preparation for Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan. The squadron moved to Camp Detroit in France then to a staging area near Marseille. Here it boarded two ships, the USS\u00a0General C. G. Morton, and the USNS\u00a0John Ericsson (T-AO-194).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0016-0001", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II, Return to the United States and inactivation\nWhen Japan surrendered, the Morton was diverted to Newport News, Virginia, while the Ericcson sailed for Staten Island, New York. Following leave for everyone, the few personnel that remained in the squadron after transfers and discharges reassembled at Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina, on 2 November and the 393d was inactivated there on 7 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 91], "content_span": [92, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0017-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard\nThe wartime 393d Fighter Squadron was redesignated the 179th Fighter Squadron and was allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Duluth Municipal Airport and was extended federal recognition on 17 September 1948. The squadron was equipped with North American F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the 133d Fighter Group at Wold-Chamberlain Field, Minneapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0018-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nOn 1 March 1951, the 179th was federalized and brought to active duty due to the Korean War. Shortly after activation it was redesignated the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and became part of Air Defense Command. On active duty it assumed an air defense mission and initially remained assigned to the 133d Fighter-Interceptor Group at Duluth Municipal Airport. However, ADC experienced difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. As a result, in February 1952 the 133d Group was inactivated and the squadron was reassigned to the 31st Air Division. The squadron was inactivated and returned to the control of the State of Minnesota on 1 December 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 84], "content_span": [85, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0019-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe unit was organized by 1 January 1953 and ADC became its gaining command upon call to active duty. It resumed its peacetime training mission. The squadron upgraded in 1954 to the radar equipped Lockheed F-94 Starfire all-weather interceptor, armed with 20 millimeter cannon. With this new aircraft, the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron became an all-weather interceptor unit. In 1957, the 179th again upgraded to the improved Northrop F-89C Scorpion then in 1959, the unit converted to the F-89J model of the Scorpion, which was not only equipped with data link for interception control through the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system, but which carried the nuclear armed AIR-2 Genie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0020-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Cold War\nOn 1 July 1960, the 179th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 148th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established along with supporting squadrons. The 179th became the new group's flying squadron. The other squadrons assigned to the group were the 148th Material Squadron, 148th Air Bse Squadron and the 148th USAF Dispensary. The same day, the squadron assumed a 24-hour air defense alert status at Duluth alongside the regular Air Force 11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0021-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1967, the supersonic Convair F-102A Delta Dagger replaced the squadron's F-89J. The McDonnell F-101B Voodoo came aboard in April 1971 and remained until January 1976 when the unit was redesignated, becoming the 179th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron with McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom II Mach-2 unarmed reconnaissance aircraft. Its new mission entailed all weather, high or low altitude, day or night, reconnaissance. This mission also required the unit to have the capability to deploy to a wide variety of operating locations. The 179th TRS deployed seven RF-4Cs to Erding Air Base in West Germany between 3 and 23 August 1979 as part of Exercise Coronet Bridle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0022-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn October 1983, the mission changed again and the 179th returned to air defense becoming the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. The return to alert and air defense was accompanied by the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II tactical fighter, most of the unit's aircraft being veterans of the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0022-0001", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Cold War\nBetween 1 March 1986 and 6 April 1987, three F-4Ds (65-0585, 65-0593 and 65-0648) from the 179th FIS were deployed to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany, alongside Phantoms of the 178th FIS and 194th FIS as part of Exercise Creek Klaxon, which saw the ANG units take QRA responsibilities while the 526th TFS converted to the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 71], "content_span": [72, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0023-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Post-Cold War\nOn 10 March 1990, the 179th FIS received the first variants of the F-16A Fighting Falcon air defense fighter (ADF) to take over from the F-4D Phantom II. The early F-16 markings included \"Duluth\" on a tail stripe as well as an image of the Big Dipper. The last flight of a 179th FIS F-4D was under taken by 65-0608 on 17 April 1990. On 17 March 1992, the 179th was renamed the 179th Fighter Squadron. A few years later, in October 1995, the unit was tasked with maintaining a detachment (Detachment 1, 148th Fighter Wing), which maintained alert status at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0024-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Post-Cold War\nTo fit the needs of a shrinking air force, the squadron dropped the air superiority role and became a general purpose tactical fighter squadron. Already proficient in the air-to-air mission, the 179th had to be brought up to speed with both using guided and unguided bombs. Live bombs were dropped for the first time in March 2000 during a training exercise. Due to the role change, the squadron's base facilities also had to be renovated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0025-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Post-Cold War\nOn 11 September 2001, the squadron became very busy as a result of the attack on the two World Trade Center towers in New York City. As an immediate aftermath, the 148th was again tasked with air defense, providing combat air patrols over the capital and New York City, and with deploying personnel and aircraft back to its detached alert facility at Tyndall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0026-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Post-Cold War\nTowards the end of 2003 the Bulldogs began conversion to the F-16C/D block 25. Most F-16A/Bs were retired straight to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center. During the course of the conversion, Detachment 1 at Tyndall was discontinued. With the newer Fighting Falcons, the squadron began combat deployments, sometimes operating as an expeditionary fighter squadron. As part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 179th was one of the first F-16 units to be based in Balad Air Base, Iraq. The 179th deployed more than 200 personnel between April and June 2005. The squadron was tasked with both air-to-air and air-to-ground combat operations. Another deployment to Balad was set up between September and December 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0027-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Post-Cold War\nOn 27 April 2010, the squadron began another conversion being the first Air National Guard unit to operate the block 50 F-16C/D when five aircraft arrived from Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany when 22d and 23d Fighter Squadrons at Spangdahlem were replaced by the 480th Fighter Squadron, with the surplus aircraft going to the 179th. The majority of the block 25s were sent to retirement at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0028-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Post-Cold War\nBetween April and July 2016, the 179th deployed to Osan Air Base, South Korea, as the 179th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, being replaced by the 157th Fighter Squadron. The 179th EFS deployed to Southwest Asia as part of Operation Inherent Resolve between April and August 2018, flying nearly 3,500 hours across over 600 sorties. From 1 to 12 April 2019, the 179th FS deployed to Leeuwarden Air Base in the Netherlands to participate in Exercise Frisian Flag 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 76], "content_span": [77, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019123-0029-0000", "contents": "179th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019124-0000-0000", "contents": "179th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 179th Infantry Regiment (\"Tomahawks\") is an infantry regiment of the United States Army's National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019124-0001-0000", "contents": "179th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nCurrently, the 1st Battalion is the only active battalion in the regiment and is organized as a combined arms battalion under the brigade unit of action table of organization and equipment. The battalion is an organic element of the 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Oklahoma Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019124-0002-0000", "contents": "179th Infantry Regiment (United States), Current units\n1st Battalion is a subordinate unit of the 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, headquartered in Edmond, Oklahoma. The battalion commands six companies. These units are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019124-0003-0000", "contents": "179th Infantry Regiment (United States), Battlefield or campaign honors and awards, Unit Decorations\nAdditionally, the following units are entitled to the Meritorious Unit Citation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0000-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 179th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c179\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 23rd Brigade, 8th Column of the Huabei Military Region Field Force. Its history could be traced to the 23rd Brigade of Taiyue Military District, activated in December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0001-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was part of 60th Corps. Under the flag of the 179th division, it took part in many major battles in the Chinese Civil War, including the Linfen Campaign, Jinzhong Campaign, Taiyuan Campaign, and Chengdu Campaign. The division (then brigade) became the first unit that breached into the city perimeter during the Linfen Campaign, and received the honorific title of Linfen Brigade(Chinese: \u4e34\u6c7e\u65c5) after that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0002-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn March 1951, the division was deployed into Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army along with the 60th Corps. In September 1953, the division left Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0003-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn November 1953, the 559th Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0004-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nFrom April 1960, the division was renamed as the 179th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c179\u5e08). By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0005-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1961, the division was defined as one of the first ten combat alert divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0006-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1961, the 283rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment joined the division from the 181st Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0007-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nFrom July 1962, the division maintained as a northern division, category A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0008-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nFrom June to November 1962, the division was deployed to Fujian Province for counter-invasion operation against the ROC Army. The invasion did not happen and the 179th returned to its barracks in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0009-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nOn September 30, 1967, 283rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment detached from the division to join the newly-activated 9th Tank Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0010-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn August 1969, 566th Artillery Regiment was renamed the Artillery Regiment, 179th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0011-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1985, the division was redesignated as the 179th Infantry Division(Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c179\u5e08) and reconstituted as a northern infantry division, category B. The division was transferred to the 12th Army following 60th Army Corps' disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0012-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1989, 535th Regiment was reconstituted as the Special Security Regiment of the Nanjing Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0013-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1998 the division was reduced and reorganized as the 179th Motorized Infantry Brigade(Chinese: \u6469\u6258\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c179\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0014-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 2017, the brigade was reorganized as the 179th Light Combined Arms Brigade(Chinese: \u8f7b\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c179\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019125-0015-0000", "contents": "179th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe brigade now stations in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, as a maneuvering part of PLA 72nd Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019126-0000-0000", "contents": "179th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 179th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019126-0001-0000", "contents": "179th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized in Elmira, New York and companies were mustered in for one or three year enlistments in April, May, July, and September 1864; it was composed of  companies from Chemung, Steuben, Erie, Tioga, Tompkins  and other Counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019126-0002-0000", "contents": "179th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left the State in detachments throughout 1864; it served in 22nd Corps, from May 1864; in 1st Division, 9th Corps, from June 1864; in 2nd Division, 9th Corps, from September 1864; and was honorably discharged and mustered out June 8, 1865, near Alexandria, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019126-0003-0000", "contents": "179th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 179th proceeded to Washington, D. C., where it served in the summer of 1864 in the performance of garrison duty. In June, it joined Grant's army at Cold Harbor, and took part in the first failed assaults on Petersburg; then went into entrenchments exposed to fire during the siege, daily losing men. The 179th was engaged in the Battle of the Crater, with dozens killed, wounded and missing; it was reduced by severe losses, and reorganized with more losses in the fall. The regiment rendered service during the attack of Fort Stedman in March 1865 and took part in its last battle, the storming of Petersburg in April, with yet more losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019126-0004-0000", "contents": "179th New York Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nDuring its service the regiment lost by death, killed in action, 4 officers, 36 enlisted men; of wounds received in action, 3 officers, 30 enlisted men; of disease and other causes, 118 enlisted men; total, 7 officers, 184 enlisted men; aggregate, 191; of whom 25 enlisted men died in the hands of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0000-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature\nThe 179th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6, 1971, to May 12, 1972, during the thirteenth and fourteenth years of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0001-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1966 by order of the New York Court of Appeals, 57 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned without restrictions regarding county boundaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0002-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, the Communist Party, the Socialist Workers Party, the Socialist Labor Party, a \"Civil Service Independent Party\" and an \"Independent Alliance\" also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0003-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1970, was held on November 3. Governor Nelson Rockefeller and Lieutenant Governor Malcolm Wilson were re-elected, both Republicans. The elections to the other three statewide elective offices resulted in a Republican Attorney General with Liberal endorsement; a Democratic State Comptroller with Liberal endorsement; and a Conservative U.S. Senator with Independent Alliance endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republicans/C.S.I.P. 3,151,000; Democrats/Liberals 2,421,000; Conservatives 423,000; Communists 8,000; Socialist Workers 6,000; and Socialist Labor 4,000. However, Conservative James L. Buckley polled almost 2.3 million votes and was elected to the U.S. Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0004-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThree of the four women members of the previous legislature\u2014Assemblywomen Constance E. Cook (Rep.), a lawyer of Ithaca; Rosemary R. Gunning (Cons. ), a lawyer of Ridgewood, Queens; and Mary Anne Krupsak (Dem. ), a lawyer of Amsterdam\u2014were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0005-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1971, was held on November 2. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Two vacancies in the State Senate and four vacancies in the Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0006-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 194th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1971; and adjourned sine die on June 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0007-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nEarl W. Brydges (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0008-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on December 14, 1971; and adjourned sine die on December 18. This session was called to enact a new apportionment of the state's legislative districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0009-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for another special session at the State Capitol in Albany on December 27, 1971; and adjourned sine die on January 4, 1972. This session was called to consider measures to balance the state's finances, and ended with the enactment of tax increases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0010-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 195th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1972; and adjourned sine die on May 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0011-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn May 9, the Assembly passed a bill to repeal the permissive 1970 abortion law. The bill also passed the Senate, but was vetoed by Governor Rockefeller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0012-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Assemblymen William J. Giordano and Emanuel R. Gold were elected to fill a vacancies in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0013-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0014-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019127-0015-0000", "contents": "179th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019128-0000-0000", "contents": "179th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 179th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 179th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 179th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019128-0001-0000", "contents": "179th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 179th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in for one year service on September 29, 1864, under the command of Colonel Harley H. Sage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019128-0002-0000", "contents": "179th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Post of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XX Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1865. Post of Nashville to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019128-0003-0000", "contents": "179th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 179th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service June 18, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019128-0004-0000", "contents": "179th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Nashville, Tennessee, arriving there October 8. Engaged in post and garrison duty at Nashville, Tenn., October 1864 to June 1865. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019128-0005-0000", "contents": "179th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 80 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019129-0000-0000", "contents": "179th Reserve Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 179th Reserve Panzer Division (German: 179. Reserve-Panzer-Division) of the German army in World War II was formed in July 1943. The division was stationed in France from July 1943 to May 1944 when it was disbanded and absorbed by the 116th Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019130-0000-0000", "contents": "179th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 179th Vitebsk Red Banner Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019130-0001-0000", "contents": "179th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), World War II, Formation\nEstablished at Vilnius on 17 August 1940 as part of the 29th Lithuanian Territorial Rifle Corps on the basis of the 1st Infantry Division of the Lithuanian Army:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019130-0002-0000", "contents": "179th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), World War II, Battles\nWith 29th Rifle Corps of 11th Army on June 22, 1941. Fought at Kalinin, Gomel, and Vitebsk; with 4th Shock Army of the Kurland Group (Leningrad Front) May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019130-0003-0000", "contents": "179th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), After World War II\nIt was reduced to the 27th Rifle Brigade in 1948 at Uralsk. It became a division again in October 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019130-0004-0000", "contents": "179th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), After World War II\nIn 1955, the division became the 4th Rifle Division at Buzuluk in the South Ural Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0000-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company\nThe 179 Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0000-0001", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company\n179th Tunnelling Company is particularly known for its role at L'\u00eelot de La Boisselle and for firing the Lochnagar mine during the Battle of the Somme 1916. The Lochnagar mine formed part of a series of 19 mines that were placed beneath the German lines on the British section of the Somme front to assist the start of the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0001-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0002-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0002-0001", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0002-0002", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0003-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0004-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nThe 179th Tunnelling Company was formed in Third Army area in October 1915 and moved into the Thiepval-La Boisselle sector of the area of the Somme recently taken over by the BEF. In the Somme sector of the Western Front, local but very fierce underground fighting had taken place in the winter of 1914 and spring of 1915 at La Boisselle, Fricourt, Bois Fran\u00e7ais and Carnoy. Fowke moved the 174th and 183rd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0004-0001", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nTunnelling Companies there to relieve the French engineers, but the British did not have enough miners to take over the large number of French shafts and the French agreed to leave their engineers at work for several weeks. To provide the tunnellers needed, the British formed the 178th and 179th Tunnelling Companies in August 1915, followed by the 185th and 252nd Tunnelling Companies in October. The 181st Tunnelling Company was also present on the Somme. Early attempts at mining by the British on the Western Front had commenced in late 1914 in the soft clay and sandy soils of Flanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0004-0002", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nMining at La Boisselle was in chalk, much harder and requiring different techniques. The German advance had been halted at La Boisselle by French troops on 28 September 1914. There was bitter fighting for possession of the village cemetery, and for farm buildings on the south-western edge of the village known as L'\u00eelot de La Boisselle to the French, as Granathof (German: \"shell farm\") to the Germans and later as Glory Hole to the British. In December 1914, French engineers had begun tunnelling beneath the ruins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0004-0003", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nWith the war on the surface at stalemate, both sides continued to probe beneath the opponent's trenches and detonate ever-greater explosive charges. In August 1915, the French and Germans were working at a depth of 12 metres (39\u00a0ft); the size of their charges had reached 3,000 kilograms (6,600\u00a0lb). The British tunnelling companies extended and deepened the system, first to 24 metres (79\u00a0ft) and ultimately 30 metres (98\u00a0ft). Around La Boisselle, the Germans also dug defensive transversal tunnels at a depth of about 80 feet (24 metres), parallel to the front line. No man's land at L'\u00eelot was very narrow, at one point about 46 metres (50\u00a0yd) wide, and had become pockmarked by many chalk craters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0005-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nIn October 1915, the 179th Tunnelling Company began to sink a series of deep shafts in an attempt to forestall German miners who were approaching beneath the British front line. At W Shaft they went down from 9.1 metres (30\u00a0ft) to 24 metres (80\u00a0ft) and began to drive two counter-mine tunnels towards the Germans. From the right-hand gallery the sounds of German digging grew steadily louder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0005-0001", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nOn 19 November 1915, 179th Tunnelling Company's commander, Captain Henry Hance, estimated that the Germans were 15 yards away and ordered the mine chamber to be loaded with 2,700 kilograms (6,000\u00a0lb) of explosive. This was completed by midnight from 20\u201321 November. At 1.30 am on 22 November, the Germans blew their charge, filling the remaining British tunnels with carbon monoxide. Both the right and left tunnels were collapsed, and it was later found that the German blow had detonated the British charge. The wrecked tunnels were gradually re-opened, but about thirty bodies still lie in the tunnels beneath La Boisselle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0006-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nAt the start of the Battle of Albert (1\u201313 July), the name given by the British to the first two weeks of the Battle of the Somme, La Boisselle stood on the main axis of British attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0006-0001", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nThe tunnelling companies were to make two major contributions to the Allied preparations by placing 19 large and small mines beneath the German positions along the front line and by preparing a series of shallow Russian saps from the British front line into no man's land, which would be opened at zero hour and allow the infantry to attack the German positions from a comparatively short distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0007-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nRussian saps in front of Thiepval, Ovillers and La Boisselle were the task of 179th Tunnelling Company. In the front section allocated to the 36th (Ulster) Division, ten saps were run from the British lines into no-man's land north-east of Thiepval Wood. The intention was for each of the ten tunnels to house two mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0008-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nAt La Boisselle, four mines were prepared by the Royal Engineers: Two charges (known as No 2 straight and No 5 right) were planted at L'\u00eelot at the end of galleries dug from Inch Street Trench by the 179th Tunnelling Company, intended to wreck German tunnels and create crater lips to block enfilade fire along no man's land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0008-0001", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nAs the Germans in La Boisselle had fortified the cellars of ruined houses, and cratered ground made a direct infantry assault on the village impossible, two further mines, known as Y Sap and Lochnagar after the trenches from which they were dug, were laid on the north-east and the south-east of La Boisselle to assist the attack on either side of the German salient in the village \u2013 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0009-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nThe 185th Tunnelling Company started work on the Lochnagar mine on 11 November 1915 and handed the tunnels over to 179th Tunnelling Company in March 1916. A month before the handover, 18 men of the 185th Tunnelling Company (2 officers, 16 sappers) were killed on 4 February when the Germans detonated a camouflet near the British three-level mine system, starting from Inch Street, La Boisselle, the deepest level being just above the water table at around 30 metres (100\u00a0ft). The Lochnagar mine consisted of two chambers with a shared access tunnel (see map).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0009-0001", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nThe shaft was sunk in the communication trench called \"Lochnagar Street\". After the Black Watch had arrived at La Boissselle at the end of July 1915, many existing Allied fortifications, originally dug by the French, had been given Scotland-related names. The Lochnagar mine probably had the first deep incline shaft, which sloped 1:2\u20131:3 to a depth of about 29 metres (95\u00a0ft) \u2013   26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. It was begun 91 metres (300\u00a0ft) behind the British front line and 270 metres (900\u00a0ft) away from the German front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0009-0002", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nStarting from the inclined shaft, about 15 metres (50\u00a0ft) below ground, a gallery was driven towards the German lines. For silence, the tunnellers used bayonets with spliced handles and worked barefoot on a floor covered with sandbags. Flints were carefully prised out of the chalk and laid on the floor; if the bayonet was manipulated two-handed, an assistant caught the dislodged material. Spoil was placed in sandbags and passed hand-by-hand, along a row of miners sitting on the floor and stored along the side of the tunnel, later to be used to tamp the charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0009-0003", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nWhen about 41 metres (135\u00a0ft) from the Schwabenh\u00f6he, the tunnel was forked into two branches and the end of each branch was enlarged to form a chamber for the explosives, the chambers being about 18 metres (60\u00a0ft) apart and 16 metres (52\u00a0ft) deep \u2013 . When finished, the access tunnel for the Lochnagar mine was 1.37 by 0.76 metres (4.5\u00a0ft \u00d7\u00a02.5\u00a0ft) and had been excavated at a rate of about 46 centimetres (18\u00a0in) per day, until about 310 metres (1,030\u00a0ft) long, with the galleries beneath the Schwabenh\u00f6he.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0009-0004", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nThe mine was loaded with 27,000 kilograms (60,000\u00a0lb) of ammonal, divided in two charges of 16,000 kilograms (36,000\u00a0lb) and 11,000 kilograms (24,000\u00a0lb). As the chambers were not big enough to hold all the explosive, the tunnels that branched to form the 'Y' were also filled with ammonal. The longer branch was 18 metres (60\u00a0ft) long, the shorter was 12 metres (40\u00a0ft) long. The tunnels did not quite reach the German front line but the blast would dislodge enough material to form a 4.6 metres (15\u00a0ft) high rim and bury nearby trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0010-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nThe tunnel for the Y Sap mine underneath the German trenches overlooking Mash Valley just north of La Boisselle started in the British front line near where it crossed the D 929 Albert\u2013Bapaume road, but because of German underground defences it could not be dug in a straight line. About 460 metres (500\u00a0yd) were dug into no man's land, before it turned right for about another 460 metres (500\u00a0yd). About 18,000 kilograms (40,000\u00a0lb) of ammonal was placed in the chamber beneath the Y Sap mine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0010-0001", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nThe Lochnagar and the Y Sap mines were \"overcharged\" to ensure that large rims were formed from the disturbed ground. Communication tunnels were also dug for use immediately after the first attack but were little used in the end. The mines were laid without interference by German miners but as the explosives were placed, German miners could be heard below Lochnagar and above the Y Sap mine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0011-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nAt one place in particular our men swore they thought he [the German enemy] was coming through, so we stopped driving forward and commenced to chamber in double shifts. We did not expect to complete it before he blew, but we did. A chamber 12' x 6' x 6' in 24 hours. The Germans worked for a shift more than we did and then stopped. They knew we had chambered and were afraid we should blow and no more work was done there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0011-0001", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nI used to hate going to listen in that chamber more than any other place in the mine. Half an hour, sometimes once sometimes three times a day, in deadly silence with the geophone to your ears, wondering whether the sound you heard was the Boche working silently or your own heart beating. God knows how we kept our nerves and judgement. After the Somme attack when we surveyed the German mines and connected up to our own system, with the theodolite we found that we were 5 feet apart, and that he had only started his chamber and then stopped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0012-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nThe four mines at La Boisselle were detonated at 7:28 a.m. on 1 July 1916, the first day on the Somme. The explosion of the Lochnagar mine was initiated by Captain James Young of the 179th Tunnelling Company, who pressed the switches and observed that the firing had been successful. The two charges of the Lochnagar mine created a single, vast, smooth sided, flat bottom crater measuring some 220 feet (67 metres) diameter excluding the lip, and 450 feet (137 metres) across the full extent of the lip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0012-0001", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nIt had obliterated between 300 and 400 feet (91 and 122 metres) of the German dug-outs, all said to have been full of German troops. At the time, the Lochnagar mine, along with the Y Sap mine, were the largest mines ever detonated. The sound of the blast was considered the loudest man-made noise in history up to that point, with reports suggesting it was heard in London. They would be surpassed a year later by the mines in the Battle of Messines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0013-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nDespite their colossal size, the Lochnagar and Y Sap mines failed to help sufficiently neutralise the German defences in La Boisselle. The ruined village was meant to fall in 20 minutes, but by the end of the first day of the battle, it had not been taken while the III Corps divisions had lost more than 11,000 casualties. At Mash Valley, the attackers lost 5,100 men before noon, and at Sausage Valley near the crater of the Lochnagar mine, there were over 6,000 casualties \u2013 the highest concentration on the entire battlefield. The III Corps' 34th Division suffered the worst losses of any unit that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0014-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nIn spring of 1917, the 179th Tunnelling Company moved to the Ypres Canal sector near Boezinge where it commenced work on dugouts. The BEF had decided to carry out all operations in the offensive of summer 1917 from deep dugouts. East of the Ypres Canal in the close vicinity of Boezinge there were several dugouts, seven of which were finished by the 173rd or 179th Tunnelling Company. Of these, Yorkshire Trench, Butt 18, Nile Trench and Heading Lane Dugout were double battalion headquarters, Bridge 6 was a brigade headquarters, and Lancashire Farm Dugout contained two battalion and two brigade headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0014-0001", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Ypres Salient\nThe condition of the ground made digging the deep dugouts extremely difficult and dangerous. Work had to be carried out silently and secretly, facing an observant enemy who was only a few hundred metres away. About 180 dugout sites have been located in the Ypres Salient and in the 1990s some of them were entered, at least in part. Yorkshire Trench and its dugout were rediscovered by amateur archaeologists and systematically excavated in 1998. Although the area is now part of a large industrial estate, the location was opened to the public in 2003 (). Yorkshire Trench is located close to the John McCrae memorial site at Essex Farm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0015-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, La Bass\u00e9e\nDuring the winter of 1917\u201318 the company was in the La Bass\u00e9e sector, engaged in defensive tunnel warfare and in constructing deep concrete dugouts in the support line (the 'Village Line') in cooperation with 42nd (East Lancashire) Divisional Engineers. These defences enabled 55th (West Lancashire) Division to hold its ground during the subsequent German spring offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0016-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, La Bass\u00e9e\nOnce the front had stabilised after the German offensive, British engineers began digging stronger defences. Sections of 179th Tunnelling Co assisted the field companies of 42nd (EaL) Divisional Engineers in digging deep dugouts in the H\u00e9buterne sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019131-0017-0000", "contents": "179th Tunnelling Company, In popular culture\nThomas Shelby, protagonist of the popular BBC drama Peaky Blinders, was said to have served as a tunneller in the 179th Tunnelling Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019132-0000-0000", "contents": "179th meridian east\nThe meridian 179\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019132-0001-0000", "contents": "179th meridian east\nThe 179th meridian east forms a great circle with the 1st meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019132-0002-0000", "contents": "179th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 179th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019133-0000-0000", "contents": "179th meridian west\nThe meridian 179\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019133-0001-0000", "contents": "179th meridian west\nThe 179th meridian west forms a great circle with the 1st meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019133-0002-0000", "contents": "179th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 179th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019134-0000-0000", "contents": "17:28\n17:28 was a boy band in the Philippines active during the early 2000s (decade). Though known as a boy band, they considered themselves more of a vocal group. The group had four members: Gian Magdangal, Jonard Yanzon, Chino Alfonso and Wackie Valdes. The group was formed when all four members were in their college days, such as that of Gian being from La Salle, Chino being from Ateneo, and Wackie being an alumnus of UP Diliman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019134-0001-0000", "contents": "17:28\nAfter the band was formed, producer Vic Del Rosario discovered them while they were performing in a live bar gig. Since then, the group adopted the name 17:28 as a reference to verse 17:28 of the Biblical Book of Acts of the Apostles, For in him, we live, move and have our being. And as some of your own poets have said, we are His offspring. They chose the name since all of the members were devout Roman Catholics as they agreed on that decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019134-0002-0000", "contents": "17:28\nIn 2002, though yet without an album, the boys continued performing in various bars and made opening-act guest appearances in concerts of famous Filipino artists. The band specialized in Pop, RnB, and even Gospel music which highlighted their vocal harmony as a group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019134-0003-0000", "contents": "17:28\nFinally in 2003, the band released their self-titled debut album, 17:28 with 18-tracks from Star Music. The album featured tracks such as \"Sukob Na\" (a 2002 Rainy Station ID of ABS-CBN 2), \"Come Breathe Me\", and \"Natutulog Ba Ang Diyos? \", which were mostly used as theme songs for ABS-CBN shows. Later that year, Wackie Valdes left the band citing his priorities in his studies. Thus, only three members remain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019134-0004-0000", "contents": "17:28\nIn early 2004, Viva Records released their second album titled Cozy, a 12-track CD composed of pop ballads and RnB tunes. It featured carrier singles including \"S.H.B.G. \", \"Sana Muli\", and \"Close Your Eyes\", which were mostly written by the band members themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019134-0005-0000", "contents": "17:28\nBefore 2005, the band publicly announced their split. Members of the defunct band have encountered different paths in life soon after: Jonard Yanzon migrated to the U.S., Chino Alfonso and Wackie Valdes became working professionals, while Gian Magdangal is pursuing a comeback to the entertainment business as he joined talent contest Philippine Idol and reached the top 3 grand finals show of the internationally franchised television program, he's recently performed at Hong Kong Disneyland, now recently a TV actor for an action series Ang Probinsyano in 2018 up to 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019134-0006-0000", "contents": "17:28\nSelf Titled played one more concert in their hometown, before breaking up again and permanently on 2 February 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019135-0000-0000", "contents": "17A\nThe 17A protests were a series of massive demonstrations in Argentina which took place on August 17, 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, for several causes, among which: the defense of institutions and separation of powers, against a justice reform announced by the government, against the way quarantine was handled, the lack of liberty, the increase in theft, and a raise on state pensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019135-0001-0000", "contents": "17A\nThe main protest was in the Buenos Aires Obelisk. Demonstrations were also held in other parts of the city, such as Cabildo and Juramento (a main intersection in Belgrano), in front of the department of Cristina Kirchner (in Recoleta), and in other cities: C\u00f3rdoba, Santa Fe, Mendoza, Tucum\u00e1n, Mar del Plata, Lomas de Zamora, Adrogu\u00e9, Avellaneda (Santa Fe), Viedma. Protests were also held in Punta del Este, Uruguay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019135-0002-0000", "contents": "17A\nThe protests were organised mainly through social networks, by accounts that oppose the government, but with a nonpartisan focus, since no political party claimed the protests, and neither any party emblems were seen in the protests. Still, some politicians who oppose the government took part in the protests as private citizens, such as Patricia Bullrich, the leader of the PRO party. The government of the time accused the participants of being \"anti-quarantine\" and mocking the pandemic containment efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019135-0003-0000", "contents": "17A, Causes\nOn March 12th, 2020, a strict lockdown was established across Argentina. This, at first, caused a spike in the positive image of President Alberto Fern\u00e1ndez during March. Several causes made it went down over the following months of \"preventive and mandatory isolation\", reaching in August a record-low positive image since the start of the lockdown measures. Opinion Polls showed a sharp decline in economic expectations of the population, primarily in the future employment and prices expectations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019135-0004-0000", "contents": "17A, Causes\nPeople who approved the handle of the pandemic went from a 91.7% in March to a 62.4% in June, while disapproval went from a 5.5% in March to a 35.8% in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019135-0005-0000", "contents": "17A, Causes\nOn the 9th of July, protesters rallied against the government on the Buenos Aires Obelisk and in several other points of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019135-0006-0000", "contents": "17A, Causes\nOn the 30th of July, the President sent the Congress a Bill for Justice Reform with the objective, according to Fern\u00e1ndez, of being able to \"better organize the Federal Justice and overcoming the crisis affecting the credibility and well-function of the Federal Criminal Justice. This project foresaw the unification of Criminal and Economic Justice and the creation of 23 new courts, what would dilute the influence of the country's 12 federal judges, as well as the merger of appeal courts and imposing several new procedure rules for Federal Judges. Also, an Advisory Board was created to propose reforms on the Supreme Court and the Council of Magistracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019135-0007-0000", "contents": "17A, Causes\nIn August, negative image of Alberto Fernandez surpassed, for the first time, the positive one. Only one poll, conducted by the state-owned UBA School of Social Sciences, showed a larger positive than negative image on the President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019135-0008-0000", "contents": "17A, Causes\nIn the Buenos Aires Province, primarily the Greater Buenos Aires, an increase in crimes committed by people with no previous record was seen, qualified as \"survival crime\" by the Minister of Security of the province, Sergio Berni. This increase on crime was heavily covered by mass media and was one of the protesters claims. The National Ministry of Security, Sabina Frederic, stated: \"The are not so much robberies  [...] we are seeing violence acts during crime happening, which are being alerted, mainly, by mass media, which make them visible and follow-up the cases\". After this statements, the Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers (Santiago Cafiero) added: \"What I know is what the Ministry of Security, Frederic, is proposing according to a statistics comparing with the last year. Now, comparing with March, there are there are obviously more cases\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019135-0009-0000", "contents": "17A, Causes\nBy the 17th of August, the day protests took place, the lockdown measures (officially known as \"preventive and mandatory social isolation\") had been on for 151 days in both the City of Buenos Aires and its Greater Area, while most of the rest of the country had went to a less-strict phase called Social Distancing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019136-0000-0000", "contents": "17K-AM\n17K-AM was the name of a two-stage-to-orbit russian orbital launch vehicle projected in 1993, proposed by the Russian Air Force and to be constructed by Chelomey. It didn't pass the phase of study. The vehicle was to be composed by a Horizontal takeoff, horizontal landing launch stage with a spaceplane mounted on it that would reach orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0000-0000", "contents": "17LIVE\n17 Live is a global live social entertainment platform, operating in eight different markets across the continents.\u2019", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0001-0000", "contents": "17LIVE\nThe business was first founded in Taiwan in 2015 by Jeffery Huang. The company has maintained its leading position since its entry into the Japan market in 2017, becoming the biggest platform for live entertainment in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and other countries. The platform now has more than 46K contracted artist globally, attracting more than 2million active users monthly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0002-0000", "contents": "17LIVE\nAlongside its success, 17 Live has also encountered some headwinds throughout the years. Most notably was the unsuccessful US IPO attempt in 2018. Since then, the company has furthered affirmed its ambition to reform and transform the business. Some key initiatives include the hiring of current CEO Hirofumi Ono, spin-off of Paktor (dating software business unit), full buy-out of founder Jeffery Huang, acquisition of MEME and HandsUp, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0003-0000", "contents": "17LIVE\n17 Live now is the #3 live broadcasting platform globally, formed by its flagship live stream app 17LIVE (LIVIT in English markets), MEME Live and live stream e-commerce platforms HandsUP and FBBuy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0004-0000", "contents": "17LIVE, History\n17 Media (Now 17Live) was founded by Jeffery Huang 2015 in Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0005-0000", "contents": "17LIVE, History\nIn 2017, 17 Media closed out US$33M in series B  round to merge with dating software Paktor, as well as to enter the Japan and Hong Kong market. Within one year, 17 Media became the #1 market leader in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0006-0000", "contents": "17LIVE, History\nIn 2018, the company raised $25M in series C round as it got ready for US IPO, which failed to materialize. Despite the failed IPO attempt, the company continued to push for international expansion, including creating \u2018LIVIT\u2019 for the English-speaking markets to enter US, India, and North Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0007-0000", "contents": "17LIVE, History\nIn 2019, 17's flagship live streaming app reached 10M downloads in Japan, and the business continues to push for both organic and inorganic expansion. Some key M&A highlights in the year include the acquisition of MEME Live in Southeast Asia, as well as HandsUp, a live e-commerce platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0008-0000", "contents": "17LIVE, History\nIn 2020, M17 closed out $26.5M in Series D round to continue organic growth in Japan, US and Middle East. In the same year, the company also sold its dating app business, Parktor, to rationalise M17 into a live-stream pure play business, followed by the appointment of its current Global CEO, Hirofumi Ono. With the buy-out and departure of founder Jeff Huang, the parent holding company M17 Entertainment Limited officially renamed as 17 Live Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0009-0000", "contents": "17LIVE, Features\nOn 17LIVE, artists (LIVERs) are able to broadcast live, and post photos and videos from their album. The app has been designed for LIVERs to simply open the App, and start sharing contents without the need to edit or professionally curate their videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0010-0000", "contents": "17LIVE, Features\nThe platform cultivates LIVERs, supports them with a local content management team, and provides artists with various functions, such as real time chatting, gifting, fan clubs, interactive competition and events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0011-0000", "contents": "17LIVE, Features\nToday, 17LIVE has 46 thousands contracted artists and more than 2.3 million MAU, who spend 44 minutes on the platform everyday. 17LIVE continues to advocate content-driven philosophy and delivers diverse topics, from politics and music to entertainment, to broaden its audience groups. 17LIVE also hosts offline flash events and concerts to attract new users and support LIVERs better connect with their fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0012-0000", "contents": "17LIVE, Operation\nThe app provides few monetization models for LIVERs on the platform, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0013-0000", "contents": "17LIVE, Operation\nGifting: user / fans buy virtual gifts on the app to send to their favored LIVERs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0014-0000", "contents": "17LIVE, Operation\nSubscription: monthly subscription fan club service for access to exclusive content", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019137-0015-0000", "contents": "17LIVE, Operation\nIn the past, 17LIVE has encountered some regulatory headwinds with reported incidents of inappropriate livestream content on the platform. The incidents were direct results of the lack of oversight and supervision capability in place in the business at the time. Over the years, 17LIVE claims to have put in tremendous manpower and effort into improving, monitoring and maintaining control over both the live stream content and the KYC procedures and systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0000-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles\nThe 17pdr SP Achilles (officially 17 pounder, Self-Propelled, Achilles) was a British variant of the American M10 tank destroyer armed with the British Ordnance QF 17 pounder high-velocity 76.2\u00a0mm (3-inch) anti-tank gun in place of the M10's considerably less powerful 3-inch (76.2 mm) Gun M7. A total of 1,100 M10s were converted to Achilles, making it the second most numerous armoured fighting vehicle to carry the 17 pounder gun, behind the Sherman Firefly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0001-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles\nThe name \"Achilles\" was officially a designation applied to both the 3\" gun and 17 pounder versions (as Achilles I/II and Achilles Ic/IIc respectively) but was little used during the Second World War; at the time, the vehicle was called 17pdr M10, or 17pdr SP M10, or even occasionally, \"Firefly\". It has since become identified almost exclusively with the 17 pounder version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0002-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Origins\nIn the wake of Germany's successful 1939\u201341 campaigns, US armor doctrine had incorporated the idea of fast, lightly armoured vehicles carrying high-velocity anti-tank guns as the best way to deal with the fast-moving spearheads of the German Blitzkrieg. The M10 was based on the chassis of the M4 Sherman but carried thinner although more sloped armor in order to comply with the high-speed requirement for the tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0002-0001", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Origins\nAt the same time, the British had been examining the possibility of designing a low-silhouette self-propelled anti-tank gun, preferably with a 360-degree traversing turret, with armour that would be able to resist the German 5 cm KwK 39 gun fitted to German tanks at 800 yards and mounting the 17 pounder anti-tank gun. However, with the arrival of the M10 on the battlefield in late 1942, British plans for a turreted self-propelled gun were cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0003-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Origins\nDuring the North African campaign, the British did use self-propelled AT guns such as 6-pdr Sexton. The Valentine tank chassis was fitted with the 17pdr and to create the Archer which was used later in north-west Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0004-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Origins\nThe armour of the M10 provided good protection against the 50 mm mounted on most German tanks and anti-tank guns. The M10 was first made available to the British in 1943. These vehicles were open-topped and mounted a 3-inch (76.2 mm) M7 American gun, which was significantly more powerful than the Ordnance QF 6 pounder that was mounted on British tanks of the period and was of equal power to the 7.5\u00a0cm KwK 40 used by the Panzer IV and Sturmgesch\u00fctz III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0005-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Design\nThe 17 pdr SP Achilles was basically a modified M10, the principal difference being the gun. The main armament of the Achilles was the Ordnance QF 17 pounder, a substantially more powerful gun than the 3 in (76.2\u00a0mm) M7 mounted on the standard M10. The single top-mounted .50 caliber M2 Browning heavy machine gun was retained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0006-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Design\nThe 17 pounder mounted on the Achilles was able to penetrate some 140\u00a0mm of armour at 500\u00a0m (550\u00a0yd) and 131\u00a0mm at 1,000\u00a0m (1,100\u00a0yd) using standard Armour Piercing, Capped, Ballistic Capped (APCBC) ammunition impacting at a 30-degree angle. When supplied, Armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS) ammunition could penetrate some 209\u00a0 mm (8 inches) of armor at 500 meters and 192\u00a0 mm at 1,000 meters at a 30-degree angle, though the accuracy of the APDS round was poor during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0006-0001", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Design\nIn comparison, the M7 gun on the standard M10 using the same type of ammunition (APCBC) would penetrate 98\u00a0 mm of armor at 500 m at a 30-degree angle, and 88\u00a0 mm of armor at 1,000 meters at a 30-degree angle. Only with High-Velocity Armour Piercing (HVAP) ammunition did that gun compare with the 17 pounder, the ammunition being able to penetrate 140\u00a0 mm at 500 m at a 30-degree angle, and 127\u00a0 mm at 1,000 m at a 30-degree angle. However, HVAP ammunition was in very short supply, whereas the standard 17 pounder ammunition was available in huge quantities for the British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0007-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Design\nThe 17 pounder required a counterweight fitted behind the muzzle brake on its long barrel. This gave the Achilles a distinctive appearance compared to the comparatively short-barrelled, brakeless, entirely straight barrel of the M10. Once the Germans discovered the effectiveness of the Achilles' gun on the same M10 carriage as the much less powerful M7 gun, attempts were made to disguise the 17 pounder by painting its brake and counterweight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0008-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Design\nTwo other material changes were made to the Achilles: the addition of 17\u00a0mm (0.67\u00a0in) thick armor plates welded to the front and sides of the M10 to increase armor protection, and the M10's open turret was fitted with a 20\u00a0 mm thick shield to provide protection from overhead threats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0009-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Production\nThe desire to mount the 17 pounder on the M10 was governed by the degree of difficulty involved in mounting the 17 pounder on the tank itself. Luckily for the British, the initial batches of M10s had an easily modified gun mounting to facilitate the future replacement of the older 3-inch M7 gun with the newer 76 mm gun M1. This gun mounting design allowed for the British to replace the 3-inch gun with the 17 pounder gun. The British took delivery of some 845 vehicles in 1943, but of the second version of the M10, only the T71 mark designed to carry the M1 gun could carry the 17 pounder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0010-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Production\nThe British had planned to convert some 1,000 M10s into 17pdr armed variants for Normandy, but for some reason conversions were not started until April 1944. By D-Day, only some 124 M10s had been converted; however, the number of conversions post D-day increased and by the end of the year 816 M10s had been converted, 152 vehicles in November alone. However, the low numbers at D-day meant both that many British units went ashore fielding standard M10s and losses in Achilles units were often replaced by standard 3\" armed M10s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0011-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Production\nAs a self-propelled anti-tank gun, both Achilles and standard M10s were distributed to and operated by the regiments of the Royal Artillery. Around 1,650 M10s were received by the British during the war, with 1,100 converted to the 17 pdr by its end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0012-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Operational use\nThe standard anti-tank gun used in infantry units in the British Army was the QF 6-pounder gun a small, light gun able to defeat the more common German Panzer IV and Sturmgesch\u00fctz with regular ammunition but not the heavier Panthers and Tigers front on. The next generation British anti-gun, the 17 pounder, was able to deal with Tigers and Panthers but had a far longer emplacement time prior to battle than the 6 pounder due to its larger size, often taking a day to fully prepare for action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0013-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Operational use\nAs a result, the British used the Achilles as a quickly deployable anti-tank gun, able to reinforce a position taken by infantry and engage counter-attacking German forces while the slower towed 17 pounders were pulled up and dug in for a more long-term defensive presence. This had the advantage of mitigating the weak armour protection of the Achilles as being used defensively usually allowed it to fire the vital first shot. This was in line with the original design concept of the vehicle, intended to blunt German \"blitzkrieg\" attack tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0013-0001", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Operational use\nThe M10/Achilles turret had an extremely slow manual only turret rotation, a limited tactical disadvantage when the tank was used only in a defensive role. As such, they had an advantage over German Stugs, which had no turret rotation. However, the Stug's low profile and heavy armour were significant assets that allowed it to be successful in its different tactical environment. Usually, the only time the British used the M10 and Achilles offensively was in support of Churchill tank units, which lacked the associated 17 pdr-armed tanks that Sherman and Cromwell tank units had.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0014-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Operational use\nAchilles went ashore on D-Day, equipping units of the Royal Artillery and Royal Canadian Artillery in Armoured Division or Corps Anti-tank Regiments. A typical A/Tk Regiment would have 4 Batteries, 2 x Towed 17 Pdr Batteries, 1 x Achilles and 1 x M10 Battery. The M10 Battery was replaced by a second Achilles Battery as more vehicles became available. Perhaps the most successful action of the Achilles was conducted by B troop, 245th Battery, 62nd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery attached to the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry during Operation Charnwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0014-0001", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Operational use\nSouth of Buron, a counterattack by a mixed force of Panzer IV and Panther tanks of the 12th SS Panzer Regiment was defeated by Achilles and 17-pounder anti tank guns of 245th Battery, 62nd Anti-tank Regiment. Thirteen German tanks were destroyed in one of the most successful antitank engagements of the campaign, for the loss of four self-propelled guns and a further four damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019139-0015-0000", "contents": "17pdr SP Achilles, Surviving examples\n17pdr SP Achilles on display at The Tank Museum, Bovington UK", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0000-0000", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome\n17q12 microdeletion syndrome, also known as 17q12 deletion syndrome, is a rare chromosomal anomaly caused by the deletion of a small amount of material from a region in the long arm of chromosome 17. It is typified by deletion of the HNF1B gene, resulting in kidney abnormalities and renal cysts and diabetes syndrome. It also has neurocognitive effects, and has been implicated as a genetic factor for autism and schizophrenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0001-0000", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome\n17q12 microdeletion syndrome is not to be confused with 17q12 microduplication syndrome, caused by the addition of genetic material in the same region from which it is removed in the microdeletion, or 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome, another name for Koolen\u2013De Vries syndrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0002-0000", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome, Presentation\n17q12 microdeletions have a variable phenotype, ranging from few or no symptoms to severe disability. The condition is thought to be underdiagnosed, and cases with milder phenotypes may not reach clinical attention unless they have an affected child themselves. The most characteristic symptom is renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (RCAD), also known as \"type 5 diabetes\", which is caused by deletion of the associated HNF1B gene in the region. RCAD is associated with kidney abnormalities and a characteristic form of diabetes that causes atrophy of the pancreas. However, some people with 17q12 microdeletions have normal renal function. RCAD is diagnosed in approximately 40% of people with 17q12 microdeletions, usually prior to age 25, while kidney abnormalities more broadly occur in approximately 85-90%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0003-0000", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome, Presentation\nPeople with 17q12 microdeletions have a characteristic facial phenotype, albeit a subtle one not usually obvious in daily life. Macrocephaly is common, along with high arched eyebrows, flattening of the malar region, and epicanthic folds. Pathological short stature is possible, and a characteristic \"short and stocky\" body shape occurs in many cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0004-0000", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome, Presentation\n17q12 microdeletions are associated with neurocognitive and developmental involvement of variable severity. Some have mild to moderate intellectual disability; however, such impairment is not universal. Average intelligence is in the average to low average range. Speech delay is common, regardless of intellectual functioning. The most striking association between 17q12 microdeletions and neurodevelopment is the raised prevalence of autism spectrum disorder, with significant increases in both diagnosis and subclinical autistic traits. 17q12 microdeletions have been implicated as one of the major genetic causes of high-functioning autistic spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia is also a significant psychiatric complication of 17q12 microdeletion syndrome. 17q12 microdeletions are estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 1,600 schizophrenic people, compared to an estimation of below 1 in 50,000 in the general population. Epilepsy, usually mild, occurs in approximately one-third of cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 1038]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0005-0000", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome, Presentation\nReproductive system anomalies are associated with 17q12 microdeletions, particularly in females. 17q12 microdeletions have been linked to uterine malformations, most frequently M\u00fcllerian agenesis, where the uterus and part of the vaginal canal are absent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0006-0000", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome, Causes\n17q12 microdeletion syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder, where one copy of the relevant mutation is enough to cause the condition. Most cases are de novo, or spontaneous mutations that do not occur in the proband's parents; approximately 75% are de novo, while 25% are inherited. People with 17q12 microdeletions who have normal fertility have a 50% chance of passing the deletion down to their offspring. Environmental factors have not been implicated in the syndrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0007-0000", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome, Diagnosis\nLike other chromosomal microdeletions, 17q12 microdeletion syndrome is diagnosed via fluorescence in situ hybridization. Traditional karyotyping, used to diagnose major chromosomal disorders such as aneuploidy, is rarely sensitive enough to detect microdeletions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0008-0000", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome, Treatment\nAs the underlying 17q12 microdeletion is an innate genetic disorder, it cannot by itself be treated. Rather, treatment is symptomatic and supportive. The high prevalence of kidney disease indicates routine monitoring of renal function, particularly in people taking potentially nephrotoxic medications such as lithium. The comorbities involved in 17q12 microdeletion syndrome require caution in medical treatment; for instance, the increased risk of diabetes requires strict monitoring for post-transplantation diabetes mellitus in kidney transplant patients, as does the risk of weight gain and diabetes from neuroleptic drugs in those with a mental health diagnosis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0009-0000", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome, Epidemiology\nThe prevalence of 17q12 microdeletion syndrome is unknown, and it is likely to be underdiagnosed. 17q12 microdeletions are estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 600 people on the autism spectrum and 1 in 1,600 with schizophrenia, but are far rarer in the general population. General prevalence is estimated to be between 1 in 14,000 and 1 in 62,500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0010-0000", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome, Epidemiology\nIn addition to the increased prevalence in autism and schizophrenia, some other clinical populations have increased prevalence of 17q12 microdeletion syndrome. The condition occurs in approximately 2% of those with congenital kidney abnormalities and 3-6% of women with M\u00fcllerian agenesis. It is one of the ten most common microdeletions amongst children with idiopathic developmental delay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0011-0000", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome, Microduplication\n17q12 microduplication syndrome is far rarer than the corresponding microdeletion, estimated to occur roughly one-fifth as frequently as 17q12 microdeletion syndrome. Due to its rarity and the overlap between their phenotypes, 17q12 microduplications are usually discussed as an adjunct to microdeletions. Like the microdeletion syndrome, the microduplication syndrome has a broad phenotypic range, ranging from asymptomatic to profound disability; intellectual disability is frequently but not always more severe than the microdeletion, while physical health is often better. Epilepsy is a frequent finding. A case of sex reversal has been reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019140-0011-0001", "contents": "17q12 microdeletion syndrome, Microduplication\nWhile autism comorbid with 17q12 microduplication has been reported, it appears far rarer than in the microdeletion. Physical anomalies associated with 17q12 microduplication syndrome include syndactyly, microcephaly, epicanthic folds, and thick eyebrows or a unibrow. The 17q12 microduplication appears to have a low penetrance, as many cases are inherited from asymptomatic parents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019141-0000-0000", "contents": "17th (Northern) Division\nThe 17th (Northern) Division was an infantry division of the British Army, a Kitchener's Army formation raised during the Great War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019141-0001-0000", "contents": "17th (Northern) Division, Formation history\nThe 17th (Northern) Division was created under Northern Command in September 1914, just a month after the British entry into the Great War, from men volunteering for Lord Kitchener's New Armies. Most of the volunteers had had little prior military experience. Worsening the situation was an acute lack of experienced officers and NCO's to train the new men as, due to the huge expansion of the British Army, experienced soldiers were needed everywhere. Furthermore, weapons and equipment, along with billets, were scarce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019141-0002-0000", "contents": "17th (Northern) Division, Formation history\nThe division, commanded by Major General Walter Kenyon-Slaney, part of Kitchener's Second New Army (K2), concentrated throughout Dorset for training, moving to Hampshire in late May 1915. In early July the division sent advance parties to France in preparation for a move overseas, the rest of the division following a week later, moving to Saint-Omer for concentration. The division was to remain on the Western Front for the rest of the war, with most of the rest of 1915 being spent in the southern sector of the Ypres Salient, being instructed in trench warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019141-0003-0000", "contents": "17th (Northern) Division, Formation history\nThe division's first major engagement was in July 1916, where the division, as part of V Corps, fought in the battles of Albert and Delville Wood, both part of the larger Battle of the Somme. On the first day on the Somme, on 1 July 1916, the 50th Brigade, in particular the 10th (Service) Battalion, West Yorkshires, suffered very heavy casualties, the highest sustained by any British unit on that day. On 13 July Major General Thomas Pilcher, who had been in command since January 1915, was sacked by his superiors, who were not impressed with him. He was replaced by Major General Philip Robertson, who was to remain in command for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019141-0004-0000", "contents": "17th (Northern) Division, Formation history\nIn April 1917 the division, now part of VI Corps, fought in the first and second battles of the Scarpe, both part of the Battle of Arras, where heavy casualties were sustained. The division later fought in the First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, part of the much longer Third Battle of Ypres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019141-0005-0000", "contents": "17th (Northern) Division, Formation history\nEarly 1918 saw the division resting after the battles of the previous year, again as part of V Corps. The division fought in the German Army's Spring Offensives, followed by the Battle of Epehy and the Battle of Cambrai, both part of the attempt to smash the German Hindenburg Line during the Hundred Days Offensive which saw the end of the trench warfare and brought the war to an end on 11 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019141-0006-0000", "contents": "17th (Northern) Division, Formation history\nDuring the Great War the 17th (Northern) Division had, from 1915, when it departed for the Western Front, until 1918, when the war ended, sustained 40,258 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019141-0007-0000", "contents": "17th (Northern) Division, Order of battle\nThe 17th (Northern) Division was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019142-0000-0000", "contents": "17th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards\nThe 17th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films and television shows released in 2017 and were announced on February 5, 2018. The awards recognized films created by and about people over the age of 50. The ceremony was hosted by actor Alan Cumming at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel. This was the first year since 2015 that the ceremony was broadcast on television, airing on PBS as part of its Great Performances series on February 23, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019142-0001-0000", "contents": "17th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and Nominees\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0000-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards\nThe 17th AVN Awards ceremony, presented by Adult Video News (AVN), took place January 8, 2000 at the Venetian Hotel Grand Ballroom, at Paradise, Nevada, U.S.A. During the ceremony, AVN presented AVN Awards (often dubbed the \"Academy Awards Of Porn\") in 77 categories honoring the best pornographic films released between Oct. 1, 1998 and Sept. 30, 1999. The ceremony was produced by Gary Miller and directed by Mark Stone. Adult film star Juli Ashton hosted the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0001-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards\nDouble Feature! won 10 awards including Best Director\u2014Video for Jonathan Morgan while the night's other big winner, Seven Deadly Sins captured eight awards including Best Film and Best Director\u2014Film for Ren Savant. Several other movies won two trophies apiece including: Cashmere, Chloe, Dark Garden, Playthings, Search for the Snow Leopard, Tristan Taormino's Ultimate Guide to Anal Sex for Women, What Makes You Cum and When Rocco Meats Kelly 2: In Barcelona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0002-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the 18th AVN Awards were announced in November 1999. Seven Deadly Sins received the most nominations with 15, followed by Nothing to Hide 3 & 4 with 12 and Double Feature! and The Awakening with 11 apiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0003-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 8, 2000. Besides winning Best Actress\u2014Film, Chloe also won or shared in four other awards: Best Solo Sex Scene, Best Anal Sex Scene\u2014Film, Best All-Girl Sex Scene\u2014Video and Best Group Sex Scene\u2014Video. The most sought-after awards, Best New Starlet and Female Performer of the Year, went to Bridgette Kerkove and Inari Vachs respectively. Dark Garden was named best video feature, the fourth time a Michael Ninn-directed feature had won either Best Film or Best Video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0004-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Major awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0005-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional Award Winners\nThese awards were announced, but not presented, in two winners-only segments read by Taylor Hayes and Christi Lake during the event. Trophies were given to the recipients off-stage:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0006-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN Awards, Hall of Fame\nAVN Hall of Fame inductees for 2000 were: No announcement at the show", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0007-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Presenters and performers\nThe following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers or comedy. The show's trophy girls were Layla and Alexa Rae.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0008-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nFor 2000, the event was moved to the eight-month-old Venetian Hotel and Casino and Genesis magazine noted the annual show \"was as much style as substance as several thousand porn stars, directors, producers and fans poured into the massive ballroom.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0009-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nFollowing criticism of the previous year's four-hour show, host Juli Ashton announced she was going to try to keep the 2000 show short; it ended up running slightly longer than two hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0010-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nAlisha Klass tried to shock the audience during the show, first by coming out wearing a microscopic dress and with a ball-gag in her mouth to announce the winner of Best New Starlet, then later by pulling off her clothes as adult stars jumped on stage to dance to orchestra Jimmie Lykes and the Club Swingers prior to announcement of the final two awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0011-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nAVN founder Paul Fishbein, who presented the AVN Special Achievement awards, announced they were being renamed the Reuben Sturman Memorial Award to honor Sturman for his contributions to the industry. Meanwhile, when Howard Stern refused to attend and accept his Achievement Award, Beetlejuice took to the podium to accept on his behalf and \"rambled incomprehensibly\" and had to be interrupted to stop what seemed like an endless speech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0012-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nMeanwhile, Hustler noted, \"This year's AVN Awards inspired many catcalls and boos from the allies of losing nominees, prompting Jill Kelly to remark that the camaraderie of past awards shows had been replaced with a mean-spirited competitiveness this year.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0013-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nSeveral new awards were introduced for this years show; among them: Best Specialty Tape\u2014Big Bust. The show was recorded and a video of the awards show was issued by VCA Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0014-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Performance of year's movies\nThe Houston 620 was announced as the adult movie industry's top selling movie while The Devil in Miss Jones 6 was the top renting movie of the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 67], "content_span": [68, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019143-0015-0000", "contents": "17th AVN Awards, In Memoriam\nThe annual moment of silence tribute for those who died during the past year, presented by AVN founder Paul Fishbein, honored the following people: Bob Vosse, Bruce Walker, Stanley Fleischman, Paul Wisner, Kim Kataine, Albert Sanchez, David Chandler, Lou Perraino and Rene Bond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019144-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Academy Awards\nThe 17th Academy Awards marked the first time the complete awards ceremony was broadcast nationally, on the Blue Network (ABC Radio). Bob Hope hosted the 70-minute broadcast, which included film clips that required explanation for the radio audience. This tradition ended abruptly after the 1948 ceremony as a result of the Paramount antitrust decrees, only to return gradually since the late 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019144-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Academy Awards\nThis is the first year that the Best Picture category was limited to five pictures. This was also the first and only time an individual was nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for playing the same role in the same film: Barry Fitzgerald for the character of Father Fitzgibbon in Going My Way. He won for Best Supporting Actor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron\nThe 17th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron\nAs a Day Pursuit (Fighter) Squadron. its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory. It also attacked enemy observation balloons, and perform close air support and tactical bombing attacks of enemy forces along the front lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron\nThe unit achieved a number of \"firsts\". It was the first United States Aero Squadron sent to Canada to be trained by the British; the first squadron to be completely trained prior to be sent overseas with its complete quota of trained pilots; the first squadron to be attached to British Royal Air Force squadrons and the first to be sent into combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron\nIn October 1918, the squadron was transferred to the United States Second Army 4th Pursuit Group. However, with Second Army's planned offensive drive on Metz cancelled due to the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron saw no combat with Second Army. It returned to the United States and was demobilized on 1 April 1919 as part of the demobilization of the Air Service after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron\nOn 17 October 1936, the World War I Aero squadron was consolidated with the United States Army Air Corps 17th Pursuit Squadron to preserve the lineage and history of the unit. Today, the United States Air Force 17th Weapons Squadron flies the F-15E Strike Eagle at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Formation and initial training\nThe squadron was first organized as \"Company A\", Remount Station, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, on 13 May 1917, about a month after the declaration of war by President Woodrow Wilson. It was later re-designated \"Company M\", and later, \"Company B\". On 16 June, it again was re-designated as the 29th Provisional Aero Squadron, Aviation Section, Signal Corps, and then on 30 July, the 17th Aero Squadron. It was made of entirely of volunteers, and the majority of the unit had enlisted in the Army believing they would be flying officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Formation and initial training\nUnit members came from thirty-five states, Puerto Rico, Canada, and Mexico, and they were among the first to arrive at the new Kelly Field. The initial duties of the squadron consisted of surveying and building the first sewage and water system, and the first barracks and hangars of the new airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Formation and initial training\nOn 2 August, the squadron was ordered to Toronto, Ontario, Canada for training under the British Royal Flying Corps (RFC). The previous month, a reciprocal agreement was made between the British and American governments under which the British would organize and train at the RFC's camps near Toronto the pilots and mechanics of ten Aero squadrons for overseas service. The 17th Aero Squadron was the first group to arrive under that agreement. The squadron arrived on 4 August at the recruit's depot at Leaside, Ontario. Here the men underwent three weeks of British drill and discipline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0006-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Formation and initial training\nThen, the squadron was divided into detachments and went on to other camps in the area for training in rigging and fitting and all the trades involved in maintaining airplanes. The gunners and radio operators went to the School of Military Aeronautics at Toronto University; six went to the motor transport depot; seventy-five went to the RFC Airplane Repair Park; six to the flying field at Desoronto for training under the 43d Wing, RFC, and ninety-nine men went on to further training at Leaside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Formation and initial training\nIn early October, the squadron was re-assembled at Leaside. New orders were received and the 17th was transferred to Camp Taliaferro, near Fort Worth, Texas on 12 October, for additional RFC training, although an advance party of twenty men had left for the same destination on 24 September. The squadron was assigned to Hicks Field, which afterward was given designation Taliaferro Field #1. Upon arrival, the airfield was in an unfinished state. The barracks were unfinished and the hangars for the airplanes were still to be built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Formation and initial training\nBoth officers and men lived in tents from which they had to chase an occasional tarantula. There was no telephones, no electricity and no transport. The training airplanes were still un-assembled in packing crates, and supplies were just beginning to arrive. However, within a week, the training aircraft, Curtiss JN-4 Jennies had been uncrated, assembled and flying. The flying cadets, who had been instructed in primary training during their time at Desoronto, were taught further details of flying. By 1 December, thirty cadets had completed their training and received commissions as First Lieutenants. The squadron's equipment has been received and on 20 December, the squadron received its overseas movement orders and departed for Garden City, New York for deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Formation and initial training\nUpon arrival in Garden City, it found New York in the grip of a coal shortage and a severe cold streak of weather. For two weeks, sailing was held up. The squadron was finally allowed to embark on 9 January at New York Haber pier 54 on the RMS Carmania, a former Cunard ocean liner that had been impressed as a troop ship. The Carmania sailed as part of a convoy of fourteen ships. Everything went according to schedule, and the ship arrived in Liverpool, England on 25 January. After disembarking, the squadron was marched from the docks to the Liverpool railway station where it boarded a London and North Western Railway train which took them to Winchester, Hampshire, near the south coast of England. Arriving in the late afternoon the squadron was moved to the Romsey Rest Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Formation and initial training\nPrior to leaving the United States, the squadron was informed that they were the first United States pursuit squadron to be deployed overseas; that they were well trained and organized; and the men were eager to do their part in the war. However now they were told by the British officers at Romsey that the squadron would be again split up into Flights and scatter the unit among Royal Flying Corps units in France for more training. It was arranged that each flight, would be attached to a separate RFC fighting squadron for duty and final training, while the pilots would be sent to various flying schools in Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nAfter a month of confusion and very uncomfortable living conditions at Romsey on 9 February 1918, the Ground Echelon of the squadron sailed from Southampton for Le Havre, Upper Normandy, France, with a shipload of mules and horses. After landing, the squadron was met by a British officer and the Flights were sent off to their various destinations. Headquarters Flight was assigned to 24 Squadron at Matigny in the Somme; \"A\" Flight to 84 Squadron at Guizancourt, also in the Somme; \"B\" to 60 Squadron at Ste. Marie Capelle, near Hazebrouck on the Flanders front; and \"C\" to 56 Squadron at Baizieux Airdrome in Somme. All left at once except \"B\" Flight which followed on the 10th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nThanks to the training the men received in the United States, the men of the 17th knew their aircraft well enough to be a help rather than a hindrance to the squadrons to which they were attached. Also, both officers and men realized they were a part of an experiment in training squadrons in the field, and that, with their ability to get on well with the British, the future of this method of training in no small measure depended for the following units coming from the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0011-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nThe 17th was completely detached from the United States Army Air Service; its flights were totally out of touch with each other. Occasionally an American officer would come by for an hour or so, at widely scattered intervals, to see how well they were \"getting on\". Each flight relied on the British for all of its necessary resources, including clothing and transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nAs a result of the German spring offensive, all of the Flights, with the exception of \"B\", were still at the Airdromes to which they were originally assigned. \"B\" Flight had moved to Bailleul Airdrome on the Somme, where it and 60 Squadron came under shell fire from the advancing German Army, although it suffered no casualties. On 23 March, the squadron moved to La Bellevue, near Arras, Pas-de-Calais, while the Flight left for Fienvillers, Somme, on 28 March, where the squadron had arrived the previous day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0012-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nAll of the Flights were now on the front involved in defending the line against the Germans and from the end of March, all Flights took part in a succession of movements carried out in the face of the enemy advance. The men of the 17th helped build new Airdromes; break them down and build still others as the British Army moved back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nHeadquarters Flight began moving on the first day of the German Attack (21 March) when 24 Squadron moved from Matigny less than two hours before the Germans reached it, and some squadron members were still burning the quarters and hangars. While doing so, advance soldiers of the Germans had reached the airfield and they were under machine-gun fire. From Matigny, the Flight and Squadron moved to Bertangles; then from Bertangles to Conteville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nAt Guizancourt, \"A\" Flight had received enemy artillery fire, and along with 64 Squadron had moved to Champien Aerodrome, near Roye; the last man got away only an hour and a half before the Germans arrived. From Roye it moved to La ferme du Vert Galand aerodrome on 24 March and then to Conteville, been billeted in Maison-Ponthieu on 29 March. By the time the front was held, \"A\", without 64 Squadron, only made one more move on 5 April to Bertangles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nThe other two flights had much the same experience. \"B\" Flight had come down from Flanders to Bellevue with 60 Squadron just in time to stand by to move. All the British Squadrons supplies and property were divided up so that, if the need arose, they could be destroyed quickly in the order of their importance. Nothing, in spite of the danger, was lost. The Flight and Squadron moved to Fienvillers on 28 March where they remained until 18 April when it moved again to Boffles aerodrome, setting camp at Rougefay. \"C\" Flight moved only one time on 26 March from Baizieux to La ferme du Valheureux, near Candas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nDuring the three months of the German offensive, the RAF experienced the busiest and most dangerous times it had ever known, and during this period, the men of the 17th Aero Squadron learned much more than the maintenance of aircraft. They learned what it meant to send out patrols and move frequently from one airdrome to another at the same time. The knowledge that it gained in actual experience was more valuable than the knowledge they gained working with the RAF in maintaining aircraft. This became invaluable when the 17th began operating as an American unit with the RAF and word came in the middle of the night to move in five hours, they were fully capable of the task.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Training in France\nOn 18 May it was decided that the Americans should be assigned to Sopwith Camel units. The mechanics would be given a month to master their overhaul and upkeep. Headquarters and \"A\" flights were assigned to 23 Squadron, then to 60 Squadron; \"B\" Flight was assigned to 46 Squadron and \"C\" Flight to 3 squadron. The men learned rapidly, and on 20 June the 17th Aero Squadron was re-assembled at Petite Synthe Aerodrome, near Dunkirk, to become a combat squadron and resume its identity as a squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0018-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Petite Synthe\nAt Petite Synthe Airdrome the 17th received its official insignia, secret at the time, a white Dumbbell painted on each side of the fuselage aft of the cockpit. Later, in anticipation of its return to American command, the squadron adopted its own symbol, the \"Great Snow Owl\". However, it was with the Dumbbell that the squadron engaged in combat. The squadron was assigned to No. 65 Wing RAF for operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0018-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Petite Synthe\nHowever, No. 19 Squadron RAF also used the same basic form of \"dumbbell\" squadron marking, albeit with slightly larger circles at each end, on its own Sopwith Dolphin fighters from November 1917 onward through the summer of 1918, and is believed to have used them on its Dolphins right up to Armistice Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0019-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Petite Synthe\nAfter several weeks of familiarization flights, the 17th Aero Squadron entered combat on 15 July 1918 for the first time. The front was very quiet. Lt . Rodney D. Williams brought down its first enemy airplane not far from Ostend, Belgium about 09:45 on 20 July when the squadron encountered a formation of five German Fokker biplanes at approximately 21,000 feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0019-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Petite Synthe\nSeveral bursts of machine-gun fire were fired at a rather long range at two different aircraft, and one German aircraft seemed to be hit as a tracer bullet exploded in the fuselage behind the pilot, however the plane went down under control. Another Fokker dove on Lt. Williams, firing short bursts. He maneuvered so he was about twenty-five yards to the enemy pilot's left rear and gave him a burst of forty or fifty bullets which appeared to strike the enemy plane at the pilot's seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0019-0002", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Petite Synthe\nThe enemy plane then turned on its back then fell out of the sky apparently out of control. That same day, the first casualty of the war was suffered by the squadron, when Lt. George Glenn was seen diving deeply south of Ostend after being attacked by a German Fokker D.VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0020-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Petite Synthe\nFrom Petite Snythe Airdrome, the squadron engaged in combat operations almost daily afterward, frequently engaging German aircraft in aerial battles over the skies of northern France and Belgium. Missions included escorting RAF bomber squadrons attacking enemy positions in occupied areas. A major attack on a German airfield in Belgium, at Vessanaere, near Bruges was carried out with the 210 and 213 Squadrons RAF. The 17th rendezvoused with the squadrons over the English Channel and once assembled, the 17th was to provide cover from enemy aircraft interceptors. After several postponements, the attack was carried out on 13 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0020-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Petite Synthe\nThe 17th took off before dawn and in conjunction with the RAF 5th Group squadrons, the bombers attacked the airfield from a low level, then proceeded to shoot at hangars and huts on the aerodrome. A gasoline dump was set on fire with six Fokker biplanes being set on fire on the ground, with an additional two being hit directly by bombs. Two hangars sere set on fire and another one severely damaged. The 17th circled the airdrome and attacked enemy aircraft and ground personnel preparing them to take off. The 17th claimed seven enemy aircraft destroyed on the ground. Later, it was confirmed that the raid destroyed a total of fourteen enemy aircraft. Many of the attacking aircraft were hit by ground fire but all managed to return without loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0021-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Auxi-le-Chateau\nOn 18 August the squadron was ordered to move to Auxi-le-Chateau Airdrome. The word came at 23:00 and the squadron pulled out at dawn. They arrived the next day, and were settled in enough to send the first combat patrol over the lines on 21 August, shooting down four enemy aircraft. The Chateau Thierry offensive was in full swing, with the squadron flying low bombing patrols, attacking gas balloons and infantry with their machine guns. Each pilot went on two patrols each day from dawn until disk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0021-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Auxi-le-Chateau\nOn 23 August, Lt. Williams was hit in the back and his petrol tank was pierced by enemy machine gun fire. Despite his wound, he put his finger in the petrol tank to plug the leak, then was able to land his aircraft successfully. The squadron over the next few days shot down one enemy gas balloon each day, with the exception of the 23d when they were put on low bombing dive and strafing missions all day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0021-0002", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Auxi-le-Chateau\nAttacks on the enemy was largely concentrated in the vicinity of Cambrai, but the congestion on the roads behind his lines presented opportunities for much greater damage to his morale by attacking trucks and troops on the highway from altitudes of less than a few hundred feet. When flying the low-level attacks, the 17th relied on other squadrons patrolling higher up to look out for the enemy's Fokkers, while the squadron received ground fire from the enemy below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0022-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Auxi-le-Chateau\n26 August was the squadron's most tragic day. It had rained during the night and a gusty wind had begun to blow at dawn and was getting stronger and gustier. Low clouds, with gaps of blue between them moved in from the southwest. The squadron was called for a patrol about 16:30 with a mission to attack a lot of enemy on the lines and some friendly \"low-straffers\" in trouble on the Bapaume-Cambrai road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0022-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Auxi-le-Chateau\nThe squadron took off and upon reaching the lines, shot down an enemy balloon, On crossing the line, five Fokkers were seen attacking friendly forces on the line. Immediately afterwards, a Camel was seen being attacked by the five Fokkers at a height of about 1,000 feet. The patrol at once went to the assistance of the Camel and attacked the enemy aircraft. Several other flights of Fokkers were then seen diving from the clouds. A general engagement took place in which still other flights of Fokkers came down from higher altitudes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0022-0002", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Auxi-le-Chateau\nSix 17th pilots were shot down and another only just succeed in getting back to the Auxi Airdrome with a number of Fokkers on his tail and firing continuously. All of the downed pilots (William Tipton, Robert Todd, Henry Frost, Laurence Roberts, Henry Jackson, and Howard Bittinger) were given up for loss, but about a month later a post card was sent from William Tipton that he, Robert Todd and Henry Frost had survived, along with George Wise who was captured on 24 August. However, Henry Frost had died of his wounds. The post card also confirmed that the patrol had downed three German planes, of which Tipton was credited for two and Todd one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0023-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Auxi-le-Chateau\nAfter the losses that day, the RAF kept the squadron out of combat for about a week. Several new aircraft arrived along with some new pilots being assigned. While the squadron operated from the Auxi Airdrome, often in conjunction with the 148th Aero Squadron, the line moved east rapidly and it was necessary for the squadron to establish an Advanced Landing Ground at Beugnatre on 10 September from which the squadron took up wireless interception and devoted itself to attacking enemy two-seater observation aircraft. A detail of mechanics were sent to Beugnatre and several hangars were erected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0023-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Auxi-le-Chateau\nBeugnatre was a former British Airdrome that had been captured by the Germans and was severely damaged during its occupation. The fields were a mess of shell holes, rusty Nissen huts lined the road which were riddled by machine gun holes and had caved in. The ground mechanics and crew managed to fill in the shell holes and operations by the squadron flew from dusk to dawn until 20 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0024-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Soncamp\nWith the line advancing east and north, the squadron was again ordered to move to an airdrome near Doullens which was being vacated by No. 12 Squadron on 20 September. The day was cold and rainy with low clouds, however the aircraft took off and the trucks were loaded with stores and other equipment. Soncamp Aerodrome occupied the north side of a farm house, south of the typical French farming village of Sombrin, Pas-de-Calais. The farm buildings were enclosed in a large stone wall, perhaps the relic of a small convent, with a high archway into a farmyard. The hangars were permanent and of camouflaged corrugated iron. There were good huts as barracks for the enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0025-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Soncamp\nFlight operations begin on the 22d, and on the first morning patrol, fifteen Fokkers were seen diving on the squadron's \"C\" flight, outnumbering them five-to-one. The 17th's pilots, however, returned their fire and eventually about thirty aircraft were engaged in the aerial battle and downed six enemy aircraft. A Lt Tillinghast, was shot down in the battle. He turned up later in London with a remarkable story of how he was captured by the Germans and taken to a house in the rear of their lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0025-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Soncamp\nBeing locked up in a room, he managed to escape through a hole in the roof and made his way from Valenciennes to Belgium, where he obtained a suit of civilian clothing. Friendly Belgians moved him from one home to another at night on an underground railway. Finally he reached Brussels, where he moved freely on the streets. He even went to the length, it seems, of taking a streetcar ride to a neighboring German Aerodrome that he inspected carefully and at length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0025-0002", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Soncamp\nSomewhere in Brussels he became friends with a Belgian engineer who ran the electric plant from which the current for charging the frontier wire barrier was generated. The engineer let him into all his official secrets and gave him a clippers and wire gloves. Having set the hour of his crossing over, the engineer gave him final instructions about making good his escape and managed to cross over onto our side of the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0026-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Soncamp\nAs the army kept moving forward, the line changed from day to day. The army was battling on the Canal du Nord, the Hindenburg Line, the Canal de l'Escaut and Cambrai. The 17th was in combat each and every day during the battle there, carrying out bombing missions and strafing enemy forces on the ground from low-level. As the Battle for Cambrai progressed, the squadron's patrols would attack large formations of enemy Fokkers by ambushing them in the clouds, or bait them by trying to pull them over friendly territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0026-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Soncamp\nThe Germans also did the same to the squadron, as the German pilots were very aggressive and frequently the squadron wound up in air-to-air combat with them. The enemy were very good pilots and, as the squadron found out later, were one of the most famous of the German organizations and well known for their exploits on other fronts. On 24 September a formation of fourteen 17th aircraft saw, rather far off, an enemy formation of thirteen. A short while later two enemy two-seater observation planes were spotted and several of the squadron's aircraft dived down on them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0026-0002", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Soncamp\nHowever, it turned out they were 'bait' as shortly afterwards, a formation of sixteen Fokkers dived down on them without warning, while another flight of enemy aircraft waited for their best moment to pounce on the rest of the squadron. Four of the 17th's aircraft had their guns jam, however, ten others attacked the enemy and shot down five and another was driven out of control with no losses. Later, the 148th attacked the same flight of Fokkers, or what remained of them and shot down six more enemy aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0027-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Soncamp\nDuring the greater part of October, the squadron brought \"great discomfort\" to the enemy in many ways, and broke up the organization of his retreat towards the German frontier in spite of low clouds and a drizzling rain on many days. The squadron reported much materiel to British Intelligence which made it possible for ground units to attack in his weakest spots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0028-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Transfer to the AEF\nOn 25 October, the squadron was again ordered to prepare itself to move. Estourmel was selected as an Advanced Landing Ground and Exnes as the site of a new Aerodrome. However, new orders were received that the squadron was to \"go south\" which meant being transferred to the American sector and joining the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). The news had a mixed reception, as the squadron wanted naturally to join its own forces, however, the squadron had been quite happy fighting with the RAF forces and learned their game and how to play it well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0029-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Transfer to the AEF\nThe order came to turn in all British supplies and prepare to depart. This included the squadron's Sopwith Camels, as the squadron would be re-equipped by the AEF. RAF Major General Charles Longcroft, flew over in his Camel and assembled the entire squadron in a hangar. He walked the ranks and spoke to many of the men and asked what their work had been in America and what they did as part of the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0029-0001", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Transfer to the AEF\nHe then read to all a letter from General Julian Byng, commander of the British Third Army expressing to the squadron his sincere appreciation for their excellent and hard work. The moment was impressive. Afterward, General Longcroft came to the Officer's mess and thanked each and every pilot and officer for their efforts in behalf of the Royal Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0030-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Transfer to the AEF\nOn 1 November the squadron entrained on the railhead at Saulty, proceeding on the long trip to Toul in the American Sector. On its arrival, the 17th Aero Squadron was assigned to the 4th Pursuit Group and was assigned to Croix de Metz Aerodrome on the north side of the city. The AEF assigned French SPAD S.XI aircraft to the squadron, but before the squadron was fully organized, the armistice with Germany was signed on 11 November and active operations by the squadron ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0031-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Demobilization\nOn 12 December 1918 orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0032-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, RAF combat operations, Demobilization\nPersonnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to the staging camp at Nantes, France on 15 January 1919. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States. When the unit arrived back in New York City at the end of March, the 17th Aero Squadron demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019145-0033-0000", "contents": "17th Aero Squadron, History, Notable personnel\nUS DSC: Distinguished Service Cross; British DFC: Distinguished Flying Cross; US Silver Star Citation: Silver Star Citation; KIA: Killed in Action; POW: Prisoner of War", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army\nThe 17th Air Army (Russian: 17-\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f) was an Air army of the Red Air Force and Soviet Air Forces from 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, World War II\nIt was formed in October (Bonn et al. : November) 1942 on the basis of the Air Forces of the Southwestern Front. Bonn et al. say that it included a mixed air corps, two fighter, one ground-attack, one bomber, and one night bomber division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, World War II\nIt immediately took part in the Battle of Stalingrad. On 19 November 1942 during the battle of Stalingrad it was under the command of General Major Stepan Krasovsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, World War II\nOn 1 April 1943, as part of the Southwestern Front, it comprised the", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, World War II\nFrom March 1943 until the end of the war Vladimir Sudets commanded the 17th Air Army. From 1943-45 it participated in the Ostrogozhsk\u2013Rossosh Offensive, Left and Right Bank Ukraine operations, and the capture of Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Austria. Over 200,000 sorties were flown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, Post War Reorganization\nThe 39th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment was transferred to Samarkand and the 6th Air Army in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, Post War Reorganization\nAir Force Colonel General Sergey Goryunov was commander of 17th Air Army between 1946 and 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, Post War Reorganization\nIn February 1949 it was redesignated the 69th Air Army. In April 1964 the 69th Air Army became the Air Forces of the Kiev Military District. In April 1968 the Air Forces of the Kiev Military District became the 69th Air Army once more. In April 1972 the 69th Air Army was redesignated the 17th Air Army. In June 1980 the 17th Air Army became the Air Forces of the Kiev Military District. In May 1988 the Air Forces of the Kiev Military District became the 17th Air Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, Post War Reorganization\nIn 1992 the air army became part of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; by 1996 it appears to have been dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, Order of battle 1970\nThe 138th Fighter Aviation Division joined the 24th Air Army VGK in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, Order of battle late 1980s\nIn the late 1980s its headquarters was at Kiev. This order of battle is a composite; aircraft numbers are from Vad777 and virtually all other information is from Michael Holm, with some material from Feskov et al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, Order of battle late 1980s\nLugansk Higher Military Aviation School of Navigators (\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0412\u0412\u0410\u0423\u0428/Lugansk VVAUSh)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, Order of battle late 1980s\nKharkhov Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots (\u0425\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0412\u0412\u0410\u0423\u041b/Kharkov VVAUL)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019146-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Air Army, Order of battle late 1980s\nChernigov Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots (\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0412\u0412\u0410\u0423\u041b/Chernigov VVAUL)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019147-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Air Division\nThe 17th Air Division (17th AD) is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Pacific Air Forces, stationed at U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield, Thailand. It was inactivated on 1 January 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019147-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Air Division, History\nIt was activated as the 17th Bombardment Wing on 18 December 1940, and assigned to Southeast Air District to carry out bombardment training. Apparently never had sufficient personnel to carry out effectively its mission. Inactivated on 3 September 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019147-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Air Division, History\nReactivated as part of Second Air Force in June 1942 as the 17th Bombardment Training Wing. Was the primary training command organization for USAAF heavy bombardment (B-17 Flying Fortress, B-24 Liberator) heavy groups during World War II from June 1942 until May 1944. Initially, it controlled the third phase of training, in which each bombardment group split into tactical components and operated from squadron sized airfields under simulated combat conditions. Later, the 17th supervised the first and second phases of heavy bombardment group and crew training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019147-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Air Division, History\nIn 1943 assumed mission for training B-29 Superfortress Very Heavy bombardment groups prior to their deployment to Twentieth Air Force in the Pacific Theater until April 1946 when it ceased all activity. It also exercised limited supervision over the training of the XXI and XXII Bomber Commands during 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019147-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command\nReactivated an intermediate command echelon of Strategic Air Command in 1959, it gained control of the 340th and the 305th Bombardment Wings at Bunker Hill AFB, Indiana, and the 4040th Air Base Squadron at Richard I. Bong AFB, Wisconsin in 1959. The two bombardment wings flew normal SAC alert patrols and participated in special exercises as required. However, the division lost its bombardment wings and gained missile wings in 1963 and assumed responsibility for Titan and Minuteman missiles in Missouri, Kansas, and later Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019147-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command\nWhen joined by the 70th Bombardment Wing, on 1 July 1965 with B-52 and KC-135 aircraft, the division reverted to an earlier designation \u2013 17th Strategic Aerospace Division. From 1965 to 1971, the division's subordinate units frequently deployed bomber and tanker resources. Arc Light operations in Southeast Asia, consisting of military operations against enemy forces in Vietnam, drew most of the deployments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019147-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Air Division, History, Pacific Air Forces\nFrom 1 July 1975 to 1 January 1976 as part of Pacific Air Forces, it maintained an effective training program for United States Air Force tactical units in Thailand. Inactivated as part of the USAF phaseout of activities in Thailand after the end of the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019147-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Air Division, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States)\nThe 17th Airborne Division was an airborne infantry division of the United States Army during World War II, commanded by Major General William M. Miley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States)\nIt was officially activated as an airborne division in April 1943 but was not immediately sent to a combat theater, remaining in the United States to complete its training. During this training process, the division took part in several training exercises, including the Knollwood Maneuver, in which it played a vital part in ensuring that the airborne division remained as a military formation in the U.S. Army. As such it did not take part in the first two large-scale airborne operations conducted by the Allies, Operation Husky and Operation Neptune, transferring to Britain only after the end of Operation Overlord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States)\nWhen the division arrived in Britain, it came under the command of Maj. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway's XVIII Airborne Corps, a part of Maj. Gen. Lewis H. Brereton's First Allied Airborne Army, but was not chosen to participate in Operation Market Garden, the airborne landings in the Netherlands, as Allied planners believed it had arrived too late and could not be \"trained up\" in time for the operation. However, after the end of Operation Market Garden the division was shipped to France and then Belgium to fight in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0002-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States)\nThe 17th gained its first Medal of Honor during its time fighting in the Ardennes, and was then withdrawn to Luxembourg to prepare for an assault over the River Rhine. In March 1945, the division participated in its first, and only, airborne operation, dropping alongside the British 6th Airborne Division as a part of Operation Varsity, where it gained three more Medals of Honor. The division then advanced through Northern Germany until the end of World War II, when it briefly undertook occupation duties in Germany before shipping back to the United States. There, it was officially inactivated in September 1945, although it was briefly reactivated as a training division between 1948 and 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation\nThe German Armed Forces pioneered the use of large-scale airborne formations, first during the invasion of Norway and Denmark and later that year during the assaults on the Netherlands and Belgium in 1940 and later in the Battle of Crete in 1941. The Allied governments were aware of the success of these operations (but not of the heavy German casualties incurred, particularly during the assault on the Netherlands and the invasion of Crete) and decided to form their own airborne formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0003-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation\nThis decision would eventually lead to the creation of five American and two British airborne divisions, as well as many smaller units. The 17th Airborne Division was activated on 15 April 1943 at Camp Mackall in North Carolina, under the command of the newly promoted Major General William Miley. The division was originally composed of the 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment, activated on 11 January 1943 at Fort Benning, the 193rd Glider Infantry Regiment, and the 194th Glider Infantry Regiment. The official dedication ceremony for the unit took place on 1 May 1943, with thousands of civilian and military spectators, including Major General Eldridge G. Chapman, overall commander of Airborne Command and of all American airborne forces during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation\nOnce activated, the division remained in the United States for training and exercises. As the division, like all airborne units, was intended to be an elite formation, the training regime was extremely arduous. There were 250 feet (76\u00a0m) and 34 feet (10\u00a0m) towers built from which prospective airborne troops would jump off of to simulate landing by parachute, lengthy forced marches and practice jumps from transport aircraft; to pause in the doorway of an aircraft during a practice jump resulted in an automatic failure for the candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation\nThe resultant failure rate was accordingly high, but there was never a shortage of candidates, especially for the American divisions, as the rate of pay was much higher than that of an ordinary infantryman. As the division trained, a debate developed in the U.S. Army over whether the best use of airborne forces was en masse or as small compact units. On 9 July 1943, the first large-scale Allied airborne operation\u2013the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky)\u2013was carried out by elements of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division and the British 1st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0004-0002", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation\nThe Commanding General (CG) of the U.S. 11th Airborne Division, Major General Joseph May Swing, had been temporarily assigned to act as airborne advisor to General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean, for the invasion of Sicily, and had observed the airborne assault, which went badly. The U.S. 82nd Airborne Division had been deployed by both parachute and glider and had suffered high casualties, leading to a perception that it had failed to achieve many of its objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation, Swing Board\nGeneral Eisenhower had reviewed the airborne role in Operation Husky, and had concluded that large-scale formations were too difficult to control in combat to be practical. Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair, commander of Army Ground Forces, had similar misgivings: once an airborne supporter, he had been greatly disappointed by their performance in North Africa and, more recently, Sicily. However, other high-ranking officers believed otherwise, notably the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, George Marshall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation, Swing Board\nHe persuaded Eisenhower to set up a review board and to withhold judgement on the effectiveness of divisional-sized airborne forces until a large-scale maneuver could be tried in December. When Swing returned to the United States to resume command of the 11th Airborne Division in mid-September 1943, he had an additional role. McNair ordered him to form a committee\u2013the Swing Board\u2013composed of U.S. Army Air Forces, parachute and glider infantry, and artillery officers to arrange a large-scale maneuver that would effectively decide the fate of the divisional-sized airborne force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0005-0002", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation, Swing Board\nAs the 11th Airborne Division was in reserve in the United States, and had not yet been earmarked for overseas shipment, the Swing Board chose it as the test formation; it would be opposed by a composite combat team from the 17th Airborne Division with a battalion from the 541st Parachute Infantry Regiment temporarily attached. The maneuver would also provide both divisions with further airborne training, as had occurred several months previously in a large-scale maneuver undertaken by the 82nd and the 101st Airborne Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation, Swing Board\n\u2013The conclusion of General Eisenhower's review of the performance of American airborne forces during Operation Husky", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation, Knollwood Maneuver\nThe objective for the 11th as the attacking force was to capture Knollwood Army Auxiliary Airfield near Fort Bragg in North Carolina, after which the maneuver was named. The defending forces were to try to defend the airport and the surrounding area and repel the airborne assault. The entire operation would be observed by Lieutenant General McNair. His observations and reports to the U.S. War Department, and ultimately General Eisenhower, would do much to decide the success or failure of the exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation, Knollwood Maneuver\nThe Knollwood Maneuver took place on the night of 7 December, with the troops of the 11th Airborne Division being delivered to thirteen separate objectives by 200 C-47 Dakota transport aircraft and 234 Waco CG-4A gliders, with eighty-five percent of the airborne troops being delivered to their target without navigational error. The transport aircraft were divided into four groups, each taking off from a different airfield in the Carolinas, with two groups dropping paratroopers and two towing gliders, and between them deployed 4,800 airborne troops in the first wave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0007-0002", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation, Knollwood Maneuver\nThese airborne troops then seized the Knollwood Army Auxiliary Airfield from the defending troops and secured the area in which the rest of the division landed, all before daylight. Having secured their initial objectives, the 11th Airborne Division then conducted a coordinated ground attack against a reinforced infantry regiment, as well as several aerial resupply and casualty evacuation missions in coordination with transport aircraft. The exercise was judged to be a great success by those who observed it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0007-0003", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), Formation, Knollwood Maneuver\nMcNair reported that the success of the maneuver pleased him, and highlighted the great improvements in airborne training that had occurred in the months between the end of Operation Husky and the Knollwood Maneuver. Due to the success of the units of the 11th Airborne Division during the exercise, the divisional-sized airborne force was deemed to be effective and was allowed by Eisenhower to remain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II\nThe division also participated in the Second Army maneuvers in the Tennessee Maneuver Area from 6 February 1944. It finished its training on 27 March 1944, and transferred to Camp Forrest on 24 March 1944. The division staged at Camp Myles Standish on 12 August 1944 before departing Boston Port of Embarkation on 20 August 1944. The 17th Airborne Division arrived in the United Kingdom on 26 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II\nOnce in Britain the division was attached to U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps, under Major General Matthew Ridgway, which commanded all American airborne formations, and which in turn became part of the First Allied Airborne Army when it was formed on 21 August, under the command of Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton. Although attached to XVIII Airborne Corps, the division was not chosen to participate in Operation Market Garden, a large-scale airborne operation intended to seize several bridges through the Netherlands to allow the Allied armies to bypass the Rhine river and enter Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0009-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II\nThe 17th was passed over in favour of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions because it had only recently arrived in the European Theater and was considered to be unprepared logistically as it was still collecting its combat equipment. The division, now with Colonel Edson Raff's 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment under command\u2013a veteran unit which had fought in Normandy under command of the 82nd Airborne Division\u2013remained in England as a theater reserve during Market Garden and its aftermath, as the Allied armies continued their advance towards Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nOn 16 December 1944 the Wehrmacht launched an offensive in the Ardennes region of Belgium, breaking through Allied lines and rapidly advancing towards Antwerp. On the afternoon of 17 December, General Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, decided to commit his theater reserve to the Ardennes in an attempt to halt the German advance; this consisted of the 17th, 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions under the control of XVIII Airborne Corps. The three divisions were to be attached to Courtney Hodges's U.S. First Army and were ordered to concentrate around the town of St Vith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0010-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nHowever, while the other two airborne divisions were able to immediately make their way to the Ardennes as they were already stationed in France, bad weather prevented the 17th from flying in from where the division was stationed in Britain for several days. On 23 December the weather cleared and the division was finally flown to France by emergency night flights. It moved to an assembly area near Rheims. On Christmas Day, the division was attached to George Patton's U.S. Third Army and ordered to assume a thirty-mile long defensive position that ran along the Meuse River near Charleville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nBy 1 January 1945 the threat to Charleville had eased sufficiently for the division to be transferred to another area of the Ardennes, being transported to an area south-west of Bastogne near the village of Morhet on 3 January; there it relieved the 11th Armored Division which had occupied the village prior to its arrival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0011-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nOn 4 January the division entered combat for the first time when it was ordered alongside the 87th Infantry Division to seize a number of key towns to the west of Bastogne, in order to prevent German forces from encircling the town a second time; it had been relieved by the Third Army on 26 December. With the 87th Infantry Division on its left flank, the division advanced towards German positions with the 194th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0011-0002", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nGlider Infantry Regiment and 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment forming the division's assault element; the 193rd Glider Infantry Regiment and the 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment moved behind these two regiments to deal with expected German armoured counter-attacks against them. During its initial advance the division engaged German forces, including infantry and armour, in an attempt to secure a narrow, high-rimmed road to the north-west of Bastogne; during a battle that lasted three days the division suffered nearly 1,000 casualties attempting to hold what the division's official historian labeled 'Dead Man's Ridge'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0011-0003", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nIt was during the opening stages of this battle that the division earned its first Medal of Honor. Staff Sergeant Isadore S. Jachman of the 513th Parachute Infantry engaged and damaged with a bazooka two German tanks that formed part of an armoured column attacking American positions, forcing the column to retreat but simultaneously being killed by machine gun fire. Between 19 and 26 January, the division broke through German lines and captured several towns before linking up with elements of the British 51st Infantry Division. After it had captured the town of Espeler on 26 January the entire division was withdrawn from the front and transported by truck to Luxembourg, effectively ending its participation in the Ardennes campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Preparation\nAfter participating in the Battle of the Bulge, the division was moved behind the front-lines as a reserve formation and theater reserve, whilst the Allies continued their advance towards the German interior. However, even as the division received replacements and trained, it had already been selected to take part in a highly ambitious airborne operation code-named Operation Eclipse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0012-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Preparation\nThis operation, which got to such an advanced stage that plans had been created and divisional commanders briefed, called for the 17th and 82nd Airborne divisions, along with a brigade from the British 6th Airborne Division, to be dropped in daylight in and around Berlin to capture the city. The operation received the support of General Henry H. Arnold, the Chief of the United States Army Air Corps, but planning ended on 28 March, when General Eisenhower sent a message to Joseph Stalin indicating that the Allied armies would not attempt to capture Berlin, thereby making Eclipse obsolete. Eclipse and several other similarly ambitious airborne operations came to nothing, but in February the division finally received word that it would be involved in an Allied airborne operation to cross the River Rhine in support of the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group that would take place during March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 981]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Preparation\nBy March 1945, the Allies had advanced into Germany and had reached the River Rhine. The Rhine was a formidable natural obstacle to the Allied advance, but if breached would allow the Allies to access the North German Plain and ultimately advance on Berlin and other major cities in Northern Germany. Following the 'Broad Front Approach' laid out by General Eisenhower, it was decided to attempt to breach the Rhine in several areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0013-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Preparation\nBritish Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, commanding the 21st Army Group, devised a plan to allow the forces under his command to breach the Rhine, which he entitled Operation Plunder, and which was subsequently authorized by Eisenhower. Plunder envisioned the British Second Army, under Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey and the U.S. Ninth Army under Lieutenant General William Simpson crossing the Rhine at Rees, Wesel, and an area south of the Lippe Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0013-0002", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Preparation\nTo ensure that the operation was a success, Montgomery insisted that an airborne component was inserted into the plans for the operation to support the amphibious assaults that would take place, which was code-named Operation Varsity. Three airborne divisions were initially chosen to take part in Varsity, these being the British 6th Airborne Division, the U.S. 13th Airborne Division and the 17th Airborne Division, all of which were assigned to the U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Preparation\nHowever, as planning for Operation Varsity began, it soon became obvious that there was a lack of suitable transport aircraft to transport all three airborne divisions. As such the 13th Airborne Division was dropped from the operational plan, primarily because it had no combat experience, whereas the 6th Airborne Division had participated in Operation Tonga, the British airborne landings during Operation Neptune, and the 17th had seen combat in the Ardennes. The plan for the operation was therefore altered to accommodate the two remaining airborne divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0014-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Preparation\nThis would be the first airborne operation the 17th would take part in, and indeed would be its only before it was disbanded. The two airborne divisions would be dropped behind German lines, with their objective to land around Wesel and disrupt enemy defences in order to aid the advance of the British Second Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0014-0002", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Preparation\nTo achieve this, both divisions would be dropped near the town of Hamminkeln, and were tasked with a number of objectives; they were to seize the Diersfordter Wald, a forest that overlooked the Rhine and had a road linking several towns together; several bridges over a smaller waterway, the Issel, were to be seized to facilitate the advance; and the town of Hamminkeln was to be captured. Once these objectives were taken, the airborne troops would consolidate their positions and await the arrival of Allied ground forces, defending the territory captured against the German forces known to be in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Preparation\nThe 17th Airborne was to land its units in the southern portion of the area chosen for the operation, engaging the German forces that were defending the area, securing the Diersfordterwald Forest which dominated the surrounding area and capturing three bridges that spanned the River Issel. It would then hold the territory it had captured until it linked up units from the British 6th Airborne Division, which would land in the northern section of the operational area, and finally advance alongside 21st Army Group once the Allied ground forces had made contact with the airborne forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0015-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Preparation\nTo avoid heavy casualties such as those incurred by the British 1st Airborne Division during Operation Market Garden, both Allied airborne divisions would be dropped only after Allied ground units had secured crossings over the Rhine; the two divisions would also be dropped only a relatively short distance behind German lines, to ensure that reinforcements would be able to link up with them after only a few hours and they would not be isolated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Battle\nOperation Plunder began at 21:00 on 23 March after a week-long aerial bombardment of Luftwaffe airfields and the German transport system, involving more than ten thousand Allied aircraft. By the early hours of 24 March units of 21st Army Group had crossed the Rhine against heavy German opposition and secured several crossings on the eastern bank of the river. In the first few hours of 24 March, the transport aircraft carrying the two airborne divisions that formed Operation Varsity took off from airbases in England and France and rendezvoused over Brussels, before turning north-east for the Rhine dropping zones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0016-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Battle\nThe airlift consisted of 541 transport aircraft containing airborne troops, and a further 1,050 troop-carriers towing 1,350 gliders. The 17th Airborne Division consisted of 9,387 personnel, who were transported in 836 C-47 Dakota transports, 72 C-46 Commando transports, and more than 900 Waco CG-4A gliders. At 10:00 on the morning of the 24th, the first Allied airborne units began to land on German soil on the eastern bank of the Rhine, some thirteen hours after the Allied assault had begun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Battle\nThe 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel Edson Raff, was the lead assault formation for the 17th Airborne Division, and was consequently the first U.S. airborne unit to land as part of Operation Varsity. The entire regiment was meant to be dropped in drop zone W, a clearing two miles north of Wesel; however, excessive ground haze confused the pilots of the transport aircraft carrying the 507th, and as such when the regiment dropped it split into two-halves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0017-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Battle\nColonel Raff and approximately 690 of his paratroopers landed north-west of the drop zone near the town of Diersfordt, with the rest of the regiment successfully landing in drop zone W. The colonel rallied his separated paratroopers and led them to the drop zone, engaging a battery of German artillery en route, killing or capturing the artillery crews before reuniting with the rest of the regiment. By 14:00 the 507th PIR had secured all of its objectives and cleared the area around Diersfordt, having engaged numerous German troops and destroying a German tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0017-0002", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Battle\nThe actions of the regiment during the initial landing also gained the division its second Medal of Honor, when Private George J. Peters posthumously received the award after charging a German machine gun nest and eliminating it with rifle fire and grenades, allowing his fellow paratroopers to gather their equipment and capture the regiments first objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0018-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Battle\nThe 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment was the second divisional unit to land, and was under the command of Colonel James W. Coutts. En route to the drop zone, the transport aircraft containing the regiment had the misfortune to pass through a belt of German anti-aircraft weapons, losing twenty-two of the C-46 transport aircraft and damaging a further thirty-eight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0018-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Battle\nJust as the 507th had, the 513th also suffered from pilot error due to the ground haze, and as such the regiment actually missed their designated drop zone, and were dropped on one of the landing zones designated for the British 6th Airlanding Brigade. However, despite this inaccuracy the paratroopers swiftly rallied and aided the British glider-borne troops who were landing simultaneously, eliminating several German artillery batteries which were covering the area. Once the German troops in the area had been eliminated, a combined force of American and British airborne troops stormed Hamminkeln and secured that town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0018-0002", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Battle\nBy 14:00, Colonel Coutts reported to the Divisional Headquarters that the 513th had secured all of its objectives, having knocked out two tanks and destroyed two complete regiments of artillery during its assault. During its attempts to secure its objectives, the regiment also gained a third Medal of Honor for the division when Private First Class Stuart S. Stryker posthumously received the award after leading a charge against a German machine gun nest, creating a distraction to allow the rest of his platoon to capture the fortified position the machine gun was situated in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0019-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Battle\nThe third component of the 17th Airborne Division to take part in the operation was the 194th Glider Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel James Pierce. The regiment landed accurately in landing zone S, but their gliders and the aircraft that towed them took heavy casualties; twelve C-47 transports were lost due to anti-aircraft fire, and a further one hundred and forty were damaged by the same fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0019-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Battle\nThe regiment landed in the midst of a number of German artillery batteries that were engaging Allied ground forces crossing the Rhine, and as such many of the gliders were engaged by German artillery pieces which had their barrels lowered for direct-fire. However, these artillery batteries and their crews were defeated by the glider-borne troops, and the regiment was soon able to report that its objectives had been secured, having destroyed forty-two artillery pieces, ten tanks, two mobile-flak wagons and five self-propelled guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0020-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Aftermath\nOperation Varsity was a successful large-scale airborne operation. All of the objectives that the airborne troops of the 17th had been tasked with had been captured and held, usually within only a few hours of the operation's beginning. The bridges over the Issel had been successfully captured, although one later had to be destroyed to prevent its capture by counter-attacking German forces. The Diersfordter Forest had been cleared of enemy troops, and the roads along which the Germans might have moved reinforcements against the advance had been cut by airborne troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0020-0001", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Aftermath\nBy nightfall of the 24th, the British 15th Infantry Division had joined up with elements of the British 6th Airborne Division, and by midnight the first light bridge was across the Rhine. By the 27th, twelve bridges suitable for heavy armour had been installed over the Rhine and the Allies had fourteen divisions on the east bank of the river which had penetrated up to ten miles. The division also gained its fourth Medal of Honor in the days following Operation Varsity, when Technical Sergeant Clinton Hedrick of the 194th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0020-0002", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Operation Varsity, Aftermath\nGlider Infantry Regiment received the award posthumously after aiding in the capture of Lembeck Castle, which had been turned into a fortified position by the Germans. In terms of casualties, the 17th Airborne Division suffered a total of 1,346 casualties in the space of five days, between 24 and 29 March, when Operation Plunder came to an end. After it had participated in Operation Varsity, the 17th Airborne Division continued to advance through Germany as a part of XVIII Airborne Corps, engaging German forces around Wesel, Essen and M\u00fcnster. When Germany unconditionally surrendered on 7 May 1945, the division was conducting occupation duties in northern Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0021-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Awards\nDuring World War II the division and its members were awarded the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019148-0022-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division (United States), World War II, Postwar and inactivation\nThe 17th Airborne Division was relieved of occupation duty on 14 June by British troops, and the division was split up and its component units attached to other airborne divisions, either to the 82nd Airborne Division in Berlin or to the 13th Airborne Division which was preparing to participate in the invasion of Japan. When Japan surrendered, all of the division's units returned to their parent formation and the division moved to Camp Myles Standish in Taunton, Massachusetts, being officially inactivated on 16 September 1945. The formation was reactivated at Camp Pickett, VA, on 6 July 1948 as a training division, but on 19 June 1949 it was permanently inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019149-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Division Artillery\nThe 17th Airborne Division Artillery is an inactive field artillery unit of the United States Army, active from 1942\u20131946 and from 1948\u20131949. The unit served with the 17th Airborne Division in World War II, and saw action in Belgium and Germany, including participating in Operation Varsity. The unit was reactivated again from 1948\u20131949, but was not deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019150-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Raider Infantry Brigade\nThe 17th Raider Infantry Brigade / Kujang I (abbreviated The 17th Raider Brigade / Kujang I) is a Brigade level unit in the 1st Kostrad Infantry Division, a branch of the Indonesian Army. The Raiders Brigade consists of three battalions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019150-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Airborne Raider Infantry Brigade\nThe unit's Command Headquarters (Mako) \"Brigadier Raider 17 / Kujang I\" is located in Cijantung, East Jakarta. This brigade was established on May 20, 1966. This unit was previously named the 17th Para Raider Infantry Brigade / Kujang I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron\nThe 17th Airlift Squadron was most recently one of four active duty Boeing C-17A Globemaster III units at Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina. The squadron was first activated during World War II as the 17th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron, redesignating as the 17th Transport Squadron a few months later. Until disbanding in 1943, it transported cargo and ferried aircraft in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron\nThe squadron was again activated in 1945 as the 17th Air Transport Squadron in 1954 at Charleston. When Military Air Transport Service became Military Airlift Command, the squadron became the 17th Military Airlift Squadron. The 17th was inactivated in 1969 as the C-124 Globemaster II was retired from active service. The squadron reactivated as a strategic airlift unit in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nConstituted 17th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron on 18 February 1942. Activated on 27 April 1942 at Hamilton Field, California flying Curtiss C-46 Commando transporters. Redesignated 17th Transport Squadron on 19 March 1943. Disbanded on 31 October 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, History, Cold War strategic airlift\nReconstituted, and redesignated 17th Air Transport Squadron, Medium, on 22 March 1954. Activated on 18 Jul 1954 with Douglas C-54 Skymasters at Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina. It performed worldwide airlift beginning 1954", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, History, Cold War strategic airlift\nRedesignated 17th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy, on 18 June 1958 with Douglas C-124 Globemaster IIs; 17th Military Airlift Squadron on 8 Jan 1966. Inactivated on 8 Apr 1969. It flew missions to Southeast Asia, 1964\u20131969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, History, Jet airlift\nRedesignated 17th Airlift Squadron on 1 Oct 1991, flying C-141s. It supported operations in Panama, 18\u201329 December 1989, and in Southwest Asia, August 1990 \u2013 December 1991  It supported operations in Afghanistan, September 2001 \u2013 June 2015 and in Iraq, 2003 \u2013 June 2015", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, History, Jet airlift\nIt also supported humanitarian missions, including tsunami relief in India and Sri Lanka; Pakistan earthquake relief; Hurricane Katrina relief in United States; and evacuated American Citizens from Lebanon", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, History, Jet airlift\nOn 17 January 1995, the 17th Airlift Squadron was declared the first operationally ready C-17 squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, History, Jet airlift\nThe 17th was the first unit to set up forward deployed C-17 operations, at the start of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, History, Jet airlift\nThe 17th Airlift Squadron recently stepped up to the plate once more and created another expeditionary squadron. For the first time, two C-17 squadrons deployed in forward theater locations, supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Enduring Freedom. The 817th area of Responsibility split. On 1 June 2006, the 816th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron was created and launched its first crew 15 minutes later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, History, Jet airlift\nUnlike previous C-17 deployments, this one actually had the squadron itself doing all the flying from \"an undisclosed location in Southwest Asia.\" The 17th helped initiate a whole new concept in C-17 operations in that this was the first time that the airframe was employed like traditional intratheater airlift assets such as the C-12, C-20, C-21 or the C-130. However, unlike traditional tactical airlift assets that are under the direct command of the theater commander, the 817th EAS is headquartered out of theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, History, Jet airlift\nThe ceremony marking the inactivation of the 17th Airlift Squadron was held on 25 June 2015 at Joint Base Charleston, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, Lineage, Awards and campaigns, Decorations\nRepublic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm: 1 April 1966 \u2013 8 April 1969", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 65], "content_span": [66, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, Lineage, Awards and campaigns, Campaign streamers\nSouthwest Asia: Defense of Saudi Arabia; Liberation and Defense of Kuwait", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019151-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019152-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Alabama Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Alabama Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019152-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Alabama Infantry Regiment was mustered in at Montgomery, Alabama in August 1861 under Colonel Thomas H. Watts. Watts organized the 17th Infantry and led it at Pensacola and Corinth, but resigned as its colonel to serve as the Confederacy's attorney general in President Jefferson Davis' cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019152-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment surrendered at Greensboro, North Carolina in April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019152-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nWhen regiment was organized at Montgomery, Alabama, it took 900 men hailing from Coosa, Lowndes, Montgomery, Pike, Randolph, Monroe, Butler, and Russell counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019152-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment sustained particularly heavy losses in 1864 after it joined the Army of Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019153-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Alberta Legislature\nThe 17th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from March 2, 1972, to February 14, 1975, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1971 Alberta general election held on August 30, 1971. The Legislature officially resumed on March 2, 1972, and continued until the fourth session was prorogued and dissolved on February 14, 1975, prior to the 1975 Alberta general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019153-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Alberta Legislature\nAlberta's seventeenth government was controlled by the majority Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta for the first time, led by Premier Peter Lougheed. The Official Opposition was led by former Premier Harry Strom of the Social Credit Party, and subsequently James Douglas Henderson and Robert Curtis Clark. The Speaker was Gerard Amerongen who would serve in the role until he was defeated in the 1986 Alberta general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019153-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Alberta Legislature, Fourth session\nEnergy policy came to the forefront near the end of the fourth session of the Legislature when on January 16 a joint press conference was held by the owners of Syncrude Canada Ltd., a joint venture company created to extract oil from the Athabasca oil sands seeking $1-billion in investment following the withdrawal of Atlantic Richfield or risk the failure of the venture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019153-0002-0001", "contents": "17th Alberta Legislature, Fourth session\nDebate over the proposed investment Alberta's news with proponents noting the high costs of development, necessity for domestic oil supplies during the recent 1973 oil crisis, and the risk of stalling future development in the oil sands, while opponents felt the ultimatum was tantamount to blackmail. All provincial governments were provided the opportunity to invest in the agreement, and on February 3 the Governments of Ontario, Canada and Alberta met with Shell Oil and the original partners in the consortium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019153-0002-0002", "contents": "17th Alberta Legislature, Fourth session\nThe Winnipeg Agreement was announced the next day, where the Government of Canada would invest $300-million for 15 per cent of Syncrude Canada Ltd., and the Government of Ontario would invest $100-million for 5 per cent equity, and Alberta would invest $200-million for convertible debenture and finance a $200-million power plant for the site. Representatives from Shell Oil stormed out of the meeting after an hour after the concession for a government-guaranteed base price for oil sands production was not provided. Liberal leader Nick Taylor and NDP leader Grant Notley were very critical of the agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019154-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Ale Kino! Festival\nThe 17th annual Ale Kino! International Young Audience Film Festival was held from 26 April to 1 May 1999. A number of 43 movies took part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019154-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Ale Kino! Festival\nThe movies were presented in four cinemas in Pozna\u0144: Apollo, Olimpia, Muza and Gwiazda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019154-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Ale Kino! Festival\nThe movies were judged by professional and children jury, as well as by International Centre of Films for Children and Young People (CIFEJ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019155-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Division\n17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Division (Persian: \u0644\u0634\u06a9\u0631 17 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u200e) was a division of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps during the Iran\u2013Iraq War. It covered Qom, Zanjan, Semnan, and Markazi provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019155-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Division\nAfter Operation Tariq-ol-Qods, the 17th Brigade of Qom (\u062a\u06cc\u067e 17 \u0642\u0645) was established in the Shush area. Fighters were from Qom, Mashhad, Behbahan, and Shush. Its commander was initially Morteza Saffari, who later became the deputy of Fajr Headquarters and was replaced by Hassan Darvish. In July or August 1982, the brigade was renamed to 17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Brigade (\u062a\u06cc\u067e 17 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628). Since then, forces from Zanjan, Semnan, Markazi provinces constituted the bulk of the unit. In the fourth phase of the Operation Ramadan, Mehdi Zeinoddin was appointed as the new commander of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019155-0001-0001", "contents": "17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Division\nAfter Operation Muharram and the expansion of IRGC brigades, this unit was expanded to the 17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Division. The division proved to be capable during the war. It played a major role in the initial successful stages of Operation Badr. From November 1984 to May 1988, Gholamreza Jaafari was its commander, after whom Mohammad Mirjani commanded the unit for two months. After Operation Dawn 10, commander of IRGC Ground Forces Ali Shamkhani separated and expanded the division into 17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Division and a new 71st Roohollah Division (\u0644\u0634\u06a9\u0631 71 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647) of Markazi Province. 12th Qaem Brigade of Semnan (\u062a\u06cc\u067e 12 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645) and Saheb-ol-Amr Brigade of Zanjan (\u062a\u06cc\u067e \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u200c(\u0639\u062c)) were also later separated as new units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019155-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Division, Sepah-e Ali bin Abu Taleb\nThe division was merged with the Basij of Qom Province to form the Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Corps of Qom Province during the rearrangement of the IRGC units in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019156-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia\nThe 17th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia was held on June 19, 2014, at the Kasablanka Hall in Tebet, South Jakarta. The show was broadcast live on RCTI and was hosted by Raffi Ahmad and Robby Purba. The show was a collaboration between Anugerah Musik Indonesia Foundation and RCTI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019156-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia\nAwards were presented in 48 categories in nine genres of music: Pop and Urban, Rock and Metal, Jazz and Instrumental, Kroncong and Kroncong Contemporary/Style/Opera, Dangdut, children's songs, production work, production support, and general. The event was divided into three segments: AMI Awards Gala Night, Lifetime Achievement Awards, and The Winner's Concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019156-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia\nFatin Shidqia led the nominations with eight, and became the biggest winner of the night with five wins, including Best of the Best Album for For You, Best of the Best Newcomer, and Best Pop Female Solo Artist. Other winners included Geisha, who won in four categories, Coboy Junior, who earning three awards and Ayu Ting Ting, Judika & Duma, etc. took home two trophies each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019156-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia\nViolinist Idris Sardi received the \"AMI Legend Awards\" for his contributions to Indonesian music. His daughter, Santi Sardi, accepted the award on his behalf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019156-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia, Nominees and winners\nThe nominees were announced on May 31, 2014. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019157-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Grammy Awards\nThe 17th Annual Grammy Awards were presented March 1, 1975, and were broadcast live on American television. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019158-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe 17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards were held on November 17, 2016 at the T-Mobile Arena in Paradise, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019158-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe nominations were announced on September 21, 2016. Julio Reyes Copello, Djavan, Fonseca, Jesse & Joy, and Ricardo L\u00f3pez Lalinde leads with four nominations each. American singer Marc Anthony was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on November 16, the day prior to the Latin Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019158-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, General\nAndr\u00e9s Castro, Shakira and Carlos Vives \u2014 \"La Bicicleta\" (Carlos Vives and Shakira)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019158-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Urban\nEgbert Rosa Cintr\u00f3n, Farruko, Eduardo A. Vargas Berrios and Yandel \u2014 \"Encantadora\" (Yandel)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019158-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Rock\nLos Fabulosos Cadillacs \u2014 La Salvaci\u00f3n de Solo Y Juan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019158-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nSonora Santanera \u2014 La Sonora Santanera En Su 60 Aniversario", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019158-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nOmar Alfanno, Fonseca, and Yadam Gonz\u00e1lez C\u00e1rdenas \u2013 \"Vine A Buscarte\" (Fonseca)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019158-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Regional Mexican\nErika Ender, Manu Morendo, and M\u00f3nica V\u00e8lez \u2014 \"Ata\u00fad\" (Los Tigres del Norte)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019158-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Traditional\nNicol\u00e1s Ledesma y Su Orquesta \u2014 Cuando Llora la Milonga", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019158-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Jazz\nArturo O'Farrill & The Afro Latin Jazz Orchestra \u2014 Cuba: The Conversation Continues", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019158-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Classical\nCuarteto Latinoamericano and Jaramar \u2014 El Hilo Invisible (Cantos Sefarad\u00edes)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019158-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Production\nBe Hussey, Gustavo Lenza, Diogo Po\u00e7as, Rodrigo Sanches, Mike Cresswell and Felipe Tchauer \u2014 Tropix (C\u00e9u)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019159-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival\nThe 17th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival (Turkish: 17. Antalya Alt\u0131n Portakal Film Festivali) was a film festival scheduled to be held in Antalya, Turkey, in 1980, which was cancelled due to the declaration of martial law throughout the country following the military coup on September 12, 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019159-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival\nThe awards for this and the preceding festival, which was also cancelled, re-christened Belated Golden Oranges (Turkish: Ge\u00e7 Gelen Alt\u0131n Portallar), were presented at an award ceremony as part of the 48th International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, with the recipients chosen from the films originally selected as candidates by the original jury members selected to represent the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019159-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival\nThe original 1980 jury was to have consisted of Orhan Aksoy, Melih Cevdet Anday, Atilla Dorsay, Kami Suveren, Ara G\u00fcler, Kenan De\u011fer, Erkal G\u00fcng\u00f6ren, Do\u011fan H\u0131zlan, Ahmet Keskin, Ergin Orbey, Attila \u00d6zdemiro\u011flu, Nurettin Tekindor, Gani Turanl\u0131, Tongu\u00e7 Ya\u015far and Tunca Y\u00f6nder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019159-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, National Feature Film Competition, Belated Golden Orange Awards\nThe reconstituted National Feature Film Competition Jury, headed by Prof. Dr. \u00d6zdemir Nutku, awarded Belated Golden Oranges in eight categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 105], "content_span": [106, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019159-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, National Feature Film Competition, Official Selection\nSeven Turkish films made in the preceding year were selected to compete in the festival's National Feature Film Competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 95], "content_span": [96, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019160-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment \"Sforzesca\"\nThe 17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment \"Sforzesca\" (Italian: 17\u00b0 Reggimento Artiglieria Controaerei \"Sforzesca\") is an anti-aircraft artillery regiment of the Italian Army. Originally founded as a field artillery regiment the unit transferred to the anti-aircraft specialty on 1 July 1953. Today the regiment is based in Sabaudia in Lazio and administratively assigned to the Anti-aircraft Artillery Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019160-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment \"Sforzesca\", Current Structure\nAs of 2019 the 17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment \"Sforzesca\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 68], "content_span": [69, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019160-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment \"Sforzesca\", Current Structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Battery fields the following sections: C3 Section, Transport and Materiel Section, Medical Section, and Commissariat Section. The 1st VSHORAD Group is equipped with Stinger man-portable air-defense systems, while the 2nd SHORAD Group is equipped with Skyguard \"Aspide\" surface-to-air missile systems, which will be replaced with CAMM-ER systems in the near future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 68], "content_span": [69, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019160-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment \"Sforzesca\", Current Structure\nThe 17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment \"Sforzesca\" contributes two batteries to the Italian military's National Sea Projection Capability (Forza di proiezione dal mare), which consists of the Italian army's Cavalry Brigade \"Pozzuolo del Friuli\" and the Italian navy's 3rd Naval Division and San Marco Marine Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 68], "content_span": [69, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019161-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion\nThe 17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (17th AAA Bn) was an antiaircraft unit in the United States Marine Corps that served during World War II. The battalion was originally formed in 1942 as the 2d Airdrome Battalion and has the distinction of being the last defense battalion formed in the Marine Corps during the war. Its original mission was to provide air and coastal defense for advanced naval bases. During the war the battalion spent significant time defending Nukufetau and took part in combat operations at Tarawa and Tinian. The battalion was decommissioned on December 6, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019161-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization\nThe 2d Airdrome Battalion was commissioned on October 28, 1942 at Camp Elliott, San Diego, California. It was one of two airdrome battalions formed by the Marine Corps specifically to defend airfields in the China Burma India Theater. Those airfields were overrun by the Japanese before the battalions deployed so the Marine Corps quickly changed their tasking to missions in the Pacific Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019161-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization\nWhile organizing and training in Southern California the battalion spent extensive time at Camp Dunlap in the Imperial Valley. The 2d Airdrome Battalion departed the United States near the end of May 1943 onboard the USS Henderson (AP-1) and SS Cape Clear (AK-5039).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019161-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization\nThe battalion arrived in Oahu, Hawaii on May 31, 1943. It remained there for a few months of additional training as it waited for its initial deployment orders. In early August the battalion embarked on the USS Ormsby (APA-49) and the SS Whistler and sailed west for the Ellice Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019161-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Nukefetau and Tarawa\nAfter a short layover in Funafuti, the 2d Airdrome Battalion arrived at Nukufetau on August 25, 1943 along with the first elements of the Navy's 16th Naval Construction Battalion. Nukufetau was a small atoll 75 miles northwest of the airfield that had been established on Funafuti. The battalion was responsible for air defense of the area while the Seabees constructed Nukufetau Airfield. The airfield was opened on October 6, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019161-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Nukefetau and Tarawa\nHalf of the 2d Airdrome Battalion was detached from duty on Nukufetau and sailed for Tarawa. The detachment went ashore four days after the 2nd Marine Division assaulted the beaches. The remainder of the battalion departed Nukufetau in March 1944 after being relieved by elements of the 51st Defense Battalion. The 2d Airdrome Battalion sailed for Hawaii landing at Nawiliwili Harbor on March 21, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019161-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Reorganization and Tinian\nThe 2d Airdrome Battalion was redesignated as the 17th Defense Battalion on March 22, 1944 and assigned to the V Amphibious Corps. On April 19, 1944 it was again re-designated as the 17th Antiaircraft Battalion. In Hawaii they trained for the occupation and defense of small islands in the Pacific. Between June 10\u201318 the battalion departed Hawaii in three echelons. The unit spent the next 54 days at sea en route to their final objective. While anchored in the harbor at Eniwetok on July 19 the battalion's moniker was changed for the final time, this time to the 17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019161-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Reorganization and Tinian\nThe 17th Defense Battalion landed on Tinian on August 2, 1944. They established positions north of the airfield and in the harbor. The battalion remained on occupation duty on Tinian for the next year. During these months they conducted routine patrols and took a number of Japanese prisoners of war still on the island after the battle. Three Japanese aircraft bombed and strafed the island on November 3, 1944 however the battalions batteries were not able to successfully engage any of the aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019161-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Reorganization and Tinian\nThe battalion was guarding the airfield on August 6, 1945 when the Enola Gay launched to drop the first ever nuclear weapon against Hiroshima in mainland Japan. On August 15, 1945 the 17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was relieved of its tactical duties on Tinian. It finally departed the island on November 1, 1945 on the USS Griggs (APA-110). The battalion sailed back to the United States and was officially decommissioned on December 6, 1945 at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019161-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Gallery\nCoincidence rangefinder being utilized on Nukufetau on November 27, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019161-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019162-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe 17th Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u200e) was held in Doha, Qatar in 2004. It marked the return of the Iraqi National team back to the competition,following the fall of Saddam Hussein. Qatar turned out the victors and Oman came in runners up in a close match that ended in a penalty kick shootout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019163-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Ariel Awards\nThe 17th Ariel Awards ceremony, organized by the Mexican Academy of Film Arts and Sciences (AMACC) took place in 1975, in Mexico City. During the ceremony, AMACC presented the Ariel Award in 13 categories honoring films released in 1974. La Choca, La Otra Virginidad, and Presagio were the most nominated films, and La Choca and La Otra Virginidad tied for Best Picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019163-0000-0001", "contents": "17th Ariel Awards\nEmilio \"El Indio\" Fern\u00e1ndez won for Best Director for La Choca, it was his fourth win in the category, becoming the most awarded director in the category; he held the record for 35 years, until Carlos Carrera tied with four wins in 2010 with the film Backyard: El Traspatio. La Choca was the most awarded film with six accolades; La venida del Rey Olmos and Presagio followed with two wins each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019164-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona State Legislature\nThe 17th Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted in Phoenix from January 1, 1945 to December 31, 1946, during the third of  Sidney Preston Osborn's four consecutive terms as Governor of Arizona. The number of senators and house members remained constant at 19 and 58, respectively. The Democrats controlled one hundred percent of the senate. while the Republicans gained a single house seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019164-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Phoenix on January 18, 1945; and adjourned on March 9. There were three special sessions, the first of which was held from September 10 through September 29, 1945, the second was held from April 23 \u2013 May 3, 1946, and the third was held between September 9 \u2013 28, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019164-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019164-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona State Legislature, House of Representatives, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019165-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona Territorial Legislature\nThe 17th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which convened in Phoenix, Arizona. The session ran from February 13 through April 13, 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019165-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nExpectations were that Arizona would soon achieve statehood. Following the constitutional convention authorized by the previous session, Territorial Delegate Marcus A. Smith had submitted an Arizona statehood bill that had passed the United States House of Representatives but was blocked in the Senate by Republicans who did not wish to grant the predominantly Democratic territory two new senators. The Democratic party won control of the Senate during the 1892 elections, removing the ability of Republicans to block the legislation, and Smith would submit a new statehood bill in the next Congressional session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019165-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nOakes Murphy had been promoted from Territorial Secretary to Governor following the resignation of Governor Irwin  With the inauguration of U.S. President Grover Cleveland imminent, candidates were vying to replace Murphy as the legislative session began. L. C. Hughes would be sworn in as territorial Governor on April 12, 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019165-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nOf concern to the citizens of Arizona Territory was the Apache Kid, who had become one of the most feared outlaws of the prior decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019165-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session\nThe legislature convened on February 13, 1893. During the 60-day session, 91 laws were passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019165-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nGovernor Murphy gave the address on February 14, 1893. It began by the Acting Governor expressing his desire for this session to be the last before statehood. A large portion of the speech was dedicated to territorial finances. With the rapid increases to the territory's population, governmental services needed additional revenue to support educational and law enforcement needs. Murphy criticized practices that allowed assessed property values to remain the same over multiple years  despite steady gains in real values. He was further concerned that the majority of the funds for territorial schools was derived from taxes paid by the gambling industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019165-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nIn the area of proposed legislation, Murphy sought to regulate the railroads \"wherever the people's interests are concerned\"  He asked to have the employment of women in saloons prohibited while seeking to require a \"high license\" for the sale of alcohol as an alternative to prohibition. The Acting Governor additionally wanted to replace existing the territory-wide regulations on gambling with local option laws. He desired to create a licensing requirement to practice medicine. Additionally, Murphy asked for a law prohibiting Indians from carrying weapons off the reservation and wanted to move the territorial prison from Yuma to a more central location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019165-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nIn a move intended to prepare the territory for statehood, the session created a board to regulate the dentistry profession. A reform school was authorized to be built in Flagstaff. Similarly, a territorial library was authorized for Phoenix while a museum for preservation of the territory's archeological artifacts was authorized to be built at the University of Arizona. The session passed a law requiring canal owners to remove sunflowers and cockleburs from the banks of the canals. Finally, in a bill introduced by George W. P. Hunt, the session authorized a US$5,000 bounty for the capture, dead or alive, of the Apache Kid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019165-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Concurrent activities\nAs the session was in progress, efforts were underway to have a new governor appointed. Territorial Delegate Marcus A. Smith wrote to President Cleveland on March 22, 1893, saying \"The Legislature in now in session and will adjourn on the 13th of April. The newly installed Governor must have several days in which to make a judicious selection of the important officers under his appointment. The Federal Statutes ... provide ... that the Governor of the Territory, by and with the consent on the Council, shall name the Territorial officers. When the Legislature adjourns there will be no Council to act in harmony with him.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019165-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Concurrent activities\nThe new Governor, L. C. Hughes, was not nominated until April 4, 1893, and, following confirmation by the U.S. Senate did not take office till the last full day of the legislative session. Unlike the 15th Arizona Territorial Legislature, the legislature did not extend the session to allow the new Governor a chance to make officer nominations of his own choosing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019166-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's)\nThe 17th (Lemoyne's) Arkansas Infantry (1862\u20131865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The regiment did not yet have the required 10 companies when it was ordered east of the Mississippi River with the rest of General Earl Van Dorn's Army of the West. Due to its understrength size the unit was also known as the 17th Arkansas Infantry Battalion. The unit was eventually consolidated with remnants of McCraver's 14th Arkansas Infantry Battalion and the consolidated unit was re-designated as the 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019166-0000-0001", "contents": "17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's)\nThe 21st Arkansas fought in all of the engagements of the Vicksburg campaign, and ended up surrounded and besieged at Vicksburg and surrendered with the rest of Pemberton's command. After being paroled and exchanged back to Arkansas, the regiment was consolidated with the remnants of several other Arkansas regiments to become 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019166-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's)\nAnother Arkansas Infantry Regiment, first commanded by Colonel Frank A. Rector and later commanded by Colonel John Griffith was also designated as the 17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Griffith's).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019166-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's), Organization\nThe Seventeenth Arkansas regiment was organized from six companies from Conway, Johnson, Pope and Yell counties on January 3, 1862, at Fairfield, Yell county. The regiment recruited only two more before it was ordered east of the Mississippi River by General Earl Van Dorn. The field and staff officers were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019166-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's), Organization\nThe unit was composed of volunteer companies from the following counties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019166-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's), Battles\nThe 17th Arkansas was ordered to Jacksonport. Records exist of soldiers from this unit being injured when the steamer Cambridge sank on February 23, 1862, while transporting Lemoyne's regiment across the White River between Grand Glaize and Augusta. The Company G of Yell County and Company H of Prairie County were added on February 15, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019166-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's), Battles\nThe regiment was ordered to accompany General Van Dorn to Mississippi, and a return of troops shows Lemoyne's regiment, now listed as the 17th Arkansas Battalion at Corinth in early May 1862. During the reorganization of the army at Corinth, the 17th Arkansas was consolidated with McCarver's 14th Arkansas, and redesignated as the 21st Arkansas Regiment. The existing 21st Arkansas was redesignated as the 15th (Northwest) Arkansas Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019166-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's), Battles\nThe 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment was assigned to the Army of the West under General Price in north Mississippi and participated with credit in the battle of Corinth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019166-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's), Battles\nThe 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment took part in the Battle of Big Black River Bridge, May 17, 1863, and endured the Siege of Vicksburg until the capitulation of Pemberton, July 4, 1863. Colonel Cravens was captured at the Big Black and, with the other officers, was sent a prisoner to Johnson's Island. Colonel Cravens became circuit judge and representative in Congress; Colonel Pitman, circuit judge and State senator; Capt. B. B. Chisom, secretary of State; F. J. Spurlin, private, who lost a leg, was many years treasurer of Garland county; Col. O. P. Lyles became representative in Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019166-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Lemoyne's), Consolidation and Surrender\nIn September 1864, 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment was consolidated with the remnants of 14th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Powers'), 15th (Northwest) Arkansas Infantry Regiment, and the 16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment in the Army of the Trans-Mississippi, and designated as the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi) under the command of Colonel Jordan E. Cravens. The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry (Trans-Mississippi) Regiment was surrendered by General Kirby Smith with the remainder of the Department of the Trans-Mississippi on May 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 72], "content_span": [73, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion\n17th Armored Engineer Battalion are part of the 2nd Armored Division \"Hell on Wheels\". During World War II, they were active in North African Campaign, and Western Europe Campaign. 17th Armored Engineer Battalion was founded on 1 October 1933 as part of the USS Army. First called 17th Engineer Battalion (Heavy Ponton), Motorized. It was renamed on 10 July 1940 to 17th Engineer Battalion (Armored) and assigned to the 2d Armored Division. The unit became active and started training 15 July 1940 at Fort Benning, Georgia. Renamed again on 8 January 1942 as the 17th Armored Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0000-0001", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion\nThe Battalion is now based at Fort Hood, Texas. Battalion motto is We pave the way. Task of the 17 include construction and demolition tasks under combat conditions, like constructing and breaching trenches, tank traps and other fortifications, bunker construction, bridge and road construction. Along with building destruction bridges and other physical work in the battlefield are needed. They also lay or clear land mines. The 17th facilitates the movement and support of friendly forces while slowing the enemy's forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, World War I\nCombat engineers of 17th Armored Engineer Battalion helped the French by building docks, depots and laid rail lines. As the US enter front line operations the 17th built trench systems, wire fence lines, and bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, World War II training\nAfter organizing the new battalion, training in engineering skills started. The battalion average age of the enlisted men was 22 years. Then men had two and a half months of basic training behind. Training included: M1 carbine Rifle marksmanship, mines, minefields, Demining fixed dry gullies bridge construct, floating Pontoon bridge construct, road repair-making, Military engineering vehicles-DUKW use, and other field combat problems. Training include Live fire exercise and live mine exercises, to make the men battle ready. Colonel George S. Patton was in charge of training the new 2nd Armored division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, World War II\n17th Armored Engineer Battalion moved with the 2nd Armored Division to North Africa, Sicily, England, France, Belgium and Germany, under the command of the First Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, North Africa\nAs part of the North African Campaign, and Operation Torch the 17th took part in landing French North Africa's Algeria and Morocco. The major task in North Africa was landing clear and mine removal. 17th landing were early morning on 8 November 1942. In Morocco the landing was in Safi as part of Operation Blackstone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Sicily\nAs part of Operation Husky order of battle in the Sicily Campaign, the 17th Armored Engineer Battalion with the 2nd Armor Division landed in Gela, Sicily in south-central Sicily, on 11 July 1943. Before the landing the 17th used M4 Sherman tanks with Scorpion Mine flail exploder to clear the way. The operation captured Butera and participated in the Battle of Mazzarino, then moving on to Palermo. After Sicily the 17th moved to England to train and prepare for D-Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Normandy\nOn 9 June 1944, D-day plus 3, along with other battalions, the 17th battalion landed on Utah Beach in Normandy as a part of the Normandy landings and Operation Overlord. They cleared lanes for landing craft by destroying the mine-bearing steel structures that the Germans had implanted in the intertidal zone. They bulldozed roads up the narrow draws through the cliffs lining the beaches. 17th Armored Engineer Battalion were issued new camouflage uniforms for D-Day. These uniforms are the same one used by US Marine Corps in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0006-0001", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Normandy\nTo clear barricades, mine fields, fill in caters and break through thick hedgerows the 17th used M4 Sherman Tanks mounting with M1 bulldozer. Also used was Caterpillar D7 with armor plates added to the engine and cab. The tank bulldozer broke through the hedgerows in France. Germans learned to wait until the tanks cross with infantry following on foot then fire on both. To counter, forces started with their main guns loaded with canister and pointed to the rear and to the flanks. As the tanks crossed they fired parallel to the hedges, inflicting enemy casualties, this became known as \"Roosevelt's Butchers,\". From Omaha Beach the battalion pushed through the Cherbourg peninsula and built bridge across the Seine river in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Albert Canal bridge\nAs part of aftermath of the Battle of Fort Eben-Emael, the 17th and 82nd Armored Engineer Battalion work build a Bailey bridge across the Albert Canal at the village of Kanne. The first try failed as the bridge fell into the canal. On 15 September 1944 with the help of a boat for support the bridge was completed. Albert canal functioned as a defense line for the retreating enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Geleenbeek stream\nOn 18 September 1944 the 17th built a bridge across the Geleenbeek stream near Kathagermolen as all the bridges across the stream around Schinnen had been destroyed by the retreating German army. During the construction, the engineers were fired on by enemy machine gun emplacements in the treeline on the far bank. The gunfire missed the engineers and a US tank responded, firing several high-explosive rounds into the trees and silencing the enemy guns. Two 60 feet beam bridges were completed: one at Kathagermolen and one at Schinnen. The 17th saw frequent action fighting in Alsace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0008-0001", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Geleenbeek stream\nOn 26 November 1944 at Ciney, Belgium, as part of the Ardennes Offensive, Gen. Collier was ordered by Gen. Harmon to hold Ciney with the combined forces of the 2nd Armored Battalion, the 41st Armored Infantry, the 2nd Bn. 66th Armor, a platoon from \"A\" Company of the 17th Engineers, and another platoon from \"A\" Company of the 702d Tank Destroyer Bn. The 17th Armored Engineers was ordered to secure Merzenhausen and Barmen to cut off communication lines to the Roer as part of Operation Queen. In Lonlay-l'Abbaye the 17th blew up a bridge in center of town before moving on to blow up an enemy ammunition dump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Battle of the Bulge\nDuring the Battle of the Bulge, quick thinking and action of the engineers destroyed key bridges in the path of advancing German forces, slowing and diverting them while Allied forces regrouped. Battle of the Bulge was fought in the bitter cold from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Seine River\n17th Armored Engineers with 82nd Engineer Combat Regiment built a floating bridge over the Seine River at Meulan France on 30 August 1944. The bridge was started at 8am, opened at 6pm, it was 720\u00a0ft. in length. 17th bridge company did not have enough saddles to put on top of the floating pontoons, so a short trestle bridge was built near the far part of the bridge. Approaches to the bridge were made of sommerfeld mat over chespaling mat, with three inches of gravel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Rhine crossing\nNight of 23 March 1945, as part of the Western Allied invasion of Germany and Operation Plunder, Company E and C of the 17th Armored Engineer Battalion, constructed two treadway rafts to prepare of the crossing of the Rhine River about five kilometers south of Wesel. Bridge construction started at 9:45 am and by 4:00 pm the first truck crossed the floating bridge. Over 1152 feet of M2 treadway and 93 pneumatic floats were used in just six hours and fifteen minute construction project, record setting for the size of the bridge. It took twenty five 2 half tons GMC CCKW trucks to transport the bridge parts to the construction site, part of the Red Ball Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Rhine crossing\nA steel treadway bridge needed floating pontoons. A saddles on top of the pontoon put the weight of the bridge on the pontoon. A 12-foot sections of treadway track was bolted to the saddles. The treadway sections were put together on the spot unloaded for many truck. The sections were taken out to the end of the bridge in construction. The sections were connected together with large steel pins. The 17th was experienced with treadway bridges, but this was the largest one. To cross the Rhine would need 80 or 90 sections to complete the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0012-0001", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Rhine crossing\nMoving the sections then pounding in the large pins was hard work. These bridge could carry a heavy load including a 66,800 pound M4 tanks. The floating pontoon was an 18-ton pressurized rubber bag. The saddle was the metal and plywood frame was placed on the float and supported the treadway tracks. To prefabricate the bridge the pontoon had to be inflated; the saddles had to be assembled and lashed to the top of the pontoon. On 30 March 1945 Company \"C\", constructed a treadway bridge across the canal near Alvert. On 5 April 1945, the 17th Engr. Bn. constructed a 384 treadway across the Weser at Ohr, Germany. On 8 April 1945 division engineers constructed a pontoon bridge across the Weser Elbe Canal, west of, Harsum allowing Company \"A\" to continue its drive northeast to Braunschweig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Elbe River\nThe engineers ferried two battalions across the Elbe river before starting the construction of the floating bridge at \u2013 Westerhusen. In the night spanning 12 to 13 April 1945 a bridge across the river was made. Starting at 11pm Companies D and E, 17th Armored Engineer Battalion built the bridge. It was a very dark night making it difficult even with the use two search lights. In the dark the bridge quickly came together. As day light came, engineers put smoke pots, for smoke screen, on both sides of the bridge to hide the construction completions from the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0013-0001", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Elbe River\nBut, at 6am enemy shells destroyed five bridge pontoon floats, work was stopped. By 7am work started again to complete and repair the bridge. By 2pm the bridge was also most complete with 25 feet to complete. But so much enemy artillery fire was raining in the engineers were ordered to abandon the bridge and load up their trucks and pull out, to prevent further damage. PFC William Horne with the 82nd Engineer Combat Regiment helping with the bridge was killed during construction. The unit moved to Grunewalde were a ferry would move them across.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0013-0002", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Elbe River\n17th engineers help in the ferry operations with their DUKWs. On 17 April the 17th Armored Engineered Battalion completed constructed of a bridge across the Elbe River at Magdeburg. The construction team came against enemy fire and once a Luftwaffe attack. 25 April 1945 is known as Elbe Day as the West and East armies connected near the bridge here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Elbe River, Back to the US\nOn 21 January 1946 the battalion was shipped from Calais, France to Ft. Hood, Texas arriving 12 February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Cold War\nAfter World War II the 17th Armored Engineer Battalion was based in Dexheim, Germany. From 1953 to 1954 Anderson Barracks was home of the 17th Armored Engineers. The Engineer battalion's mission was to assist the mobility of armored units of the Second Armored Division. Their mission was to help delay or defeat any Soviet invasions through the Fulda Gap. An annual training event was installing a floating bridge across the Rhine River, like the Battalion did in World War II (has caused flawed caption in image at right as noted).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0015-0001", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Cold War\nIn 1967 parts of 17th were assigned to the 198th Light Infantry Brigade. In 1978, Delta Company, 17th Engineers was stationed at Lucius D. Clay Kaserne in Garlstedt, Germany as part of 2nd Armored Division (Forward). During the Cold War, D Company's role was to prepare for heavy armored combat against the Warsaw Pact in defense of NATO being ready to move in the event of a Soviet threat to NATO. The 17th and its division practiced during exercises like REFORGER (Return of Forces to Germany) from 1967 to 1988. Some training took place at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Panama\nThe 17th took part in Operation Just Cause the United States invasion of Panama on 20 December 1989. Helping with landing and dock operation in the short, but very complex operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019167-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Armored Engineer Battalion, Gulf War\nThe 17th served in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. In the fall of 1990 17th deployed to Saudi Arabia as part of Operation Desert Storm to support heavy armor divisions in the Defense of Saudi Arabia and later the liberation of Kuwait. 17th took part in Battle of Norfolk, with tank battles and ground infantry fighting, the 17th was in operation much like World War II, with mine removal and other support roles. But, with new support vehicle like:M113-A2 & A3 Armored Personnel Carrier, M9 Armored Combat Earthmover, M104 Wolverine, and more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019168-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Army (German Empire)\nThe 17th Army (German: 17. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 17 / A.O.K. 17) was an army-level command of the German Army in World War I. It was formed in France on 1 February 1918 from the former 14th Army command. It served exclusively on the Western Front and was dissolved on 19 January 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019168-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Army (German Empire), History\n17th Army was one of three armies (along with 18th Army and 19th Army) formed in late 1917 / early 1918 with forces withdrawn from the Eastern Front. They were in place to take part in Ludendorff's German spring offensive. The Germans had realised that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the overwhelming human and mat\u00e9riel resources of the United States could be deployed. They also had the temporary advantage in numbers afforded by nearly 50 divisions freed by Russia's withdrawing from the war (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019168-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Army (German Empire), History\nAt the end of the war it was serving as part of Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019168-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Army (German Empire), History\nThe Headquarters was located at St Amand until 6 April 1918, Douai until 1 May 1918, Denain until 18 October 1918 and Mons until start of the march back, reaching Z\u00fclpich for disbandment on 19 January 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019168-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Army (German Empire), History, Order of Battle, 30 October 1918\nBy the end of the war, the 17th Army was organised as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019169-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Soviet Union)\nThe 17th Army of the Red Army was a Soviet field army. Formed in 1940, the army served in the Soviet Far East during World War II and fought in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945. It was disbanded postwar in mid-1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019169-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Soviet Union), History\nThe 17th Army was formed from the 1st Army Group of the Transbaikal Military District on 21 June 1940. From 1941 to 1945, the army assumed a general defensive posture, including within Mongolia. On 22 June 1941 it included the 57th and 61st Tank Divisions, and the 36th and 57th Motor Rifle and 82nd Rifle Divisions. On 15 September, the Transbaikal Military District became the Transbaikal Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019169-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Soviet Union), History\nDuring the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the army was assigned to the Transbaikal Front. On the night of 9 August 1945, without artillery and air support, the 17th Army began the attack. By the end of the day the main forces of the army had advanced 50\u00a0kilometers, and the best part of the passing of the day, about 70 miles, reached the area of the lake Lake Tabun-Nur. On the third day of the Khingan\u2013Mukden Offensive Operation, in cooperation with the Soviet-Mongolian Cavalry mechanized group, the 17th Army approached the south-western spurs of the Greater Khingan Mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019169-0002-0001", "contents": "17th Army (Soviet Union), History\nIn the later days of the operation the army successfully overcame Japanese opposition, and repulsed counterattacks in the area of Linxi. By the end of 14 August 1945, the 17th Army captured the Dabanshan - Tszinpen area. On 16 August Udanchen was captured. In late August 1945 in conjunction with the mechanized cavalry group of the front's main forces the 17th Army reached the area of Linyuan, and one of the divisions of the army was on the coast of Liaodong Bay near the town of Shanhaiguan. In the same area on 31 August 1945 the 17th  Army ended combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019169-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Soviet Union), History\nAfter the end of the war with Japan, the army became part of the Transbaikal-Amur Military District (formed from the Transbaikal Front) on 10 September 1945, and was disbanded between July and August 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019169-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Soviet Union), Commanders\nThe army was commanded by the following officers during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019170-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Wehrmacht)\nThe German Seventeenth Army (German: 17. Armee) was a field army of Nazi Germany during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019170-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Wehrmacht), Operation Barbarossa\nOn 22 June 1941, the 17th Army was part of Army Group South when Nazi Germany launched Operation Barbarossa and invaded the Soviet Union. From 1 July, the Hungarian \"Mobile Corps\" (Gyorshadtest) was subordinated to the 17th Army. Along with 1st Panzer Army, the 17th Army encircled Soviet forces in central Ukraine during the Battle of Uman. Approximately 100,000 Soviet troops were captured. The 17th Army participated in the Battle of Kiev. Army Group South was ordered to resume the offensive, with the objective of capturing Rostov-on-Don, the gateway to the Caucasus oil fields, and Kharkov, a major center of heavy industry for the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019170-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Wehrmacht), Operation Barbarossa\nIn October 1941, the army came under the command of Hermann Hoth, who was convicted post-war in the High Command Trial. Hoth was an active supporter of the war of annihilation (Vernichtungskrieg) against the Soviet Union. He called upon his men to understand the need for \"harsh punishment of Jewry\". In support of the Severity Order issued by Walter von Reichenau in October 1941, in November 1941 Hoth issued the following directive to troops under his command:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019170-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Wehrmacht), Operation Barbarossa\nEvery sign of active or passive resistance or any sort of machinations on the part of Jewish-Bolshevik agitators are to be immediately and pitilessly exterminated ... These circles are the intellectual supports of Bolshevism, the bearers of its murderous organisation, the helpmates of the partisans. It is the same Jewish class of beings who have done so much damage to our own Fatherland by virtue of their activities against the nation and civilisation, and who promote anti-German tendencies throughout the world, and who will be the harbingers of revenge. Their extermination is a dictate of our own survival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019170-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Wehrmacht), Operation Barbarossa\nUnder Hoth's command, units of the 17th Army took part in the hunt for and murder of Jews in its territory of control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019170-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Wehrmacht), Battle of Stalingrad\nIn 1942, Army Group South was to spearhead the German summer offensive in Russia known as Case Blue. The 17th Army was to give flank protection to 1st Panzer Army as it struck towards the Don River. From June to July, the German 17th Army, the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia, and the Romanian 3rd Army were organized as \"Army Group Ruoff\". In August 1942, Hitler sub-divided Army Group South into two new army groups: Army Group A and Army Group B. Army Group A included the 17th Army, the 1st Panzer Army, and the 4th Panzer Army. Army Group B included the 2nd Army, the 6th Army, the Italian 8th Army, and the Hungarian 2nd Army. By October 1942, the Romanian 3rd Army and the Romanian 4th Army were added to further bolster Army Group B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019170-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Wehrmacht), Battle of Stalingrad\nWhile Army Group B struck towards Stalingrad, Army Group A and the 17th Army attacked towards the Caucasus oilfields in what was to be known as the Battle of the Caucasus. However, by December with Soviet forces en-circled the 6th Army at Stalingrad, Army Group A withdrew from Southern Russia but 17th Army was ordered to hold the Kuban bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019170-0006-0001", "contents": "17th Army (Wehrmacht), Battle of Stalingrad\nHitler demanded a three-mile road and rail bridge across the Strait of Kerch in spring 1943 to support a push through the Caucasus to Persia, although the Cable Railway (Aerial tramway) which went into operation on July 14 with a daily capacity of one thousand tons was adequate for the defensive needs of the 17th Army in the Kuban bridgehead. Because of frequent earth tremors, vast quantities of extra-strength girders would be required, and their transport would curtail shipments of military material to the Crimea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019170-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Wehrmacht), Crimea\nBy October 1943, the 17th Army was forced to retreat from the Kuban bridgehead across the Kerch Strait to Crimea. During the following months, the Red Army pushed back the German forces in the southern Ukraine. In November 1943, they eventually cut off the land-based connection of 17th Army through the Perekop Isthmus. Hitler forbade a sea evacuation of 17th Army because he thought the Red Army could use the Crimean Peninsula to launch air attacks against Romanian oil refineries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019170-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Army (Wehrmacht), Crimea\nBy the end of 1943, the Soviet command began landing troops in Kerch Strait and, by 10 April 1944, moving troops near the Sivash and together with an attack at the Perekop Isthmus forced 17th Army to fall back to Sevastopol. The German Supreme Command of the Armed Forces (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) intended to hold Sevastopol as a fortress, much as the Red Army had done during the first battle for the Crimea from 1941 to 1942. Inadequate repair to the defenses of Sevastopol made this impossible and, on 9 May 1944, Sevastopol fell in less than one month after the start of the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019170-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Army (Wehrmacht), Crimea\nThe Army lost much of its heavy equipment in the Crimea. Considerable losses were suffered in terms of men lost in battle and losses associated with the sea evacuation. The Army was subsequently reorganized and continued to fight on the Eastern Front, including in the Battle of Bautzen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019171-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Army Corps (France)\nThe 17th Army Corps was a French Army corps, which fought in the Franco-Prussian War and both World Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019171-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Army Corps (France)\nDuring World War I, 17th Army Corps formed part of the Fourth Army. The 9th Balloon company of the U.S. Army Observation Balloon Service in World War I, served with the corps in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019171-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Army Corps (France)\nThe corps was mobilized from 9 September 1939 from the 17th Military Region, and fought the unsuccessful fr:Bataille de l'Ailette (1940) against the oncoming German Army. It was stood down and eventually disestablished after the Armistice of 22 June 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019171-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Army Corps (France), Sources\nThis World War I article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019171-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Army Corps (France), Sources\nThis World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019171-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Army Corps (France), Sources\nThis French history\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019171-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Army Corps (France), Sources\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019172-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Army Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 17th Army Corps was an Army corps in the Imperial Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019173-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 Official Album\nThe 17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 Official Album is a compilation album that was released on 20 June 2014. It features songs written and selected for the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019174-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Asianet Film Awards\nThe 17th Asianet Film Awards, honoring the best Malayalam films of 2014, were held on 11 January 2015 at Kochi Port Trust Stadium, Willingdon Island, Kochi. The title sponsor of the event was Ujala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019175-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Attack Squadron\nThe 17th Attack Squadron is a squadron of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to the 432d Wing, and stationed at Creech Air Force Base in Indian Springs, Nevada. The 17th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019175-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Attack Squadron, Overview\nThe 17th conducts intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operating the flies MQ-9 Reaper remotely piloted aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019175-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nConstituted as 17 Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron on 14 Jul 1942. Activated on 23 Jul 1942 with Lightning P-38/F-5 reconnaissance aircraft at Colorado Springs AAB, CO.   Redesignated as:  17 Photographic Squadron (Light) on 6 Feb 1943; 17 Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron on 13 Nov 1943. Deployed to the South Pacific Area, assigned to Thirteenth Air Force. Flew hazardous unarmed reconnaissance missions over enemy-held territory in Guadalcanal; New Guinea; Northern Solomon Islands; Bismarck Archipelago; Western Pacific; Leyte; Luzon; Southern Philippines; Central Burma and southeast China. Inactivated in the Philippines, 19 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019175-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nRedesignated as 17 Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Photo-Jet on 1 Apr 1951. Activated on 2 Apr 1951 at Shaw AFB, South Carolina. Redesignated as 17 Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 1 Oct 1966. Inactivated 1 January 1979. Redesignated as 17 Reconnaissance Squadron on 4 Mar 2002. Activated on 8 March 2002 at Indian Springs AFAF (later, Creech AFB), NV. Redesignated as 17 Attack Squadron on 15 May 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019175-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Attack Squadron, History, Cold War reconnaissance\nReactivated at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina in 1951 as a photo-reconnaissance training squadron. Equipped with several reconnaissance aircraft during the 1950s, deploying to NATO in 1959 with the McDonnell RF-101C Voodoo. Operated from France until 1966, moving to RAF Upper Heyford, England. Remained in England until 1970, moved to Zweibrucken AB, West Germany and re-equipped with McDonnell RF-4C Phantom II aircraft. Remained at Zweibr\u00fccken Air Base until 1 January 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019175-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Attack Squadron, History, Unmanned vehicle operations\nThe squadron was reactivated at what was then known as Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field (now Creech Air Force Base) on 8 March 2002, flying the MQ-1 Predator. Added the larger and more heavily-armed MQ-9 Reaper in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019175-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Attack Squadron, History, Unmanned vehicle operations\nAccording to the 2014 documentary film Drone, since 2002 the squadron had been working for the Central Intelligence Agency as \"customer\", carrying out armed missions in Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019175-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Attack Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019176-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Aviation Brigade (United States)\nThe 17th Aviation Brigade is a military formation of the United States Army. It was originally activated at Nha Trang, Vietnam, as the 17th Aviation Group (Combat) on 15 December 1965 under the 1st Aviation Brigade. Later it moved to Tuy Hoa in November 1970 and then to Pleiku in January 1972. The group had the mission of commanding and controlling all non-divisional assets in II Corps Tactical Zone, under I Field Force. The 10th, 14th, 52d, 223rd and 268th Aviation Battalions as well as the 7th Squadron, 17th Cavalry served with the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019176-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Aviation Brigade (United States), Units\nThe following companies and detachments were also under the 17th Aviation Group:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019176-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Aviation Brigade (United States), 119th Aviation Company\nDuring the Vietnam War, one of the units that became part of the 52d Aviation Battalion (Combat), 17th Aviation Group (Combat) was the 119th Aviation Company (Assault Helicopter). The company operated throughout the Central Highlands of Vietnam during the war, from arrival in September 1962 until inactivation in November 1970. Originally designated the 81st Transportation Company and equipped with twin-rotor Piasecki CH-21 \"Flying Banana\" piston-engined helicopters, the company arrived in Pleiku, Vietnam, on 17 September 1962. On 25 June 1963 its assets were used to form the 119th Aviation Company (Assault Helicopter)(Airmobile), and it was re-equipped with turbine-powered single-rotor Bell UH-1A and UH1-B Hueys. The company's area of operations included the entire Central Highlands of Vietnam, plus large portions of Laos and Cambodia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019176-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Aviation Brigade (United States), 119th Aviation Company\nEventually assigned to the 52d Aviation Battalion (Combat), 17th Aviation Group (Combat), 1st Aviation Brigade and headquartered at Camp Holloway in Pleiku, the 119th was also based at An Khe (Camp Radcliff) for a short time later in the war. The helicopters were equipped with 16 to 20 lightly armed UH-1Ds (or UH-1H model \"Slick\" troopships that used the radio callsign called \"Alligator\" or \"Gator\"), and approximately 8 Huey UH-1C model gunships known as \"Crocodiles\" or \"Crocs.\" The company at one time also used the callsign called \"Black Dragon\" from which the 52d's \"Flying Dragon\" callsign evolved. The total company strength of approximately 225 included 50 to 60 pilots and an equal number of crewmembers, plus field maintenance and other critical support personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019176-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Aviation Brigade (United States), 119th Aviation Company\nDuring over eight years in Vietnam, the 119th Aviation Company (Assault Helicopter) provided helicopter support for the US Army 4th Infantry Division, 25th Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division, 173d Airborne Brigade, US Marine Corps, United States Army Special Forces and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. They also flew many classified missions for MACV-SOG. Over 60 members of the 119th Aviation Company (Assault Helicopter) were killed in action, with many more wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019176-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Aviation Brigade (United States), 119th Aviation Company\nAs the war in Vietnam wound down, the 17th Aviation Group was inactivated in Oakland, California, on 16 March 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019176-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Aviation Brigade (United States), Korea and Inactivation\nThe 17th was reactivated in Korea on 1 June 1975. In Korea the group continued its logistics and combat aviation role in support of the US Forces Korea (USFK), ROK-US Combined Forces Command (CFC), and Eighth United States Army (EUSA). Equipment assets included UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters, CH-47 Chinook heavy lift choppers, and C-12 Huron fixed-wing aircraft. In Korea the 17th received air traffic control from the 164th Air Traffic Services Group, which provided ATC services throughout the entire Korean theater in support of all Army aviation operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019176-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Aviation Brigade (United States), Korea and Inactivation\nOn 17 October 1987 the group was redesignated as the 17th Aviation Brigade. As a brigade, it was authorized its own shoulder sleeve insignia, which became authorized on 9 June 1988, And Was Designed by CSM Jerry O Knapp  As part of the overall restructuring of Army forces, in June 2005 the brigade was inactivated, along with the 6th Cavalry Brigade (Air Combat), and most of the assets of both brigades were merged into the Combat Aviation Brigade, 2d Infantry Division in Korea, although some aircraft were reallocated to units in Alaska and Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019176-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Aviation Brigade (United States), Korea and Inactivation\nAt the time of the 17th's inactivation it had one of the last pathfinder units in the entire US Army, the other being assigned to the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) at Fort Campbell, KY. The last pathfinder commander was Captain Derek Martin and the last pathfinder Team Leader was SSG Donald Jordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019177-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Bangladesh National Film Awards\nThe 17th Bangladesh National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information, Bangladesh to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi Cinema released in the year 1992. The ceremony took place in Dhaka and awards were given by then President of Bangladesh. The National Film Awards are the only film awards given by the government itself. Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka. 1992 was the 17th ceremony of National Film Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 17th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Although its numerical designation was bestowed upon it during World War I, the 17th Battalion can trace its lineage back to 1860, when a unit of the New South Wales Volunteer Rifles was raised in St Leonards, New South Wales. This unit has since been  disbanded and reformed a number times. Through its links with the units of the colonial New South Wales defence force, the battalion's history includes service in the Sudan and South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0000-0001", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia)\nDuring World War I, the 17th Battalion was raised for overseas service as part of the Australian Imperial Force. Attached to the 5th Brigade, 2nd Division, the battalion was raised in 1915 and sent to Egypt initially, before taking part in the fighting at Gallipoli against the Turks. Later the battalion was sent to the Western Front in France and Belgium, where it served in the trenches as part of the Australian Corps. Throughout the course of the war, the battalion won numerous battle honours and its members received many individual awards, however, at the end of the war the battalion was disbanded in April 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia)\nIn 1921, the battalion was reformed as a militia unit known as the 17th Battalion (North Sydney Regiment), before being disbanded in 1944. The battalion was reformed in 1948 as an amalgamated unit known as the 17th/18th Battalion (The North Shore Regiment), before being reduced to a company-sized element in the 2nd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment in 1960. In 1965, the battalion was reformed again as the 17th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, before being amalgamated to form the 2nd/17th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe battalion's origins began when the St Leonards Volunteer Rifles was raised in 1860 in the northern suburbs of Sydney as part of the military forces of the New South Wales colonial defence force. Members of this unit served overseas in 1885 in Sudan, and then again in South Africa during the Second Boer War. In 1903, following the Federation of Australia this unit became part of the Commonwealth Military Forces and was renamed the 1st Australian Infantry Regiment. In 1912, a system of compulsory military service was introduced and the unit was renamed the 18th Infantry, and then later, in 1914, the 17th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nWhen World War I began, due to the provisions of the Defence Act 1903 which precluded sending conscripts overseas to fight, it became necessary to raise an all volunteer force, separate to the militia, for service in the Middle East and Europe. This force was known as the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). As a part of this, the 17th Battalion was raised in March 1915 in Liverpool, New South Wales, forming part of the 5th Brigade, which was assigned to the 2nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0003-0001", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nIn May 1915, the battalion left Australia and after spending some time in Egypt training, they landed at Anzac Cove on 20 August 1915. They took part in the August Offensive, during which time they were engaged in the  attack on Hill 60. Following this they were mainly used in a defensive role, defending Quinn's Post, which was one of the most fought over positions at Gallipoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nThe battalion was withdrawn from the peninsula in December 1915 along with the rest of the Allied forces after the decision was made to abandon the campaign. After this, a further period of training in Egypt was undertaken as the AIF was reorganised and expanded from two infantry divisions to five. In March 1916, the 17th Battalion was sent to France as the AIF's infantry divisions were transferred to the Western Front. The battalion moved up to the front line in April and took over the forward position in the eastern Armenti\u00e8res section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nIt was in June, during the prelude to the Battle of the Somme, when the battalion was positioned in the line around Armenti\u00e8res, that Private William Jackson earned the battalion's only Victoria Cross of the war. Later, the 17th Battalion took part in the first major battle at Pozi\u00e8res, serving in the line twice at this time between July and August. A period of respite followed after this, as the 17th was moved north to Belgium along with the rest of the 2nd Division, remaining there until October when they were transferred back to the Somme. For the remainder of the year they undertook defensive duties along the front, although they were not involved in any major attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nIn 1917, after enduring a harsh winter, the 17th Battalion was involved in most of the major battles as the German Army shortened their lines and withdrew back towards the Hindenburg Line, seeing action at Bullecourt in May, Menin Road in September and Poelcappelle in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nAt Lagnicourt, on 15 April, the 17th took part in a defensive action along with four other battalions from the 5th Brigade, defeating a counter-attack by a numerically superior German force, and recapturing the village that had been lost along with a number of guns that the German force had taken off the Australians earlier. In early 1918, the battalion was involved in repelling the German spring offensive, undertaking defensive actions in the Somme Valley, before taking part in the final Allied offensive that eventually brought about an end to the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0005-0002", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nDuring this time they were involved in the battles at Amiens and Mont St Quentin in August, before participating in the attack on the \"Beaurevoir Line\" at Montbrehain in October. This would be the battalion's last contribution to the war, as it was out of the line reorganising when the Armistice was declared in November 1918. It was disbanded in April 1919, whilst at Montigny-le-Tilluel, Belgium, when most of its personnel were transferred to the 20th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nDuring World War I, the battalion suffered 3,280 casualties, of which 845 were killed. Members from the battalion also received the following decorations: one Victoria Cross, one Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, seven Distinguished Service Orders, 19 Distinguished Conduct Medals, 33 Military Crosses, 138 Military Medals, 10 Meritorious Service Medals and 41 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, World War II and post war\nThe demobilisation of the AIF was completed in early 1921 and in April that year it was officially disbanded. The Australian government then decided to reorganise the units of the Citizen Forces (later known as the \"Militia\") in order to perpetuate the divisional structure, numerical designations and battle honours of the AIF. As a result of this, the 17th Infantry, a militia unit that could trace its lineage back to 1860, was reformed as the 17th Battalion (The North Sydney Regiment), drawing personnel from the 17th Infantry Regiment. Through this link, the 17th Battalion inherited two theatre honours, \"Suakin 1885\" and \"South Africa 1899\u20131902\". During the inter-war years, the battalion was assigned to the 8th Brigade, which was headquartered in North Sydney and formed part of the 2nd Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, World War II and post war\nDuring World War II, the battalion undertook garrison duties in Australia, as part of the 9th Brigade, based in New South Wales. Around November 1942, the battalion's machine gun company was detached and in conjunction with several other Militia machine gun companies, it was used to form the 6th Machine Gun Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0008-0001", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, World War II and post war\nAlthough there were reductions amongst the home forces as the war progressed, the 17th Battalion remained on the Australian order of battle until 6 April 1944 when it was disbanded, having not seen active service during World War II, as the Australian Army sought to reallocate manpower back to industry or to other units that were engaged in combat operations in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, World War II and post war\nIn 1948, the battalion was re-raised as part of the Citizens Military Force, and was amalgamated with the 18th Battalion to form the 17th/18th Battalion (The North Shore Regiment). Upon reforming, the battalion was entrusted with the World War II battle honours of the 2/17th Battalion, in which many members of North Sydney Regiment had enlisted. The Australian Army was reorganised along Pentropic lines in 1960, and the battalion became 'B' Company, 2nd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment (2 RNSWR). The battalion also formed the nucleus of 2 RNSWR's support company and regimental band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0009-0001", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), History, Interwar years, World War II and post war\nWhen the Pentropic divisional structure was abandoned in 1965, the battalion was reformed in its own right as the 17th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment. This lasted until 1987 when another reorganisation of the Australian Army Reserve led to the unit's amalgamation to form the 2nd/17th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 17th Battalion received the following battle and theatre honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019178-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Australia), Lineage\nThe 17th Battalion's lineage is as follows:1860\u20131868 \u2014 1st Regiment New South Wales Rifle Volunteers (St Leonards Volunteer Rifles)1868\u20131876 \u2014 The Suburban Battalion, New South Wales Volunteer Rifles1876\u20131878 \u2014 2nd Regiment Volunteer Rifles1888\u20131893 \u2014 St Leonards Reserve Rifle Company1895\u20131901 \u2014 North Sydney Company, 1st Regiment New South Wales Volunteer Infantry1901\u20131903 \u2014 1st Infantry Regiment1903\u20131908 \u2014 1st Australian Infantry Regiment1908\u20131912 \u2014 1st Battalion, 1st Australian Infantry Regiment1912\u20131913 \u2014 18th Infantry Regiment1913\u20131914 \u2014 18th (North Sydney) Infantry1914\u20131918 \u2014 17th Infantry1918\u20131921 \u2014 5th Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment1921\u20131927 \u2014 17th Battalion1927\u20131944 \u2014 17th Battalion (The North Sydney Regiment)1948\u20131960 \u2014 17th/18th Battalion (The North Shore Regiment)1960\u20131965 \u2014 'B' Coy, 2nd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment1965\u20131987 \u2014 17th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019179-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), CEF\nThe 17th Battalion, CEF was a battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. It was authorized on 19 September 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 29 September 1914 where it was redesignated as the  17th Reserve Battalion, CEF on 29 April 1915, to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion was eventually disbanded on 21 May 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019179-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), CEF\nThe 17th Battalion, along with the 9th, 11th and 12th Reserve Battalions formed the Canadian Training Depot at Tidworth Barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019179-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), CEF\nThe battalion recruited in Nova Scotia and was mobilized at Camp Valcartier, Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019179-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), CEF\nThe battalion was awarded the battle honour \"THE GREAT WAR 1914-17.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019179-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), CEF\nThe 17th Battalion, CEF is perpetuated by the Nova Scotia Highlanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019179-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), CEF, Sources\nCanadian Expeditionary Force 1914\u20131919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019180-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Malay Regiment\nThe 17th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Malay Regiment (Malay: Batalion ke-17, Rejimen Askar Melayu Diraja (Payung Terjun)), abbreviated 17 RAMD (Para) from its local name, is a battalion-sized airborne infantry unit of the Malaysian Army's Royal Malay Regiment. Since 10 October 1994, 17 RAMD has been a part of the 10th Parachute Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019180-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Malay Regiment\nThe current commander of the 17 RAMD (Para) is Lieutenant Colonel Anwar Zamani Jusop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019180-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Malay Regiment, History, Formed as an infantry unit\nOn 1 August 1970, the Ministry of Defense established the 17 RAMD as an infantry company in Kementah Camp, Kuala Lumpur as part of Operation Pembena. The pioneer team consists of only one officer and ten other ranks. Captain H.T Sharif Abdul Gaffur was tasked with expanding the unit to operational size. Captain Sharif was able to increase the unit's strength to three officers and 57 other ranks by 9 November 1970, and the unit was transferred to Majidee Camp in Johor Bahru. The unit was upgraded to battalion size on 23 November 1970, and Lieutenant Colonel Adam Abu Bakar was appointed as the first Commander of 17 RAMD. On 23 November 1970, the 17th RAMD became operational.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 85], "content_span": [86, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019180-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Malay Regiment, History, Formed as an infantry unit\nIn November 1982, 17 RAMD were assigned to the 7th Infantry Brigade and relocated to Kukusan Camp in Tawau to serve under the Army East Field Command. Four years later, the 17 RAMD was reassigned to Army West Field Command and transferred to the 1st Infantry Brigade. The garrison was also relocated to Terendak Camp in Malacca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 85], "content_span": [86, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019180-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Malay Regiment, History, Reconstruct for an airborne role\n17 RAMD and the 9th Battalion, Royal Malay Regiment (9 RAMD) were transferred under the command of the 10th Strategic Brigade in 1990, and both battalions were trained as airborne infantry at the Special Warfare Training Centre. The unit was officially renamed the 17th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Malay Regiment in 1992. On 1 January 1994, the 17 RAMD (Para) became a fully operational airborne unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019180-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Malay Regiment, History, Reassemble as the Rapid Deployment Force\nThe Malaysian Army's top brass intends to combine all airborne units into a single combat force. The 8th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Ranger Regiment (8 RRD (Para)), 9 RAMD (Para), and 17 RAMD (Para) were merged into a single airborne unit in 1993 as its airborne infantry element. On 10 October 1994, following Exercise Halilintar, then-prime minister Dr Mahathir Mohamad officially introduced the unit as the Rapid Deployment Force, and the 10th Strategic Brigade was renamed the 10th Parachute Brigade. The 10th Parachute Brigade is becoming an independent combat force reporting directly to the Chief of the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 99], "content_span": [100, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019180-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Malay Regiment, Role and responsibilities\n17 RAMD (Para), 8 RRD (Para), 9 RAMD (Para), and 18 RAMD (Para) serve as airborne infantry units for the Rapid Deployment Force (RDF). The RDF's airborne infantry is tasked with being able to deploy at any time and to any location via air, land, or sea. They have five primary roles, which are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 75], "content_span": [76, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019180-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Battalion (Parachute), Royal Malay Regiment, Formations, Current formation\nTerendak Camp is home to 17 RAMD (Para). The unit is made up of six paratrooper companies and one family welfare organisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 79], "content_span": [80, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019181-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Berlin International Film Festival\nThe 17th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 23 June \u2013 4 July 1967. The Golden Bear was awarded to the Belgian film Le d\u00e9part directed by Jerzy Skolimowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019181-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Berlin International Film Festival, Jury\nThe following people were announced as being on the jury for the festival:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019181-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Berlin International Film Festival, Films in competition\nThe following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019182-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Bihar Assembly\nThe Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Bihar (Seventeenth Vidhan Sabha of Bihar) was constituted on 23 November 2020 as a result of Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2020 held between 28 October 2020 to 7 November 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group\nThe 17th Bombardment Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. The group was last stationed at Hurlburt Field, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group\nThe Group is a direct successor to the 17th Pursuit Group, one of the 15 original combat air groups formed by the Army before World War II. The 17th's heritage traces back to World War I, when the 95th Aero Squadron played a key role in the St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne, and other Allied campaigns. These battles are symbolized by the seven pattee crosses on the 17th's shield, and it was from the 95th, together with the 34th and 73d Pursuit Squadrons, that the 17th first was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group\nThe Group's aircraft and many of its aircrews took part in the 1942 Doolittle Raid on Imperial Japan. During World War II the 17th Bomb Group was the only combat organization to fight all three of the Axis powers (Japan, Italy, and Germany) on three continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, Origins\nAuthorized originally as the 17th Observation Group on 18 October 1927, the unit was redesignated the 17th Pursuit Group and finally activated at March Field, California, on 15 July 1931. At March, it operated Boeing P-12 and P-26 fighter aircraft until, in 1935, it was redesignated the 17th Attack Group and acquired the Northrop A-17 attack bomber. In 1939 the unit was redesignated again, becoming the 17th Bombardment Group (Medium) and converting to the Douglas B-18 Bolo bomber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, Origins\nIn August and September 1941 the group was the first to be equipped with the new North American B-25 Mitchell bomber. From its training base in Pendleton, Oregon, it deployed to Jackson, Mississippi; Augusta, Georgia and March Field in the fall of 1941 to participate in large scale maneuvers with the Army Ground Forces, returning to Pendleton immediately following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, World War II\nFrom Pendleton, the 17th Bombardment Group flew anti-submarine patrols from Pendleton, Oregon, off the west coast of the United States. As the first unit to operate the B-25, the 17th achieved another \"first\" on 24 December 1941 when one of its Mitchells, flown by 1st Lt . Everett W. Holstrom, dropped four 300-pound bombs on a Japanese submarine near the mouth of the Columbia River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, World War II, Doolittle Raid\nAfter the Doolittle Raid was approved in February 1942, the group was chosen to provide the crews from which volunteers would be recruited. It had been the first unit to receive B-25s, with all four of its squadrons equipped with the bomber by September 1941. It was not only was the first medium bomb group of the Army Air Corps, but in early 1942, also had the most experienced B-25 crews. Its first assignment following the entry of the United States into the war was to the U.S. Eighth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, World War II, Doolittle Raid\nThe group was immediately moved from Pendleton cross-country to Columbia Army Air Base at West Columbia, South Carolina, ostensibly to fly similar patrols off the east coast of the United States, but in actuality to prepare for the mission against Japan. The group officially transferred effective 9 February 1942 to Columbia, where its combat crews were offered the opportunity to volunteer for an \"extremely hazardous\", but unspecified mission. On 19 February, the group was detached from the Eighth Air Force and officially assigned to III Bomber Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, World War II, Doolittle Raid\nInitial planning called for 20 aircraft to fly the mission, and 24 of the group's B-25B Mitchell bombers were diverted to the Mid-Continent Airlines modification center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. With support provided by two senior airline managers, Wold-Chamberlain Field's maintenance hangar was the first modification center to become operational.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, World War II, Doolittle Raid\nOn the morning of 18 April 1942, some 600 miles east of Japan, the aircraft carrier USS\u00a0Hornet launched 16 Mitchells on the highly successful Doolittle raid on Tokyo and other Japanese cities. A boost to American morale, the raid marked the first combat launch of bombers from an aircraft carrier and the first American aerial attack on the Japanese mainland. Piloting the 16th Mitchell was 1st Lt . William G. Farrow, captured and subsequently executed by the Japanese after completing his mission. Following the Doolittle raid, the group transferred to Barksdale Field, Louisiana, and began training on the Martin B-26 Marauder medium bomber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, World War II, Twelfth Air Force\nIn December the group transferred once more, this time to Telergma Airport, Algeria, where it participated in the North African campaign as part of Twelfth Air Force. The aircraft of the 17th Group left for Africa equipped with the Norden Bombsight, however only the leader of each flight carried the Norden, with the remainder dropping their bombs when the leader dropped. As German fighter opposition declined, the Marauder crews in the Mediterranean began removing the four package guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, World War II, Twelfth Air Force\nUpon the expulsion of Axis forces from North Africa in May 1943, the 17th transferred to Sedrata Airfield, Algeria, to begin air operations against Pantelleria. Five by eight miles in dimension, the Mediterranean island sheltered an important Axis airfield with hangars carved into solid rock. Its sheer cliffs would have proved a daunting obstacle to amphibious invasion but precision bombardment by the 17th secured the surrender of the island's defenders in less than a month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, World War II, Twelfth Air Force\nAs part of the Fifteenth Air Force, the group followed the Allied forces from North Africa from bases in Tunisia, Sardinia, Corsica, and France, the 17th conducted bombing missions against critical targets throughout the Mediterranean, Italy, southern France and Germany. It later returned to Twelfth Air Force in January 1944. It received a Distinguished Unit Citation for its support of the Anzio invasion and another for its outstanding performance over Schweinfurt. For operations in support of the invasion of southern France, it received the French Croix de Guerre with Palm. All told, the group conducted 624 missions and participated in 11 campaigns during the war, finally returning to the United States and inactivating in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, Korean War\nWith war in Korea the group was activated to replace the Air Force Reserve 452d Bombardment Group when its term of service was up in May 1952. Assigned to Far East Air Forces, being stationed at Pusan East (K-9) Air Base, South Korea, in May 1952. There, the group flew Douglas B-26 Invader light bombers on night intruder strikes along enemy supply routes. In August, the group switched to daylight formation raids, earning the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation by the end of the war in July 1953. It flew one of the last if not the last mission of the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, Cold War\nOn 10 October 1954 the unit received orders to move to Miho AFB, Japan. This move was accomplished and training operations commenced from Japan. The group was to be re outfitted with Martin B-57 Canberra's, the new jet light bomber. On 26 January 1955, due to problems in the B-57 program, this decision was reversed and the unit was directed to transfer with 39 aircraft to Hurlburt Auxiliary Field, Florida. Training flights continued through January. In February, all flying except that concerned with cruise control missions was terminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0014-0001", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, Cold War\nThe aircraft were stripped of all armament (guns, turrets, sighting equipment and rocket racks) and fitted with 625 gallon auxiliary tanks. On 16 April the first section of 4 aircraft departed. The last section departed on 19 April. Either a B-29 or a C-124, as a lead ship, escorted each flight of four aircraft. The last aircraft landed in Hulburt on 29 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, History, Cold War\nAt Hurlburt, was redesignated the 17th Bombardment Group, Tactical and the unit transitioned to the Martin B-57 Canberra and Douglas B-66 Destroyer medium bombers before inactivating again in 1958 due to budgetary cuts. Group was eliminated from Wing's table of organization as part of the Air Force tri-deputate reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019183-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Bombardment Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia)\nThe 17th Brigade was an infantry brigade in the Australian Army. First raised in 1912 as a Militia formation to provide training under the compulsory training scheme, the brigade was later re-raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force during World War I. Established in 1917 in the United Kingdom, it was broken up and disbanded without seeing action, and its personnel used as reinforcements for other formations. Reformed during World War II, it took part in fighting in Libya, Greece, Crete, Syria in 1941\u20131942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0000-0001", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia)\nFollowing Japan's entry into the war, the Australian government pressed for the 6th Division's return, and the 17th Brigade was subsequently brought back from the Middle East, via Ceylon where they undertook defensive duties until July 1942. Following the brigade's return to Australia, it was deployed to New Guinea for two campaigns: the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign in 1943 and the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in 1944\u20131945. After the war, the brigade was disbanded in January 1946. Today, its name is perpetuated by the 17th Sustainment Brigade, which was raised as a logistics formation in May 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, Pre-war years\nIn 1912, when Australian introduced the compulsory training scheme, a total of 23 Militia brigades, mostly of four battalions, were planned for. These were assigned to six military districts around Australia. At this time, the 17th Brigade formed part of the 3rd Military District. The brigade's constituent units had training depots in various locations around Victoria, including Footscray, Castlemaine, Kyneton, Bendigo, and Echuca. The brigade's constituent battalions were sequentially numbered: 65th, 66th, 67th and 68th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nDuring World War I, the 17th Brigade was formed as part of the all volunteer First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in England, on the Salisbury Plain, as part of the 6th Division on 25 April 1917. The brigade consisted of four infantry battalions, and supported by a machine gun company and a light trench mortar battery. By September 1917, the brigade's strength was just over 3,000 men. Heavy casualties amongst Australian forces on the Western Front at Bullecourt and Messines throughout 1917 resulted in a manpower shortage amongst the five divisions of the AIF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0002-0001", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nAs a result, plans to raise the 6th Division were shelved and its constituent formations were disbanded without seeing any action. The brigade's personnel were then used as reinforcements. The brigade's machine gun company was later re-designated as the 24th Machine Gun Company and eventually allocated to the 4th Machine Gun Battalion, going to serve as part of the 4th Division. Only 15 infantry brigades were raised as part of the Militia during the interwar years, so the 17th Brigade was not re-raised during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nFollowing the outbreak of World War II, the 17th Brigade was reformed as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF). Once again it formed part of the 6th Division. Its headquarters was raised at the Melbourne Showgrounds on 13 October 1939, and upon formation it consisted of four infantry battalions \u2013 2/5th, 2/6th, 2/7th and 2/8th \u2013 all of which were  recruited from Victoria. Basic training was undertaken at Puckapunyal, after which the brigade embarked for overseas,  under the command of Brigadier Stanley Savige.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0003-0001", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThey arrived in the Middle East in April 1940 and by May were stationed in Palestine. That month, the 2/8th Infantry Battalion was transferred to the 19th Brigade, as the 2nd AIF adopted the triangular brigade structure that was standard in the British Army. Further training was carried out in Egypt, at Helway, in September, at which point the 17th Brigade received the remainder of its war equipment. Divisional exercises were undertaken around Ikingi Maryut in October and November, during which the 16th and 17th Brigades practised assault techniques, while the 19th Brigade assumed a defensive role. After this, the 6th Division was deployed to Libya in preparation for their commitment to the Western Desert Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nIn January 1941, the Australians went into action for the first time around Bardia. While the 16th Brigade led the assault, the 17th Brigade was assigned a supporting role. The 2/7th Infantry Battalion provided the division's reserve element, while the 2/6th carried out an advance to the south of the fortress to divert the defenders' attention. Following the initial phase of the operation, the 2/5th and 2/7th then pushed through the gap created by the 16th Brigade and advanced south-easterly against the Italian defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe brigade struggled to make progress during this phase, though, and had to be reinforced by the 2/11th Infantry Battalion from the 19th Brigade. This was followed by the capture of Tobruk, during which the 17th Brigade was again allocated a secondary role, providing reinforcements to the assaulting brigades. In the aftermath, the Italians began to fall back towards Tripoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0004-0002", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe 17th Brigade was pushed forward in pursuit, with the 2/7th Infantry Battalion capturing Barce and then Marsa Brega before the 20th Brigade arrived to relieve them, as part of preparations to redeploy the 6th Division to Greece in response to promises to defend the country against an expected German invasion. The brigade subsequently concentrated around Amiriya, in Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe 6th Division deployed in stages, with the 16th deploying first, followed by the 19th. The 17th arrived in mid-April, disembarking at Piraeus along with the 2/11th Infantry Battalion, which had not deployed with the rest of the 19th Brigade. They arrived as the German invasion was in full swing and upon their arrival the troops were loaded into trucks and driven to the front line around Larissa with orders to form a blocking position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nWhile the 2/6th and 2/7th Infantry Battalions established rearguard positions around Domokos, the brigade's headquarters formed an ad hoc formation consisting of the 2/5th and 2/11th Infantry Battalions and took up positions on the Grevena\u2013Kalabaka road. As the German advance pushed the Allies back, the brigade was pushed south in a series of withdrawals until they were ordered to evacuate from Kalamata in late April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nWhile the majority of the brigade was evacuated back to Palestine, in the confusion the 2/7th was sent to Crete while several hundred men from the 2/5th and 2/6th were also landed after their troopship, the Costa Rica, was sunk en route to Alexandria. The 2/7th was attached to the 19th Brigade at this time, while the two smaller battalions formed a 17th Brigade Composite Battalion, which was assigned to Cremor Force. Cremor Force assumed defensive positions around the western end of the island, with the 17th Brigade Composite Battalion located around Suda Point, while the 2/7th defended Georgiopolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0006-0001", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nOn 20 May, the Germans launched an invasion of Crete, after which there was heavy fighting on the island as the British, Greek, New Zealand, and Australian defenders fought to repel the airborne assault. Despite inflicting heavy casualties, the Allies lost control of the airfield around Malame and were eventually pushed back  towards Sfakia, from where only part of the garrison could be evacuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0006-0002", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nDuring the fighting on Crete, the 2/7th's most significant action came during the Battle of 42nd Street, when they took part in a bayonet assault alongside the Maori Battalion, inflicting heavy casualties on a battalion of the 141st Gebirgsjager Regiment. After three days of rearguard fighting in the hills, plans were made to evacuate the 2/7th Battalion as the final combat unit to be withdrawn from the island, but heavy naval losses resulted in the attempt being cancelled. Although some personnel managed to make their own way back to Allied lines, or escaped later, over 400 personnel from the 2/7th were taken prisoner, while the 17th Brigade Composite Battalion lost 198 men captured. In addition, there were around 100 battle casualties in both units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nMeanwhile, the rest of the brigade concentrated in Palestine in May 1941 and was re-formed. The 2/5th Infantry Battalion was detached in June to take part in the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign, attached to the 7th Division. Later in the campaign, the 17th Brigade's headquarters was also committed to the fighting, assuming control of the 2/3rd and 2/5th Infantry Battalions, and the 2/2nd Pioneers during the Battle of Damour, and then the advance towards Beirut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nAn armistice ended the conflict in mid-July, after which the brigade was assigned to occupation duties, providing a garrison along the Turkish border around Latakia and then later around Tripoli, in Lebanon. In November, the brigade was reconstituted with its original units, and the following month Brigadier Murray Moten took over command of the brigade. In early in 1942 returned to Palestine. With Japan's entry into the war, the Australian government requested the return of the 6th and 7th Divisions to help meet the new threat. However, the 16th and 17th Brigades were diverted en route to Ceylon where they undertook defensive duties amidst concerns of a Japanese invasion. The 17th Brigade was stationed around Akuressa during this time, before completing the voyage back to Australia in July 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nAfter their return to Australia, a period of leave followed. After this, the brigade was re-constituted at Seymour, Victoria, in August 1942, before moving to Singleton, New South Wales a month later. The situation in New Guinea improved for the Allies as the Japanese advance towards Port Moresby along the Kokoda Track was halted following their defeat at the Battle of Milne Bay and following a reversal on Guadalcanal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0008-0001", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe 17th Brigade was subsequently deployed to Milne Bay in October 1942, freeing up the 18th Brigade to be deployed to northern Papua, to taking part in the fighting in the Buna\u2013Gona area. As the Japanese began to shift their attention towards the capture of Wau, in January 1943 the 17th Brigade was relieved by the 29th Brigade and was redeployed to Port Moresby by sea, from where it was flown to Wau to  reinforce Kanga Force, with Moten assuming command of Kanga Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0008-0002", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe move was delayed by bad weather and  was not completed until late January, and aircraft bringing in reinforcements arrived under fire. Fighting commenced east of Wau on 28 January, when elements of the 2/6th Infantry Battalion, which had established an outpost, came under attack. This was followed two days later by the main attack on the airfield, which was held by the 2/5th and 2/7th Infantry Battalions. Several days of heavy fighting followed, and Wau came under air attack on 6 February; however, by 9 February the Australians had cleared the Japanese from the area, forcing them to withdraw. In the following months, elements of the 17th Brigade took part in several actions around Mubo, Bobdubi, Lababia Ridge, Nassau Bay, and Mount Tambu. As the Australians advanced on Salamaua, the 2/7th was detached to support the 15th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nFollowing the capture of Salamaua, the 17th Brigade embarked from Nassau Bay and returned to Australia, concentrating at Wondecla, Queensland, where the 6th Division was reunited on the Atherton Tablelands. A long period of training followed for the 17th Brigade as the role of Australian troops in the Pacific was largely taken over by the US, leaving the 6th Division without a role for a considerable period. Finally, in late 1944, it was determined that Australian forces would relieve US troops around Aitape, in order to free them up for redeployment to the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0009-0001", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nUS troops had secured an airfield at Aitape, and established a strong base there; Australian troops were expected to hold this base and then push patrols east along the coast towards Wewak, while limiting offensive actions so as not to result in the need for the commitment of large scale forces. The brigade began arriving at the US-held airfield at Aitape in November and while the 16th and 19th Brigades carried the advance along the coast, the 17th pushed up the Sepik River inland from the Torricelli Range, rotating each battalion between defensive and offensive actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0009-0002", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nIn January 1945, the 2/5th moved towards Perimbul and Balif, while the following month the remainder of the brigade advanced to Ami, linking up with the 2/5th around Maprik. The 2/7th took over the advance in February, while flanking units from Hay Force pushed the Japanese into their path. The 2/6th took over from the commandos at Ami in March and the 2/5th took over from the 2/7th in June. Around this time, the 2nd New Guinea Infantry Battalion was assigned to the 17th Brigade and undertook patrols between Hayfield and Gwalip, before the 2/7th took over. In July, they  pushed towards Kiarivu, as the Australian advance moved into the mountain areas. The war ended shortly after this, in mid-August, by which time the brigade's four battalions were in action against the Japanese around Mount Irup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nFollowing the conclusion of hostilities, by mid-October the 17th Brigade concentrated around Dallman Harbour. The demobilisation process began shortly after the war ended, with drafts of personnel being returned to Australia based on priority. A series of cross postings also occurred at this time, with 17th Brigade units swapping personnel with units from the 8th Brigade. Meanwhile, personnel undertook parades and occupation duties, overseeing the surrender of Japanese personnel. There was a shortage of shipping at the time, so the process of demobilisation was slow. The troops were kept occupied with other activities including vocational education and training, and sports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0010-0001", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nFrom November, Moten relinquished command of the brigade, taking over the 6th Division, while a series of administrative commanders temporarily took over the brigade. Cross postings came to an end in December, and that month the main body of the brigade began moving to Australia, with troops from the 2/5th embarking upon the troopship Duntroon, and cadres from other units embarking upon the British aircraft carrier, Implaccable, departing Wewak on 14 December 1945. After arriving at Woolloomooloo, the brigade concentrated at Wallgrove, New South Wales, before a period of leave. In January 1946, at Puckapunyal, most of the brigade's personnel were demobilised while a small cadre remained to complete the administration necessary for the brigade to be disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nIn the post war era, the 17th Brigade was not re-raised. Its numerical designation is perpetuated, though, by a logistics formation, the 17th Sustainment Brigade, which was raised on 20 May 2006 as the 17th Combat Service Support Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), Units\nDuring World War I, the brigade consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), Units\nDuring World War II, the brigade consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the brigade during World War I:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019184-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Brigade (Australia), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the brigade during World War II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019185-0000-0000", "contents": "17th British Academy Film Awards\nThe 17th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1964, honoured the best films of 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019186-0000-0000", "contents": "17th British Academy Games Awards\nThe 17th British Academy Video Game Awards was hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 25 March 2021 to honour the best video games of 2020. It was held as a live-streamed event due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, with Elle Osili-Wood as host. This was Wood's first time hosting the ceremony, taking over from Dara \u00d3 Briain who had hosting the BAFTAs ten times between 2008 and 2020. The nominees were announced on 2 March 2021, with The Last of Us Part II receiving a record-setting thirteen nominations, beating the eleven nominations received by Control and Death Stranding at the previous ceremony. Hades was named as Best Game, as well as winning the most awards (five).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019186-0001-0000", "contents": "17th British Academy Games Awards, Nominees and winners\nThe nominations were announced on 2 March 2021. The winners were announced through a livestreamed presentation on 25 March 2021, due to ongoing concerns from the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019187-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Buil Film Awards\nThe 17th Buil Film Awards (Korean:\u00a0\ubd80\uc77c\uc601\ud654\uc0c1) ceremony was hosted by the Busan-based daily newspaper Busan Ilbo. It was held on October 9, 2008 at the Haeundae Grand Hotel's Grand Ballroom in Busan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019188-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Busan International Film Festival\nThe 17th Busan International Film Festival was held from October 4 to October 13, 2012 at the Busan Cinema Center and was hosted by Ahn Sung-ki and Chinese actress Tang Wei, who is the first foreign celebrity to host the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019188-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Busan International Film Festival\nIn this year's festival, a total of 304 films from 75 countries was screened, with 93 serving as world premieres and 39 serving as international premieres. The event was attended by more than 10,000 guests from over 60 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019188-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Busan International Film Festival\nThe 304 films, which includes films from countries such as Japan, India, the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia, were played on 37 screens in seven theaters in Busan, including Busan Cinema Center, CGV Centum City, Lotte Cinema Centum City, and Megabox Haeundae.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019189-0000-0000", "contents": "17th CAT Awards\nThe 17th Cartoon Art Trust Awards, hosted by the Cartoon Art Trust, owners and operators of the Cartoon Museum, were held in October 2013 at the Mall Galleries in London, honouring the best cartoons of 2013. The award ceremony was hosted by cartoonist and museum chairman Oliver Preston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019190-0000-0000", "contents": "17th CableACE Awards\nThe 17th Annual CableACE Awards were held on December 6, 1995. Below are the nominees and winners from that ceremony in the major categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019191-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe 17th Canadian Comedy Awards, presented by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence (CCFE), honoured the best live, television, film, and Internet comedy from 1 January 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019191-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThis was a transitional year which saw a reorganization of the awards. Due to budgetary and time limitations, Canadian Comedy Awards, also known as Beavers, were awarded in only nine categories with all nominees and winners decided by public vote. There was no festival or gala ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019191-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Comedy Awards\nTrailer Park Boys led with three nominations, for their TV show, podcast, and feature. They won Beavers for the former two categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019191-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Comedy Awards, Reorganization and abbreviated awards\nThe Canadian Comedy Awards (CCA) had been put on hold when the license expired in 2015. When the separation process was completed in 2016, there had been insufficient time for the usual consultation with industry members in creating categories, selecting juries and nominees. Industry-voting categories were set aside and nine categories were made available for online public voting in two rounds. An initial round of voting from 8 to 30 September determined nominees, and a second round of voting from 3 to 16 October determined the winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019191-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Comedy Awards, Reorganization and abbreviated awards\nDue to time and budgetary limitations, there was no CCA festival or awards gala for this year. Winners were announced at a nominees reception at The Second City in Toronto, Ontario, on 6 November 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019192-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Film Awards\nThe 17th Canadian Film Awards were held on May 15, 1965 to honour achievements in Canadian film. The ceremony was hosted by Max Ferguson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019193-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Ministry\nThe Seventeenth Canadian Ministry was the cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Louis St-Laurent. It governed Canada from 15 November 1948 to 21 June 1957, including the end of the 20th Canadian Parliament, as well as all of the 21st and 22nd. The government was formed by the Liberal Party of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019193-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Ministry, Succession\nThis Canadian government\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019194-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Parliament\nThe 17th Canadian Parliament was in session from September 8, 1930, until August 14, 1935. The membership was set by the 1930 federal election on July 28, 1930, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1935 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019194-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Parliament\nIt was controlled by a Conservative Party majority under Prime Minister Richard Bedford Bennett and the 15th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by William Lyon Mackenzie King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019194-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Parliament\nThe Speaker was first George Black, and later James Langstaff Bowman. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1924-1933 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019194-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nFollowing is a full list of members of the seventeenth Parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019194-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nElectoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 17th Cavalry Regiment is a historical organization within the United States Army that began as a regiment of cavalry after the Pancho Villa Expedition. The unit was constituted on 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army as the 17th Cavalry at Fort Bliss, Texas and originally inactivated 26 September 1921 at the Presidio of Monterey, California. Formerly a part of the 1950s Combat Arms Regimental System, it was reorganized as a part of the U.S. Army Regimental System, an ongoing effort to maintain the lineage and history of the U.S. Army through its units. Today, the 17th Cavalry Regiment is found across the army within the combat aviation brigades, where the squadrons, now constituted as attack/recon helicopter squadrons, carry on the legacy of the 17th Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Formation\nThe 17th Cavalry Regiment was organized under the provisions of the National Defense Act of 1916 at Fort Bliss, Texas on 30 June 1916 and constituted on 1 July 1916. Brigadier General John J. Pershing had taken his columns into Mexico only a short time before and the need of cavalry troops was pressing. Thirty-two officers and seven hundred and ninety-one veterans from the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 8th and 14th Cavalry Regiments were transferred as the nucleus of the new regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0001-0001", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Formation\nMany of these were recalled from the Mexican Punitive Expedition and since all were experienced troopers, little time was spent in whipping the organization into shape. The regimental commander, Colonel Willard A. Holbrook, assumed command on 9 July 1916, on which date the men from the 8th joined the 17th Cavalry Regiment. Colonel Holbrook held command until he was promoted to the rank of major general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Formation\nIn honor of the cavalry regiments that contributed officers, men and experience to the formation of the 17th Cavalry Regiment, the regimental shield shares much from the coats of arm of those units. Orange is from the 1st Cavalry and was the official color that has historically represented dragoons. The color green was taken from the 3d Cavalry. Their uniforms contained green facings in honor of the 3d Cavalry's first engagement at Vera Cruz, and its contribution throughout the campaign of 1847 to the capture of Mexico City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0002-0001", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Formation\nThe regiment chose the unicorn from the 6th Cavalry Regiment, which represents the knightly virtues and, in the rampant position, a symbol of fighting aggressiveness, combined with speed and alacrity. The demi-horse, in honor of cavalry mounts, was taken from the shield of the 8th Cavalry Regiment. The diagonal line, being the traditional military symbol of cavalry, came from the 14th Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Formation\nThe first mounted formation of the regiment was held on 4 August 1916 and consisted of all fifteen troops and the wagons of the supply troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Arizona\nOn 14 May 1917, over five weeks after the American entry into World War I, the regiment received orders for a change of station due to disturbances along the border of Arizona. By 17 May, the regiment loaded up on trains and traveled from El Paso to arrive at Douglas, Arizona, on the mid-afternoon of 18 May. The regiment established itself at Camp Harry J. Jones, Douglas, Arizona, with outposts near Naco, Arizona (30 miles west along the border), west of town near the C & A Copper Smelter, Forrest, Arizona, and Slaughter's Ranch (13 miles east).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Arizona\nTrouble began in the copper mining districts of Arizona as the Union (IWW) became unmanageable. On 5 July 1917 a provisional squadron, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel White, marched north to Globe, Arizona, for strike duty. Later that month, forest fires in Mormon Canyon (Turkey Creek) grew beyond the control of the forest rangers, prompting another call for assistance by the civil leaders; a detail of fifty men under Second Lieutenant Arthur S. Harrington was deployed to assist them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Arizona\nThe regiment would remain in the Southwest until the end of World War I. After the Armistice with Germany was signed in November 1918, the regiment was under orders to move to Hawaii. Among the junior officers who served with the 17th Cavalry was First Lieutenant Lucian Truscott, later to become a four-star general officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Hawaii\nOn 5 April 1919, the 17th Cavalry set sail from San Francisco on the USAT. Sherman, bound for Honolulu and Schofield Barracks. The massive demobilization following the end of World War I, would leave the 17th Cavalry manning the garrison at Fort Shafter and Schofield Barracks until the fall of 1920. Still, the problem remained of covering approximately one hundred miles of rugged coast line with one regiment of cavalry to effectively repel any attempted landing of troops from transports and hold them off until the arrival of reinforcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0006-0001", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Hawaii\nWith the exception of the sector in and around the city of Honolulu and Pearl Harbor, the entire coast line of the island was left to the 17th Cavalry Regiment. The regiment developed an intricate system of shielded lights and telephone lines for command and control as well as reporting, with camps placed in locations that provided cover and concealment from the air or sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Hawaii\nReorganization in 1921 resulted in a reduction of the number of cavalry regiments from seventeen to fourteen, this included inactivation of the 17th Cavalry. Lack of funds, reduced personnel authorization, and serious doubts that \"the mounted combat of large bodies of cavalry is probably a thing of the past\" contributed to the decision as well as a new regimental organization that was designed to reduce overhead, increase firepower, and retain mobility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Hawaii\nMany old, famous cavalry units came dangerously close to being lost to the Army because of organizational changes, but a new policy of retaining surplus units on the rolls of the Army in an inactive status was established, preserving unit designations and histories for future use rather than disbanding or re-designating them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Hawaii\nThe regiment left Schofield Barracks by truck for Honolulu on 16 September and embarked on the USAT. Buford for Monterey, California. The officers and enlisted men were transferred to the 11th Cavalry on 26 September, and the 17th Cavalry was placed on the inactive list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nTroop A, 17th Cavalry was reconstituted on 1 September 1957 in the Regular Army and consolidated with the 82d Airborne Reconnaissance Company and the consolidated unit designated as Troop A, 17th Cavalry, an element of the 82d Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, NC. It was reorganized and redesignated on 25 May 1964 as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 1st Squadron, 17th Cavalry (organic elements constituted 6 March 1964 and activated 25 May 1964). Troop B, 1st Squadron, 17th Cavalry was the ground reconnaissance element of the 3d Brigade Task Force, 82d Airborne Division in Vietnam. It arrived in Vietnam on 18 February 1968 and departed on 11 December 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nTroop B, 17th Cavalry was reconstituted on 25 April 1957 in the Regular Army and consolidated with the 101st Airborne Reconnaissance Troop and the consolidated unit designated as Troop B, 17th Cavalry, an element of the 101st Airborne Division. It was reorganized and redesignated on 3 February 1964 as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 2d Squadron, 17th Cavalry, and remained assigned to the 101st Airborne Division (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated as elements of the 101st Airborne Division) at Fort Campbell, KY.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0010-0001", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nThe 2d Squadron, 17th Cavalry was originally deployed to Vietnam on 12 December 1967 as the ground cavalry squadron of the 101st Airborne Division, but as the division changed to an airmobile mode the squadron was converted to an air cavalry status during the period December 1968 - June 1969. Troops A, B and C (airmobile aviation) thus joined the squadron in March 1969 to complete the conversion. The previous Troop A (ground reconnaissance) had been serving the 1st Brigade of the division since 29 July 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0010-0002", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nThe entire squadron was involved in intense aerial combat during the Operation Lam Son 719 invasion of Laos, when the helicopters supported the Army of the Republic of Vietnam's drive and retreat directly. This action took place between February and April 1971. In 1970-71 the squadron raised provisional air cavalry Troops E and F. The squadron departed Vietnam on 8 February 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nIn 1965 Troop A, 2d Squadron, 17th Cavalry, 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division was given a Valorous Unit Award for Operation Harrison Tuy Hoa Vietnam, Meritorious Unit Citation, and later after being employed for recon scout patrols in the Toumoroung battle to defend a Special Forces outpost and the Vietnamese company on the edge of complete destruction. Troop A deployed under the command of Captain Bill Carpenter, who called in napalm air strikes on his own position as it was being overrun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0011-0001", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nDeparting from this battle, Troop A patrols were tasked to rescue and reinforce Lieutenant Colonel David Hackworth's Tiger Force (the battalion recon platoon of the 1st Battalion, 327th Infantry) of 45 soldiers who had been overrun and outnumbered 40 or more to 1. The 80 men of Troop A were at that time deployed in reconnaissance efforts along the Ho Chi Minh Trail and throughout the Dak To Province. Each of the 12 patrols rendezvoused with a chopper flight to fight their way in to rescue and re-enforce Tiger Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0011-0002", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nThe scout's radio frequency was changed to Tiger Force as it did every time the scouts were officially attached to another unit. Troop A was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for heroism during this battle by President Lyndon Johnson. The unit was also awarded, as attached reinforcements under the command of Lieutenant Colonel David Hackworth, the South Vietnamese Presidential Citation. 8000 combat helicopter missions were flown during this three-week battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nTroop C, 17th Cavalry was reconstituted 1 March 1957 in the Regular Army and consolidated with the 11th Airborne Reconnaissance Company and the consolidated unit designated as Troop C, 17th Cavalry, an element of the 11th Airborne Division (later designated as the 11th Air Assault Division). It was relieved 1 July 1958 from assignment to the 11th Airborne Division when the 11th was inactivated in southern Germany and its elements reflagged as the 24th Infantry Division and inactivated on 15 November 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0012-0001", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nTroop C was reactivated for a short period (16 March 1962 to 16 January 1963) at Fort Knox, KY, before the lineage was redesignated on 1 February 1963 as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 3d Squadron, 17th Cavalry, and remained assigned to the 11th Air Assault Division (Test)(organic elements concurrently constituted). Troop B, 3d Squadron, 17th Cavalry, was activated on 7 February 1963 at Fort Rucker, AL, while the rest of the squadron (less Troop B) was activated on 19 March 1964 at Fort Benning, GA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0012-0002", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nThe squadron was relieved from assignment to the 11th Air Assault Division (Test) on 30 June 1965 and inactivated the next day. The assets of the 11th Air Assault Division and the 2d Infantry Division were merged and reflagged as the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), and within several months the division was sent to Vietnam. The squadron was reactivated on 25 November 1966 at Fort Knox, KY, and was organized with Troops A, B, and C as air cavalry and Troop D as ground cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nThe 3d Squadron, 17th Cavalry arrived in Vietnam on 30 October 1967 and was assigned to the 12th Aviation Group, 1st Aviation Brigade, primarily stationed at D\u0129 An. It was responsible for air cavalry support in the western part of III Corps Tactical Zone. On 20 July 1970 it was placed under the control of II Field Force, Vietnam. In January 1971 Troop C was transferred to the 7th Squadron, 1st Cavalry. Troops A, B and D departed Vietnam together in April 1972 and Troop C rejoined them for the redeployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0013-0001", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nIn late 1970 the squadron was placed under the operational control of the 1st Cavalry Division and, when combined with the division's 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry, enabled the 1st Cavalry Division to form an ad hoc air cavalry brigade - a highly successful innovation. The squadron was inactivated on 19 June 1973 at Fort Lewis, WA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nTroop D, 17th Cavalry was initially in Vietnam as the ground reconnaissance element of the 199th Infantry Brigade (Light), arriving on 13 December 1966 and departing on 12 October 1970. The unit was raised as an air cavalry troop from the assets of Troop D, 3d Squadron, 5th Cavalry to support the 101st Airborne Division. This second tour lasted from 15 December 1971 to 20 March 1972. Finally, the unit was activated again on 30 April 1972 using the assets of Troop D, 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry to serve the 11th Aviation Group at Da Nang. It departed Vietnam on 26 February 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nTroop E, 17th Cavalry was the ground reconnaissance element of the 173d Airborne Brigade, arriving in Vietnam from Okinawa on 6 May 1965. The troop was colocated with the brigade throughout its service in Vietnam and departed on 14 August 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nTroop F, 17th Cavalry was the ground reconnaissance element of the 196th Infantry Brigade (Light), arriving in Vietnam from Fort Devens, MA, on 26 August 1965. The troop was colocated with the brigade throughout its service in Vietnam and departed on 31 March 1972. Initially the unit was equipped with jeeps carrying mounted 106mm guns. Later Troop F was equipped with APCs, and in November 1969 it was outfitted, in addition to its APCs, with M551 Sheridans, M114 scout vehicles and APCs equipped with 106mm mounted guns (one per platoon), converting them into Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicles (ACAV).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nThe lineage of Troop G, 17th Cavalry, was perpetuated by HHT, 7th Squadron, 17th Cavalry which arrived in Vietnam from Fort Knox, KY, on 28 October 1967 and was attached to the 17th Aviation Group at Pleiku. It moved to \u0110\u1eafk T\u00f4 Base Camp in March 1968 and in May returned to Pleiku. In September 1969 the squadron was relocated to Kontum, moved to Dragon Mountain in November, and in January 1970 the unit returned to Pleiku. In March 1971 it went to Qui Nhon and in late 1971 it was posted to An Son. The following troops and companies served with the squadron in Vietnam:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0018-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nThe 7th Squadron, 17th Cavalry departed Vietnam on 18 April 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0019-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nTroop H, 17th Cavalry was initially the ground reconnaissance element of the 198th Infantry Brigade (Light), arriving in Da Nang aboard Military Sea Transports on 22 October 1967 from Fort Hood, TX, where it has been formed from units of the 1st and 2d Armored Divisions. Troop H departed Vietnam on 1 October 1971. It was re-raised in Vietnam from the assets of Troop B, 7th Squadron, 17th Cavalry and served a second tour in Vietnam from 30 April 1972 to 26 February 1973 under the 17th Aviation Group at Pleiku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0020-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam\nTroop K, 17th Cavalry arrived in Vietnam on 1 October 1970 as an air cavalry unit of the 17th Aviation Group in Nha Trang. It departed Vietnam in December 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0021-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post Vietnam\nOn 2 June 1988 the squadron was assigned to the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) and activated at Fort Drum, NY. On 16 November 1992 the lineage of the former 11th Airborne Reconnaissance Company was withdrawn from the 3d Squadron, 17th Cavalry and concurrently the lineage of the 10th Reconnaissance Company was consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 3d Squadron, 17th Cavalry. Troop E, 3d Squadron, 17th Cavalry, was constituted 16 December 1995 in the Regular Army and activated at Fort Wainwright, Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0022-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post Vietnam\nOn 21 January 1988, the 4th squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment was reflagged into the 5th Squadron, 17th Cavalry Regiment headquartered at Camp Garry Owen, South Korea south of the small Korean town of Yong Ju Gol. The 5th Squadron 17th Regiment Air Cavalry was one of the front line units stationed throughout the region in South Korea northwest of Seoul commonly referred to as the western corridor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0022-0001", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post Vietnam\nThe mission of the 5th squadron was to maintain readiness to deploy and conduct reconnaissance operations to enable the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division to conduct decisive full spectrum operations, and provide patrols and support for operations maintaining security of the DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) between North and South Korea. The 5th Squadron Headquarters (HHT) and two Armor Cavalry Alpha (A) and Bravo (B) Troops were stationed at Camp Garry Owen in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0022-0002", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post Vietnam\nThe Air Cavalry Troops Charlie, Delta, Echo and Foxtrot (C-F) were stationed separately at Camp Stanley when the 5th Squadron was initiated until later that year when the Air Cavalry relocated to Camp Mobile. In 1992 the Armor Cavalry moved to Camp Pelham, later renamed Camp Garry Owen and the Air Cavalry was moved to Camp Stanton. On 5 April 1996 the 5th Squadron 17th Cavalry Regiment was reflagged as the 4th Squadron 7th Cavalry Regiment leaving the 5th Squadron inactive to present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0022-0003", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post Vietnam\nThe Squadron was reactivated on 2 June 1988, as the Cavalry Squadron of the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) at Griffis AFB. Following a move to Fort Drum\u2019s Wheeler Sack Army Airfield, the Squadron deployed to Florida as part of the relief efforts following Hurricane Andrew in 1992. A few months later, the Squadron deployed to Eastern Africa as part of Operation \u201cRestore Hope\u201d, conducting reconnaissance and security operations to assist in restoring order to famine stricken Somalia. Alpha Troop, 3-17 Cavalry deployed in support of Operation \u201cUphold Democracy\u201d in Haiti. 3rd Squadron 17th Cavalry also server as a element of the 10th Mt. Division in Kosovo in 2001 and 2002 as a part of Operation Joint Guardian, where they performed multiple peacekeeping roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0023-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Iraq\nThe 3-17 Cavalry deployed twice in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2003, the Squadron deployed with the 3rd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division. 3-17 Cavalry earned a Meritorious Unit Commendation for operations in Samarra, Mosul, and Tal Afar. In 2007, the Squadron deployed as part of the Presidential Surge, serving with the 3rd Combat Aviation Brigade in securing the \u201cSouthern Belts\u201d of Baghdad. On 22 October 2008, the Squadron was assigned to assigned to 3rd Combat Aviation Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division and moved to Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0024-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, History, Afghanistan\nApache Troop 3rd Squadron 17th Cavalry deployed in support operations with the 1st BCT 10th Mountain division during Operation Enduring Freedom 4 from Aug 2003 - April 2004. The Troop performed security operations for the 10th Aviation Brigade Headquarters. In 2012, the 2nd Squadron was deployed to Afghanistan operating out of Jalalabad Airfield replacing the 1st Squadron that had deployed in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0025-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, Units, Unit history\nThe A-B HH Troops (Scout Armor Ground Cavalry) were located at Camp Garry Owen and Camp Pelham and C-F Troops (Air Cavalry) originally at Camp Stanley later moved to Camp Mobile;On 5 April 1996 the unit reflagged back to 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0026-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, Units, Unit history\nIn 2010 Pale Horse became the first unit in history to win both the AAAA Aviation Unit of the Year and the Ellis D. Parker Aviation Unit of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019195-0027-0000", "contents": "17th Cavalry Regiment, Traditions\nMajor General Holbrook, while he had commanded the regiment, had presented a cup to be awarded during a regimental competition among the officers of the 17th Cavalry. The competition became an annual event and continued to be held in Hawaii. The test consisted of a ten-mile cross-country ride containing two series of four jumps each, followed by two series of five jumps each and a fifteen-foot water jump. The winning riders' names were engraved on the cup, which was maintained by the regiment. Unfortunately, it cannot be found today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019196-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Central Auditing Commission of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 17th Central Auditing Commission of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 17th Congress, and was in session from 1934 until 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 78], "section_span": [78, 78], "content_span": [79, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019197-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\nThe 17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) was elected at the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on 21 October 2007. Its 1st Plenary Session elected the Secretary, deputy secretaries and the 17th Standing Committee of the CCDI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019198-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was elected by the 17th Congress on 21 October 2007, and sat until the 18th National Congress in 2012. The 17th CC is composed of full members and alternate members. It was followed by the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. A member has voting rights, while an alternate does not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019198-0000-0001", "contents": "17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nIf a full member is removed from the CC the vacancy is then filled by an alternate member at the next committee plenum \u2014 the alternate member who received the most confirmation votes in favour is highest on the order of precedence. To be elected to the Central Committee, a candidate must be a party member for at least five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019198-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, References, Sources\nPlenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity, the Central Committee member- and alternate membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership, Central Military Commission members, Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection membership, Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, offices an individual held, retirement, if the individual in question is military personnel, female, has been expelled, is currently under investigation or has retired:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 74], "content_span": [75, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019199-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Chess Olympiad\nThe 17th Chess Olympiad, organized by FIDE and comprising an open team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between October 23 and November 20, 1966, in Havana, Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019199-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Chess Olympiad\nThe Soviet team with 6 GMs, led by world champion Petrosian, lived up to expectations and won their eighth consecutive gold medals, with the United States and Hungary taking the silver and bronze, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019199-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Chess Olympiad\nWhen Hungary and Yugoslavia tied on both game and match points, and they had drawn 2\u20132 with each other, the rules dictated that the final ranking would be decided by using the Neustadtl score \u2013 but not which version of it. A so-called unweighted score was used, which placed Hungary ahead of Yugoslavia, giving them the bronze medals. Had the weighted variant been used instead, the result would have been the other way around.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019199-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nA total of 52 teams entered the competition and were divided into seven preliminary groups of seven or eight teams each. The top two from each group advanced to Final A, the teams placed 3rd-4th to Final B, no. 5-6 to Final C, and the rest to Final D. All preliminary groups and finals were played as round-robin tournaments. The preliminary results were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019200-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\nThe 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during 26 January \u2013 10 February 1934. The congress was attended by 1,225 delegates with a casting vote and 736 delegates with a consultative vote, representing 1,872,488 party members and 935,298 candidate members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019200-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Events\nDuring the elections to the 17th Central Committee Stalin received a significant number (over a hundred, although the precise number is unknown) of negative votes, whereas only three delegates crossed out the name of the popular Leningrad party boss, Sergei Kirov. The results were subsequently covered up on Stalin's orders and it was officially reported that Stalin also received only three negative votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 67], "content_span": [68, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019200-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Events\nDuring the Congress a group of veteran party members approached Kirov with the suggestion that he replace Stalin as the party leader. Kirov declined the offer and reported the conversation to Stalin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 67], "content_span": [68, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019200-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Events\nIn public Stalin was acclaimed, not merely as the leader of the party, but as a towering, universal genius in every human sphere. All his former opponents spoke approvingly of him (other than Leon Trotsky, who had been exiled in 1929) and pledged their total support to the party line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 67], "content_span": [68, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019200-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Events\nIn his speech to the 20th Party Congress, Nikita Khrushchev reported that \"of the 139 members and candidates of the Central Committee who were elected at the 17th Congress, 98 persons, i.e., 70 per cent, were arrested and shot (mostly in 1937-1938).\" In addition, Khrushchev said that \"of 1,966 delegates [to the 17th Congress] with either voting or advisory rights, 1,108 persons were arrested on charges of anti-revolutionary crimes, i.e., decidedly more than a majority.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 67], "content_span": [68, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019200-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Events\nAt the congress Rabkrin was dissolved and its functions passed to the Sovnarkom's People's Control Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 67], "content_span": [68, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019200-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Events\n\"Just like in 1914, the parties of bellicose imperialism, the parties of war and revenge, are appearing in the foreground. It is very clear that we're facing a new war.\" - Joseph Stalin, Report to the Seventeenth Congress of the CPSU, 1934", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 67], "content_span": [68, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019200-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Agenda of the Congress\n1. Reports by Stalin (Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)), Vladimirsky (Central Revision Committee). Rudzutak and Manuilsky", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 83], "content_span": [84, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019200-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Aftermath\nAfter the results of the 17th Party Congress, on 1 December 1934, Sergei Kirov was shot and killed by Leonid Nikolaev. The assassination of Kirov following the Congress would be a bellwether for the Great Purge of 1937-1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 70], "content_span": [71, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019201-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the Philippines\nThe Seventeenth Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikalabimpitong Kongreso ng Pilipinas) was the meeting of the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The convention of the 17th Congress was followed by the 2016 Senate election, which replaced half of the Senate membership, and the 2016 House of Representatives elections which elected the entire membership of the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019201-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the Philippines\nThe House of Representatives met in Batasang Pambansa Complex and the Senate met in the GSIS Building from July 25, 2016, to June 3, 2019, from the first to third year of the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte; this will be the end of tenure for senators elected in 2013. The 17th Congress was officially opened by President Duterte together with the joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019201-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the Philippines, Composition\nBoth chambers of Congress are divided into parties and blocs. While members are elected via parties, blocs are the basis for committee memberships. Only members of the majority and minority blocs are accorded committee memberships. This is how blocs are determined:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019201-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the Philippines, Composition\nIn the speakership election, several members abstained from voting. They, along with the members who voted for the losing candidate voted on who would be the minority leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019201-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the Philippines, Membership, Senate\nThe Senate of the 17th Congress were represented by 2 senators from Central Luzon region, 12 senators from Metro Manila region, 3 senators from Calabarzon region, 2 senators from Bicol Region, 1 senator from Western Visayas region, 2 senators from Northern Mindanao region, and 1 senator from Soccsksargen region. 10 regions in the Philippines have no representation in the Senate of the 17th Congress, while Metro Manila is represented by 12, half of all the senators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019201-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the Philippines, Committees, Constitutional bodies\n*Originally Koko Pimentel (PDP\u2013Laban) from July 25, 2016, to May 21, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019201-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Congress of the Philippines, Laws passed\nThere had been 136 laws that originated from the 17th Congress. Some of these are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019202-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019202-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at Bridgeport, Connecticut, on August 28, 1862, under the command of Colonel William H. Noble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019202-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Defenses of Baltimore, Maryland, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to October 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, Gordon's Division, South End Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to February 1864. 1st Brigade, Ames' Division, District of Florida, Department of the South, to April 1864. District of Florida, Department of the South, to October 1864. 4th Separate Brigade, District of Florida, Department of the South, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019202-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Connecticut Infantry mustered out of service July 19, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019202-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Connecticut for Baltimore, Maryland, September 3. Duty at Fort Marshall, Defenses of Baltimore, October 1862. At Tennallytown, building Fort Kearney, October 15-November 3. March to Thoroughfare Gap and Chany November 3\u201312. Duty at Brook's Station, Virginia, December 1862 to April 1863. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Served in the Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Next the regiment saw action at Hagerstown, Maryland, July 11\u201313. Moved to Folly Island, South Carolina, August 1\u201312 as part of the initial Union occupation of that island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019202-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege operations on Morris Island, South Carolina, against Forts Wagner and Gregg, and against Fort Sumter and Charleston August 15-September 7. Capture of Forts Wagner and Gregg September 7. Moved to Folly Island, South Carolina, and duty there, operating against Charleston, South Carolina, February 1864. Expedition to John's and James Islands February 6\u201314. Ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., February 22, and duty there April 15. Moved to St. Augustine, Florida, April 15\u201317, and duty there June 1865. Action at Welaka May 19, 1864 (detachment). Expedition to Camp Milton May 31-June 3. Action at Milton June 2. Whitesville July 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019202-0004-0002", "contents": "17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nCompanies A, C, I, and K at Picolata, St. Johns River, July 18, 1864, to February 1865. Companies A, E, F, and H moved to Jacksonville July 22, 1864, and participated in the expedition to Baldwin July 23\u201328. Expedition to Enterprise September 28, 1864. Companies C, F, and H at Lake City, Florida, and Companies G and I at Tallahatchie May and June 1865. Regiment moved from St. Augustine to Jacksonville June 9, and duty there July 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019202-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 128 men during service; 5 officers and 48 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 74 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia)\nThe 17th Construction Squadron is an Australian Army unit consisting of personnel drawn mainly from the Royal Australian Engineers. Originally formed in 1949, the squadron is currently part of the 6th Engineer Support Regiment and is based at RAAF Base Amberley. Personnel from the squadron have deployed on operations during the Vietnam War, in Namibia, East Timor, and the ongoing War in Afghanistan. The squadron has participated in the Army Aboriginal Community Assistance Program since 1997, and has also been called upon to provide assistance to the wider Australian community following natural disasters, including most recently in the wake of the 2010\u201311 Queensland floods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Squadron origins (1949\u20131965)\n17th Construction Squadron was raised out of the Eastern Command Maintenance Squadron on 20 September 1949 as a Regular unit, under the command of Captain E. Phillips. Upon formation it consisted of three troops: 8, 9 and 10. Squadron headquarters was located at Kingsford, New South Wales, along with the 9 and 10 Troops, while 8 Troop was located in the Moore Park area. The year later, Plant Troop was raised and moved to Woomera, South Australia. It had initially been planned that the squadron would form part of a regimental formation known as the 4th Construction Regiment, but the regiment was never raised and the squadron was formed as an independent unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Squadron origins (1949\u20131965)\nDuring the period between 1950 and 1965 the squadron carried out considerable construction and relief tasks both within Australia and overseas. It was involved in the construction of the Woomera Rocket Range from 1950 to 1954. In 1953 it was also involved in the site construction for project \"Two Zero Zero\", an atomic weapons test site. Between January and October 1953, the squadron worked to prepare the site ahead of the detonation of the first atomic weapon exploded on the Australian mainland, which took place in October 1953 under the guise of Operation Totem. In 1956, work was undertaken at Moorebank where the squadron constructed a pontoon harbour and also at Randwick where work on new soldiers' accommodation was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Squadron origins (1949\u20131965)\nIn 1960, an element from 8 Troop was deployed to New Hebrides to help restore Port Vila after it was struck by a cyclone. The following year, 10 Troop was detached to the command of the 24th Construction Squadron and deployed to Vanimo and Passam, Papua New Guinea, where they completed road building tasks and constructed a 300-ton wharf. In June 1963, the main body of the squadron deployed to Wewak, taking over from the 21st Construction Squadron, before returning to Australia in June 1964, having been replaced by the 22nd Construction Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, South Vietnam (1966\u20131971)\nThe most significant part of squadron history was its involvement in the Vietnam War. The squadron was in South Vietnam from 1966 to 1971 and was involved in a wide variety of engineering tasks. The first to deploy was 8 Troop, which was initially based around Vung Tau, although they were later deployed to the 1st Australian Task Force base at Nui Dat in August 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, South Vietnam (1966\u20131971)\nAt Nui Dat, elements of the squadron took part in the defence of the base during an attack the day before the Battle of Long Tan; amidst heavy indirect fire, three members of the squadron were wounded. 10 Troop relieved 8 Troop at Nui Dat in October, and in February 1967 the squadron's third troop, 9 Troop, was deployed to Vietnam. Early tasks undertaken by the squadron included clearing operations in support of the 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment during Operation Leeton, and sustainment operations. The construction of helipads and land marking operations were common tasks carried out by Plant Troop. In 1967 the squadron completed a 300,000 gallon dam. This provided the Australian contingent with an alternate water supply. At Nui Dat the squadron set up a large quarrying operation in early 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, South Vietnam (1966\u20131971)\nThe squadron was also involved in the construction of the 1st Australian Logistics Support Group (1 ALSG) base amid the sand dunes at Vung Tau following its occupation in May 1966. Although a detachment of engineers from 1 RAR Group had commenced basic works to prepare the area prior to the lodgement, including a basic water supply and road construction, much work remained. Lacking basic facilities for logistic operations including unloading facilities, roads and hardstanding, 1 ALSG struggled to become operational and commence logistic support to 1 ATF forward at Nui Dat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, South Vietnam (1966\u20131971)\nMeanwhile, basic hygiene and stifling heat were also a significant problem. Urgent work was required and the development plan included cutting and spreading the sand dunes, reclaiming large areas of swamp land, road construction, establishing accommodation, hardstanding, storage areas, workshops and vehicles parks, as well as extensive drainage works. Other tasks included winning construction resources, water purification and supply, electricity generation, survey, bridging and rafting, and civil aid. Helipads were also constructed to enable 1 ALSG to be resupplied by helicopter and for 2 Field Ambulance to receive casualties. Later, in April 1968 a quarry was also constructed at Vung Tau to supply crushed rock, gravel and fine sand for the pavement of roads, airfields, helipads and development of hardstanding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, South Vietnam (1966\u20131971)\nLand clearing operations had been undertaken by 1st Field Squadron since the occupation of Nui Dat to improve base defences and observation. Later they were extended for tactical purposes to open up key routes within Phuoc Tuy by removing vegetation to deny cover and concealment to the Viet Cong, and also provided arable land for villagers as part of the Pacification program. In March 1968, a dedicated Land Clearing Team was formed by 17th Construction Squadron elements at Nui Dat to supplement existing arrangements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0006-0001", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, South Vietnam (1966\u20131971)\nOne particular operation, codenamed \"Cooktown Orchid\" conducted in April 1968, saw a large element of Plant Troop deploy under infantry and armoured protection to clear undergrowth and trees in the foothills of the Long Hai mountains. Land clearance operations proved quite dangerous for the plant operators who were exposed to land mines and booby traps, as well as to attack by small arms and other direct fire weapons. During this operation one D8 bulldozer was destroyed, and a sapper injured when an RPG round hit the dozer he was operating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0006-0002", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, South Vietnam (1966\u20131971)\nIn 1969 the squadron continued with land clearing tasks within the 1 ATF area of operations. During the operation, numerous bunker systems were uncovered and the D8 dozers detonated many mines. In August 1969, 9 Troop assisted in replacing a sabotaged bridge with a 206-foot (63\u00a0m) floating pontoon bridge. The enemy had blown the bridge on National Route 51, 40 miles (64\u00a0km) south-east of Saigon. The troop, working with the US Engineers, took only 13 hours to re-open the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, South Vietnam (1966\u20131971)\n1970 saw the squadron heavily committed to Project 399, the civil aid program involving the construction of housing for Regional Force soldiers and their families throughout Phuoc Tuy province. The squadron built a total of 410 houses at sites such as Baria, An Nhuit, Dat Do, Ong Trinh and Duc Thanh. On 20 September the unit celebrated its 21st birthday. Later that year, John Sanderson was appointed Officer Commanding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, South Vietnam (1966\u20131971)\nIt was at about this time that the unit adopted the \"Little Bear\" symbol and the motto, \"A Little Bear will Fix It\", which is well known on Norton's Bear Brand Tape. The little bear was created in the mid-1950s by Sydney cartoonist Syd Miller and has been in extensively since that time. Quarrying operations during 1970, with the squadron operating Hadfield and Aveling-Barford crushers at three sites. Throughout 1971 a number of major road projects were completed, as was a 36-metre-long (118\u00a0ft) bridge over the Song Rai River. The squadron subsequently returned to Australia, where it moved to Enoggera, Queensland. At the height of its involvement in Vietnam, the squadron consisted of 12 officers and 334 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Enoggera and disbandment (1972\u20131973)\nThe decade of the 1970s saw the demise of the squadron as the RAE was reorganised around a regimental structure. In February 1972, it was renamed the 17th Field Squadron, as part of 2nd Field Engineer Regiment, based at Enoggera. While part of the regiment, the squadron completed construction works in Tully as part of the regiment's involvement supporting the Medium Tank Trials Unit. Public relations projects were also undertaken including work on Tully hospital, schools, golf and bowling clubs. In mid-1973, 17th Field Squadron merged with 7th Field Squadron, and the unit's designation fell off the Royal Australian Engineers Order of Battle. The unit remained disbanded until 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 85], "content_span": [86, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Re-raised in Sydney (1977\u20131989)\nIn August 1977, the 17th Construction Squadron was re-raised at Gallipoli Lines, Holsworthy Barracks, as part of the 1st Construction Regiment. Upon establishment, the unit was placed under the command of Major John Koek. The squadron's first task saw it sent to Nowra, where it was tasked with constructing fuel storage tanks for the Royal Australian Navy. In addition to this, the squadron worked to restore the accommodation buildings that it had been assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0009-0001", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Re-raised in Sydney (1977\u20131989)\nHaving established itself, during the first six months of 1978 the squadron completed a number of small construction tasks for surrounding units in the Holsworthy area, including new facilities for the 1st Field Engineer Regiment. An annual camp was also held at Gosper, New South Wales. In 1979, the 17th Construction Squadron was placed on stand-by for service in Namibia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Re-raised in Sydney (1977\u20131989)\nDuring the early 1980s operational readiness planning took up a large slice of the squadron's effort. During this decade a large number of construction tasks were still completed, including the construction of the Holsworthy Range Road, the School of Military Engineering Museum upgrade and numerous Lysaght buildings. A detachment also supported 22nd Construction Squadron with the construction of facilities for the Special Air Service Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Re-raised in Sydney (1977\u20131989)\nIn 1982 8 Troop performed a small controlled demolition of the Woronora Weir at Engadine. When Severe Tropical Cyclone Isaac hit Tonga on 3 March 1982, killing 6 people and making 45,000 homeless, the entire squadron was deployed to Tonga for a two-week period to assist with urgent shelter and recovery efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Re-raised in Sydney (1977\u20131989)\nIn 1985 the Squadron rebuilt the airfield at the army's Shoalwater Bay Training Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Re-raised in Sydney (1977\u20131989)\nIn 1987\u201388 over a six-month period the Plant Troop constructed a large earth filled dam on the upper Nepean River at the Bents Basin State Recreation Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Re-raised in Sydney (1977\u20131989)\nThe squadron participated in a major exercise with the 1st Construction Regiment at Singleton, New South Wales in 1988. This was the first occasion that the Transfield heavy girder bridge had been constructed on exercise. Also in 1988 9 Troop constructed the Holsworthy Range Control facility and facilities at Penrith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Re-raised in Sydney (1977\u20131989)\nOther works were undertaken overseas by detachments as part of the Defence Co-operation Program. Established in the early 1960s to engage with Southeast Asian nations, in the early 1980s the program was refocused upon the nations in the Southwest Pacific, where a number of construction projects were implemented. During this time, projects were completed in several countries including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Re-raised in Sydney (1977\u20131989)\nIn early 1988, the squadron deployed an officer to Wilkes Station, Antarctica to develop an environmental clean-up plan to remove, make safe or dispose of a large accumulation of rubbish, fuel in drums, explosives, chemicals and gas cylinders deposited since the late 1950s. The plan was subsequently carried out over a period of years for the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions by a series of detachments from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Re-raised in Sydney (1977\u20131989)\nJust prior to deployment to Namibia in January 1989, 9 Troop was deployed at short notice to construct a Light Assault Floating Bridge (Pontoon bridge) across the Macquarie River on the Mitchell Highway in Wellington, New South Wales which had been destroyed by a truck carrying an excavator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0018-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Namibia (1989\u20131990)\nHaving been on stand-by since 1979, the squadron finally deployed to Namibia in April 1989 as part of the Military Component of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group UNTAG. An augmented squadron of 275 personnel was deployed which included a Field Engineer troop from 7th Field Squadron. There were two rotations during the deployment, each of six months duration. The second rotation included a troop from the Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0019-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Namibia (1989\u20131990)\nDuring the first rotation, the squadron was involved in a wide variety of tasks. The first task was to lead \"Operation Safe Passage\". This required the squadron members (supported by British signallers) to work as infantry and man border and internal assembly points. At the time these were the only military units that could be re-deployed quickly to northern Namibia. The aim of the operation was to facilitate the withdrawal of the South-West Africa People's Organisation's (SWAPO) military wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) combatants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0019-0001", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Namibia (1989\u20131990)\nA total of nine assembly points were established with 10 soldiers and five military observers at each. Agreement was subsequently reached in late April that the SADF personnel be restricted to their bases from 26 April; and in effect from this date hostilities largely ceased. Over this period of about three weeks it has been estimated that 251 PLAN combatants were killed for the loss of 21 members of the SADF and other Security Forces. The fact that the Australian soldiers survived this operation without casualty was said to be a tribute to the 'training standards of the Australian Army and perhaps, a bit of good luck'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0020-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Namibia (1989\u20131990)\nThe next major task was to construct and support a number of Returnee Reception centres for the United Nations High Commission for Refugees. The squadron constructed two of the major entry points (at Ongwediva and Engela in Ovamboland), the construction of others was managed by the works office. They were administered under the auspices of the Repatriation, Resettlement and Reconstruction Committee of the Council of Churches in Namibia (CCN).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0021-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Namibia (1989\u20131990)\nThe Squadron was also occupied with route and mine clearance. The SADF laid recognised, marked and fenced, anti-personnel minefields typically as perimeter protection to bases and vital assets. The SADF reported laying 45,000 mines during the conflict of which 3,000 were unaccounted for when UNTAG arrived. SWAPO employed mines as a means of ambushing or intimidation. Much of the work of the 75 Field Engineers deployed with each contingent was area search, clearance of exposed mines, marking minefields and route clearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0021-0001", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Namibia (1989\u20131990)\nColonel John Crocker, the Commander of the 2nd Contingent wrote that \"For the first time since the Vietnam War, Australian Sappers hand cleared their way into live minefields on seven separate occasions to destroy exposed mines. Similar mines killed several civilians and many animals during the mission. Field engineers of the contingent destroyed over 5,000 items of unexploded ordnance (UXO) ranging from artillery shells, through RPG rockets to grenades. UXO, a legacy of the 20-year Bush War, posed a major hazard to local inhabitants in the northern provinces and to UNTAG personnel in that area\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0022-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Namibia (1989\u20131990)\nThe second rotation provided considerable support to the elections that were conducted in November 1989 and which was the primary task for the remainder of the deployment. Activities commenced with 1 ASC from May 1989 onward, but became the primary task for 2 ASC. Major tasks included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0023-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, Namibia (1989\u20131990)\nThe squadron also conducted other works tasks which included an upgrade of the Rundu air base (construction of a movement facility and helipads), construction of a school building for one of the local schools, and the upgrade and maintenance of roads and hard-stands in the area. The second rotation returned to Australia in February 1990. The squadron for their efforts in Namibia received many letters of commendation and appreciation including in 2012 the award of the first Honour Distinction. This is a new (2012) award that provides recognition for outstanding service in operations in other than declared theatres of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0024-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), History, RAAF Scherger (1990\u20131996)\nDuring the 1990s, the squadron was moved outside of the regimental structure, becoming independent once again. In March 1993, it became involved in the construction of RAAF Base Scherger, near Weipa in Far North Queensland. The biggest project undertaken by the Royal Australian Engineers at the time, the task drew very heavily on the squadron's personnel and resources, with three rotations each year. The squadron's involvement with the project was complete by the end of 1996, although ongoing refurbishment continued throughout 1997. The base was officially opened on 5 August 1998 by the Prime Minister, John Howard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0025-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), Recent operations and projects, AACAP (1997\u2013present)\nIn 1996, Prime Minister John Howard committed Australian Army resources to improve health related infrastructure in remote Aboriginal communities. Assisting units provide logistic, transport, communication and health support to the soldiers. The Army Aboriginal Community Assistance Program (AACAP) was initiated in 1997 by the 17th Construction Squadron in the Bulla community, in the vicinity of Timber Creek in the Northern Territory. The squadron has been responsible for AACAPs at a number of locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0026-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), Recent operations and projects, INTERFET (1999\u20132000)\nAt the completion of AACAP Jumbun in 1999 the squadron was deployed at short notice to participate in Operation Warden as part of the International Force for East Timor (INTEFET). Some of the key Squadron activities in East Timor included the construction of the Dili sewage ponds, the extension and resurfacing of the Suai airstrip, drainage works in Dili, the Dili heliport, force water points and support to other units. The squadron was on operations for approximately five months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0027-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), Recent operations and projects, 6th Engineer Support Regiment (2003\u2013present)\nIn 2003, the 17th Construction Squadron became a part of the 6th Engineer Support Regiment. As a part of this formation, the squadron has remained at Holsworthy, even though the rest of the regiment is split between at Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, and Zabul Lines, RAAF Base Amberley. In 2011, the squadron deployed personnel as part of Exercise Pacific Partnership, which saw personnel deployed on board the USS Cleveland from where they were dispatched to Vanuatu, Tonga, Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Micronesia to complete various construction works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 116], "content_span": [117, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0027-0001", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), Recent operations and projects, 6th Engineer Support Regiment (2003\u2013present)\nThe unit was also heavily involved in supporting the Australian Army's commitment to Operation Queensland Flood Assist. It has also contributed personnel to ongoing operations in Afghanistan as part of Operation Slipper, and to Timor Leste as part of Operation Astute. Most recently, the Squadron has deployed members to Iraq in order to support Operation Okra, and Afghanistan in Operation Highroad as part of a train, advise and assist mission. As of 2016, the squadron has relocated to RAAF base Amberley to join the remainder of 6ESR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 116], "content_span": [117, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0028-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), Awards and commendations\nThe Squadron was awarded a Chief of the General Staff Commendation from Lieutenant General Lawrence O'Donnell in March 1990 for the deployment to Namibia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0029-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), Awards and commendations\nIn April 2012 the Chief of Army, Lieutenant General David Morrison, approved a recommendation for the award of the first Honour Distinction to 17th Construction Squadron. This is a new (2012) award that provides recognition for outstanding service in operations in other than declared theatres of war. The citation for the award reads:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0030-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), Awards and commendations\n17 Construction Squadron is awarded the Honour Distinction, Namibia 1989\u20131990, in recognition of its creditable performance in support of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group operation to manage the transition of Namibia to independence in 1990. Despite being deployed to provide engineering support,when the ceasefire broke down at the start of the mission, members of the squadron helped establish Assembly Points, which enabled the mission to continue. This activity was conducted in the face of hostility from elements of the former colonial power and personal danger arising from the breakdown of the cease fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0030-0001", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), Awards and commendations\nLater, 17 Construction Squadron became involved in the election process itself, providing security, transport and logistic support to election officials, monitors, other UN personnel, voters and polling stations. Members of 17 Construction Squadron ensured that, as much as possible, the election was able to proceed without interruption or interference and ensured that all parties were free from intimidation or duress. With the selfless support of individuals from other units of the Australian Defence Force, 17 Construction Squadron played a key role in the smooth and effective transition of Namibia from colonial rule to independence. The Squadron performed a role well beyond what was expected and brought great credit on itself, the Australian Army and Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0031-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), Awards and commendations\nThe award was presented to the unit on 11 May 2013 by the Governor-General, Quentin Bryce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019203-0032-0000", "contents": "17th Construction Squadron (Australia), Commanders\nThe following officers have served as the squadron's Officer Commanding (OC):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019204-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Corps (China)\nThe 17th Corps (Chinese: \u7b2c17\u519b), later the 17th Army Corps, was a military formation of the People's Republic of China's People's Liberation Army from 1949\u201350 and 1968\u201373.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019204-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Corps (China), 1st Formation\nThe 17th Corps was activated in February 1949 from 11th Column, Zhongyuan Field Army. The Corps was composed of the 49th Division, 50th Division and 51st Division. It became part of Yang Yong's 5th Army of the Second Field Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019204-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Corps (China), 1st Formation\nThe Corps took part in the Chinese Civil War, especially the Huaihai Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019204-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Corps (China), 1st Formation\nIn March 1950 the corps was inactivated and converted as Guizhou Military District (later Guizhou Provincial Military District).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019204-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Corps (China), 2nd Formation\nOn August 26, 1968, 17th Army Corps(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c17\u519b) was activated in Huayuanzhen, Xiaochang, Hubei province. Army corps commander: Zhang Zhiyin(Chinese: \u5f20\u6cbb\u94f6), commissar - Zhang Zhaojian(Chinese: \u5f20\u662d\u5251), who was the divisional commissar of 29th Army Division during the Wuhan Incident of the Cultural Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019204-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Corps (China), 2nd Formation\nAs of its activation, the army corps was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019204-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Corps (China), 2nd Formation\nThe formation of the army corps was a result of Wuhan Incident. After the incident, the mutinous Independent Division of Hubei Provincial Military District was quickly disarmed and taken control by 15th Airborne Corps of the PLAAF and affiliated 29th Army Division that under great influence by Lin Biao. The formation of 17th Army Corps was to \"strain\" the \"rogue\" independent divisions with \"modest\" 29th Army Division, and was a footstep forward by the PLAAF to further Lin's influence to the PLA ground force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019204-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Corps (China), 2nd Formation\nIn December 1969, 29th Army Division became 49th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019204-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Corps (China), 2nd Formation\nAfter the Lin Biao incident, all of Lin's \"janissaries\" were quickly put under arrest or investigation, including the corps commissar Zhang Zhaojian. In March 1973 the army corps was formally disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019205-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Critics' Choice Awards\nThe 17th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 12, 2012 at the Hollywood Palladium, honoring the finest achievements of 2011 filmmaking. The ceremony was broadcast on VH1, and hosted by Rob Huebel and Paul Scheer. The nominees were announced on December 13, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019205-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nThomas Horn \u2013 Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close as Oskar Schell", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019205-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nHugo \u2013 Dante Ferretti (Production Design)/Francesca Lo Schiavo (Set Decoration)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019205-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe Tree of Life \u2013 Emmanuel Lubezki (Tie)War Horse \u2013 Janusz Kaminski (Tie)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019205-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe Girl with the Dragon Tattoo \u2013 Angus Wall and Kirk Baxter", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019206-0000-0000", "contents": "17th C\u00e9sar Awards\nThe 17th C\u00e9sar Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Arts et Techniques du Cin\u00e9ma, honoured the best French films of 1991 and took place on 22 February 1992 at the Palais des Congr\u00e8s in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by Mich\u00e8le Morgan and hosted by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Mitterrand. Tous les matins du monde won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019207-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Daytime Emmy Awards\nThe 17th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Thursday, June 28, 1990, on ABC, to commemorate excellence in American daytime programming from March 6, 1989-March 5, 1990. The event aired from 3-5 p.m. EST, live from the Marriott Marquis Hotel in New York City. It preempted General Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron\nThe 17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 24th Air Division of Aerospace Defense Command at Malmstrom AFB, Montana. It was inactivated on 13 July 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron\nThe squadron was first activated during World War II at Wheeler Field, Territory of Hawaii. It provided gunnery training to fighter aircraft of Seventh Air Force until being inactivated in the post war reduction of the United States military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron\nThe squadron was again activated under Air Defense Command (ADC) at Vincent Air Force Base, Arizona in 1955 as an element of the 4750th Air Defense Wing. It moved with the wing to MacDill AFB, Florida in 1959, where it was inactivated when ADC concentrated its fighter weapons training at Tyndall AFB, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, History, Tow Target\nThe squadron was first activated during World War II at Wheeler Field, Territory of Hawaii. It provided gunnery training to fighter aircraft of Seventh Air Force until being inactivated in the post war reduction of the United States military. For its \"resourcefulness and efficiency\" the unit was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation. After April 1946, the squadron flew very few missions as it prepared for inactivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, History, Tow Target\nThe squadron was again activated under Air Defense Command (ADC) at Vincent Air Force Base, Arizona in 1955 as an element of the 4750th Air Defense Group. At Vincent it flew aerial targets for the 4750th's mission of providing air-to-air gunnery training for pilots of interceptor aircraft assigned to ADC. It earned an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for its performance through 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, History, Tow Target\nWhen the group was discontinued in 1958, the 17th was reassigned directly to the 4750th Air Defense Wing. It moved with the wing to MacDill AFB, Florida in 1959, where it was inactivated when ADC concentrated its fighter weapons training at Tyndall AFB, Florida, where drone aircraft were used for air-to-air rocket training in ADC's more advanced aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, History, Radar Evaluation\nThe predecessor of the 17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron as a radar evaluation unit was the 4677th Radar Evaluation Flight (ECM), which was organized at Hill AFB, Utah in 1954. The peacetime mission of the flight was to provide electronic countermeasure (ECM) training and evaluation services to the aircraft control and warning squadrons assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC). The squadron also had a wartime mission to provide jamming support for attack aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, History, Radar Evaluation\nIn order to provide the necessary training, the flight was initially assigned TB-29 Superfortresses and some TB-25 Mitchells. The B-29s and B-25s carried an assortment of active and passive radar jamming devices to provide the ECM training. A Douglas C-47 was used as a support aircraft to ferry personnel and equipment. During the period that the 4677th operated these aircraft, they provided ADC radar squadrons with thousands of hours of ECM training. On 8 July 1958 ADC redesignated the unit as the 4677th Radar Evaluation Squadron, ECM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, History, Radar Evaluation\nBy 1959 the World War II era aircraft were expensive to operate. The planes needed excessive amounts of maintenance to remain airworthy and were not supportable due to a lack of spare parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, History, Radar Evaluation\nThe  Martin B-57 Canberra, originally purchased as a medium bomber for tactical bombardment was being phased out of tactical operations in favor of the North American F-100 Super Sabre. Twelve of these aircraft were reassigned to the squadron. They were equipped with an assortment of ECM devices and redesignated as EB-57Es. These were used as faker target aircraft against Convair F-102 Delta Dagger and Convair F-106 Delta Dart interceptors. The squadron also participated in numerous training exercises such as Feudal Indian, Vigilant Overview, and Feudal Keynote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, History, Radar Evaluation\nThe unit also worked in conjunction with the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) DC-20 Direction Center at Malmstrom. The SAGE building was built for $6 million in the late 1950s for the automation of air defense and direction of interceptors against unknown aircraft. Recognizing that its mission now included the evaluation of automated defense systems, the unit was renamed the 4677th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron in 1960. The squadron was twice awarded with AFOUAs for its performance of this mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, History, Radar Evaluation\nBy 1974, ADC had inactivated the rest of its flying radar evaluation units and wanted to replace the 4677th, which was a Major Command controlled (MAJCON) unit with and Air Force controlled (AFCON) squadron, whose history could be continued if it were inactivated. As a result, the 4677th was inactivated and the 17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron was activated in its place. The continuity between the units was shown when the 17th decided to retain the 4677th's patch, changing only the number in the scroll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, History, Radar Evaluation\nThe squadron remained active until 1979 when it was inactivated as part of the reduced need for aerial evaluation of military radars as the Joint Surveillance System utilizing radars shared with the Federal Aviation Administration began to replace military radars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019208-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019209-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 17th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday of October and terms began on the first Tuesday in January. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening January 1, 1793, two weeks before the beginning of the first year of the administration of Governor Joshua Clayton. This was the first application of the Delaware 1792 Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019209-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Delaware General Assembly\nThe apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three senators and seven representatives for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates. Both chambers had a Federalist majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019209-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nSenators were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019209-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nRepresentatives were elected by the public for a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019210-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Directors Guild of America Awards\nThe 17th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1964, were presented in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019210-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Directors Guild of America Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nLamont Johnson \u2013 Profiles in Courage for \"Oscar W. Underwood\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019211-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Division (German Empire)\nThe 17th Division (17. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed on October 11, 1866, and initially headquartered in Kiel. It moved its headquarters to Schwerin in 1871. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the IX Army Corps (IX. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019211-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Division (German Empire), Recruitment\nThe 17th Division was one of the more mixed units of the German Army. It was formed by merging the contingents of the Hanseatic Cities with those of the Mecklenburg grand duchies. The division's 33rd Infantry Brigade was composed of the contingents of Hamburg and Bremen (and until the formation of the 162nd Infantry Regiment in 1897, that of L\u00fcbeck). The division's 34th (Grand Ducal Mecklenburg) Infantry Brigade was composed of the infantry contingents of the grand duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019211-0001-0001", "contents": "17th Division (German Empire), Recruitment\nThe 81st Infantry Brigade, formed in 1897, included the newly raised L\u00fcbeck regiment and a Prussian regiment from Schleswig-Holstein. The divisional cavalry brigade was the 17th (Grand Ducal Mecklenburg) Cavalry Brigade, with two dragoon regiments from Mecklenburg-Schwerin and, at various periods in its history, attached Prussian cavalry. The 17th Artillery Brigade included a regiment from Holstein and a regiment from the two Mecklenburg grand duchies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019211-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division was initially part of the reserve of the Prussian Army. It was sent into action in September 1870, beginning with the Siege of Metz and the Siege of Paris. The division then entered the Loire campaign, fighting in the battles of Loigny-Poupry, 2nd Orl\u00e9ans, Beaugency-Cravant, and Le Mans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019211-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nDuring World War I, the division marched through Luxembourg, Belgium and France, in what became known to the Allies as the Great Retreat, culminating in the First Battle of the Marne. One of its brigades was detached for the Battle of Li\u00e8ge. In 1916, it fought in the Battle of the Somme. It saw action in 1917 in the Battle of Passchendaele, also known as the Third Battle of Ypres and to the Germans as the Autumn Battle in Flanders. It participated in the 1918 German spring offensive and defended against the subsequent Allied counteroffensives, including the Hundred Days Offensive. Allied intelligence rated it a first class division, one of the best in the German Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019211-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Division (German Empire), Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War\nDuring wartime, the 17th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 17th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019211-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Division (German Empire), Pre-World War I organization\nGerman divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. As noted above, a third brigade was added in 1897. The organization of the 17th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019211-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nOn mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 17th Division was again renamed the 17th Infantry Division. The 81st Infantry Brigade was sent to the 17th Reserve Division. The 17th Infantry Division's initial wartime organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019211-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 17th Infantry Division's order of battle on May 21, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019212-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 17th Division (\u7b2c17\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-j\u016bnana Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its ts\u016bsh\u014dg\u014d code name was the Moon Division (\u6708\u5175\u56e3, Getsu-heidan). The 17th Division was one of two infantry divisions raised by the Imperial Japanese Army immediately after the Russo-Japanese War (1904\u20131905). The division received its colors on 13 November 1907. Its original headquarters was in a suburb of the city of Okayama, and its troops were recruited primarily from communities in the three prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, and Shimane. The first commander of the division was Lieutenant General Ichinohe Hyoe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019212-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division was raised in 1905. On 4 March 1908, the headquarters of the 17th division was transferred to rural Mitsu District, Okayama (now part of the city of Okayama). On 18 March 1915, the headquarters of the division moved to a more central location in Okayama city. However, on 26 March 1915 it was ordered to Liaoyang in Manchuria as a garrison force, before returning to Okayama 10 May 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019212-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nHowever, in 1925, the division was inactivated. This was authorized by Minister of War Ugaki Kazushige as part of a cost-saving measure during the Kato Takaaki administration, together with the 13th, 15th and 18th divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019212-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 17th Division was resurrected in 1938. At this time, it was formed as a triangular division as part of the general military buildup after the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Initially the 17th division was used to replace the transferred 10th division within the China Expeditionary Army, and participated in the Battle of Wuhan. Elements of the division were recalled to Japan in July 1940, while the rest garrisoned the Xuzhou area until relieved by 65th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019212-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nDuring the Pacific War, the 17th Division's main combat elements included the 53rd, 54th and 81st Infantry Regiments. These were supported by the 23rd Field Artillery Regiment, the 17th Engineer Regiment, the 17th Transport Regiment and a company of tanks. The division was assigned to the Southern Expeditionary Army Group in September 1943, and was transferred to New Britain in the Solomon Islands under command of the 8th Area Army headquartered in Rabaul. The first echelon of  the 17th Division sailed from Shanghai on 20 September 1943, and arrived at Rabaul on 5 October 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019212-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe second echelon sailed via the same route between 21 October 1943 and 4 November 1943. A separate small convoy that sailed from Shanghai on 20 October was ambushed by the US submarine USS\u00a0Grayback on 22 October 1943, and 1,087 men of the 17th Division died when auxiliary cruiser Awata Maru was sunk. The remains of convoy arrived in Rabaul on 12 November 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019212-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nApproximately one-third of  the 17th Division's forces (the HQ staff and IJA 81st Infantry Regiment) were stationed on neighboring Bougainville Island, where they were transformed into the 38th Independent Mixed Brigade in July 1944. The remainder of the division, under the command of Lieutenant General Iwao Matsuda, fought at the Battle of Cape Gloucester and the Battle of New Britain, incorporating the 51st Reconnaissance Regiment in the process. At the end of battle the division was reduced to the couple of the independent mixed regiments guarding hospital areas. The 17th Division survivors surrendered on New Britain to Allied forces with the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019213-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Iraq)\nThe 17th Division was a division of the Iraqi Army, active before and after 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019213-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Iraq)\nThe 17th Armored Division was established after the beginning of the Iran\u2013Iraq War, by the end of the third year of the war (September 1983). Brigadier General Iyad Futaykh Khalifa al-Rawi 'completed the setting up' of the division. It was in the field in the 2nd Corps sector in 1982\u20131984 south of Khanaqin on the Iran\u2013Iraq border; 2nd Corps was at that point headquartered at Baqubah. One of its early commanders, possibly its first commander, was Brigadier General Saber 'Abd al-'Aziz. A later map in Malovany's book shows the division deployed between Tursaq and Zirbatiya, under 2nd Corps almost directly east of Baghdad, until circa September 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019213-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Iraq)\nIt may have been in the 9th Corps during the Gulf War of 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019213-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Iraq)\nAfter 2003, its headquarters was reported to be at Mahmadiyah, and its commander Staff Maj. Gen. Ali Jassam Mohammad. Up until about mid-2014, the 17th Division was made up of a Headquarters and Service Company, the 23rd, 25th, and 55th Brigades, and the 17th Motor Transportation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019213-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Iraq)\nRicklefs wrote in October 2017 that the \"17th Division appears to have performed well in southern Ninewa.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria)\nThe 17th Reserve Division is a formation of the Syrian Army responsible for north-eastern Syria. It is one of two autonomous reserve divisions of the Syrian Arab Army, the other being the 18th Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria), Structure\nThe Division is an autonomous division Syrian Army's Corps structure, and was composed of 137th Mechanized Brigade, the 93rd Armoured Brigade (KIA), 154th Special Forces Regiment, and the 121st Artillery Regiment (Milbia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria), Structure\nThe Division is one of the Syrian Army's 5 Specialised Divisions, which unlike the Army's conventional Divisions include both brigades and maneuver regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria), History, Role in the civil war\nThe 17th Reserve Division was active in Deir ez-Zor province throughout 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria), History, Role in the civil war\nThe division's 93rd Brigade left Idlib to secure Raqqa Governorate in early 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria), History, Role in the civil war\nIn November 2012 the Free Syrian Army claimed that elements of the 17th Division were in Rastan, thereby raising the possibility that elements of the Division withdrew from the east as the Syrian Government lost positions there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria), History, Role in the civil war\nFollowing the reported capture of Raqqa on 3\u20136 March 2013, elements of the 17th Division remained under siege to the north of the city in October 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria), History, Role in the civil war\nFollowing the fall of the Menagh airbase, the remaining troops of the defeated 17th Division sought refuge with Kurdish forces. The Kurds, however, turned over the senior officers to al-Nusra in exchange for Kurdish prisoners and the Islamists promptly killed the handed over officers, including Colonel Naji Abu Shaar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria), History, Role in the civil war\nIn July 2014, ISIL captured the division's and 93rd's Brigade headquarters in the 2014 Eastern Syria offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria), History, Role in the civil war\nIn February 2016, the 137th Brigade was reported to be controlling airdropped UN aid supplies in Deir ez-Zor city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria), History, Role in the civil war\nOn 15 October 2016, the 137th Brigade attacked the southern outskirts of their former HQ that was occupied by ISIS in Deir ez-Zor. They killed several militants and destroyed three armored vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria), History, Role in the civil war\nIn June 2017, the Syrian Democratic Forces and other allied forces, aided by US airstrikes, captured the main base/headquarters of the division, located in the outskirts of Raqqa from ISIS after clashes between the two forces occurred as part of the Battle of Raqqa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019214-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Syria), History, Role in the civil war\nMajor General Nizzar Khaddour, who hails from Republican Guard, is the current commander of the 17th Reserve Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019215-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 17th East Bosnia Assault Division (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Sedamnaesta isto\u010dnobosanska udarna divizija) was Yugoslav Partisan division formed on 2 July 1943. The division was formed from the 6th East Bosnia Brigade, the 1st Majevica Brigade and Majevica Detachment. Gligorije Mandi\u0107 was a commander of the division while its political commissar was Branko Petri\u010devi\u0107. The division was under the direct command of the Supreme Headquarters until 20 September 1943 when it came under the command of the 3rd Corps. During a brief time in May and June 1944, it was again under the command of the Supreme Headquarters, following that it became a part of the 2nd Corps. The division mostly fought in Bosnia and Serbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019216-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Dogra Regiment\nThe 17th Dogra Regiment was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in 1922, after the Indian government decided to reform the army moving away from single battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments. After the partition of India in 1947, it was allocated to the new Indian Army and renamed the Dogra Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019216-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Dogra Regiment, General sources\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019217-0000-0000", "contents": "17th EAC Extra Ordinary summit\nThe 17th EAC Extra Ordinary summit was held on 8 September 2016 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The summit was held with regards to the European Union and East African Community Economic Partnership agreement. Furthermore, the unrest in Burundi and South Sudan was discussed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019217-0001-0000", "contents": "17th EAC Extra Ordinary summit, Agenda, Economic Partnership Agreement\nThe EU-Economics Partnership Agreement (EPA) was the key agenda to the meeting. The heads of states discussed a report from the council of ministers with regards to the EPA. Two member states namely Kenya and Rwanda had already agreed to sign the EPA, however, the other states requested more time to analyze the agreement. Tanzania was the main opponent to signing the EPA agreement and prevented the entire block from signing the agreement. The leaders agreed to delay the signing of the agreement by three months and requested the Secretary General of the East African Community to request an extension from the European Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019217-0002-0000", "contents": "17th EAC Extra Ordinary summit, Agenda, Burundi\nThe heads of state also received a report from Benjamin Mkapa, who is the facilitator of the Inter-Burundi dialogue. The heads of states condemned the continued unrest and political instability in the country and approved all the requested interventions as requested by Mkapa. The entire budget for the Inter-Burundi dialogue was approved by the heads of state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019217-0003-0000", "contents": "17th EAC Extra Ordinary summit, Agenda, South Sudan\nThe heads of states congratulated the council of ministers from South Sudan for fully completing the process to join the East African Community. The council then presented an outline of how the country plans to integrate into the community and their detailed road map was scheduled to be released to the public at the next summit scheduled for November 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019217-0004-0000", "contents": "17th EAC Extra Ordinary summit, Agenda, New Deputy Secretary general\nThe heads of state took into consideration that Rwanda recommended that Christophe Bazivamo of Rwanda to be appointed as a Deputy Secretary general of the community. Bazivamo was sworn in at the summit and is appointed at the post for a three-year term with effect from 8 September 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019218-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Empire Awards\nThe 17th Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Jameson Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honoured the best films of 2011 and took place on 25 March 2012 at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London, England. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 13 categories as well as three honorary awards. The awards for The Art of 3D, the new Best Male Newcomer and Best Female Newcomer (replacing the Best Newcomer award) and the honorary Empire Legend Award were first introduced this year. English Radio DJ Lauren Laverne and Empire magazine's news editor Chris Hewitt co-hosted the show, marking the first time for each and the first time the show was co-hosted. The awards were sponsored by Jameson Irish Whiskey for the fourth consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019218-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Empire Awards\nIn related events, Empire and Jameson Irish Whiskey held the 3rd Done In 60 Seconds Competition Global Final on March 23, 2012 at the London Film Museum, London, England. The team of judges consisted of Empire editor-in-chief Mark Dinning, Sky Movies Premiere English presenter Alex Zane, Irish actor and comedian Chris O'Dowd and English director Gareth Edwards, which selected from a shortlist of 28 nominees the five Done In 60 Seconds Award finalists that were invited to the Empire Awards where the winner was announced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019218-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Empire Awards\nTinker Tailor Soldier Spy won the most awards with three including Best British Film. Other winners included Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows \u2013 Part 2 and Thor with two awards and Kill List, Like Crazy, The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn, The Inbetweeners Movie, and Tyrannosaur with one. Michael Fassbender received the Empire Hero Award, Ron Howard received the Empire Inspiration Award and Tim Burton received the Empire Legend Award. Indira Suleimenova from Kazakhstan won the Done In 60 Seconds Award for her 60-second film version of Black Swan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019219-0000-0000", "contents": "17th European Film Awards\nThe 17th European Film Awards were presented on December 11, 2004 in Barcelona, Spain. The winners were selected by the members of the European Film Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019220-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Expeditionary Space Control Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 17th Expeditionary Space Control Squadron is a provisional unit of the United States Air Force stationed at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019220-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Expeditionary Space Control Squadron\nAs the 17th Space Surveillance Squadron, the unit operated sensors for the Low-Altitude Surveillance System from RAF Feltwell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019220-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, History\nThe squadron was first organized at Moorestown, New Jersey as the 17th Surveillance Squadron. The 17th operated a radar sensor for the USAF Spacetrack System at Moorestown until it was inactivated in December 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019220-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, History\nThe squadron was redesignated the 17th Radar Squadron and activated at Ko Kha Air Station, Thailand in September 1971. At Ko Kha, it tracked Chinese missile launches and southerly launches from the Soviet Union, until its inactivation in May 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019220-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, History\nThe 17th returned to its original designation of 17th Surveillance Squadron and was activated at Naval Station San Miguel, Philippines on 1 August 1982. At San Miguel, the unit operated a radar sensor for the United States Space Surveillance Network. Its AN/GPS-10 radar reached initial operational capability in April of the following year and the squadron continued operating it until shortly before inactivating again in June 1989, when its radar was decommissioned and replaced by a radar at Saipan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019220-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, History\nReactivating again in October 1993 at RAF Edzell, Scotland as the 17th Space Surveillance Squadron, it operated sensors for the Low-Altitude Space Surveillance System, until its inactivation and the closure of RAF Edzell in 1996. With the inactivation of the 73rd Space Group and closure of RAF Edzell, Scotland, in October 1996, the 5th Space Surveillance Squadron, at RAF Feltwell, United Kingdom incorporated the squadron's mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019220-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, History\nIn May 2009, the squadron was converted to provisional status as the 17th Expeditionary Space Control Squadron and assigned to Air Force Space Command to activate or inactivate as needed. Space Command immediately activated the squadron at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019220-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019221-0000-0000", "contents": "17th FAI World Precision Flying Championship\n17th FAI World Precision Flying Championship took place between July 21\u201326, 2006 in Troyes in France, altogether with the 15th FAI World Rally Flying Championship (July 26\u201331).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019221-0001-0000", "contents": "17th FAI World Precision Flying Championship\nThere were 61 competitors from Poland (8), Czech Republic (8), France (7), South Africa (7), Austria (6), United Kingdom (4), Russia (4), Sweden (3), Finland (3), Denmark (2), Norway (2), Switzerland (2), Lithuania (2), Germany (1),  Slovenia (1), Cyprus (1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019221-0002-0000", "contents": "17th FAI World Precision Flying Championship\nMost popular airplane was Cessna 152 (30 crews), then Cessna 150 (18), Cessna 172 (6), 3Xtrim (2). There were also single pilots flying Glastar, PZL Wilga 2000, Piper J-3, MS-880 and HB-23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019221-0003-0000", "contents": "17th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Contest\nOn July 23 there was a landing competition, in which the first place was taken by Ron Stirk (South Africa, C152, 2 penalty points), the second and third by Anton Tonninger (Austria, C152, 4 pts) and Burkard Ryska (Germany, C152, 4 pts).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019221-0004-0000", "contents": "17th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Contest\nIn the first navigation test on July 24, the first place was taken by Krzysztof Wieczorek (Poland, 113 pts), the second by Petr Opat (Czech, 126 pts), the third by Wac\u0142aw Wieczorek (Poland, 139 pts - Krzysztof's brother, flying PZL-104 Wilga 2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019221-0005-0000", "contents": "17th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Contest\nOn July 25 there was the last, second navigation competition, in which the first two places were taken by the Poles: Janusz Darocha (53 pts) and Wac\u0142aw Wieczorek (78 pts), then Jiri Filip (Czech, 95 pts).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019221-0006-0000", "contents": "17th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Contest\nThe first three places were taken by the Poles, the next by the Czechs, including Ji\u0159\u00ed and Michel Filip brothers on the 4th and 5th place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019221-0007-0000", "contents": "17th FAI World Precision Flying Championship, Results\nCompetitor / country / aircraft / registration / 1st + 2nd + 3rd test penalty points = total", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019222-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States)\nThe 17th Field Artillery Brigade, \"America's Premier HIMARS Brigade\", is an artillery brigade in the United States Army. It is currently based in Joint Base Lewis McChord Washington as Force Fires Headquarters for I Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019222-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), History\nThe 17th Field Artillery Brigade began as the 17th Field Artillery Brigade part of the 17th Division at Camp Bowie, Texas on 31 July 1918. It demobilized in February 1919 after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019222-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), History\nThe 17th Field Artillery Brigade activated again at Fort Sill January 1943. During World War II the 17th Field Artillery Brigade participated in Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, and Central Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019222-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), History\nThe 17th Field Artillery Brigade activated at Fort Campbell, Kentucky 22 January 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019222-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), History\nThe unit was redesigned 21 March 1978 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 17th Field Artillery Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019222-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), History\nThe 17th Field Artillery deployed to Iraq from Fort Sill, OK in 2003 and again in 2005. In 2007 the 17th Field Artillery Brigade moved to Fort Lewis, Washington a renamed 17th Fires Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019222-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), History\nThe 17th Fires Brigade deployed to the Basra Province in the summer of 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019222-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), History\nThe unit was designated as a subordinate unit to 7th Infantry Division, 1 October 2012", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019222-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), History\nThe 1st Battalion, 377th Field Artillery Regiment was officially inactivated February 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019222-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), History\nFor the purpose of standardizing, the 17th Fires Brigade was officially renamed 17th Field Artillery Brigade on 19 February 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019222-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), Assigned and Attached Units\nThe 17th Field Artillery Brigade is currently composed of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 73], "content_span": [74, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019223-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 17th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019223-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 17th Field Artillery was constituted 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army at Camp Robinson, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019223-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Coat of arms\nShield: Gules, a conventionalized castle of Ehrenbreitstein with ramp Or on mount Proper, debruised by a bendlet Argent bearing two ribbons of the field and Azure with seventeen mullets of the last. A sinister canton bendy of eight ermine and of the field, (for the 8th Field Artillery). Crest: On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a mount Argent garnished Vert, bearing a linden leaf Proper charged with a fleur-de-lis of the first. Motto: IN TIME OF PEACE PREPARE FOR WAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019223-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Coat of arms\nShield: The field of the shield is red, the artillery color. The principal charge is the castle of Ehrenbreitstein debruised by a bendlet carrying the American colors and seventeen stars, to signify the occupation of that castle by the 17th Field Artillery. On a canton is a device from the arms of the parent organization. Crest: The crest commemorates the two most noteworthy battle incidents. The white mountain is for Blanc Mont. The leaf is taken from Verte Feuille Farm, one of the positions occupied by the Regiment in the Soissons Offensive; the linden was chosen as being very common in the central empires. The fleur-de-lis is from the arms of Soissons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019224-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Filmfare Awards\nThe 17th Filmfare Awards were held on May 11, 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019224-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Filmfare Awards\nAradhana led the ceremony with 9 nominations, followed by Jeene Ki Raah with 6 nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019224-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Filmfare Awards\nAnokhi Raat  won 4 awards, thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019224-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Filmfare Awards, Main Awards, Best Lyrics\nChanda Aur Bijli \u2013 Gopaldas Neeraj for Kal Ka Paiyya", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019224-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Filmfare Awards, Main Awards, Best Playback Singer, Female\nJeene Ki Raah \u2013 Lata Mangeshkar for Aap Mujhe Acche Lagne Lage", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019225-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Filmfare Awards South\nThe 17th Filmfare Awards South Ceremony honoring the winners of the best of South Indian cinema in 1969 was an event held in April 19, 1970 at Shanmukhananda hall in Bombay along with Hindi Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019225-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Filmfare Awards South\nThe Kannada films are added in this year. The president of this year's function was the minister of state information and broadcasting I. K. Gujral. The chief guest of the evening was Satyajit Ray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019226-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Frigate Squadron (United Kingdom)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Llammakey (talk | contribs) at 18:49, 17 December 2019 (\u2192\u200eOperational history:  copyedit). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019226-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Frigate Squadron (United Kingdom)\nThe 17th Frigate Squadron was an administrative unit of the Royal Navy from 1955 to 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019226-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Frigate Squadron (United Kingdom), Operational history\nDuring its existence, the squadron included Type 15 and Whitby-class frigates. The squadron served as the Dartmouth Training Squadron for cadets at Britannia Royal Naval College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019226-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Frigate Squadron (United Kingdom), Operational history\nThe main task of the squadron was to train officer cadets in basic ship experience. Sea time experience was given also to young Royal Marine officers and Engine Room Artificer apprentices. There were three cruises a year which coincided with the terms at Dartmouth College. These cruises usually alternated between the Mediterranean and the Baltic. The squadron was disbanded in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019227-0000-0000", "contents": "17th G7 summit\nThe 17th G7 Summit was held in London, England, United Kingdom between 15 and 17 July 1991. The venue for the summit meetings was Lancaster House in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019227-0001-0000", "contents": "17th G7 summit\nThe Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019227-0001-0001", "contents": "17th G7 summit\nThe summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019227-0002-0000", "contents": "17th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019227-0003-0000", "contents": "17th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe 17th G7 summit was the first summit for British Prime Minister John Major. It was also the last summit for Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti and Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019227-0004-0000", "contents": "17th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit, Participants\nThese summit participants are the current \"core members\" of the international forum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019227-0005-0000", "contents": "17th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit, Participants\nBritish Prime Minister John Major sent a letter to other members of the G7, asking for their permission to invite Mikhail Gorbachev, who has been pressing to come to London to plead for more Western economic support for his country. Pressure to invite Mr. Gorbachev had come mainly from the leaders of France, Germany, and Italy who have made public appeals for him to be invited to attend; but Britain sent the official invitation inviting the Soviet Union to participate. A wry comment which was oft repeated during the summit was that G7 had become the G8\u00bd with the participation of the European Community and the meetings with Gorbachev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019227-0006-0000", "contents": "17th G7 summit, Issues\nThe summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions. In anticipation of this conference, a new 35-foot-long table was built for the Long Gallery, where the main negotiating sessions were planned to unfold. Issues which were discussed at this summit included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019227-0007-0000", "contents": "17th G7 summit, Accomplishments\nIn 1991, the summit leaders proclaimed \"concern\" about protecting existing forests, but there is little evidence of follow-up action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019228-0000-0000", "contents": "17th GLAAD Media Awards\n17th Annual GLAAD Media Awards (2006) were presented at four separate ceremonies: March 27 in New York City; April 8 at the Kodak Theatre in Los Angeles; May 25 in Miami; and June 10 in San Francisco. The awards honor films, television shows, musicians and works of journalism that fairly, accurately and inclusively represent the LGBT community and issues relevant to the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019229-0000-0000", "contents": "17th GMA Dove Awards\nThe 17th Annual GMA Dove Awards were held on 1986 recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year 1985. The show was held in Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019230-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Gemini Awards\nThe 17th Gemini Awards were held on November 4, 2002 to honour achievements in Canadian television. It was hosted by Se\u00e1n Cullen, and was broadcast on CBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019230-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nRick Mercer, Jackie Torrens, Dan Lett, Peter Keleghan, Leah Pinsent", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 83], "content_span": [84, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019230-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nSarah Dunsworth, Robb Wells, Mike Smith, John Dunsworth, Pat Roach, Lucy Decoutere, Cory Bowles, Michael Jackson, Barrie Dunn, Elliot Page, Shelley Thompson, Sam Tarasco, John Paul Tremblay, Jonathan Torrens", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 83], "content_span": [84, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019231-0000-0000", "contents": "17th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe members of the 17th General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in November 1893. The general assembly sat from 1894 to 1897.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019231-0001-0000", "contents": "17th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe Liberal Party led by William Whiteway formed the government. The Tory Party filed petitions against 15 Liberals including Whiteway and James Murray, an independent, alleging corrupt practices during the election; the results of those elections were set aside. The Tory Party temporarily held the majority and formed a government led by Augustus F. Goodridge in 1894. Following the by-elections, the Liberals regained the majority and formed a government led by Daniel J. Greene. After Whiteway won re-election in a by-election, he became Premier again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019231-0002-0000", "contents": "17th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nSir Terence O'Brien served as colonial governor of Newfoundland until 1895, when he was replaced by Sir Herbert Harley Murray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019231-0003-0000", "contents": "17th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nOn December 8, 1894, London banks suspended credit to the Commercial Bank of Newfoundland and requested payment on some of its loans. The bank was unable to meet these obligations and requested its merchant customers to repay their loans; the merchants, themselves financially strapped, were unable to comply. On October 10, known as Black Monday, the Commercial Bank closed. This caused a run by customers on the two remaining banks, the Union Bank of Newfoundland and the Savings Bank of Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019231-0003-0001", "contents": "17th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe Savings Bank was able to cash a large cheque at the Union Bank, but the Union Bank was subsequently forced to close. Neither of the two closed banks would ever reopen. This resulted in the devaluation of Newfoundland's currency, the shutdown of many businesses and widespread unemployment in the colony. Early in 1895, banks from Canada opened branches in Newfoundland to fill the void. The value of the Newfoundland dollar was set to the same value as the Canadian dollar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019231-0004-0000", "contents": "17th General Assembly of Newfoundland, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1893:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019232-0000-0000", "contents": "17th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe 17th General Assembly of Nova Scotia represented Nova Scotia between 1843 and 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019232-0001-0000", "contents": "17th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Nova Scotia, Lucius Bentinck Cary. Jeremiah Dickson became governor in 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019233-0000-0000", "contents": "17th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe 17th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island represented the colony of Prince Edward Island between January 26, 1847, and 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019233-0001-0000", "contents": "17th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe Assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Prince Edward Island, Henry Vere Huntley. Joseph Pope was elected speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019233-0002-0000", "contents": "17th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Members\nThe members of the Prince Edward Island Legislature after the general election of 1847 were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019234-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Genie Awards\nThe 17th Genie Awards were held on November 27, 1996, to honour films released in late 1995 and 1996. They were the second Genie Award ceremony held in that year; the 16th Genie Awards were delayed from the fall of 1995 and took place in January 1996 instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Georgia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe regiment was raised from eight different counties in Georgia (mostly in the western part of the state) and officially organized in Atlanta from August 12 to August 15, 1861, and armed with British Enfield pattern rifles. The regiment's first commander was Col. Henry L. Benning, a prominent lawyer and judge in Muscogee County (Columbus area).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe 17th Georgia was composed of ten companies, each initially with roughly one hundred men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Initial deployment and service\nThe 17th Georgia was sent to northern Virginia via railroad through Tennessee and Lynchburg. It was brigaded with the 1st, 2nd, 15th, and 20th Georgia regiments. The 1st Georgia transferred out in October 1861 when the army was being restructured. The 17th Georgia eventually became part of Toombs' brigade, D.R. Jones' Division, Army of the Potomac. It saw its first combat in May 1862 on the Peninsula, serving in the wing of Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder as he opposed the Federal Army's advance under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0003-0001", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Initial deployment and service\nAfter periods of intense rain and small insignificant actions, the 17th Georgia fell back towards Richmond and did not participate in the counterattack led by General Joseph E. Johnston at the Battle of Seven Pines. After this battle, General Robert E. Lee took command of the army and renamed it the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Initial deployment and service\nHowever, the regiment did not rest for long. On June 27, 1862, the 17th Georgia, along with the rest of Toombs' Brigade, engaged Federal forces at the Battle of Garnett's Farm. The 17th secured the left flank of the brigade, while the 2nd and 15th Georgia heavily engaged the enemy and lost many killed and wounded. The following day, after a grueling twenty-mile (32\u00a0km) march in the hot sun, the regiment finally stopped to rest. On July 1, the 17th Georgia participated in the final day of the Seven Days Campaign fighting at the Battle of Malvern Hill. The brigade lost almost 300 men killed and wounded during the Seven Days, including two regimental commanders and two adjutants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Initial deployment and service\nThe 17th Georgia moved south out of Maryland with the army and took up positions on the south side of the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was at this point that Colonel Benning was given command of the brigade, and Col. Wesley Hodges assumed command of the regiment. During the Battle of Fredericksburg, the brigade was not heavily engaged and suffered only two wounded and two killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Later service\nIt was shortly after Fredericksburg that the division, along with General George Pickett's division, was sent down to southern Virginia to forage for the rest of the army. As the unit marched through Richmond, it received a new divisional commander, the bold and brash John Bell Hood. (The previous commander, Maj. Gen. David R. Jones, had died of sickness on January 15, 1863.) It was at this point the brigade was issued new uniforms from the Richmond Depot, most likely the Type-II pattern shell jackets in Richmond Gray wool. After several months in the Suffolk area with two other Confederate divisions, Hood's Division rejoined Lee's army in late May, but missed out on the stunning Southern victory at Chancellorsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Later service\nWith the loss of General Jackson at Chancellorsville, the army was again reorganized; this time into three army corps, each consisting of three divisions. The 17th Georgia remained in Benning's Brigade, which was assigned to Hood's Division within General Longstreet's First Corps. The regiment moved north once more in June and engaged the Federal Army of the Potomac on July 2, 1863, at Gettysburg. The regiment was part of the attack on Federals defending the Devil's Den at the foot of Little Round Top. That day, Benning's Brigade captured 300 prisoners and several 10-pounder Parrott rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Later service\nIn addition, the brigade (along with Robertson and Law's brigades), secured Houck's Ridge and Devil's Den, driving off Ward's brigade of the 1st Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac (124th New York, 86th New York, 99th Pennsylvania, 20th Indiana, and 4th Maine). The brigade did not participate in the fight of the third day, but it had lost over 300 men killed and wounded and two more regimental commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Later service\nThe 17th Georgia was then shipped to the Western Theater, along with most of Longstreet's Corps, and participated in the Battle of Chickamauga in September 1863. The 17th also participated in the East Tennessee Campaign, the Wilderness campaign, the Cold Harbor/Mechanicsville campaign, and the Siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Later service\nThe 17th Georgia surrendered at Appomattox Court House, along with much of the remainder of the Army of Northern Virginia, on April 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019235-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Georgia Infantry Regiment, Reenactors\nThere is currently a living history organization in Columbus, Georgia, that portrays Co. K of the 17th Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019236-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Golden Eagle Awards\nThe 17th Golden Eagle Awards were held August 18, 1999, in Shenzhen. Nominees and winners are listed below, winners are in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019237-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Golden Globe Awards\nThe 17th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1959 films, were held on March 10, 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019237-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Golden Globe Awards, Winners and nominees, Film, Special Award\nAndrew Marton - Ben-Hur (For directing the chariot race)Francis X. Bushman (For a famous silent film star)Ramon Novarro (For a famous silent film star)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019238-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Golden Horse Awards\nThe 17th Golden Horse Awards (Mandarin:\u7b2c17\u5c46\u91d1\u99ac\u734e) took place on November 3, 1980 at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019239-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Golden Melody Awards\nThe 17th Golden Melody Awards were held on 10 June 2006 at the Taipei Arena in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019239-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Golden Melody Awards, Summary\nAlthough alternative musicians were nominated several times for awards, most of the categories were won by mainstream artists. The award ceremony featured South Korean pop singer Se7en as a guest artist. Chinese American rap artist Jin also performed with Taiwanese American singer Leehom Wang for their song titled Heroes of Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019239-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Golden Melody Awards, Summary\nThe Taipei Times also dubbed the ceremony as having one of the \"worst performances to date\" due to poorly rehearsed performances by Singaporean artist Stefanie Sun and Hong Kong singer Eason Chan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019239-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Golden Melody Awards, Summary, Special segments\nThe mistake made by Karen Mok while presenting the award for Best Male Mandarin Artist at the 16th Golden Melody Awards was revisited with some analysis of the sequence of events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019240-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Golden Raspberry Awards\nThe 17th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 23, 1997, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognise the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1996. Striptease took home the most Razzies of the evening, winning 6 out of 7 nominations, including Worst Picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019240-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Golden Raspberry Awards, Awards and nominations\nDemi Moore, Worst Actress winner and Worst Screen Couple co-winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019240-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Golden Raspberry Awards, Awards and nominations\nMichael Crichton, Worst Written Film Grossing Over $100 Million co-winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019241-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Goya Awards\nThe 17th Goya Awards took place at the Palacio Municipal de Congresos in Madrid, Spain on 1 February 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019241-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Goya Awards\nMondays in the Sun won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 64]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment\n17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment of King Boleslaw Chrobry (Polish: 17 Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Wielkopolskich im. Kr\u00f3la Boles\u0142awa Chrobrego, 17 pu\u0142) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic. Formed in 1919, it was garrisoned in Leszno. The regiment, whose patron was King Boleslaw Chrobry (since May 6, 1939), fought in the Polish\u2013Soviet War and the 1939 Invasion of Poland, as part of Wielkopolska Cavalry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings\nThe 3rd Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, as it was called at first, was formed in late 1918 in Gniezno (Gnesen), where local Poles, following the example set by Pozna\u0144, decided to take control of the town, and push out Prussian authorities. At that time Gniezno was a large garrison of the Imperial German Army, with 49th Infantry Regiment and 12th Dragoon Regiment stationed here. Following a quick action, the Poles captured the barracks, and disarmed the soldiers, who were then loaded on trains and headed back to their homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings\nIn early January 1919, Colonel Kazimierz Grudzielski, local commandant of Polish forces, ordered Colonel Edward Grabski to form a cavalry unit. On January 6, first volunteers were accepted, and after four days, a cavalry squadron was created. The uhlans took part in the Greater Poland Uprising, fighting near Szubin and \u017bnin. On February 9 in Gniezno, oath of the new unit took place, with General Jozef Dowbor-Musnicki attending the ceremony. By early March, additional squadrons had been formed, and the regiment was completed by March 20, 1919. Most of officers had served either in the German Army, or Polish I Corps in Russia, while regular soldiers were local peasants and workers, equipped mostly with captured German weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings\nBy August 1919, the regiment had 22 officers and 789 soldiers, with almost 800 horses. In autumn 1919, the unit was sent to the newly created Polish Corridor, to return to Gniezno in early February 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, Polish \u2013 Soviet War\nIn mid-February 1920, the regiment was loaded on a train, and was transported to Wilno, where its name was changed into the 17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment. On March 12, Colonel Witold Zychlinski was named its commandant, and after a two-week training, the unit was transported to the frontline along the Berezina river. In mid-April 1920, it was transported to the Ukraine, to support Polish forces in the Kiev Offensive (1920). It fought with distinction, capturing the town of Malyn. On May 7, 1920, mounted patrols of the regiment entered Kiev. To commemorate this event, May 7 was named as regimental holiday. For the remaining part of May and in early June, the regiment patrolled the Dniepr river line, but after Soviet counteroffensive it was forced to retreat, together with whole VII Cavalry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, Polish \u2013 Soviet War\nAfter heavy fighting during the June 1920 retreat, the regiment lost up to 80% of its strength. By early July, it had only 109 soldiers and 2 machine guns. Transported by rail to Kowel (July 19), it was allowed to rest, and reinforced with 500 men. On August 3, after capturing Radziwi\u0142\u0142ow, the regiment was attacked by much stronger Soviet forces, who decimated the unit. After losing 40% of soldiers and 50% of horses, the 17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment was on September 10 loaded on a train in Chodorow, to be transported back to Gniezno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nAfter the return to the hometown, the command of the regiment was taken over by Colonel Erazm Stablewski, who reorganized the unit. Older soldiers were released, new uniforms were accepted, and in 1922, the regiment was moved to its new, peacetime garrison, located in Leszno, close to the German border. At Leszno, the regiment was set in former Prussian barracks. The town was at that time a large garrison of the Polish Army, as the 55th Infantry Regiment was also stationed there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nIn the 1930s, some 300 conscripts joined the regiment, with half of them coming from Greater Poland, and the remaining part from central Poland and Lesser Poland. During the May Coup in 1926, the regiment was ordered to come to aid the government of President Stanislaw Wojciechowski, and, together with whole VII Cavalry Brigade, was transported by rail to Mszczonow near Warsaw. It did not take part in the street fighting in the Polish capital, and soon returned to Leszno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nIn late September 1938, the regiment became part of the so-called Independent Operational Group Silesia, and participated in the capture of the region of Zaolzie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, 1939 September Campaign\nOn August 24, 1939, the regiment was mobilized, as part of Wielkopolska Cavalry Brigade (General Roman Abraham). Its task was to protect southwestern corner of Greater Poland. Following the oath and a parade in a field by Leszno, the regiment with its 1160 soldiers and 40 officers marched off to its positions near the border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, 1939 September Campaign\nOn September 1, 1939, at app. 8 a.m., the Germans attacked Polish uhlans stationed in Rydzyna, capturing the town. When reinforcements arrived later that day, the Poles managed to push out the enemy before nightfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, 1939 September Campaign\nOn September 2, following the order of General Abraham, the 55th Infantry Regiment carried out the Raid on Fraustadt, while uhlans of the 17th Regiment also entered German territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, 1939 September Campaign\nSince general situation of Poland worsened, the retreat of Pozna\u0144 Army was ordered on September 4. The regiment marched towards Konin, Turek and Kutno, in the general direction of Warsaw. All units of the army were covered in the south by the cavalry regiments, including the 17th Regiment. The Greater Poland uhlans were ordered to cross the Bzura river near the village of Sobota, and then to capture G\u0142owno. First line battalions of the regiment clashed with advancing Germans. The enemy retreated, and the Poles advanced across the Bzura, towards the village of Walewice. Polish attack against German 26th Infantry Regiment (30th Infantry Division) began at 5 a.m., on September 10. After a fierce, hand-to hand battle, the Germans again retreated. Polish losses amounted to 64 KIA, while the enemy lost around 100 KIA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, 1939 September Campaign\nFor the whole day of September 10, 1939, heavy fighting continued around the town of G\u0142owno. On the next day, General Abraham decided to throw all forces available to him, in order to capture G\u0142owno. His plan failed, as the Germans were the first to attack, surprising the Poles, who retreated behind the Bzura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, 1939 September Campaign\nOn September 15, the so-called Operational Group of Cavalry was formed, out of the elements of Wielkopolska Cavalry Brigade and Podolska Cavalry Brigade. Its task was to open the road towards Warsaw, across the Kampinos Forest. Heavy fighting continued until September 18, when the regiment reached Palmiry. After a short rest, however, the uhlans were attacked again by German tanks. The Battle of Sierak\u00f3w, as it was unofficially called, was one of the last victories of the Greater Poland Uhlans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019242-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, 1939 September Campaign\nDuring the September Campaign, the regiment lost 49 officers and 149 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019243-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Grey Cup\nThe 17th Grey Cup was played on November 30, 1929, before 1,906 fans at the A.A.A. Grounds at Hamilton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019243-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Grey Cup\nThe Hamilton Tigers defeated the Regina Roughriders 14 to 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019244-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Guam Legislature\nThe 17th Guam Legislature was a meeting of the Guam Legislature. It convened in Hagatna, Guam on January 3, 1983 and ended on January 7, 1985, during the 1st and 2nd years of Ricardo J. Bordallo's 2nd Gubernatorial Term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019244-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Guam Legislature\nIn the 1982 Guamanian legislative election, the Democratic Party of Guam won a fourteen-to-seven (14-7) supermajority of seats in the Guam Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019245-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 17th Guards Rifle Division was created on March 17, 1942, from the first formation of the 119th Rifle Division, in recognition of that division's stalwart defense against German Army Group Center in the Battle of Moscow, and in the subsequent strategic offensive that threw the German forces back from the capital. The 17th Guards continued a record of distinguished service through the rest of the Great Patriotic War. It became the 123rd Guards Motor Rifle Division in 1957 and converted into the 129th Guards Machine-Gun Artillery Division in 1989. In 2001, it was converted to the 17th Guards Motor Rifle Division and became the 70th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade in 2009. The brigade is currently based in Ussuriysk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019245-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nThe 17th Guards was one of four Guards rifle divisions created in Kalinin Front on the same date (along with 20th, 21st and 22nd Guards) in recognition of their role in driving in the left flank of Army Group Center during the winter of 1941\u201342. When formed, its order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019245-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nThe division was part of 22nd Army when it was formed, and remained in Kalinin Front, in either that army or the 41st Army for the next year. In early 1943 it was transferred to 5th Guards Rifle Corps in 39th Army, and remained under those commands for the duration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019245-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nIn late 1943 the division, along with the rest of 39th Army, was transferred to Western Front, and took part in the campaign to liberate Smolensk. The division was the first Soviet unit to enter the city of  Dukhovshchina after it was abandoned by German XXVII Army Corps on the night of September 16/17 and received its name as an honorific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019245-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nDuring Operation Bagration the 17th Guards, now under 3rd Belorussian Front, advanced into the southern Baltic States. At the time of the German surrender the division was in East Prussia, near K\u00f6nigsberg. In the following months the entire 39th Army was shipped east across Siberia, and in August 1945, participated in the invasion of Japanese-occupied Manchuria as part of Transbaikal Front. By this time its towed anti-tank battalion had been replaced with a battalion of SU-76 self-propelled guns, but the divisional artillery had not been augmented as per the December 1944, Guards Rifle Division table of organization. During this campaign the division received a second honorific, Khinganskaya, for its efforts in driving through the Khingan Range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019245-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nWhen the war ended the division honorifics were \u2013 Russian: \u0414\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0425\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f (English: Dukhovshchina, Khingan, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov), and five of its men had been named as Heroes of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019245-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nPostwar, the division moved to Barabash, Primorsky Krai with the 39th Army from Port Arthur. The 39th Army disbanded in 1956 and the division became part of the 5th Army. On 17 May 1957, it became the 123rd Guards Motor Rifle Division. On 19 February 1962, the 319th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion was activated. In May 1962, the 111th Separate Tank Battalion was formed. On 22 February 1968, the division was awarded the Order of the October Revolution. On 15 November 1972, the 392nd Separate Anti-Tank Artillery Battalion was activated. In 1980, the 1135th Separate Material Supply Battalion formed from the motor transport battalion. In 1989, the 111th Separate Tank Battalion disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019245-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nOn 1 October 1989, it became the 129th Guards Machine-Gun Artillery Division. The 45th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment disbanded and was replaced by the 290th Machine-Gun Artillery Regiment, the former 20th Fortified Area. The 52nd Guards Motor Rifle Regiment was disbanded and replaced by the 196th Machine-Gun Artillery Regiment, the former 4th Fortified Area. The 1170th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment was disbanded and replaced by the 1133rd Anti- Aircraft Missile Regiment. The 48th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment and 1133rd Anti- Aircraft Missile Regiment transferred to the 40th Motor Rifle Division for Coastal Defence in October 1990. That division's 231st Motor Rifle Regiment and 1173rd Anti- Aircraft Missile Regiment became part of the 129th Guards Division. In September 2001, the division was converted into the 17th Guards Motor Rifle Division. In June 2009, it was downsized into the 70th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 974]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019246-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Guldbagge Awards\nThe 17th Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honored the best Swedish films of 1980 and 1981, and took place on 30 October 1981. Children's Island directed by Kay Pollak was presented with the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019247-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Gurkha Division\nThe 17th Gurkha Division/Overseas Commonwealth Land Forces (Malaya) was a British military formation that saw active service during the Malayan Emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019247-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Gurkha Division, History\nThe Division was formed on 1 September 1952 at Maxwell Road Camp, Malaya, as part of the army response to the Malayan Emergency. It was a redesignation of Headquarters South Malaya District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019247-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Gurkha Division, History\nIt perpetuated the traditions of the former 17th Indian Infantry Division which had used a Black Cat as its emblem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019247-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Gurkha Division, History\nHeadquarters 17th Gurkha Division was the operational headquarters for all British and Gurkha units in Malaya. It controlled the 26th, 48th and 63rd Gurkha Brigades, and 99th Gurkha Brigade which formed about 1952 also came under command. Maxwell Road Camp was renamed Lamjung Camp in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019247-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Gurkha Division, History\nIn 1957, upon the Federation of Malaya gaining independence from British colonial rule, the Division was redesignated as the 17th Gurkha Division/Overseas Commonwealth Land Forces (Malaya).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019247-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Gurkha Division, History\nIt was based at Lamjung Camp in Kuala Lumpur until 1966 when it moved to Seremban where it remained until the Division disbanded in 1970. The final order of battle included 63rd and 99th Gurkha Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019248-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Helpmann Awards\nThe 17th Annual Helpmann Awards for live performance in Australia was held on 24 July 2017 at the Capitol Theatre, Sydney. Nominations were announced on 19 June 2017. The ceremony was hosted by Jan van de Stool and Tim Draxl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019248-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Helpmann Awards\nWinners of major awards included play The Drover's Wife, opera Saul and musical The Book of Mormon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019249-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Hollywood Film Awards\nThe 17th Hollywood Film Awards were held from October 18 to 20, 2013. The ceremony took place at The Beverly Hilton Hotel in Santa Monica, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019250-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Hong Kong Film Awards\nThe 17th Hong Kong Film Awards ceremony, honored the best films of 1997 and took place on 26 April 1998 at Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by Carol Cheng and Cheung Tat Ming, during the ceremony awards are presented in 17 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019250-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Hong Kong Film Awards, Awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019251-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Huabiao Awards\nThe 17th Huabiao Awards (simplified Chinese: \u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u5c4a\u534e\u8868\u5956; traditional Chinese: \u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u5c46\u83ef\u8868\u734e) were held on 8 December 2018 at the Beijing National Aquatics Center in Beijing, China, and broadcast by CCTV Movie Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019251-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Huabiao Awards\nHold Your Hands was the biggest winner, receiving three awards, including Outstanding Film, Outstanding Actress and Outstanding Writer. Wu Jing won the Outstanding Actor award and Chen Jin won the Outstanding Actress award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019252-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Huading Awards\nThe 17th Huading Awards ceremony was held on August 9, 2015 at Shanghai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019253-0000-0000", "contents": "17th IIFA Awards\nThe 2016 IIFA Awards, officially known as the 17th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the International Indian Film Academy honouring the best Hindi films of 2015, took place on 25 June 2016. The official ceremony took place on 25 June 2016 in IFEMA, Madrid, Spain. The nominations were announced on 26 May 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019254-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Cavalry Regiment\nThe 17th Illinois Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment from Illinois that served in the Union Army during the latter part of the American Civil War. The regiment guarded prisoners for several months. Elements of the unit engaged in skirmishes with Confederate partisans in Missouri. The regiment participated in several major actions during Price's Missouri Expedition. Subsequently, the unit performed garrison duty in Missouri and operations against native Americans in the Great Plains. The soldiers were mustered out of service between 23 November and 22 December 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019254-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe  17th Illinois Cavalry was organized at St. Charles, Illinois, between January 28 and February 12, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019254-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Service\nA portion of their service was in pursuing the guerrilla Bill Anderson. On 23 September, 1864, they killed Jim Anderson and five other guerrillas near Rocheport, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019254-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Service\n17th Illinois served in the 2nd Brigade of the Provisional Cavalry, while pursuing the Confederates during Price's Raid, under Colonel John Lourie Beveridge, who would later become governor of Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019254-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment mustered out between November 23 and December 22, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019254-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, From Dyer\nOrganized at St. Charles. Ills., and 8 Companies mustered in January 28, 1864. Four Companies mustered in February 12, 1864. Moved to St. Louis, Mo., May 3, 1864. Equipped at Jefferson Barracks and moved to Alton, Ill. Guard prisoners there until August. 1st Battalion, Cos. \"A,\" \"B,\" \"C,\" \"D,\" ordered to St. Louis June, 1864, thence to District of North Missouri. Engaged in Escort and Provost duty at St. Joseph and Weston, Mo., until June, 1865. Cos . \"C\" and \"D\" moved to Jefferson City September, 1864. Defense of Jefferson City October 6-7. Joined Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019254-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, From Dyer\n2nd Battalion--\"E,\" \"F,\" \"G\" and \"H\"-- ordered from Alton, Ills., to Glasgow, Mo., June, 1864, and duty there operating against Thornton's Command until September. Skirmish at Allen July 23 (Co. \"G\"). Huntsville July 24 (Co. \"F\"). Dripping Springs August 15-16 (Co. \"F\"). Columbia August 16 (Co. \"F\"). Rocheport August 20 (Co. \"F\"). Battalion moved to Rolla, Mo., arriving September 23, 1864. 3rd Battalion at Alton, Ills., until August, 1864. Moved to Benton Barracks, thence to Rolla, Mo., arriving there September 19. Operations against Price's invasion of Missouri September to November. Cover Ewing's retreat from Pilot Knob to Rolla, September 27-30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019254-0005-0002", "contents": "17th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, From Dyer\nMoved to Jefferson City, Mo. Defense of Jefferson City October 6-7. Moreau Bottom October 7. Booneville October 9-12. Glasgow October 15. Little Blue October 21. Independence October 22. Hickman's Mill October 23. Mine Creek, Little Osage, Marias Des Cygnes, Kansas, October 25. Returned to Springfield, Mo., thence moved to Cassville and Rolla, arriving November 15. Duty there until January, 1865. At Pilot Knob, Mo., until April, and at Cape Girardeau until June. Moved to Kansas and duty on the Plains until November. Mustered out Companies \"C,\" \"E,\" \"I\" and \"M,\" November 23, and rest of Regiment December 15 to 22, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019254-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 7 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds  and 1 officer and 86 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 94 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019254-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Bugler\nCopyright. John David Rippberger, Last Comrade of Stoddard Post G.A.R.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019255-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019255-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Illinois Infantry was organized at Peoria, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service at Peoria, Illinois, on May 24, 1861, for three years service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019255-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Illinois Volunteers fought at the bloody Battle of Shiloh in Hardin County, Tennessee, in April 1862, with 130 members of the regiment killed and wounded in the two-day battle. This unit also participated in the last phase of the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg in Warren County, Mississippi, a protracted battle which ultimately led to the surrender of over 29,000 Confederate troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019255-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on June 4, 1864, upon expiration of its term of enlistment and its recruits and veterans were transferred to the 8th Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019255-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 3 officers and 71 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officer and 71 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 146 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019256-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery\n17th Indiana Battery Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019256-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was organized in Indianapolis, Indiana, and mustered in May 20, 1862, for three years service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019256-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Defenses of Baltimore, Maryland, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to January 1863. Defenses, Upper Potomac, VIII Corps, to March 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, VIII Corps, to June 1863. Maryland Brigade, French's Command, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, Maryland Heights Division, Department of West Virginia, July 1863. 1st Brigade, Maryland Heights Division, Department of West Virginia, to December 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of West Virginia, to January 1864. Wheaton's Brigade, 1st Division, Department of West Virginia, to April 1864. Reserve Division, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, to August 1864. Reserve Artillery, XIX Corps, Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to October 1864. Garrison Artillery, Frederick City, Maryland, and Winchester, Virginia, to December 1864. Artillery Brigade, XIX Corps, Army of the Shenandoah, to March 1865. Artillery Reserve, Army of the Shenandoah, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 1027]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019256-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe 17th Indiana Battery Light Artillery mustered out July 8, 1865, in Indianapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019256-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nLeft Indiana for Baltimore, Maryland, July 5, 1862. Garrison duty at Baltimore, July 7 to December 27, 1862. Moved to Harpers Ferry, Virginia, December 27, and garrison duty there until July 1863. Evacuation of Harpers Ferry July 1, 1863. Reoccupation of Harpers Ferry and Maryland Heights July 7, 1863, and garrison duty there until July 1864. Action at Berryville, Virginia, October 18, 1863. Well's Demonstration from Harpers Ferry December 10\u201324, 1863. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28, 1864. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Strasburg September 21. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Garrison duty at Frederick City, Maryland, and at Winchester, Virginia, until June 19, 1865, when the battery was ordered to Indianapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019256-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 16 men during service; 4 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 10 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019257-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Independent Spirit Awards\nThe 17th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 2001, were announced on March 23, 2002. It was hosted by John Waters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019257-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Independent Spirit Awards, Nominees and winners, Producers Award\nRene Bastian and Linda Moran \u2013 Martin & Orloff and L.I.E.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019258-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Indian Division\nThe 17th Indian Division was formed in 1917 from units of the British Indian Army for service in the Mesopotamia Campaign during World War I. After the war, it formed part of the occupation force for Iraq and took part in the Iraq Rebellion in 1920. In August 1923, the division was reduced to a single brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019258-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Indian Division, History\nThe 17th Indian Division started forming in Mesopotamia from August 1917 with the 50th, 51st, and 52nd Indian Brigades. Shortly after being formed, the 50th Brigade exchanged places with the 34th Indian Brigade of 15th Indian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019258-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Indian Division, History\nMost of the infantry battalions that had already been in Mesopotamia for some months, guarding lines of communications so were somewhat acclimatized and accustomed to the country. The division was involved in the action at Fat-ha Gorge on the Little Zab between 23\u201326 October 1918 and the Battle of Sharqat, 28\u201330 October 1918 under command of I Corps", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019258-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Indian Division, History\nAt the end of the war, the 17th Division was chosen to form part of the occupation force for Iraq. It took part in the Iraq Rebellion in 1920. In August 1923, the division was reduced to a single brigade; the last British troops left in March 1927 and the Indian ones in November 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019258-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Indian Division, Order of battle\nThe division commanded the following units, although not all of them served at the same time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019258-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Indian Division, Commanders\nThe division was commanded from 25 August 1917 by Major-General W. Gillman. On 17 December 1917, Major-General G.A.J. Leslie took command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019259-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 17th Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019259-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Indian Infantry Brigade, History\nIt was formed in November 1940, at the Delhi Cantonment in India and assigned to the 8th Indian Infantry Division. They were sent to participate in the Anglo-Iraqi War and the Syria-Lebanon Campaign and came under command of the 10th Indian Infantry Division between July and August 1941. Returning to the 8th Indian Division in September 1941, at the end of the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, they were sent to Egypt. They then spent 1942, as a garrison force in Syria. It then took part in the Italian Campaign from September 1943 to August 1945. It was briefly coming under command of the British 78th Infantry Division between 3 and 7 November 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019260-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Indiana Infantry Regiment, also known as 17th Indiana Mounted Infantry Regiment, was an infantry and mounted infantry regiment that served in the Union Army from 1863-1865 during the American Civil War. It served in West Virginia before being transferred to the Western Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019260-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Initial infantry service\nThe 17th Indiana was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana, and mustered on June 12, 1861 for an initial 3-year enlistment. It left the state for Parkersburg, West Virginia, on July 1, 1861, and was subsequently attached to the District of the Kanawha until September, 1861. Cheat Mountain District, W. Va., to November, 1861. Governor Oliver P. Morton appointed John T. Wilder as the lieutenant colonel of the 17th Indiana Infantry Regiment three months after the regiment was organized. On March 2, 1862, Wilder became the regiment's colonel, replacing Milo Hascall, who became a general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019260-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Conversion to mounted infantry\nIn December 1862, the regiments colonel, John T. Wilder was promoted to command of the 2nd Brigade, 5th Division, Center, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland. After fruitless attempts to chase down rebel cavalry raiders on foot, the brigade was converted to mounted infantry. At the same time, Wilder proposed to the regiments in the brigade the private purchase of repeating rifles. The regiment voted to go ahead with the conversion to mounted infantry and the purchase of the rifles. Along with the other regiments in the brigade, the 17th chose  Spencer repeating rifles, invented by Christopher Spencer, as their weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019260-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Conversion to mounted infantry\nAfter intense training and development of new tactics, the \"Lightning Brigade\" was ready for service. The mounted infantry proof of concept for the Army of the Cumberland occurred in their first mounted infantry action at the Battle of Hoover's Gap. Despite torrential rains, the 17th and its brigade gained the gap so quickly that they surprised and scattered surprised the Confederate 1st (3rd) Kentucky Cavalry Regiment, under Colonel J. Russell Butler at breakfast in front of the entrance of the gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019260-0003-0001", "contents": "17th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Conversion to mounted infantry\nThe 17th drove the enemy before it along the seven mile length of the gap until they were halted by four brigades of infantry and four batteries of guns at the southeastern exit. The massive superiority of firepower the 17th and its brethren had with the Spencers allowed them to entrench and hold the southern entrance against numerous assaults by numerically superior rebel infantry and artillery through the rainy day until the sodden remainder of the XIV Corps slogged to join them at their position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019260-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Conversion to mounted infantry\nWith the Lightning Brigade, the 17th found itself detached from the XIV Corps to serve as a mobile reserve for all three of the Corps within the Cumberland. After playing a key role in the feint that forced Bragg from Chattanooga, the regiment raided, skirmished, and scouted through the summer into the Chickamauga Campaign. The brigade distinguished itself with its performance at Chickamauga. During the battle, it maintained integrity and discipline exacting high casualties on its attackers. After the battle, it retreated with the army to Chattanooga where it was besieged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019260-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Conversion to mounted infantry\nThe performance of the brigade had demonstrated the value of mounted infantry, and Wilder and the regiments were commended. During the reorganization after Grant took command in the city, the brigade was broken up and the regiments were transferred to the Cavalry Corps. The 17th and the 98th Illinois Mounted Infantry were assigned to 2nd Brigade under Colonel Eli Long of the 2nd Division of the Cavalry Corps under Major General George Crook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019260-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Conversion to mounted infantry\nOn 1 October, the 17th joined the rest of the Cavalry Corps operating against Wheeler's rebel cavalry, then in the Sequatchie Valley. On 3 October in a night attack at Thompson's Cove, the regiment routed the 2nd Brigade of Kelly's Division, capturing a number of arms and the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry's colors The next day it drove more elements of Wheeler's horsemen out of McMinnville. Regaining contact with the enemy on 7 October beyond Shelbyville, the 17th drove the enemy from the field and into Parmington. When the rebels attempted to make a stand, the regiment charged and took three of Wheeler's guns, a great number of small arms, and 300 prisoners. The regiment regrouped with the 998th Illinois in Huntsville, AL until 13 October, when it started in pursuit of enemy cavalry again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019261-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry (The Loyal Regiment)\nThe 17th Infantry (The Loyal Regiment) was an infantry regiment of the Bengal Army, later of the united British Indian Army. It was formed at Phillour in 1858 by Major J. C. Innes from men of the 3rd, 36th and 61st Bengal Native Infantry regiments who remained loyal to the British East India Company during the Indian Mutiny, and designated The Loyal Purbiah Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019261-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry (The Loyal Regiment)\nIts final designation came in 1903 with the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019261-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry (The Loyal Regiment)\nThe regiment took part in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the Battle of Tofrek the siege of Suakin in the Sudan Campaign and World War I. During World War I they were part of the 22nd (Lucknow) Brigade, first attached to the 8th Lucknow Division in India on internal security duties the brigade was then transferred to Egypt as part of the 11th Indian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019261-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry (The Loyal Regiment)\nAfter World War I the infantry of the Indian Army was restructured by the mass amalgamation of single battalion units into a smaller number of multi-battalion regiments. The 17th Infantry was one of nine regiments disbanded in 1922, as a result of this reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines)\n17th Infantry (Do or Die) Battalion is currently located at Brgy Masin, Alcala, Cagayan, and is operationally controlled by the 502nd Infantry Brigade of the 5th Infantry (Star) Division and presently covering the whole province of Cagayan and Apayao as its area of operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe forerunner of the 17th Infantry Battalion prior to its activation was the 6th Infantry Battalion (Provisional) placed under the direct control and supervision of HPA as strike/reaction force of Greater Manila Area, commanded then by LTC Restituto C Padilla. The unit got its name \u201c17IB\u201d when it was formerly activated on 16 October 1972 pursuant to General Orders Number 173, GHQ, AFP and placed under the direct control of HPA. All personnel and equipment of 6IB (Provisional) remained intact with the newly activated 17IB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0001-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe burden of organization, orientation, equipage and deployment fell on the leadership of then LTC Edon Y Yap. He took pain in completing the battalion equipment and uplifted capabilities when it was fielded in Central Luzon. It was almost one year gaining substantial and impressive success in its pacification campaign in Central Luzon when it was ordered to be shifted to Southern Philippines specifically in Lanao where Charlie Company was airlifted ahead of the battalion as advance group but was recalled back after two months due to a sudden change of tactical events and consideration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nWhen the command of 17IB was passed to LTC Mateo V Bawagan, the unit's administrative, operational and related activities were accelerated to its highest peak which earned COL Bawagan the honor of having been adjudged as \u201cThe Most Outstanding Battalion Commander of Calendar Year 1974\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 8 July 1975, LTC Nolan C Laput assumed leadership of 17IB to LTC Juanito P Allas. After four years and 20 days of productive pacification campaign in the province of Isabela and Cagayan, 17IB was pulled-out of the area on 16 March 1977 to undergo much needed respite and rest and recreation, orientation and retraining regarding new tactics and trends in the field of counter-insurgency warfare. After almost two months of retraining and reorientation, LTC Adelino V Magday took the command of the unit on 7 June 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0003-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nIts new AOR covers the tri-boundaries of Pampanga, Zambales and the Peninsula of Bataan. The Battalion Command Post was initially established at Sta Lucia, Capaz, Tarlac but was later transferred to St Roosevelt at Dinalupihan, Bataan on 12 October 1977. MAJ Expedito S Sosa took command on 17th IB MIB following the untimely demise of LTC Adelino Magday in a vehicular ambush. The new Battalion Commander was recognized for its outstanding accomplishment and the Certificate of Merit from the Commanding General, then NORESCOM dated 1 October 1981 was awarded to the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe stewardship of 17IB was passed to LTC John R Bautista on 1 October 1982 and after a year of fruitful administration; the command of 17IB was passed to LTC Raul L Marquez. With the assumption of its new Commander, a balanced administrative, operation and CMO plans and programs were formulated and simultaneously implemented based on Security Campaign Plan of RUC2\t and in conformity with OPLAN \u201cKATATAGAN\u201d. The steadfast spirit and enthusiasm lives in every member of the unit thereby contributing to the gains in the counter-insurgency campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nForemost is the dismantling of well-fortified based camp of Regular na Puwersang Makilos (RPM) influenced barangays of Marag, Kakandungan and Kalabigan, all of Luna, Kalinga-Apayao. The prevailing situation of the populace paved way to the introduction of Army Literacy Patrol System (ALPS) in Villa Cielo, Buguey, Cagayan, one of the remote sitios of the unit's AOR, benefiting 200 students from the poor and under-privileged members of our society. As a result, the unit was bestowed the award as Best Unit in Administrative for CY-84 and from its ranks emerged the Most Outstanding EP of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe unit AOR was aggressively occupied starting 1 May 1986 when a new commander of the unit was designated in the person of MAJ Peter H Espadero. The redeployment of its forces was characterized by a series of major, minor and small unit strike operations of search and destroys. Come late June 1986, the maneuver companies established its bases in tactical locations supporting each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nDuring the third quarter of 1987, new AOR re-sectoring took place and so, the unit took responsibility over the towns of Claveria, Sanchez Mira, Pamplona and a portion of Abulog, Luna, Pudtol and Flora from the 54IB. Afterwards, the unit took responsibility over the municipalities of Lasam, Sto Nino, Piat, Tuao and Rizal, all of Cagayan from 21IB. Thus, the unit again maneuvered its line companies in identified strategic locations which later resulted to the dissolution of Delta Company, and its personnel were absorbed by Alpha Company and HHSVCo. During the fourth quarter, minor changes were undertaken pertaining to the location of battalion headquarters. In view of its necessity, the battalion headquarters was transferred to Allacapan, Cagayan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe year 1987 proved to be fruitful to 17IB. The unit inspired by its successful outcome, SOT operation was pursued at Southwestern Allacapan and extended in Abulog resulting to the voluntary surrender of more than 1,600 Subversive Mass Activists (SMA). Importantly, in this undertaking where the destruction of enemy political infrastructure took cognizance in said areas and saw the decline of the CT propaganda operation, thus constricting the enemy and further leaving no room of influence for the CTs. In view of this, come May 1988, the AOR of the unit expanded to Eastern Cagayan pursuant to the 5ID Campaign Plan. As a result, Charlie Company was redeployed to Gonzaga, Cagayan as its new AOR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe unit was adjudged by the NOLCOM as the \u201cBest Battalion for CY 88-89\u201d which was added to the shining laurels of glory and fame reaped by the unit. LTC Francisco V Fuentes assumed the command on 4 July 1989. Commitment of the unit was continued, headed by the incumbent Commanding Officer. MAJ Rogelio G Rosete took command on 20 December 1989, when the political problems spreading in the entire province of Cagayan, and even hostile activities of Ultra Rightist Group and the Aguinaldo Fiasco in Tuguegarao, Cagayan was left in the hands of the newly assigned Commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nDespite this political turmoil, the unit effectively performed its assigned task/mission and ably rebounded back. The unit completed its movements from Cagayan Province on 8 April 1990, to relieve-in-place the 65th IB in Ilocos Sur and Cagayan Province. It covered 17 municipalities of Ilocos Sur and two towns of Ilocos Norte. From 1 April 1990 to December 1990, four identified CT camps and temporary bases of the enemy were discovered, attacked and neutralized by the unit during the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nMeanwhile, MAJ Cesar P Tiongson took over the command from MAJ Rosete in October 1990 when the unit was stationed at Banayoyo, Ilocos Sur. Its status however was OPCON to 503rd Brigade pursuant to Section II, General Orders Nr 351, H5ID dated 29 September 1991 until 16 December 1991 to occupy Nueva Vizcaya and Ifugao provinces in April 1991 the same date, the unit was placed OPCON to 503rd Brigade pursuant to Section III, General Orders Nr 430, H5ID dated 16 December 1991 in compliance to OPLAN \u201cLANSAGIN DOS-TARABAY CHARLIE\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0008-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe unit headquarters with line companies moved from station in the province of Ifugao occupying Northeastern Cagayan, Calanasan, Conner and Kabugao of Kalinga-Apayao as its new AOR. During the stint in the area, numerous major and minor operations were conducted which resulted to 63 armed confrontations with the CTs and 12 CT camps were discovered and neutralized. At that point of time, noteworthy was the rating gained by the unit in all aspects of operations (combat/intelligence/CMO) that convinced higher headquarters to bestow upon the unit as 5ID, PA and NOLCOM Best Infantry Battalion for CY-92, respectively. The symbolic turn-over of command from LTC Tiongson to MAJ Emmanuel S Cayton transpired on 28 September 1993 with the same AOR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nFew months later, the unit AOR was expanded and covered the municipalities of Rizal, Sto Nino and Lasam, all of Cagayan with one hundred thirty 132 barangays in addition to new AOR. In continuation of what has been started, the unit conducted tactical offensive operations that led to the recovery of 70 HPFAs, 24 LPFAs, 113 anti-personnel/tank mines, numerous explosive paraphernalia and considerable war materials. These accomplishments include the legendary recovery of 57 HPFAs of the enemy on 29 August 1994 at Sitio Ilaw, Brgy Poguin, Conner, Kalinga-Apayao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0009-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe over untiring efforts of the unit paid-off as it dealt serious decimation and reduction among CT rank and file in the AOR, thereby destroying the CTs and impose image of invincibility and fluidity which eventually freed the hopeless people in the AOR from the clutches and influence of the dreadful CPP\u2013NPA\u2013NDF. Because of these accomplishments, the unit earned the distinct honor of being adjudged as the Presidential Streamer Awardee for CY-94.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn the later part of 1994, the 17IB was again given its new AOR in Isabela Province. On 29 October 1994, the unit left Buluan, Conner, Kalinga-Apayao and established its new battalion headquarters at Brgy Morado, Ilagan, Isabela relieving 21IB. Thereafter, the unit immediately deployed its line companies and continued its determined efforts in pursuit of the Army's mission to curb the remnants of the enemy in the region and contribute to the government's vision of lasting peace and suitable deployment by the year 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 7 July 1995, MAJ Pedro S Soria II took over the command of the unit. With the assumption of command of MAJ Soria, the unit further intensified its efforts in fulfilling the unit mission. Although the primary responsibility of ISO in the area was given to the PNP, the unit never ceases and became even more aggressive in its campaign against the remnants of the CPP-NPA. With efficient TRIAD application for CY-95, the unit gained/recovered several high powered and low powered firearms, anti-personnel mines and different enemy communication equipment and other war materials. Likewise, the effective SCF/ACCORD application in AOR resulted to the surface of 92 CT supporters and dismantling of two CT organizations all in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 18 December 1996, MAJ Honorato S Delos Reyes (FA) PA assumed command covering the same AOR pursuant to Section II, General Orders Nr 638, H5ID dated 13 December 1996. The commitment of the unit was continued with the efficient application of TRIAD Concept. During MAJ Delos Reyes' incumbency, the unit spearheaded the first ever SRA-CIVAC in Gamu, Isabela held on 19\u201321 July 1997. This SRA-CIVAC was the basis for the subsequent Philippine Army Program which was later dubbed as the Community Assistance for Rural Empowerment through Social Services (CARES) Program. The program which benefited thousands of indigent individuals was so successful that it was conducted in other municipalities in Isabela namely: Burgos, Mallig and Delfin Albano before MAJ Delos Reyes' term ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 16 May 1998, LTC Rufinito Y Cordova INF (GSC) PA started his stint as the new Battalion Commander of the unit. With fervor and steadfast commitment, he led the unit on its mission of preserving peace through the application of TRIAD Concept and administrative matters. Under his able leadership, the unit produced the most number of awardees in the field of combat. Most glaring of which is the eight personnel awarded with Gold Cross Medal for gallantry in action by no less than LT General Raul S Urgello, Commanding General, Philippine Army in two separate and distinct occasions. These laudable performances have paved the way in the unit realization of another award, Best Battalion for Operation, 3rd Quarter CY-98.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 16 March 1999, LTC Gominto B Pirino INF (GSC) PA assumed command pursuant to Section II, General Orders Nr 75, H5ID dated 16 March 1999 covering the same Area of Operation (AO).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0014-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nSince the assumption of LTC Pirino, the unit conducted 18 battalion-size operations, 37 company-size operations, 979 platoon/small unit strike operations and six resource control operations that resulted to three unit-initiated encounters, killing of one amazon identified as \u201cSilvia Tao-il\u201d, wounding of one \u201cGenevieve Pedro Dapay-os\u201d and three other unidentified, capture of three \u201cExequiel Basilan Coloma, Francisco Licuanan and his wife Flor and the surrender of one \u201cJoel Sumayen @Jun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 28 March 2000, MAJ Fernando B Felix (FA) PA assumed command pursuant to Section II, General Orders Nr 129, H5ID dated 22 March 2000 with the same AOR. During the tenure of the new Commanding Officer, the Battalion Headquarters was relocated from Brgy Gaddani, Tayum to Brgy Tagodtod, Lagangilang, both of Abra on 01 December 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nDuring his incumbency, the unit launched series of major and minor operations that resulted to the recovery of eight HPFAs, two LPFAs and the killing of one CT member Alias de Castro and the surrender of five CT elements namely: James Bautista @Joshua, Leo Maliongan @Yolan, Silvestre Y Garcia @Julius and Jay Donato Asbucat @Refie/Eugene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nAt the peak of 2nd Quarter of 2001, LTC Juanito W Dalmas INF (GSC) PA assumed command effective 01 July 2001 relieving MAJ Felix pursuant to Section II, General Orders Nr 357, H5ID dated 07 June 2001. The unit continues to struggle on its assigned and mandated mission specifically on TRIAD Operations in the whole province of Abra, part of Ilocos Sur and eight municipalities of Southern Benguet including Baguio City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0018-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nDuring the early months of his term as battalion commander of the unit, the famous CT camp/training ground \u201cCamp Venus\u201d at Brgy Baluarte, Salcedo, Ilocos Sur was overrun and the capture of one CT member Joselito Baleva @Jon Jon, the political officer of SG II, SIR. The unit initiated 16 major operations, 52 company size operations, 1,044 platoon/small unit strike operations that resulted to the recovery of 10 HPFAs, four LPFAs, capture of Joselito Baleva @Jon Jon and voluntary surrender of seven CTs. The government troops initiated one encounter and overrunning/recovery/destruction of CT camp at vicinity Brgy Baluarte, Salcedo, Ilocos Sur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0019-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe highlight of his incumbency was the processing and implementation of the second component of integration of CPLA to become CAFGU Active Auxiliary (CAA) members pursuant to Administrative Order #18 dated 27 September series of 2001 regarding CPLA Integration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0020-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 16 October 2002, the 21st battalion commander in the person of LTC Eduardo Q Gonzaga INF (GSC) PA assumed command of the 17th Infantry Battalion, 5ID, PA pursuant to General Orders Nr 445, H5ID, PA dated 30 September 2002 over LTC Dalmas with the same AOR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0021-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nDuring his reign as battalion commander of 17th Infantry (DO or DIE) Battalion, he was able to rule effectively in implementing Internal Security Operations (ISO) to the whole AOR. With his administration, the unit launched four Brigade-directed operations, 35 major operations, 62 minor operations, 270 platoon-size operations and 2,945 small unit/patrols. As a result, the unit gained seven HPFAs, the killing of two insurgents (BC) and neutralization of eight CT personalities, six belong to KLG CALVIN and the other two personalities were apprehended by the intelligence community in Baguio City known as @RHODA, Secretary of ICRC and @LOREN, the Political Officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0022-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nNotable of which was an encounter between the operating troops and more or less seven CTs at Sitio Bawang, Brgy Alangtin, Tubo, Abra during the spate of Typhoon \u201cHarurot\u201d  that resulted to the killing of two CTs (BC), recovery of two M14 rifles, one M16 rifle and voluminous subversive documents with high intelligence value on 221045 July 2003 while negative casualty on the government side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0023-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn the field of Intelligence, the intelligence operatives were able to establish 45 Barangay Intelligence Nets (BIN) with 75 assets/informants recruited to enhance the intelligence efforts of the unit. Likewide, eight VIP security coverage were extended to VIPs visiting the unit's AOR and had conducted 16 security and inspections to vital installations. Remarkable in enemy personnel strength reduction was the apprehension of two prominent personalities of ICRC namely: Evelyn Cruz Bedana @Arceli Arciaga/Rhoda/Seles \u2013 the secretary and Josephine Gammad Perez @Eloisa/Piel/Loren \u2013 the Political Officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0024-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn Civil Military Operations (CMO), the unit deployed SOT Team at Sitio Tapayen, Brgy Alaoa, Tineg, Abra which created high impact developmental projects such as construction of barangay public toilets, waiting sheds, fences, gardening and renovation of barangay basketball court. The unit attended 16 Provincial Peace and Order Council (PPOC) meetings, 686 Municipal Peace and Order Council (MPOC) meetings and other conferences conducted in almost all of the municipalities within the AOR. Likewise, the unit conducted peace negotiations with the prevailing CPLA members, particularly the BALWEG and MOLINA factions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0024-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe processing and organization of Area Coordinating Council (ACC) provincial level as mandated in Executive Order Nr 21, series of 2001 as well as to the municipalities down to the barangay level. Also, the unit conducted a symposium held at Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology (ASIST) in Lagangilang, Abra with the participation of more or less 1,000 high school and college students and the unit's involvement in medical mission with the Bethesda International Ministry held in the municipalities of Manabo, Sallapadan and San Quintin, all of Abra in February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0024-0002", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 15 January 2002, the unit initiated efforts in the signing of Peace Pact between the two rival barangays of Bacooc and Paganao, both of Lagangilang, Abra and the creation of the 1st Ilocano Bodong Federation (IBF) during its installation on 25 January 2003 with Ex-Mayor Ernesto Pacsa of San Isidro, Abra as the Founding Chairman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0025-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nFrom Brgy Tagodtod, Lagangilang, Abra, the unit started occupying its present camp base at Brgy Masin, Alcala, Cagayan on 24 November 2003. With the successful relieved-in-place with the 41st Infantry Battalion on 5 December 2003, the unit is tasked to revitalize and reinvigorate the Internal Security Operations (ISO) campaign to address effectively the insurgency situation in Cagayan and Northern Apayao. The new area of operation of 17IB covers 28 municipalities and one city of the Province of Cagayan, five municipalities of Northern Apayao Province including six municipalities of Batanes Group of Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0026-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe 17th Infantry Battalion under the sterling leadership of LT COL Pablo L Liwan Jr INF (GSC) PA is continuously undertaking its effort by employing TRIAD operations at the different priority target barangays/places within AO in coordination with the PNP to totally annihilate the remaining CTs in the AOR. And as the realization of lasting peace is slowly dawning, the unit is also assisting Local Government Units (LGUs) and Local Government Agencies (LGAs) in the implementation of government programs that will benefit the people all over the AO and realize the vision of the Philippines towards a strong Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0027-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn Intelligence, the unit through its intelligence operatives was able to establish 62 Barangay Intelligence Nets (BIN) with 145 assets/informants recruited to enhance the intelligence efforts of the unit and was able to collect 80 information. Likewise, the unit also extended 12 security coverage to VIPs visiting the unit's area of operation and has conducted 10 security surveys and inspections to vital installations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0028-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nFor the period from 1 April 2004 to 14 April 2005, the unit participated in three Brigade-directed operations, 24 battalion-size operations, 108 company-size operations, 226 platoon-size operations, 1,149 small unit/strike operations, 84 resource control operations and conducted three VIP security operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0029-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe conduct of sustained combat operations resulted to five encounters as follows: Encounter against more or less nine communist terrorists by the operating troops of 17IB, MIG2, RIID, PRO2, DIU and Cagayan PPO at Brgy Calaoagan, Piat, Cagayan on 021320 April 2004 which resulted to the capture of Christina Miguel Garcia @Senyang, Secretary of Northern Front, CVRC, Lolito Raza @Lanlan, Manny de Guzman @Dekdek and Flordeliza Welba @Elyan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0029-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe encounter with eight CTs and two amazons at So Socsoc, Agaman Norte, Baggao, Cagayan by the troops of Charlie Company, 17IB under LT Tubera that resulted to the recovery of subversive documents with high intelligence value. This followed by another encounter with the same troops on 181600 June 2004 at vicinity So Sacaran, Tanglagan, Gattaran, Cagayan that resulted to the capture of CT Dennis Cabrera, member of SYP1, SECOM 2 and recovery of subversive documents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0029-0002", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nA fifteen-minute firefight on 101130 July 2004 by the troops of \u201cA\u201d Coy, 17IB under 2LT ARCILLAS against more or less seven bandits/other criminal elements at Sitio Mangisit, Salvacion, Luna, Apayao that resulted to the rescue of more or less 130 hostages and recovery of 32 trucks and one homemade shotgun from the bandits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0030-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe unit also discovered enemy encampment/training ground at vicinity Sitio Gagaowan, Brgy Tanglagan, Gattaran, Cagayan on 161200 August 2004 by the operating troops of \u201cA\u201d Company under 2LT ARCILLAS and troops of 5IDRC under 1LT MADICLUM. The training camp is composed of twenty-five bunkers, three outposts and one hall utilized by the CTs as training ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0030-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe unit also conducted aerial recon in the area of operation through deception by which simultaneously conducted during the conduct of relief operations in Apayao on 30 June to 2 July 2004 to be used in deriving new techniques, tactics and procedures for future combat operations. The unit conducted two SOT operations at Zinundungan Valley Complex (Brgys San Juan and Masi, both of Rizal, Cagayan) and one SOT operation at Balanni-Lipatan Complex (Brgy Balanni, Sto Nino, Cagayan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0031-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nA swift rescue and pursuit operation to the ambush of the municipal treasurer of Calanasan, Apayao, Mrs Rosalita Batil and four other companions by the undetermined number of armed men at Sta Elena, Calanasan, Apayao which led to the wounding of the victims and the robbery of more or less one million pesos and the recovery of one M16 rifle. The intensified pursuit operation resulted to the capture of the members identified as Benito Lara and Jaime Balabay Daguio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0032-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn Civil Military Operations, since 1 January 2004 to 14 April 2005, the unit conducted four MEDCAP in Calanasan, Apayao and at Brgys Bural and San Juan, both of Rizal and Brgy Balanni, Sto Nino, all of Cagayan benefiting the less fortunate residents. Conducted rescue operations that resulted to the rescue of 380 civilian flashflood victims of Brgys Damurog, Baculod, Pared and Pinupok, all of Alcala, Cagayan due to Tropical Storm \u201cIGME\u201d. More or less 100 civilians were also successfully rescued on the hostage taking by the group of lawless elements believed to be bandits at Sitio Mangisit, Brgy Salvacion, Luna, Apayao on 08-10 July 2004. Likewise, the unit also conducted numerous dialogues/pulong-pulong and symposia within the unit's area of operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0033-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 15 April 2005, LTC Paul Pompeyo M Dario Jr INF (GSC) PA assumed the position as the new battalion commander of this unit. As the enthusiastic history of the battalion continue the \u201cDO OR DIE\u201d family look forward that its mission and vision be ostensibly imparted among the society. As we all know that we as the members of the armed forces of the Philippines are the real protector of the people and the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0034-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 24 June 2006, LTC Jacinto R Bareng FA (GSC) PA, installed as the battalion commander of this unit. July 2006 this unit undergoes Battalion retraining at 5th Division Training Unit (5DTU), leaving its former AO (Cagayan and Apayao) to Task Force Amiya. On 8 October of the same year, after the Battalion Retraining, this unit was again, redeployed to its former AO, to dismantle the SECOM 1 & 3, NF, CVRC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0034-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nDuring his incumbency, he Initiated 48 squad and platoon sustainment training, one marksmanship training, five other in-service training and participated in three interoperability training exercises with foreign armed forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0034-0002", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn operations, his unit participated in four brigade-directed operations; conducted 22 Battalion size operations; supervised 22 Company - initiated operations; monitored 104 Platoon -  size operations; 2,309 strike operations; and, 231 resource control operations that accounted for 14 armed engagements with the communist terrorists that resulted to 11 killed, seven wounded and two captured rebels; the recovery of nine HPFAs, 15 LPFAs, 15 improvised mines, three base radios, three handheld radios and two cell phones in five communist terrorist encampments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0034-0003", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nLikewise, he directed the conduct of 19 SOT operations that disrupted the Northern Front guerrilla bases and paralyzed the CAGUIMUNGAN, an NDF affiliated sectoral group and surrender of eight NPA regulars, 33 militia ng bayan, 175 subversive mass activists and 597 supporters/sympathizers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0034-0004", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nHe aggressively implemented the unit's Civil Military Operations (CMO) programs in the conduct of 124 pulong-pulong/dialogue to barangays; 63 symposia to both secondary and tertiary schools of Cagayan; the donation of an estimated total of 77,000 cc of fresh blood to Cagayan Valley Medical Center; the attendance to 70 inter-agency Peace and Order Councils from barangay to regional levels; joint initiation of 11 MEDCAPs; and the participation to environmental protection through confiscation of 32,500 board feet of banned logs and planting of 56,000 trees of different species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0034-0005", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn personnel administration, nine officers and 88 enlisted personnel were sent to undergo different career courses; eight officers and 92 enlisted personnel were promoted to the next higher level; 103 personnel were awarded MMM, 31 personnel for MCM and six personnel were awarded WPM; and the discharged of 13 personnel for various cases. Moreover, the unit is a recipient of four major civilian awards of recognition for cause-oriented achievements and peace initiatives in Apayao and Cagayan. In logistics, he initiated the major repairs and construction of facilities; the procurement of communication and IT equipment; and the maintenance of mobility assets to enhance the operational capability of the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0035-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 2 July 2008, LTC James B Joven INF (GSC) PA assumed position as the 25th Battalion Commander of the \u201cDo or Die\u201d Battalion. He effectively provided command, control and direct supervision in the performance of the unit's administrative and operational functions. Initiated 38 trainings composed of Platoon Sustainment training, Squad sustainment training and in service courses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0035-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn operations, his unit participated in seven Brigade-directed operations; directed 25 battalion-size operations which resulted to the discovery of seven CT encampments; supervised 31 company-initiated operations; 90 platoon-initiated operations; 3,066 small unit/strike operations; 184 resource control/checkpoints that resulted to the confiscation of twenty four thousand three hundred thirty nine (24,339) board feet of illegally cut lumbers composed of Narra, Dao and Kamagong; accounted for nine armed engagements against a group of communist terrorists that resulted to the neutralization of CTL Edwin Bilag @ BAL who was killed during an encounter; the capture of CT member Ferdinand Bautista @ JONG and facilitated the surrender of 21 top-ranking CT personalities in Cagayan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0035-0002", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nFurther, during his stint as Battalion Commander, the unit earned two HPFAs, nine  LPFAs; five improvised explosive landmines and eight communication equipment; and voluminous subversive documents of high intelligence value that provided an extensive intelligence information on enemy plans, operations and intentions. On intelligence and counter-intelligence, the unit launched numerous intelligence operations that resulted to the neutralization of 23 communist terrorists. He closely supervised the conduct of 39 security operations to VIPs within the unit's area of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0035-0003", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn Civil Military Operations, COL Joven aggressively implemented the unit CMO thrusts with intensive civil and public affairs with an eventual impact in the unit psychological operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0035-0004", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nHe initiated the conduct of a province-wide grand peace rally in Tuguegarao City \u2013 the first military-initiated peace march in the entire province and dubbed as the first grand peace march spearheaded by the military in the entire country which was participated in by more or less 25, 000 delegates coming from the different sectors of society, such as; students/teachers from the different schools/universities in Tuguegarao City and other places in Cagayan, employees of LGUs and LGAs of the province, NGOs and NGAs; religious communities led by Archbishop Diosdado A Talamayan, Rebel Returnees, Reservists, people from the different municipalities led by their respective Mayors, Organizations of farmers and workers, and AFP/PNP elements in Cagayan that served as a show window of the people's support to the programs of the AFP and to our democratic form of government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0035-0005", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nIn line with the government peace initiative, he participated in numerous dialogues, speaking engagements and symposia. He attended four media appearances with former rebels during three exhumation operations and initiated six press conferences while active supervision on the regular radio and TV programs initiated by the unit. Press releases were published in both local and national newspapers while symposia to the different high schools, colleges and universities; pulong-pulong/dialogue and distribution of leaflets to the different far-flung barangays were accomplished. The unit further participated in fifteen religious activities and community initiated activities in the area of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0035-0006", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nCOL Joven also displayed concerns to the environmental protection program with one zero waste management seminar, one illegal logging awareness seminar and major tree planting activities. The unit also extended community manpower assistances, sports participation, national/local historic events participation, facilitated the first ever CMAG formation in Luzon, participated in jobs fair, conduct of DEAR operations and bloodletting in the area of operation with a total of \u00ac\u00ac33, 250 cc of fresh blood were donated to Cagayan Northern Blood Zone Services of Cagayan Valley Medical Center (CVMC), military dependents and needy civilians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0035-0007", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nLikewise, COL Joven initiated the Army Concerns on Community Organizing for Development (ACCORD) in support to SOT and psychological operations with Medical and Dental Civic Action Programs (MEDCAP), outreach programs that were focused on gift giving and distribution of relief goods to indigent people. His untiring effort to facilitate the opening of Zinundungan Road in accordance with the 501st Infantry Brigade's strategic goal of implementing high impact project in depressed areas of the province had been realized which have strategic impact on the peace efforts, economic upliftment and tourism promotion in Zinundungan Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0035-0008", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn personnel administration and other service support functions, four officers and 48 enlisted personnel were sent to undergo schooling for different career courses, three Officers and one hundred 121 Enlisted Personnel completed various specialization courses, trainings and seminars. His outstanding leadership and personnel management earned distinctive promotions of six officers and 74 enlisted personnel; 132 personnel received the awards of Military Merit Medal (MMM); 391 for Military Commendation Medal (MCM); 146 for Military Civic Action Medal (MCAM); and 156 Letters of Commendation (LOC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0035-0009", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nMoreover, he initiated major and minor repairs of the unit buildings and facilities, the construction of billeting areas for personnel and other service support facilities at battalion headquarters, Advance Command Post, Patrol Bases and at the Rear Command Post (RCP); acquired ordnance, special ordnance and quarter master materials to higher headquarters; and the procurement of communication and mobility assets to enhance the operational capability of the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0036-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 17 Aug 2009, LTC Laurence E Mina INF (GSC) PA assumed command of the \u201cDo never Die\u201d Battalion as the 26th Commanding Officer. His dedication in the service is a manifestation of his courage and determination to combat the insurgency problem, illegal activities and criminalities in the Provinces of Cagayan and five municipalities of Lower Apayao to include the Batanes Group of Islands. He enthusiastically continues the proud beginnings of the unit and looking forward to accomplish the mission and vision of the Battalion and thereby creating an atmosphere of peace and progress in the area of operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0036-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nDuring his command, noteworthy was the rating gained by the unit in all aspects of operations (Combat/Intelligence/CMO) that convinced higher headquarters to bestow upon the unit as 5ID, PA and NOLCOM Best Infantry Battalion for CY-2010, respectively. On the other hand, the unit also bestowed rating as number 15 in the entire Philippine Army for CY-2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0037-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 1 September 2011, LTC Alvin V Flores INF (GSC) PA took command of the unit and followed the tone set up by his predecessor. With his sterling leadership, the unit was able to inflict several setbacks for the insurgents being confronted by the unit in its area of operations. Unit combat operations accounted for eight armed engagements against groups of enemies that resulted to six enemies killed and the capture of three others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0037-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nAmong those enemies killed was CTL Dominador Javier @ BOBBING/MARTIN, staff member of Samahang Partido sa Platun (SPP) Cagayan who was neutralized during an encounter at San Miguel, Baggao, Cagayan on 27 October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0037-0002", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThese armed engagements also resulted to the recovery of six high powered and two low-powered FAs; 12 IEDs; one PC Laptop with printer, external drive, USB modem and two memory card readers; three cellular phones with seven sim cards; a 250-pound general-purpose bomb; hand grenade; bandolier with 10 long and 3 short magazines for M16 rifle; different ammunitions; one Honda generator; numerous blasting caps, wires, command detonating switches, triggering devices and batteries; assorted electrical accessories; and various subversive documents containing high intelligence value. On intelligence and counter-intelligence, the unit launched numerous intelligence operations that resulted to the surrender of 16 and apprehension of one enemy personality and the recovery of two HPFAs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0038-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 17 June 2012, the troops of Charlie Company under 1LT BALAJADIA encountered at Cabatacan, Lasam, Cagayan, which resulted to the recovery of four improvised explosive devices (IEDs), 22 pieces blasting caps, one roll detonating cord, one command detonating switch, one hand grenade, bandoleer with two magazines for M16, one piece 40mm ammo, 24 pieces 5.56mm ammos, different kinds of medicines, subversive documents and personal belongings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0039-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nOn 20 March 2012, the troops of Bravo company under 1LT Dela Cruz and the squad under Tsg Barangay encountered at Brgy Aridowen, Sta teresita, Cagayan which resulted to the two body count on enemy side, recovery of two M16 rifle (Colt) and subversive documents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0039-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nIn line with AFP Campaign Plan BAYANIHAN, the unit actively mobilized other stakeholders for the fast delivery of needed basic services in the far flung and upland communities and facilitated various outreach and civic action programs benefiting the general public thru the conduct of 27 medical and dental services; two Bike for Peace activities; regular participation in \u201cBRIGADA ESKWELA\u201d campaign of DepED in 33 schools; conduct of 14 gift-giving activities thru \u201cPAMASKONG HANDOG\u201d during yuletide seasons, 19 feeding missions and two disaster relief and rescue operations (DRRO).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0039-0002", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nMoreover, fifteen thousand cubic centimeters (15,000cc) of blood were donated in different blood-letting activities. Through these civic oriented activities, the unit was given a plaque of appreciation by the Pugad Lawin Philippines Incorporated, Tuguegarao Chapter. Different and various sports paraphernalia and equipment were also procured to be used by all personnel of the unit and their dependents. It was also during LTC Flores\u2019 stint that the 17IB Multi-Purpose Cooperative with an estimated asset of one million as of 1 December 2012 was formally organized and registered at the Cooperative Development Authority of the Philippines. On 1 April to 13 June 2013, the unit undertook Battalion Retraining at Kalinga Hostel, Bulanao, Tabuk City Kalinga and upon completion of the said training, the unit was given a new area of operation consisting the provinces of Apayao and Kalinga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019262-0040-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines), History\nThe 17th Infantry (Do or Die) Battalion continues to perform at the highest level thru the leadership of its new Commanding Officer, LTC Resurrecion C Mariano INF (GSC) PA, who succeeded LTC Flores on 16 October 2013. Considering its mountainous and vast area of operations, the unit at the moment does its best in performing its mandated mission utilizing only its two front sub-units, the Bravo and Charlie Companies. Alpha Company of the unit was augmented CENTCOM and currently placed OPCON to the Force Protection Task Force mandated to conduct Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief operations in central Visayas Region which was devastated by super typhoon Yolanda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019263-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 17th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army which provided active service in the Second Boer War and both the First and Second World Wars. It was mainly composed of Regular Army battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019263-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second Boer War\nDuring the Second Boer War, the 17th brigade was active in South Africa as part of the 8th Division from early 1900 until the war ended in 1902. It was under the command of Major-General John Edward Boyes, and included the following battalions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019263-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First World War\nThe 17th Brigade was originally part of the 6th Division during the First World War, The commander was Brigadier General W.R.B. Doran CB DSO on mobilisation. It was transferred to the 24th Division, a New Army division, on 14 October 1915. The brigade saw service mainly on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019263-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second World War\nThe Brigade served with the 5th Infantry Division through most of the Second World War. On 5 May 1942 it was part of Force 121 in the Battle of Madagascar. After this, the 17th Infantry Brigade served in the Allied invasion of Sicily with the British Eighth Army and the Italian Campaign, before taking part in the closing stages of the campaign in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\"\nThe 17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\" (Italian: 17\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Pavia\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Pavia was formed in on 27 April 1939 and named after the city of Pavia. The Pavia was classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning staff and equipment could be transported on cars and trucks, although not simultaneously. The Pavia had its recruiting area and regimental depots in the Romagna and its headquarters in Ravenna. Its two infantry regiments were based in Cesena (27th) and Ravenna (28th), with the division's artillery regiment based in Ravenna. Shortly after its formation the division was sent to Sabratha in Libya. It participated in the Western Desert campaign and was destroyed during the Second Battle of El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War I\nThe division's lineage begins with the Infantry Brigade \"Pavia\" established on 1 March 1849 with the 27th and 28th infantry regiments. The brigade fought on the Italian front in World War I. On 20 October 1926 the brigade assumed the name of XVII Infantry Brigade with the 11th Infantry Regiment \"Casale\", 27th Infantry Regiment \"Pavia\", and 28th Infantry Regiment \"Pavia\". The brigade was the infantry component of the 17th Territorial Division of Ravenna, which also included the 26th Artillery Regiment. In 1934 the division changed its name to 27th Infantry Division \"Rubicone\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0001-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War I\nOn 27 April 1939 the division transferred the 11th Infantry Regiment to the newly activated 56th Infantry Division \"Casale\" and on the same date the XVII Infantry Brigade was dissolved with its two remaining regiments coming under direct command of the division, which changed its name to 27th Infantry Division \"Pavia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War II, Advance from Tunisia to Tobruk\nThe Pavia Division was deployed on 10 June 1940 on the Tunisian\u2013Libian border and stayed on the same positions until 25 June 1940, when it was ordered to move to the Tripoli, Libia to perform the coastal defence in the Sabratha\u2013Surman sector. By March, 1941, it was transferred closer to the Benghazi to participate in the Axis counter-attack of March\u2013April 1941. Under Major-General Pietro Zaglio it attacked via the Balbia coast road from Ajdabiya on 31 March 1941, driving the Australian rearguards back to Mechili; on 6 April the town was surrounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 85], "content_span": [86, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0002-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War II, Advance from Tunisia to Tobruk\nThe Fabris and Montemurro Bersaglieri Motorised Battalions came up in support, along with the advance elements of the German 5th Light Division. On 8 April General Michael Gambier-Perry surrendered to Axis forces. In the aftermath of the counter-attack, elements of the Pavia division were placed in Sirte area to defend an airfield near the W\u0101d\u012b Th\u0101mit. The bulk of forces has continued an advance to reach the Derna, Libya and Martuba by 22 May 1941. In June, it started to participate in the Siege of Tobruk and was involved in often intense action from highly aggressive 9th Australian Division probing attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 85], "content_span": [86, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War II, Allies counter-attack at Tobruk\nOn 19 November 1941 a British column of tanks tried to move westwards towards the track that ran up from Bi\u2019r al Ghab\u012b to Al Adm but encountered infantry of the Pavia Division and were forced to turn back. 23 November 1941, the British 70th Infantry Division, supported by 60 tanks broke through part of the nearby 25th Infantry Division \"Bologna\". The Pavia containing the breakthrough. On 27 November, the 19th Battalion spearheading the 6th New Zealand Brigade, finally linked up with part of the British 70th Division at El Duda., weakening the position of Pavia division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0003-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War II, Allies counter-attack at Tobruk\nFurther British attacks were launched on the positions of the Pavia division from 3 to 4 December 1941. On 4 December, Rommel ordered a withdrawal to the Gazala Line which entailed giving up Tobruk. During the withdrawal, the Pavia served as a rearguard at El Adem where the Pavia managed a brief but competent defence. The rearguard action continued from 7 December 1941, until 16 December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0003-0002", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War II, Allies counter-attack at Tobruk\nThe Pavia division rearguard was annihilated 14 December 1941, when the 22nd New Zealand Battalion encountered weak resistance, apart from two brief counterattacks and under the cover of darkness took the rearguard position and 382 Italian prisoners at a cost of 3 killed and 27 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0003-0003", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War II, Allies counter-attack at Tobruk\nOn 15 December, the bulk of the Pavia on the Gazala Line fought against the 2nd New Zealand Division and Polish Carpathian Rifle Brigade, managing to hold their lines after a poor initial beginning (with the loss of some hundreds of prisoners), allowing a strong German armoured force to counter-attack and overrun the 1st Battalion, The Buffs, (Royal East Kent Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War II, Allies counter-attack at Tobruk\nFrom this point, the retreat of the Pavia division quickened. 17 December 1941, it fought at Timimi 70\u00a0km west of Tobruk, then on the Mechili\u2013Derna, Libya line. The retreat route has passed through the Marj, Benghazi, Ajdabiya, finally reaching El Agheila 24 December, from south-west of which it began to fortify at Bir es Suera on the southern bank of Al W\u0101d\u012b al F\u0101righ. At this point, the British advance was halted due logistics problems following a rapid advance, giving the Pavia division a quiet time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War II, From Libya to Egypt\nThe Pavia division has started to advance gradually from late January, 1942, reaching the initial positions west of Tobruk 26 May 1942. 28\u201329 May 1942, it helped to encircle residual British forces at Tobruk and 'Ayn al Ghaz\u0101lah. During the Battle of Gazala, the Pavia were used in a mopping up role, taking charge of 6,000 Allied prisoners on 16 June 1942. 27 June 1942, it reached Bard\u012byah and continued to advance for Al Sellum and ultimately Sidi Barrani. 1 July 1942, the Pavia division has reached the Dayr al Abya\u1e11, south of El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War II, From Libya to Egypt\nThe division was the part the First battle of El Alamein as part of the Italian X Corps. During the initial phase of the fighting Pavia served as a rearguard for the 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\" where it had an isolated, limited defensive success. A few elements of the Pavia along with the Brescia put up a stubborn defence on Ruweisat Ridge on the night of 14\u201315 July, allowing a German armoured force to arrive in time the next day to deliver a counterattack against the attacking New Zealand infantry and British armour. Captain Amalio Stagni and Corporal Ugo Vaia of the Pavia would each win the Medaglia d'Argento al Valore Militare for their leadership during the action on Ruweisat Ridge. The advance when stalled until 30 August 1942, but attempts to advance were largely beaten back as the Italian supplies has dwindled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War II, From Libya to Egypt\nDuring the Second Battle of El Alamein, one battalion of the Pavia Division fought alongside the 185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\". It has commenced an attack 24 October 1942, on Q\u0101rat al \u1e28umaym\u0101t, taking over Naqb al Ralah over the steep El Diffa plateau edge, but failed to hold the majority of the plateau positions after the Allied counter-attack. The British attacks intensified and 3 November 1942, the Pavia division was ordered to retreat from the plateau to the Qattara Depression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0006-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", History, World War II, From Libya to Egypt\nAt the end of the battle, the Pavia along with the other two divisions of the Italian X Corps were abandoned without transport (mostly useless anyway because of the harsh landscape on the division retreat route) by the rest of the Axis forces as they retreated from El Alamein to F\u016bkah and Mersa Matruh on 4 November 1942. The Pavia division has tried to follow the suit, but lost its rearguard at Deir el Nuss to the Allied armoured units. As the result, the Pavia division has suffered heavy losses while on march to the F\u016bkah. At Mersa Matruh, where several of the survivors of the Pavia had regrouped, including its commander, the remnants of the division had no option but to surrender 7 November 1942. The Pavia division was officially dissolved 25 November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019264-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", Organization\nThe following units were attached temporarily to the division during the Western Desert Campaign:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019265-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)\nThe 17th Infantry Division is a formation of the Bangladesh Army. It was formed as part of the development vision of Bangladesh Armed Forces Forces Goal 2030. It is located in Sylhet Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019265-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Bangladesh), History\nThe division was officially formed on 17 September 2013 according to Forces Goal-2030 . Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina formally announced the raising of the Division by hoisting the flag of the division at Jalalabad Cantonment. The division started its journey with the formation of 360 Infantry Brigade and the 32 and 33 Bangladesh Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019265-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Bangladesh), History\nOn 23 November 2016, including division headquarters Prime Minister laid the foundation stones of eight projects, at the Sylhet Cantonment. Flag-raising ceremony of nine units, including a newly formed Brigade was also held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019265-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Bangladesh), Formation\nUnder the division there are three new infantry brigades, 4 infantry regiments, 3 artillery regiment & 6 other various units. Major General Hamidul Haque, nswc, psc  is the current commander of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019266-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Belgium)\nThe 17th Infantry Division (Dutch: 17de Infanterie Divisie) was an Infantry Division of the Belgian Army that fought against the German Armed forces in the Battle of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019266-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAs part of the second reserve, the 17th Infantry Division, like its counterparts, were armed with antiquated weaponry from World War I and were from the older reserve classes. Deployed in the fortified positions of Antwerp along with the 13th Infantry Division, the 17th Infantry Division was part of the defense of the Scheldt Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019266-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAt the event of the German attack, the 17th Infantry Division fortified Antwerp. The surrounding countryside was turned into a firing field as the crops were mown down, and the grass were scattered. But north of Antwerp, the Germans advanced steadily, taking a heavy toll on their French counterparts. Retreating from the frontier, the scattered French managed to arrive at Antwerp, then continued a headlong retreat,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019266-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nBut now with the front weakening, the Germans advanced in a rapid pace, now with its intentions clear. They are hoping to threaten the flanks of Antwerp, and coordinate an encirclement. The 17th Infantry Division took minor casualties, as their sector of Antwerp was relatively quiet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019266-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAfter the capitulation of the Netherlands, the entire northern front came under attack. The Germans manage to gain a few provinces north of Antwerp. The K-W line south was overrun, and threatened the flanks. Antwerp had to be abandoned. The 17th Infantry Division was sent to the Ghent-Terneuzen Canal to be part of its defense. They were deployed in the centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019266-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nAfter the allied forces in Flanders and Northern France have been encircled, the situation in Belgium was going from bad to worse. The line had been breached as the 17th Infantry Division was ordered to retreat back to a new defense of the Leie Diversion Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019266-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe 17th Infantry Division regroups, joining with the 6th Infantry Division, and occupy the area near Strobugge. The canal defense of Leie was reorganized, with the 17th Infantry Division receiving the II and III battalions of the 39th Line Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019266-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nA German attack on the 17th Infantry Division breaks through, and the division falls back to Male. The command orders that Infantry Divisions make no further contact with the enemy if possible, with the enemy slowed down by motorized units and artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019266-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Belgium), World War II\nThe situation has gotten into a really desperate stage by this point, and soon, surrender was declared official.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019266-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940\nStructure of the division at the eve of the Battle of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019266-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940\n\u2022Commanding General, 17th Infantry Division -Major- General Raoul Daufresne de la Chevalerie", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019267-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Greece)\nThe 17th Infantry Division (Greek: XVII \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, XVII \u039c\u03a0; XVII Merarchia Pezikou, XVII MP) was an infantry division of the Hellenic Army that fought in the Greco-Italian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019267-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Greece)\nPre -war plans for defence against a joint Italian\u2013Bulgarian attack (Plan \"IB\") envisaged the raising of the 17th Division during mobilization, and its employment against Bulgaria under the Kavala Army Section, in eastern Macedonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019267-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Greece)\nWhen Italy invaded Greece in October 1940, the division was mobilized, but as Bulgaria remained neutral, it was transferred to the Albanian front and fought against the Italian army as part of III Army Corps under the Western Macedonia Army Section. Following the German invasion of Greece and the capitulation of the Greek army in Albania, the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India)\nThe 17th Infantry Division is a formation of the Indian Army. During World War II, it had the distinction of being continually in combat during the three-year-long Burma Campaign (except for brief periods of refit). The division was re-raised in 1960 and 17 Mountain Division is presently located in Sikkim under XXXIII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Second World War\nThe division was first raised at Ahmednagar, India under the command of Major General H V Lewis CB CIE DSO MC in 1941. It consisted then of the 44th, 45th and 46th Indian Infantry Brigades, and was intended to garrison Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0001-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Second World War\nAt the end of the year, war with Imperial Japan broke out and the division was split; 44th and 45th Brigades were despatched to Malaya where 45th Brigade fought in the Battle of Muar before both brigades were lost in the Battle of Singapore; 46th Brigade and the division HQ went to Burma, where the Division was reinforced by 16th Indian Infantry Brigade and took 2nd Burma Infantry Brigade under command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Second World War, 1942\nThe Japanese attacked Burma on January 22, 1942. It was soon apparent that the British and Indian troops in Burma were too few in number, wrongly equipped and inadequately trained for the terrain and conditions. After failing to hold the Kawkareik Pass and Moulmein, the division fell back to the Bilin River, where it was joined by 48th Indian Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Second World War, 1942\nThe Bilin was not a proper defensive position, and the division tried to retreat over the Sittang River. Air attacks, poor organization and vehicle breakdowns delayed the division, and Japanese parties infiltrated around them to threaten the vital bridge over the Sittang. The division's commander, Major General \"Jackie\" Smyth VC, was forced to order the bridge to be destroyed, with most of the division cut off on the far side of the river. Only a few thousand men without equipment succeeded in crossing the river. Smyth was dismissed and replaced by Major General Cowan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Second World War, 1942\nThe division was reinforced with 63rd Indian Infantry Brigade, and narrowly escaped being trapped in Rangoon. After trying to hold a front in the Irrawaddy River valley, it subsequently retreated north into Assam just before the monsoon broke, fighting off a Japanese attempt to trap it at Kalewa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Second World War, 1943\nFor the campaigning season of 1943, the division was reorganised as a \"Light\" formation, with two brigades only (48th and 63rd), supported by mountain artillery, and with mules and jeeps only for transport. It disputed the mountainous and jungle-covered region around Tiddim, with mixed success. The division was at the end of a long and precarious supply line, and the \"light\" establishment was found to be inadequate in some respects. Some heavier equipment and transport was restored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Second World War, 1944\nIn 1944, the Japanese launched a major invasion of India. During the long Battle of Imphal, 17th Division first successfully fought its way out of encirclement at Tiddim, and then disputed the vital Bishenpur sector south of Imphal (with 32nd Indian Infantry Brigade temporarily under command). In July, the Japanese were broken by heavy casualties and starvation, and retreated. Some units of 17th Division had suffered nearly 100% casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Second World War, 1944\nDuring the late monsoon season, the division was temporarily withdrawn to India and reorganised once again. 48th and 63rd Brigades were fully equipped with vehicles to become Motorized infantry. 99th Indian Infantry Brigade was added to the division, equipped to be transported by Douglas DC-3 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Second World War, 1945\nIn late February. 1945, the motor elements of the division, with the bulk of 255th Indian Tank Brigade under command, crossed the Irrawaddy River and advanced on the vital Japanese communications centre of Meiktila. Joined by 99th Indian Infantry Brigade which was flown into the captured airfield at Thabutkon, they captured Meiktila in only four days. Reinforced by 9th Indian Infantry Brigade which was flown into the airfields around Meiktila, they subsequently withstood a Japanese siege. This Battle of Meiktila largely destroyed the Japanese armies in Central Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Second World War, 1945\nThe division now broke the last Japanese defensive position at Pyawbwe, and advanced south on Rangoon. At Pegu, it pushed Japanese rearguards aside, but was still short of its objective when the monsoon broke. Rangoon fell to an assault from the sea, Operation Dracula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Second World War, 1945\nIn the last months of the campaign, the division participated in the mopping up of Japanese stragglers in Burma. After the war ended, elements of it formed part of the Commonwealth Occupation force in Japan (under Cowan). The division was disbanded in India in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Assigned brigades\nAll these brigades were assigned or attached to the division at some time during World War II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Post independence\nThe division was re-raised at Ambala (India) on November 15, 1960, under the command of Major General K S Katoch MC. Among its new formations was 99 Infantry Brigade, which was soon detached for service with ONUC in the Congo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019268-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (India), Formation Sign\nThe division had two different formation signs. The first was a lightning bolt (white) on a blue background. This was used until the middle of 1942. Major General CT Cowan decided to change the formation sign to a black cat on a yellow/orange background. It is said that the General wanted to motivate his troops to fight back the Japanese and he felt that no one fights more fiercely and aggressively than a cornered cat. The division is sometimes called The Black Cat Division based on its second and current formation sign. The present formation sign has a black background signifying an infantry division and black cat drawn with a yellow outline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019269-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Poland)\n17 Greater Poland Infantry Division was a unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period. It garrisoned Gniezno and neighboring towns, such as Pleszew and Wrze\u015bnia. The unit was formed on June 9, 1919, as 3rd Division of Greater Poland Rifles. In 1921 it was renamed into 17 Greater Poland Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019269-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Poland)\nDuring the Polish September Campaign, the Division, under Colonel Mieczyslaw Mozdyniewicz, was part of the Pozna\u0144 Army. It was destroyed by the Wehrmacht in mid-September 1939, during the Battle of the Bzura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019269-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Poland)\nThe 17th Division was briefly reformed as part of the People's Army of Poland in 1945\u201346. o", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019270-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 17th Infantry Division (Russian: 17-\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 17-ya Pekhotnaya Diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019271-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (United States)\nThe 17th Division of the United States Army was formed twice during the First World War. It was then recreated a third time as a Second World War 'phantom division' as part of Fortitude South II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019271-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (United States), First World War\nThe 17th Division first appeared on the rolls of the U.S. Army as a National Guard division. After being activated as a National Guard division, it was quickly redesignated the 38th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019271-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (United States), First World War\nThe 17th Division was reestablished in 1918 as a war service (National Army) division. The 17th Division included the 33rd Infantry Brigade (September 1918 \u2013 February 1919), with the 5th and 83rd Regiments, and the 34th Brigade with the 29th and 84th Regiments. It also included the 17th Field Artillery Brigade. The 5th Infantry Regiment was assigned on 27 July 1918 to the 17th Division and relieved on 10 February 1919. The 17th Division was intended to be a replacement and school division. The 17th Division did not go overseas and demobilized in January 1919 at Camp Beauregard, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019271-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (United States), Second World War\nIn 1943-44 it was decided to 'reform' the 17th Infantry Division as a military deception. The division was depicted as arriving in England in June 1944, where it came under the control of US XXXVII Corps, US 14th Army, initially the division was located around Birmingham, Staffordshire prior to the division moving to Hatfield Peverel in Essex during July 1944. Depicted as one of the assault divisions in the Pas de Calais landings it would have landed to the left of the US 59th Infantry Division and been followed by the US 25th Armored Division of the US XXXIII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019271-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (United States), Second World War\nIn the aftermath of Fortitude South II was depicted as moving to the region around Brighton-Burgess Hill during August 1944 where it was notionally placed under the command of US XXXIII Corps. In October 1944 the division moved to South Wales and was disposed of by announcing that it had been disbanded to provide replacements for other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019271-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (United States), Second World War\nIn addition to the usual divisional support units the 17th Infantry Division was notionally composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 17th Infantry Division was an infantry division of Nazi Germany, active before and during World War II. Formed in 1934, it took part in most of the campaigns of the Wehrmacht and was decimated in January 1945. Reconstituted in Germany, it surrendered to the Allies in May of that year. The division was responsible for a number of war crimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nNote: For German 17th Infantry Division in the army of the German Empire before 1914 which took part in the First World War see 17th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe unit was formed in October 1934 in Nuremberg under the designation Wehrgauleitung N\u00fcrnberg. Shortly after its creation it was renamed Artillerief\u00fchrer VII. Although created as an en cadre division from the very beginning, both names were intended to suggest much smaller units, as German military strength was still restricted by the Treaty of Versailles. After Adolf Hitler renounced the treaty, and officially announced the creation of the Wehrmacht in October 1935, the unit was renamed to the 17th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe organic regimental units of this division were formed by the expansion of the 21st Bavarian Infantry Regiment of the 7th Infantry Division of the Reichswehr. The division participated in the annexation of Austria in March 1938. During the Invasion of Poland it was reinforced by the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler and attached to the German Eighth Army of Gen. Johannes Blaskowitz. Under command of Gen. Herbert Loch, the division took part in heavy fighting in Silesia, then in the vicinity of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a. At Pabianice it faced elements of the Polish 28th Infantry Division and the Wo\u0142y\u0144ska Cavalry Brigade. After the war, the Poles accused the division of committing atrocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, War crimes\nThroughout the war, the soldiers of the 17th division committed a number of war crimes, notably in Poland during the 1939 campaign. In a war crime investigation by the KBZPNP commission, the predecessor of the Institute of National Remembrance, it was established that the first major war crime occurred between 3 and 4 September 1939 in the vicinity of Z\u0142oczew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, War crimes\nIn a large scale mass murder, the soldiers of the 17th Division burnt approximately 80% of buildings in the town and killed without a trial approximately 200 Polish citizens of Polish and Jewish ethnicity, out of whom only 71 people were identified after the war, while the identity of the remaining victims was impossible to establish as they were war refugees unknown to local inhabitants. Some of the victims were burnt alive, while the bodies of other people were thrown into burning houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0004-0002", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, War crimes\nAfter the war the Polish authorities presented the West German prosecutors' office with the documents of the investigation, as well as the detailed information on the 71 identified victims. However, the latter declined to prosecute the war crimes on various grounds. The German authorities argued that it was impossible to determine which units of the 17th Division took part in the crimes as the 1st chapter of the war diary of Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler Regiment was missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0004-0003", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, War crimes\nMoreover, the German prosecutors argued, that the deeds described by the witnesses must have been directly related to warfare, notably struggle against the partisans and that all of the civilian victims were hostile towards the German forces. The only two cases excluded from that reasoning was the murder of a 1\u00bd year old child murdered with a butt of a German soldiers' rifle and the case of a wounded woman thrown into a burning house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0004-0004", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, War crimes\nThe earlier case was explained as a common crime (and as such subject to non-claim), while the latter case was turned down due to inability to find the direct responsible. The same reasoning was given for the case of 10 Polish peasants executed in the nearby village of Gr\u00f3jec Wielki after a Polish reconnaissance plane appeared in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, War crimes\nIn a separate case investigated by the after the war, the KBZPNP commission requested the prosecution of the commanders of the 10th and 17th Divisions, which took part in a mass murder of several dozen Poles in the village of W\u0142y\u0144 near \u0141\u00f3d\u017a. All cases of the murder of Polish civilians in that village were turned down by the German prosecutors' office on 22 April 1974. The German authorities argued, that it is not impossible that all the civilians trying to escape from the German forces were in fact partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, War crimes\nThis was the reasoning in the case of certain Ochecki who was shot to death while trying to rescue his cattle from a barn set in flames by the German soldiers. The German authorities argued that it was fair to assume that he was trying to escape from the German soldiers. The same reasoning was given in the case of a mentally sick person shot the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0005-0002", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, War crimes\nIn the case of Wawrzyn Piecyk, who was killed while being wounded and unconscious, it was argued that he might have been pretending to be unconscious in order to escape from the German soldiers, while the case of J\u00f3zef Jawor, a man who did not stop when requested to and instead hid in his house, where he was shot through the doors, was explained as a killing done during a fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0005-0003", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, War crimes\nThe case of Maria Konieczna, a deaf woman who was shot after not responding to a German soldier, was considered a common crime, while the killing of J\u00f3zef Ga\u0142ka was explained as legitimate, since a picture of his brother in Polish military uniform found in Ga\u0142ka's wallet was a proof that he might have been a partisan himself. In the same decision, the German authorities declared that the patients of the mental institution in the town of Warta, killed by the soldiers of the 17th Division in the hospital and dressed in hospital pyjamas, were victims of a common crime rather than a war crime or a murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, War crimes\nIn addition to that, the Leibstandarte regiment attached to the 17th Division was notorious for burning all villages it passed through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, After the invasion of Poland\nAfter the war against Poland, the unit was withdrawn to Germany and then took part in the battle of France, as part of XIIIth Corps. Afterwards, in the summer of 1940, the division trained for taking part in the abortive invasion of England. In 1941 it participated in Operation Barbarossa as part of Army Group Center. In the fall of 1941 it took part in the Battle of Moscow. After sustaining heavy losses, it was withdrawn to France in June 1942. The division returned to the Eastern Front in April 1943, fighting around river Mius, Nikopol, Uman, Chi\u015fin\u0103u and Ia\u015fi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019272-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, After the invasion of Poland\nIn August 1944 the unit was shifted to Poland and fought to contain Soviet bridgeheads on the Vistula river, around Warka and Radom. It remained in this sector until it was heavily damaged in the course of the Soviet Vistula-Oder offensive in January 1945. The division was then reconstituted from its remnants and fought in April and May 1945 in the area around G\u00f6rlitz. At the end of the war it was located in the Riesengebirge mountains (today Karkonosze).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019273-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (France)\nThe 17e r\u00e9giment d'infanterie (English:17th Infantry Regiment) was a unit of the French army and among its oldest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019273-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (France), La Grande Arm\u00e9e\nIn 1803 becomes the 17e r\u00e9giment d\u2019infanterie de ligne. In 1806, the regiment took part in the battle of Jena-Auerst\u00e4dt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019274-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (Poland)\n17th Infantry Regiment (Polish language: 17 Pulk Piechoty, 17 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army. It existed from late 1918 until September 1939. Garrisoned in Rzeszow, the unit belonged to the 24th Infantry Division from Jaroslaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019274-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Early history\nOn November 1, 1918, ethnic Polish soldiers, serving in Austro-Hungarian Army garrison at Rzeszow, decided to form their own unit. Reinforced with soldiers of the former Austrian 40th Infantry Regiment, and with volunteers from local population, the first battalion of the regiment was sent on November 17 to Lwow (see Battle of Lemberg (1918)). The second battalion, formed in late November, was sent in December 1918 to Przemysl, (see Battle of Przemysl (1918)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019274-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Early history\nIn late December 1918, the regiment was reorganized. Two new units were formed out of it: they were named the 17th and the 18th Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019274-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Early history\nIn early 1919, the first battalion was sent to Volhynia, where in the night of January 22/23, it attacked Ukrainian positions in Wlodzimierz Wolynski. In May 1919, the Ukrainians began a large offensive. After heavy fighting, the Poles counterattacked, managing to push the enemy back. Due to heavy losses, the battalion was in August 1919 transferred to the former Duchy of Cieszyn, where it guarded Polish-Czechoslovak demarcation line (see Polish-Czechoslovak War). In the autumn 1919, the regiment was sent to Wilno, and in early 1920, it joined the 6th Infantry Division near Minsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019274-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Second Polish Republic\nFollowing the Polish-Soviet War, the regiment returned to Rzeszow (December 26, 1920). It took former Austrian barracks of King Jan III Sobieski, and was included into the 24th Infantry Division. Most of its officers had previously served either in Austrian or Russian Army. The regiment celebrated its holiday on June 4, the anniversary of the 1920 Battle of the Berezina river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019274-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (Poland), 1939 Invasion of Poland\nThe regiment began its mobilization on August 30, 1939, and on September 3, it was transported to Gromnik, tasked with preparing defensive positions. On September 6 in the evening, the regiment for the first time clashed with the advancing Wehrmacht (4th Light Division), near Wroblowice. By midnight of that day, it was ordered to retreat towards Tuchow, and then behind the Wisloka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019274-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (Poland), 1939 Invasion of Poland\nBy the evening of September 9, the regiment reached Zyznow, and on the next day in the morning, it crossed the San river. It was then ordered to provide rear guard for the units of the 24th Infantry Division, marching towards Bircza. On September 12, the regiment reached the village of Borownica. Since it had already been captured by the enemy, Colonel Beniamin Kotarba decided to assault the Germans. After a bloody clash during which the Poles were unable to push back the enemy, the regiment was dispersed and its soldiers were ordered to try to reach Polish positions near Lwow. Colonel Kotarba himself was killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019274-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Symbols\nThe flag of the regiment, which featured a Silver Eagle and the Black Madonna of Czestochowa, was handed to its soldiers on October 19, 1924, by General Stanislaw Haller. It was funded by the residents of the counties of Rzeszow, Mielec, Pilzno and Ropczyce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019274-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (Poland), Symbols\nThe flag was buried in September 1939 by the soldiers of the regiment. In the summer 1944, it was found and handed over to the 17th I.R. of the Polish People's Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019275-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 17th Infantry Regiment is a United States Army infantry regiment. An earlier regiment designated the 17th Infantry Regiment was organized on 11 January 1812, but it was consolidated with four other regiments as the 3rd Infantry in the post-war reorganization of the army following the War of 1812, due to the shattering losses it sustained at the River Raisin. The current 17th Infantry was constituted as the 17th Regiment of Infantry on 3 May 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019275-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nThe 17th Infantry Regiment served in the Army of the Potomac, in Sykes' Division of the 5th Army Corps. Its badge was a white cross patee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019275-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nDuring the Battle of Fredericksburg, the 17th Infantry suffered heavy losses in the assault on Robert E. Lee's Confederates entrenched behind a stone wall. \"For one entire day, (December 14) the men of the 17th lay flat on their faces eighty yards in front of the famous stone wall, behind which the enemy was posted in large numbers and any movement on their part was sure to draw the fire of rebel sharpshooters.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019275-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nOn the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, the 17th Infantry regiment, commanded by Colonel James Durrell Greene, fought in tough hand-to-hand combat in the Wheatfield. The 17th US Infantry lost 24 KIA and 125 WIA/MIA in this engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019275-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nA buffalo, displayed on the a shield below the stone wall, represents the regiment's history in the Korean war. The \"Buffalo\" nickname was adopted at the suggestion of the 17th Regiment's commander in the Korean War, Col. William W. \"Buffalo Bill\" Quinn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019275-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe shield is blue, as it is the color of the infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019275-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe crest is a sea lion taken from the Spanish Arms of Manila to represent the fighting for that city in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019275-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe five-bastioned fort, shown on the blue shield above and to the right of the stone wall, was the badge of the 5th Army Corps in Cuba in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019275-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe two arrows represent the Indian campaigns the 17th Regiment participated in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019275-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe 17th Infantry Regiment was in the Army of the Potomac during the Civil War in Sykes' Division of the 5th Army Corps, the badge of which was a white Cross patt\u00e9e, which is embodied in the coat of arms and shown on the blue field above and to the left of the stone wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019275-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nAt Fredericksburg the 17th suffered heavy losses in the assault on the famous stone wall, \"For one entire day, (December 14) the men of the 17th lay flat on their faces eighty yards in front of the famous stone wall, behind which the enemy was posted in large numbers and any movement on their part was sure to draw the fire of rebel sharpshooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019275-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Infantry Regiment (United States), Unit awards\nA Company, 1-17 IN, received the Presidential Unit Citation (Navy) for actions in support of Operation Helmand Spider in Marjah during Operation Enduring Freedom 09-11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019276-0000-0000", "contents": "17th International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival\nThe International 17th Adana Golden Boll Film Festival was a film festival held in Adana, Turkey which ran from September 20 to 26, 2010. Prizes totalling 575,000 Turkish Liras were awarded in three categories and more than 200 films were shown at nine different locations, including the Cinebonus, Airplex and Metropol cinemas, in the course of the festival, at which films promoting the ideals of democracy were shown and Greek Director Theo Angelopoulos was the guest of honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019276-0001-0000", "contents": "17th International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival\nThis edition of the International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival, which was founded in 1969 and is organised by the Adana Metropolitan Municipality and accredited by FIPRESCI, opened with a screening of La Mujer sin Piano by Javier Rebollo at the city's municipal theater on the evening of September 21 and included gala ball at Park Zirve on the evening of September 23, at which lifetime achievement awards were presented to actress M\u00fcjde Ar, a selection of whose films were screened, and film critic Atilla Dorsay. The festival closed with an awards ceremony presented by Oktay Kaynarca and \u00d6yk\u00fc Serter on the evening of September 25. Other celebrities present at the festival included \u00dcmit \u00dcnal, Y\u0131lmaz K\u00f6ksal, Bulut Aras, Nuri Al\u00e7o, Suzan Avc\u0131, R\u0131za S\u00f6nmez, Sibel Can, Zuhal Olcay, G\u00f6ksel and Erol Evgin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019276-0002-0000", "contents": "17th International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival\nPalestinian filmmakers, Nasri Hajjaj and Liana Badr were also be present at the festival to chair a special program Palestine, Longing for Peace dedicated to films and documentaries portraying Middle Eastern issues and to take part in a panel entitled Making Movies in Palestine. The festival was originally scheduled for June 7 to 13, 2010 but was postponed, following the May 31, 2010 Gaza flotilla raid and a terrorist rocket attack on the Iskenderun Naval Base, with Adana Deputy Mayor Mustafa Tuncel announcing, We cannot have fun while people are crying. The Turkish Film Critics Association (S\u0130YAD) protested the decision, saying that postponing the festival, resulted in the silencing of Palestinian filmmakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019276-0003-0000", "contents": "17th International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival, Programmes, National Feature-length Film Contest\nTen Turkish films made in the preceding year were selected from the forty that applied to compete in the festival\u2019s National Feature Film Competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 100], "content_span": [101, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019276-0004-0000", "contents": "17th International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival, Programmes, National Student Films Contest\nEight documentary films, seven experimental films, ten fictional films and eight animation films by undergraduate students studying at cinema and television departments of Turkey\u2019s communications and fine arts faculties were selected to compete in the festival\u2019s National Student Films Contest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 94], "content_span": [95, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019276-0005-0000", "contents": "17th International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival, Programmes, Mediterranean Countries Short-films Contest\nEleven documentary films, eight experimental films, twenty-eight fictional films and fourteen animation films were selected from the 368 films that applied to compete in the festival\u2019s Mediterranean Countries Short-films Contest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 107], "content_span": [108, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019277-0000-0000", "contents": "17th International Emmy Awards\nThe 17th Annual International Emmy Awards took place in November 20, 1989, at Sheraton Hotel in New York City, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019277-0001-0000", "contents": "17th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe International Emmy Awards are given by the International Council of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. In addition, special awards were given to Ted Turner who received the International Council's Directorate Award, and Paul Fox, who was given the Founder's Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019278-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Iowa Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Iowa Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019278-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Iowa Infantry was organized at Keokuk, Iowa, and mustered in for three years of Federal service on April 16, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019278-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe 17th Iowa mustered 958 men at the time it left Iowa for active campaigning. It suffered 5 officers and 66 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 2 officers and 121 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 194 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019279-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Iranian Majlis\nThe 17th Iranian Majlis was a legislative assembly with a term beginning on Apr, 25, 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019279-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Iranian Majlis\nPrime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh was removed from power in a coup on 19 August 1953, organised and carried out by the CIA at the request of the British MI6 which chose Iranian General Fazlollah Zahedi to succeed Mosaddegh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019279-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Iranian Majlis\nThe 17th Majlis was ultimately dissolved by Mohammad Reza Shah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019280-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe 17th Irish Film & Television Academy Awards took place in July 2021. The ceremony honoured Irish films and television drama released between 1 February 2020 and 31 May 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019280-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe nominees were announced on 15 June 2021. Normal People received an unprecedented fifteen nominations. At the ceremony in July 2021, Normal People won nine prizes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019281-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Japan Film Professional Awards\nThe 17th Japan Film Professional Awards (\u7b2c17\u56de\u65e5\u672c\u6620\u753b\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u5927\u8cde) is the 17th edition of the Japan Film Professional Awards. It awarded the best of 2007 in film. The ceremony did not take place in this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019282-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Japan Record Awards\nThe 17th Annual Japan Record Awards took place at the Imperial Garden Theater in Chiyoda, Tokyo, on December 31, 1975, starting at 7:00PM JST. The primary ceremonies were televised in Japan on TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019283-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Jutra Awards\nThe 17th Jutra Awards were held on March 15, 2015 to honour films made with the participation of the Quebec film industry in 2014. Xavier Dolan's film Mommy was the night's big winner, taking eight awards overall. Due to the eligibility period for the awards, Dolan's 2013 film Tom at the Farm (Tom \u00e0 la ferme) was also a nominee in several categories, although the only award it won was one in which Mommy was not also a nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019283-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Jutra Awards\nThey were the last awards to be presented under the Jutra name; in early 2016, Quebec Cinema renamed the awards after the publication of a biography of Claude Jutra, the award's former namesake, which contained allegations that he had sexually abused underage children during his lifetime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019284-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Kansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Kansas Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019284-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Kansas Infantry was organized at Camp Deitzler in Leavenworth, Kansas. Only five companies mustered in on July 28, 1864, at Fort Leavenworth for 100 days under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Adams Drake. The regiment was attached to District of North Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019284-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nCompany A ordered to Fort Riley, Company C to Cottonwood Falls and Company D to Lawrence. Operations against Price October\u2013November. March to relief of Mound City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019284-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Kansas Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 4 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019285-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Kansas Militia Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019285-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Kansas Militia Infantry was called into service on October 9, 1864. It was disbanded on October 29, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019285-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe unit was called into service to defend Kansas against Price's Raid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019286-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment\nThe 17th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019286-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was organized at Russellville, Kentucky and mustered in for one year. It mustered in under the command of Colonel Samuel F. Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019286-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Military Department of Kentucky and assigned to duty at Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and in southern Kentucky, along the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019286-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Kentucky Cavalry mustered out on September 20, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019287-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Kentucky Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019287-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was organized at Hartford and Calhoun, Kentucky, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment in December 1861 under the command of Colonel John Hardin McHenry Jr. Colonel McHenry was relieved of command on December 4, 1862, for issuing an order to his men to return runaway slaves to their masters, which was contrary to standing orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019287-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 13th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to December 1861. 13th Brigade, 5th Division, Army of the Ohio, to February 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of the Tennessee, to March 1862. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, Army of the Tennessee, to April 1862. 10th Brigade, 4th Division, Army of the Ohio, to July 1862. 9th Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to November 1862. Post of Clarksville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, IV Corps, to January 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019287-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Kentucky Infantry mustered out of service at Louisville, Kentucky, on January 23, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019287-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Calhoun, Ky., until February 1862. Action at Woodbury, Ky., October 29, 1861. Morgantown October 31. Moved to Fort Donelson, Tenn., February 11\u201313. Investment and capture of Fort Donelson, Tenn., February 13\u201316. Expedition to Crump's Landing, Tenn., March 14\u201317. Battle of Shiloh, Tenn., April 6\u20137. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Bridge Creek before Corinth May 28. Pursuit to Booneville May 31-June 12. Buell's Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August. March to Nashville, Tenn., thence to Louisville, Ky., in pursuit of Bragg August 21-September 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019287-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Bowling Green, Ky., thence to Russellsville, Ky., and duty there until December. Ordered to Clarksville, Tenn., and duty there until March 1863. Moved to Nashville, Tenn., thence to Murfreesboro, Tenn., and duty there until June. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. At McMinnville until August 16. Passage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Battle of Chickamauga September 19\u201320. Siege of Chattanooga, September 24-November 23. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23\u201324. Missionary Ridge November 25, March to relief of Knoxville November 28-December 8. Operations in eastern Tennessee December 1863 to April 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019287-0004-0002", "contents": "17th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Cleveland, Tenn. Atlanta Campaign May to September. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Adairsville May 17. Near Kingston May 18\u201319. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325. Operations on Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Pickett's Mills May 27. Ackworth June 6. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kennesaw June 26. Ruff's Station July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019287-0004-0003", "contents": "17th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. Moved to Nashville and Pulaski, Tenn. Columbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019287-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 298 men during service; 7 officers and 128 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 5 officers and 158 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019288-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Lambda Literary Awards\nThe 17th Lambda Literary Awards were held in 2005 to honour works of LGBT literature published in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers\nThe 17th Lancers (Duke of Cambridge's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1759 and notable for its participation in the Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War. The regiment was amalgamated with the 21st Lancers to form the 17th/21st Lancers in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Seven Years War\nIn 1759, Colonel John Hale of the 47th Foot was ordered back to Britain with General James Wolfe's final dispatches and news of his victory in the Battle of Quebec in September 1759. After his return, he was rewarded with land in Canada and granted permission to raise a regiment of light dragoons. He formed the regiment in Hertfordshire on 7 November 1759 as the 18th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons, which also went by the name of Hale's Light Horse. The admiration of his men for General Wolfe was evident in the cap badge Colonel Hale chose for the regiment: the Death's Head with the motto \"Or Glory\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Seven Years War\nThe regiment saw service in Germany in 1761 and was renumbered the 17th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons in April 1763 In 1764 the regiment went to Ireland. In May 1766 it was renumbered again, this time as the 3rd Regiment of Light Dragoons. It regained the 17th numeral in 1769 as the 17th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, American Revolution\nLed by Lt Col Samuel Birch, the regiment was sent to North America in 1775, arriving in Boston, then besieged by American rebels in the American Revolutionary War. It fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill, a costly British victory, in June 1775. The regiment was withdrawn to Halifax. It fought at the Battle of Long Island in August 1776 at the Battle of White Plains in October 1776 and at the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776. It was in action again at the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery in October 1777, the Battle of Crooked Billet in May 1778 and the Battle of Barren Hill later that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, American Revolution\nThe regiment provided a detachment for operations in the southern colonies as part of Tarleton's Legion, a mixture of infantry and cavalry, and was engaged in a number of battles. The legion, commanded by Banastre Tarleton, was founded in 1778 by Loyalist contingents from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. As the attached regular cavalry, the 17th Light Dragoons clung on to an identity separate from the provincials, even refusing to exchange their fading scarlet clothing for the legion's green jackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, American Revolution\nThey sustained heavy losses in the Battle of Cowpens in January 1781 after being ordered by Tarleton to charge a formation of American militia. Although their charge was initially effective, the dragoons, numbering about 50, were quickly surprised and outnumbered by concealed American cavalry, under Colonel William Washington, and driven back in disarray. During the battle, With the main British infantry surrender and during Tarleton's retreat, Washington was in close pursuit and found himself somewhat isolated. He was attacked by the British commander and two of his men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0004-0002", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, American Revolution\nTarleton was stopped by Washington himself, who attacked him with his sword, calling out, \"Where is now the boasting Tarleton?\" A cornet of the 17th, Thomas Patterson, rode up to strike Washington but was shot by Washington's orderly trumpeter. Washington survived this assault and in the process wounded Tarleton's right hand with a sabre blow, while Tarleton creased Washington's knee with a pistol shot that also wounded his horse. Washington pursued Tarleton for sixteen miles, but gave up the chase when he came to the plantation of Adam Goudylock near Thicketty Creek. To escape capture by Washington, Tarleton had forced Goudylock to serve as an escape guide. The American War of Independence officially ended in 1783. An officer of the regiment, Captain Stapleton, had the distinction of delivering to George Washington the despatch confirming the declaration of the cessation of hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, French Revolutionary Wars\nThe regiment returned to Ireland, where it remained until 1795, when it sailed for the West Indies to reinforce depleted forces battling the French. Two troops were used to suppress an uprising by \"Maroons\" in Jamaica soon after arriving in the Caribbean. Other detachments were embarked aboard HMS Success as \"supernumeraries\". Their experience at sea has been suggested by regimental historians to have gained the regiment the nickname \"Horse Marines\". The regiment returned to England in August 1797. It was based in Ireland again from May 1803 to winter 1805.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Napoleonic Wars\nIn 1806, the regiment took part in the disastrous expeditions to Spanish-controlled South America, then an ally of France during the Napoleonic Wars. Sir Home Riggs Popham had orchestrated an expedition against South America without the British government's sanction. This invasion failed, but a second invasion was launched. The regiment was part of this second force, under Sir Samuel Auchmuty. The British force besieged and captured Montevideo. In 1807, the regiment was part of the force, now under John Whitelocke, that tried to capture Buenos Aires, but this failed abysmally. The British force (including the regiment), was forced to surrender, and did not return home until January 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Napoleonic Wars\nThe regiment was sent to India shortly after returning home. It took part in the attack on the Pindarees in 1817 during the Third Anglo-Maratha War. Disease ravaged the regiment during its residency. While in India, the British Army nominally re-classified the regiment as lancers, and added \"lancers\" as a subtitle to its regimental designation in 1822. The regiment did not learn of its new status until 1823, when, during a stopover at Saint Helena on its journey back to Britain, a copy of the Army List was obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Napoleonic Wars\nAlthough the weapon's use had endured in parts of continental Europe, the lance had not been in British service for more than a century. Its reintroduction by the Duke of York, Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, owed much to the performance of Napoleon Bonaparte's Polish Uhlans. The lancer regiments adopted their own version of the Uhlan uniform, including the czapka-style headdress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Napoleonic Wars\nIn 1826, Lord Bingham (later the 3rd Earl of Lucan) became the regiment's commanding officer when he bought its lieutenant-colonelcy for the reputed sum of \u00a325,000 pounds. During his tenure, Bingham invested heavily in the regiment, purchasing uniforms and horses, giving rise to the regimental nickname \"Bingham's Dandies\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Crimean War\nThe regiment landed at Calamita Bay near Eupatoria in September 1854 for service in the Crimean War and saw action, as part of the light brigade under the command of Major General the Earl of Cardigan, at the Battle of Alma in September 1854. The regiment, commanded by Captain William Morris, was in the first line of cavalry on the left flank during the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava in October 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0009-0001", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Crimean War\nThe brigade drove through the Russian artillery before smashing straight into the Russian cavalry and pushing them back; it was unable to consolidate its position, however, having insufficient forces and had to withdraw to its starting position, coming under further attack as it did so. The regiment lost 7 officers and 67 men in the debacle. The regiment went on to take part in the Siege of Sevastopol in winter 1854. After the inception of the Victoria Cross in 1856, three members of the regiment received the award for acts of gallantry in the charge: These were Troop Sergeant-Major John Berryman, Sergeant-Major Charles Wooden, and Sergeant John Farrell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Victorian era\nIn December 1857 the regiment arrived in India to reinforce the effort to suppress the Indian rebellion against British rule. By the time the regiment was prepared for service, the rebellion was effectively over, although it did take part in the pursuit of Tatya Tope, the rebel leader. During the course of the pursuit, Lieutenant Evelyn Wood earned the Victoria Cross for gallantry. The regiment returned to England in 1865. The regiment became the 17th Regiment of Lancers in August 1861. When, in 1876, it gained Prince George, Duke of Cambridge as its colonel-in-chief, the regiment adopted the title of the 17th (The Duke of Cambridge's Own) Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Victorian era\nThe regiment was sent to Natal Colony for service in the Anglo-Zulu War and fought at the Battle of Ulundi under Sir Drury Curzon Drury-Lowe in July 1879. The regiment was deployed inside a large British infantry square during the attack by the Zulu Army, which had surrounded the British. When the attack appeared to be wavering, the regiment was ordered to advance: their charge routed the warriors with heavy loss and proved to be decisive. The regiment returned to India the same year, remaining there until about 1890 when they returned to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Second Boer War\nIn February 1900 a contingent from the regiment, comprising Lieutenant-Colonel E. F. Herbert and 500 troops, was deployed to South Africa for service in the Second Boer War, and arrived to Cape Town on the SS Victorian early the next month. The contingent missed the large pitched battles, but still saw action during the war. In 1900, Sergeant Brian Lawrence won the regiment's fifth and final Victoria Cross at Essenbosch Farm. The contingent's most significant action was at the Battle of Elands River (Modderfontein) in September 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0012-0001", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Second Boer War\nC Squadron was attacked by a unit of Boers under the command of Jan Smuts; the Lancers mistakenly assumed the unit was friendly because of their attire. The Boers immediately opened fire, attacking from both the front and the rear. The Lancers suffered further casualties at a closed gate that slowed them down. Only Captain Sandeman, the squadron commander, and Lieutenant Lord Vivian survived. The regiment suffered 29 killed and 41 wounded before surrendering, while Boer losses were just one killed and six wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Second Boer War\nThey stayed in South Africa throughout the war, which ended June 1902 with the Peace of Vereeniging. Four months later, 540 officers and men left Cape Town on the SS German in late September 1902, and arrived at Southampton in late October, when they were posted to Edinburgh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, First World War\nThe regiment, which was based in Sialkot in India at the start of the First World War, landed in France as part of the 2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade in the 1st Indian Cavalry Division in November 1914 for service on the Western Front. The regiment fought in its conventional cavalry role at the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917. The regiment was transferred to the 7th Cavalry Brigade, part of the 3rd Cavalry Division in February 1918 and was used as mobile infantry, plugging gaps whenever the need arose, both as cavalry and as infantry during the last-gasp German spring offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, First World War\nAfter the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918, the regiment remained in continental Europe, joining the British Army of the Rhine in Cologne, Germany. The regiment then served in County Cork, Ireland, where it operated against the Irish Republican Army during the War of Independence. On 28 September 1920 IRA Volunteers led by Liam Lynch and Ernie O'Malley, raided the British Army barracks in Mallow, County Cork. They seized weaponry, freed prisoners and killed British serjeant W.G. Gibbs of the 17th Lancers. It was the only British Army barracks to be captured during the war. In 1921, the title of the regiment was altered to the 17th Lancers (Duke of Cambridge's Own).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, History, Amalgamation\nThe regiment was amalgamated with the 21st Lancers to form the 17th/21st Lancers in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019289-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Lancers, Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is held at the Queen's Royal Lancers and Nottinghamshire Yeomanry Museum which is based at Thoresby Hall in Nottinghamshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019290-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Landwehr Division (German Empire)\nThe 17th Landwehr Division (17. Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019291-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico\nThe 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico was the 17th session of the Puerto Rican legislature that met from January 14, 2013 until January 1, 2017. All members of the House of Representatives and the Senate were elected in the General Elections of 2012. The House and the Senate both had a majority of members from the Popular Democratic Party (PPD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019291-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico\nThe house sessions are composed by the 25th Senate of Puerto Rico and the 29th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019292-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Light Horse Regiment\nThe 17th Light Horse Regiment (Prince of Wale's Light Horse) was a Citizens Military Force (CMF) unit of the Australian Light Horse, formed during the 1912 reorganisation of the Australian Army. The regiment traces its origins back to the militia cavalry regiments raised in the colony of Victoria, such as the Royal Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, the Prince of Wales's Light Horse Hussars and the Sandhurst Cavalry Troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019292-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Light Horse Regiment, History\nThe 19th Light Horse (Victorian Mounted Rifles) was formed in 1911 with its headquarters located at Bendigo and elements drawn from Elmore, Rochester, Echuca, Kerang, Pyramid Hill, Mitiamo, Castlemaine and Kyneton. Following the Federal re-organisation of 1912 the unit was retitled the 17th Light Horse (Victorian Mounted Rifles) and a year later as the 17th (Campaspe) Light Horse. During the First World War militia units were precluded from serving oversees, as a result of the Defence Act 1903, however many members of the 17th volunteered for service with the Australian Imperial Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019292-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Light Horse Regiment, History\nFollowing the war the Australian Light Horse was again reorganised in 1921 and the 17th formed part of the 5th Cavalry Brigade of the 2nd Cavalry Division. This brigade also contained the 4th (Corangamite) Light Horse, 19th (Yarrowee) Light Horse as well as other supporting units. During the 1920s the Australian Light Horse converted from their pre-war mounted rifles role to that of cavalry modelled along British Army lines. In 1927 the 17th underwent another title change and was renamed as the 17th (Bendigo) Light Horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019292-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Light Horse Regiment, History\nAs a result of the financial pressures in the late 1920s, a number of light horse units were required to amalgamate. The 17th linked with the 19th Light Horse in 1929. The 19th Light Horse was not maintained during the period in which they were linked, with the new unit remaining in the former 17th Light Horse locations. In 1930 the unit was retitled again as the 17th (Prince of Wales\u2019s) Light Horse. In 1933 the units were de-linked only for them to re-link the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019292-0003-0001", "contents": "17th Light Horse Regiment, History\nIn October 1936, the units were unlinked and the 17th  became the 17th  Light Horse (Machine Gun) Regiment (The Prince of Wales\u2019s Light Horse). Along with the 1st Armoured Car Regiment, they formed the divisional troops of the 2nd Cavalry Division. As a machine gun regiment they provided fire support with Vickers Medium Machine Guns which were transported via civilian trucks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019292-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Light Horse Regiment, History\nWhen the Second World War broke out the CMF was mobilised for continuous training and home defence. During the early period of the war the unit conducted training with its parent division and many members volunteered to join the 2nd Australian Imperial Force. In March 1941 C Squadron of the regiment was provided to form the nucleus of the 4th Armoured Regiment. As part of the wider mechanisation of the Australian Light Horse, the unit was converted to the 17th Motor Regiment in March 1942. It would now provide a motorised infantry capability to the 1st Australian Armoured Division as part of its Support Group. Throughout late 1942 it participated in the divisional exercises in Narrabri. Over the course of November 1942 through February 1943 the unit was attached to the 2nd Australian Armoured Brigade and the 2nd Australian Motor Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019292-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Light Horse Regiment, History\nHowever, by early 1943 the strategic threat to Australia from Japan had lessened, which meant that the need for large armoured formations to defend Australia had vanished. As a result, the 17th Motor Regiment was ordered to disband on 13 February 1942. Elements of A Squadron and B Squadron were transferred to the 20th Motor Regiment and C Squadron sent to reinforce the 15th Motor Regiment. Other unit members were transferred to the Australian Army Ordnance Corps as well as various units within the 1st Australian Armoured Division and 3rd Australian Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019292-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Light Horse Regiment, History\nFollowing the Second World War, the Victorian light horse units of the 5th Cavalry Brigade were perpetuated through the 4th/19th Prince of Wales Light Horse Regiment, a unit of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019293-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment\nThe 17th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment (Lithuanian: 17-asis ulon\u0173 pulkas) was an uhlan regiment of the Grande Arm\u00e9e during the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019293-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, Formation\nOn 5 July 1812, Count Mykolas Ti\u0161kevi\u010dius began forming the 17th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment on his own initiative and with his own funds. The men who joined the regiment came from the towns of Bir\u017eai, Raseiniai, Tel\u0161iai, Panev\u0117\u017eys and their respective surroundings. The regimental headquarters were in Kupi\u0161kis. Napoleon appointed Count M. Ti\u0161kevi\u010dius as the regiment's commander and awarded him the rank of colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019293-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, Napoleon's retreat\nAt the end of 1812, together with other Lithuanian units, this regiment covered the Grande Arm\u00e9e's retreat and joined the X Corps. In December 1812 , the 17th Uhlan Regiment retreated through Taurag\u0117 to Karaliau\u010dius. On 19 January 1813, the regiment had 829 uhlans. On February 4, it fought near Brandenburg. On February 11 or 12, the 17th Uhlan regiment fought together with the 19th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment near Zirke (Sierak\u00f3w). There it was surprised and defeated by General Chernyshev's Russian vanguard. The general Duke Romualdas Giedraitis, who commanded both Uhlan regiments, was taken prisoner. He was wounded during his capture. During the battle, the regiment lost a quarter of its strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019293-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, War of the Sixth Coalition\nAfter this battle, both regiments were attached to the division of the French General G\u00e9rard, belonging to the XIII Corps. Together with it, the regiment fought near Bremen, Hamburg, L\u00fcbeck. The regiment fought its last battles in Denmark. After the abdication of Emperor Napoleon with the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the regiment was allowed to return to its homeland with weapons and flags.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019294-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Lok Sabha\nThe 17th Lok Sabha was formed by the members elected in the 2019 Indian general election. Elections, all across India, were conducted in seven phases from 11 April 2019 to 19 May 2019 by the Election Commission of India. Counting started officially on the morning of 23 May 2019 and the results were declared on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019294-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Lok Sabha\nOm Birla was elected as speaker of the house. No opposition party was able to get the minimum requirement (10% of seats) to claim the position of Leader of Opposition. The 17th Lok Sabha has the most women representatives, at 14 percent. 267 members are first-time MPs. 233 members (43 percent) have had criminal charges against them. 475 members have their declared assets to be more than \u20b91 crore (US$140,000); average assets were \u20b920.9 crore (US$2.9\u00a0million). Around 39 percent of members are professionally noted to be politicians or involved in social work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019294-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Lok Sabha, Statistics\nThe 17th Lok Sabha has the highest ever number of women politicians with a total of 78 which is nearly 14%. The earlier Lok Sabha had 62 women MPs. The average age of 17th Lok Sabha is noted to be 54 years and 12% of MPs are below the age of 40. Chandrani Murmu of BJD from Keonjhar constituency became the youngest member at the age of 25 years, 11 months and nine days and Shafiqur Rahman Barq of SP from Sambhal constituency became the oldest member at the age of 89.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019294-0002-0001", "contents": "17th Lok Sabha, Statistics\nEducation-wise, 43% MPs have graduate-level education, 25% are post-graduates and 4% of members have doctorates in various subjects. Of the total strength, 300 members have been elected as member for the first time and 197 members have been elected second time consecutively i.e. they were a member in the 16th Lok Sabha as well. BJP members Maneka Gandhi from Sultanpur constituency and Santosh Gangwar from Bareilly constituency has been elected to Lok Sabha for the eighth time. Religion-wise, 90.4% members are Hindus and 5.2% are Muslims, with the rest, nearly 4%, being Sikhs, Christians and other minorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019294-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Lok Sabha, Statistics\nAccording to the NGO Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), 233 members (i.e. 43%) have criminal charges against them. Of these, nearly 29% of the cases are rape, murder, attempted murder, or crime against women. Congress MP Dean Kuriakose, of the Idukki constituency in Kerala, has 204 criminal cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019294-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Lok Sabha, Statistics\nFinancially, the number of members who are crorepati (i.e. with declared assets more than \u20b91 crore (US$140,000)) are 475. Members with more than \u20b95 crore (US$700,000) assets are 266. The average assets of the whole Lok Sabha was \u20b920.9 crore (US$2.9\u00a0million) and Nakul Nath of Congress from Chhindwara constituency has the highest declared assets of nearly \u20b9660 crore (US$93\u00a0million). Nath is followed by H. Vasanthakumar from Kanyakumari constituency, with \u20b9417 crore (US$58\u00a0million) and D. K. Suresh from Bangalore Rural constituency with \u20b9338 crore (US$47\u00a0million); both being of Congress party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019294-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Lok Sabha, Statistics\nProfessionally, around 39% noted to be politicians or involved in social work. This is followed by 38% of members declaring as agriculturists and 23% as businessmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019294-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Lok Sabha, By-elections and vacancies\nAfter the May 2019 results, various members have resigned or died in office. Following is the list of seats that were vacated and later filled after by-elections were held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019295-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Lumi\u00e8res Awards\nThe 17th Lumi\u00e8res Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Lumi\u00e8res, was held on 13 January 2012. The ceremony was presided by Catherine Jacob. The Artist won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019295-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Lumi\u00e8res Awards, Winners and nominees\nAd\u00e8le Haenel, C\u00e9line Sallette & Alice Barnole \u2014 House of Tolerance", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019295-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Lumi\u00e8res Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe Snows of Kilimanjaro \u2014 Jean-Louis Milesi and Robert Gu\u00e9diguian", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019296-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Lux Style Awards\nThe 17th Lux Style Awards ceremony was held in Expo Center in Lahore, Pakistan. The award show not only recognized and acknowledged excellence in Fashion, Film, Music and TV but also created consciousness about various social causes, such as sexual abuse, child abuse and human rights. Unilever Pakistan Marketing Director Raheel Pasha also issued a statement earlier saying that 17th Lux Style Awards show was going to bring focus on \u2018social awakening\u2019 and \u2018stand in solidarity with the nation\u2019 at this \u2018critical time\u2019. The event started off with celebrities and prominent personalities walking down the red carpet. Ali Kazmi, the official Red Carpet host engaged the stars in quick and light hearted conversations after visiting the Social Corner, which was hosted by Ayesha Omer. Punjab Nahi Jaungi remained most awards winning film with four awards while Baaghi remained most awards winning TV series by winning three awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 951]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019296-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Lux Style Awards\nThe Awards show was directed By Vaneeza Ahmad and the development was said to be occurred because of budget cuts for the show. The opening and closing was executed by Frieha Altaf where she also launched the #MeinBhi campaign which aimed to aimed to cover several human rights violations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019296-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Lux Style Awards, Winners and Nominees\nThe nominees for the 17th Lux Style Awards were announced in January 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019296-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Lux Style Awards, Winners and Nominees\nHere\u2019s who won at 17th Lux Style Awards. Winners are listed first in boldface", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019297-0000-0000", "contents": "17th MMC \u2013 Plovdiv-province\nThe 17th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Plovdiv-Province is a constituency whose borders are the same as Plovdiv Province in Bulgaria, excluding the territory of Plovdiv Municipality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019297-0001-0000", "contents": "17th MMC \u2013 Plovdiv-province, Background\nIn the 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election the 17th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Plovdiv elected 11 members to the Bulgarian National Assembly: 10 of which were through proportionality vote and 1 was through first-past-the-post voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019298-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Maine Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Maine was organized at Camp King, Cape Elizabeth, and mustered in August 18, 1862. Left State for Washington, D. C., August 21. Attached to Defences of Washington to October, 1862. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, 3rd Army Corps, Army Potomac, to March, 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 2nd Army Corps, to June, 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, 2nd Corps, to March, 1865. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 2nd Corps, to June, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019298-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\nOrganized at Camp King, Cape Elizabeth, Maine, it was mustered in for three years' service on August 18, 1862, and was mustered out on June 10, 1865. Recruits still liable to serve were transferred to 1st Maine Volunteer Heavy Artillery Regiment. The regiment was one of five raised in answer to the July 2, 1862, call by Lincoln for 300,000 volunteers for three years. The state of Maine's quota was 9,609.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019298-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was recruited in southern Maine from Androscoggin, Cumberland, Franklin, and York counties. As recruits entered training camp, the regiment quickly fleshed out to ten companies, A through K. Upon muster into federal service, each recruit received a federal bounty of $27.00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019298-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Maine Infantry Regiment, Armament\nThe 17th Maine was an 1862, Army of the Potomac, three-year regiment, that greatly increased the number of men under arms in the federal army. As with many of these volunteers, initially, there were not enough Model 1861 Springfield Rifles to go around so they were instead issued imported British Pattern 1853 rifles. These were the standard rifle for the British army having performed well in the Crimean War. The Enfield was a .577 calibre Mini\u00e9-type muzzle-loading rifled musket. It was used by both armies and was the second most widely used infantry weapon in the Union forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019298-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Maine Infantry Regiment, Armament\nAt Gettysburg, on the evening of July 3, General Birney wanted to standardize the weapons in his division. That evening, he had the 17th and other Enfield-equipped units in his command exchange their arms for the standard muzzle-loading rifled musket of the Union Army, the Springfield Model 1861 Rifled Musket. It fired a .58 inch Minie Ball. and came with a square socket bayonet. They would carry their Springfields until their end of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019298-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Maine Infantry Regiment, Casualties and total strength\nThe 17th Maine enrolled 1,371 men during its existence. It lost 12 officers and 116 enlisted men killed in action or died of wounds received in battle and an additional 4 officers and 159 enlisted men died of disease. 31 men died in Confederate prisons. Total fatalities for the regiment were 370.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019299-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Manitoba Legislature\nThe members of the 17th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in July 1922. The legislature sat from January 18, 1923, to June 4, 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019299-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Manitoba Legislature\nThe United Farmers of Manitoba formed the government. John Bracken, who had not run in the election, was chosen as party leader. He was subsequently elected to the assembly in a deferred election held in The Pas. The United Farmers would later identify themselves as the Progressive Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019299-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Manitoba Legislature\nTobias Norris of the Liberals was Leader of the Opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019299-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Manitoba Legislature\nIn a 1923 referendum, Manitoba voters approved the sale of beer and wine under the control of the government, ending prohibition in the province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019299-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Manitoba Legislature\nJames Albert Manning Aikins was Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba until October 9, 1926, when Theodore Arthur Burrows became lieutenant governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019299-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Manitoba Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1922:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019300-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Marine Regiment (United States)\nThe 17th Marine Regiment was a composite engineer regiment of the United States Marine Corps subordinate to the 1st Marine Division. It was formed primarily from units of the Division, and was inactivated during war with the 1st and 2nd battalions remaining in the Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019300-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Marine Regiment (United States), Subordinate units\nThe regiment a composite of  three different types of battalions and a headquarters and service company:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019300-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 17th Marine Regiment participated in the Battle of Cape Gloucester. The subordinate battalions, as independent battalions in 1st Marine Division, participated in all of the Division's major operations during the war. According to the 19th CB's log it was assigned to the 1st Marine 11/05/42 prior to leaving the States. On 04/03/43 \"By Division General Order No. 74 of 3 Apr'43 - First Marine Division:  the 19th CBs designation will be as follow's in the future, when  attached to First Marine Div., Fleet Marine Force ----3rd Battalion, 17th Marines (Engineers) c/o FPO San Francisco. Calif.\" The 19th was \"at Cape Gloucester from 27 Dec 43 until 4 May 44\" and remained with the 1st Division until \"1 Jul'44 when The 19th CB was detached from the operational control of the 1st MarDiv, re-designated the 19th NCB and transferred to the 3rd Marine Amphibious Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 930]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019300-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 19th had a MM1 Chester J. Perkins who was flight qualified. The Seabees got ahold of a light observation aircraft that MM1 Perkins logged 218 hrs in, of which 105 were combat. He flew spotter for the 11th Marine Regiment  as well as dropped urgent medical supplies and rations to forward troops. In recognition of his contributions to the assault he was awarded the Navy Air Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019300-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Marine Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nnote: when the 19th CB was assigned to the Marine Corps 11/05/42 it lost one company and 1/4 of Hq Co.  Those men were assigned to the Fleet Marine Force replacement group (as the 19th replacement group). That group would form the core of the 121st CB  which would become the 3rd Battalion, 20th Marines (Engineers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019301-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Massachusetts was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019301-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Massachusetts was organized at Camp Schouler in Lynnfield, Massachusetts and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on July 22, 1861 under the command of Colonel Thomas J.C. Amory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019301-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Dix's Command, Baltimore, Maryland, to March 1862. Foster's 1st Brigade, Burnside's Expeditionary Corps, to April 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of North Carolina, to December 1862. Amory's Brigade, Department of North Carolina, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XVIII Corps, Department of North Carolina, to July 1863, Defenses of New Bern, North Carolina, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to July 1864. Sub-District of Beaufort, North Carolina, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to January 1865. Sub-District of Beaufort, North Carolina, Department of North Carolina, to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, District of Beaufort, North Carolina, Department of North Carolina, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, Division District of Beaufort, to April 1865. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019301-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Massachusetts mustered out of service on July 11, 1865 at Greensboro, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019301-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Massachusetts for Baltimore, Md., August 23. Duty at Baltimore, Md., until March 1862. Ordered to New Bern, N.C., March 12, and duty there until December. Reconnaissance toward Trenton May 15\u201316. Trenton Bridge May 15. Trenton and Pollocksville Road May 22 (Company I). Expedition to Trenton and Pollocksville July 24\u201328. Demonstration on New Bern November 11. Foster's Expedition to Goldsboro December 11\u201320. Kinston December 14. Whitehall December 16. Goldsboro December 17. Provost duty at and near New Bern until April 1863. March to relief of Washington, N.C., April 7\u201310. Blount's Creek April 9. Expedition to Washington April 17\u201319.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019301-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition toward Kinston April 27-May 1. Wise's Cross Roads and Dover Road April 28. Expedition to Thenton July 4\u20138. Quaker Bridge July 6. Raid on Weldon July 25-August 1. Duty at New Bern until February 1864. Operations about New Bern against Whiting January 18-February 10, 1864. Skirmishes at Beech Creek and Batchelor's Creek February 1\u20133. Expedition to Washington April 18\u201322. Washington April 27\u201328. Duty at New Bern and vicinity until July 27, and at Newport Barracks until September 23. Veterans on furlough until November 10. Duty at Newport Barracks November 20, 1864 to March 4, 1865. Moved to Core Creek. Battle of Wyse Fork March 8\u201310, 1865. Occupation of Kinston March 15. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 9\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Duty at Greensboro May 5-July 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019301-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 172 men during service; 21 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 147 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019302-0000-0000", "contents": "17th May Stadium\n17th May Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 15,000 people. It is the home stadium of Barito Putera and Peseban Banjarmasin, which was considered one of the major football clubs in Indonesia in 1994/95 Premier Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019302-0001-0000", "contents": "17th May Stadium, History\nThe Stadium originally opened to the public on 17 May 1974 as a Multi-purpose stadium with a capacity around 5.000. it's undergone renovations three times first in 1988 with the last major one in 2008 and a third one for 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019302-0002-0000", "contents": "17th May Stadium, History\nThis article about an Indonesian sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019303-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nThe 17th Mechanized Corps (Military Unit Number 9406) was a mechanised unit of the Red Army. Formed in March 1941, the corps was destroyed in the Battle of Bia\u0142ystok\u2013Minsk and reduced in size to the 147th Tank Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019303-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Formation\nThe 17th Mechanized Corps was formed in March 1941 at Baranovichi under the command of Mikhail Petrovich Petrov. It was part of the Western Special Military District's reserve at Slonim. The corps included the 27th and 36th Tank Divisions, and the 209th Motorized Division. The 17th Mechanized Corps was a cadre-strength formation equipped with only 36 tanks, which included 24 BT tanks, a T-26 tank, and eleven T-37, T-38, and T-40 amphibious tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019303-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle of Bia\u0142ystok\u2013Minsk\nFollowing the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the 17th Mechanized corps fought in the Battle of Bia\u0142ystok\u2013Minsk. The corps was initially stationed in the rear but was moved forward to Baranovichi to stop the German advance. On 26 June it fought in defensive battles around Baranovichi, Stowbtsy, and Minsk. Its positions were broken through by the German XLVII Army Corps (Motorized). The outnumbered 17th Mechanized Corps was unable to offer much resistance to the attack and its remnants retreated eastwards to the Berezina, where they linked up with other Soviet units. By 3 July it was still mostly fighting on the western bank of the Dnieper. It suffered heavy losses in the fighting and on 5 July was allocated to the 21st Army after being ordered to Babruysk on the previous day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019303-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle of Bia\u0142ystok\u2013Minsk\nOn 7 July the corps' strength returns (lists of equipment) showed no armored vehicles. On 14 July the 16th Army was ordered to attack south towards Gorki alongside the 17th Mechanized Corps to destroy the German advance troops. The corps increased its resistance as it retreated, fighting against the German 10th Panzer Division as it advanced towards Pochinok on 16 July. On 18 July, the 16th Army was again ordered to attack south towards Gorki with the corps. On 21 July the corps ordered to withdraw to the Sukhinichi area with 4th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019303-0003-0001", "contents": "17th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History, Battle of Bia\u0142ystok\u2013Minsk\nOn 24 July it was regrouping from Yartsevo to support the 16th Army with a strength of 1,600, according to Western Front commander Semyon Timoshenko's situation report on that day. The corps became the 147th Tank Brigade on 1 August. Its 27th and 36th Tank Divisions were disbanded on the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019304-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards\nThe 17th Meril Prothom Alo Awards ceremony, presented by Prothom Alo took place on 8 May 2015 at the Bangabandhu International Conference Center in Dhaka, Bangladesh as a part of 2014\u201315 film awards season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019304-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Facts and figures\nThis was the 17th award ceremony of Meril Prothom Alo Awards. The presence of the poet Rabindranath Tagore reflected everywhere in the show. Prominent Togore exponents including Rezwana Choudhury Bannya, Chandana Mazumder, Papiya Sarwar, Lily Islam, Aditi Mohsin, Sharmin Shathi Islam, Topon Mahmud, Sadi Muhammad, Kiran Chandra Roy, Fahim Hossain Chowdhury, Bulbul Islam and Khairul Anam Shakil started off the show with the Tagore song 'Anondoloke, Mongolaloke'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019304-0001-0001", "contents": "17th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Facts and figures\n\"Matiur Rahman will give a 154-page speech as it is the 154th birth anniversary of the great poet,\" the associate editor of Prothom Alo Anisul Hoque jokingly said while inviting the Prothom Alo editor to the podium in the beginning of the grandiose evening. In his speech, editor Matiur Rahman said Rabindranath Tagore always felt the necessity of publishing a neutral newspaper. ' Prothom Alo', the title has been taken from a Tagore song. Anjan Chowdhury, managing director of Square Toiletries said the award ceremony is to honour those artists who work tirelessly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019304-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Facts and figures\nThis year a new award named Best newcomer (Film and TV) was introduced and model and actress Tanjin Tisha secured the award. Brihonnola and Taarkata were nominated for three awards where the first one secured two awards and the latter secured one. Mostofa Sarwar Farooki received best film director award for Pipra Bidya for the second time after Third Person Singular Number in 2009. Shakib Khan secured his sixth award for Public Choice best film actor and this was fifth in a row from 2010. This was also fourth and Hat-trick award in a row from 2012 for his wife Nusrat Imroz Tisha in Public Choice best TV actress category for Bijli. Nazmun Munira Nancy got the awards in best female singer category again and that was double Hat-trick for her since 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019304-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Nominees and winners\nA total of 18 awards were given at the ceremony. Following is the list of the winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019304-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Host and Jury Board\nThe show was anchored by popular film and TV artistes Mosharraf Karim, Nusrat Imroz Tisha, and Shaju Khadem. The members of Jury Board for television critics were Rokeya Rafiq Baby, Zahidur Rahman Anjan, Giasuddin Selim, Syed Gaosul Alam Shaon and presided by Keramat Mawla; and the members of Jury Board for film critics were Matin Rahman, Shamim Akhtar, Gazi Rakayet, Fahmidul Haque and presided by Amjad Hossain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019305-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Michigan Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Michigan Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019305-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Michigan Infantry was organized at Detroit, Michigan, between August 8 and 22, 1862. Most of the soldiers in the regiment were from south-central Michigan, and Company E was composed largely of students from Michigan State Normal College, today known as Eastern Michigan University. Due to the large number of students in its ranks, Company E acquired the nickname \"Normal Company\". They trained at Fort Wayne under their first commander, Colonel William H. Withington, until August 27 when they left for Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019305-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nAt the Battle of South Mountain, Maryland, on September 14, 1862, the regiment saw its first major action. Although they took heavy casualties, the 17th performed well for an untried unit and earned the nickname \"Stonewall Regiment\". Three days later, they participated in the Battle of Antietam as part of the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, IX Corps. After the battle, the regiment left with its command and returned to Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019305-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn October 1863, the regiment was assigned to the Army of the Tennessee. On October 14, 1863, the regiment, then attached to the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, IX Corps, marched from Knoxville to Loudon, Tennessee, to oppose the advance of the Confederate General James Longstreet. It lay under its arms during the night, and on the following morning commenced falling back closely followed by the Confederates. It continued to retreat, acting as a rear guard for the rest of the corps. While crossing Turkey Creek, Longstreet's men attacked in force, causing a severe engagement to occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019305-0003-0001", "contents": "17th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn this action, the regiment lost 7 men killed, 19 wounded and 10 missing. During the retreat to Knoxville and during the siege the men suffered greatly, especially while being besieged from the want of proper and sufficient rations. When the siege was lifted by the retreating Confederates, the 17th was ordered to Annapolis, Maryland, where 200 new recruits were incorporated into its ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019305-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nFrom Annapolis, the regiment set out with Ulysses S. Grant's campaign of 1864; when in May of that year it lost 7 men killed, and 39 wounded in the Battle of the Wilderness. On May 12, 1864, the 17th Michigan was actively engaged in the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, and charged the southern Confederate works at Spotsylvania Court House. In this charge the regiment lost 23 killed, 73 wounded and 93 taken prisoner. The loss in prisoners was owing to the regiment being surrounded by a greatly superior force under the command of Longstreet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019305-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nOn May 16, 1864, the regiment was designated as an engineer unit, and served in that capacity the remainder of the year. It moved with its corps from the North Anna River, thence to Cold Harbor, across the Chickahominy and the James Rivers to the Siege of Petersburg, where it remained until the city fell. From the time it arrived in front of Petersburg until its fall, the Regiment was actively building and reconstructing fortifications, all the while being held in reserve, if needed as infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019305-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nAfter Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, the regiment proceeded to Washington, D.C. to participate in the Grand Review, remaining there until June 3, 1865, when it was mustered out of service and started for Detroit, arriving there on June 7, 1865, to be paid off and disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019305-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Recognition and honors\nEight men from the regiment were awarded the Medal of Honor:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019305-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Execution of Lincoln assassination convicts\nCaptain Christian Rath of the 17th Michigan acted as the executioner at the hanging of four people convicted of involvement in the assassination of President Lincoln: George Atzerodt, David Herold, Lewis Powell, and Mary Surratt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019305-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment had an initial enlistment of 1,079 officers and enlisted men. The regiment suffered 7 officers and 128 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 154 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 289 fatalities, or just over one-quarter (25.8%) of its initial strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019306-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Missouri Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Missouri Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019306-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th Missouri Infantry Regiment was organized at St. Louis, Missouri in August 1861 and mustered in for three years service under the command of Colonel Franz Hassendeubel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019306-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Army of the West to January 1862. 2nd Brigade, Army of Southwest Missouri, to March 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, to May 1862. 3rd Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, to July 1862. District of Eastern Arkansas, Department of the Missouri, to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, District of Eastern Arkansas to December 1862. 1st Brigade, 11th Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XV Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to September 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XV Corps, to December 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XV Corps, to December 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019306-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment mustered out September through October 1864. Veterans and recruits were transferred to the 15th Missouri Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019306-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nFremont's Campaign against Springfield, Mo., October\u2013November 1861. Duty at Rolla, Mo., until January 1862. Curtis' Campaign against Price in Missouri and Arkansas January to March. Advance on Springfield February 2\u201314. Pursuit of Price into Arkansas February 14\u201329. Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., March 6\u20138. March to Batesville, Ark., April 5-May 3. Searcy Landing May 19. March to Helena, Ark., May 25-July 14. Expedition from Helena to mouth of White River August 5\u20138. Moved to Ironton and Pilot Knob, Mo., September 1. To St. Genevieve November 12 and return to Helena November 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019306-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSherman's Yazoo Expedition December 22, 1862 to January 3, 1863. Chickasaw Bayou December 26\u201328. Chickasaw Bluff December 29. Expedition to Arkansas Post, Ark., January 3\u201310, 1863. Assault and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, January 10\u201311. Moved to Young's Point, La., January 17\u201323, and duty there until March, and at Milliken's Bend until April. Expedition to Greenville. Black Bayou and Deer Creek April 2\u201314. Demonstration on Haines' and Drumgould's Bluffs April 29-May 2. Moved to join the army in rear of Vicksburg, Miss., via Richmond and Grand Gulf May 2\u201314. Mississippi Springs May 12\u201313. Jackson May 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019306-0004-0002", "contents": "17th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Vicksburg May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Advance on Jackson, Miss., July 4\u201310. Siege of Jackson July 10\u201317. Bolton's Depot July 16. Brier Creek, near Canton, July 17. Canton July 18. At Big Black until September 27. Moved to Memphis, Tenn.; then marched to Chattanooga, Tenn., September 27-November 21. Operations on Memphis & Charleston Railroad in Alabama October 20\u201329. Cherokee Station October 21 and 29. Cane Creek October 26. Tuscumbia October 26\u201327. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Battle of Lookout Mountain November 23\u201324. Missionary Ridge November 25. Ringgold Gap, Taylor's Ridge, November 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019306-0004-0003", "contents": "17th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMarch to relief of Knoxville, Tenn., November 28-December 8. Garrison duty in Alabama until May, 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstration on Resaca May 8\u201313. Battle of Resaca May 13\u201315. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Battle of Atlanta July 22. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Ezra Chapel, Hood's 2nd Sortie, July 28. Flank movement on Jonesborough August 25\u201330. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama October 1\u201321. March to the sea November 15-December 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019306-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Missouri Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 219 men during service; 6 officers and 62 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 148 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019307-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Mixed Brigade\nThe 17th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Popular Army of the Republic that participated in the Spanish Civil War. Born in the context of the Battle of Madrid, took part in the Battle of Jarama and the fronts of Guadalajara. (Spanish: 15.\u00aa Divisi\u00f3n) was a division of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. This unit was involved in the Battle of Jarama \u2014and great part of the Battle of Madrid, suffering grievous losses in both battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019307-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Mixed Brigade\nThe 17th Mixed Brigade was constituted, at the end of 1936, in Villarrobledo and the command was given to Lieutenant Colonel of Infantry Germ\u00e1n Madro\u00f1ero L\u00f3pez, having as commissar Manuel Simarro Quiles, of the PSOE. Madro\u00f1ero was at the outbreak of the war, commander in the Wad-Ras Regiment No. 1 of Madrid. In mid-January 1937, the unit was mobilized and stationed in Oca\u00f1a with the intention that she would intervene in a planned offensive for Brunete, which will take time to complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019307-0001-0001", "contents": "17th Mixed Brigade\nOn February 7, in the Battle of Jarama and framed in the group Burillo, he was entrusted with the defense of the Titulcia Bridge, but soon the Chorda Group was given the mission of protecting another bridge, that of Pindoque. The rebels managed to pass to the other shore, avoiding the destruction of the bridge, and the 17th mixed brigade had to go to close the gap and in relief of the 23rd WB. With the Division \"B\" in the E. of the Center and then the 13th DIVISION, its battalions 65,66,67 and 68 will reach renown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019307-0001-0002", "contents": "17th Mixed Brigade\nThe unit will be changed to the 15th division to reinforce it and assign new competences in the front of Madrid until that in December 1937, Commander Castillo was replaced by Carlos Fabra Mar\u00edn, the most veteran of the militias, to be replaced, then by the major of the same scale, Gregorio Herrero del Olmo, who, in turn, was six months later changed by the largest militia Manuel L\u00f3pez Cabanas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019307-0001-0003", "contents": "17th Mixed Brigade\nThe officers of the militias and commissars Gil Montoya and Vicente Abad Olmos, Angel Maynar Cebri\u00e1n, of the PSOE and Pedro Tordesillas Sanz, were among the heads of their General Staff. Within III C. E. E. of the Center was in May 1938 entering to be part of the 18 DIVISION until March 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019307-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe brigade was officially created on July 29, 1936 while the militias of the Fifth Regiment were militarized and organized in the provinces of Madrid, Toledo, Cuenca and Guadalajara, with some soldiers assigned to the latter. The first commander of the unit was the eldest of the Lieutenant Colonel of German Infantry Madro\u00f1ero, then the war arrives in Madrid and the jarama and is appointed political commissar, Angel Maynar Cebri\u00e1n. The unit was framed in the 13th Division of the III Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019307-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe 17th mixed brigade s, had begun with the reservation. In June the division became part of the Madrid Operations Army (transl. Madrid Operations Army), which was formed by the 15a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019307-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Mixed Brigade, History, Jarama Battles\nIn mid-January 1937 he concentrated on Morata, preparing for an offensive test in Brunete that had to be delayed. After being a reserve unit and relay in the defense of Madrid, after a brief rest in the rear, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, it mobilized to intervene as a buffer force of the regular forces of Buruaga, in the vicinity of The hill of Suicide and white house. With the duties of the battle of Jarama, he was entrusted with the conquest of Pingarr\u00f3n in the first moments. It intervened in the Battle of Jarama attacking the hill of El Pingarr\u00f3n in February, the unit was decimated and in first line, after being eliminated many soldiers, it is the moment in which Luis Alc\u00e1zar is a new sergeant of this unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019307-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Mixed Brigade, History, Jarama Battles\nOn February 12, he attacked the Cuesta de la Reina and, two days later, he faced the Pingarr\u00f3n Vertex. The next day, it was framed in the \"B\" Division commanded by the Yugoslav general Gal, participating with her, again, in bloody battles around the Pingarr\u00f3n. During these actions, Madro\u00f1ero was relieved by the infantry commander Hilario Cid Manzano who, on July 18, 1936, was a retired captain in Madrid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019307-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Mixed Brigade, History, Jarama Battles\nAt the end of the fight in the Jarama, the 17th Brigade joined the 13th Division and with it in front of Madrid, with a command post in Morata de Taju\u00f1a, under the command of a forgotten character: Lieutenant Colonel Juli\u00e1n del Castillo S\u00e1nchez. He was a 72-year-old infantry lieutenant, retired in Madrid and winner of the Cruz de San Fernando prize in the Cuban War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019307-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Mixed Brigade, History, Jarama Battles\nThe 17th mixed brigade spent the rest of the war in a trench war, without fighting to be prominent, except for an attempt to break the front, to the desperate Francoist, to try to paralyze the national in the offensive Pe\u00f1arroya, in January 1939 On March 28, when the Madrid front surrendered, the Brigade closed its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019308-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Moscow International Film Festival\nThe 17th Moscow International Film Festival was held from 8 to 19 July 1991. The Golden St. George was awarded to the Soviet-German film Spotted Dog Running at the Edge of the Sea directed by Karen Gevorkian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0000-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in Beijing, China, at the Great Hall of the People from 15 to 21 October 2007. Congress marked a significant shift in the political direction of the country as CCP General Secretary Hu Jintao solidified his position of leadership. Hu's signature policy doctrine, the Scientific Development Concept, which aimed to create a \"Socialist Harmonious Society\" through egalitarian wealth distribution and concern for the country's less well-off, was enshrined into the Party Constitution. It was succeeded by the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0001-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe Congress also set up the political scene for a smooth transition to the fifth generation of party leadership, introducing rising political stars Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang to the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), the country's de facto top decision-making body. Vice-President Zeng Qinghong, an important ally of former General secretary Jiang Zemin, retired from the PSC. Party anti-graft chief Wu Guanzheng, and Legal and Political Commission chief Luo Gan also retired due to age, replaced by He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang in their respective posts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0002-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance\nA Communist Party Congress is a significant event in Chinese politics since it nominally decides the leadership of the People's Republic of China. (The Politburo Standing Committee makes major policy decisions for the government to implement and the National People's Congress in the following March will elevate its members to top government positions.) The 17th Party Congress is estimated to attract over 1350 foreign and domestic journalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0003-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance\nAlthough the Congress formally elects the Central Committee and Politburo, in practice these positions are negotiated before the congress, and the Congress has never functioned as a deliberative assembly. Nominees to Party positions are invariably elected by wide margins, with a tightly controlled candidate-to-position ratio. There is room for symbolic protest votes (\"no\" or \"abstain\" votes) that embarrass the party leadership. Despite its symbolic nature, it maintains an important role because it is the occasion at which the results of these deliberations are publicly announced, and in which the PRC leadership faces both domestic and foreign reporters in a press conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0004-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance\nSince the mid-1980s, the Communist Party has attempted to maintain a smooth and orderly succession and avoid a cult of personality, by having a major shift in personnel every ten years in even-number party congresses, and by promoting people in preparation for this shift in odd-number party congresses. These mechanisms have been institutionalized by mandatory retirement ages, and provisions in both the Party and state constitutions that limit the term of office of officials to two five-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0005-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance, Effects on incumbent leadership\nBased on established convention, Hu Jintao was confirmed for another term as the party's General Secretary, setting the scene for his re-election as state President at the National People's Congress in March 2008. Wen Jiabao, too, retained his seat on the PSC and continued to serve as Premier. In addition odd-number party congresses have also served as forums in which the top leadership has institutionalized their policy views as additions to party doctrine, in preparation for their retirement at the next party congress. Hu's version of this doctrine is termed the Scientific Development Concept to develop a \"socialist harmonious society\", which followed Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Three Represents as a guiding ideology in the Party's constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 100], "content_span": [101, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0006-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance, Succession planning\nMore interesting and unpredictable were the selection of the younger cadres who will be promoted to the Politburo, China's de facto ruling body. The youngest person currently on the Politburo prior to the congress was only two years younger than Hu, and consequently, there was widespread speculation that Hu's successor would not come from the members serving on the Politburo prior to the congress but rather from the next generation of leaders. Prior to the congress, speculation was rife on who would be named as Hu's successor. Although the subject of succession speculation is largely taboo within the mainland Chinese media, Hong Kong and Taiwan media, as well as international media, predicted that the top candidates would be Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang, then serving as party chief in Shanghai and Liaoning, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 88], "content_span": [89, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0007-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance, Effects on lower party officials\nIn addition, as people at the top level of the party retire, there is room for younger members of the party to move up one level. Hence the party congress is a time of a general personnel reshuffle, and the climax of negotiations that involve not only the top leadership but practically all significant political positions in Mainland China. Notably, fifth-generation leadership hopefuls Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang will leave vacancies in the top leadership position of Shanghai and Liaoning. In addition, Hubei, Guangdong, Chongqing and possibly Tianjin will all go through regional leadership changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0007-0001", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance, Effects on lower party officials\nBecause of the pyramid structure of the party and the existence of mandatory retirement ages, cadres who are not promoted at a party congress are likely to face the end of their political careers. Current provincial-level officials see the Congress as a chance for promotion to Beijing. The Congress will also be significant in determining the amount of influence still held by former General secretary Jiang Zemin, as reflected by the personnel changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0008-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Significance, Effects on lower party officials\nAlthough Hong Kong has its separate political system, Congress is being watched closely by the Special Administrative Region as well. Hong Kong media has often been very vocal in speculation and in reporting events of the Congress. The political direction set by the decisions will have a large impact on the direction of Hong Kong's development in the coming years as well. Taiwan, which recently made another series of moves provoking Beijing, will pay attention to the 17th Congress due to the variations in the direction determined by the current leadership, even though it is very unlikely that China's Taiwan policy will change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0009-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Delegates\n2,213 delegates were elected as delegates to the Congress through a series of staggered elections in which one level of the party elects delegates to the next higher party congress. An additional 57 veteran (mostly retired) communist leaders were appointed directly as delegates. This system has the effect that the party leadership through the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party can control elections and block the election of anyone it finds unacceptable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 64], "content_span": [65, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0010-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Delegates\nThe great majority of these are cadres, but about 30% are model workers, and there are about 20 private businesspeople. The number of candidates shortlisted by local Central Committees was 15% more than the number of delegates required, allowing local Party Congress members some degree of choice in the election. State media claimed this was \"an improvement over past practices\" (5% more in 1997 and 10% more in 2002), but noted heavy supervision of the election process by national Party authorities. In addition, elected delegates had to be approved by the 17th Delegate Status Inspection Committee, and the National Central Committee reserved the right to \"select some veteran Party members who have quit their leading posts to attend the upcoming Party congress as specially-invited delegates\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 64], "content_span": [65, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0011-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Delegates\nTwo prominent delegates are known to have died since the election finished in April 2007, Major-General Wang Shaojun, and former Vice-Premier Huang Ju.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 64], "content_span": [65, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0012-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Elections and Work Reports, Central Committee election\nThe election process was supervised by Secretariat Secretary Zeng Qinghong, although he himself was not part of the new Central Committee. Most of those elected will take up the equivalent state positions after the National People's Congress in 2001, although key positions and existing vacancies on the State Council may change before and during the Congress. In the Central Committee elections on 21 October 2008, the margin of dropped off candidates was 8.3%, a three-point percentage increase from last year. The increased percentage seems to signify greater \"inner Party democracy\", and increased power among the delegates (i.e., only 204 out of 221 candidates shortlisted for the Central Committee survived the electoral process). In the new central committee, 107 of the 204 members are new members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 109], "content_span": [110, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0013-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Elections and Work Reports, Hu Jintao's work report\nGeneral Secretary Hu Jintao's keynote report was prepared by Wen Jiabao. It was delivered to the first session of the Congress on 15 October 2007, and lasted well over two hours, and was broadcast on all major television and radio stations in the country. The event marked the first major live public address by Hu since taking over power in 2002. It laid heavy emphasis on Hu's Scientific Development Perspective as the current guiding ideology in succession to Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Three Represents, with the goal of continuing Socialism with Chinese characteristics and eventual socialist harmonious society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 106], "content_span": [107, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0014-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Elections and Work Reports, Hu Jintao's work report\nWestern media have generally concentrated on the lack of novelty with Hu's speech, citing that there was no references to political reform during the report. The Communist Party's grip on power is unlikely to waver for another period of time. Domestically, however, Hu's ideology is a novel addition to the current ideologies of the CCP, adding more of a populist focus, although the political rhetoric in the report was apparent. Hu stressed inner-party democracy, and repeated the word \"democracy\" 60 times in the speech according to Xinhua. In addition, Hu received applause a total of over 40 times, well over Jiang's record of 16 five years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 106], "content_span": [107, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0015-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Elections and Work Reports, Hu Jintao's work report\nDuring the speech, former General secretary Jiang Zemin seemed very tired, was constantly yawning, and was not paying much attention. Jiang seldom talked to Wen Jiabao, who was sitting to his left. Wen was paying full attention to Hu's speech for its entire length. Hong Kong media noted that Jiang left the Great Hall without shaking anyone's hand and that no one came up to shake his. Surprisingly, Mao's successor Hua Guofeng also attended the Congress as a delegate. All the surviving members of the 14th and 15th PSC's were present, including former Premiers Li Peng and Zhu Rongji, but with the exception of Jiang rival Qiao Shi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 106], "content_span": [107, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0016-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Elections and Work Reports, Hu Jintao's work report\nThere were work reports from key party leaders and institutions, providing the Party's analysis of the previous quinquennium and its agenda for the next five years. It is possible that the speech will also answer calls for inner-party democracy, i.e. decentralization within the one-party system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 106], "content_span": [107, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0017-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Elections and Work Reports, Press conference\nAfter the plenary sessions, there was a rare press conference by the Politburo Standing Committee. Newcomer Li Keqiang looked a bit stiff while Xi Jinping looked shy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0018-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, The leadership lineup\nHong Kong, Taiwan, and overseas media often speculate on the makeup of the leadership months before Congress takes place. During the 16th Party Congress, the speculation two months prior to the Congress on the nine members of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) were entirely accurate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 76], "content_span": [77, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0019-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, The leadership lineup, Politburo Standing Committee\nThe newly formed Politburo Standing Committee consisted of (in order ranking) Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, from the 16th Central Committee, in addition to four newcomers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 106], "content_span": [107, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019309-0020-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, The leadership lineup, The Politburo\nThe Politburo is made of a wider range of cadres whose average age is generally younger than that of the PSC, some of whom slated for promotion at the 18th Party Congress. It has been noted that the Politburo is a power balance between Hu's tuanpai, Jiang's Shanghai clique, and the Crown Prince Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 91], "content_span": [92, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019310-0000-0000", "contents": "17th National Congress of the Kuomintang\nThe 17th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a) was the seventeenth national congress of the Kuomintang, held on 19\u201320 August 2005 at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019311-0000-0000", "contents": "17th National Film Awards\nThe 17th National Film Awards were presented by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of India to facilitate the best of Indian cinema released in 1969. The ceremony took place at University Centenary Auditorium, Madras on 21 November 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019311-0001-0000", "contents": "17th National Film Awards\nAt the 17th National Film Awards, a new award was introduced to honour the father of Indian cinema, Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, better known as Dadasaheb Phalke. Named the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, it was introduced to recognise the contribution of film personalities towards the development of Indian cinema. Starting with the 100th anniversary of the birth of Phalke in 1870, the award was awarded annually for this distinguished contribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019311-0002-0000", "contents": "17th National Film Awards, Juries\nSix different committees were formed based on the filmmaking sectors in India; along with the award categories, they were mainly based in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. Another committee for the All India level was also formed, which included some of the members from the regional committees. For the 17th National Film Awards, this central committee was headed by Justice G. D. Khosla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019311-0003-0000", "contents": "17th National Film Awards, Awards\nThe President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as the National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas the President's Gold Medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, the Prime Minister's Gold Medal is now given as the National Film Award for Best Children's Film. At the regional level, the President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film is now given as the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificates of Merit in all categories have been discontinued over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019311-0004-0000", "contents": "17th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films\nFeature films were awarded at the All India as well as the regional level. For the 17th National Film Awards, a Bengali film Bhuvan Shome won the President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film while also winning the maximum number of awards (three).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019311-0005-0000", "contents": "17th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, All India awards\nThe awards given at the All India level were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019311-0006-0000", "contents": "17th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional awards\nSome awards were given to the best films made in the various regional languages of India. For feature films in English, the President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film was not given. The producer and director of the winning films were awarded with \u20b95,000 and a Silver medal, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 65], "content_span": [66, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019311-0007-0000", "contents": "17th National Film Awards, Awards, Awards not given\nSome awards were not given because no film was considered suitable:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019312-0000-0000", "contents": "17th National Geographic Bee\nThe 17th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C., on May 25, 2005, sponsored by the National Geographic Society. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was Nathan Cornelius, a homeschooled student from Cottonwood, Minnesota, who won a $25,000 college scholarship and lifetime membership in the National Geographic Society. The 2nd-place winner, Karan Takhar of the Gordon School in East Providence, Rhode Island, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Samuel Brandt of Roosevelt Middle School in Eugene, Oregon, won a $10,000 scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019313-0000-0000", "contents": "17th National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe 17th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at Maple Leaf Gardens on October 5, 1963. The hometown Toronto Maple Leafs tied the NHL all-stars 3\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019313-0001-0000", "contents": "17th National Hockey League All-Star Game, The game\nFrank Mahovlich scored twice and assisted once, each time giving Toronto a one-goal lead, but, each time, the All-Stars responded to even the score. Mahovlich was named MVP of the game. Gordie Howe became the all-time All-Star game points leader when he assisted on Henri Richard's goal in the first period. His ten points put him one up on Maurice Richard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019314-0000-0000", "contents": "17th National Television Awards\nThe 17th National Television Awards was held on 25 January 2012. The main awards show was presented by Dermot O'Leary live from The O2 Arena on ITV, whilst the after party was covered by Caroline Flack on ITV2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019314-0001-0000", "contents": "17th National Television Awards, Awards, Longlist\nThe following is a list of acts that did not make it past the 'Longlist' voting stage, which occurred between September and December 2011. Beside them is the percentage of votes they received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019315-0000-0000", "contents": "17th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe 17th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between July 17, 1856, and April 1, 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019315-0001-0000", "contents": "17th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019317-0000-0000", "contents": "17th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th New York Infantry Regiment (\"Westchester Chasseurs\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019317-0001-0000", "contents": "17th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th New York Infantry was organized May 14, 1861, at New York City, New York and mustered in on May 28, 1861, for two years' service under the command of Colonel Henry Seymour Lansing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019317-0002-0000", "contents": "17th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Mansfield's Command, Department of Washington, June to August 1861. Garrison, Fort Ellsworth, Defenses of Washington, D.C. to October 1861. Butterfield's Brigade, Porter's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1862. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps, to June 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019317-0003-0000", "contents": "17th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nMen who enlisted for three years' service were detached on May 13, 1863, assigned to a battalion of New York volunteers, and eventually transferred to the 146th New York Volunteer Infantry. The 17th New York Infantry mustered out of the service on June 2, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019317-0004-0000", "contents": "17th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., June 21. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until March 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10\u201315, 1862. Moved to the Peninsula, Va., March 22\u201324. Peninsula Campaign March to August. Warwick Road April 5. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Reconnaissance up the Pamunkey May 10. Battle of Hanover Court House May 27. Operations about Hanover Court House May 27\u201329. Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Operations about White House Landing June 26-July 2. White House June 28. Duty at Harrison's Landing until August 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019317-0004-0001", "contents": "17th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMovement to Fort Monroe, then to Centreville August 16\u201328. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 28-September 2. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Shepherdstown September 19. Duty at Sharpsburg, Md., until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 17. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201315. Expedition to Richards' and Ellis' Fords, Rappahannock River, December 29\u201330. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Falmouth until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019317-0005-0000", "contents": "17th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAccording to Brigader General Daniel Butterfield, the 17th distinguished themselves honorably at the Battle of Hanover Court House. They along with the rest of the Third Brigade \"charged the enemy and drove him back, capturing one of his cannon with caisson and ammunition complete. They additionally routed Confederate forces as they pursued them by a railroad close to the Hanover Court House. Butterfield recalled his brigade \"capturing many prisoners, in fact encumbered ourselves with them...\" In total 225 prisoners were captured in this battle. Praise was given to Lieutenant John Burliegh of Yonkers by Butterfield  for his pursuit of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019317-0006-0000", "contents": "17th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAt the Second Battle of Run, the 17th fought bravely but suffered high casualties. Major William T.C. Grower of the 17th reported that he \"gave the word double-quick, charge, and with a mad yell the gallant fellows rushed up the hill to what was almost certain death.\" They charged up a plateau but not able to go any further. Canister and rifle smashed through their ranks from two different directions. Major Grower was wounded but he was fortunate enough to survive. Other officers were killed in action trying to rally their men. \"Captains Deinerest and Blauvelt were shot dead while nobly cheering on their men.\" The 17th held the plateau for approximately fifteen minutes before they retreated. In total, 11 officers and 200 were casualties in this engagement. Three officers and twenty-four men were killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019317-0007-0000", "contents": "17th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 77 men during service; 5 officers and 32 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 37 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0000-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature\nThe 17th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7 to March 27, 1794, during the seventeenth year of George Clinton's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0001-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0002-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0003-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn February 7, 1791, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate and Assembly districts, according to the figures of the 1790 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0004-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature, Background\nState Senator Philip Van Cortlandt was elected in January 1793 to the 3rd United States Congress, leaving a vacancy in the Southern District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0005-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time the politicians were divided into two opposing political parties: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0006-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe State election was held from April 30 to May 2, 1793. Senator John Cantine (Middle D.) was re-elected. Ezra L'Hommedieu (Southern D.), Jacobus Van Schoonhoven (Western D.), and Assemblymen Reuben Hopkins (Middle D.), Zina Hitchcock (Eastern D.) and Michael Myers (Western D.) were elected to full terms in the Senate. Matthew Clarkson was elected to fill the vacancy in the Southern District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0007-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met at the Old City Hall in Albany on January 7; and adjourned on March 27, 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0008-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 7, 1794, John McKesson, Clerk of the Assembly since 1777, was voted out of office. Oliver L. Ker, of New York City, was elected with 37 votes against 21 for McKesson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0009-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0010-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Reuben Hopkins, Zina Hitchcock, Michael Myers changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0011-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019318-0012-0000", "contents": "17th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019319-0000-0000", "contents": "17th New York Veteran Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th New York Veteran Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the United States Army during the American Civil War. It was often referred to as the 17th New York Veteran Zouaves and has been erroneously reported as using mules as mounts during Sherman's March to the Sea up until the Grand Review of the Armies. The regiment wore the Hawkins Zouave pattern uniform, which was first used by the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry, Hawkins Zouaves, and later was adopted by several other regiments including the 164th New York, 35th New Jersey and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019319-0001-0000", "contents": "17th New York Veteran Infantry Regiment, Military service, 1863\nThe regiment was organized in New York City, New York, from June to October 1863, with elements of the 9th (Hawkins' Zouaves), 11th (First Fire Zouaves), 17th, & 38th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiments. The Regiment was mustered into United States service on October 18, 1863, in New York City for three years service with 900 officers and men under the command of Colonel William Thomas Campbell Grower, formerly the major of the 17th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019319-0002-0000", "contents": "17th New York Veteran Infantry Regiment, Military service, 1865\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on June 13, 1865, at Alexandria, Virginia, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James Lake, with less than 200 officers and men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019319-0003-0000", "contents": "17th New York Veteran Infantry Regiment, Military service, 1865\nThis Regiment was composed of Wilson\u2019s old Zouaves and roughs from New York City and they were a rough set\u00a0. . . but yet there was not a better fighting regiment in the whole division than the 17th New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019319-0004-0000", "contents": "17th New York Veteran Infantry Regiment, Military service, 1865\nTn all the essential qualities which distinguish the heroic citizen soldier, the Seventeenth New York has been excelled by none. Representatives as you are of the great city of New York, your association with the men of the northwest, composing the balance of the brigade, has been of the most pleasing and genial kind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019320-0000-0000", "contents": "17th New Zealand Parliament\nThe 17th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. It was elected at the 1908 general election in November and December of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019320-0001-0000", "contents": "17th New Zealand Parliament, 1908 general election\nThe Second Ballot Act 1908 was used for the 1908 general election. The first ballot was held on Tuesday, 17 November in the general electorates. 22 second ballots were held one week later on 24 November, and in one large rural electorate (Bay of Plenty), two weeks were allowed before the second ballot was held on 1 December. The Second Ballot Act did not apply to the four M\u0101ori electorates and the election was held on Wednesday, 2 December. A total of 80 MPs were elected; 41 represented North Island electorates, 35 represented South Island electorates, and the remaining four represented M\u0101ori electorates. 537,003 voters were enrolled and the official turnout at the election was 79.8%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019320-0002-0000", "contents": "17th New Zealand Parliament, Sessions\nThe 17th Parliament sat for four sessions (there were two sessions in 1909), and was prorogued on 20 November 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019320-0003-0000", "contents": "17th New Zealand Parliament, Ministries\nThe Liberal Government of New Zealand had taken office on 24 January 1891. Joseph Ward formed the Ward Ministry on 6 August 1906. The Ward Ministry remained in power until Ward's resignation as Prime Minister in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019320-0004-0000", "contents": "17th New Zealand Parliament, Initial composition of the 17th Parliament\nThe following are the results of the 1908 general election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019320-0005-0000", "contents": "17th New Zealand Parliament, By-elections during 17th Parliament\nThere were a number of changes during the term of the 17th Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019321-0000-0000", "contents": "17th North Carolina Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th North Carolina Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It served in North Carolina and Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019321-0001-0000", "contents": "17th North Carolina Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was recruited from Pasquotank, Edgecombe, Hertford, Bertie, Currituck, and Beaufort counties in northeastern North Carolina. W. F. Martin was the regiment's colonel, with George W. Johnson as lieutenant colonel and Henry A. Gilliam as major. The regiment was captured in August 1861 at the Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries. After being held prisoners of war at Fort Columbus on Governors Island in New York harbor and Fort Warren in Boston harbor and the survivors of the regiment were exchanged, it was reorganized with Martin remaining colonel, John C. Lamb becoming lieutenant colonel, and Thomas H. Sharp becoming major. In this second organization several companies were infused with reinforcements, including Company L which included new enlistments of many older men from Cabarrus, Union and Stanly counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019321-0002-0000", "contents": "17th North Carolina Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment continued to be stationed in eastern North Carolina and fought in several small skirmishes as part of James G. Martin's brigade. It participated in the operations to recapture New Bern in 1864. In May it was transferred with the rest of the brigade to Virginia, where it fought in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign. Lamb was mortally wounded during the campaign and Sharp was promoted to lieutenant colonel in his place, with Captain Lucius J. Johnson of Company L promoted to major. The regiment then fought at the Battle of Cold Harbor and then in the Siege of Petersburg, as part of Robert F. Hoke's division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019321-0003-0000", "contents": "17th North Carolina Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment then fought in the Wilmington Campaign in North Carolina, followed by the Battle of Bentonville. It surrendered with the rest of the Army of Tennessee at the Bennett Place on April 26, 1865. However, the Regiment was strung out for many miles to the west. Several companies were discharged at Centre Church in Randolph County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019322-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nThe 17th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly was established by the results of the 2011 Northwest Territories general election on October 3, 2011. It is the 25th sitting of the Assembly in the territories history. The Assembly was dissolved in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019322-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly, Term extension debate\nMembers voted on Motion 16-17(5) introduced by Hay River North MLA Jane Groenewegen to extend the term of the Assembly to five years starting with the 18th Legislature to match every other provincial and territorial jurisdiction in Canada. This change was approved by the federal government. In addition they voted to ask for permission of the federal government to extend the current mandate of the Assembly to postpone the 23rd general election and sit until October 2016. The reason given is to avoid having an election during federal election and municipal elections in the territory scheduled at the same time claiming voters will be fatigued. The decision by council has prompted a petition calling for the Assembly to be dissolved early.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019322-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly, Term extension debate\nThe motion passed the legislature on a recorded vote with 11 members for and 7 against with one member absent", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019322-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly, Number of MLAs in the capital city\nCurrently, 7 of 19 of the Assembly's representatives are from the capital city of Yellowknife. The City of Yellowknife is launching a lawsuit to increase the number of Yellowknife-based MLAs to something more closely in line with the city's roughly 50 per cent of the NWT population. However, some say increasing the number of Yellowknife-based MLAs would weaken the territories on the whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 83], "content_span": [84, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019322-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly, Membership\nA total of nineteen members were returned to council in the 2015 general election. Three members were acclaimed to office on September 9, 2011 with the rest in contested districts being returned on October 3, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019324-0000-0000", "contents": "17th OTO Awards\nThe 17th OTO Awards honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2016, took time and place on March 11, 2017, at the new premises of the Slovak National Theater in Bratislava. The ceremony will broadcast live the channel Jednotka of RTVS. The hosts of the upcoming show will be for the fifth consecutive time, Adela Ban\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1 and Matej Cifra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019324-0001-0000", "contents": "17th OTO Awards, Nominees, Main categories\n\u2605 Horn\u00e1 Doln\u00e1 (season 3 and 4) \u2013 Mark\u00edza Doktor Martin (season 2) \u2013 RTVS Na\u0161i \u2013 JOJ", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019325-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery\n17th Ohio Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019325-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 17th Ohio Battery was organized in Dayton, Ohio, and mustered in August 21, 1862, for a three-year enlistment under Captain Ambrose A. Blount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019325-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Artillery, 1st Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to October 1862. Unattached, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, Lexington, Kentucky, to November 1862. Artillery, 10th Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition, to January 1863. Artillery, 10th Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Gulf, to June 1864. Defenses of New Orleans, Louisiana, to August 1864. United States Forces, Mobile Bay, Department of the Gulf, to September 1864. Unattached Artillery, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to December 1864. Unattached, Artillery Reserve Corps, Military Division West Mississippi, to February 1865. Artillery Brigade, XVI Corps, Military Division West Mississippi, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019325-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 17th Ohio Battery mustered out of service on August 16, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019325-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nOrdered to Covington, Ky., September 3. Duty at Covington, Ky., during threatened attack on Cincinnati by Edmund Kirby Smith. March to Lexington, Ky., then to Louisville, Ky., and duty there until December 1. Ordered to Memphis, Tenn., December 1. Sherman's Yazoo Expedition December 20, 1862, to January 3, 1863. Expedition from Milliken's Bend to Dallas Station and Delhi December 25\u201326. Chickasaw Bayou December 26\u201328. Chickasaw Bluff December 29. Expedition to Arkansas Post, Ark., January 3\u201310, 1863. Assault on and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, January 10\u201311. Moved to Young's Point, La., January 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019325-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nExpedition to Greenville, Miss., and Cypress Bend, Ark., February 14\u201326. Action at Cypress Bend February 19. Moved to Milliken's Bend March 8. Movement on Bruinsburg, Mississippi, and turning Grand Gulf April 25\u201330. Battle of Port Gibson May 1. Battle of Champion Hill May 16. Siege of Vicksburg, Miss., May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Advance on Jackson July 5\u201310. Siege of Jackson, Miss., July 10\u201317. Assault on Jackson July 12. Duty at Vicksburg until August 20. Ordered to New Orleans, La., and duty there until September 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019325-0004-0002", "contents": "17th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nAt Brashear City until October 3. Expedition to New and Amite Rivers September 24\u201329. Western Louisiana (\"Teche\") Campaign October 3-November 30. Grand Coteau November 3. Moved to New Orleans, La., and duty there until August 1864. Operations in Mobile Bay against Forts Gaines and Morgan August 2\u201323. Siege and capture of Fort Gaines August 3\u20138. Siege and capture of Fort Morgan August 10\u201323. Duty at New Orleans until March 1865. Campaign against Mobile, Ala., and its defenses March 17-April 12. Siege of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely March 26-April 8. Assault and capture of Fort Blakely April 9. Occupation of Mobile April 12. March to Montgomery April 13\u201325. Duty at Montgomery and Selma, Ala., until July. Ordered home for muster out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019325-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 44 men during service; 1 enlisted man killed, 1 officer and 42 enlisted men died due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019326-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019326-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment\nThe 17th Ohio Infantry Regiment organized at Lancaster, Ohio, and mustered in August 30, 1861, under Colonel John M. Connell in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers. The regiment moved to Benwood, Virginia, then to Parkersburg, Virginia, April 20\u201323. The regiment was attached to Rosecrans' Brigade, Western Virginia, to July 1861. 2nd Brigade, Army of Occupation, Western Virginia, to August 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019326-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment\nThe regiment performed railroad guard duty and operated against guerrillas in Jackson County, Virginia, until July. (2 companies were assigned garrison duty in Ravenswood, Virginia, until July 10.) The 17th Ohio Infantry skirmished with rebels at Glenville July 7 and participated in the Western Virginia Campaign July 7\u201317. The regiment subsequently concentrated at Buckhannon and then participated in the expedition to Button July 15\u201320. The remainder of its duty was at Button until August 3, then left Virginia for Zanesville, Ohio, August 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019326-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 17th Ohio Infantry was reorganized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on August 30, 1861, under the command of Colonel John M. Connell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019326-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, Army of the Ohio, November to December 1861. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, III Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Center, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland and Army of Georgia, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019326-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 13th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Louisville, Kentucky, on July 16, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019326-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Camp Dick Robinson, Ky., September 30, and duty there until October 19. March to Wild Cat October 19\u201321. Action at Camp Wild Cat, Rockcastle Hills, October 21. Operations about Mill Springs and Somerset, Ky., December 1\u201313, 1861. Advance on Camp Hamilton January 1\u201317, 1862. Battle of Mill Springs January 19\u201320. Moved from Mill Springs to Louisville, Ky., February 10\u201316, thence to Nashville, Tenn., February 18-March 2, and duty there until March 20. March to Savannah, Tenn., March 20-April 8. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Pursuit to Booneville May 31-June 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019326-0006-0001", "contents": "17th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBuell's Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August. Duty at Iuka, Miss., and Tuscumbia, Ala. March to Louisville, Ky., in pursuit of Bragg August 20-September 26. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201315. Battle of Perryville, Ky., October 8. March to Nashville, Tenn., October 16-November 7, and duty there until December 26. Advance on Murfreesboro December 26\u201330. Battle of Stones River December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1\u20133, 1863. Duty at Murfreesboro until June. Expedition toward Columbia March 4\u201314. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Hoover's Gap June 24\u201326. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019326-0006-0002", "contents": "17th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPassage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Battle of Chickamauga September 19\u201321. Siege of Chattanooga, Tenn., September 24-November 23. Near Chattanooga October 8. Reopening Tennessee River October 25\u201329. Brown's Ferry October 27. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23\u201324. Missionary Ridge November 25. Regiment reenlisted January 1, 1864. Veterans on furlough January 22 to March 7, 1864. Reconnaissance to Dalton, Ga., February 22\u201327, 1864. Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23\u201325. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019326-0006-0003", "contents": "17th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Mountain June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019326-0006-0004", "contents": "17th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Campaign of the Carolinas January to April 1865. Fayetteville, N. C., March 11. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D. C, via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies May 24. Moved to Louisville, Ky., June, and duty there until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019326-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 232 men during service; 6 officers and 71 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 154 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019327-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Oklahoma Legislature\nThe Seventeenth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state legislature met in regular session at the Oklahoma State Capitol in Oklahoma City from January 3 to April 29, 1939, during the term of Governor Leon C. Phillips. Phillips was the first state representative to become Governor of Oklahoma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019327-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Oklahoma Legislature\nAs Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, James E. Berry served as the President of the Senate. Jim A. Rinehart served as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, making him the chief leader and organizer of the chamber. Don Welch served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019327-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, Senate\nAs Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, James E. Berry served as the President of the Senate, giving him a tie-breaking vote and the authority to serve as the presiding officer. Jim A. Rinehart of El Reno, Oklahoma, was elected by state senators to serve as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, making him the chief leader and organizer of the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019327-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, House of Representatives\nThe Oklahoma Democratic Party held 102 of the 115 seats in the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 1939, allowing them to select the Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Don Welch of Madill, Oklahoma, served as Speaker during the regular session in 1939. Harold Freeman of Pauls Valley, Oklahoma, served as the second-in-command, or Speaker Pro Tempore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron\nThe 17th Operational Weather Squadron (17 OWS) is a unit of the military of the United States. Based at Hickam Air Force Base in Hawaii, it covers weather for the largest geographical area in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, Mission\nThe 17th Operational Weather Squadron is responsible for producing and disseminating mission planning and execution weather analyses, forecasts, and briefings for Air Force, Army, Navy, Marines, Guard, Reserve, USFK, PACOM, PACAF, USARPAC, SOCPAC, and NAVPAC forces operating at 115 installations/sites over 110M sq.mi. within the Pacific theater of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, Mission\nThis weather squadron is responsible for base or post forecasting, developing weather products, briefing transient aircrews, and weather warnings for all of their geographical units. The current commander of the 17th Operational Weather Squadron is Lt Col Claire Jarry. Using automatic observing systems located at all military installations and communicating with their combat weather flights, the squadron is able to 'watch' the weather in their entire area of responsibility from one central location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, Mission\nThe Operational Weather Squadron is likely the first place a newly schooled weather apprentice will report. At the squadron, working alongside a seasoned weather professional, the forecaster is trained in all aspects of Air Force meteorology, from pilot briefing to tactical forecasting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, Personnel and resources\n17th Operational Weather Squadron's manning consists of active duty, reserve, civilian and contract personnel and is located on Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, Lineage\nActivations and Inactivations of the 17th Weather Squadron, and the 17th Operational Weather Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, Lineage\nConstituted 17th Weather Squadron (Regional Control) on 31 Aug 1942Activated on 18 Sep 1942Disbanded on 10 Feb 1945Reconstituted and redesignated 17th Weather Squadron, on 24 Jul 1969Activated on 15 Jan 1970Inactivated on 30 Jun 1972Activated on 1 Apr 1980Inactivated on 30 Sep 1991Redesignated 17th Operational Weather Squadron on 12 Oct 2000Activated on 27 Oct 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, Duty Assignments\nList of duty assignments and parent units from 1942 to present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, Duty Assignments\nMcClellan Field, California, Army Air Forces, 18 September 1942 \u2013 26 October 1942Auckland, New Zealand, Army Air Forces, 26 October 1942 \u2013 17 January 1943Noumea, New Caledonia, United States Army Forces in the South Pacific Area, 20 January 1943 \u2013 1 July 1943Noumea, New Caledonia, 13th Air Force, 1 July 1943 \u2013 20 December 1943Noumea, New Caledonia, United States Army Forces in the South Pacific Area, 20 December 1943 \u2013 1 August 1944Noumea, New Caledonia, Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area, 1 August 1944 \u2013 4 September 1944Noumea, New Caledonia, 1st Provisional Weather Group, 4 September 1944 \u2013 29 November 1944Hickam Field, Territory of Hawaii, 1st Provisional Weather Group 29 November 1944 - 10 February 1945Travis Air Force Base, California, 7th Weather Wing, 15 January 1970 \u2013 30 June 1972Travis Air Force Base, California, 7th Weather Wing, 1 April 1980 \u2013 30 September 1991Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, 502nd Air Operations Group, 27 October 2000 \u2013 present", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 1021]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, Emblem\nBlazon: The four stars and the blue background represent the Southern Cross constellation and the midnight, as observed in the area where the squadron is stationed. The red lightning flash against the yellow sky denotes the sudden tropical storms common to the region. The white anemometer, the universal symbol of weather forecasting, depicts the squadron's function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, History\nThe 17th Operational Weather Squadron was activated as the 17th Weather Squadron on September 18, 1942, at McClellan Field, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, History\nThe squadron shortly thereafter relocated to Auckland, New Zealand, where it was assigned to U.S. Army Forces in the South Pacific Area. In January 1943 the 17th relocated to Noumea, New Caledonia. It was reassigned to Thirteenth Air Force on July 1, 1943, but returned to the control of U.S. Army Forces in the South Pacific Area on December 20, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, History\nThe squadron was assigned to Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area on August 1, 1944, but reassigned to the 1st Provisional Weather Group on September 4. In November 1944, the 17th moved to Hickam Field, Hawaii, where it was disbanded on February 10, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019328-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Operational Weather Squadron, History\nThe 17th was again activated on January 15, 1970, at Travis Air Force Base, California, as part of the 7th Weather Wing. It was inactivated on June 30, 1972. The squadron was activated once again on April 1, 1980, at Travis. It was inactivated on September 30, 1991, as part of the divestiture of Air Weather Service. The 17th was redesignated the 17th Operational Weather Squadron on October 12, 2000, and activated on October 27, 2000, at Hickam, where it was assigned to the 502nd Air Operations Group. The 17th began operating alongside the Navy (Joint Typhoon Warning Center Detachment) in March 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019329-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Ordinary African Union Summit\nThe 17th Ordinary African Union Summit was held 28 June 2011 through 1 July 2011 in Malabo, the capital city of the Equatorial Guinea. In addition to the meeting of AU heads of state, the AU summit in Malabo included the 19th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council and the 22nd Ordinary Session of the Permanent Representatives Committee (PRC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019329-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Ordinary African Union Summit, Background\nIn January 2011, Equatorial Guinea President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo\u2019s election to the African Union presidency was announced by his predecessor Malawian President Bingu wa Mutharika at a heads-of-state summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia\u2019s capital. Under AU rules, the bloc\u2019s political leadership rotates annually between Africa\u2019s five geographic regions. In a resolution adopted at the close of their 16th summit, the heads of State and government said African foreign affairs ministers would meet in the Equatorial Guinea\u2019s capital, Malabo, on 26\u201327 June 2011. Held under the theme: \"Accelerating Youth Empowerment for Sustainable Development\", the Ordinary Session of the Summit of the African Union officially began on Thursday June 23, 2011, with the 22nd Ordinary Session of the Permanent Representatives Committee (PRC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019329-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Ordinary African Union Summit, Accommodation\nDelegates at the summit were accommodated in a purpose built deluxe \"city\", which according to Human Rights Watch was built at a cost of $830 million, located 20 minutes from Malabo. The complex included \"52 luxury presidential villas, a conference hall, artificial beach, luxury hotel and the county's first 18-hole golf course\" as well as \"a landing strip, heliport, hospital and buildings for banquets and events\". NGOs criticised the development, calling it a \"misplaced priority\" for the government, considering the average income of people in Equatorial Guinea is below $1 a day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019329-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Ordinary African Union Summit, AU Delegations, Observers\nAt the invitation of the African Citizens and Diaspora Organization Directorate of the African Union Commission (CIDO), the following organizations had observer status for the 19th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council and the 17th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the African Union:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019329-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Ordinary African Union Summit, 22nd Ordinary Session of the Permanent Representatives Committee (PRC)\nHeld under the theme: \"Accelerating Youth Empowerment for Sustainable Development\", the Ordinary Session of the Summit of the African Union began Thursday June 23, 2011, with the 22nd Ordinary Session of the Permanent Representatives Committee (PRC). The Ambassadors of the AU Member States met 23\u201324 June 2011 at their 22nd Ordinary Session. There they shared views on the report of the PRC sub-committees, budgetary and financial matters on the draft budget for 2012, and on the status of implementation of the new AU staff regulations and rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 106], "content_span": [107, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019329-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Ordinary African Union Summit, 19th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council\nThe 19th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council included Ministers of External Affairs who exchanged views on various reports of the ministerial meetings organised by the AU Commission during the last six months. The Executive Council proceeded to the election of one member of the African Union Commission on International Law (AUCIL) and five Members of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR). During the discussions, Ministers considered reports issued by the following African Union entities:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019329-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Ordinary African Union Summit, 19th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council, Heads of State\nHeads of States convened from 30 June - 1 July 2011 in Malabo to adopt decisions and recommendations of the 19th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council as well as the declarations of the summit. Presidents also agreed on the date and venue of the 18th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union. Prior to the meeting, Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan told Bloomberg's Franz Wild of his intention to discuss with the AU delegation from Algeria a timeline for constructing a trans-Sahara pipeline to take natural gas to Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 98], "content_span": [99, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019329-0006-0001", "contents": "17th Ordinary African Union Summit, 19th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council, Heads of State\nAmong the decisions reached by African Union leaders was to propose ceasefire talks in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between the Libyan government and Libyan rebels. The proposal for Libya called for international peace keepers to monitor the cease-fire and asked the United Nations Security Council to lift a freeze on Libyan assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 98], "content_span": [99, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019330-0000-0000", "contents": "17th PMPC Star Awards for Television\nThe 17th PMPC Star Awards for Television to be held at the UP Theater, Quezon City on October 11, 2003 and to be broadcast on RPN Channel 9 on Saturday Night Playhouse. The awards night will be hosted by Kris Aquino, Boy Abunda, Lorna Tolentino, Bong Revilla, Charlene Gonzales, Paolo Bediones and Sharon Cuneta and to be directed by Al Quinn and Stage Direction by Maribeth Bichara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019330-0001-0000", "contents": "17th PMPC Star Awards for Television\nIt is part of the \"50 Years Philippine Television\" celebration from February 9, 2003 to December 31, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019330-0002-0000", "contents": "17th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees and winners\nThese are the nominations for the 17th Star Awards for Television. The winners will be in bold and in the top of the list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019331-0000-0000", "contents": "17th PP National Congress\nThe 2012 PP congress\u2014officially the 17th PP National Congress\u2014was held on 18 February 2012. Mariano Rajoy was elected for a third term in office with 97.6% of the delegate vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019332-0000-0000", "contents": "17th PTV Awards\nThe 17th annual PTV National Awards took place on June 11, 2012 and was aired on June 30, 2012. The awards were presented by the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) to honor the best drama programs on Pakistani television of the preceding 12 months. The ceremony was held at the Jinnah Convention Centre in Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) and the hosts were Saba Qamar, Imran Abbas, Nadia Ali, and Mikaal Zulfiqar. The event had the highest number of viewers for the awards show since the first PTV Awards in 1970. The aim of the awards ceremony is to encourage and foster television talent in Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019332-0001-0000", "contents": "17th PTV Awards\nDil Behkay Ga won the highest number of awards for a single nominee with four awards, including 'Best Drama Director' for Owais Khan. Aurat Ka Ghar Koun SA won three awards, including 'Best Playwright Series'. Juno and Tera Pyar Nahi Bhoole won two awards. Other winners were Jina Tu Hai, Payal (which got nine nominations), and Kachra Kundi, Virsa, Ramadan Transmission, Hama Tan Goosh and Raat Gaye with one award each. Saba Qamar won the 'Best Actress' award for her role in Tera Pyar Nahi Bhoole, and Noman Ejaz won the 'Best Actor' award, 24 years into his acting career, for his portrayal of a popular character in Dil Behkay Ga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019332-0002-0000", "contents": "17th PTV Awards, 17th PTV Red Carpet Event\nThe Red Carpet Show for the 17th PTV Awards was hosted by the Pakistani model and actress Nadia Hussain on June 30, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019332-0003-0000", "contents": "17th PTV Awards, Purpose\nPTV presents the Annual Awards to honor Pakistani public figures and promote emerging new talents in the Pakistani television drama scene, aiming to host the awards ceremony every year since its establishment in 1970. Each year, PTV chooses a tag line that best represents its prevalent theme. This year the PTV Awards tag line was \"kasb-e-Kamal kun\", which translates to \"Tribute to Excellence\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019332-0004-0000", "contents": "17th PTV Awards, Guest speaker\nThe Guest of Honor was former Pakistani Prime Minister; Yousaf Raza Gilani, accompanied by Information Minister Qamar Zaman Kaira, Federal Minister Syed Khursheed Ahmed Shah, Railway Minister Ghulam Ahmad Bilour, Taimur Azmat Usman, PTV Managing Director Yousaf Baig Mirza, and Interior Minister of Pakistan Rehman Malik. In his address, Gilani stated that the country is surrounded by depression and hopelessness and the PTV awards played a key role in lifting up the morale and spirits of the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019332-0005-0000", "contents": "17th PTV Awards, Guest speaker\nPakistani government ministers Rehman Malik and Qamar Zaman Kaira gave away awards to the winning actors and actresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019332-0006-0000", "contents": "17th PTV Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the 17th PTV Awards were announced on May 12, 2012. Viewer\u2019s Choice Awards were also there and were officially open for polling by PTV for the categories of 'Best Actor' and 'Best Actress'. The TV Drama category receiving the most nominations was Payal with nine, followed by Tera Pyar Nahi Bhoole and Aurat Ka Ghar Koun SA with seven nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019332-0007-0000", "contents": "17th PTV Awards, PTV Awards In Future\nThe PTV Awards are the longest-running award ceremony in Pakistan which has honored the new talents in every field consistently for 43 years since the first award ceremony in 1970, and is the main television awards show for honoring the art and culture of Pakistani TV Dramas. PTV awards are often compared with the Indian Television Academy Awards and the American Emmy Awards. The 18th PTV Annual Awards are expected to be held on July 4, 2013 at Jinnah Convention Centre in Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 17th Panzer Division (German: 17. Panzer-Division) was a formation of the Wehrmacht in World War II. It was formed in November 1940 from the 27th Infantry Division. It took part in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and in the winter of 1941\u201342 participated in the Battle of Moscow. In November 1942, the division was sent to the southern sector of the Eastern Front where it participated in Operation Winter Storm, the failed attempt to relieve the surrounded troops at Stalingrad. The division was held in reserve during the Battle of Kursk in 1943, and thereafter retreated through Ukraine and Poland, before ending the war in Czechoslovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, Formation\nThe 27th Infantry Division was formed in October 1936 in Augsburg, Bavaria, as a peacetime division of the new German Wehrmacht. The division was mobilised on 26 August 1939 and took part in the Invasion of Poland and the Battle of France. In 1943, a Nazi propaganda book was published about the division's actions in France 1940, titled \u00dcber Somme, Seine, Loire (English: Across the Somme, the Seine, the Loire).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, Formation\nThe 17th Panzer Division was formed in late 1940, when the 27th Infantry Division was converted to an armored division. In part, the 2nd Panzer Division provided personnel for the new division. The majority of its troops came from the Bavarian region of Swabia, then the Nazi Gau Swabia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, 1941\nIn May 1941, the division was transferred to the central sector of the planned attack on the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, and became part of the XXXXVII Panzer Corps, which in turn was part of the 2nd Panzer Group, commanded by Heinz Guderian. The division's commander, Hans-J\u00fcrgen von Arnim, was wounded within the first few days of the campaign, on 24 June, but later returned to his unit. His temporary replacement, Karl Ritter von Weber, was mortally wounded south of Smolensk on 17 July, putting Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma in charge until von Arnim returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, 1941\nThe division crossed the Bug River and advanced south of Minsk, where it made contact with the 3rd Panzer Group. It took part in the Battle of Bia\u0142ystok\u2013Minsk, where it recorded up to 100 Soviet tanks destroyed in a single day, 9 July, at Orsha. It then crossed the river Dnjepr south of Orsha and took part in defensive operations south of Smolensk in August and September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, 1941\nIn October, it took part in the run up to the Battle of Moscow, taking Bryansk on 6 October. The division was then concentrated at Orel and advanced towards Tula, where it was engaged in a failed attempt to encircle the city. With the Soviet counterattack on 5 December, the division started retreating on the 8th, after having reached a point 120\u00a0km south east of Moscow. The division took defensive positions northeast of Orel, where it remained until the Summer of 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, 1942\nAfter the winter battles, the division was reconstituted near its front line positions in the early summer of 1942. It received approximately 50 tanks of the type Panzer III and Panzer IV. It was engaged in minor attacks north of Orel in September but then went into  defensive positions again. The division was then held in Army Group Centre reserve near Bolkhov. At this stage, it only fielded 45 to 50 tanks of varying types (down from a nominal strength of around 200). In October 1942, when Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin took command of the division, it had only 30 operational tanks, and one-third of its trucks were unserviceable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, 1942\nAfter Operation Uranus, the Soviet counterattack at Stalingrad, the division was quickly transferred to Army Group B in the area of Millerovo. From there, it marched towards Kotelnikovo and joined the 4th Panzer Army for Operation Winter Storm, a relief operation aimed at linking up with the encircled 6th Army, together with the 6th Panzer Division and the 23rd Panzer Division. The operation failed however, and the division retreated at the end of December. Losses were so heavy that the command of the 63rd Panzer Grenadier Regiment laid in the hands of a lieutenant, its original commander having been killed in action. By Christmas Eve 1942, the division fielded only eight operational tanks and one anti-tank gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, 1943\nThe division continued its retreat towards the Don bridgehead at Rostov-on-Don, which it reached at the end of January. The 39th Panzer Regiment was re-equipped with 50 new Panzer IV tanks shortly after and the division took part in counterattacks between the Mius and the Donets rivers. By 27 February, the division had been reduced to less than 2,000 men, six tanks and ten anti-tank guns but avoided further destruction when the Soviet forces withdrew behind the Donets river. After this, it was engaged in tank battles near Belgorod until the end of April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, 1943\nThe division did not take part in the Battle of Kursk. Instead, it stayed in reserve, behind the front line, as part of the XXIV Panzer Corps. It took part in some successful counterattacks after the battle, in the Donets-Izium area. On 20 July, Generalleutnant Walter Schilling became the second division commander of the division  to be killed in action. In July, the division had the following strength in tanks, of which 84% were operational: 4 Panzer II; 29 Panzer III; 32 Panzer IV; 2 T-34. In September, the division retreated from the Donets to positions behind the Dnjepr river, taking up a defensive line on the western side of the river. Initially it was posted at Krivoi Rog, in November it moved to Kherson, as part of the re-formed 6th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, 1944\nIn late January and early February 1944, the 17th Panzer Division took part in the relief operations for the Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket, as part of the III Panzer Corps. In the end, the involved German tank divisions were halted by the Red Army 12\u00a0km from the pocket but the troops inside broke out, abandoning their heavy equipment. It was then part of the 1st Panzer Army in the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket, where it lost most of its own heavy equipment, but escaped as a whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, 1944\nIt remained in reserve again in April and May, stationed behind the frontline, before taking part in operations around Lviv to counter the Soviet Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive. Until the end of October, the unit took part in operations in the Tarn\u00f3w region and then south of the Baranow bridgehead, near Sandomierz. From November, it became part of the reserves receiving 80 Panzer IV and Panzer V tanks (Panthers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, 1945\nWith the start of the Soviet Vistula\u2013Oder Offensive on 12 January 1945, the 17th Panzer Division, alongside the 16th Panzer Division were the main reserve forces in the sector, retained for a counterattack to the Soviet advance. Both divisions, stationed too close to the front line due to Hitlers restraining order, suffered heavy casualties through bombardment and had their communications destroyed. Their task, to throw back the Soviet advance, was impossible to achieve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, 1945\nThe division found itself in constant retreat as part of the XXIV Panzer Corps commanded by Walther Nehring, first towards \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, then crossing the Oder, where it took positions near G\u0142og\u00f3w in February. It took part in defensive operations near the \u015acinawa (German: Steinau) bridgehead in mid-February. The division had suffered heavy losses during those events and was re-supplied near G\u00f6rlitz, now renamed Kampfgruppe 17th Panzer Division due to being severely understrength and being no more in size than a regiment. It continued its defensive actions in the region during the Silesian Offensives. The division was eventually forced to retreat into Czechoslovakia, heading towards Brno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history, 1945\nIn February 1945, the division, by now reduced to a Kampfgruppe, was attached to Army Group Center on the Oder River. By March 1945, it retreated as far as J\u00e4gerndorf by the Red Army. Early in April, it had retreated southwest into Moravia, where in quick succession it came under the order of 17th Army and 1st Army. The division surrendered to the Soviet army near G\u00f6rlitz at the end of April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019333-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Order of battle in 1944\nThe order of battle in 1944. The 63rd Panzergrenadier Regiment was disbanded in late 1944. The regiments first battalion replaced the third battalion of 40th Panzergrenadier Regiment. The second battalion of the 63rd Regiment became the second battalion of the 79th Panzer-F\u00fcsilier Regiment. The 297th Army Flak Battalion had only joined the division in 1943 and the Panzergrenadier Regiment had been called Sch\u00fctzen Regiment until July 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019334-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)\nThe 17th Parachute Battalion was an airborne infantry battalion of the Parachute Regiment, which was raised by the British Army during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019334-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Regular army\nThe battalion was raised in August 1945 and assigned to the reformed 1st Parachute Brigade. It was posted to Palestine with the 6th Airborne Division later that year. Post war reductions in the army resulted in the battalion being amalgamated with the 7th Parachute Battalion in 1946, keeping the number of the senior battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019334-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom), Territorial Army\nIn 1947, a Territorial Army battalion was raised from the 9th Battalion Durham Light Infantry. The new battalion, the 17th (Durham Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion (TA), served in the 6th Parachute Brigade, 16th Airborne Division. Defence cuts in 1967 saw the battalion being amalgamated with the 12th/13th Parachute Battalion (which had been formed in 1956 by the merger of the 12th (Yorkshire) and the 13th (Lancashire) battalions) to become the 4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment\nThe 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment (French: 17e R\u00e9giment de G\u00e9nie Parachutiste, 17e RGP) is heir to the traditions of the 17th Colonial Engineer Regiment (French: 17e R\u00e9giment Colonial du G\u00e9nie, 17eRGC) which illustrated itself during World War II. It is the only airborne engineer unit of the French Army forming the engineering component of the 11th Parachute Brigade and secures all the specific airborne engineering missions relative to para assaulting at the level of deep reconnaissance as well as operations relative to para demining and handling explosives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0000-0001", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment\nThe regiment has been present non-stop since 1975 on all theatres of operations (Lebanon, Tchad, New Caledonia, French Guiana, Pakistan, Kurdistan, Kuwait, Cambodia, Somalia, Rwanda, Gabon, Mozambique, ex-Yugoslavia, Albania, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Mali and others). For its various combat operational deployments, the 17e RGP was cited 3 times at the orders of the armed forces, 2 times at the orders of the armed forces corps, and three of its combat companies cited at the orders of the armed forces ( 2nd combat company) in addition to armed forces corps (1st and 3rd combat companies).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, Organization\nThe Regiment of volunteer paratroopers, the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment is articulated in 6 combat companies and 1 detachment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, Mascot\nThe mascot of the regiment was initially the Golden eagle named \"Bac Kan\"  in reference to the first mission participation of the Airborne engineers in Indochina during the airborne operation \"Lea\" in October 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, Mascot\nSince 2014, the mascot is a Bald eagle named \"Malizia\", name of Fran\u00e7ois Grimaldi ( said \"Fran\u00e7ois la Malice\") who in the 13th century conquered the Rock of Monaco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, Traditions\nExcept for the Legionnaires of the 1er REG, 2e REG, 2e REP that conserve the Green Beret; the remainder of the French army metropolitan and marine paratroopers forming the 11th Parachute Brigade wear the Red Beret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, Traditions\nThe Archangel Saint Michael, patron of the French paratroopers is celebrated on September 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, Traditions\nThe pri\u00e8re du Para (Prayer of the Paratrooper) was written by Andr\u00e9 Zirnheld in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, Traditions, Insignias\nJust like the paratrooper Brevet of the French Army; the Insignia of French Paratroopers was created in 1946. The French Army Insignia of metropolitan Paratroopers represents a closed \"winged armed dextrochere\", meaning a \"right winged arm\" armed with a sword pointing upwards. The Insignia makes reference to the Patron of Paratroopers. In fact, the Insignia represents \"the right Arm of Saint Michael\", the Archangel which according to Liturgy is the \"Armed Arm of God\". This Insignia is the symbol of righteous combat and fidelity to superior missions. The French Army Insignia of Marine Infantry Paratroopers is backgrounded by a Marine Anchor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Songs\nNous \u00e9tions trop heureux, mon amie,Nous avions trop d\u2019espoir et d\u2019amour,Nous croyions nous aimer pour la vie, (bis)Mais, h\u00e9las, les beaux jours sont si courts. (bis)Le bonheur dure trop peu sur la terre\u00a0! Entends-tu tout l\u00e0 bas le tambour\u00a0? Mon doux c\u0153ur je m\u2019en vais \u00e0 la guerre, (bis)Ne crains rien jusqu'\u00e0 l\u2019heure du retour. (bis)L\u2019ennemi a franchi nos fronti\u00e8res,Il a pris nos maisons et nos champs. D\u00e9fendons le pays de nos p\u00e8res, (bis)Il faut vaincre ou mourir bravement. (bis)Mes amis si Dieu veut que je meure,Retirez cet anneau de mon doigt. Portez-le \u00e0 ma Mie qui me pleure, (bis)Dites-lui: \u00ab\u00a0cette bague est pour toi\u00a0! \u00bb. (bis)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Songs\nSapeur parachutiste tu progresses loin l\u00e0-bas,En avant toujours pr\u00eat au combat,En terres ennemies d\u00e9jouant pi\u00e8ges et minesPour toujours le courage t\u2019anime. (Refrain)Des rizi\u00e8res de l\u2019AsieAux sables d\u2019Arabie, Partout, partout on salue notre ardeur,Des hauteurs des BalkansAux vall\u00e9es du LibanSapeur, Sapeur suis et Para demeure. Parcourant le d\u00e9sert du Tchad\u00c0 l\u2019immense horizonEnthousiaste \u00e0 remplir la mission,Sur la terre africaine, sur la piste min\u00e9eLa patience est ta fid\u00e8le alli\u00e9e. Tourn\u00e9 vers l\u2019avenir, fid\u00e8le \u00e0 ton glorieux pass\u00e9,Ton Drapeau fait toute ta fiert\u00e9,Germersheim, Indochine, Hommage \u00e0 tes Anciens,Derri\u00e8re eux tu poursuis le chemin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Songs, Decorations\nThe regimental colors of the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment (17e RGP) is decorated with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019335-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Songs, Decorations\nThe Fanions of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd combat companies are decorated with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019336-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Parallel, Nights and Days\n17th Parallel, Nights and Days (Vietnamese: V\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 17 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam) is a 1973 Vietnamese drama film directed by Hai Ninh. It was entered into the 8th Moscow International Film Festival where Tra Giang won the award for Best Actress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019337-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Parallel: Vietnam in War\n17th Parallel: Vietnam in War (French: Le 17e parall\u00e8le: La guerre du peuple) is a 1968 French documentary film directed by Joris Ivens. The film sets out to show the effects of the American bombing campaign on the Vietnamese people, who were mainly peasant farmers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019337-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Parallel: Vietnam in War, Synopsis\nIn 1968, between South Vietnam under the control of the US Army and North Vietnam struggling for independence, a demilitarized zone was created around the 17th parallel. Joris Ivens and his wife, Marceline Loridan, went to this area around the village of Vinh Linh for two months to live among the peasants who had taken refuge in cellars in an attempt to survive the incessant bombing of the American artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019338-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Parliament of British Columbia\nThe 17th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1929 to 1933. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in June 1928. The Conservative Party, led by Simon Fraser Tolmie, formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019338-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Parliament of British Columbia\nJames William Jones served as speaker for the assembly until his resignation in 1930. Jones was replaced by Cyril Francis Davie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019338-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 17th General Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1928.:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019338-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held for the following members appointed to the provincial cabinet, as was required at the time. This requirement was abolished in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019338-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held to replace members for various other reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019339-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Parliament of Ontario\nThe 17th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from December 1, 1926, until September 17, 1929, just prior to the 1929 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Conservative Party led by George Howard Ferguson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019340-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Parliament of Turkey\nThe 17th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from 6 November 1983 to 29 November 1987. Actually there is one other parliament between the 16th parliament of Turkey and the 17th parliament of Turkey. But the members of the chamber of deputies in 1981-83 term were appointed members rather than elected members and usually chamber of deputies is not included in the list of the parliaments in Turkey. There were 399 MPs in the parliament . Motherland Party (ANAP) held the majority. Populist Party (HP) and Nationalist Democracy Party (MDP) were the other parties. The parties of pre 1980 era were closed by the military rule of Coup d'\u00e9tat . (Some later on were refounded.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019340-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Parliament of Turkey, Main parliamentary milestones\nSome of the important events in the history of the parliament are the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019341-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Pennsylvania Cavalry\nThe 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment (also known as the 162nd Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was the second regiment formed in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call July 2, 1862 requesting Pennsylvania furnish three cavalry regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019341-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Pennsylvania Cavalry\nTroopers were recruited to form twelve companies: Company A in Beaver County; Company B in Susquehanna County; Company C in Lancaster County; Company D in Bradford County; Company E in Lebanon County; Company F in Cumberland County; Company G in Franklin County; Company H in Schuylkill County; Company I in Perry County and in the City of Philadelphia; Company K in Luzerne County; Company L in Montgomery County and Chester County; Company M in Wayne County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019341-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Pennsylvania Cavalry\nOrganization of the regiment was formalized October 18, 1862 at Camp Simmons, near Harrisburg, with the naming of officers, including Josiah H. Kellogg, Erie County, Colonel, a regular Army officer; John B. McAllister, Perry County, Lt. Colonel; David B. Hartranft, Montgomery County, Major;Coe Durland, Wayne County, Major;Reuben R. Reinhold, Lebanon County, Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019341-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Service\n1862: Camp at East Capital Hill, Defences of Washington, till December, 1862. Skirmish at Occoquan, Dumfries, Va., December 19. Occoquan December 19-20 and 27-28. Frying Pan, near Chantilly, December 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019341-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Service\n1863: Wiggenton's Mills February 6, 1863. Kelly's Ford April 28. Chancellorsville Campaign April 26-May 8. Rapidan River April 29.Chancellorsville April 30-May 6. Brandy Station and Beverly Ford June 9. Upperville June 21. Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3. Williamsport, Md., July 6. Boonsboro July 8. Benevola or Beaver Creek July 9. Funkstown July 10-13. Falling Water July 14. Kelly's Ford July 30-August 1. Brandy Station August 1. Expedition from Leesburg August 30-September 2. Advance to the Rapidan September 13-17. Brandy Station and Culpeper C. H. September 13. Raccoon Ford September 14-16. Reconnaissance across the Rapidan September 21-23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019341-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Service\nJack's Shop, Madison C. H., September 22. Bristoe Campaign October 9-22. Raccoon Ford and Morton's Ford October 10. Stevensburg October 11. Near Kelly's Ford October 11. Brandy Station or Fleetwood October 12. Oak Hill October 15. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7-8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Parker's Store November 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019341-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Service\n1864: Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6-7, 1864. Kilpatrick's Raid on Richmond February 28-March 4. Fortifications of Richmond March 1. Ashland March 1. Reconnaissance to Madison C. H. April 23. Rapidan Campaign May-June. Wilderness May 5-7. Brock Road and the Furnaces May 6. Todd's Tavern May 7-8. Sheridan's Raid to the James River May 9-24. North Anna River May 9-10. Ground Squirrel Church and Yellow Tavern May 11. Meadow Bridge May 12. Line of the Pamunkey May 26-28. Hanovertown May 26. Hanovertown Ferry and Hanovertown May 27. Crump's Creek May 28. Haw's Shop May 28. Totopotomoy May 28-31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019341-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Service\nOld Church and Mattadequin Creek May 30. Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, May 31-June 1. Bottom's Bridge June 1. Sheridan's Trevillian Raid June 7-24. Trevillian Station June 11-12. Newark or Mallory's Cross Roads June 12. White House or St. Peter's Church June 21. Black Creek or Tunstall Station June 21. Baltimore Cross Roads June 22. Jones' Bridge June 23. Demonstration on north side of the James at Deep Bottom July 27-29. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Toll Gate, near White Post, August 11. Near Newtown August 11. Cedarville, Guard Hill or Front Royal, August 16. Summit Point August 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019341-0005-0002", "contents": "17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Service\nKearneysville and Shepherdstown August 25. Leetown and Smithfield August 28. Smithfield Crossing of the Opequan August 29. Berryville September 6. Sevier's Ford, Opequan Creek, September 15. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Middletown and Strasburg September 20. Near Winchester and Smithfield September 24. Fisher's Hill September 29 and October 1. Newtonia October 11. Winchester November 16. Expedition from Winchester into Fauquier and Loudoun Counties November 28-December 3. Expedition to Gordonsville December 19-28. Madison C. H. December 21. Liberty Mills December 22. Near Gordonsville December 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019341-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Service\n1865: Sheridan's Expedition from Winchester February 27-March 25, 1865. Occupation of Staunton March 2. Waynesboro March 2. Appomattox Campaign March 28-AprIl 9. Dinwiddie C. H. March 30-31. Five Forks April 1. Scott's Cross Roads April 2. Tabernacle Church or Beaver Pond Creek April 4. Sailor's Creek April 6. Appomattox Station April 8. Appomattox C. H. April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Expedition to Danville April 23-29. March to Washington, D. C., May. Grand Review May 23. Consolidated with 1st and 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry to form 2nd Provisional Cavalry June 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019341-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Casualties\nDuring its active service, the regiment lost 232 men: 6 Officers and 98 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 128 Enlisted men by disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019341-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Notable Members\nHenry G. Bonebrake, of Waynesboro, Pennsylvania, serving as Lieutenant in Company G, was awarded the Medal of Honor for conspicuous bravery at the Battle of Five Forks, April 1, 1865, where he captured the flag from a confederate color-bearer in a hand-to-hand struggle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019342-0000-0000", "contents": "17th People's Choice Awards\nThe 17th People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1990, were held on March 11, 1991, at Universal Studios Hollywood, in Universal City, California. They were hosted by Burt Reynolds, and broadcast on CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019343-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 17th Central Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party was elected by the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on October 22, 2007. Eventually, four members of this Politburo were expelled from the Communist Party for not adhering to the leading party thought. They were, in order of the time of expulsion, Bo Xilai, Xu Caihou, Zhou Yongkang, and Guo Boxiong. This politburo was preceded by the 16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party and succeeded by the 18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019344-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Precinct\n17th Precinct is a police procedural television program created by Ronald D. Moore. In a modern world where magic supplanted science, the unaired pilot featured two non-intersecting stories: the death of a city executive at the hands of a wrongful convict, and the introduction of terrorists who are devoted to the destruction of magic. Moore developed the series with Sony Pictures Television for NBCUniversal, bringing with him several of the stars of his reimagined Battlestar Galactica franchise as cast members. The series was pitched in September 2010, the pilot was ordered January 2011, NBC passed on the series in May 2011, and the unaired pilot was leaked in December 2011. Reviewers mostly liked 17th Precinct, commenting on its innovativeness despite its police procedural roots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019344-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Precinct, Plot\nThe series takes place in the American city of Excelsior (shot in Vancouver, modeled on San Francisco), in a world where science was never \"invented\", and instead of using \"oil, electricity, [and] coal\", mankind relies on plant- and fire-powered magic to run society. The police of Excelsior's 17th Precinct use spells to collect evidence and information, they defend themselves with \"magic discs\", and they psychically access \"the stream\" (a smokey light beam) for information, printouts, and newspapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019344-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Precinct, Plot, Unaired pilot\nDonald Pynchon, Excelsior's executive prophet (a city government official concerned with making and interpreting city-wide prophesies), is murdered in a North Beach back alley on September 23, 2011. Detectives Longstreet and Bosson (Bamber & Callis) are tasked with the case and determine that his murder was intentionally brutal, and it was unobserved due to a magical charm which deadened sound in the alley. It turns out that fifteen years previously, Pynchon was in Mendocino, California when, relying on a prophetic vision, testified against Lionel Dixon on charges of rape and murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019344-0002-0001", "contents": "17th Precinct, Plot, Unaired pilot\nDixon received a life sentence of magically reliving his victim's final experiences. After Dixon was acquitted thirteen years later, he was magically given a new life as a child (Quinn Lord) in an effort to make up for the mistaken identity; Dixon instead was driven to murder both Pynchon and the acquitting judge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019344-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Precinct, Plot, Unaired pilot\nUnconnected with the Pynchon case, DCI Wilder Blanks (Walker) begins seeing visions related to the Stoics, \"a group dedicated to the destruction of magic\" in favor of \"reason, rationality, and [...] science\"\u2014a laughable prospect, but one about which they are deadly serious. Twelve years previously (1999), the Stoics committed a series of murders to further their cause, but have neither been seen nor heard of since. Blanks retrieves DS Mira Barkley (Channing) from her dissatisfying work in another precinct to help with the Stoics; Barkley was his partner during the previous Stoics case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019344-0003-0001", "contents": "17th Precinct, Plot, Unaired pilot\nBlanks partners Barkley with rookie detective Jimmy Travers (Long) due to the latter's potential as an intuitive savant. Investigating a nuisance case in an apartment building, Barkley and Travers unwittingly allow the Stoics access to murder an otherwise protected tenant, a college professor of \"advanced magical engineering and biology with an emphasis on power plant design.\" In the d\u00e9nouement, it is revealed that the Stoics use \"mechanical, rather than 'true' magic\" which nothing in their world can defend against; the professor was killed using the Stoics' means, something called a bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019344-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Precinct, Production\n17th Precinct was created by Ronald D. Moore and produced by Sony Pictures Television. Moore's development of 17th Precinct was part of a two-year deal with Sony Pictures Television to \"create and executive produce series projects for broadcast and cable through his production company Tall Ship Prods.\" When Moore pitched the show to NBCUniversal in September 2010, it carried with it an approximate $2 million price tag for the pilot and penalties. In January 2011, NBC ordered a pilot for the series from Moore and Sony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019344-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Precinct, Cast\nMoore brought several actors with whom he'd worked before into 17th Precinct, particularly from the reimagined Battlestar Galactica franchise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019344-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Precinct, Release\nOn May 12, 2011, NBC announced that they had passed on 17th Precinct for their fall 2011 season of shows. NBC instead ordered a full season of another program featuring a supernatural angle on the traditional police procedural genre, Universal Television's Grimm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019344-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Precinct, Release\nThe unnamed pilot episode of 17th Precinct was leaked online at Vimeo in the last days of December 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019344-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Precinct, Reception\nScience fiction blog io9 called Moore a \"master of world-building\", describing Excelsior as a richly described setting. They lauded its freshness in spite of its police procedural genre, saying that it was \"bursting with new ideas\" and \"[r]ejuvenated a whole new genre\". Airlock Alpha also commended 17th Precinct for incorporating a fresh take on the police procedural genre, though also felt the pilot introduced too many characters and concepts. TG Daily thought the concept was cool, though they felt \"the execution could use a little polish\". They also specifically lauded Bamber, Helfer, and Callis, while not being overly impressed by the supporting cast. In the end, they would have preferred 17th Precinct over Grimm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019345-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe 17th Emmy Awards, later known as the 17th Primetime Emmy Awards, were handed out on September 12, 1965. The ceremony was hosted by Sammy Davis, Jr. and Danny Thomas. Winners are listed in bold and series' networks are in parentheses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019345-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe structure of the ceremony was a complete departure from previous years. Categories were streamlined so that there were only four major categories (the previous year had 20 major categories). As a result of this, only five shows won an award. NBC's Hallmark Hall of Fame was the top show of the night, winning three major awards. The new format would be scrapped for the traditional one the following year. The traditional format would be used for all future Primetime Emmy Awards ceremonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019346-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Producers Guild of America Awards\nThe 17th Producers Guild of America Awards (also known as 2006 Producers Guild Awards), honoring the best film and television producers of 2005, were held on January 22, 2006. The ceremony at the Universal Hilton Hotel in Hollywood, California was hosted by Queen Latifah. The nominations were announced on January 4, 2006. The award for Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures was given out for the first time at this ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019346-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Producers Guild of America Awards, Winners and nominees, Stanley Kramer Award\nAwarded to the motion picture that best illuminates social issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019346-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Producers Guild of America Awards, Winners and nominees, Vanguard Award\nAwarded in recognition of outstanding achievement in new media and technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019347-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Quebec Legislature\nThe 17th Quebec Legislature was the provincial legislature that existed in Quebec, Canada from May 16, 1927, to July 30, 1931. The Liberal Party, led by Louis-Alexandre Taschereau as Premier of Quebec had a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec and was the governing party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019347-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Quebec Legislature, Member list\nThis was the list of members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec that were elected in the 1927 election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019347-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Quebec Legislature, New electoral districts\nThe electoral map was reformed in 1930 and the new map was first used in the general election of August 24, 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019348-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Raiders Wing\nThe 17th Raiders Wing  (Italian: 17\u00ba Stormo Incursori) is the Italian Air Force special forces unit. It is the youngest special force created in Italy. It is based in Furbara, near Rome and part of the Comando interforze per le Operazioni delle Forze Speciali (COFS\u2014Special Forces Operations Command). Until 8 April 2008 the unit was named Reparto Incursori Aeronautica Militare (RIAM\u2014Air Force Raiders Group) but with the expansion and evolution of the unit's assignments and its size, the name was changed to \"17\u00b0 Stormo Incursori\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019348-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Raiders Wing, Organization, Raiders Group\nRaiders Group divided into: Command, Operations, Vehicles and Special Equipment, and four squadriglie (wings) of raiders, each of two to four detachments of eight to twelve soldiers. This means that the entire operational force will be (at full strength) from 64 to 192 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019348-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Raiders Wing, Organization, Training Group\nThis branch provides training for the operational main force but is also capable of providing training sessions on: Evasion and Escape and EOD/EOR/IEDD to other Italian army and navy units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019348-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Raiders Wing, Vehicles and equipment\n17th Stormo is part of 1st Special Ops Air Brigade which also includes 9th Stormo equipped with modern HH-101A Caesar helicopters. C-130J \"Hercules IIs\" and C-27J \"Spartans\" are also available. In the field the operative force is equipped with the VTLM \"Lince\", quads and jeeps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019348-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Raiders Wing, Vehicles and equipment\nThis unit has access to a large arsenal of sniper rifles and anti-materiel rifles to be used to knock out aircraft. It also uses mini UAVs such as the \"Strix\" produced by Galileo Avionica, and L-3 Communication's \"ROVER IV\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019348-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Raiders Wing, Vehicles and equipment\nThe 17\u00ba Stormo Incursori has a variety of armament and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019349-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Regiment of Light Dragoons (1759)\nThe 17th Regiment of Light Dragoons was a cavalry regiment of the British Army raised in 1759 and disbanded in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019349-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Regiment of Light Dragoons (1759)\nIt was raised in Scotland by Captain Lord Aberdour in 1759, for service in the Seven Years' War, and disbanded following the Treaty of Paris in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019350-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Reserve Division (German Empire)\nThe 17th Reserve Division (17. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. At the beginning of the war, it formed the IX Reserve Corps with the 18th Reserve Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019350-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Reserve Division (German Empire), Recruitment\nThe division was composed primarily of troops from the Free and Hanseatic Cities and from Schleswig-Holstein. The division included one regular infantry brigade, the 81st, raised in Schleswig-Holstein and L\u00fcbeck, and one reserve infantry brigade, the 33rd, raised primarily in Hamburg and Bremen. Besides these regions, other troops of the division came from parts of the Province of Hanover adjoining Bremen and Hamburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019350-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 17th Reserve Division fought on the Western Front. It fought across Belgium in August 1914 and then occupied the line on the Aisne until September 1915. It then went to Flanders and the Artois, where it remained engaged in positional warfare until June 1916. From mid-July to late October 1916, it fought in the Battle of the Somme with only one interlude away from the front. The division then remained in the trenchlines along the Yser until May 1917. In May, it fought in the Battle of Arras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019350-0002-0001", "contents": "17th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIt remained in the Flanders region for the rest of the year and into 1918 and fought in the Battle of Passchendaele. In 1918, it occupied various parts of the line and fought against several Allied offensives, including in the second Battle of Cambrai. In 1918, Allied intelligence rated the division as first class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019350-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nThe order of battle of the 17th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019350-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on March 28, 1918\nThe 17th Reserve Division was triangularized in October 1916. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on March 28, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps\nThe 17th Rifle Corps was a corps of the Red Army and later the Soviet Army, formed three times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps\nIt was first formed in 1922 in the Soviet Far East before relocating to Ukraine two years later. It fought in the Soviet invasion of Poland and was destroyed during Operation Barbarossa in mid-1941. The corps was reformed in late 1942 in the Far East and fought in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945 before being disbanded postwar later that year. It was formed for a third time in 1949 at Samarkand in the Turkestan Military District, becoming the 17th Army Corps in 1957. The 17th Army Corps relocated to Frunze in the Central Asian Military District in the late 1960s, serving there for the rest of the Cold War. After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, it became the headquarters of the Ministry of Defense of Kyrgyzstan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, First formation\nThe corps was initially first formed as the Primorsky Rifle Corps at Chita on 2 November 1922, part of the 5th Army. On 25 December, the corps became the 17th Primorsky Rifle Corps. In January 1924, the corps was relocated west to Vinnytsia on the other side of the Soviet Union, where it became part of the Ukrainian Military District and dropped the \"Primorsky\" designation. In May 1935, the 17th became part of the Kiev Military District when the Ukrainian Military District was split.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0002-0001", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, First formation\nAs part of the 6th Army, the corps fought in the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, occupying what became western Ukraine. After the end of the campaign in October, the corps headquarters was stationed at Chernivtsi and it became part of the Kiev Special Military District. Assigned to the 12th Army in May 1940, the corps fought against Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, from 22 June 1941. The corps was disbanded in August of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Second formation\nIt was reformed in December 1942 in the Far East, part of the 25th Army. In August 1945 in the Far East it had the 187th Rifle Division and 366th Rifle Division. For the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945, the corps was transferred to the 5th Army. At the beginning of the invasion, the corps advanced in the 5th Army's first echelon. Its objective was to cut off the Japanese Northeastern and Eastern (Suifenho) Fortified Regions, alongside the 105th Fortified Area and several border guard battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Second formation\nOn the first day of the invasion, 9 August, the 187th Division fought in heavy combat for the control of railroad tunnels east of Suifenho, which were rapidly secured. The corps advanced southwards into the rear of the Suifenho Fortified Region, where they linked up with troops from the 25th Army's 39th Rifle Corps, completing the encirclement of the Tungning Fortified Region. The speedy Soviet advance prevented the Japanese troops from creating new defensive lines and from effectively resisting the attack. At 17:00 on the same day, the corps was transferred to the 25th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Second formation\nAfter clearing the remaining Japanese troops from Tungning on 10 August, the 17th and 39th Corps began advancing southwest along the Tungning road to Wangching, Tumen, Tunhua, and Kirin on the next day. The two corps approached Laoheishan by noon on 12 August after marching between 18.6 and 25 miles 18.6\u201325 miles (29.9\u201340.2\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Second formation\nFor the next few days, the 10th Mechanized Corps and the two rifle corps advanced along the narrow road from Laoheishan to Heitosai, which forced the column to become strung out along the road. As a result, only the forward detachments and reconnaissance units met the negligible Japanese resistance before capturing Heitosai. 25th Army commander Ivan Chistyakov split the units in two columns, one of which included the 17th Corps and elements of the 10th Mechanized, advancing west towards the Taipingling Pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Second formation\nThe Soviet troops encountered Japanese defensive positions from the 128th Infantry Division's 284th Infantry Regiment at Lotzokou on 15 August. The 187th Division conducted a frontal attack while the 366th encircled the Japanese from the south. Meanwhile, the 10th  Corps' 72nd Mechanized Brigade bypassed the Japanese and advanced east to Taipingling Pass, where they were halted by the 285th Infantry Regiment of the 128th, which had constructed prepared defensive positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Second formation\nIn the late evening of 16 August, the Soviet forces were able to capture both Lotzokou and Taipingling Pass after breaking through the Japanese defenses, continuing to pursue the remnants of the 128th Division westwards. Two days later, the corps followed behind the 10th Mechanized Corps in linking up with the forward elements of the 5th Army at Tungchingcheng after an advance of 18.6 miles (29.9\u00a0km). The corps was disbanded in October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Third formation and 17th Army Corps\nIn September 1949, the 17th Rifle Corps was reformed at Samarkand in the Turkestan Military District as part of a buildup of the Soviet Army. It initially included the 16th Guards Mechanized Division at Samarkand and the 360th Rifle Division at Termez. The 203rd Rifle Division at Karaganda also became part of the corps in 1949. In 1955, the 360th was renumbered as the 62nd Rifle Division, and the 203rd became the 30th. In 1957, the 62nd became the 108th Motor Rifle Division, the 203rd became the 102nd, and the 16th Guards the 90th Guards Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Third formation and 17th Army Corps\nThe corps became the 17th Army Corps in June of that year. In May 1962, the division became a training unit and was directly subordinated to the district headquarters. In the late 1960s, the corps headquarters moved to Frunze in the newly reformed Central Asian Military District, and took control of three motor rifle divisions: the 201st in Dushanbe, the 8th Guards (recently relocated from Tallinn to Frunze), and the 68th (moved from Uryupinsk to Taldykurgan). It also included two separate motor rifle regiments: the 30th at Korday and the 860th at Osh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Third formation and 17th Army Corps\nIn January 1980, the 860th Separate Motor Rifle Regiment was sent to the 40th Army to fight in the Soviet\u2013Afghan War. It was replaced by the 32nd Separate Motor Rifle Regiment, which transferred from Ordzhonikidze and soon became the 68th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, the only Soviet Army mountain brigade. In February, the 201st Motor Rifle Division was also sent to Afghanistan, and was replaced by the 134th Motor Rifle Division, expanded from the former's 92nd Motor Rifle and 401st Tank Regiments. With three divisions and a brigade, the corps was equal in size to some combined arms armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0009-0001", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Third formation and 17th Army Corps\nIn the late 1980s, smaller corps units included the 525th Separate Spetsnaz Company, the 789th Separate Protection and Security Company, and the 78th Material Support Brigade at Frunze, the 78th Rocket Brigade at Unguras, the 303rd Separate Helicopter Squadron at Dushanbe, the 751st Separate Engineer-Sapper Battalion at Kalchagay, and the 13th Machine Gun Artillery Regiment, 179th Separate Reactive Artillery Battalion, and a separate radio-electronic warfare battalion at Sary-Ozek. In January 1989, after the Central Asian Military District was disbanded, the corps became part of the Turkestan Military District again. On 24 August, the 30th Regiment became part of the 8th Guards Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Third formation and 17th Army Corps\nAfter the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, in the summer of 1992, the corps headquarters became the headquarters of the Ministry of Defense of Kyrgyzstan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Commanders\nThe following officer is known to have commanded the corps' first formation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Commanders\nThe corps' second formation is known to have been commanded by the following officer:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019351-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Corps, Commanders\nThe corps' third formation and the 17th Army Corps were commanded by the following officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019352-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Division\nThe 17th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019352-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Division, First Formation\nThe division was first formed on 23 October 1918 from the 1st Vitebsk Rifle Division and 2nd Smolensk Rifle Division by the order of the Military council of the Smolensk Defensive Region. The division participated in the Russian Civil War in Lithuania, Ukraine and Belorussia. After the civil war the division participated in the Polish\u2013Soviet War. The division was stationed along the Brezina River in 1920. The  division was garrisoned at Nizhny Novgorod (renamed Gorky in 1932) from 1920 to 1939. In 1939 the division was broken up and used to form three divisions, the new 17th, 136th  and the 137th Rifle Divisions. The new 17th Rifle Division, formed from the 49th Rifle Regiment, continued the traditions of the original 17th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019352-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Division, First Formation, Composition\nThe division was maintained on a reduced status until December 1939 when the division was brought to full strength for the Winter War with Finland. The division returned to Gorky in April 1940. In June 1940 the division was moved to the Lithuanian border and assigned to the Belorussian Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019352-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Division, First Formation, Composition\nAssigned to 21st Rifle Corps, 10th Army when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and located in the Vitebsk and Polotsk area. By the end of June the division was surrounded in the area east of Minsk. Though the division was destroyed in late June 1941 it was not officially disbanded until 19 September 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019352-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Division, Second Formation\nReformed from the 17th Moscow People's Militia Rifle Division on 26 October 1941. Assigned to the 33rd Army, Reserve Front. In November 1941 it was assigned to the 43rd Army, Western Front where it participated in the Moscow Counteroffensive. The division remained in the Western Front until the summer of 1943. In late July 1943 the division participated in the Orel Strategic Counter-offensive Operation and in late August was transferred to the Bryansk Front. Reassigned to the 53rd Rifle Corps, 48th Army, 1st Belorussian Front in February 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019352-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Rifle Division, Second Formation\nThe division stayed with this Corps and Army until the end of the war. In June 1944 the division took part in Operation Bagration and the liberation of Bobruisk, Belorussia. From February to April 1945 the division participated in the East Prussian Offensive ending the war there as part of the occupation forces assigned to the Northern Group of Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019352-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Rifle Division, Second Formation\nAfter a brief period on occupation duty the division was returned to the Soviet Union in the Volga Military District at Yoshkar-Ola where it was reorganized as the 1st Rifle Brigade as part of the 53rd Rifle Corps. It was disbanded in March 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019353-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Robert Awards\nThe 17th Robert Awards ceremony was held in 2000 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organized by the Danish Film Academy, the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019354-0000-0000", "contents": "17th SAARC summit\nThe 17th SAARC summit was held in November 10, 2011 in the South Province of Maldives (Addu Atoll, Fuvahmulah). The theme of the summit was \u201cBuilding Bridges\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0000-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen\nThe 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division \"G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen\" (German: 17. SS-Panzergrenadier-Division \"G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen\") was a German Waffen-SS division that saw action on the Western Front during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0001-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Formation and training\nThe division was raised near Poitiers, France as the Panzer-Grenadier-Division \"G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen\" in October 1943. It was formed from scratch, with the majority of its original cadre coming from replacement units and conscripts, many of whom were Romanian Germans and French volunteers. After September 8, 1943, around five hundred Italian volunteers, coming from units deployed in France were enlisted in \"G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen\". The division was granted the honour-title G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen. Obersturmbannf\u00fchrer Otto Binge oversaw the formation of the division, with the newly promoted Brigadef\u00fchrer Werner Ostendorff taking command in January 1944. The G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen was placed under the LXXX Army Corps, a part of Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt's Heeresgruppe D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 78], "content_span": [79, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0002-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Formation and training\nAs part of a plan to number all named SS divisions in early 1944, the division was re-titled the 17th SS-Panzer-Grenadier-Division \"G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen\". In February 1944, the division still lacked vehicles. During the same year, on the orders of LXXX Army Corps, the division began to round up French vehicles in an attempt to complete its mobilization. By March, most of the major combat formations were fully motorised, although two of the six infantry battalions were still on bicycles. On 1 June, the G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen found itself at Thouars in France, with no tanks (although the crews were fully equipped with 42 Sturmgesch\u00fctz IV assault guns), only a few months' training, and below strength in officers and NCOs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 78], "content_span": [79, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0003-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Battles for Normandy\nAfter the Allied invasion of June 6, 1944, the G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen was ordered to Normandy to take part in the efforts to reduce the Allied beachhead. On June 10 the Division made contact with 182 paratroopers of the 3rd Battalion, 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment, part of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division, and B Company, 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment, of the U.S. 101st Airborne Division, at the village of Graignes. This small group of paratroopers had been dropped mistakenly by the U.S. 9th Army Air Force Troop Carrier Command and had decided to try and hold their positions. The ensuing battle, and the criminal execution of wounded paratroopers and French civilians by the \"G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen\", has since been known as the Battle of Graignes. On June 11 the reconnaissance battalion engaged in combat near the town of Carentan with the paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 76], "content_span": [77, 974]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0004-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Battles for Normandy\nThe Americans secured the town and were advancing south by the morning of June 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 76], "content_span": [77, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0005-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Battles for Normandy\nSS-Panzergrenadier Regiment 37, supported by the assault guns of the division's Panzer battalion and Oberst (colonel) Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte's 6th Fallschirmj\u00e4ger Regiment, attacked the advancing American paratroopers. In what the Americans dubbed the Battle of Bloody Gulch, the Germans routed two paratroop companies before their attack was stopped by the arrival of Combat Command A of the U.S. 2nd Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 76], "content_span": [77, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0006-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Battles for Normandy\nFor the rest of the month, the division was engaged in heavy fighting for the bocage country near Saint L\u00f4 and Coutances. During this period, the G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen suffered heavy losses and by the beginning of July, its strength was reduced to 8,500 men. The division was in the line of advance for Operation Cobra, and suffered heavy losses attempting to halt the Allied offensive. It was encircled by the U.S. 2nd Armored Division around Roncey where it lost most of its armored equipment. It was then ordered to take part in the Mortain Offensive, codenamed Operation L\u00fcttich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 76], "content_span": [77, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0006-0001", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Battles for Normandy\nAfter the failure of this offensive, the division was split into four Kampfgruppen, 'Braune', 'Gunter', 'Fick' and 'Wahl'. These small units managed to escape  encirclement in the Falaise Pocket, but suffered heavy losses and remained in almost constant combat against the advancing Americans until the end of the month, when the division was transferred to Metz for a much-needed rest and refit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 76], "content_span": [77, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0007-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Battles for Normandy\nIn July the reserve battalion of the division was involved in counterinsurgency action against Operation Bulbasket in the Vienne Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 76], "content_span": [77, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0008-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Retreat to Germany\nIn early September, the division absorbed what was left of the SS Panzergrenadier Brigade 49 and SS Panzergrenadier Brigade 51, raising its infantry strength. However, replacements for missing tanks and assault guns arrived slowly. On September 8, the division was put back into the line and was tasked with destroying the newly formed bridgehead over the Moselle River held by the US 5th and 80th Infantry Divisions. After heavy fighting for the American bridgeheads at Dornot and Arnaville, the division fell back and began to prepare to defend Metz itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0009-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Retreat to Germany\nOver the next two months, the division saw heavy fighting to the south and east of Metz, suffering very heavy casualties. On November 8, a USAAF air raid hit the divisional command post. With the G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen's combat units in tatters (the 38th SS Regiment had been reduced to a strength of about 800 men by November 15, 1944) and with no command structure, Hitler authorized the division to withdraw from Metz. The 38th SS Regiment was largely destroyed at Metz and reformed in November with troops from the SS training regiment \"Kurmark\". The remnants of the division pulled back to the Maginot Line, near Faulquemont to rest and refit. During this time, the G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen was transferred to SS-Gruppenf\u00fchrer Max Simon's XIII SS Corps. US forces liberated Metz on November 22, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0010-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Retreat to Germany\nElements of the 38th SS Regiment defended Hilsprich against an advance of the American 35th Infantry Division on November 23. In the same defensive maneuver, the 38th Regiment succeeded in cutting up two American rifle companies that made an ill-advised attack against stronger German forces. Hilsprich fell to another, better supported, American attack the following day. During November 28/29, elements of the 17th SS Division successfully defended Far\u00e9bersviller against an attack by the US 80th Infantry Division. By December 1, the SS division was deployed along a line extending from the Rosselle River to just south of Puttelange. The G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen was caught by surprise when US forces attacked again on December 4, capturing both Far\u00e9bersviller and Puttelange. Seriously weakened, the SS division fell back to Sarreguemines, which it defended for five days before the town's occupation by US forces on December 11, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 1012]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0011-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Retreat to Germany\nThe 17th SS Division subsequently retreated across the German border and went into a defensive posture along the Blies River. Attacks by the US 35th Infantry Division against this line started December 12, resulting in heavy fighting for the control of Habkirchen, (southeast of Frauenberg) and the high ground overlooking the valley of the Blies. The US 134th Infantry lost half its strength in this clash with the 17th SS Division, but captured Habkirchen by December 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0011-0001", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Retreat to Germany\nUnder serious pressure because of infantry losses, the SS division was granted a reprieve when the Americans moved into a defensive posture on December 18. The Ardennes Offensive by Germany had begun to the north and US units from General George Patton's Third Army were ordered to either hold fast or move north to assist in the defense of the Ardennes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0012-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Refit and Nordwind\nWhen the division pulled back to the Maginot Line in mid November, its strength had been reduced to around 4,000 men (of which about 1,700 were infantry) and 20 armored vehicles. Throughout the early days of December 1944, the G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen received resupply and reinforcement. Although the armored strength was only 17 assault guns by December 10, a further 17 were sent from Germany on December 28. The Panzergrenadier regiments were brought up to full strength with the addition of Volksdeutsche replacements. The quality of these replacements was far below that of the division's original elements. Despite this, at least on paper, the division was back up to strength by the end of 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0013-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Refit and Nordwind\nAs a part of Simon's XIII SS Corps, the division participated in Operation Nordwind, the ill-fated last German offensive in the West. The G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, together with 36th Volksgrenadier Division, attacked the US 44th and 100th Infantry Divisions around the town of Rimling. For this attack, the division had been reinforced with a Panther tank company from the 21st Panzer-Division, the 352nd and 353rd flame-thrower tank companies (equipped with Flammpanzer 38(t)s), and the 653rd Heavy Panzerj\u00e4ger Battalion (equipped with Jagdtigers). The German attacks did not gain much ground, possibly because of the extreme weather conditions during the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0013-0001", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Refit and Nordwind\nAfter engaging in heavy combat with the U.S. 7th Army, with little success and having the divisional commander replaced five times, the majority of the divisional staff was relieved on January 3. Replacements, in the form of Army officers, were received the next day. On January 10, the divisional commander, Standartenf\u00fchrer Hans Lingner, was captured by a patrol from the 114th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, when his car overturned on the slippery roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0013-0002", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Refit and Nordwind\nThe driver was shot on the spot; Lingner, his aide-de-camp Untersturmf\u00fchrer Jund, and another of his staff were brought to the US lines where they were interrogated. Oberst Gerhard Lindner, one of the Army officers recently transferred to the division, took command on January 15. The division remained engaged with the divisions of the US XV Corps until Operation Nordwind ended on January 30, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0014-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Defense of Germany\nThe G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen took part in the defense of the 'West Wall' until March 18, 1945, when the Americans broke through. At this time its armored vehicle strength comprised 62 assault guns (of which 47 were operational) as well as two Panzer IV tanks. On March 22, division commander SS-Oberf\u00fchrer Fritz Klingenberg was killed in action. That day, the division abandoned all its vehicles and began to retreat, but only some 500 to 600 men escaped US encirclement in the Pfaelzer Forest and reached Wiesloch on the east bank of the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0015-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Defense of Germany\nBy April 1, the division's strength was rebuilt to roughly 7,000 men. It then took part in the Battle of Buchhof and Stein am Kocher and the Battle of Heilbronn. Subsequently, the division defended the Jagst and Tauber River valleys, as well as Bad Mergentheim. Although greatly reduced in numbers, it took part in the defense of Nuremberg, where the 38th SS Regiment was destroyed by April 20. The rest of the division continued fighting until the 24th, and then fell back to Donauw\u00f6rth on the Danube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0016-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Defense of Germany\nThe last organized engagement fought by the division was on April 29, 1945, at Moosburg, Germany. It was there that the division's commander attempted to use Stalag VII-A, the largest POW camp in Germany, as a sort of hostage to buy time to escape across the Isar River. Their effort was frustrated when the commander of the 14th Armored Division learned of the plan, and ordered his Combat Command A to take Moosburg, capture the bridge across the Isar River, and most importantly, secure and protect the Allied Prisoners of War. The American infantry and tank force advanced to Moosburg, and without delay attacked the defensive positions of the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division in front of the town. It fell following a brief, but ferocious battle. That same day the 14th Armored Division took over 7,000 German POWs, mostly SS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0017-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Defense of Germany\nOn May 5, five days after Hitler's suicide, and three days before Nazi Germany's surrender, elements of the division attacked the 13th-century castle Itter Castle in Tyrol, Austria. Castle Itter (administratively a part of the Dachau concentration camp complex) was a prison for high-ranking French VIPs, the so-called Ehrenh\u00e4ftlinge (\"honor prisoners\"), including politicians Paul Reynaud and \u00c9douard Daladier, labor leader L\u00e9on Jouhaux, and former commanders-in-chief Maxime Weygand and Maurice Gamelin. The SS force wanted to execute all such prisoners. The attack was defeated by the 23rd Tank Battalion of the US 12th Armored Division under the command of Captain John C. 'Jack' Lee Jr., the former prisoners themselves, and anti-Nazi elements of the Wehrmacht under the command of Major Josef 'Sepp' Gangl, who died in the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0018-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, Defense of Germany\nThe remaining members of the division surrendered to the US 101st Airborne Division at Rottach-Egern, north of Kufstein, on May 6, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0019-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, War crimes\nThe following are individuals of the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Gotz von Berlichingen who were accused and convicted of war crimes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0020-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, War crimes\nErwin SchienkiewitzCase Nr. : 11-18 (U.S. vs. Erwin Wilhelm Konrad Schienkiewitz)File Number: US0018Review Date: 470404Erwin Wilhelm Konrad Schienkiewitz, an SS officer of the 17th SS Panzer Grenadier Division 38th Regiment, was accused of participation in the execution of two American airmen out of a group of seventy. The airmen were being held as prisoners of war and were executed in retaliation for the death of German soldiers who had been killed a few days earlier. The event occurred within the boundaries of Montmartin-en-Graignes in France on June 17, 1944. Erwin Schienkiewitz was tried at The General Military Court at Dachau. In addition to the aforementioned war crimes the accused was also a member of an organization declared illegal by the International Military Tribunal. Schienkiewitz was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0021-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, War crimes\nCase Nr.111Crime Category: Final Phase CrimesAccused: K\u00fcster, Friedrich Erich 10 Years 3 MonthsCourt: LG Ellwangen 490120OLG Stuttgart 490527Country where the crime was committed: GermanyCrime Location: Ellwangen/JagstCrime Date: 4504Victims: Prisoners, CiviliansNationality: unknown, GermanAgency: Waffen-SS SS-Bataillon 'G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen'Subject of the proceeding: Shooting of a number of foreign concentration camp prisoners, in part for trying to escape; mishandling of civilians, who had made derogatory remarks about Hitler, and demolition of the 'Josefinum' in Ellwangen", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0022-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, War crimes\nCase Nr.201Crime Category: Final Phase CrimesAccused: Ba., Nikolaus Acquittal, Bu., Heinz AcquittalCourt: LG Ellwangen 500316Country where the crime was committed: GermanyCrime Location: DalkingenCrime Date: 450407Victims: PrisonersNationality: unknownAgency: Waffen-SS SS-Ersatz- und Ausbildungsbataillon 5 'G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen'Subject of the proceeding: Shooting of eight exhausted concentration camp prisoners, who, while being part of a prisoners' transport, had stayed behind at the railway station grounds of Ellwangen", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0023-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, War crimes\nCase Nr.251Crime Category: Final Phase CrimesAccused: B., Peter Acquittal, E., Theodor Acquittal, H., Heinz AcquittalCourt: LG Ellwangen 501025Country where the crime was committed: GermanyCrime Location: DalkingenCrime Date: 450407Victims: PrisonersNationality: GermanAgency: Waffen-SS SS-Ersatz- und Ausbildungsbataillon 5 'G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen'Subject of the proceeding: Shooting of eight exhausted concentration camp prisoners, who, while being part of a prisoners' transport, had stayed behind at the railway station grounds of Ellwangen", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0024-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, War crimes\nCase Nr.466Crime Category: Final Phase CrimesAccused: M., Heinz Proceeding suspendedCourt: LG N\u00fcrnberg-F\u00fcrth 581001BGH 571022Country where the crime was committed: GermanyCrime Location: BurgthannCrime Date: 450417Victims: CiviliansNationality: GermanAgency: Waffen-SS 17.SS-Panzergrenadier-Division 'G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen'Subject of the proceeding: Shooting of the mayor of Burgthann, who, summoned by the Americans, had ordered white flags to be hoisted in the town", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0025-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, War crimes\nCase Nr.315Crime Category: Final Phase CrimesAccused: H., Walter AcquittalCourt: LG Regensburg 520505Country where the crime was committed: GermanyCrime Location: Dietfurt (Mittelfranken)Crime Date: 450425Victims: JewsNationality: GermanAgency: Waffen-SS SS-Division 'G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen'Subject of the proceeding: Shooting of a Jewish dentist during the final days of the war", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0026-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, War crimes\nCase Nr.243Crime Category: Final Phase CrimesAccused: H., Walter 5 Years, M., Ludwig 3 YearsCourt: LG Landshut 500924Country where the crime was committed: GermanyCrime Location: Ebrantshausen, Holz (near Bad Wiessee)Crime Date: 450428, 450502Victims: Civilians, PrisonersNationality: German, unknownAgency: Waffen-SS SS-Division 'G\u00f6tz von BerlichingenSubject of the proceeding: Killing of a civilian, who had a white flag held available in order to hoist it at the church on the arrival of the Americans, as well as a summons to shoot concentration camp prisoners", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019355-0027-0000", "contents": "17th SS Panzergrenadier Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen, War crimes\nThe G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen has also been accused of killing wounded American paratroopers as well as French civilians during the summer of 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019356-0000-0000", "contents": "17th SS Police Regiment\nThe 17th SS Police Regiment (German: SS-Polizei-Regiment 17) was initially named the 17th Police Regiment (Polizei-Regiment 17) when it was formed in 1942 from existing Order Police units (Ordnungspolizei) for security duties on the Eastern Front. It was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019356-0001-0000", "contents": "17th SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe regiment was ordered formed in July 1942 in Russia. Police Battalion 42 (Polizei-Batallion 42) and Police Battalion 74 were redesignated as the regiment's first and second battalions, respectively. Police Battalion 69 was intended to become its third Battalion, but it became II Battalion of the 28th Police Regiment Todt instead. I Battalion of that regiment replaced it as III Battalion. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS police units on 24 February 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019357-0000-0000", "contents": "17th SS-Standarte\nThe 17th SS-Standarte was a regimental formation of the Allgemeine-SS first founded in 1931. The unit was one of the early SS formations in Germany, and was first headquartered in the city of Harburg-Wilhelmsburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019357-0001-0000", "contents": "17th SS-Standarte\nThe original commander of the 17th Standarte, who supervised the regiment's formation, was Friedrich Jeckeln who would later become infamous as an SS and Police Leader in Eastern Russia during World War II. Jeckeln assumed command of the Standarte as a Sturmbannf\u00fchrer when the unit was only at battalion level strength. It was not until after the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, in 1933, that the Standarte had enough of a membership to be considered as a regimental command. Even so, the command was never led by a full Standartenf\u00fchrer, with all of the later commanders holding the rank of Obersturmbannf\u00fchrer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019357-0002-0000", "contents": "17th SS-Standarte\nIn April 1936, the 17th Standarte shifted its headquarters to the city of Celle. Three years later, when World War II began, the Standarte began losing its members to either the general draft or to service in the Waffen-SS (General-SS units were considered \"part time\" and their members were not draft exempt).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019357-0003-0000", "contents": "17th SS-Standarte\nBy 1942, the 17th Standarte had ceased to actively function but was listed with a posted commander until the fall of Nazi Germany in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019358-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Santosham Film Awards\nThe 17th Santosham Film Awards is an awards ceremony held at Hyderabad, India on 29 September 2019 recognized the best films and performances from the Tollywood films and music released in 2018, along with special honors for lifetime contributions and a few special awards. The awards are annually presented by Santosham magazine. It was live telecasted on 99TV network and was re-telecasted on Zee Telugu & Zee Cinemalu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019359-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe 17th Sarasaviya Awards festival (Sinhala: 17\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), presented by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, was held to honor the best films of 1989 Sinhala cinema on April 30, 1990, at the Elphinstone Theater, Maradana, Sri Lanka. His Excellency The President Ranasinghe Premadasa was the chief guest at the awards night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019359-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe film Sagara Jalaya Madi Haduwa Oba Sanda won most number of awards with twelve awards including Best Film, Best Director and Best Actress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019360-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Saskatchewan Legislature\nThe 17th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in June 1971. The assembly sat from July 28, 1971, to May 13, 1975. The New Democratic Party (NDP) led by Allan Blakeney formed the government. The Liberal Party formed the official opposition. After Ross Thatcher's death in July 1971, David Steuart became party leader in December 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019360-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Saskatchewan Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1971:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards\nThe 17th Satellite Awards is an award ceremony honoring the year's outstanding performers, films, television shows, home videos and interactive media, presented by the International Press Academy at the Hyatt Regency Century Plaza in Century City, Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards\nThe nominations were announced on December 3, 2012. The winners were announced on December 16, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards\nThe film Silver Linings Playbook won the most film awards with five, including Best Film and Best Director (David O. Russell). On the television side, The Big Bang Theory and Homeland won the most awards, with each winning three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nAuteur Award (for singular vision and unique artistic control over the elements of production) \u2013 Paul Williams", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nHumanitarian Award (for making a difference in the lives of those in the artistic community and beyond) \u2013 Benh Zeitlin (Beasts of the Southern Wild)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nMary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) \u2013 Terence Stamp", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nNikola Tesla Award (for visionary achievement in filmmaking technology) \u2013 Walter Murch", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nNewcomer Award \u2013 Quvenzhan\u00e9 Wallis (Beasts of the Southern Wild)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees\nLincoln \u2013 Curt Beech, Rick Carter, David Crank, and Leslie McDonald", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees\nLes Mis\u00e9rables \u2013 Simon Hayes, Andy Nelson, Lee Walpole, and John Warhurst", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees\nFlight \u2013 Kevin Baillie, Jim Gibbs, Michael Lantieri, and Ryan Tudhope", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards, Television winners and nominees\nJohnny Galecki \u2013 The Big Bang Theory as Dr. Leonard Hofstadter", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards, Television winners and nominees\nMaggie Smith \u2013 Downton Abbey as Violet Crawley, Dowager Countess of Grantham", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019361-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Satellite Awards, Television winners and nominees\nThe Walking Dead (AMC) \u2013 Sarah Wayne Callies, Lauren Cohan, Danai Gurira, Laurie Holden, Andrew Lincoln, Melissa McBride, David Morrissey, Norman Reedus, Chandler Riggs, Michael Rooker, Scott Wilson, and Steven Yeun", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019362-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Saturn Awards\nThe 17th Saturn Awards, honoring the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror film and television in 1989 and 1990, were held on June 26, 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019362-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Saturn Awards, Winners and nominees\nBelow is a complete list of nominees and winners. Winners are highlighted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019363-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe 17th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards, honoring the best achievements in film and television performances for the year 2010, was presented on January 30, 2011 at the Shrine Exposition Center in Los Angeles for the fifteenth consecutive year. It was broadcast live simultaneously by TNT and TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019363-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe nominees were announced on December 16, 2010 by Rosario Dawson and Angie Harmon at Los Angeles' Pacific Design Center's Silver Screen Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019363-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Screen Actors Guild Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nColin Firth \u2013 The King's Speech as King George VI", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019363-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Screen Actors Guild Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe King's Speech \u2013 Anthony Andrews, Claire Bloom, Helena Bonham Carter, Jennifer Ehle, Colin Firth, Michael Gambon, Derek Jacobi, Guy Pearce, Geoffrey Rush and Timothy Spall", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019363-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Screen Actors Guild Awards, In Memoriam\nHilary Swank introduced the \"In Memoriam\" segment which paid tribute to the life and career of actors who died in 2010:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019364-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe 17th Scripps National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, District of Columbia on May 28, 1941. This was the first year that Scripps-Howard (now E.W. Scripps Company) hosted the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019364-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe winner was 13-year-old Louis Edward Sissman of Detroit, Michigan, correctly spelling the word initials. Phyllis Davis of Ohio placed second, misspelling \"chrysanthemum\" (which Sissman proceeded to spell correctly), and third went to 13-year-old Homer Lyon, Jr., of Miami, Florida, who fell on \"ague\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019364-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe first place prize was $500, followed by $300 for second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019364-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nAs of 2017, Sissman is the only winner of the Bee from Michigan. At the time of his win, it was widely reported that he was the first boy to win since 1927, apparently overlooking that Ward Randall won in 1931, which was still a ten-year gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019365-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Signal Battalion (United States)\nThe 17th Signal Battalion of the United States Army was a MSE (Mobile Subscriber Equipment) equipped signal battalion based in Kitzingen, Germany (Larson Barracks). The battalion was one of three that made up the 22nd Signal Brigade, based in Darmstadt, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019365-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Signal Battalion (United States)\nThe battalion's mission statement was:  \"On order, 17th Signal Battalion rapidly deploys to provide signal support to V Corps in support of conventional or contingency operations.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019365-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Signal Battalion (United States), History\nThe 17th Signal Battalion was activated in the Army of the United States on 30 November 1942 at Camp Crowder, Missouri. From its activation until 20 October 1943, the battalion participated in the Second Army maneuvers. On 1 November 1943, the battalion was assigned to Headquarters, U.S. First Army, stationed in Patchway, England where its primary mission was to provide communications for First Army Headquarters. The battalion was then deployed and participated in the World War II campaigns of Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, and Central Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019365-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Signal Battalion (United States), History\nFollowing World War II, the 17th Signal Battalion was inactivated at Camp Bowie, Texas. The Battalion was reactivated on 5 July 1950 at Karlsruhe, Germany, and again inactivated on 25 September 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019365-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Signal Battalion (United States), History\nOn 16 March 1981, the battalion was reactivated under the 22nd Signal Brigade at McNair Kaserne, H\u00f6chst, Germany, and entrusted with the mission of providing command and control communications to the US V Corps Commanding General and subordinate units. The Battalion's Charlie Company was located on Gibbs Kaserne and supported the V Corps Emergency Action Center located on the Abrams Complex. This area came to be known as \"The Patio\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019365-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Signal Battalion (United States), History\nDelta Company was formed and replaced Charlie Company at Gibbs Kaserne when Charlie Company rejoined the rest of the battalion located at McNair Kaserne until the battalion was deployed to Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm. In December 1992, the entire battalion moved to their new home on Larson Barracks in Kitzingen, Germany. In 1993, Bravo Company (Signal), 11th Air Defense Artillery from W\u00fcrzburg merged into the Battalion to become the 57th Signal Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019365-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Signal Battalion (United States), History\nIn recent years the battalion has participated in Operations Desert Shield, Desert Storm, Deny Flight, Provide Hope and Joint Endeavor. In October 2002 the 17th Signal Battalion participated in Operation Internal Look and later deployed in support of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019365-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Signal Battalion (United States), History\nThe battalion was inactivated on 17 August 2006. The unit's final commander was LTC Glenn A. Kennedy, II. Upon deactivation, the 17th Signal Battalion consisted of a Headquarters Company, three MSE Area Support Companies (Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie), and an MSE Signal Support Company (Delta).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron\nThe 17th Special Operations Squadron (17 SOS) is an inactivated unit, previously part of the United States Air Force 353d Special Operations Group at Kadena Air Base, Japan. It operated MC-130J Commando II aircraft providing special operations capability. Air crews are specially trained in day and night, low-level delivery of troops and equipment via airdrop or airland operations and flying using night vision goggles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron\nThe squadron traces its lineage back to the 17th Observation Squadron, constituted and activated in 1942 during World War II. After being redesignated as the 17th Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment), the squadron flew North American B-25 Mitchells in the New Guinea campaign, the Philippines Campaign, and over Japan on armed reconnaissance missions. The 17th was inactivated after the end of the war. It was reactivated and inactivated unmanned as the 17th Liaison Squadron in the early 1950s. The 17th Special Operations Squadron was activated in 1969 to provide AC-119G Shadow gunship air support during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0001-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron\nIt was inactivated in 1971 with the drawdown of United States forces in Vietnam. During the 1980s the lineages of the 17th Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment), 17th Liaison Squadron, and the 17th Special Operations Squadron were consolidated as the 17th Special Operations Squadron, and it was activated in 1989 in Kadena. In 2020, the unit consolidated with the 1st Special Operations Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, Mission\nEquipped with the MC-130P Combat Shadow, the squadron is tasked with providing aerial refueling to special operations helicopters. Air crews are specially trained in day and night, low-level delivery of troops and equipment via airdrop or airland operations and flying using night vision goggles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 17th Observation Squadron (Light) was constituted on 5 February 1942 and activated on 2 March 1942 at Providence, Rhode Island with Air Force Combat Command. On the same day the squadron moved to Salinas Army Air Base, California, joining the 71st Observation Group there. It was equipped with Stinson L-1 Vigilant, Douglas O-46, North American O-47, and Curtiss O-52 Owl light observation aircraft. From around May to around September it flew antisubmarine patrols off west coast of the United States. On 4 July, the squadron was redesignated the 17th Observation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0003-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nBetween 1942 and 1943 the 17th was reequipped with Douglas A-20 Havoc, Bell P-39 Airacobra and the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk. On 24 January it was moved to Esler Field, Louisiana. The 17th was relocated to Laurel Army Airfield, Mississippi, on 31 March, where it was redesignated as the 17th Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment) and began training on the North American B-25 Mitchell medium bomber, in preparation for combat in the South-West Pacific Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter completing its training, the 17th Reconnaissance Squadron was sent to Milne Bay in New Guinea, where it arrived on 6 November. It moved forward to Dobodura Airfield on 22 November, flying its first combat mission on 28 January 1944. The 17th flew armed reconnaissance missions, conducting long range and photo reconnaissance while attacking targets of opportunity. It inflicted damage on Japanese shipping in the Bismarck Sea and the Solomon Sea, destroying several ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0004-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nOn 23 February, three B-25s from the squadron flew unopposed at low altitude for 90 minutes over Manus Island and Los Negros Island, checking for the presence of Japanese troops and finding no signs of activity, concluding erroneously that the islands had been evacuated. On 27 February, when the Battle of Los Negros began with an Allied landing on that island, three B-25s from the squadron sortied to provide a smoke screen for the invasion beaches if required, but were not used due to cloud cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron moved up to Finschhafen in March, remaining there until 30 June. Aerial reconnaissance photographs taken by the squadron provided the information for a 28 March strike by planes from the planes from the 70th Fighter Squadron on the main Japanese seaplane base in the Solomon Islands in the Tuha Channel between Shortland Island and Poporang Island, which claimed eight float planes and a destroyer. The squadron conducted daily search missions along the coast from Finschhafen to Geelvink Bay, blockading the port of Hollandia and inflicting heavy losses on its shipping along with other Allied air and naval assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nIn April, the 17th sank three \"sea trucks\" (small wooden cargo ships). On 7 April, it cooperated with a PT boat raid against Karkar Island. Following two days of bad weather, twelve B-25s from the 17th Squadron successfully dropped food and supplies to the 21st Infantry, who had made the main landing at Hollandia, at Dazai on 26 April. On 28 April, twelve B-25s of the 17th attacked coastal targets between Sarmi and Sawar. The squadron's aerial photography during that week revealed that the Sarmi area was too heavily manned by Japanese to build an airfield there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nIts air echelon was moved up to Wakde on 25 May to provide air cover for the invasion of Biak, leaving the ground crews behind at Finschhafen. On 27 May, when the invasion of Biak began, four B-25s from the squadron provided the first air cover for the invasion troops shortly after first light. The 17th's aircraft provided direct air support to the troops on Biak when called upon, but were endangered by trigger-happy friendly anti-aircraft gunners. On 28 May, a B-25 from the squadron that was cleared to drop pictures on the beachhead was shot down by friendly fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0006-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe Japanese began attempted to send a reinforcement convoy of troop-laden destroyers to Biak on 8 June after an air raid on Wakde on the night of 5\u20136 June damaged many Allied aircraft, leaving the 17th Squadron the only aviation unit available to intercept the first convoy. Ten B-25s from the squadron led by squadron commander Major William G. Tennille Jr., spotted the convoy, which they reported to consist of two cruisers and four destroyers, at 1250 hours near Amsterdam Island. Two larger destroyers were misidentified as cruisers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0006-0002", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron made a low-level attack, sinking the destroyer Harusame and damaging three other ships. Three aircraft, including Tennille's plane, were shot down, and the remainder were so badly damaged by anti-aircraft fire that the entire 17th Reconnaissance air echelon was sent back to Finschhafen two days later to reform. Tennille and Lieutenant Howard Wood posthumously received the Distinguished Service Cross for their actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nOn 27 June the replenished air echelon began moving to recently captured Mokmer Airfield on Biak, completing the move by 2 July. It was joined by the ground echelon after 30 June. On 2 July, the squadron sent three missions of B-25s to provide air support to the invasion troops in the Battle of Noemfoor, bombing and strafing Japanese positions. On 20 August, the squadron's B-25s conducted low level photography over the Talaud Islands, covered by a bombing raid from the 345th Bombardment Group. The 17th was originally planned to relocated to Morotai after the capture of its airfields in October, but the move was cancelled so that it could prepare for relocation to Tacloban on Leyte after the Allied landings on that island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nOn 2 November its ground echelon landed at Tacloban, although the air echelon remained primarily at Biak until 23 December, when it was flown into Elmore Field at San Jose on Mindoro. The 17th Reconnaissance flew reconnaissance missions over Luzon, providing Allied forces with intelligence on Japanese positions, troop movements, and supply routes. Crews from the squadron bombed Japanese airfields in Formosa and China. On 30 December, the 17th and 110th Reconnaissance Squadron cooperated with the 675th Bombardment Squadron to attack a Japanese convoy off northwest Luzon, sinking a frigate and three cargo vessels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0008-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nAt Elmore the squadron's operations were limited by a crew shortage, which prompted Fifth Air Force commander Major General Ennis Whitehead to request crews from Far East Air Forces (FEAF) on 1 January 1945. In the first week of January, the FEAF Combat Replacement and Training Center sent the needed B-25 crews to the squadron. The ground echelon arrived at Elmore on 7 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nOn 4 April, the 17th moved to Lingayen in northern Luzon as the advance through the Philippines continued. On 29 July, the squadron moved to Ie Shima, leaving a detachment behind at Lingayen until September. It flew reconnaissance missions over Japan to assess the results of Allied bombing raids, locate prisoner of war camps, and photograph Japanese troop positions. The squadron flew its last combat mission on 25 July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Postwar\nAround 21 October, the squadron was attached to the 91st Reconnaissance Wing, and it moved to Yokota Air Base on 26 October. It was attached to V Bomber Command on 10 November. The 17th was permanently assigned to V Bomber Command on 1 February 1946, and was inactivated at Yokota on 27 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Postwar\nThe 17th Liaison Squadron was constituted on 19 September 1952 and activated unmanned at McChord Air Force Base on 20 October 1952. It was part of the Western Air Defense Force and was inactivated on 25 September 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe 17th Special Operations Squadron (17 SOS) was constituted on 11 April 1969 and activated on 1 June, at Nha Trang Air Base during the Vietnam War with the 14th Special Operations Wing. It was equipped with Fairchild AC-119G Shadow gunships and replaced the 71st Special Operations Squadron, which relocated to the United States for inactivation. The 17 SOS absorbed around two-thirds of the 71st SOS' personnel, with the remainder being reservists who were transferred to inactive status days after their return to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0012-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nBy the end of June, the squadron, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Richard E. Knie, had trained replacements and begun routine operations. At the end of the year, it was divided into three flights, operating from different bases: A Flight with four aircraft at Tuy Hoa Air Base, B Flight with seven at Phan Rang Air Base, and C Flight at Tan Son Nhut Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nAC-119 crews from the squadron provided airbase defense, close air support, and armed reconnaissance. Four gunships were damaged in combat and on 6 August another was hit by .50 caliber rounds in the fuselage and an engine, causing an engine fire and extensive damage. The 17th's main support base was relocated to Phan Rang Air Base on 15 August. Due to the pressure on aircraft maintenance, the squadron put in relief from at least one Shadow mission per night in the last half of August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0013-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe maintenance situation was aggravated by corrosion-control work, maintenance inspections, and part supply disruptions due to unit movements. On 11 October, Shadow 76 was destroyed and six crewmembers killed when it crashed upon takeoff for a mission from Tan Son Nhut, the squadron's first aircraft loss. Another gunship was severely damaged on 10 November when its right landing gear collapsed on landing at Chu Lai Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nA decrease in the number of missions, a decline in enemy activity, and worsening weather slightly changed the \"seek and destroy\" gunship concept of the first half of the year to a \"combat air patrol\" role. By mid-December most of the problems of the squadron had been eased, improving the squadron's situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0014-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nDuring its first six months of operations, the squadron's crews flew 2,000 sorties and 8,000 combat hours, fired 20 million rounds of ammunition, expended 12,000 flares, killed 800 enemy, destroyed 150 sampans, and recorded 800 secondary explosions despite aircraft corrosion and equipment issues, reorganization, and retraining of aircrew and support personnel. No outpost was overrun while it was being supported by the gunships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nIn early 1970, enemy action declined so much that more mission were directed to border areas with more interdiction targets. The gunships conducted nighttime armed reconnaissance in specific strike zones known as Shadow boxes, flying a TACAN radial to a location in the box, then dropping position markers and locating targets. Between 1 April and 22 May, the 17 SOS provided nighttime cover for the besieged CIDG camps at Dak Seang and Dak Pek. With the assistance of AC-119K Stingers from the 18th Special Operations Squadron, the Shadows flew one to two sorties a night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0015-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nDuring the siege of the camps, the squadrons flew 147 sorties and expended 2,380,161 7.62mm rounds and 21,796 20mm rounds. They also illuminated drop zones for C-7A Caribous resupplying the camps. From 3 April to 31 May, the AC-119Gs based at Tan Son Nhut tested a portable UHF receiver for signals transmitted by ground sensors. On 18 April, Shadow 77 picked up signals in a sensor field, firing nearly 6,000 7.62mm rounds that night and 28,500 rounds on the next night after again detecting movement, as well as assisting an airstrike in the area. 150 enemy bodies were discovered and 17 prisoners captured along with nine crew-served weapons and 67 individual weapons in a subsequent ground sweep. After the conclusion of the testing period, the final assessment recommended that the receivers be permanently placed in the AC-119.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nA Flight was relocated to Ph\u00f9 C\u00e1t Air Base on 12 April, taking over the 18 SOS facilities there. On 28 April, an AC-119G from the 17 SOS, Shadow 78, crashed on takeoff from Tan Son Nhut after an engine failure, killing six of the eight crewmembers. From 5 May 1970, the squadron began flying in the Cambodian Campaign after United States forces moved into Cambodia to prop up the Cambodian Army and capture North Vietnamese base camps, and its air support was credited with lifting the siege of Kampong Thom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0016-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe 17th's crews flew 32 missions in three days at Kampong Thom and expanded over 500,000 7.62mm rounds during the campaign. Although the ground campaign ended on 30 June, the gunships continued to provide air support to the Cambodian Army and on 1 August the gunships began daytime air interdiction due to the lack of effective enemy antiaircraft fire in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nBetween 10 October and 27 November, the squadron moved more aircraft to Tan Son Nhut from Phan Rang and  Ph\u00f9 C\u00e1t due to operational needs in Cambodia. On 7 December, the 17 SOS was ordered to fly night support missions for Laotian forces on the Bolaven Plateau after several Lima Sites were surrounded by enemy forces. Three gunships and four crews were relocated from Phan Rang to Ph\u00f9 C\u00e1t, and air support enabled the Lima Sites to reset defenses in around five days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0017-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nBetween 12 and 15 December, 32 squadron missions expended 555,800 7.62mm rounds and 128 flares in support of the Cambodian Army defense of Prey Totung. On 29 December, A Flight was inactivated at Ph\u00f9 C\u00e1t, and its personnel and equipment transferred to B Flight at Phan Rang. At the end of the year, B Flight at Phan Rang had seven gunships and C Flight at Tan Son Nhut had nine gunships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0018-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nAs a result of the Vietnamization policy, the squadron began training Republic of Vietnam Air Force pilots on the gunships in early 1971, and turned over its aircraft to the 819th Combat Squadron on 24 September 1971. The squadron was inactivated days later on 30 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0019-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Kadena Special Operations Squadron\nOn 19 September 1985, the lineages of the 17th Reconnaissance Squadron, 17th Liaison Squadron, and the 17th Special Operations Squadron were consolidated as the 17th Special Operations Squadron, although the unit remained inactive. The 17 SOS was reactivated on 1 August 1989, part of the 353d Special Operations Wing (later the 353d Special Operations Group) at Kadena Air Base, equipped with Lockheed HC-130P/N Combat Shadow search and rescue transport (later redesignated the MC-130P/N to reflect its special operations role).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0020-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Kadena Special Operations Squadron\nSince then, the squadron has provided covert aerial refueling for special operations helicopters and infiltrated, exfiltrated, and resupplied special operations forces. From 16 to 31 July 1990, after the 1990 Luzon earthquake, the squadron's aircraft shuttled fuel between Kadena and San Fernando to Marine and Philippine Air Force helicopters participating in relief efforts after fuel shortages threatened the stoppage of the relief operations, alongside the 1st Special Operations Squadron. During the operation, the two squadrons pumped 377,000 pounds of fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0020-0001", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Kadena Special Operations Squadron\nIn late April 1991, after the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone caused extensive devastation, two HC-130s were sent to transport international relief supplies to Chittagong in Operation Sea Angel, where the supplies were transferred to helicopters for the journey inland. By early June the aircraft had returned to Kadena after the conclusion of the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0021-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Kadena Special Operations Squadron\nIn late June, after Clark Air Base was closed by the Mount Pinatubo eruption, the squadron commander helped establish a temporary beddown location for the 353d Wing at Kadena. On 2 July, the squadron provided a HC-130 escort for a Lockheed C-5 Galaxy transporting a Sikorsky MH-53 from the 31st Special Operations Squadron relocating from Clark Air Base to Futenma. During the summer and fall of 1992, the squadron was scheduled to convert to the Lockheed MC-130H Combat Talon II. Due to lack of spares and test equipment, its conversion was postponed to the summer of 1995. In February 1993, the 17th SOS was grounded for ten days due to a flying hours reduction caused by budget issues. In January 1994, under the Commando Vision plan, it was decided that the squadron would not convert to the Combat Talon and would instead retain its Combat Shadows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0022-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Kadena Special Operations Squadron\nIn 1994, it deployed crews to the Middle East for Operation Provide Comfort, augmenting personnel at Incirlik Air Base. Six months later, the squadron deployed to Dhahran for Operation Southern Watch. In 1995, the 17th sent an aircraft to participate in Exercise Teak Iroquois 95-4, the first military-to-military exercises with the Indian Air Force. In December 1996, the 17th deployed a Combat Shadow crew to San Vito Air Station in support of Operation Joint Guard in the Kosovo War. This was the first time that a crew from the squadron flew combat hours since Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019366-0023-0000", "contents": "17th Special Operations Squadron, History, Kadena Special Operations Squadron\nOn 26 December 2004, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami caused widespread destruction in the region. The squadron deployed aircraft and personnel to Bangkok in order to aid relief efforts in Operation Unified Assistance. After the 2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March of that year, the squadron deployed to Yokota Air Base to support the relief effort in Operation Tomodachi, returning to Kadena in early April. The squadron supported Operation Damayan, the relief effort in the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013. In December 2014, the squadron began reequipping with the more advanced Lockheed MC-130J Commando II, replacing its Combat Shadows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019367-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Special Tactics Squadron\nThe 17th Special Tactics Squadron is one of the ten Special Tactics Squadrons of United States Air Force Special Operations Command. It is garrisoned at Fort Benning, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019367-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Special Tactics Squadron, Overview\nSpecial Tactics operators with the 17th STS, 24th Special Operations Wing, Air Force Special Operations Command, deploy with special operations forces to provide joint terminal attack control and maximize the impacts of air power by controlling and directing precise strikes to destroy the enemy. The squadron's primary mission is to provide special tactics TACPs to the Army's 75th Ranger Regiment for unconventional operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019367-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Special Tactics Squadron, Organization\nThe 17th STS is made up of a headquarters unit and two operational detachments. The headquarters unit is stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia. Detachment 1 (Red Team) is stationed at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia and is attached to 1st Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment. Detachment 2 (Silver Team) is stationed at Fort Lewis, Washington and is attached to the 2d Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment. Each detachment consists of 13 TACPs and one ALO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019367-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Special Tactics Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019368-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Street (album)\n17th Street is the fifth studio album by heavy metal band Hammers of Misfortune. It was released in 2011 on Metal Blade Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019369-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Street Bridge (Vero Beach, Florida)\nThe 17th Street Bridge (officially named the Alma Lee Loy Bridge in 2012) is a fixed concrete bridge that spans the Indian River intracoastal waterway in Indian River County, Florida. The bridge, started in 1977, was constructed by Gulf Contracting Inc, FL and was completed in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019369-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Street Bridge (Vero Beach, Florida)\nThe bridge has a total of four motor vehicle lanes and two bicycle lanes. The vertical clearance is 65\u00a0ft (20\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019369-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Street Bridge (Vero Beach, Florida)\nOn the river it crosses the ICW at Statute Mile 953, south of flashing day beacon #145A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019369-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Street Bridge (Vero Beach, Florida)\nIn 2018, the bridge was found to be in critical condition, needing prompt repair. It was assessed to be structurally deficient in May 2020 according to Florida Department of Transportation inspection reports. A major overhaul is planned in 2024.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019369-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Street Bridge (Vero Beach, Florida), Controversy\nCitizens are petitioning the government to add concrete barriers to protect the bicycle lanes after a child was killed crossing the bridge. The Florida DOT insists the 38 foot width each direction is too narrow for two travel lanes and a protected bicycle lane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal\nThe 17th Street Canal is the largest and most important drainage canal in the city of New Orleans. Operating with Pump Station 6, it moves water into Lake Pontchartrain. The canal, along with the Orleans Canal and the London Avenue Canal, form the New Orleans Outfall Canals. The 17th Street Canal forms a significant portion of the boundary between the city of New Orleans and Metairie, Louisiana. The canal has also been known as the Metairie Outlet Canal and the Upperline Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, History\nThe canal that was to become later known as the 17th Street Canal seems to have had its origin at the start of the 1850s as a canal dug through swampy ground to raise a parallel right of way where the Jefferson and Lake Pontchartrain Railway was built. The railway, in business from 1853 through 1864, connected the town of Carrollton, Louisiana (along the Mississippi River front) with a shipping port on Lake Pontchartrain at what became Bucktown, Louisiana, a distance of about 8\u00a0km (5.0\u00a0mi). At the time, most of the land between the two terminals was undeveloped swamp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, History\nMeanwhile, in 1858, a secondary canal was built to aid in drainage in the low swampy area in \"back of town\" from Carrollton, with its head at what is now the intersection of Dublin and Palmetto streets, connecting to the Railway canal a short distance on the river side of the Metairie Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, History\nThe railway was discontinued on December 31, 1864, as competing rail lines between the river and lake were more successful. The city of New Orleans annexed Carrollton, and the canal became the boundary line between Orleans Parish and Jefferson Parish. As the canal marked the up-river limit of Orleans Parish, it became known as the Upperline Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, History\nThe spur canal in the back of Carrollton was beside a projected street numbered \"17th Street\" (although at the time there was little actual development in back of Claiborne Avenue), and that canal was thus the first to be known as the \"17th Street Canal\", a name which would later come to commonly refer to the large canal which this is connected to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, History, Improved drainage with pumping stations\nBy the 1870s, a steam engine powered pump known as the \"Dublin Street Machine\" at the back of the Carrollton neighborhood was used to drain that neighborhood, pumping the water out the Upperline Canal. Use of the canal to pump water from the streets of the city into Lake Pontchartrain grew with the city. The Claiborne Canal connected with the 17th and Upperline Canal system via a canal along Dublin Avenue; thus the canal served to carry rain water to the lake from the majority of Uptown New Orleans above the New Basin Canal. Another canal, Hoey's Canal, was added connecting to the Upperline from up river to help drain the back of the Jefferson Parish communities along the riverfront, now known as \"Old Jefferson\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, History, Improved drainage with pumping stations\nIn 1894, \"17th Street\" was renamed \"Palmetto Street\" (later redesignated Palmetto Avenue), but the canal continued to be popularly known by the old street name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, History, Improved drainage with pumping stations\nIn 1899 a new pumping station was opened atop the Canal a couple blocks back from Metairie Road. In the early 20th century, new high-efficiency pumps designed by A. Baldwin Wood were installed, and remain in operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, History, Improved drainage with pumping stations\nAt the start of the 21st century, Pumping Station 6, or the Metairie Pumping Station, astride the canal had 15 pumps capable of moving over six billion gallons of water a day through the station. Runoff from substantial areas of Uptown New Orleans, Metairie, and surrounding neighborhoods drains into the canals and basins on the river side of the pumping station, which pulls the water up into the portion of the 17th Street Canal flowing into Lake Pontchartrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, History, 20th century: Residential development of the \"Back of Town\"\nWhen the Station 6 was constructed, it was at the \"back\" end of the developed part of town. As the area alongside the canal closer to the lake was largely undeveloped swamp, it was originally of little concern if waters pumped out of the city topped the canal and flowed into the swamp during heavy rains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 87], "content_span": [88, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, History, 20th century: Residential development of the \"Back of Town\"\nIn the late 1920s and the 1930s, a project dredged fill along the lakefront, creating new land in what had been Lake Pontchartrain and creating a sizable levee along the lake side. However, no efforts were made to raise the swampland between Metairie Ridge and the new lakefront fill. The areas along the Canal from Metairie Ridge to the Lake were substantially developed for residential use after World War II, and levees along the \"back\" sections of the Canal were raised. The water level of the canal is often significantly higher than the surrounding streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 87], "content_span": [88, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, History, 20th century: Residential development of the \"Back of Town\"\nAfter Hurricane Betsy, improved flood protection for the city and its canals to cope with storm surge from hurricanes was mandated, resulting in increasing the size and height of the canal levees. In 1998 Hurricane Georges elevated the level of Lake Pontchartrain, pushing lake waters into the canal. A report noted that there was at least one place where the water came within inches of topping the flood wall. An upgrade of the canal levees, flood walls, and bridges began in 1999. The canal was considered in good shape at the start of the 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 87], "content_span": [88, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, History, 20th century: Residential development of the \"Back of Town\"\nBefore Katrina arrived, the 17th Street Canal was the largest and most important drainage canal in the city of New Orleans. Operating with Pumping Station No. 6 \u2013 which at that time was the most powerful pumping station in the world \u2013 the 17th Street Canal was capable of conveying 9,200 cubic feet per second (cfs) of water, more than the Orleans Avenue and London Avenue Canals combined. (The Orleans Avenue Canal, at maximum capacity, could pump 2,200 cfs and the London Avenue Canal, at maximum capacity, could pump 5,200 cfs.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 87], "content_span": [88, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, Hurricane Katrina\nAt about 6:30\u00a0am on August 29, 2005, a portion of the I-wall along the east side of the 17th Street Canal adjacent to the 6900 block of Bellaire Drive split open, sending torrents of water into New Orleans' Lakeview neighborhood. The water level in the Canal at the time of failure was about 5\u00a0feet lower than the top of the I-wall, well below the design water level. The breach released storm-surge floodwaters that destroyed buildings, homes, and infrastructure, throughout all but the highest areas within the city. The initial breach expanded to a nearly 450-foot wide gap. Thirty-one (31) victims were recovered from areas directly flooded due to the breach of the 17th Street Canal levee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, Hurricane Katrina, Investigations into the breach\nTwo teams investigated the failure, the Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force (IPET) and the Independent Levee Investigation Team (ILIT). The studies confirmed that the canal flood wall failed at significantly lower water level than the top of the flood wall due to faulty design. In August 2007, the Corps announced the results of an engineering analysis applying more stringent post-Katrina design criteria which showed the maximum safe load on some of the surviving flood walls is only 7 feet (2.1\u00a0m) of water, which is half the original 14-foot (4.3\u00a0m) design intent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 68], "content_span": [69, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, Hurricane Katrina, Investigations into the breach\nOn November 10, 2005, an article in the Times-Picayune revealed that sonar soundings discovered that the steel sheet pilings of the levee flood wall were 2.1\u00a0m (7\u00a0ft) less deep than engineering specifications. Sample pilings pulled up were found to be of the length specified in the design (17 feet), but it was then revealed that this length was less than the actual depth of the canal, in retrospect an obvious engineering mistake. Current analysis concludes that the catastrophic breach was due to faulty design, rather than storm surge higher than what the canal was designed to withstand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 68], "content_span": [69, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0015-0001", "contents": "17th Street Canal, Hurricane Katrina, Investigations into the breach\nAccording to an article published in the August 2015 issue of the official journal of the World Water Council, the Army Corps of Engineers misinterpreted the results of a Sheet Pile Load test (E-99 Study) conducted in the mid-1980s and concluded they needed to drive sheet pilings to depths of not more than 17 feet, rather than the necessary 31 to 46 feet. This move saved millions but greatly reduced overall engineering reliability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 68], "content_span": [69, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, Reconstruction after Katrina\nThe Corps constructed a permanent auxiliary pump station. During a hurricane event, the gate will be closed and its pump station will operate in tandem with local Pump Station 6 to act as a barrier to storm surge and lake flooding. In January 2006, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced it had finished the temporary repairs of the breached section of the levee, and construction of more permanent repairs would commence. As a temporary measure, the corps constructed storm-surge barrier gates and an interim pump station at the lake end of the canal. In February 2007, a contract was awarded to WESTON Solutions to increase the pumping capacity of the 17th Street Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, Reconstruction after Katrina\nIn June 2008, plans were announced by the Corps of Engineers to clear private land for access to the flood wall and levee. This land comprises the backyards along Bellaire Drive on the New Orleans (east) side of the canal. On July 7, 2008, a state court judge ruled the Corps could continue, but that property owners could seek compensation. Plans to clear encroachments on the west (Jefferson Parish) side of the canal were to begin with field surveys in early 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0018-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, Reconstruction after Katrina\nA whistle blower claimed the temporary pumps have inadequate capacity to prevent the canal from overflowing and predicted failure of both the pumps and gates. But on September 1, 2008, the gates were closed as Hurricane Gustav approached the Louisiana coast. Both hydraulic and direct drive pumps were operated without problem for several hours during the peak storm surge. The gates remained closed for 18 hours and pumps were operated over a 9-hour period to keep the city from flooding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0019-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, Reconstruction after Katrina\nIn August 2010, the grassroots group Levees.org installed a plaque, vetted and fact checked by the Louisiana State Office of Historic Preservation, at the levee breach site. The text of the plaque reads as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0020-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, Reconstruction after Katrina\nOn August 29, 2005, a federal floodwall atop a levee on the 17th Street Canal, the largest and most important drainage canal for the city, gave way here causing flooding that killed hundreds. This breach was one of 50 ruptures in the federal Flood Protection System that occurred that day. In 2008, the US District Court placed responsibility for this floodwall's collapse squarely on the US Army Corps of Engineers; however, the agency is protected from financial liability in the Flood Control Act of 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019370-0021-0000", "contents": "17th Street Canal, Reconstruction after Katrina\nIn 2017, seventeen Patterson pumps are set to be operational as part of the New Orleans Permanent Canal Closures and Pumps (PCCP) project with the 17 Street Canal receiving six large capacity and two smaller pumps. The large pumps are rated at 1,800 cfs and are the centerpiece of the project which is designed to handle a 100-year storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019371-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Street Plaza\n17th Street Plaza is a 438 ft (134 m) tall skyscraper in Denver, Colorado. It was completed in 1982 and has 32 floors, with a total area of 666,653-square-feet. It was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and Wendel Duchsherer Architects. It is currently (2012) the 11th tallest building in Denver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019371-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Street Plaza\nIn 2009 the building was bought from J.P. Morgan for an estimated $135 million by HRPT Properties Trust. The building was reported to be 93 percent leased, with occupants including Molson Coors, KPMG, Marsh & McLennan, Consulate General of Japan , and the Macquarie Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019372-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Street/Santa Monica College station\n17th Street/SMC is an at-grade light rail station in the Los Angeles County Metro Rail system located near the intersection of 17th Street and Colorado Avenue in Santa Monica, California. It is served by the E Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019372-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Street/Santa Monica College station, Location and design\nThe station is located in the Midtown District of Santa Monica, in the center of Colorado Avenue west of 17th Street, adjacent to Memorial Park: the City of Santa Monica refers to this station area as the \"Memorial Park Neighborhood Transit Village\". It is three blocks from Santa Monica College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019372-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Street/Santa Monica College station, Location and design\nThe east end of the station is at 17th Street and the west end of the station is mid-block between 15th and 16th Streets with entrances at either end. Parking and an off-street bus stop is located just south of Colorado between 16th and 17th Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019372-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Street/Santa Monica College station, History\nOriginally located south of Colorado on a private right-of-way, the line and following stations were moved to the median of Colorado boulevard per a request from the City of Santa Monica during the line's design phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019373-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Suspect\n17th Suspect is the eighteenth novel in the Women's Murder Club novel series by James Patterson and Maxine Paetro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019373-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Suspect, Plot\nSan Francisco Police Sergeant Lindsay Boxer is the main character of this book. It has two plots. The main plot involves a number of unsolved murders of homeless people. The second involves a charge of rape by a male employee against his female supervisor in an advertising agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019373-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Suspect, Plot\nIn the main plot Lindsay and her partner, Rich Conklin, get involved in the homeless murders when a homeless woman comes to Lindsay to complain that the detectives who should be investigating the cases are doing basically nothing. The murders are occurring in a jurisdiction outside of Lindsay's area of responsibility. She makes waves and files a complaint against one of the detectives who is in charge of the investigations. Then a murder happens on Lindsay's turf. In the meantime the detective against whom Lindsay filed a complaint files one against Lindsay and both officers go before a review board. To make matters worse Lindsay begins feelings weak and fears an old illness that nearly killed her has come back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019373-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Suspect, Plot\nThe second plot involves another member of the Women's Murder Club, Yuki Castellano, an attorney with the district prosecutor's office. She is prosecuting the rape case. She is finding this case full of twists and turns and she is going head to head against a very accomplished defense attorney. Yuki worries not only about winning such a case, but her husband seems to be going through some sort of problems and Yuki would like to know exactly what they are.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019373-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Suspect, Reviews\nA review of this book in Book Reporter is positive. The review concludes, \"While THE 17th SUSPECT is complete in itself, it does leave an element of the book dangling treacherously at the conclusion. Longtime readers of the series will recall that Patterson and Paetro are not averse to removing recurring characters from the mix with little warning, so whether they will \u201cgo there\u201d is a consideration that is always on the table. We will have to wait until next year to find out, but the anticipation will be worth it.\" Reviewer Courtney Bauman, for several reasons she mentioned in her review, was not that impressed with this book, saying, \"17th Suspect came up a bit short.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019373-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Suspect, Reviews\nThis book was the number one New York Times best seller for Combined Print & E-Book Fiction for two weeks in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019374-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Sustainment Brigade (Australia)\nThe 17th Sustainment Brigade (17 Sust Brigade) currently commands the Australian Army's deployable operational level logistics units. Raised on 20 May 2006, the brigade was formerly known as the Logistic Support Force (LSF), and is made up of varied logistic corps and trades. It encompasses both reserve and full-time units, geographically dispersed throughout Australia. Headquartered in Sydney, New South Wales its primary deployable command element is the Force Sustainment Group. The units of the brigade are responsible for providing third line or 'general' support within an area of operations. The brigade was designated the 17th Combat Service Support Brigade until 1 August 2019, when it was renamed the 17th Sustainment Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019374-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Sustainment Brigade (Australia), Current structure\nThe brigade consists of the following units and sub units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019374-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Sustainment Brigade (Australia), Current structure\nOn 2 October 2018 the 1st Military Police Battalion transitioned from 17th Brigade to the 6th Brigade so it is aligned with other theatre-level combat support capabilities that are already under the command of 6th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019375-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nThe 17th Sustainment Brigade (SB) is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army National Guard in Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019375-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Sustainment Brigade (United States), Mission\n17th SB provides command and control for 3-7 sustainment of functional logistics battalions and assigned HR/FM companies. On order conducts theater distribution, supports redeployment operations and provides support to joint, interagency and multinational forces as directed. Be prepared to support civilian agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019375-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Sustainment Brigade (United States), History\nThe 17th Sustainment Brigade was activated in 2011 to provide command and control for the Special Troops Battalion of the brigade and the 757th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion. In June 2012 the brigade was given administrative control of the 1st Squadron, 221st Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019376-0000-0000", "contents": "17th TCA Awards\nThe 17th TCA Awards were presented by the Television Critics Association. Christopher Titus hosted the ceremony on July 21, 2001 at the Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel and Spa in Pasadena, Calif.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019377-0000-0000", "contents": "17th TVyNovelas Awards\nThe 17th TVyNovelas Awards, is an Academy of special awards to the best of soap operas and TV shows. The awards ceremony took place on March 28, 1999 in the M\u00e9xico D.F.. The ceremony was televised in the Mexico by Canal de las estrellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019377-0001-0000", "contents": "17th TVyNovelas Awards\nDaniela Romo and Marco Antonio Regil hosted the show. El privilegio de amar won 12 awards including Best Telenovela of the Year, the most for the evening. Other winners La Mentira won 4 awards and La usurpadora, So\u00f1adoras, Preciosa and Mi peque\u00f1a traviesa won one each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019377-0002-0000", "contents": "17th TVyNovelas Awards, Winners and nominees, Missing\nPeople who did not attend ceremony wing and were nominated in the shortlist in each category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019378-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe 17th  Tank Brigade is a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. The full name of the Brigade is the 17th Separate  Kryvyi Rih Tank Brigade named after Konstantin Pestushko. It was formerly known as 17th Guards Tank Division. The Brigade is located in Kryvyi Rih.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019378-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine), History\nThe current unit's history stems from the 174th Rifle Division, which became the 20th Guards Rifle Division in 1942. The 20th Guards Rifle Division fought at the Battle of Stalingrad, Krivoi Rog, Odessa, Budapest, and Vienna. It was with the 57th Army of the 3rd Ukrainian Front in May 1945. The history of the postwar 17th Guards Tank Division traces back to the 20th Guards Rifle Division which was active in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019378-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIt became the 25th Guards Mechanized Division in 1945, and in 1957 37th Guards Tank Division at Constanza with the 1st Guards Army. The division moved to Kryvyi Rih in 1958 and was subordinated to the 6th Guards Army. In 1960, its 69th Separate Tank Training Battalion was disbanded. On 19 February 1962 the  Missile Battalion and the 129th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion was activated. On 11 January 1965 the 37th became the 17th Guards Tank Division, a designation it would retain until the fall of the Soviet Union. In 1968 the 26th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019378-0002-0001", "contents": "17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine), History\nSeparate Guards Sapper Battalion became an engineer-sapper battalion. The 44th Separate Chemical Defence Battalion was activated from the chemical defence company in 1972. The 1055th Separate Material Supply Battalion was formed from the separate motor transport battalion. In June 1989, the 1158th Anti- Aircraft Missile Regiment was transferred to East Germany, and was replaced by the 1069th Anti- Aircraft Missile Regiment of the 47th Guards Tank Division. The 25th and 92nd Tank Regiments of the mobilization 58th Tank Division replaced the division's 216th Guards and 224th Tank Regiments in June 1990. During the Cold War, the division was maintained at 60% strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019378-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine), History\nStill designated a tank division as of Decree N 350/93 (August 21, 1993), when Colonel Ivan Svidi,  Commander of the 17th Tank Division, 6th Army Corps, Odessa Military District, became a major-general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019378-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIn accordance with Decree 925/98, of 23 August 1998, Division commander Serhiy Andriyovych Harbuz was promoted to Major General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019378-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine), History\nIn September 2003 the division was downsized into a brigade. After the 6th Army Corps was disbanded in 2013, the brigade became part of Operational Command East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019378-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine), History\nOn 18 November 2015 its honorifics \"Red Banner Order of Suvorov\" were removed as part of an Armed Forces-wide removal of Soviet awards and honorifics. The Kryvyi Rih battle honour, through, remained because Kryvyi Rih is located in Ukraine. On 22 August 2016, its Guards title was removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019378-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine), History\n15 personnel from the brigade were awarded state orders and decorations for actions of bravery under the colours in the Donbass War to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019378-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine), History\nDuring the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport, the word cyborg (Ukrainian: \u043a\u0456\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0433) was used to refer to the Ukrainian defenders of the airport. It was first applied to these soldiers online, and spread from there into the Ukrainian media. It refers to the way that the airport defenders were able to fend off constant attacks by DPR forces in close quarters with little sleep or support, just as science-fiction cyborgs are \"indestructible half-men, half-machines\", or \"superhuman\". The cyborgs have become part of Ukrainian national mythos, and are cast in a \"near-legendary light\" amongst many Ukrainians. The term \"cyborg\" is usually applied to the following units: 3rd Spetsnaz Regiment, 93rd Mechanised Brigade, 79th Airmobile Brigade, 17th Tank Brigade, and the Right Sector volunteer battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019379-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 17th Tank Division (Military Unit Number 6061) was a tank division of the Red Army that was formed in mid-1940. The division suffered heavy losses during fighting against German forces during the Battle of Smolensk and was converted into a tank brigade in late August 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019379-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History\nThe 17th Tank Division was formed in July 1940 at Crossing 77 with the 5th Mechanised Corps from the 37th Light Tank Brigade. It also included the 199th Flamethrower and 526th Transport Battalions. The 17th Tank Division's structure in 1941 included the 33rd and 34th Tank Regiments, the 17th Motor Rifle Regiment, the 17th Howitzer Artillery Regiment, the 17th Reconnaissance Battalion, the 17th Transport Battalion and the 17th Maintenance Battalion. The division was commanded by Major General Ilya Alekseyenko. On 1 March 1941 Colonel Ivan Korchagin took command. Beginning on 12 June 1941 the division was relocated to Izyaslav.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019379-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History\nAfter the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the division moved with the corps to Smolensk. The division was 60% Ukrainian in early July, and German troops attributed its reportedly poor performance to its ethnic composition. On 6 July, the division had 413 tanks, including 237 BT tanks and 130 T-26 tanks. The remainder were flamethrower or amphibious tanks. The division fought in the 5th Mechanized Corps' counterattack towards Senno and Lepel. The division was placed in the corps' first echelon during the counterattack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019379-0002-0001", "contents": "17th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History\nWhen it reached the region south of Senno, the division, reinforced by 6 KV-1 and 10 T-34 tanks, ran into the 17th Panzer Division. The counterattack failed with heavy losses. The division was encircled in the Smolensk Pocket, in which it defended the Dnieper line to the west of the city. The division fought against the 17th and 18th Panzer Divisions, which were attempting to establish positions on the southern bank of the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019379-0002-0002", "contents": "17th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History\nOn 25 July, the division had three KV tanks, four T-34s, 73 BT tanks, 28 T-26s, and 16 KhT-26 flamethrower tanks, for a total of 124 tanks. On the night of 31 July to 1 August, the division and the rest of the corps escaped the Smolensk Pocket through the gap in the German encirclement line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019379-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Tank Division (Soviet Union), History\nOn 28 August, it was converted into the 126th Tank Brigade. On 31 August, the 17th Motor Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of Lenin. The brigade was destroyed in the Vyazma Pocket in October. It was not officially disbanded until 22 August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019380-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Test Squadron\nThe 17th Test Squadron is a United States Space Force test and evaluation unit, located at Schriever Space Force Base, Colorado. The squadron is tasked with testing and evaluating space systems and associated support equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019380-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Test Squadron, Mission\nThe mission of the 17th Test Squadron is to enhance the military utility of space power through the operational test and evaluation of space systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019380-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Test Squadron, Mission\nThe official 17 TS Vision is Building a world-class Operational Test and Evaluation team that provides operationally-relevant, timely and unbiased assessments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019380-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Test Squadron, History\nOn 6 April 1990, at Peterson Air Force Base Colorado the 1017th Test and Evaluation Squadron was activated. The mission of the 1017th was to perform Air Staff-directed initial and follow-on operational test and evaluation of Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) space surveillance, missile warning, and command and control systems. The squadron oversaw two operating locations at Falcon Air Force Base and Buckley Air National Guard Base. The unit inactivated on 15 October 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019380-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Test Squadron, History\nOn 12 July 1995, the unit reactivated as the 17th Test Squadron. Operating Location A was activated at Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019380-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Test Squadron, History\nThe stand-up ceremony was held on Friday, 21 July 1996, in the Presentation Center of the Joint National Test Facility at 1300. The special guests included Col Burkhart, the 50th Space Wing Vice Commander; Col Deese, the AFSPC Comptroller; Col Kingsberry, from the AFSPC Division of Space Control; Col Mercier, Commander of Detachment 4 of the Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center; and Col Springer, from AFSPC Division of Training and Standardization. After the reading of the activation orders, the 17th's guidon was unsheathed, symbolizing the activation of a new USAF squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019380-0005-0001", "contents": "17th Test Squadron, History\nThen the guidon was passed to Col Howard J. Fry, the Commander of the Space Warfare Center and the presiding officer for the stand-up. Colonel Fry passed the guidon to Lt Col Carl Cox, the first Commander of the 17th, signifying the passing of all legal and operational responsibilities. At the formation of the squadron, manning was at just over ten people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019380-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Test Squadron, History\nOn 1 April 2013 the 17th Test Squadron was transferred to Air Combat Command under the 53d Wing, located at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, which serves as the focal point for the Combat Air Forces in electronic warfare, armament and avionics, chemical defense, reconnaissance, and aircrew training devices. The wing reports to the Air Warfare Center at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. The wing is also responsible for operational testing and evaluation of new equipment and systems proposed for use by these forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019381-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Tony Awards\nThe 17th Annual Tony Awards took place on April 28, 1963, in the Hotel Americana Imperial Ballroom in New York City. The ceremony was broadcast on local television station WWOR-TV (Channel 9) in New York City. The Masters of Ceremonies were Abe Burrows and Robert Morse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019381-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Tony Awards, The ceremony\nPresenters: Elizabeth Ashley, Jean-Pierre Aumont, Orson Bean, Vivian Blaine, Diahann Carroll, Dane Clark, Betty Field, Martin Gabel, Anita Gillette, June Havoc, Helen Hayes, Van Heflin, Pat Hingle, Celeste Holm, Nancy Kelly, Sam Levene, Walter Matthau, Helen Menken, Phyllis Newman, Maureen O'Sullivan, Charles Nelson Reilly, William Prince, Rosalind Russell, David Wayne. Music was by Meyer Davis and his Orchestra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019382-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Training Squadron\nThe 17th Training Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. The squadron performed water survival training in Florida from 1971 until it was inactivated in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019382-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Training Squadron\nThe first predecessor of the squadron was the 17th Bombardment Squadron, a Boeing B-29 Superfortress unit that participated in the strategic bombing of Japan during World War II, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation for raids in late July and early August 1945. The squadron was inactivated after the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019382-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Training Squadron\nThe second predecessor of the squadron was the 17th Tactical Missile Squadron, a Martin B-61 Matador squadron that stood alert with its weapons on Taiwan from 1957 until July 1958, when it transferred its resources to another squadron. These two units were consolidated in 1985 and in 1993, they were consolidated with the 3613th Combat Crew Training Squadron, which had been conducting water survival training at Homestead Air Force Base as the 17th Crew Training Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019382-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Training Squadron, History\nActivated 1 April 1944 at Dalhart Army Airfield, Texas. Initially equipped with B-17 Flying Fortresses for training, due to shortage of B-29 Superfortresses. Moved to Fairmont Army Airfield, Kansas, in August 1944 and equipped with B-29B limited production aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019382-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Training Squadron, History\nAfter completion of training deployed to Central Pacific Area (CPA), assigned to XXI Bomber Command, Northwest Field (Guam) for operational missions. B-29Bs were standard production aircraft stripped of most defensive guns to increase speed and bomb load, The tail gun was aimed and fired automatically by the new AN/APG-15B radar fire control system that detected the approaching enemy plane and made all the necessary calculations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019382-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Training Squadron, History\nMission of the squadron was the strategic bombardment of the Japanese Home Islands. Dntered combat on 16 June 1945 with a bombing raid against an airfield on Moen. Flew first mission against the Japanese home islands on 26 June 1945 and afterwards operated principally against the enemy's petroleum industry. Flew primarily low-level, fast attacks at night using a mixture of high-explosive and incendary bombs to attack targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019382-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Training Squadron, History\nFlew last combat mission on 15 August 1945, later flew in \"Show of Force\" mission on 2 September 1945 over Tokyo Bay during formal Japanese Surrender. Inactivated on Guam 15 April 1946, personnel returned to the United States and aircraft sent to storage in Southwest United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019382-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Training Squadron, History, Tactical missiles\nDuring the Cold War, became a MGM-1 Matador Tactical Missile squadron. Formed at Orlando AFB, Florida, as part of Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command in 1955. Trained in Florida until deployed to Pacific Air Forces Thirteenth Air Force. Lead elements of the squadron began deploying to Tainan Air Base, Taiwan, in May 1957 with conventional warheads on missiles,  main squadron in November when W-5 warheads were available, and the official reassignment to PACAF on 1 February 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019382-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Training Squadron, History, Tactical missiles\nThe 17th was inactivated and transferred its mission, personnel and equipment to the 868th Tactical Missile Squadron in July 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019382-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Training Squadron, History, Water survival training\nPrior to 1971, water survival training for combat aircrews was performed by various units in different commands. In that year it was centralized under Air Training Command, which formed the 3613th Combat Crew Training Squadron using the resources of the Tactical Air Command school located at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida. The squadron was assigned to the 3636th Combat Crew Training Group, located across the country at Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington. By 1993, the Air Force was doing away with Major Command controlled units (sometimes referred to as \"4-digit\" units and the squadron was combined with the 17th Tactical Missile Squadron as the 17th Crew Training Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019382-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Training Squadron, History, Water survival training\nIn 1997 the Navy assumed responsibility for training aircrews of all services in advanced water survival and the squadron was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019382-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Training Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing\nThe 17th Training Wing (17 TRW) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Education and Training Command Second Air Force. It is stationed at Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas. The wing is also the host unit at Goodfellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing\nThe wing is responsible for the training of intelligence personnel in all the branches of the armed forces, as well as firefighters and a few other specialties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing\nIts 17th Training Group is a successor of the 17th Pursuit Group, one of the 15 original combat air groups formed by the Army before World War II, which later became the 17th Bombardment Group (Medium) and provided the crews and aircraft for the Doolittle Raid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing\nThe 17th Training Wing is commanded by Colonel Andres Nazario. Its Command Chief Master Sergeant Lavor Kirkpatrick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, Mission\nStood up as a non-flying wing on 1 July 1993. Its mission is to train intelligence personnel in all the branches of the armed forces, as well as firefighters and a few other specialties. The wing trains Air Force enlisted intelligence, cryptology and linguist AFSCs 1N0, 1N1, 1N2, 1N3, 1N4, 1N5, 1A8, Air Force intelligence officer AFSC 14N, and military firefighters from all branches. Many corresponding Army, Navy, Space Force, and Marine Corps intelligence personnel are also trained at Goodfellow AFB, and assigned to the local units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, Heraldry\nThe unit's emblem, approved 2 November 1937, features seven crosses denoting the seven World War I campaign honors of its 95th Bomb Squadron. Active for over 50 years, the wing was a component organization of Strategic Air Command's deterrent force during the Cold War, as a strategic bombardment and later a strategic reconnaissance wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, Korean War\nEstablished as the 17th Bombardment Wing, Light on 8 May 1952 and assigned to the Far East Air Forces Fifth Air Force. The wing was activated two days later at Pusan-East Air Base (K-9), South Korea, where it replaced the Air Force Reserve 452d Bombardment Wing Light when its activation ended. Its 17th Bombardment Group acquired the World War II-era 452d's Douglas A-26 Invaders. The Invader had proven to be the only bomber suited to the night interdiction role in Korea. Unfortunately, the Invader was capable of visual-only operations and was available only in dwindling numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0006-0001", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, Korean War\nOperational squadrons of the 17th BG were the 34th, 37th and 95th Bombardment Squadrons. The wing conducted combat operations during the Korean War, 10 May 1952 \u2013 27 July 1953, including night intruder light bombardment missions against enemy supply centers, communications and transportation facilities; interdiction of North Korean railroads; armed reconnaissance; and close air support for ground forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, Korean War\nRemaining in South Korea for over a year after the armistice that ended combat as a deterrent force, the wing moved to Miho AB, Japan on 10 October 1954, where it maintained operational proficiency for light bombardment. It was inactivated on 20 March 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nThe unit was reactivated in the United States on 1 April 1955 and assigned to Ninth Air Force of Tactical Air Command (TAC). It was stationed at Eglin Air Force Base Aiuxiliary Field No. 9, Florida where it was programmed to receive the Martin B-57 Canberra, the replacement for the B-26. On 1 October 1955, it was redesignated the 17th Bombardment Wing, Tactical and received B-57B aircraft in early 1956. It flew B-57s in 1956 and 1957, however the aircraft was troublesome and unreliable, and was retired from the inventory quickly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1956 deliveries of the Douglas B-66B Destroyer began and by July 1957 the wing had become the sole USAF wing to be equipped with this model of the Destroyer, which it operated until inactivating in 1958. The first B-66 arrived from Norton Air Force Base, California, on 16 March 1956. In late 1957, TAC began to transfer its Destroyers to the 47th Bombardment Wing of United States Air Forces Europe and the 17th was inactivated on 25 June 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, 4043d Strategic Wing\nThe 17th was assigned to Strategic Air Command and redesignated as the 17th Bombardment Wing, Heavy and organized on 1 February 1963 at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. The 17th's origins under SAC began on 1 April 1959 when Strategic Air Command organized the 4039th Strategic Wing (SW) at Wright-Patterson and assigned it to the 40th Air Division on 1 July as part of SAC's plan to disperse its B-52 Stratofortress heavy bombers over a larger number of bases, thus making it more difficult for the Soviet Union to knock out the entire fleet with a surprise first strike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0010-0001", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, 4043d Strategic Wing\nThe wing remained a headquarters only until 15 September 1959 when the 66th Aviation Depot Squadron was activated to oversee the wing's special weapons. In October three maintenance squadrons and a squadron to provide security for the wing's aircraft and weapons were added, but it was not until 1 December that the wing's first flying squadron, the 922d Air Refueling Squadron, flying Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers was activated and assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0010-0002", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, 4043d Strategic Wing\nThe wing was fully organized on 1 June 1960 when the 42d Bombardment Squadron (BS), consisting of 15 Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses moved to Wright-Patterson from Altus AFB, Oklahoma where it had been one of the three squadrons of the 11th Bombardment Wing. Starting in 1960, one third of the squadron's aircraft were maintained on fifteen-minute alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike. This was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962. In 1962, the wing's bombers began to be equipped with the GAM-77 Hound Dog and the GAM-72 Quail air-launched cruise missiles, The 4042d Airborne Missile Maintenance Squadron was activated in November to maintain these missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, Reactivation of the 17th Bombardment Wing\nIn 1962, in order to perpetuate the lineage of many currently inactive bombardment units with illustrious World War II records, Headquarters SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue its Major Command controlled (MAJCON) strategic wings that were equipped with combat aircraft and to activate Air Force controlled (AFCON) units, most of which were inactive at the time which could carry a lineage and history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, Reactivation of the 17th Bombardment Wing\nThe 4043d SW was replaced by the 17th Bombardment Wing (17th BW) on 1 February 1963 and was assigned to SAC's 40th AD. The 922d Air Refueling Squadron and 66th Munitions Maintenance Squadron transferred to the 17th. The 42d BS was replaced by the 34th Bombardment Squadron, one of the unit's World War II historical bomb squadrons and the 4043d's maintenance and security squadrons were replaced by ones with the 17th numerical designation of the newly activated wing. Each of the new units assumed the personnel, equipment, and mission of its predecessor. Under the Dual Deputate organization, all components were directly assigned to the wing, no operational or maintenance group element was activated. The history, lineage and honors of the 17th Bombardment Group were temporarily bestowed upon the newly established wing upon activation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, Reactivation of the 17th Bombardment Wing\nThe 17th Bomb Wing trained to maintain proficiency in strategic bombing and aerial refueling on a global basis. It furnished B-52s and KC-135 aircraft and crews to deployed SAC wings in the western Pacific and Thailand that were engaged in combat operations over Southeast Asia as part of the Vietnam War from 1966 to 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, Reactivation of the 17th Bombardment Wing\nThe 17th BW was taken off alert at Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, on 30 June 1975 and phased down, transferring aircraft by 7 July as part of SAC's inactivation at Wright-Patterson. It was reassigned without personnel or equipment to Beale AFB, California, on 30 September 1975 and absorbed resources of the 456th Bombardment Wing, including B-52G and KC-135Q aircraft. At Beale, the 17th continued global strategic bombardment alert to 30 June 1976 and used tanker aircraft primarily to refuel SR-71s of the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing. The wing was inactivated on 30 September 1976 and replaced by the 100th Air Refueling Wing as part of a realignment of SAC assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, Reactivation of the 17th Bombardment Wing\nThe wing was reactivated at RAF Alconbury England as the 17th Reconnaissance Wing on 1 October 1982. The operational squadron of the 17th RW was the 95th Reconnaissance Squadron. The wing flew tactical and strategic surveillance missions in Western Europe using the TR-1 (U-2R). It received the P. T. Cullen Trophy for providing \"the greatest contribution to the intelligence gathering efforts of SAC\" in 1989 and 1990. During 1990\u201391, many of the wing's assets and personnel supported Gulf War operations by ferrying aircraft and equipment to Taif, Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, Reactivation of the 17th Bombardment Wing\nThe 17th RW inactivated on 30 June 1991, but its subordinate unit, the 95th Reconnaissance Squadron, remained at Alconbury as a non-flying organization until 15 September 1993. The U-2Rs were consolidated at Beale AFB California in the 9th Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, History, Reactivation of the 17th Bombardment Wing\nWhen the wing was reactivated in July 1993, it initially comprised the 17th Training Group, 17th Medical Group, and 17th Mission Support Group. There are 17 TRW units at the Defense Language Institute, Corry Station, and Fort Huachuca, AZ which also do intelligence training. The wing is also responsible for writing the CDCs for the AFSCs which it trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019383-0018-0000", "contents": "17th Training Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019384-0000-0000", "contents": "17th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019384-0001-0000", "contents": "17th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th U.S. Colored Infantry was organized in Nashville, Tennessee beginning December 12, 1863 and mustered in for three-year service under the command of Colonel William Rufus Shafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019384-0002-0000", "contents": "17th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Post of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1864. Post and District of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to December 1864. 1st Colored Brigade, District of the Etowah, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1865. Post and District of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019384-0003-0000", "contents": "17th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out of service April 30, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019384-0004-0000", "contents": "17th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at McMinnville and Murfreesboro, Tenn., until November 1864. Battle of Nashville, Tenn., December 15\u201316. Overton Hill December 16. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201327. Decatur December 28\u201330. Duty at Post of Nashville, Tenn., until April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019385-0000-0000", "contents": "17th United States Congress\nThe 17th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. While its term was officially March 4, 1821, to March 4, 1823, during the fifth and sixth years of James Monroe's presidency, its first session began on December 3, 1821, ending on May 8, 1822, and its second session began on  December 2, 1822, to March 3, 1823. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the third Census of the United States in 1810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019385-0000-0001", "contents": "17th United States Congress\nBoth chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority. William Smith, John Gaillard, Joseph Gist, John Wilson, George McDuffie, Starling Tucker, James Overstreet, Thomas R. Mitchell, William Lowndes,  Joel Roberts Poinsett, James Blair,  were described as being \"outspokenly pro-British\" in their outlook. All of whom signed a \"letter of brotherhood and solidarity\" addressed to British Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool and the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh in 1822. The same letter harshly comdemned the actions of France and specifically those of King Louis XVIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019385-0001-0000", "contents": "17th United States Congress, Party summary\nThe count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the \"Changes in membership\" section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019385-0002-0000", "contents": "17th United States Congress, Party summary, Senate\nDuring this congress, two Senate seats were added for the new state of Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019385-0003-0000", "contents": "17th United States Congress, Party summary, House of Representatives\nFor the beginning of this congress, six seats from Massachusetts were reapportioned to the new state of Maine (one seat had already moved during the previous congress), 3\u00a0Stat. . During this congress, one House seat was added for the new state of Missouri, 3\u00a0Stat. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019385-0004-0000", "contents": "17th United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019385-0005-0000", "contents": "17th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1826; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1822; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019385-0006-0000", "contents": "17th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nThe names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019385-0007-0000", "contents": "17th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Maryland\nThe 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019385-0008-0000", "contents": "17th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, New York\nThere were five plural districts: the 1st, 2nd, 12th, 15th & 20th each had two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019385-0009-0000", "contents": "17th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Pennsylvania\nThere were six plural districts: the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th & 10th had two representatives each, and the 1st had four representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019385-0010-0000", "contents": "17th United States Congress, Changes in membership\nThe count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019386-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Utah Territorial Legislature\nThe 17th Utah Territorial Assembly convened on January 13, 1868.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019387-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly\nThe Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh (Seventeenth Vidhan Sabha of Uttar Pradesh) was constituted on 19 March 2017 as a result of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2017 held between 11 February to 8 March 2017. The Legislative Assembly has total of 404 MLAs (including one nominated Anglo-Indian member Dr. Denzil John.Godin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019388-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Vanier Cup\nThe 17th Vanier Cup was played on November 28, 1981, at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided the CIAU football champion for the 1980 season. The Acadia Axemen won their second championship by defeating the defending champion Alberta Golden Bears by a score of 18-12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019389-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Venice Architecture Biennale\nThe 17th International Architecture Exhibition of the Venice Architecture Biennale, is an upcoming international architecture exhibition. The Biennale takes place biennially in Venice, Italy. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the exhibition will take place in 2021 instead of 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019389-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Venice Architecture Biennale, Background\nThe 17th Exhibition will run between May 22 and November 21, 2021, with two pre-opening days. In light of several festival postponements in northern Italy due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there had been speculation about delaying the exhibition, and while it was originally announced as opening in May, amid increased international precautions over the following weeks, the exhibition's opening was initially postponed to August, halving the exhibition's run, before being rescheduled to the following year", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019389-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Venice Architecture Biennale, Central exhibition\nCurated by Hashim Sarkis, the exhibition's theme is \"How will we live together?\" From 46 participating countries, 114 participants will present work at the Giardini's Central Pavilion, the Arsenale, Forte Marghera, and the external spaces around those areas. National participants were asked to focus on \"the need for more inclusive social housing and urban connectivity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019389-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Venice Architecture Biennale, National pavilions\nThe exhibition will include 63 national pavilions in the Giardini and across the city. The 17th exhibition marked the first participation from Grenada, Iraq, and Uzbekistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019390-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Venice Biennale\nThe 17th Venice Biennale, held in 1930, was an exhibition of international contemporary art, with 11 participating nations. The Venice Biennale takes place biennially in Venice, Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019391-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Venice International Film Festival\nThe 17th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 28 August to 9 September 1956. No Golden Lion was given because there was a tie between The Burmese Harp (Japan) and Calle Mayor (Spain). The international jury was unable to decide the winner and the award was declared void.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019392-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Vermont Infantry Regiment was a three years' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the IX Corps in the eastern theater from March 1864 to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019392-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment was mustered into United States service in companies between March and August 1864 at Brattleboro, Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019392-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nFrancis V. Randall, a veteran of the 2nd and 13th Vermont, was colonel and regimental commander. Charles Cummings and Lyman Enos Knapp were lieutenant colonels. James Stevens Peck, a 13th Vermont veteran, was the regimental adjutant with the rank of Major. Stephen F. Brown, a veteran of the 13th Vermont, was commissioned as Captain and commander of Company A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019392-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nIt was engaged in, or present at, the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Totopotomoy Creek, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar Spring church, and Hatcher's Run in the Overland Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019392-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment lost men during service: 133 men killed and mortally wounded, 3 died from accident, 33 died in Confederate prisons, and 57 died from disease; a total loss of 226 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019392-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Vermont Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment mustered out of service on July 14, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival\nThe 16th Vietnam Film Festival was held from December 14 to December 17, 2009 in Tuy H\u00f2a City, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean Province, Vietnam, with the slogan \"For a reformed and integrated Vietnam cinema\" (Vietnamese: \"V\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThe 17th Vietnam Film Festival is one of the special cultural activities, responding to the National Tourism Year of the South Central Coast - Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean 2011. It is an interesting coincidence that the 17th Vietnam Film Festival has exactly 17 feature films participating in the competition. In addition, the closing ceremony of the film festival also took place on December 17, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThis year, no feature films were awarded gold. The jury awarded 4 Golden Lotuses for each category: Documentary Feature, Direct-to-video Documentary, Science film and Animated film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nEligible films for the award are films released after the 16th Vietnam Film Festival until the deadline for the Organizing Committee to receive the registration form and attached documents is October 20. The deadline to receive films is from November 1 to 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nThe 17th Vietnam Film Festival attracted the participation of 108 films from 30 film establishments nationwide, including 17 feature films, 5 direct-to-video feature films, 10 documentary feature films, 52 direct-to-video documentary, 8 science films and 16 animated films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nIn addition to the usual awards, at this festival, the award \"Best Sound Design\" was brought back but there will be no film award voted by the audience. The Film Festival will have only 3 Jury Panels (feature films, documentary - science and animated) instead 4 as before, each with at least 7 members. The feature film segment will be led by Director L\u01b0u Tr\u1ecdng Ninh as Head of the Jury; Director B\u00f9i \u0110\u00ecnh H\u1ea1c is the Head of the Jury for the Documentary - Science category and director V\u0169 Kim D\u0169ng is the Head of the Animation Jury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nThe jury team has also \"makeover\" and \"rejuvenated\" to the maximum. That more or less helps the public to be reassured by the proximity of contemporary Vietnamese cinema to the world, and at the same time affirms the innovative wind of national cinema.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nAll films participating in the 17th Vietnamese Film Festival will be screened from December 12, 2011 to December 17, 2011 at 4 locations: H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o Cinema, Di\u00ean H\u1ed3ng Cultural Center, Nha Trang Cinema Labor Culture, Multi-Language Department (under Thuan Thao Joint Stock Company). This is an opportunity for the public to approach and directly evaluate the films participating in the Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nIn addition, the Organizing Committee and the locality will organize outdoor movie screening spots at the April 1st Square so that the audience has the opportunity to enjoy the spectacular films that have been staged so far, meeting the movie viewing needs of a large number of people. audience and \"warm up\" the atmosphere during the Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nWithin the framework of the festival, in addition to general activities such as opening, closing and awarding ceremonies, there are also various activities such as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nThe opening ceremony took place at 8 pm on December 15 at Sao Mai Theater, Tuy H\u00f2a city, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean province and was broadcast live on VTV2 channel of Vietnam Television. Leaving the most emotions in the opening night was the part honoring generations of actors through four periods of Vietnamese cinema. More than 3,000 spectators present in the hall of Sao Mai Theater as well as television viewers were able to look back at the faces of artists who have made great contributions to the country's cinema from the first days until today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nThe closing ceremony and awarding ceremony took place at 8 pm on December 17 and was broadcast live on VTV1 channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nIn the ceremony honoring the artists who made the 40-year history of the Vietnam Film Festival, it seems that the animators still occupy a too modest position. Not many animators were honored, and this number is not enough compared to the fact that many people have worked hard to make Vietnamese animation during the past 40 years. Meanwhile, Phi Thanh V\u00e2n and Mai Thu Huy\u1ec1n, two actors who have not contributed much, were honored alongside other veteran names of the film industry, making the public and the press react.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nThe glitches in the awards night, from movies or individuals who are not nominated and still receive the award, or there is only one general introduction clip playing for all the nominations. The clip was even used to illustrate the singer's performance, causing an offensive feeling. For example, when the singer sings a song about love on stage on stage, the image shown on the 5 large LED screens behind is a scene from a revolutionary war movie with a shooting scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019393-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Inadequacy\nIn addition, the poor joke from two MCs Huy Kh\u00e1nh and H\u1ed3ng \u00c1nh has left undue bad impressions on the film festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019394-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 17th Virginia Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought with the Army of Northern Virginia, in southwestern Virginia, and in the Shenandoah Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019394-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nVirginia's 17th Cavalry Regiment was organized at Salem, Virginia, on January 28, 1863, by consolidating the 33rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry with three new companies. The men were recruited primarily in the counties that became West Virginia; Mercer, Nicholas, Jackson, Braxton, Wood, Lewis, Harrison, Roane, Wirt, Pocahontas, Monroe, and Giles County, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019394-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThey were first sent to southwestern Virginia and adjoining areas of Tennessee and later assigned to Jenkins' and McCausland's Brigade. They were active in the Gettysburg Campaign, then returned to western Virginia. The regiment fought at Cloyd's Mountain, was with Early in the Shenandoah Valley, and saw action around Appomattox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019394-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThere were 241 engaged at Gettysburg and during February, 1864, it contained 311 effectives. In April, 1865, it disbanded at Lynchburg. The field officers were Colonel William H. French, Lieutenant Colonel William C. Tavenner, and Major Frederick F. Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019395-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019395-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Virginia Infantry Regiment\n17th Infantry Regiment was organized at Manassas Junction, Virginia, in June, 1861, using the 6th Battalion Virginia Militia as its nucleus. Men of this unit were recruited in the city of Alexandria, counties of Arlington(Then called Alexandria County), Fairfax, Fauquier, Loudoun, Prince William, and Warren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019395-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nAfter fighting at First Manassas in a brigade under James Longstreet, it was assigned to General Ewell's, A.P. Hill's, Kemper's, and Corse's Brigade. The 17th fought with the Army of Northern Virginia from Williamsburg to Fredericksburg, then participated in Longstreet's Suffolk Expedition. During the Gettysburg Campaign it was on detached duty at Gordonsville and later served in Tennessee and North Carolina. Returning to Virginia it fought at Drewry's Bluff and Cold Harbor, saw action in the Petersburg trenches, and ended the war at Appomattox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019395-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThis regiment totaled 600 men in April, 1862, lost 17 killed and 47 wounded at Williamsburg, had 18 killed and 41 wounded at Seven Pines, and had 17 killed, 23 wounded, and 73 missing at Frayser's Farm. It reported 48 casualties at Second Manassas, 13 at South Mountain, and of the 55 engaged at Sharpsburg about seventy-five percent were disabled. At Drewry's Bluff 7 were killed and 23 wounded. Many were captured at Sayler's Creek, and 2 officers and 46 men surrendered on April 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019395-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe field officers were Colonels Montgomery D. Corse, Arthur Herbert, and Morton Marye; Lieutenant Colonels William Munford and Grayson Tyler; and Majors George W. Brent and Robert H. Simpson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards\nBest Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture:Avengers: Infinity War", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards\nBest Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode:Lost in Space \u2013 Danger, Will Robinson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards\nThe 17th Visual Effects Society Awards was an awards ceremony held by the Visual Effects Society. Nominations were announced on January 15, 2019, and the ceremony took place on February 5, 2019, hosted by Patton Oswalt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nAvengers: Infinity War \u2013 Daniel DeLeeuw, Jen Underdahl, Kelly Port, Matt Aitken, Dan Sudick", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nFirst Man - Paul Lambert, Kevin Elam, Tristan Myles, Ian Hunter, JD Schwalm", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nSpider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse - Joshua Beveridge, Christian Hejnal, Danny Dimian, Bret St. Clair", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nAvengers: Infinity War - Thanos - Jan Philip Cramer, Darren Hendler, Paul Story, Sidney Kombo-Kintombo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nSpider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse - Miles Morales - Marcos Kang, Chad Belteau, Humberto Rosa, Julie Bernier Gosselin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nReady Player One - Overlook Hotel - Mert Yamak, Stanley Wong, Joana Garrido, Daniel Gagiu", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nSpider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse - Graphic New York City - Terry Park, Bret St. Clair, Kimberly Liptrap, Dave Morehead", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nReady Player One - New York Race - Daniele Bigi, Edmund Kolloen, Mathieu Vig, Jean-Baptiste Noyau", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nMortal Engines - London - Matthew Sandoval, James Ogle, Nick Keller, Sam Tack", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nAvengers: Infinity War - Titan - Gerardo Aguilera, Ashraf Ghoniem, Vasilis Pazionis, Hartwell Durfor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nSpider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse - Ian Farnsworth, Pav Grochola, Simon Corbaux, Brian D. Casper", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nAvengers: Infinity War - Titan - Sabine Laimer, Tim Walker, Tobias Wiesner, Massimo Pasquetti", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nLost in Space \u2013 Danger, Will Robinson \u2013 Jabbar Raisani, Terron Pratt, Niklas Jacobson, Joao Sita", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nTom Clancy's Jack Ryan \u2013 Pilot \u2013 Erik Henry, Matt Robken, Bobo Skipper, Deak Ferrand, Pau Costa", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nJohn Lewis \u2013 The Boy and the Piano \u2013 Kamen Markov, Philip Whalley, Anthony Bloor, Andy Steele", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0018-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nLost in Space \u2013 Humanoid \u2013 Chad Shattuck, Paul Zeke, Julia Flanagan, Andrew McCartney", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0019-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nVolkswagen \u2013 Born Confident \u2013 Bam \u2013 David Bryan, Chris Welsby, Fabian Frank, Chloe Dawe", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0020-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nLost in Space \u2013 Pilot \u2013 Impact Area \u2013 Philip Engstr\u00f6m, Kenny V\u00e4h\u00e4kari, Jason Martin, Martin Bergquist", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0021-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nAltered Carbon \u2013 Philipp Kratzer, Daniel Fernandez, Xavier Lestourneaud, Andrea Rosa", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0022-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nLost in Space \u2013 Crash Site Rescue \u2013 David Wahlberg, Douglas Roshamn, Sofie Ljunggren, Fredrik L\u00f6nn", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0023-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nApple \u2013 Welcome Home \u2013 Michael Ralla, Steve Drew, Alejandro Villabon, Peter Timberlake", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0024-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Other categories\nAge of Sail \u2013 John Kahrs, Kevin Dart, Cassidy Curtis, Theresa Latzko", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0025-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Other categories\nChildish Gambino's Pharos \u2013 Keith Miller, Alejandro Crawford,Thelvin Cabezas, Jeremy Thompson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019396-0026-0000", "contents": "17th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Other categories\nTerra Nova \u2013 Thomas Battistetti, M\u00e9lanie Geley, Mickael Le Mezo, Guillaume Hoarau", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019397-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Volunteer Training Regiment \"Acqui\"\nThe 17th Volunteer Training Regiment \"Acqui\" (Italian: 17\u00b0 Reggimento Addestramento Volontari \"Acqui\") is an active unit of the Italian Army based in Capua in Campania. Founded as 17th Infantry Regiment \"Acqui\" the regiment was part of the Italian army's infantry arm until it became a basic training unit and has been designated a \"multi-arms unit\" since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019397-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Volunteer Training Regiment \"Acqui\", Current structure\nAs of 2019 the 17th Volunteer Training Regiment \"Acqui\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019398-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Ward of New Orleans\nThe 17th Ward is one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans, a section of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. New Orleans Districts and Wards. The 17th Ward, along with the 16th, was formed when the City of New Orleans annexed City of Carrollton in 1870.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019398-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Ward of New Orleans, Boundaries\nThe Ward stretches from the Mississippi River to Lake Pontchartrain. It is the farthest up-river ward of the city; the upper (western) boundary is Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. The lower boundary extends from the riverfront along Carrollton Avenue (across which is the 16th Ward) to the intersection of I-10. This was formerly the route of the New Basin Canal, the original ward boundary. Across I-10 here is the 3rd Ward. Continuing back along the former Canal route, the boundary north of I-10 becomes Pontchartrain Boulevard, across which is the 4th Ward, and north to the lakefront.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019398-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Ward of New Orleans, History\nThe area closer to the Riverfront was originally the upper half of the town of Carrollton, Louisiana, annexed to New Orleans in 1874 along with the 16th Ward. The boundary between the Ward and Jefferson Parish from Metairie Ridge back is the 17th Street Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019398-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Ward of New Orleans, Landmarks and neighborhoods\nGoing roughly from the river to the lake, the 17th Ward includes the Carrollton Riverbend area, Upper or West Carrollton with the noted Oak Street commercial area, the Leonidas neighborhood, Palmer Park at Carrollton and Claiborne, Northwest Carrollton, Hollygrove and Dixon neighborhoods (known for producing a number of rap music artists, such as Lil Wayne, Mack Maine, Fiend, and Dj Hollygrove). Country Club Gardens the Longue Vue House and Gardens, Metairie Cemetery, Lakewood neighborhood, the West End neighborhood, West End Park\u2014long famous for the collection of seafood restaurants\u2014Orleans Marina and the Municipal Yacht Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019398-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Ward of New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina\nIn 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the city, and a disastrous break in the canal levee flooded much of the city; see: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron\nThe 17th Weapons Squadron is a United States Air Force unit, assigned to the USAF Weapons School at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron\nThe squadron traces its lineage to the United States Army Air Service's 17th and 147th Aero Squadrons, both of which were active during World War I. The 147th was redesignated the 17th Pursuit Squadron in the post-war Air Service and later consolidated with the 17th Aero Squadron in 1936 to preserve the history of both pursuit units. The 17th Aero Squadron was activated in August 1917 and earned 13 campaign streamers in France flying the Sopwith Camel. The 147th Aero Squadron was organized in November 1917 and flew the Nieuport 28 and SPAD S.XIII fighters, earning eight streamers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron\nDuring World War II, the 17th Pursuit Squadron participated in the defense of the Philippines flying the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk and garnering the first American Ace of World War II. Wiped out during the Battle of the Philippines, some of its squadron members endured the Bataan Death March. Reactivated during the Vietnam War, the squadron went on to fly Republic F-105F Thunderchief Wild Weasel aircraft, and in Operation Desert Storm flying the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, Mission\nFlying the McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle, the squadron accomplishes its mission by providing graduate-level instructor academic and flying courses to USAF Combat Air Forces (CAF). The squadron conducts extensive technical off-station training and liaises with CAF units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, Mission\nThe 17th emblem, modified from the one adopted in 1917, consists of a Great White Snowy Owl in front of a black triangle with a blue background. Because of its distinctive Owl Patch, the squadron's nickname is the Hooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War I, 17th Aero Squadron\nCompany A, Remount Station, Fort Sam Houston, Texas was organized on 13 May 1917, about a month after President Wilson declared war on Germany. It was later redesignated Company M, and later, Company B. On 16 June, its personnel were organized as the 29th Provisional Aero Squadron, Aviation Section, Signal Corps, which was redesignated the 17th Aero Squadron on 30 July. It was made of entirely of volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War I, 17th Aero Squadron\nThe unit was the first United States aero squadron sent to Canada to be trained by the British; the first squadron to be completely trained prior to be sent overseas with its complete quota of trained pilots; the first squadron to be attached to British Royal Air Force (RAF) squadrons and the first to be sent into combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War I, 17th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron entered combat as a pursuit unit with British Second and Third Armies from 15 July-28 October 1918 seeing extensive combat during the Battle of the Somme while serving with the RAF. In October 1918 the squadron was requested by the Americans to be transferred to the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) and it was reassigned to Second Army on 1 November 1918 and prepared for operations on American front but did not become combat-ready before the end of hostilities on 11 November 1918. It was demobilized in 1919. One of the aces serving in the squadron during World War I was Robert Miles Todd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War I, 17th Aero Squadron\nOn 17 October 1936, the World War I 17th Aero Squadron was consolidated with the United States Army Air Corps 17th Pursuit Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War I, 147th Aero Squadron\nThe 147th Aero Squadron was organized at Kelly Field, Texas on 11 November 1917. It was ordered directly to Fort Worth, Texas for training at Everman Field #2, Camp Taliaferro. It trained in Texas until February 1918, when it deployed to France, where additional training was received. It became part of the 1st Pursuit Group in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War I, 147th Aero Squadron\nInitially flying French Nieuport 28 pursuit aircraft, the squadron was heavily engaged in combat in the Toul Sector and the Aisne-Marne Sector. It was part of the defense against the German offensive in mid-July in the Champagne-Marne, then went on the offensive during the Aisne-Marne during July. It took part in the St. Mihiel offensive, and the great American Meuse-Argonne Offensive which continued until the Armistice with Germany on 11 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War I, 147th Aero Squadron\nDuring its time in combat, the squadron gained 62 victories and suffered nine casualties. The squadron flew 2,000 combat hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, Inter-war period\nAfter returning to the United States in April 1919 nearly all of the 147th's personnel were demobilized. The War Department created a new 1st Pursuit Group between late April and mid-August 1919 when it dispatched a small cadre of personnel to Selfridge Field, Michigan. New recruits and veterans from other flying units became members of the new 147th Squadron, and by late summer the process was complete. However, on 28 August, the squadron departed by train to Kelly Field, Texas where it became part of the new Advanced Pursuit Training School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, Inter-war period\nAt Kelly Field, the squadron was assigned to the re-formed 1st Pursuit Group, effective 22 August 1919. The pursuit school was the first step in building a new permanent air service and by providing a course of instruction for pilots at Kelly, it was a way to transfer the hard-earned knowledge gained during World War I to a new generation of fliers. Pilots received hands-on experience in aircraft and engine maintenance. They also flew a training program that covered formation flying, aerobatics, air-to-air and air to ground gunnery, reconnaissance and patrol tactics. The aircraft used were British Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s and U.S.-built Airco DH.4s that were excess from the war effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, Inter-war period\nOn 14 March 1921, the 147th was redesignated as the 17th Squadron (Pursuit) and in July the 1st Pursuit Group moved from Kelly to Ellington Field, near Houston, Texas. In June 1922, the 1st Group prepared to return to Selfridge. The four squadrons of the group (17th, 27th, 94th and 95th) departed Ellington on 24 June. The long deployment to Michigan was a novelty, and the press followed the group's progress closely. The group arrived at Selfridge Field on 1 July 1922. Selfridge served as the 1st Pursuit Group's home for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0014-0001", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, Inter-war period\nAs the Army's only pursuit group, the War Department took special pains to ensure that it was maintained in a high state of readiness. On 21 January 1924, the War Department sanctioned unit emblems. The \"Great Snow Owl\", chosen by the World War I 17th Pursuit Group as its emblem when transferred to the American Expeditionary Forces in 1918 was adopted by the 17th Pursuit Squadron on 4 March 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, Inter-war period\nIn May 1924, the group opened a satellite airfield at Oscoda, Michigan to function as an aerial gunnery camp for the unit. Loud-Reames Aviation Field was renamed Camp Skeel, for World War I pilot Captain Burt E. Skeel, and was used as an aerial gunnery range and for winter maneuvers by the 1st Pursuit Group. During World War II, the facility would be expanded as Oscoda Army Air Field, as a training base. After the war, it would be expanded and become Wurtsmith Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, Inter-war period\nDuring the 1920s, the unit participated in exercises, demonstrations, and maneuvers, events the War Department used as combined training and public relations exercises. Public and congressional interest in aviation was high. Equipped with fast, nimble, pursuit planes such as the Curtiss P-1 Hawk, the unit attracted the attention of the public wherever it appeared. Overall, the Twenties were a productive decade for the unit. The 1st Pursuit Group responded well to being the Air Corps' only group-level pursuit organization, and developed a well-trained force that responded to the demands placed on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, Inter-war period\nThe 1930s produced a different set of challenges. During the Thirties, the group introduced at least six new aircraft into the Air Corps inventory. It also provided personnel for newly formed squadrons and groups. The onset of the Great Depression gave the unit additional responsibilities in 1931, the group participated in several air shows staged to benefit the unemployed. Squadron involvement ranged from two- and four-ship flights to squadron deployments. Beginning in 1933, the unit saw a handful of its officers detailed to work with the Civilian Conservation Corps, a New Deal program designed to put unemployed youths to work on various conservation projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0018-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, Inter-war period\nThe Curtiss P-6E Hawks flown by the squadron were improvements in the line of Hawks since the squadron received the P-1 in 1925. In 1934, it converted to the Boeing P-26A Peashooter, a low-wing, all-metal monoplane, and in 1937, it received the Seversky P-35, the first single-seat fighter in U.S. Army Air Corps to feature all-metal construction, retractable landing gear and an enclosed cockpit. 17 October 1936 saw the Air Corps formally consolidate the 17th Pursuit Squadron with the World War I 17th Aero Squadron. With the consolidation, the combat history and lineage of its World War I predecessor became a part of the 17th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0019-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, Inter-war period\nThe growing threat of war with the Japanese Empire in the Philippine Islands led to the 17th Squadron to be relieved from assignment to the 1st Pursuit Group and transferred to the Philippine Department. Leaving Selfridge on 31 October, the squadron was reassigned to the 4th Composite Group at Nichols Field, near Manila in the Philippines, on 14 December 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0020-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II, Battle of the Philippines\nThe 17th Pursuit Squadron had been sent overseas without aircraft to fly Seversky P-35s that had been held back from a sale to Sweden to reinforce the Philippines. Until their aircraft arrived and were assembled in March 1941, they practiced in the Boeing P-26 Peashooters that then constituted the interceptor force at Nichols Field. By late 1941 standards, the P-35A was hopelessly obsolescent. It was too lightly armed and lacked either armor around the cockpit or self-sealing fuel tanks, and the instruments of the aircraft flown by the 17th were marked in Swedish and calibrated in the metric system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0021-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II, Battle of the Philippines\nWhen new Curtiss P-40E Warhawks arrived in September 1941, the 17th was happy to hand down the Severskys to the 34th Pursuit Squadron, recently arrived from the United States without its aircraft. With the 3d and 20th Pursuit Squadrons, the 17th formed the interceptor component of the Philippine Department's 4th Composite Group. On 1 October 1941 the squadrons were reassigned to the newly created 24th Pursuit Group and became part of the Far East Air Force (FEAF) when it stood up in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0022-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II, Battle of the Philippines\nAfter word was received of the attack on Pearl Harbor, FEAF units gathered in anticipation of the Japanese attack everyone knew would be coming. However, attack orders against known Japanese forces on Formosa were not forthcoming. \"We can't attack till we're fired on\". By 11:00 am both the 20th and 17th Pursuit Squadrons were on the ground at Clark Field. Both had been flying patrol missions during the morning and needed to refuel. While the planes were being serviced, the pilots had gone after food; but as soon as they had eaten, they returned to their planes and went on alert. The 17th, who had refueled first, was ready to go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0023-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II, Battle of the Philippines\nAbout 11:30 am, a message from Iba Field reported a large formation of planes heading west over the China Sea, heading presumably for Manila. The 17th was ordered into the air to patrol over the Bataan Peninsula and the entrance to Manila Bay and intercept whatever the Japanese tried to send though. At that moment, the first formation of Japanese bombers appeared over Clark Field. They came over the unprotected field in a V-formation at a height estimated at 22,000 to 25,000 feet, dropping their bombs on the aircraft and buildings below, just as the air raid warning sounded. As at Pearl Harbor, the Japanese achieved complete tactical surprise. The 17th and 21st Pursuit Squadrons, on patrol over Bataan and Manila, made no effort to attack the Japanese aircraft when warning of the raid did not reach them in time to render aid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0024-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II, Battle of the Philippines\nThe Japanese followed up their success of the first day of war with air attacks that completed the destruction of American airpower in the Philippines. Before dawn of the 9th, seven Japanese naval bombers struck Nichols Field near Manila, opening the next round, but the remainder of that day's attackers were grounded on Taiwan by fog. On the 10th they struck Nichols and Del Carmen Airfields in full force in the early afternoon. The pattern set at Clark Field two days earlier was repeated. High-level bombers came in first and hit the barracks, offices, and warehouses. The fighters then came in at low level to strafe the grounded planes and installations. An entire flight of 17th planes returning to refuel was shot down by Zeros, although all the pilots survived. There was no antiaircraft fire and no fighter protection over the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0025-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II, Battle of the Philippines\nBy this time American airpower was at a low ebb. There were only 22 P-40s in commission, with six more promised if they could be repaired in time. With FEAF thus reduced in strength, it was decided to use the remaining planes for reconnaissance in order to conserve them as long as possible. The pursuit planes were based at Clark and Nichols, and the heavy bombers were withdrawn to Del Monte. On the morning of the 12th, few American planes remained to hinder the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0026-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II, Battle of the Philippines\nWith almost all of the squadron's aircraft destroyed, the men of the ground echelon were pressed into service as ground infantry under 5th Interceptor Command. On Christmas Eve of 1941, the 17th's ground echelon evacuated Nielson Field and went by train to Bataan. There they took part in the Battle of the Philippines (1941\u201342). However, most of its aircraft were destroyed on the ground, by Japanese air raids. Some 17th personnel later fought as infantry during the Battle of Bataan and, after their surrender, were subjected to the Bataan Death March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0027-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II, Defense of Java\nOther members of the 17th escaped to Australia, where they collected new P-40s (see Pensacola Convoy) and reformed as the 17th Pursuit Squadron (Provisional). In January 1942, the squadron undertook a flight across Australia and the Arafura Sea, to Java and took part in the Dutch East Indies Campaign, where it claimed 49 Japanese aircraft destroyed, for the loss of 17 P-40s. At the end of February, as Japanese ground forces approached, the squadron handed over its surviving aircraft to the Dutch military and returned to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 61], "content_span": [62, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0028-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II, Defense of Java\nWhat remained of the 17th Pursuit Squadron was integrated into other American units in Australia. Fifth Air Force carried the squadron as an active, unmanned unit through the end of the war. Lastly, 2 April 1946, the unit was placed in inactive status. It would remain inactive until almost the end of the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 61], "content_span": [62, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0029-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nIt was reactivated on 12 November 1971 as the 17th Wild Weasel Squadron, and assumed the mission, personnel, and Republic F-105G Thunderchief Wild Weasel IV of the inactivating 6010th Wild Weasel Squadron. The mission of the 17th was the destruction of North Vietnamese surface-to-air-missile batteries by destroying or otherwise shutting down their guidance radars, leaving enemy missile sites effectively blind and impotent. The electronic weapons officer in the rear seat of the Wild Weasel F-105G operated a battery of sophisticated electronic equipment which was capable of detecting the emissions from enemy radars and determining the exact location of their sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0029-0001", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nOnce these sites were identified, the Wild Weasel aircraft could attack them with a battery of AGM-45 Shrike anti-radar missiles, which were designed to home in on an enemy radar transmission and follow it all the way to its source and destroy it. The Wild Weasel aircraft would also carry powerful jamming equipment which was designed to confuse the enemy radar installation or to misdirect any surface-to-air missiles that might be launched. Alternatively, the Wild Weasel crew could direct other aircraft toward the missile sites, which would be attacked by iron bombs or cannon fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0030-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nAfter the end of American military flights over North Vietnam in January 1973, the squadron maintained the capability to deliver Wild Weasel support for operations over Cambodia of Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, and McDonnell F-4 Phantom II aircraft until August 1973. It maintained an alert mission until the squadron was inactivated in 1974. The squadron's aircraft were returned to the United States, being assigned to the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing at George Air Force Base, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0031-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, 17th Tactical Fighter Squadron\nReactivated as the 17th Tactical Fighter Squadron in early 1982 at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, assigned to the newly redesignated 363d Tactical Fighter Wing as the wing was converting from a McDonnell RF-4C Phantom II tactical reconnaissance mission to General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0032-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, 17th Tactical Fighter Squadron\nThe initial aircraft received were Block 10 F-16A models, but shortly afterwards the first block 15 aircraft started to arrive. The responsibility of the 17th was close air support, air interdiction, suppression of enemy air defenses and armed reconnaissance to support worldwide contingencies. For this mission the squadron was eventually equipped with Block 50 aircraft and the AGM-45 Shrike anti-radiation missile. This was one of a few units within the USAF that flew with this missile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0033-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, 17th Tactical Fighter Squadron\nIn 1985 the squadron was upgraded to the Block 25 F-16C from the General Dynamics factory in Fort Worth. These aircraft were more capable in comparison with the former block 15 models. Also new weapon systems could now be introduced, like the CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0034-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, 17th Tactical Fighter Squadron\nAfter the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, the 24 aircraft of the 17th were deployed to Al Dhafra Air Base, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates on 9 August 1990 and started flying air defense missions over the Saudi kingdom as part of Operation Desert Shield. When Operation Desert Storm started in January 1991 the squadron was at the forefront of air operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0035-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, History, 17th Tactical Fighter Squadron\nUpon their return to the United States, in March 1991, the squadron started receiving some brand-new block 42 F-16s. Their primary mission of air interdiction remained the same. During 1993 the first rumors came that the entire wing was to be disbanded. The news was quickly acknowledged. On 31 December 1993 the squadron was inactivated in favor of squadrons from the senior 20th Fighter Wing, which was moving from the closed RAF Upper Heyford, England to Shaw as part of the USAFE drawdown at the end of the Cold War. The squadron transferred its aircraft and personnel to the 20th, and the 363d Wing was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019399-0036-0000", "contents": "17th Weapons Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019400-0000-0000", "contents": "17th West Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019400-0001-0000", "contents": "17th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 17th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was organized at Wheeling in West Virginia between 26 September 1864 and 25 February 1865, and was mustered out on 30 June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019400-0002-0000", "contents": "17th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 17th West Virginia Infantry Regiment suffered one enlisted men killed or mortally wounded in battle and 24 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 25 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019400-0003-0000", "contents": "17th West Virginia Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nPresident Joseph Robinette Biden's great-grandfather, Pvt. George Hamilton Robinette, served in the Regiment in 1864 and 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment\nThe 17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was popularly known as the Irish Brigade, due to its composition of mostly Irish American immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Establishment\nThe 17th Wisconsin Infantry was organized under the authority granted by the July 22, 1861, act of Congress approving the enrollment of 500,000 volunteers for service in the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Establishment\nIn October 1861, Governor Alexander Randall appointed John L. Doran colonel of the 17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, and tasked him with organizing the new regiment. From its inception, the 17th Wisconsin Infantry was recruited principally from the Irish population of the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Establishment\nRecruiting continued through the Winter and the regiment was collected and drilled at Camp Randall in Madison, Wisconsin. They mustered into federal service under Colonel Doran on March 15, 1862, and left the state for Saint Louis, Missouri, on March 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Operations around Corinth (Spring 1862\u00a0\u2013 Fall 1862)\nThe regiment proceeded from Saint Louis, on April 10, up the Tennessee River to Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, where they were assigned to the 6th division of the Army of the Tennessee and moved with the army to invest the Siege of Corinth. During the siege, Colonel Dornan was placed in command of the brigade\u2014which also comprised the 16th Wisconsin, 21st Missouri, and 25th Missouri infantry regiments\u2014but was replaced on May 24 by Brigadier General John McArthur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 94], "content_span": [95, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Operations around Corinth (Spring 1862\u00a0\u2013 Fall 1862)\nThe Union Army took control of the town on May 29, but the 17th Wisconsin suffered significantly from diseases during the siege. The regiment remained camped south of Corinth through the summer and was then engaged in defense of railroad and logistics in the area. Company A was detached from the regiment and posted several miles out on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and would not rejoin the regiment until November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 94], "content_span": [95, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Operations around Corinth (Spring 1862\u00a0\u2013 Fall 1862)\nAround October 1, Company A, under Captain McCauley, engaged in a skirmish with Confederate cavalry north of Corinth while guarding the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Company A suffered thirteen killed or wounded, but managed to drive off the Confederate regiment and captured a number of horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 94], "content_span": [95, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Operations around Corinth (Spring 1862\u00a0\u2013 Fall 1862)\nOn the morning of the first day of the Second Battle of Corinth, October 3, 1862, the brigade of the 17th Wisconsin Infantry was placed on the Chewalla Road north of Corinth on the left end of the Union line. In the late morning, the Union line was being driven back, but a counterattack was ordered. As the Confederates attempted to outflank the counterattack, Colonel Doran led the 17th Wisconsin Infantry in a valiant charge on the Confederate lines and drove back the enemy regiments. They then fell back with their division to defensive lines nearer to Corinth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 94], "content_span": [95, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0007-0001", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Operations around Corinth (Spring 1862\u00a0\u2013 Fall 1862)\nOn the second day of battle, the 17th Wisconsin was engaged in the defense of an artillery battery and did not see significant fighting. The actions of the 17th Wisconsin and their commander on October 3 were highly complimented in the accounts of the battle written by generals Thomas J. McKean and John McArthur. In the battle, the 17th Wisconsin Infantry suffered five killed and 20 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 94], "content_span": [95, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Vicksburg campaign (Winter 1862\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1863)\nGrant's Vicksburg campaign launched in November 1862, and the 17th Wisconsin Infantry was transferred to the 2nd brigade, commanded by Col. Gabriel Bouck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Vicksburg campaign (Winter 1862\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1863)\nOn November 25, however, Colonel Doran resigned and was placed under arrest by General John McArthur. Lt . Colonel Adam Gale Malloy was promoted to colonel and led the regiment through most of the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Vicksburg campaign (Winter 1862\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1863)\nUnder Malloy's command, the regiment arrived in the vicinity of Vicksburg in January 1863, and were assigned to the digging of a canal to bypass Confederate defenses around Vicksburg. They remained until April 20, when they were sent further south, below Vicksburg. They were attached to the XVII Corps, commanded by General James B. McPherson, and proceeded to Raymond, Mississippi, arriving on May 16. Here they received word of the Battle of Champion Hill and were ordered to rush to the battle site, but did not arrive until the battle was over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Vicksburg campaign (Winter 1862\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1863)\nFrom there, they turned back to the Siege of Vicksburg and secured a position southeast of the city. On May 19, 1863, they were in the vanguard of the assault against the Confederate fortifications and managed to capture a portion of the enemy trenches. The rest of their brigade, however, did not receive the signal to attack\u2014left without support, the 17th Wisconsin was forced to withdraw. On the second attempted assault, May 22, the 17th Wisconsin was held in reserve, due to their severe losses on the first assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Vicksburg campaign (Winter 1862\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1863)\nAfter the failure of the second assault, Grant settled in for a protracted siege and maintained the encirclement until Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, 1863. The brigade of the 17th Wisconsin, then led by General Thomas E. G. Ransom, was given the honor of being the first to enter the city, due to their performance in the siege. In the Vicksburg campaign, the 17th Wisconsin Infantry suffered 14 killed and 50 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Operations West of the Mississippi (Fall 1863)\nA few days after the capture of Vicksburg, the 17th Wisconsin and its brigade moved south to Natchez, Mississippi. There on August 24, they were supplied with horses and employed as mounted infantry. In September, Colonel Malloy led 300 men of the 17th Wisconsin across the Mississippi River to Trinity, Louisiana, routing Confederate defenders and destroyed a Confederate steamboat\u2014the Rinaldo\u2014carrying supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0013-0001", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Operations West of the Mississippi (Fall 1863)\nAfter being joined by the rest of the brigade, Malloy and the 17th Wisconsin were again sent forward and occupied the town of Trinity, then went forward again and routed more Confederate defenders, pursued them for nine miles, and captured several prisoners. During this campaign, the 17th Wisconsin suffered one killed and four wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Operations West of the Mississippi (Fall 1863)\nOn September 4, they approached Fort Beauregard, a fortified earthwork designed to defend approaches to Harrisonburg, Louisiana. The Confederate defenders fled and abandoned the fort and its guns, and the 17th Wisconsin Infantry captured and destroyed several cannons and ammunition. After this success, they went on to destroy a grist mill and a large store of cotton and food supplies, then returned to with the brigade to Natchez. Colonel Malloy's account of the Natchez expedition can be found in the Official War Records, Series 1, Volume 26, Part 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Atlanta campaign (Spring\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1864)\nSeven-eighths of the regiment re-enlisted in January 1864, qualifying the 17th Wisconsin Infantry as a veteran regiment. The veterans were given furlough in March to return to Wisconsin, where they paraded through Madison and were honored by Governor James T. Lewis, Secretary of State (General) Lucius Fairchild, and Mayor William T. Leitch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Atlanta campaign (Spring\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1864)\nThe regiment reassembled on April 20, 1864, at Camp Washburn, Milwaukee, and went by rail to Cairo, Illinois. There they attached to XVII Corps, which was on its way to join General William T. Sherman in the Atlanta campaign. They traveled on the Tennessee River to Clifton, Tennessee, then marched to Huntsville, Alabama. At Huntsville, in May 1864, the 17th Wisconsin Infantry was assigned to the 3rd brigade, 3rd division, XVII Corps, and Colonel Malloy was designated brigade commander, leaving Lt. Colonel Thomas McMahon in command of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Atlanta campaign (Spring\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1864)\nOn June 5, the 17th Wisconsin, with its division, marched to join General Sherman, meeting him at Acworth, Georgia, on June 8, just after the Battle of Dallas. Their division was placed on the far left end of the Union line, near Big Shanty, on June 10, and engaged in heavy skirmishing until June 19, when they advanced to Brush Mountain, suffering two killed and six wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0018-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Atlanta campaign (Spring\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1864)\nAt the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, where the Confederate army of Joseph E. Johnston had set its defenses, the 17th Wisconsin and its division were again on the far left of the Union line. They were part of the demonstration against the Confederate right, designed to convince the enemy to spread out their defenses. The 17th Wisconsin succeeded in taking two lines of Confederate trenches, but came under fire from three Confederate batteries; they held the ground for three hours but were forced to withdraw. They suffered 2 killed and 11 wounded here. After several days of stalemate, in which they suffered an additional 1 killed and 3 wounded, on July 2, the 17th Wisconsin, with its corps, was assigned to the flanking maneuver which went around the south end of the Confederate line and forced Johnston to evacuate his position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0019-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Atlanta campaign (Spring\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1864)\nThey crossed the Chattahoochee River with their division on July 17, and marched around the north of Atlanta, arriving at Decatur, Georgia, on July 20. The division then marched west toward Atlanta, and seized a Confederate position on Bald Hill on July 21, while the 17th Wisconsin was in reserve. The 17th Wisconsin and its brigade then joined their division and fortified the hill, which was near the center of the Union line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0019-0001", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Atlanta campaign (Spring\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1864)\nAs the Union left fell back after skirmishes that day, Bald Hill was near the pivot of the L-shaped Union line in the Battle of Atlanta, July 22. During the battle, the hill came under assault from Carter L. Stevenson's division, but the division held their ground. The 17th Wisconsin suffered 4 killed and 11 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0020-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Atlanta campaign (Spring\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1864)\nOn August 24, Lieutenant Colonel McMahan was discharged, and Major Donald D. Scott was promoted to lieutenant colonel, taking over as the acting commander of the 17th Wisconsin Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0021-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Atlanta campaign (Spring\u00a0\u2013 Summer 1864)\nThe 17th Wisconsin, with XVII Corps, maintained the siege of Atlanta until August 26, when they moved to the south of the city to cut the last remaining supply lines for the Confederate defenders. XVII Corps was in reserve during the Battle of Jonesboro, but after the Confederate evacuation of Atlanta, the 17th Wisconsin engaged in skirmishing around Lovejoy Station, suffering 11 killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0022-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Savannah and the Carolinas (Fall 1864\u00a0\u2013 Spring 1865)\nThe 17th Wisconsin briefly participated in pursuit of the Confederate army after they abandoned Atlanta, but returned to Marietta, then camped in that area with XVII Corps until November 16, when General Sherman began his famous march to the sea (Savannah campaign). The 17th Wisconsin went with the column along the southern route to Savannah, Georgia, and did not engage in fighting during the march.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 95], "content_span": [96, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0022-0001", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Savannah and the Carolinas (Fall 1864\u00a0\u2013 Spring 1865)\nTheir commanders, Colonel Malloy and Lt. Colonel Scott, were on furlough when the march began and while on their way back, they were diverted to command a provisional brigade through other operations in Tennessee and Alabama. They did not rejoin the army until their provisional division merged back with Sherman's army at Goldsboro, North Carolina, on March 23, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 95], "content_span": [96, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0023-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Savannah and the Carolinas (Fall 1864\u00a0\u2013 Spring 1865)\nThe 17th Wisconsin, meanwhile, was under the command of Major Patrick H. McCauley, and continued with Sherman in his Campaign of the Carolinas, leaving Savannah in January 1865. They camped near Beaufort, South Carolina, then marched with their Corps to the vicinity of Columbia, South Carolina. At the Battle of Rivers' Bridge, their brigade was part of the rapid crossing which forced the enemy to evacuate their defensive position. They then held the bridge until the remainder of their force could arrive and cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 95], "content_span": [96, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0024-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Savannah and the Carolinas (Fall 1864\u00a0\u2013 Spring 1865)\nThey proceeded to North Carolina, arriving at Goldsboro on March 23. There, Colonel Malloy resumed command of the 17th Wisconsin Infantry. They joined the march to Raleigh, North Carolina. While there, they received word of the surrender of Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston's army and Robert E. Lee's surrender to Grant in Virginia around the same time; the war was effectively over. They marched to the Confederate capitol, Richmond, Virginia, then proceeded to Washington, D.C., where they participated in the Grand Review of the Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 95], "content_span": [96, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0025-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Savannah and the Carolinas (Fall 1864\u00a0\u2013 Spring 1865)\nThe regiment was sent to Louisville, Kentucky, and mustered out. Then returned to Madison, Wisconsin, on July 17, where the regiment was paid and disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 95], "content_span": [96, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0026-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service, Savannah and the Carolinas (Fall 1864\u00a0\u2013 Spring 1865)\nFor meritorious services during the war, Col. Malloy was brevetted Brigadier General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 95], "content_span": [96, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019401-0027-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 17th Wisconsin Infantry suffered 41 men killed in action or died of wounds, plus another 220 who died of disease, and 14 who died in accidents, for a total of 275 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019402-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Legislature\nThe Seventeenth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 13, 1864, to April 4, 1864, in regular session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019402-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 3, 1863. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 4, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019402-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Senate\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the Seventeenth Wisconsin Legislature:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019403-0000-0000", "contents": "17th World Festival of Youth and Students\nThe 17th World Festival of Youth and Students (WFYS) was an event that was opened on December 13, 2010 in the South African capital of Pretoria and was organized by the World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY). The festival attracted 15,000 people from close to 130 countries and was held under the slogan, \"Let's Defeat Imperialism, for a World of Peace, Solidarity and Social Transformation!\". It was the second time that an edition of the WFYS has been held in Africa, with the other being in Algeria in 2001", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019403-0001-0000", "contents": "17th World Festival of Youth and Students\nSome media reported that the festival organisers originally claimed that the festival would cost R370 million, but in reality the festival was organised by the National Youth Development Agency (NYDA), whose annual budget was R370 million at the time. The organisers were able to secure R69 million of funding, even after a gift from the South African National Lottery of R40 million. The true cost of the festival was later revealed to have been around R100 million. This included R24,5 million for travel and accommodation, R29,9 million for catering, and R9,4 million for entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019403-0001-0001", "contents": "17th World Festival of Youth and Students\nDelegates were originally going to be housed at Nasrec in Johannesburg, and transported daily to the festival venue in Pretoria 80\u00a0km away, but given the shortage of funds the organisers eventually relented and housed the delegates at the Tshwane University in Pretoria, saving itself R100 million in the process. The National Lottery gift caused an outcry in South Africa, and the festival was called a \"bash\" and an \"expensive jamboree\" by critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019403-0002-0000", "contents": "17th World Festival of Youth and Students\nThe opening ceremony was held at the Moses Moripe Stadium in Pretoria, and delegates were addressed by among others the then-president of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, whose speech focused on the value of education as a solution for the world's problems. A procession of delegations in national costume, chanting and carrying posters and banners also marched around the stadium. Some of the activities included discussion groups about various topics, concerts in the evenings, and group visits to monuments. There was a daily festival newsletter called Festival News. The bulk of the activities took place at the Tshwane Events Centre. There were 19 sessions every day (seminars, workshops and conferences).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019403-0003-0000", "contents": "17th World Festival of Youth and Students\nOn one of the days, the proceedings were interrupted by hundreds of COPE members arriving in buses who believed that part of the venue was reserved for a conference of their own. They eventually left again. During the first three days of the festival, there were complaints of disorganisation, lack of communiation and food not being provided. Some catering companies refused to serve meals, claiming that organisers have refused to pay invoices amounting to millions of rands. A number prominent speakers did not arrive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019404-0000-0000", "contents": "17th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe 17th World Science Fiction Convention, also known as Detention, was held September 4\u20137, 1959, at the Pick Fort Shelby Hotel in Detroit, Michigan, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019404-0001-0000", "contents": "17th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe chairmen were Roger Sims and Fred Prophet. The guests of honor were Poul Anderson (pro) and John Berry (fan). The toastmaster was Isaac Asimov \"...with the assistance of Robert Bloch\". Total attendance was 371.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019404-0002-0000", "contents": "17th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards\nThe Hugo Awards, named after Hugo Gernsback, are presented every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The results are based on the ballots submitted by members of the World Science Fiction Society. Other awards, including the Astounding Award for Best New Writer (since 1973; named \"John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer\" until 2019), are also presented at each year's Worldcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019405-0000-0000", "contents": "17th World Scout Jamboree\nThe 17th World Scout Jamboree (Korean: \uc81c17\ud68c \uc138\uacc4\uc7bc\ubc84\ub9ac) was held August 8 to 16, 1991 and was hosted by South Korea at Seoraksan National Park, near the border with North Korea, and some 200\u00a0km, six hours by road, from Seoul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019405-0001-0000", "contents": "17th World Scout Jamboree\nMany Lands, One World was the theme, which brought together approximately 20,000 Scouts from 135 countries and territories, and in particular, Eastern European nations, as all the formerly communist states of Central and Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were developing Scouting in the months preceding the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Scouts from Czechoslovakia and Hungary participated as members of the World Scout Movement for the first time since 1947. Bulgaria, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Yugoslavia each fielded contingents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019405-0002-0000", "contents": "17th World Scout Jamboree\nThe Jamboree started with bad weather, with rain and flooding providing major problems. The opening and closing ceremonies were designed to rival those of the 1988 Summer Olympics. The Jamboree sported the first Global Development Village program, and was visited by Korean president Roh Tae-woo, Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and Prince Moulay Rachid of Morocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019405-0003-0000", "contents": "17th World Scout Jamboree\nThe British contingent transported a replica Brownsea Island Scout camp to re-enact Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell's 1907 experiment in Scouting. It became the most photographed and filmed event at the Jamboree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019405-0004-0000", "contents": "17th World Scout Jamboree\nScouts also experienced home hospitality in South Korea and Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019406-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Writers Guild of America Awards\nThe 17th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers and television writers of 1964. Winners were announced in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019407-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Yokohama Film Festival\nThe 17th Yokohama Film Festival (\u7b2c17\u56de\u30e8\u30b3\u30cf\u30de\u6620\u753b\u796d) was held on 4 February 1996 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0000-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards\nThe 17th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television and music for the 1994\u20131995 season, and took place in 1996 in Hollywood, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0001-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards\nEstablished organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0002-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Feature Film, Best Young Leading Actress: Feature Film\n\u2605 Anna Chlumsky \u2013 Gold Diggers: The Secret of Bear Mountain", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 107], "content_span": [108, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0003-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, The Michael Landon Award, Outstanding Contribution to Youth Through Television\n\u2605 Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman \u2013 For Outstanding Family Television Series of the Year", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 137], "content_span": [138, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0004-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\n\u2605 World Youth News \u2013 Kris Kollins and Mick Kollins", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0005-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\nThe power of video for kids is a message Mick and Kris Kollins want to get out to youth everywhere as well. After this father-and-son team saw studies showing that kids didn't like what they saw on the news\u2014they felt all the stories were depressing and downbeat\u2014they decided to create \"World Youth News,\" a news program about kids, by kids from around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0006-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\nCalling All ShootersThe first step in a process that has already put six episodes of \"World Youth News\" on the air was to contact schools around the world and ask them to put up \"Help Wanted\" flyers on job bulletin boards. The resulting response has been incredible. And it's easy to see why: \"World Youth News\" pays 250 dollars for each story they use. According to Mick, that's no small potatoes in some countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0007-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\n\"In Eastern Europe, for instance, an adult male takes home the equivalent of about 150 US dollars a month. And that's considered a good salary. Now you get his kid who comes up with a story, videotapes it and sends it to us and we use it, that kid's got 250 US dollars. Let me tell you, that kid is suddenly a real hero.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0008-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\n\"It gives them a real sense of purpose and legitimacy,\" says Kris. \"We make ID cards for them\u2014press badges. Some of our kids have used those press badges to get into political rallies and things like that.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0009-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\nGaining ExposureAs of right now, \"World Youth News\" is on two different cable networks three times a week. Combined totals from both networks means WYN (pronounced \"win\") is currently in about 22 million homes. And that's just in the United States. European interest has been gaining steadily\u201420 countries are currently in negotiation. One, Saudi Arabia, has already placed an order for 26 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0010-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\nSuccess, however, has not been easy. \"When we first finished the pilot, we took it to a lot of people and they simply didn't know what to do with it. It wasn't like anything they had seen before. It wasn't exactly a news show and it wasn't exactly some kind of entertainment. It was infotainment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0011-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\nStill, Mick and Kris knew they were on to something. Says Mick: \"The teen market is the largest market in the world, end of story. Last year, American teens, which number about 30 million, spent 57 billion dollars of their own money.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0012-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\nSays Kris: \"Besides that, they are the most accessible group\u2014the easiest to talk to. We've got it so they're the ones who are doing the shooting and they're the ones who are digesting that same information. We don't see a lot of good things for teens and we really wanted this to be one of the good things.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0013-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\nMaking PlansBut \"World Youth News\" is only part of their plan. As they expand, their intention is to create the World Youth Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0014-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\n\"Right now,\" Mick says, \"we have a mini-CNN in place. We've got shooters all over the world who are sending us stories and whom we can contact to go and get a story for us. Our ultimate goal, however, is to expand into the on-line arena and become a complete on-line service. That way, people can send their videos to us straight into our computers and the users out there can have direct access to that same information. We want to provide a service where the user can become a participant.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0015-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\n\"Besides,\" says Kris, \"we've got a lot of footage that people have sent to us that we haven't been able to use yet, and we're in the process of archiving it. When we're finished, we'll have this incredible library of footage that, with the right software, people from anywhere in the world will be able to look at, just as if they're going to the library.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0016-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\nDirect work with the kids who shoot for them has already been happening. In one case, they received three different tapes from London, England, all on similar stories. The problem was that each tape wasn't really complete. \"One had good camera work,\" Mick explains, \"but lousy writing. Another had good writing, but lousy camera work.\" So Mick and Kris put all three into contact with each other and sent them out as a team to get the story on unemployment that appears in the first episode of \"World Youth News.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0017-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\n\"It's very interesting to see how kids from different countries have different skills and different approaches. But that still doesn't make me think they're really that different. I think if you went into any kid's room in any country in the world, you wouldn't be able to tell what country you were in. They're all wearing Reeboks and Levi's. I think kids are essentially the same the world over and that's why this concept is so powerful.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0018-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\nInterested in participating? The rules for becoming a correspondent are simple: you can be any age, but the ideal age is somewhere between twelve and twenty-five; you must have access to a video camera; and you must have something important to say.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0019-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Outstanding Contribution To Youth Through Entertainment\n\"Obviously,\" Kris emphasizes, \"the better the shooter you are, the better chance you have of seeing your story on the air. We do all the editing and graphics and final post-production work, so just get the best stuff you can and remember, quality audio is extremely important.\" (copyright Videomaker Magazine)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019408-0020-0000", "contents": "17th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Community Service Award\n\u2605 Special Olympics World Games 1995 \u2013 Kids TV \u2013 New Haven, Connecticut", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 82], "content_span": [83, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019409-0000-0000", "contents": "17th and 18th Streets Crosstown Line\nThe 17th and 18th Streets Crosstown Line was a public transit line in Manhattan, New York City, United States, running mostly along 14th Street, 17th Street, and 18th Street from the West 14th Street Ferry in Chelsea and Christopher Street Ferry in the West Village to the East 23rd Street Ferry at Peter Cooper Village. It was not replaced with a trolley line or bus route when it was abandoned in 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019409-0001-0000", "contents": "17th and 18th Streets Crosstown Line, History\nThe Central Crosstown Railroad was chartered March 28, 1873, and opened within a few years. The original line began at the Christopher Street Ferry and ran north on West Street (west of the Central Park, North and East River trackage), northeast on 11th Street, north on 7th Avenue (along Broadway and Seventh Avenue Railroad trackage), east on 14th Street to Union Square, north on Broadway (also Broadway and Seventh Avenue Railroad trackage), east on 17th Street (eastbound) and 18th Street (westbound), north on 1st Avenue (Central Park, North and East River Railroad trackage), and east on 23rd Street. Another line opened later, continuing west on 14th Street, including Bleecker Street and Fulton Ferry Railroad trackage west of 9th Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019409-0002-0000", "contents": "17th and 18th Streets Crosstown Line, History\nThe company leased the Christopher and Tenth Street Railroad, which also ran east from the Christopher Street Ferry, on May 28, 1890, and the Central Crosstown was acquired by the Metropolitan Street Railway in May 1897, though not leased until February 8, 1904. By 1907, the line to the Christopher Street Ferry was gone, and the 14th Street-Williamsburg Bridge Line used the 14th Street trackage west of Union Square. Instead, 17th and 18th Streets cars continued south from Union Square on University Place on a remnant of the original Broadway Line, ending at 8th Street. Service was terminated in 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019410-0000-0000", "contents": "17th arrondissement of Paris\nThe 17th arrondissement of Paris (XVIIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as dix-septi\u00e8me (pronounced\u00a0[di s\u025btj\u025bm]).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019410-0001-0000", "contents": "17th arrondissement of Paris\nThe arrondissement, known as Batignolles-Monceau, is situated on the right bank of the River Seine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019410-0002-0000", "contents": "17th arrondissement of Paris, Geography\nThe land area of this arrondissement is 5.669\u00a0km2 (2.189 sq. miles, or 1,401 acres).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019410-0003-0000", "contents": "17th arrondissement of Paris, Geography\nSituated on the right bank of the River Seine, this arrondissement is divided in 4 administrative districts: Ternes and Monceau in the southwestern part, two upper-class districts which are more Haussmannian in style; in the middle of the arrondissement, the Batignolles district, an area mostly occupied by young families or couples, with a marked gentrification process; in the northeastern part, the \u00c9pinettes district, a former industrial district gone residential, which is mainly middle class and also experiencing a less advanced gentrification process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019410-0004-0000", "contents": "17th arrondissement of Paris, Geography\nThe town hall of the 17th arrondissement is on Rue des Batignolles. It is the only town hall of Paris to be located in a modern building. The original building was torn down in 1971 to make room for the current edifice. The 17th arrondissement also hosts the Palais des Congr\u00e8s of Paris, which is a large exhibition center with an associated high-rise hotel, the Hyatt Regency Paris \u00c9toile, the largest in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019410-0005-0000", "contents": "17th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics\nThe peak population of Paris's 17th arrondissement was reached in 1954, when it had 231,987 inhabitants. Today, the arrondissement remains dense in population and business activity, with 160,860 inhabitants and 92,267 jobs as of the most recent census (1999).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019410-0006-0000", "contents": "17th arrondissement of Paris, Demographics, Immigration\n2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019410-0007-0000", "contents": "17th arrondissement of Paris, Economy\nThe southwestern part of the arrondissement is very dense in offices, mostly for services. Several big companies have their headquarters there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019410-0008-0000", "contents": "17th arrondissement of Paris, Economy\nThe head office of Dailymotion is located in the Immeuble Horizons 17. When it existed, Gaz de France had its head office in the 17th arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019410-0009-0000", "contents": "17th arrondissement of Paris, Economy\nBatignolles and \u00c9pinettes, two former industrial areas, are now mostly residential. The area around the avenue de Clichy, shared with the 8th, 9th and 18th arrondissement of Paris, is occupied by a lot of shops. This is the third biggest avenue of Paris in terms of sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019410-0010-0000", "contents": "17th arrondissement of Paris, Education\nThe Swedish school Svenska Skolan Paris is in the arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019411-0000-0000", "contents": "17th century\nThe 17th century was the century that lasted from January 1, 1601 (MDCI), to December 31, 1700 (MDCC). It falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement, the latter part of the Spanish Golden Age, the Dutch Golden Age, the French Grand Si\u00e8cle dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, the world's first public company and megacorporation known as the Dutch East India Company, and according to some historians, the General Crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019411-0000-0001", "contents": "17th century\nThe greatest military conflicts were the Thirty Years' War, the Great Turkish War, Mughal\u2013Safavid Wars (Mughal\u2013Safavid War (1622\u201323), Mughal\u2013Safavid War (1649\u201353)), Anglo-Mughal Indian War, and the Dutch\u2013Portuguese War. It was during this period also that European colonization of the Americas began in earnest, including the exploitation of the silver deposits, which resulted in bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019411-0001-0000", "contents": "17th century\nIn the Islamic world, the gunpowder empires \u2013 the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal \u2013 grew in strength. Especially in the Indian subcontinent, Mughal architecture, culture and art reached its zenith, while the empire itself, during the sharia reign of Emperor Aurangzeb, is believed to have had the world's largest economy, bigger than the entirety of Western Europe and worth 25% of global GDP, and its wealthiest province, the Bengal Subah, signaled the period of proto-industrialization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019411-0002-0000", "contents": "17th century\nIn Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa shogunate at the beginning of the century, beginning the Edo period; the isolationist Sakoku policy began in the 1630s and lasted until the 19th century. In China, the collapsing Ming dynasty was challenged by a series of conquests led by the Manchu warlord Nurhaci, which were consolidated by his son Hong Taiji and finally consummated by his grandson, the Shunzi Emperor, founder of the Qing dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019411-0003-0000", "contents": "17th century\nFrom the middle decades of the 17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde. The semi-feudal territorial French nobility was weakened and subjugated to the power of an absolute monarchy through the reinvention of the Palace of Versailles from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison, in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily kept under surveillance. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded. It was during this century that the English monarch became a symbolic figurehead and Parliament was the dominant force in government \u2013 a contrast to most of Europe, in particular France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019411-0004-0000", "contents": "17th century\nBy the end of the century, Europeans were aware of logarithms, electricity, the telescope and microscope, calculus, universal gravitation, Newton's Laws of Motion, air pressure and calculating machines due to the work of the first scientists of the Scientific Revolution, including Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Ren\u00e9 Descartes, Pierre Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Robert Boyle, Christiaan Huygens, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. It was also a period of development of culture in general (especially theater, music, visual arts and philosophy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019411-0005-0000", "contents": "17th century, Inventions, discoveries, introductions\nMajor changes in philosophy and science take place, often characterized as the Scientific revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019412-0000-0000", "contents": "17th century BC\nThe 17th century BC was a century which lasted from 1700 BC to 1601 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019412-0001-0000", "contents": "17th century BC, Sovereign states\nSee : List of sovereign states in the 17th century BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019413-0000-0000", "contents": "17th century in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the century 1601\u20131700 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019414-0000-0000", "contents": "17th century in philosophy\nThis is a timeline of philosophy in the 17th century (17th-century philosophy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019415-0000-0000", "contents": "17th government of Turkey\nThe 17th government of Turkey (10 June 1948 \u2013 16 January 1949) was a short-term government in the history of Turkey. It is also known as the second Saka government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019415-0001-0000", "contents": "17th government of Turkey, Background\nHasan Saka of the Republican People's Party (CHP), who was the previous prime minister, resigned on 8 June 1948. However, he was again assigned to form a government. His cabinet was not very different from the previous cabinet. The major addition was Nihat Erim, who was seen as the potential new leader of the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019415-0002-0000", "contents": "17th government of Turkey, The government\nIn the list below, the cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column \"Notes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019415-0003-0000", "contents": "17th government of Turkey, Aftermath\nThe Republican People's Party (CHP) was losing ground to the Democratic Party (DP), and CHP was looking for a more charismatic prime minister. After preparing a new election (which would prove to be disadvantageous to CHP in 1950), Saka resigned on 14 January 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019416-0000-0000", "contents": "17th meridian east\nThe meridian 17\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019416-0001-0000", "contents": "17th meridian east\nThe 17th meridian east forms a great circle with the 163rd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019416-0002-0000", "contents": "17th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 17th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019417-0000-0000", "contents": "17th meridian west\nThe meridian 17\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019417-0001-0000", "contents": "17th meridian west\nThe 17th meridian west forms a great circle with the 163rd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019417-0002-0000", "contents": "17th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 17th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019418-0000-0000", "contents": "17th parallel north\nThe 17th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 17 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, Central America, the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019418-0001-0000", "contents": "17th parallel north\nThe parallel is particularly significant in the history of Vietnam (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019418-0002-0000", "contents": "17th parallel north\nAt this latitude the sun is visible for 13 hours, 9 minutes during the summer solstice and 11 hours, 7 minutes during the winter solstice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019418-0003-0000", "contents": "17th parallel north, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 17\u00b0 north passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019418-0004-0000", "contents": "17th parallel north, Vietnam\nThe Seventeenth parallel (Vietnamese: v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 17) was the provisional military demarcation line between North and South Vietnam established by the Geneva Accords of 1954. The demarcation line did not exactly coincide with the 17th parallel but ran south of it, approximately along the B\u1ebfn H\u1ea3i River in Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb Province to the village of Bo Ho Su and from there due west to the Laos\u2013Vietnam border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019418-0005-0000", "contents": "17th parallel north, Vietnam\nIn 1976 the demarcation line was made irrelevant as Vietnam was unified following the withdrawal of American forces and the surrender of the South Vietnamese government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019419-0000-0000", "contents": "17th parallel south\nThe 17th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 17 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019419-0001-0000", "contents": "17th parallel south, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 17\u00b0 south passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019420-0000-0000", "contents": "17th-century French art\n17th-century French art is generally referred to as Baroque, but from the mid- to late 17th century, the style of French art shows a classical adherence to certain rules of proportion and sobriety uncharacteristic of the Baroque as it was practiced in most of the rest of Europe during the same period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019420-0001-0000", "contents": "17th-century French art, Louis XIII style\nIn the early part of the 17th century, late mannerist and early Baroque tendencies continued to flourish in the court of Marie de' Medici and Louis XIII. Art from this period shows influences from both the north of Europe (Dutch and Flemish schools) and from Roman painters of the Counter-Reformation. Artists in France frequently debated the merits between Peter Paul Rubens (the Flemish baroque, voluptuous lines and colors) and Nicolas Poussin (rational control, proportion, Roman classicism).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019420-0002-0000", "contents": "17th-century French art, Louis XIII style\nThere was also a strong Caravaggio school represented in the period by the candle-lit paintings of Georges de La Tour. The wretched and the poor were featured in an almost Dutch manner in the paintings by the three Le Nain brothers. In the paintings of Philippe de Champaigne there are both propagandistic portraits of Louis XIII' s minister Cardinal Richelieu and other more contemplative portraits of people in the Jansenist sect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019420-0003-0000", "contents": "17th-century French art, Residential architecture\nHowever, under Louis XIV, the Baroque as it was practiced in Italy was not in French taste (Bernini's famous proposal for redesigning the Louvre was rejected by Louis XIV.) Through propaganda, wars and great architectural works, Louis XIV launched a vast program designed for the glorification of France and his name. The Palace of Versailles, initially a tiny hunting lodge built by his father, was transformed by Louis XIV into a marvelous palace for f\u00eates and parties. Architect Louis Le Vau, painter and designer Charles Le Brun and the landscape architect Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre created marvels\u00a0: fountains danced; wandering revelers discovered hidden grottos in the gardens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019420-0004-0000", "contents": "17th-century French art, Residential architecture\nThe initial impetus for this transformation of Versailles is generally linked to the private ch\u00e2teau Vaux-le-Vicomte built for Louis XIV's minister of Finance Nicolas Fouquet. Having offered a lavish festival for the king in the newly finished residence in 1661 (Le Brun, Le Vau, Le N\u00f4tre, the poet La Fontaine, the playwright Moli\u00e8re were all under Fouquet's patronage), the minister was accused of misappropriation of funds and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The architects and artists under his patronage were all put to work on Versailles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019420-0005-0000", "contents": "17th-century French art, The court of Louis XIV\nIn this period, Louis' minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert established royal control over artisanal production in France; henceforth France would no longer purchase luxury goods from abroad, but would, herself, set the standard for quality. This control was also seen in the creation of an academy of painting and sculpture, which maintained a hierarchy of genres in painting (the \"noblest,\" according to Andr\u00e9 F\u00e9libien in 1667, being history painting), a strong use of pictorial rhetoric, and a strict sense of decorum in subject matter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019420-0006-0000", "contents": "17th-century French art, The court of Louis XIV\nFurnishings and interior designs from this period are referred to as Louis XIV-style; the style is characterized by weighty brocades of red and gold, thickly gilded plaster molding, large sculpted sideboards, and heavy marbling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019420-0007-0000", "contents": "17th-century French art, The court of Louis XIV\nIn 1682 Versailles was transformed into the official residence of the king; eventually the Hall of Mirrors was built; other smaller ch\u00e2teaux, like the Grand Trianon, were built on the grounds, and a huge canal featuring gondolas and gondoliers from Venice was created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019420-0008-0000", "contents": "17th-century French art, The court of Louis XIV\nThrough his wars and the glory of Versailles, Louis became, to a certain degree, the arbiter of taste and power in Europe and both his ch\u00e2teau and the etiquette in Versailles were copied by the other European courts. Yet the difficult wars at the end of his long reign and the religious problems created by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes made his last years dark ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0000-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature\nMedieval16th century \u2022 17th century18th century \u2022 19th century20th century \u2022 Contemporary", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0001-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature\n17th-century French literature was written throughout the Grand Si\u00e8cle of France, spanning the reigns of Henry IV of France, the Regency of Marie de Medici, Louis XIII of France, the Regency of Anne of Austria (and the civil war called the Fronde) and the reign of Louis XIV of France. The literature of this period is often equated with the Classicism of Louis XIV's long reign, during which France led Europe in political and cultural development; its authors expounded the classical ideals of order, clarity, proportion and good taste. In reality, 17th-century French literature encompasses far more than just the classicist masterpieces of Jean Racine and Madame de La Fayette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0002-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France\nIn Renaissance France, literature (in the broadest sense of the term) was largely the product of encyclopaedic humanism, and included works produced by an educated class of writers from religious and legal backgrounds. A new conception of nobility, modelled on the Italian Renaissance courts and theirconcept of the perfect courtier, was beginning to evolve through French literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0002-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France\nThroughout the 17th century this new concept transformed the image of the rude noble into an ideal of honn\u00eate homme (\"the upright man\") or the bel esprit (\"beautiful spirit\") whose chief virtues included eloquent speech, skill at dance, refined manners, appreciation of the arts, intellectual curiosity, wit, a spiritual or platonic attitude towards love and the ability to write poetry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0003-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France\nCentral to this transformation of literature were the salons and literary academies which flourished during the first decades of the 17th century; the expanded role of noble patronage was also significant. The production of literary works such as poems, plays, works of criticism or moral reflection was increasingly considered a necessary practice by nobles, and the creation (or patronage) of the arts served as a means of social advancement for both non- and marginalized noblemen. In the mid-17th century, there were an estimated 2,200 authors in France (mostly nobles and clergy), writing for a reading public of just a few tens of thousands. Under Cardinal Richelieu, patronage of the arts and literary academies increasingly came under the control of the monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0004-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Salons and Academies\nHenry IV's court was considered by contemporaries a rude one, lacking the Italianate sophistication of the court of the Valois kings. The court also lacked a queen, who traditionally served as a focus (or patron) of a nation's authors and poets. Henry's literary tastes were largely limited to the chivalric novel Amadis of Gaul. In the absence of a national literary culture, private salons formed around upper-class women such as Marie de Medici and Marguerite de Valois, devoting themselves to discussions of literature and society. In the 1620s, the most famous salon was held at the H\u00f4tel de Rambouillet by Madame de Rambouillet; a rival gathering was organized by Madeleine de Scud\u00e9ry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 99], "content_span": [100, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0005-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Salons and Academies\nThe word salon first appeared in French in 1664 from the Italian word sala, the large reception hall of a mansion. Before 1664, literary gatherings were often called by the name of the room in which they occurred -- cabinet, r\u00e9duit, alc\u00f4ve,  and ruelle. For instance, the term ruelle derives from literary gatherings held in the bedroom, a practice popular even with Louis XIV. Nobles, lying on their beds, would receive close friends and offer them seats on chairs or stools surrounding the bed. Ruelle (\"little street\") refers to the space between a bed and the wall in a bedroom; it became a name for these gatherings (and the intellectual and literary circles evolving from them), often under the wing of educated women in the first half of the 17th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 99], "content_span": [100, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0006-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Salons and Academies\nIn the context of French scholastica, academies were scholarly societies which monitored, fostered, and critiqued French culture. Academies first appeared in France during the Renaissance, when Jean-Antoine de Ba\u00eff created one devoted to poetry and music, inspired by the academy of Italian Marsilio Ficino. The first half of the 17th century was marked by a phenomenal growth in private academies, organised around a half-dozen or a dozen individuals who met regularly. Academies were generally more formal and more focused on criticism and analysis than salons, which encouraged pleasurable discourse about society. However, certain salons (such as that of Marguerite de Valois) were closer to the academic spirit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 99], "content_span": [100, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0007-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Salons and Academies\nIn the mid-17th century, academies gradually came under government control and sponsorship and the number of private academies decreased. The first private academy to fall under governmental control was L'Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise, which remains the most prestigious governmental academy in France. Founded in 1634 by Cardinal Richelieu, L'Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise focuses on the French language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 99], "content_span": [100, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0008-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Aristocratic codes\nIn certain instances, the values of 17th-century nobility played a major part in the literature of the era. Most notable of these values are the aristocratic obsession with glory (la gloire) and majesty (la grandeur). The spectacle of power, prestige and luxury found in 17th-century literature may be distasteful or even offensive. Corneille's heroes, for example, have been labeled by modern critics as vainglorious, extravagant and prideful; however, contemporary aristocratic readers would see these characters (and their actions) as representative of nobility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 97], "content_span": [98, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0009-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Aristocratic codes\nThe ch\u00e2teau of Versailles, court ballets, noble portraits, triumphal arches \u2013 all of these were representations of glory and prestige. The notion of glory (whether artistic or military) was not vanity or boastfulness or hubris, but rather a moral imperative for the aristocracy. Nobles were required to be generous, magnanimous and to perform great deeds disinterestedly (i.e. because their status demanded it, without expectations of financial or political gain), and to master their own emotions (especially fear, jealousy and the desire for revenge).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 97], "content_span": [98, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0010-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Aristocratic codes\nOne's status in the world demanded appropriate externalisation ( or \"conspicuous consumption\"). Nobles indebted themselves to build prestigious urban mansions (h\u00f4tels particuliers) and to buy clothes, paintings, silverware, dishes and other furnishings befitting their rank. They were also required to show generosity by hosting sumptuous parties and by funding the arts. Conversely, social parvenus who took on the external trappings of the noble classes (such as the wearing of a sword) were severely criticised, sometimes by legal action (laws concerning sumptuous clothing worn by the bourgeois existed since the Middle Ages). These aristocratic values began to be criticised in the mid-17th century; Blaise Pascal, for example, offered a ferocious analysis of the spectacle of power and Fran\u00e7ois de La Rochefoucauld posited that no human act\u2014however generous it pretended to be\u2014could be considered disinterested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 97], "content_span": [98, 1015]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0011-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Classicism\nIn an attempt to restrict the proliferation of private centers of intellectual or literary life (so as to impose the royal court as the artistic center of France), Cardinal Richelieu took an existing literary gathering (around Valentin Conrart) and designated it as the official Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise in 1634. Other original members included Jean Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin, Jean Ogier de Gombauld, Jean Chapelain, Fran\u00e7ois le M\u00e9tel de Boisrobert, Fran\u00e7ois Maynard, Marin le Roy de Gomberville and Nicolas Faret; members added at the time of its official creation included Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac, Claude Favre de Vaugelas and Vincent Voiture. This process of state control of the arts and literature would be expanded even more during the reign of Louis XIV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0012-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Classicism\n\"Classicism\" (as it applies to literature) implies notions of order, clarity, moral purpose and good taste. Many of these notions are directly inspired by the works of Aristotle and Horace, and by classical Greek and Roman masterpieces. In theater, a play should follow the Three Unities:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0013-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Classicism\nAlthough based on classical examples, the unities of place and time were seen as essential for the spectator's complete absorption into the dramatic action; wildly dispersed scenes in China or Africa, or over many years would\u2014critics maintained\u2014break the theatrical illusion. Sometimes, grouped with unity of action is the notion that no character should appear unexpectedly late in the drama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0014-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Classicism\nThese rules precluded many elements common in the baroque tragi-comedy: flying horses, chivalric battles, magical trips to foreign lands and the deus ex machina; the mauling of Hippolyte by a monster in Ph\u00e8dre could only take place offstage. Finally, literature and art should consciously follow Horace's precept \"to please and educate\" (aut delectare aut prodesse est).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0015-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Classicism\nThese rules (or codes) were seldom completely followed, and many of the 17th century's masterpieces broke these rules intentionally to heighten emotional effect:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0016-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Classicism\nIn 1674 there erupted an intellectual debate (la querelle des Anciens et des Modernes) on whether the arts and literature of the modern era had achieved more than the illustrious writers and artists of antiquity. The Acad\u00e9my was dominated by the \"Moderns\" (Charles Perrault, Jean Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin) and Perrault's poem \"Le Si\u00e8cle de Louis le Grand\" (\"The Century of Louis the Great\") in 1687 was the strongest expression of their conviction that the reign of Louis XIV was the equal of Augustus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0016-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Classicism\nAs a great lover of the classics, Nicolas Boileau-Despr\u00e9aux found himself pushed into the role of champion of the Anciens (his severe criticisms of Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin's poems did not help), and Jean Racine, Jean de La Fontaine and Jean de La Bruy\u00e8re took his defense. Meanwhile, Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and the newspaper Mercure galant joined the \"Moderns\". The debate would last until the beginning of the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0017-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Classicism\nThe term \"classicism\" is also linked to the visual arts and architecture of the period where it is also known as Style Louis XIV, most specifically to the construction of the Palace of Versailles (the crowning achievement of an official program of propaganda and regal glory). Although originally a country retreat used for special festivities\u2014and known more for Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre's gardens and fountains\u2014Versailles eventually became the permanent home of the king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0017-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Classicism\nBy relocating to Versailles Louis effectively avoided the dangers of Paris (in his youth, Louis XIV had suffered during the civil and parliamentary insurrection known as the Fronde), and could also keep his eye closely on the affairs of the nobles and play them off against each other and against the newer noblesse de robe. Versailles became a gilded cage; to leave spelled disaster for a noble, for all official charges and appointments were made there. A strict etiquette was imposed; a word or glance from the king could make or destroy a career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0017-0002", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Society and literature in 17th-century France, Classicism\nThe king himself followed a strict daily regimen, and there was little privacy. Through his wars and the glory of Versailles Louis became, to a certain degree, the arbiter of taste and power in Europe; both his ch\u00e2teau and the etiquette in Versailles were copied by the other European courts. However, the difficult wars at the end of his long reign and the religious problems created by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes made the last years dark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0018-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Les Amours and Les histoires tragiques\nIn France, the period following the Wars of Religion saw the appearance of a new form of narrative fiction (which some critics have termed the \"sentimental novel\"), which quickly became a literary sensation thanks to the enthusiasm of a reading public searching for entertainment after so many years of conflict. These short (and realistic) novels of love (or amours, as they are frequently called in the titles) included extensive examples of gallant letters and polite discourse, amorous dialogues, letters and poems inserted in the story, gallant conceits and other rhetorical figures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0018-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Les Amours and Les histoires tragiques\nThese texts played an important role in the elaboration of new modes of civility and discourse of the upper classes (leading to the notion of the noble honn\u00eate homme). None of these novels have been republished since the early 17th century, and they remain largely unknown today. Authors associated with les Amours were Antoine de Nerv\u00e8ze, Nicolas des Escuteaux and Fran\u00e7ois du Souhait. Meanwhile, the tradition of the dark tale\u2014coming from the tragic short story (histoire tragique) associated with Bandello, and frequently ending in suicide or murder\u2014continued in the works of Jean-Pierre Camus and Fran\u00e7ois de Rosset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0019-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, The Baroque adventure novel\nBy 1610 the short novel of love had largely disappeared, as tastes returned to longer adventure novels (romans d'aventures) and their clich\u00e9s (pirates, storms, kidnapped maidens) that had been popular since the Valois court. Amadis of Gaul was the favorite reading matter of Henri IV; B\u00e9roalde de Verville was still writing, and Nicolas de Montreux had just died in 1608. Both Nerv\u00e8ze and Des Escuteaux in their later works attempted multi-volume adventure novels, and over the next twenty years the priest Jean-Pierre Camus adapted the form to tell harrowing moral tales heavily influenced by the histoire tragique. The best known of these long adventure novels is perhaps Polexandre (1629\u201349) by the young author Marin le Roy de Gomberville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0020-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, The Baroque adventure novel\nAll these authors were eclipsed, however, by the international success of Honor\u00e9 d'Urf\u00e9's novel l'Astr\u00e9e (1607\u20131633). This story centered on the shepherd C\u00e9ladon and his love, Astr\u00e9e, and combined a frame tale device of shepherds and maidens meeting, telling stories and philosophizing on love (a form derived from the ancient Greek novel \"the Aethiopica\" by Heliodorus of Emesa) with a pastoral setting (derived from the Spanish and Italian pastoral tradition from such writers as Jacopo Sannazaro, Jorge de Montemayor, Torquato Tasso and Giambattista Guarini) of noble, idealized shepherds and maidens tending their flocks and falling in (and out of) love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0020-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, The Baroque adventure novel\nThe influence of d'Urf\u00e9's novel was immense, especially in its discursive structure (which permitted a large number of stories and characters to be introduced and their resolution to be delayed for thousands of pages; a roman \u00e0 tiroirs). D'Urf\u00e9's novel also promoted a rarefied neo-Platonism, which differed profoundly from the physicality of the knights in the Renaissance novel (such as Amadis of Gaul). The only element of d'Urf\u00e9's work which did not produce imitations was its roman pastoral setting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0021-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, The Baroque adventure novel\nIn theorizing the origins of the novel, the early 17th century conceived of the form as \"an epic in prose\"; in truth, the epic poem at the end of the Renaissance had few thematic differences from the novel. Novelistic love had spilled into the epic, and adventurous knights had become the subject of novels. The novels from 1640 to 1660 would complete this melding. These novels contained multiple volumes and were structurally complicated, using the same techniques of inserted stories and tale-within-a-tale dialogues as d'Urf\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0021-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, The Baroque adventure novel\nOften called romans de longue haleine (or \"deep-breath books\"), they usually took place in ancient Rome, Egypt or Persia, used historical characters (for this reason they are called romans h\u00e9roiques) and told the adventures of a series of perfect lovers sent (by accident or misfortune) to the four corners of the world. Unlike the chivalric romance, magical elements and creatures were relatively rare. Furthermore, there was a concentration in these works on psychological analysis and on moral and sentimental questions which the Renaissance novel lacked. Many of these novels were actually romans \u00e0 cl\u00e9 which described actual contemporary relationships under disguised novelistic names and characters. The most famous of these authors and novels are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0022-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Baroque comic fiction\nNot all fiction of the first half of the 17th century was a wild flight of fancy in far-flung lands and rarefied, adventurous love stories. Influenced by the international success of the picaresque novel from Spain (such as Lazarillo de Tormes), and by Miguel de Cervantes' short-story collection Exemplary Tales (which appeared in French beginning in 1614) and Don Quixote de la Mancha (French translation 1614\u20131618), the French novelists of the first half of the 17th century also chose to describe and satirize their own era and its excesses. Other important satirical models were provided by Fernando de Rojas' La Celestina and John Barclay's (1582\u20131621) two satirical Latin works, Euphormio sive Satiricon (1602) and Argenis (1621).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0023-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Baroque comic fiction\nAgrippa d'Aubign\u00e9's Les Aventures du baron de Faeneste portrays the rude manners and comic adventures of a Gascon in the royal court. Charles Sorel's L'histoire comique de Francion is a picaresque-inspired story of the ruses and amorous dealings of a young gentleman; his Le Berger extravagant is a satire of the d'Urf\u00e9-inspired pastoral, which (taking a clue from the end of Don Quixote) has a young man take on the life of a shepherd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0023-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Baroque comic fiction\nDespite their \"realism\" Sorel's works remain highly baroque, with dream sequences and inserted narration (for example, when Francion tells of his years at school) typical of the adventure novel. This use of inserted stories also follows Cervantes, who inserted a number of nearly autonomous stories into his Quixote. Paul Scarron's most famous work, Le Roman comique, uses the narrative frame of a group of ambulant actors in the provinces to present both scenes of farce and sophisticated, inserted tales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0024-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Baroque comic fiction\nCyrano de Bergerac (made famous by Edmond Rostand's 19th-century play) wrote two novels which, 60 years before Gulliver's Travels or Voltaire (or science fiction), use a journey to magical lands (the moon and the sun) as pretexts for satirizing contemporary philosophy and morals. By the end of the 17th century, Cyrano's works would inspire a number of philosophical novels, in which Frenchmen travel to foreign lands and strange utopias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0024-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Baroque comic fiction\nThe early half of the 17th century also saw the continued popularity of the comic short story and collections of humorous discussions, typified by the Histoires comiques of Fran\u00e7ois du Souhait; the playful, chaotic, sometimes-obscene and almost-unreadable Moyen de parvenir by B\u00e9roalde de Verville (a parody of \"table talk\" books, of Rabelais and of Michel de Montaigne's The Essays); the anonymous Les Caquets de l'accouch\u00e9e (1622); and Moli\u00e8re d'Essertine's Semaine amoureuse (a collection of short stories).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0025-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Baroque comic fiction\nA select list of baroque comique writers and works includes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0026-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Baroque comic fiction\nIn the second half of the 17th century, contemporary settings would be also used in many classical nouvelles (novellas\u2014especially as a moral critique of contemporary society).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0027-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, The Nouvelle classique\nBy 1660, the multi-volume, baroque historical novel had largely fallen out of fashion. The tendency was for much shorter works (nouvelles or petits romans), without complex structure or adventurous elements (pirates, shipwrecks, kidnappings). This movement away from the baroque novel was supported by theoretical discussions on novel structure, which sought to apply the same Aristotelian and Horacian concepts of the three unities, decorum and verisimilitude that writers had imposed on the theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0027-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, The Nouvelle classique\nFor example, Georges de Scud\u00e9ry, in his preface to Ibrahim (1641), suggested that a \"reasonable limit\" for a novel's plot (a form of \"unity of time\") would be one year. Similarly, in his discussion on La Princesse de Cl\u00e8ves, the chevalier de Valincourt criticized the inclusion of ancillary stories within the main plot (a form of \"unity of action\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0028-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, The Nouvelle classique\nAn interest in love, psychological analysis, moral dilemmas and social constraints permeates these novels. When the action was placed in an historical setting, this was increasingly a setting in the recent past; although still filled with anachronisms, these nouvelles historiques demonstrated an interest in historical detail. A number of these short novels recounted the \"secret history\" of a famous event (like Villedieu's Annales galantes), linking the action to an amorous intrigue; these were called histoires galantes. Some of these short novels told stories of the contemporary world (such as Pr\u00e9chac's L'Illustre Parisienne).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0029-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, The Nouvelle classique\nThe best-known of all of these is Madame de Lafayette's La Princesse de Cl\u00e8ves. Reduced to essentially three characters, the short novel tells the story of a married noblewoman during the reign of Henri II who falls in love with another man, but who reveals her passion to her husband. Although the novel includes several inserted stories, on the whole the narration concentrates on the unspoken doubts and fears of the two individuals living in a social setting dominated by etiquette and moral correctness; despite its historical setting, Lafayette was clearly describing her contemporary world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0029-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, The Nouvelle classique\nThe psychological analysis is close to the pessimism of La Rochefoucauld, and the abnegation of the main character leads ultimately to a refusal of a conventional happy ending. For all of its force, Madame de Lafayette's novel is not the first to have a recent historical setting or psychological depth (as some critics contend); these elements may be found in novels of the previous decade, and are already present in certain of the Amours at the beginning of the 17th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0030-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Other novelistic forms after 1660\nThe concerns of the nouvelle classique (love, psychological analysis, moral dilemmas and social constraints) are also apparent in the anonymous epistolary novel Lettres d'une religieuse portugaise (Letters of a Portuguese Nun) (1668), attributed to Guilleragues, which were a sensation when they were published (in part because of their perceived authenticity). These letters, written by a scorned woman to her absent lover, were a powerful representation of amorous passion with many similarities to the language of Racine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0030-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Other novelistic forms after 1660\nOther epistolary novels followed by Claude Barbin, Vincent Voiture, Edm\u00e9 Boursault, Fontenelle (who used the form to introduce discussion of philosophical and moral matters, prefiguring Montesquieu's Lettres persanes in the 18th century) and others; actual love letters written by noble ladies (Madame de Bussy-Lameth, Madame de Coligny) were also published. Antoine Fureti\u00e8re (1619\u20131688) is responsible for a longer comic novel which pokes fun at a bourgeois family, Le Roman bourgeois (1666).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0030-0002", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Other novelistic forms after 1660\nThe choice of the bourgeois arriviste or parvenu (a social climber, trying to ape the manners and style of the noble classes) as a source of mockery appears in a number of short stories and theater of the period (such as Moli\u00e8re's Bourgeois Gentihomme). The long adventurous novel of love continued to exist after 1660, albeit in a far shorter form than the novels of the 1640s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0030-0003", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Other novelistic forms after 1660\nInfluenced as much by the nouvelles historiques and nouvelles galantes as by the romans d'aventures and romans historiques, these historical novels\u2014whose settings range from ancient Rome to Renaissance Castille or France\u2014were published into the first decades of the 18th century. Authors include Madame Marie Catherine d'Aulnoy, Mlle Charlotte-Rose de Caumont La Force, Mlle Anne de La Roche-Guilhem, Catherine Bernard and Catherine B\u00e9dacier-Durand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0031-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Other novelistic forms after 1660\nA history of the novel, Traitt\u00e9 de l'origine des romans (1670), was written by Pierre Daniel Huet. This work (much like theoretical discussions on theatrical vraisemblance, biens\u00e9ance and the nature of tragedy and comedy) stressed the need for moral utility; it made important distinctions between history and the novel, and between the epic (which treats of politics and war) and the novel (which treats of love). The first half of the 17th century had seen the development of the biographical m\u00e9moire (see below), and by the 1670s this form began to be used in novels. Madame de Villedieu (real name Marie-Catherine Desjardins), author of a number of nouvelles, also wrote a longer realistic work which represented (and satirized) the contemporary world via the fictionalized m\u00e9moires of young woman recounting her amorous and economic hardships, M\u00e9moires de la vie d'Henriette Sylvie de Moli\u00e8re (1672\u20131674).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 983]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0032-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Other novelistic forms after 1660\nThe fictional m\u00e9moire form was used by other novelists as well. Courtilz de Sandras' novels (M\u00e9moires de M.L.C.D.R. in 1687, M\u00e9moires de M. d'Artagnan in 1700 and M\u00e9moires de M. de B. in 1711) describe the world of Richelieu and Mazarin without gallant clich\u00e9s; spies, kidnappings and political machinations predominate. Among the other m\u00e9moires of the period the best-known was the work of Englishman Anthony Hamilton, whose M\u00e9moires de la vie du comte de Grammont... (telling of his years in the French court from 1643 to 1663) was published in France in 1713.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0032-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Other novelistic forms after 1660\nMany of these works were published anonymously; in some cases it is difficult to tell whether they are fictionalized or biographical. Other authors include abb\u00e9 Cavard, abb\u00e9 de Villiers, abb\u00e9 Olivier and le sieur de Grandchamp. The realism (and occasional irony) of these novels would lead directly to those of Alain-Ren\u00e9 Lesage, Pierre de Marivaux and Abb\u00e9 Pr\u00e9vost in the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0033-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Other novelistic forms after 1660\nIn the 1690s, the fairy tale began to appear in French literature. The best-known collection of traditional tales (liberally adapted) was by Charles Perrault (1697), although many others were published (such as those by Henriette-Julie de Murat and Madame d'Aulnoy). A major revolution would occur with the appearance of Antoine Galland's first French (and indeed modern) translation of the Thousand and One Nights (or Arabian Nights) (in 1704; another translation appeared in 1710\u201312), which would influence the 18th-century short stories of Voltaire, Diderot and many others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0034-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Other novelistic forms after 1660\nThe period also saw several novels with voyages and utopian descriptions of foreign cultures (in imitation of Cyrano de Bergerac, Thomas More and Francis Bacon):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0035-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Prose, Other novelistic forms after 1660\nOf similar didactic aim was F\u00e9nelon's Les Aventures de T\u00e9l\u00e9maque (1694\u201496), which represents a classicist's attempt to overcome the excesses of the baroque novel; using a structure of travels and adventures (grafted onto Telemachus\u2014the son of Ulysses), F\u00e9nelon exposes his moral philosophy. This novel would be emulated by other didactic novels during the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0036-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Poetry\nBecause of the new conception of l'honn\u00eate homme (the honest or upright man), poetry became one of the principal genres of literary production of noble gentlemen and the non-noble professional writers in their patronage during the 17th century. Poetry was used for all purposes. A great deal of 17th- and 18th-century poetry was \"occasional\", meaning that it was written to celebrate a particular event (a marriage, birth or a military victory) or to solemnize a tragic occurrence (a death or a military defeat); this type of poetry was favored by gentlemen in the service of a noble or the king. Poetry was the chief form of 17th-century theater; the vast majority of scripted plays were written in verse (see \"Theater\" below). Poetry was used in satires (Nicolas Boileau-Despr\u00e9aux is famous for his Satires (1666)) and epics (inspired by the Renaissance epic tradition and by Tasso) like Jean Chapelain's La Pucelle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0037-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Poetry\nAlthough French poetry during the reign of Henri IV and Louis XIII was still largely inspired by the poets of the late Valois court, some of their excesses and poetic liberties found censure\u2014especially in the work of Fran\u00e7ois de Malherbe, who criticized La Pl\u00e9iade's and Philippe Desportes's irregularities of meter or form (the suppression of the cesura by a hiatus, sentence clauses spilling over into the next line\u2014enjambement\u2014neologisms constructed from Greek words, etc.). The later 17th century would see Malherbe as the grandfather of poetic classicism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0037-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Poetry\nThe Pl\u00e9iade poems of the natural world (fields and streams) were continued in the first half of the century\u2014but the tone was often elegiac or melancholy (an \"ode to solitude\"), and the natural world presented was sometimes the seacoast or some other rugged environment\u2014by poets who have been tagged by later critics with the \"baroque\" label (notably Th\u00e9ophile de Viau and Antoine G\u00e9rard de Saint-Amant).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0038-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Poetry\nPoetry came to be a part of the social games in noble salons (see \"salons\" above), where epigrams, satirical verse, and poetic descriptions were all common (the most famous example is \"La Guirlande de Julie\" (1641) at the H\u00f4tel de Rambouillet, a collection of floral poems written by the salon members for the birthday of the host's daughter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0038-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Poetry\nThe linguistic aspects of the phenomenon associated with the pr\u00e9cieuses (similar to Euphuism in England, Gongorism in Spain and Marinism in Italy)\u2014the use of highly metaphorical (sometimes obscure) language, the purification of socially unacceptable vocabulary\u2014was tied to this poetic salon spirit and would have an enormous impact on French poetic and courtly language. Although pr\u00e9ciosit\u00e9 was often mocked (especially in the late 1660s, when the phenomenon had spread to the provinces) for its linguistic and romantic excesses (often linked to a misogynistic disdain for intellectual women), the French language and social manners of the 17th century were permanently changed by it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0039-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Poetry\nFrom the 1660s, three poets stand out. Jean de La Fontaine gained enormous celebrity through his Aesop and Phaedrus-inspired \"Fables\" (1668\u20131693), which were written in an irregular-verse form (different meter lengths are used in a poem). Jean Racine was seen as the greatest tragedy writer of his age. Finally, Nicolas Boileau-Despr\u00e9aux became the theorizer of poetic classicism. His Art po\u00e9tique (1674) praised reason and logic (Boileau elevated Malherbe as the first of the rational poets), believability, moral usefulness and moral correctness; it elevated tragedy and the poetic epic as the great genres and recommended imitation of the poets of antiquity. \"Classicism\" in poetry would dominate until the pre-romantics and the French Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0040-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Poetry\nA select list of French poets of the 17th century includes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0041-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theaters and theatrical companies\nDuring the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, public theatrical productions in Paris were under the control of guilds. During the last decades of the 16th century, only one of these continued to exist; although les Confr\u00e8res de la Passion no longer had the right to perform mystery plays ( since 1548), they were given exclusive rights to oversee all theatrical productions in the capital and rented out their theater (the H\u00f4tel de Bourgogne) to theatrical troupes for a steep price. In 1599 the guild abandoned its privilege, which permitted other theaters and theatrical companies to operate in the capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0041-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theaters and theatrical companies\nIn addition to public theaters, plays were produced in private residences, before the court and in the university. In the first half of the 17th century the public, the humanist theater of the colleges and the theater performed at court exhibited a diversity of tastes; for example, while the tragicomedy was fashionable at the court during the first decade, the public was more interested in tragedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0041-0002", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theaters and theatrical companies\nEarly theaters in Paris were often placed in existing structures like tennis courts; their stages were narrow, and facilities for sets and scene changes were often non-existent (this would encourage the development of unity of place). Eventually theaters would develop systems of elaborate machines and decors, fashionable for the chevaleresque flights of knights found in the tragicomedies of the first half of the 17th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0042-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theaters and theatrical companies\nIn the early part of the 17th century, theater performances took place twice a week, starting at two or three o'clock. Theatrical representations often encompassed several works; they began with a comic prologue, then a tragedy or tragicomedy, then a farce and finally a song. Nobles sometimes sat at the side of the stage during the performance. Since it was impossible to lower the house lights the audience was always aware of each other, and spectators were notably vocal during performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0042-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theaters and theatrical companies\nThe place directly in front of the stage, without seats\u2014the parterre\u2014was reserved for men, but since these were the cheapest tickets the parterre was usually a mix of social groups. Elegant people watched the show from the galleries. Princes, musketeers and royal pages were given free admission. Before 1630, an \"honest\" woman did not go to the theater. Unlike England, France placed no restrictions on women performing on stage; however, the career of actors of either sex was seen as morally wrong by the Catholic Church (actors were excommunicated) and by the ascetic religious Jansenist movement. Actors typically had stage names referring to typical roles or stereotypical characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0043-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theaters and theatrical companies\nIn addition to scripted comedies and tragedies, Parisians were also great fans of the Italian acting troupe who performed their Commedia dell'arte, a kind of improvised theater based on types. The characters from the Commedia dell'arte would have a profound effect on French theater, and one finds echoes of them in the braggarts, fools, lovers, old men and wily servants which still populate French theater. Finally, opera reached France during the second half of the 17th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0044-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theaters and theatrical companies\nOutside Paris, in the suburbs and the provinces, there were many wandering theatrical troupes; Moli\u00e8re got his start in such a troupe. The royal court and other noble houses were also important organizers of theatrical representations, ballets de cour, mock battles and other forms of divertissement for their festivities; in the some cases, the roles of dancers and actors were held by the nobles themselves. The early years at Versailles\u2014before the massive expansion of the residence\u2014were entirely devoted to such pleasures, and similar spectacles continued throughout the reign. Engravings show Louis XIV and the court seated outside before the Cour du marbre of Versailles, watching the performance of a play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0045-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theaters and theatrical companies\nThe great majority of scripted plays in the 17th century were written in verse. Notable exceptions include some of Moli\u00e8re's comedies; Samuel Chappuzeau, author of Le Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Fran\u00e7ois, printed one comedy play in both prose and verse at different times. Except for lyric passages in these plays, the meter used was a twelve-syllable alexandrine line with a regular pause (or cesura) after the sixth syllable. These lines were put into rhymed couplets; couplets alternated between \"feminine\" (i.e. ending in a mute e) and \"masculine\" (i.e. ending in a vowel other than a mute e, a consonant or a nasal vowel) rhymes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0046-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Baroque theater\n17th-century French theater is often reduced to three great names\u2014Pierre Corneille, Moli\u00e8re and Jean Racine\u2014and to the triumph of \"classicism\". The truth, however, is far more complicated. Theater at the beginning of the 17th century was dominated by the genres and dramatists of the previous generation; most influential in this respect was Robert Garnier. Although the royal court had grown tired of the tragedy (preferring the more-escapist tragicomedy), the theatergoing public preferred the former.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0046-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Baroque theater\nThis would change in the 1630s and 1640s when (influenced by the long baroque novels of the period) the tragicomedy\u2014a heroic and magical adventure of knights and maidens\u2014became the dominant genre. The amazing success of Corneille's Le Cid in 1637 and Horace in 1640 would bring the tragedy back into fashion, where it would remain for the rest of the 17th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0047-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Baroque theater\nThe most important source for tragic theater was Seneca and the precepts of Horace and Aristotle (plus modern commentaries by Julius Caesar Scaliger and Lodovico Castelvetro); plots were taken from classical authors such as Plutarch and Suetonius, and from Italian, French and Spanish short-story collections. The Greek tragic authors (Sophocles and Euripides) would become increasingly important by the middle of the 17th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0047-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Baroque theater\nImportant models for the 17th century's comedy, tragedy and tragicomedy were also supplied by the Spanish playwrights Pedro Calder\u00f3n de la Barca, Tirso de Molina and Lope de Vega, many of whose works were translated and adapted for the French stage. Important theatrical models were also supplied by the Italian stage (including the pastoral) and Italy was also an important source for theoretical discussions on theater, especially regarding decorum (see, for example, the debates on Sperone Speroni's play Canace and Giovanni Battista Giraldi's play Orbecche).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0048-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Baroque theater\nRegular comedies (i.e. comedies in five acts modeled on Plautus or Terence and the precepts of Aelius Donatus) were less frequent on the stage than tragedies and tragicomedies around the start of the 17th century; the comedic element of the early stage was dominated by farce, satirical monologues and by the commedia dell'arte. Jean Rotrou and Pierre Corneille would return to regular comedy shortly before 1630. Corneille's tragedies were strangely un-tragic (his first version of Le Cid was even listed as a tragicomedy), as they had happy endings. In his theoretical works on theater, Corneille redefined both comedy and tragedy around the following suppositions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0049-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Baroque theater\nThe history of the public and critical reaction to Corneille's Le Cid may be found in other articles (he was criticized for his use of sources, his violation of good taste, and for other irregularities not conforming to Aristotian or Horacian rules), but its impact was stunning. Cardinal Richelieu asked the newly formed Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise to investigate and pronounce on the criticism (it was the Academy's first official judgement), and the controversy reveals a growing attempt to control and regulate theater and theatrical forms. This would be the beginning of 17th-century \"classicism\". Corneille continued to write plays through 1674 (mainly tragedies, but also what he called \"heroic comedies\"). Many were successful, although the \"irregularities\" of his theatrical methods were increasingly criticized (notably by Fran\u00e7ois H\u00e9delin, abb\u00e9 d'Aubignac); the success of Jean Racine from the late 1660s signaled the end of his preeminence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 1000]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0050-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Baroque theater\nA select list of dramatists and plays, with indication of genre (dates are often approximate, as date of publication was usually long after the date of first performance), includes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0051-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theater under Louis XIV\nBy the 1660s, classicism had imposed itself on French theater. The key theoretical work on theater from this period was Fran\u00e7ois Hedelin, abb\u00e9 d'Aubignac's Pratique du th\u00e9\u00e2tre (1657), and this work reveals to what degree \"French classicism\" was willing to modify the rules of classical tragedy to maintain the unities and decorum (d'Aubignac, for example, saw the tragedies of Oedipus and Antigone as unsuitable for the contemporary stage). Although Pierre Corneille continued to produce tragedies until the end of his life, the works of Jean Racine from the late 1660s on totally eclipsed the late plays of the elder dramatist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0051-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theater under Louis XIV\nRacine's tragedies\u2014inspired by Greek myths, Euripides, Sophocles and Seneca\u2014condensed their plot into a tight set of passionate and duty-bound conflicts between a small group of noble characters, concentrating on these characters' double-binds and the geometry of their unfulfilled desires and hatreds. Racine's poetic skill was in the representation of pathos and amorous passion (like Ph\u00e8dre's love for her stepson); his impact was such that emotional crisis would be the dominant mode of tragedy until the end of the 17th century. Racine's two late plays (Esther and Athalie) opened new doors to Biblical subject matter and the use of theater in the education of young women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0052-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theater under Louis XIV\nTragedy during the last two decades of the 17th century and the first years of the 18th century was dominated by productions of classics from Pierre Corneille and Racine, but on the whole the public's enthusiasm for tragedy had greatly diminished; theatrical tragedy paled beside the dark economic and demographic problems at the end of the 17th century, and the \"comedy of manners\" (see below) had incorporated many of the moral goals of tragedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0052-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theater under Louis XIV\nOther later-17th century tragedians include Claude Boyer, Michel Le Clerc, Jacques Pradon, Jean Galbert de Campistron, Jean de La Chapelle, Antoine d'Aubigny de la Fosse, l'abb\u00e9 Charles-Claude Geneste and Prosper Jolyot de Cr\u00e9billon. At the end of the 17th century (in Cr\u00e9billon's plays especially), there occasionally appeared a return to the theatricality of the beginning of the century: multiple episodes, extravagant fear and pity, and the representation of gruesome actions on stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0053-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theater under Louis XIV\nEarly French opera was especially popular with the royal court during this period, and composer Jean-Baptiste Lully was extremely prolific (see the composer's article for more on court ballets and opera in this period). These works carried on in the tradition of tragicomedy (especially the pi\u00e8ces \u00e0 machines) and court ballet, and also occasionally presented tragic plots (or trag\u00e9dies en musique). Dramatists working with Lully included Pierre Corneille and Moli\u00e8re but the most important of these librettists was Philippe Quinault, a writer of comedies, tragedies, and tragicomedies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0054-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theater under Louis XIV\nComedy in the second half of the 17th century was dominated by Moli\u00e8re. A veteran actor, master of farce, slapstick, the Italian and Spanish theater (see above), and \"regular\" theater modeled on Plautus and Terence, Moli\u00e8re's output was great and varied. He is credited with giving the French comedy of manners (com\u00e9die de m\u0153urs) and the comedy of character (com\u00e9die de caract\u00e8re) their modern form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0054-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theater under Louis XIV\nHis hilarious satires of avaricious fathers, pr\u00e9cieuses, social parvenues, doctors and pompous literary types were extremely successful, but his comedies on religious hypocrisy (Tartuffe) and libertinage (Dom Juan) brought him criticism from the church; Tartuffe was only performed because of the king's intercession. Many of Moli\u00e8re's comedies (like Tartuffe, Dom Juan and Le Misanthrope) veered between farce and the darkest of dramas, and their endings are far from purely comic. Moli\u00e8re's Les pr\u00e9cieuses ridicules was certainly based on an earlier play by Samuel Chappuzeau (best known for his work Le Theatre Francois (1674), which contains the most detailed description of French theatre during this period).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0055-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theater under Louis XIV\nComedy until the end of the 17th century would continue on the path traced by Moli\u00e8re; the satire of contemporary morals and manners and the \"regular\" comedy would predominate, and the last great \"comedy\" of Louis XIV's reign (Alain-Ren\u00e9 Lesage's Turcaret) is a dark play in which almost no character exhibits redeeming traits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0056-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Theater, Theater under Louis XIV\nBelow is a select list of French theater after 1659:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0057-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Other genres, Moral and philosophical reflection\nThe 17th century was dominated by a profound moral and religious fervor unleashed by the Counter-Reformation. Of all literary works, devotional books were the century's best sellers. New religious organisations swept the country (see, for example, the work of Saint Vincent de Paul and Saint Francis de Sales). The preacher Louis Bourdaloue (1632\u20131704) was known for his sermons, and theologian\u2013orator Jacques-Benigne Bossuet (1627\u20131704) composed a number of celebrated funeral orations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0057-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Other genres, Moral and philosophical reflection\nNevertheless, the 17th century had a number of writers who were considered \"libertine\"; these authors (like Th\u00e9ophile de Viau (1590\u20131626) and Charles de Saint-Evremond (1610\u20131703)), inspired by Epicurus and the publication of Petronius, professed doubts of religious or moral matters during a period of increasingly reactionary religious fervor. Ren\u00e9 Descartes' (1596\u20131650) Discours de la m\u00e9thode (1637) and M\u00e9ditations marked a complete break with medieval philosophical reflection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0058-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Other genres, Moral and philosophical reflection\nAn outgrowth of counter-reformation Catholicism, Jansenism advocated a profound moral and spiritual interrogation of the soul. This movement would attract writers such as Blaise Pascal and Jean Racine, but would eventually come under attack for heresy (they espoused a doctrine bordering on predestination), and their monastery at Port-Royal was suppressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0058-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Other genres, Moral and philosophical reflection\nBlaise Pascal (1623\u20131662) was a satirist for their cause (in his Lettres provinciales (1656\u201357)), but his greatest moral and religious work was his unfinished and fragmentary collection of thoughts justifying the Christian religion named Pens\u00e9es (Thoughts) (the most famous section being his discussion of the \"pari\" or \"wager\" on the possible eternity of the soul). Another outgrowth of the religious fervor of the period was Quietism, which taught practitioners a kind of spiritual meditative state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0059-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Other genres, Moral and philosophical reflection\nFran\u00e7ois de La Rochefoucauld (1613\u20131680) wrote a collection of prose entitled Maximes (Maxims) in 1665 which analyzed human actions against a deep moral pessimism. Jean de La Bruy\u00e8re (1645\u20131696)\u2014inspired by Theophrastus's characters\u2014composed his own collection of Characters (1688), describing contemporary moral types. Fran\u00e7ois de La Mothe-Le-Vayer wrote a number of pedagogical works for the education of the prince.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0059-0001", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Other genres, Moral and philosophical reflection\nPierre Bayle's Dictionnaire historique et critique (1695\u20131697; enlarged 1702), with its multiplicity of marginalia and interpretations, offered a uniquely discursive and multifaceted view of knowledge (distinctly at odds with French classicism); it would be a major inspiration for the Enlightenment and Diderot's Encyclop\u00e9die. Important Les Femmes and Grief des Dames and Digression about Montaigne's Essays by Madame Marie de Gournay", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0060-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Other genres, M\u00e9moires and letters\nThe 17th century is noted for its biographical \"m\u00e9moires\". The first great outpouring of these comes from the participants of the Fronde (like Cardinal de Retz), who used the genre as political justification combined with novelistic adventure. Roger de Rabutin, Comte de Bussy (known as Bussy-Rabutin) is responsible for the scandalous Histoire amoureuse des Gaules, a series of sketches of amorous intrigues by the chief ladies of the court. Paul Pellisson, historian to the king, wrote a Histoire de Louis XIV covering 1660\u20131670. G\u00e9d\u00e9on Tallemant des R\u00e9aux wrote Les Historiettes, a collection of short biographical sketches of his contemporaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019421-0061-0000", "contents": "17th-century French literature, Other genres, M\u00e9moires and letters\nJean-Louis Guez de Balzac's collected letters are credited with executing (in French prose) a reform paralleling Francois de Malherbe's in verse. Madame de S\u00e9vign\u00e9's (1626\u20131696) letters are considered an important document of society and literary events under Louis XIV. The most celebrated m\u00e9moires of the 17th century, those of Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon (1675\u20131755), were not published until over a century later. we also remember Ninon de Lenclos's Lettres and the little book La Coquette veng\u00e9e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019422-0000-0000", "contents": "17th-century denominations in England\nMany religious denominations emerged during the early-to-mid-17th century in England. Many of these were influenced by the radical changes brought on by the English Civil War, subsequent Execution of Charles I and the advent of the Commonwealth of England. This event led to a widespread discussion about how society should be structured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019423-0000-0000", "contents": "17th-century philosophy\n17th-century philosophy is generally regarded as seeing the start of modern philosophy, and the shaking off of the medieval approach, especially scholasticism. It succeeded the Renaissance and preceded the Age of Enlightenment. It is often considered to be part of early modern philosophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019423-0001-0000", "contents": "17th-century philosophy, History\nThe period is usually taken to start in the seventeenth century with the work of Ren\u00e9 Descartes, who set much of the agenda as well as much of the methodology for those who came after him. The period is typified in Europe by the great system-builders \u2014 philosophers who present unified systems of epistemology, metaphysics, logic and ethics, and often politics and the physical sciences too. Immanuel Kant classified his predecessors into two schools: the rationalists and the empiricists, and early modern philosophy is often characterised in terms of a conflict between these schools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019423-0002-0000", "contents": "17th-century philosophy, History\nThe three main rationalists are normally taken to have been Descartes, Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz. Building upon their English predecessors Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes, the three main empiricists were John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume. The former were distinguished by the belief that, in principle (though not in practice), all knowledge can be gained by the power of our reason alone; the latter rejected this, believing that all knowledge has to come through the senses, from experience. Thus the rationalists took mathematics as their model for knowledge, and the empiricists took the physical sciences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019423-0003-0000", "contents": "17th-century philosophy, History\nThis period also saw the birth of some of the classics of political philosophy, especially Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan, and John Locke's Two Treatises of Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019423-0004-0000", "contents": "17th-century philosophy, History\nThe seventeenth century in Europe saw the culmination of the slow process of detachment of philosophy from theology. Thus, while philosophers still talked about \u2013 and even offered arguments for the existence of \u2013 a deity, this was done in the service of philosophical argument and thought. (In the Enlightenment, the \"Age of Reason\", 18th-century philosophy was to go still further, leaving theology and religion behind altogether.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019424-0000-0000", "contents": "17th/21st Lancers\nThe 17th/21st Lancers was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was formed in England by the amalgamation of the 17th Lancers and the 21st Lancers in 1922 and, after service in the Second World War, it amalgamated with the 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers to form the Queen's Royal Lancers in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019424-0001-0000", "contents": "17th/21st Lancers, History, Second World War\nThe regiment was formed in England during the interwar period by the amalgamation of the 17th Lancers and the 21st Lancers on 27 June 1922. The regiment was deployed to Meerut in India in 1936 and it was mechanised in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019424-0002-0000", "contents": "17th/21st Lancers, History, Second World War\nOn the outbreak of the Second World War, in September 1939, the regiment transferred back to the United Kingdom and became part of the 1st Motor Machine Gun Brigade defending south-east England. On 12 October 1940, the 1st Motor Machine Gun Brigade became the 26th Armoured Brigade. On 9 November 1940, the brigade became part of the newly raised 6th Armoured Division, with which it served for the rest of the war. Some personnel from the regiment were detached in December to help form the cadre of the 24th Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019424-0003-0000", "contents": "17th/21st Lancers, History, Second World War\nIn November 1942, the division was deployed to Tunisia for Operation Torch. Now equipped with Valentine Mk III and Crusader Mk III tanks, the regiment saw action in the Tunisia Campaign for some time, including taking heavy losses defending Thala in the Battle of Kasserine Pass in February 1943 during which fourteen tanks were put out of action. After this, the regiment was withdrawn and refitted with M4A2 Sherman tanks. In April, the regiment attempted to take the Fondouk Pass during which thirty-two tanks were put out of action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019424-0003-0001", "contents": "17th/21st Lancers, History, Second World War\nThe campaign in Tunisia came to an end in May 1943, with the surrender of almost 250,000 German and Italian soldiers who subsequently became prisoners of war (POWs). Most of the 6th Armoured Division (minus the 1st Guards Brigade) then deployed to the Italian Front in March 1944, and fought to breach the Gustav Line, taking part in Operation Diadem, the fourth and final Battle of Monte Cassino. The regiment advanced to the Gothic Line, and spent the winter there\u2014at points, serving as infantry rather than as an armoured unit, due to the static nature of the trench warfare there. After the final breakthrough in April 1945, codenamed Operation Grapeshot, the regiment ended the war in Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019424-0004-0000", "contents": "17th/21st Lancers, History, Post-war\nIn October 1946, the regiment was posted to Greece on internal security duties. In October 1947, it deployed to the Suez Canal Zone and re-equipped as an armoured car regiment; it then moved to Palestine in 1948. The regiment returned home to Catterick Garrison later that year as RAC Training Regiment and then joined 20th Armoured Brigade and moved to York Barracks at M\u00fcnster in December 1951. It transferred to 4th Guards Brigade Group and moved to Barker Barracks in Paderborn in August 1957. After briefly returning home in December 1959, it moved to Hong Kong in March 1960 from where it deployed units to Aden in October 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019424-0005-0000", "contents": "17th/21st Lancers, History, Post-war\nThe regiment joined 20th Armoured Brigade Group and moved to Athlone Barracks at Sennelager in December 1962. After that it moved to Lisanelly Camp in Omagh in March 1968 from where it deployed a squadron to Libya in 1970. It then transferred to 4th Armoured Brigade and moved to Northampton Barracks in Wolfenb\u00fcttel in November 1972 from where it deployed units to Northern Ireland at the height of the Troubles. It transferred to 11th Armoured Brigade and moved to Wessex Barracks in Bad Fallingbostel in October 1974 from where it again deployed units to Northern Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019424-0005-0001", "contents": "17th/21st Lancers, History, Post-war\nIt returned home re-locating to Bovington Camp as RAC Centre Regiment in December 1977 and then went back to West Germany to join 4th Armoured Brigade becoming based at Swinton Barracks in M\u00fcnster in November 1980. A squadron was sent to Northern Ireland to undertake guard duties at the Maze Prison in December 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019424-0006-0000", "contents": "17th/21st Lancers, History, Post-war\nAfter deploying two squadrons to the Persian Gulf in September 1990 for the Gulf War, the regiment returned to the United Kingdom later in the year. In 1993, with the reductions in forces after the end of the Cold War, the regiment was amalgamated with the 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers to form the Queen's Royal Lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019425-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Alkylated anabolic steroid\nA 17\u03b1-alkylated anabolic steroid is a synthetic anabolic\u2013androgenic steroid (AAS) that features an alkyl group, specifically a methyl or ethyl group, at the C17\u03b1 position. Unlike many other AAS, 17\u03b1-alkylated AAS are orally active and do not require intramuscular injection. However, they uniquely possess a high potential for hepatotoxicity, which simultaneously limits their use. In addition, some have a high risk of gynecomastia due to uniquely high estrogenic activity, although this does not apply to 17\u03b1-alkylated AAS that are also 4,5\u03b1-reduced or 19-demethylated (i.e., that are also dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or nandrolone derivatives, respectively). The prototypical example of a 17\u03b1-alkylated AAS is methyltestosterone (17\u03b1-methyltestosterone).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019425-0001-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Alkylated anabolic steroid, Structure-activity relationships\nExtension of the C17\u03b1 alkyl chain longer than an ethyl group abolishes androgenic activity and converts the drug into an antiandrogen, as in topterone (17\u03b1-propyltestosterone) and allylestrenol (17\u03b1-allyl-3-deketo-19-nortestosterone) (an extended-chain variant of ethylestrenol). Conversely, replacement of the C17\u03b1 alkyl group with an ethynyl group greatly reduces but does not abolish androgenic activity, as in ethisterone (17\u03b1-ethynyltestosterone) and norethisterone (17\u03b1-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone). Similarly to extension of the C17\u03b1 alkyl chain, extension of the C17\u03b1 ethynyl chain abolishes androgenic activity, as with dimethisterone (6\u03b1,21-dimethylethisterone). Dienogest, which is antiandrogenic, features extension of the C17\u03b1 chain in the form of a cyanomethyl group at the C17\u03b1 position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019426-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Allyl-19-nortestosterone\n17\u03b1-Allyl-19-nortestosterone, also known as 3-ketoallylestrenol or as 17\u03b1-allylestr-4-en-17\u03b2-ol-3-one, is a progestin which was never marketed. It is a combined derivative of the anabolic\u2013androgenic steroid and progestogen nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) and the antiandrogen allyltestosterone (17\u03b1-allyltestosterone). The drug is a major active metabolite of allylestrenol, which is thought to be a prodrug of 17\u03b1-allyl-19-nortestosterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019426-0001-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Allyl-19-nortestosterone\n17\u03b1-Allyl-19-nortestosterone has 24% of the affinity of ORG-2058 and 186% of the affinity of progesterone for the progesterone receptor, 4.5% of the affinity of testosterone for the androgen receptor, 9.8% of the affinity of dexamethasone for the glucocorticoid receptor, 2.8% of the affinity of testosterone for sex hormone-binding globulin, and less than 0.2% of the affinity of estradiol for the estrogen receptor. The affinity of 17\u03b1-allyl-19-nortestosterone for the androgen receptor was less than that of norethisterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate and its affinity for sex hormone-binding globulin was much lower than that of norethisterone. These findings may help to explain the absence of teratogenic effects of allylestrenol on the external genitalia of female and male rat fetuses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019427-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Bromoprogesterone\n17\u03b1-Bromoprogesterone (17\u03b1-BP) is a progestin which was first described in 1957 and was never marketed. It is about twice as potent as progesterone in terms of progestogenic activity in animal bioassays. 17\u03b1-BP is a parent compound of haloprogesterone (6\u03b1-fluoro-17\u03b1-bromoprogesterone) and 6\u03b1-methyl-17\u03b1-bromoprogesterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019428-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Dihydroequilenin\n17\u03b1-Dihydroequilenin, or \u03b1-dihydroequilenin, also known as 6,8-didehydro-17\u03b1-estradiol, as well as estra-1,3,5(10),6,8-pentaen-3,17\u03b1-diol, is a naturally occurring steroidal estrogen found in horses which is closely related to equilin, equilenin, and 17\u03b1-estradiol, and, as the 3-sulfate ester sodium salt, is a minor constituent (1.2%) of conjugated estrogens (Premarin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019429-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Dihydroequilin\n17\u03b1-Dihydroequilin, or \u03b1-dihydroequilin, also known as 7-dehydro-17\u03b1-estradiol, as well as estra-1,3,5(10),7-tetraene-3,17\u03b1-diol, is a naturally occurring steroidal estrogen found in horses which is closely related to equilin, equilenin, and 17\u03b1-estradiol. The compound, as the 3-sulfate ester sodium salt, is present in conjugated estrogens (Premarin), a pharmaceutical extract of the urine of pregnant mares, and is the third highest quantity constituent in the formulation (13.8%). The compound has been studied clinically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019430-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Epiestriol\n17\u03b1-Epiestriol, or simply 17-epiestriol, also known as 16\u03b1-hydroxy-17\u03b1-estradiol or estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16\u03b1,17\u03b1-triol, is a minor and weak endogenous estrogen, and the 17\u03b1-epimer of estriol (which is 16\u03b1-hydroxy-17\u03b2-estradiol). It is formed from 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone. In contrast to other endogenous estrogens like estradiol, 17\u03b1-epiestriol is a selective agonist of the ER\u03b2. It is described as a relatively weak estrogen, which is in accordance with its relatively low affinity for the ER\u03b1. 17\u03b1-Epiestriol has been found to be approximately 400-fold more potent than estradiol in inhibiting tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1)-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression in vitro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019431-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Estradiol\n17\u03b1-Estradiol (also known as 17\u03b1-E2, 17-epiestradiol, alfatradiol, or estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17\u03b1-diol) is a minor and weak endogenous steroidal estrogen that is related to 17\u03b2-estradiol (better known simply as estradiol). It is the C17 epimer of estradiol. It has approximately 100-fold lower estrogenic potency than 17\u03b2-estradiol. The compound shows preferential affinity for the ER\u03b1 over the ER\u03b2. Although 17\u03b1-estradiol is far weaker than 17\u03b2-estradiol as an agonist of the nuclear estrogen receptors, it has been found to bind to and activate the brain-expressed ER-X with a greater potency than that of 17\u03b2-estradiol, suggesting that it may be the predominant endogenous ligand for the receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019432-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b1-androstanediol\n17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b1-androstanediol (developmental code names HE-3235, Apoptone), also known as 17\u03b1-ethynyl-5\u03b1-androstane-3\u03b1,17\u03b2-diol, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a 17\u03b1-substituted derivative of 3\u03b1-androstanediol which was never marketed. It was under development for the treatment of prostate cancer but was discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019432-0001-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b1-androstanediol\n17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b1-androstanediol itself shows very low affinity for steroid receptors, including the AR, ER\u03b1, ER\u03b2, PR, and GR, and its mechanism of action is not well-characterized. It produces 5\u03b1-dihydroethisterone (5\u03b1-dihydro-17\u03b1-ethynyltestosterone), a ligand of several steroid hormone receptors, and 17\u03b1-ethynyl-3\u03b2-androstanediol, an estrogen, as active metabolites. These metabolites may contribute importantly to the biological activity of 17\u03b1-ethynyl-3\u03b1-androstanediol, with 17\u03b1-ethynyl-3\u03b1-androstanediol potentially serving as a prodrug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019432-0002-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b1-androstanediol\nAnalogues of 17\u03b1-ethynyl-3\u03b1-androstanediol include 17\u03b1-ethynyl-3\u03b2-androstanediol, ethinylandrostenediol (17\u03b1-ethynyl-5-androstenediol), ethandrostate (17\u03b1-ethynyl-5-androstenediol 3\u03b2-cyclohexanepropionate), ethinylestradiol (17\u03b1-ethynylestradiol), ethisterone (17\u03b1-ethynyltestosterone), and 5\u03b1-dihydroethisterone (17\u03b1-ethynyldihydrotestosterone).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019433-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b2-androstanediol\n17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b2-androstanediol (developmental code HE-3539; also known as 17\u03b1-ethynyl-5\u03b1-androstane-3\u03b2,17\u03b2-diol) is a synthetic estrogen and a 17\u03b1-substituted derivative of 3\u03b2-androstanediol which was never marketed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019433-0001-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b2-androstanediol\n17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b2-androstanediol shows high affinity for the estrogen receptors in vitro (IC50 values of 16\u00a0nM for ER\u03b1 and 126\u00a0nM for ER\u03b2 relative to values of 8\u00a0nM at ER\u03b1 and 7\u00a0nM at ER\u03b2 for estradiol), and activates the estrogen receptors in vitro (EC50 value of 0.9\u00a0nM relative to 0.002\u00a0nM for estradiol). It also has weak affinity for the androgen receptor in vitro (IC50 = 277\u00a0nM relative to 15\u00a0nM for dihydrotestosterone), but doesn't appear to activate the receptor. 17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b2-androstanediol may produce 17\u03b1-ethynyl-3\u03b1-androstanediol and 5\u03b1-dihydroethisterone (5\u03b1-dihydro-17\u03b1-ethynyltestosterone) as active metabolites in vivo. In accordance with its in-vitro estrogenic activity, 17\u03b1-ethynyl-3\u03b2-androstanediol produces estrogenic effects like uterotrophy and testicular atrophy in animals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019433-0002-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b2-androstanediol\n17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b2-androstanediol is a positional isomer of 17\u03b1-ethynyl-3\u03b1-androstanediol, and is a metabolite of this compound in vivo via metabolic inversion of the position of the C3 hydroxyl group. It may be involved in the biological activity of 17\u03b1-ethynyl-3\u03b1-androstanediol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019433-0003-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Ethynyl-3\u03b2-androstanediol\nAnalogues of 17\u03b1-ethynyl-3\u03b2-androstanediol include 17\u03b1-ethynyl-3\u03b1-androstanediol, ethinylandrostenediol (17\u03b1-ethynyl-5-androstenediol), ethandrostate (17\u03b1-ethynyl-5-androstenediol 3\u03b2-cyclohexanepropionate), ethinylestradiol (17\u03b1-ethynylestradiol), ethisterone (17\u03b1-ethynyltestosterone), and 5\u03b1-dihydroethisterone (17\u03b1-ethynyldihydrotestosterone).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019434-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxypregnenolone\n17\u03b1-Hydroxypregnenolone is a pregnane (C21) steroid that is obtained by hydroxylation of pregnenolone at the C17\u03b1 position. This step is performed by the mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme 17\u03b1-hydroxylase (CYP17A1)  that is present in the adrenal and gonads. Peak levels are reached in humans at the end of puberty and then decline. High levels are also achieved during pregnancy. It is also a known neuromodulator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019434-0001-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxypregnenolone, Prohormone\n17\u03b1-Hydroxypregnenolone  is considered a prohormone in the formation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), itself a prohormone of the sex steroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019434-0002-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxypregnenolone, Prohormone\nThis conversion is mediated by the enzyme 17,20 lyase. As such 17\u03b1-hydroxypregenolone represents an intermediary in the \u03945 pathway that leads from pregnenolone to DHEA. 17\u03b1-Hydroxypregneolone is also converted to 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone, a prohormone for glucocorticosteroids and androstenedione through the activity of 3\u03b1-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019434-0003-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxypregnenolone, Clinical use\nMeasurements of 17\u03b1-hydroxypregnenolone are useful in the diagnosis of certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency 17\u03b1-hydroxypregnenolone is increased, while in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17\u03b1-hydroxylase deficiency levels are low to absent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019434-0004-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxypregnenolone, Neurosteroid\n17\u03b1-hydroxypregnenolone is a known neuromodulator as its acts in the central nervous system. Specifically, it is known to modulate locomotion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone\n17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone (17\u03b1-OHP), also known as 17-OH progesterone (17-OHP), or hydroxyprogesterone (OHP), is an endogenous progestogen steroid hormone related to progesterone. It is also a chemical intermediate in the biosynthesis of many other endogenous steroids, including androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids, as well as neurosteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0001-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone, Biological activity\n17\u03b1-OHP is an agonist of the progesterone receptor (PR) similarly to progesterone, albeit weakly in comparison. In addition, it is an antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) as well as a partial agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), albeit with very low potency (EC50 >100-fold less relative to cortisol) at the latter site, also similarly to progesterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0002-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone, Biochemistry, Biosynthesis\n17\u03b1-OHP is derived from progesterone via 17\u03b1-hydroxylase (encoded by CYP17A1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0003-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone, Biochemistry, Biosynthesis\n17\u03b1-OHP increases in the third trimester of pregnancy primarily due to fetal adrenal production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0004-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone, Biochemistry, Biosynthesis\nThis steroid is primarily produced in the adrenal glands and to some degree in the gonads, specifically the corpus luteum of the ovary. Normal levels are 3-90\u00a0ng/dl in children, and in women, 20-100\u00a0ng/dl prior to ovulation, and 100-500\u00a0ng/dl during the luteal phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0005-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone, Biochemistry, Measurement\nMeasurements of levels of 17\u03b1-OHP are useful in the evaluation of patients with suspected congenital adrenal hyperplasia as the typical enzymes that are defective, namely 21-hydroxylase and 11\u03b2-hydroxylase, lead to a build-up of 17\u03b1-OHP. In contrast, the rare patient with 17\u03b1-hydroxylase deficiency will have very low or undetectable levels of 17\u03b1-OHP. 17\u03b1-OHP levels can also be used to measure contribution of progestational activity of the corpus luteum during pregnancy as progesterone but note, 17\u03b1-OHP is also contributed by the placenta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0006-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone, Biochemistry, Measurement\nImmunoassays like RIA (radioimmunoassay) or IRMA (immunoradiometricassay) used to clinically determine 17\u03b1-OHP are prone to cross-reactivity with the 17\u03b1-OHP steroid precursors and their sulphated conjugates. Gas or liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (e.g. LC-MS/MS) achieves greater specificity than immunoassays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0007-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone, Biochemistry, Measurement\nMeasurement of 17\u03b1-OHP by LC-MS/MS improves newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, because 17\u03b1-OHP steroid precursors and their sulphated conjugates which are present in the first two days after birth and longer in pre-term neonates, cross-react in immunoassays with 17\u03b1-OHP, giving falsely high 17\u03b1-OHP levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0008-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics\nAlthough 17\u03b1-OHP has not been used as a medication, its pharmacokinetics have been studied and reviewed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0009-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone, Medical uses\nEsters of 17\u03b1-OHP, such as hydroxyprogesterone caproate and, to a far lesser extent, hydroxyprogesterone acetate and hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate, have been used in medicine as progestins. When \"hydroxyprogesterone\" is referenced from the standpoint of medical use, what is usually being referred to is actually, in general, hydroxyprogesterone caproate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0010-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone, Chemistry\n17\u03b1-OHP, also known as 17\u03b1-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a naturally occurring pregnane steroid. It features ketone groups at the C3 and C20 positions, a hydroxyl group at the C17\u03b1 position, and a double bond between the C4 and C5 positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0011-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone, Chemistry\n17\u03b1-OHP is the parent compound of a class of progestins referred to as the 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives. Among others, this class of drugs includes chlormadinone acetate, cyproterone acetate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and megestrol acetate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019435-0012-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Hydroxyprogesterone, Society and culture, Generic names\nHydroxyprogesterone is the generic name of 17\u03b1-OHP and its INN and BAN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019436-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Methyl-19-norprogesterone\n17\u03b1-Methyl-19-norprogesterone (developmental code name H-3510), also known as 17\u03b1-methyl-19-norpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a progestin which was never marketed. It is a derivative of progesterone, and is the combined derivative of 17\u03b1-methylprogesterone and 19-norprogesterone. The drug is the parent compound of a subgroup of the 19-norprogesterone group of progestins, which includes demegestone (the \u03b49 derivative), promegestone (the \u03b49 and 21-methyl derivative), and trimegestone (the \u03b49, 21-methyl, and 21-hydroxyl derivative).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019437-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Methylprogesterone\n17\u03b1-Methylprogesterone (17\u03b1-MP), or 17\u03b1-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a steroidal progestin related to progesterone that was synthesized and characterized in 1949 but was never marketed. Along with ethisterone (1938) and 19-norprogesterone (1951), 17\u03b1-MP was one of the earliest derivatives of progesterone to be identified as possessing progestogenic activity. Similarly to progesterone and derivatives like 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone and 19-norprogesterone, 17\u03b1-MP was found to possess poor (though not negligible) oral bioavailability, but showed improved progestogenic activity relative to progesterone when administered via other routes (e.g., subcutaneous or vaginal). In addition to its activity as a progestogen, 17\u03b1-MP has also been found to possess some antiglucocorticoid activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019437-0001-0000", "contents": "17\u03b1-Methylprogesterone\nThe observation of two-fold improved potency of 17\u03b1-MP relative to progesterone led to renewed interest in 17\u03b1-substituted derivatives of progesterone. Subsequently, hydroxyprogesterone acetate and hydroxyprogesterone caproate were synthesized in 1953 and introduced in 1956 and 1957, respectively, and medroxyprogesterone acetate was discovered in 1957 and introduced in 1959. In addition, though 17\u03b1-MP itself was never introduced for medical use, progestogen derivatives of the compound, including medrogestone (1966) and the 19-norprogesterone derivatives demegestone (1974), promegestone (1983), and trimegestone (2001), have been marketed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019438-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Aminoestrogen\n17\u03b2-Aminoestrogens are a group of synthetic, steroidal estrogens derived from estradiol which have an amine substitution in place of the hydroxyl group at the C17\u03b2 position. They are estrogenic similarly, but, unlike estradiol, show sustained anticoagulant activity that appears to be mediated by non-genomic mechanisms. As such, it is thought that they may have a reduced risk of venous thromboembolism. The 17\u03b2-aminoestrogens include the base or parent estrogen aminoestradiol (AE2) and the extended-chain derivatives butolame, hexolame, pentolame, prodiame, and prolame. They are a homologous series of steroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019439-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Dihydroequilenin\n17\u03b2-Dihydroequilenin, or \u03b2-dihydroequilenin, also known as \u03b46,8-17\u03b2-estradiol or 6,8-didehydro-17\u03b2-estradiol, as well as estra-1,3,5(10),6,8-pentaen-3,17\u03b2-diol, is a naturally occurring steroidal estrogen found in horses which is closely related to equilin, equilenin, and estradiol, and, as the 3-sulfate ester sodium salt, is a minor constituent (0.5%) of conjugated estrogens (Premarin). 17\u03b2-Dihydroequilenin has unexpectedly shown a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)-like profile of estrogenic activity in studies with monkeys, in which beneficial effects on bone and the cardiovascular system were noted but proliferative responses in breast and endometrium were not observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019440-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Dihydroequilin\n17\u03b2-Dihydroequilin is a naturally occurring estrogen sex hormone found in horses as well as a medication. As the C3 sulfate ester sodium salt, it is a minor constituent (1.7%) of conjugated estrogens (CEEs; brand name Premarin). However, as equilin, with equilin sulfate being a major component of CEEs, is transformed into 17\u03b2-dihydroequilin in the body, analogously to the conversion of estrone into estradiol, 17\u03b2-dihydroequilin is, along with estradiol, the most important estrogen responsible for the effects of CEEs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019440-0001-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Dihydroequilin, Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics\n17\u03b2-Dihydroequilin is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors (ERs), the ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2. In terms of relative binding affinity for the ERs, 17\u03b2-dihydroequilin has about 113% and 108% of that of estradiol for the ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2, respectively. 17\u03b2-Dihydroequilin has about 83% of the relative potency of CEEs in the vagina and 200% of the relative potency of CEEs in the uterus. Of the equine estrogens, it shows the highest estrogenic activity and greatest estrogenic potency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019440-0002-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Dihydroequilin, Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics\nLike CEEs as a whole, 17\u03b2-dihydroequilin has disproportionate effects in certain tissues such as the liver and uterus. Equilin, the second major component of conjugated estrogens after estrone, is reversibly transformed into 17\u03b2-dihydroequilin analogously to the transformation of estrone into estradiol. However, whereas the balance of mutual interconversion of estrone and estradiol is largely shifted in the direction of estrone, it is nearly equal in the case of equilin and 17\u03b2-dihydroequilin. As such, although 17\u03b2-dihydroequilin is only a minor constituent of CEEs, it is, along with estradiol, the most important estrogen relevant to the estrogenic activity of the medication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019440-0003-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Dihydroequilin, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics\n17\u03b2-Dihydroequilin has about 30% of the relative binding affinity of testosterone for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), relative to 50% for estradiol. The metabolic clearance rate of 17\u03b2-dihydroequilin is 1,250\u00a0L/day/m2, relative to 580\u00a0L/day/m2 for estradiol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019440-0004-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Dihydroequilin, Chemistry\n17\u03b2-Dihydroequilin, or simply \u03b2-dihydroequilin, also known as \u03b47-17\u03b2-estradiol or as 7-dehydro-17\u03b2-estradiol, as well as estra-1,3,5(10),7-tetraen-3,17\u03b2-diol, is a naturally occurring estrane steroid and an analogue of estradiol. In terms of chemical structure and pharmacology, equilin (\u03b47-estrone) is to 17\u03b2-dihydroequilin as estrone is to estradiol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019441-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\n17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17\u03b2-HSD, HSD17B) (EC ), also 17-ketosteroid reductases (17-KSR), are a group of alcohol oxidoreductases which catalyze the reduction of 17-ketosteroids and the dehydrogenation of 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroids in steroidogenesis and steroid metabolism. This includes interconversion of DHEA and androstenediol, androstenedione and testosterone, and estrone and estradiol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019441-0001-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\nThe major reactions catalyzed by 17\u03b2-HSD (e.g., the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone) are in fact hydrogenation (reduction) rather than dehydrogenation (oxidation) reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019441-0002-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Reactions\n17\u03b2-HSDs have been known to catalyze the following redox reactions of sex steroids:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019441-0003-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Genes\nAt least 7 of the 14 isoforms of 17\u03b2-HSD are involved in interconversion of 17-ketosteroids and 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019441-0004-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical significance\nMutations in HSD17B3 are responsible for 17\u03b2-HSD type III deficiency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019441-0005-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical significance\nInhibitors of 17\u03b2-HSD type II are of interest for the potential treatment of osteoporosis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019441-0006-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Clinical significance\nSome inhibitors of 17\u03b2-HSD type I have been identified, for example esters of cinnamic acid and various flavones (e.g. fisetin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019442-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency\n17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of sexual development condition that is a cause of 46,XY disorder of sex development (46,XY DSD). The impaired  testosterone biosynthesis by 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III (17\u03b2-HSD III), presents as atypical genitalia in affected males.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019442-0001-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, Signs and symptoms\n17-\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency is a cause of 46,XY disorder of sex development (46,XY DSD) that presents in males with variable effects on genitalia which can be complete or predominantly female with a blind vaginal pouch. Testes are often found in the inguinal canal or in a bifid scrotum. Wolffian derivatives including the epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts are present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 67], "content_span": [68, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019442-0002-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, Signs and symptoms\nThe autosomal recessive deficiency arises are a result of homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations mutations in HSD17B3 gene which encodes the 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III enzyme, impairing of the conversion of 17-keto into 17-hydroxysteroids. The enzyme is involved in the last phase of steroidogenesis and is responsible for the  conversion of androstenedione to testosterone and estrone to estradiol. Virilization of affected males still occurs at puberty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 67], "content_span": [68, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019442-0003-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, Genetics\n17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency is caused by mutations found in the 17\u03b2-HSD III (17BHSD3) gene.17\u03b2-HSD III deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 57], "content_span": [58, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019442-0004-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, Biochemistry\nAndrostenedione is produced in the testis, as well as the adrenal cortex. Androstenedione is created from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or 17-hydroxyprogesterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019442-0005-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, Biochemistry\nA deficiency in the HSD17B3 gene is characterized biochemically by decreased levels of testosterone and increased levels of androstenedione as a result of the defect in conversion of androstenedione into testosterone. This leads to a clinically important higher ratio of androstenedione to testosterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019442-0006-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, Diagnosis\nIn terms of the diagnosis of 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency the following should be taken into account:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019442-0007-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, Management\nThe 2006 Consensus statement on the management of intersex disorders states that individuals with 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency have an intermediate risk of germ cell malignancy, at 28%, recommending that gonads be monitored. A 2010 review put the risk of germ cell tumors at 17%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019442-0008-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, Management\nThe management of 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency can consist, according to one source, of the elimination of gonads prior to puberty, in turn halting masculinization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019442-0009-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, Management\nHewitt and Warne state that, children with 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency who are raised as girls often later identify as male, describing a \"well known, spontaneous change of gender identity from female to male\" that \"occurs after the onset of puberty.\" A 2005 systematic review of gender role change identified the rate of gender role change as occurring in 39\u201364% of individuals with 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency raised as girls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019442-0010-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, Society and culture\nModification of children's sex characteristics to meet social and medical norms is strongly contested, with numerous statements by civil society organizations and human rights institutions condemning such interventions, including describing them as harmful practices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 68], "content_span": [69, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019442-0011-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, Society and culture, The case of Carla\nA 2016 case before the Family Court of Australia was widely reported in national, and international media. The judge ruled that parents were able to authorize the sterilization of their 5-year-old child reported only as \"Carla\". The child had previously been subjected to intersex medical interventions including a clitorectomy and labiaplasty, without requiring Court oversight - these were described by the judge as surgeries that \"enhanced the appearance of her female genitalia\". Organisation Intersex International Australia found this \"disturbing\", and stated that the case was reliant on gender stereotyping and failed to take account of data on cancer risks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 87], "content_span": [88, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019443-0000-0000", "contents": "17\u03b2-Methyl-17\u03b1-dihydroequilenin\n17\u03b2-Methyl-17\u03b1-dihydroequilenin (developmental code name NCI-122), also known as 17\u03b2-methyl-6,8-didehydro-17\u03b1-estradiol, is a synthetic steroidal estrogen which was never marketed. It is the C17\u03b2 methylated derivative of 17\u03b1-dihydroequilenin, an equine estrogen and constituent of conjugated estrogens (Premarin). 17\u03b1-Dihydroequilenin itself is an analogue of 17\u03b1-estradiol, the C17 epimer of estradiol (or 17\u03b2-estradiol). NCI-122 has respective relative binding affinities of about 8.1% and 16% for the ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2 when compared to estradiol. It is far less potent as an estrogen in comparison to estradiol, with relative estrogenic potencies at the ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2 of 1.4% and 0.81%, respectively. Nonetheless, NCI-122 acts as a full agonist of the ER\u03b1 (ER\u03b2 was not assessed) and has estrogenic activity similar to that of estradiol at sufficiently high concentrations. The mechanisms of the lower potency of NCI-122 and related estrogens (e.g., 17\u03b1-estradiol and equilenin) relative to estradiol have been studied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 1045]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0000-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification)\nThe 18 certificate is issued by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), to state that in its opinion, a film, video recording, or game is suitable only for persons aged 18 years and over. It recommends that no one below that age should be admitted to view a film with an 18 certificate in a cinema, and that 18-rated video recordings should not be sold or rented to anyone below that age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0001-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification)\nAs with other British film certificates, the 18 certificate theoretically only has advisory power for films shown in public cinemas, with the ultimate say being held by local authorities. In practice, the local authorities tend to follow BBFC rulings in all but a few exceptional cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0002-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification)\nFor video and game sales, the BBFC rulings have statutory power, as under the terms of the 1984 Video Recordings Act all videos sold or distributed within the UK must be given a certificate by the BBFC, unless they fall into one of a number of exempt categories. Uncertificated recordings which are not exempt cannot legally be sold, regardless of content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0003-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification)\nThe 18 certificate was created in 1982 as the successor of the previous X certificate, which in turn was the successor of the H certificate (with H standing for \"horror\"). See History of British Film Certificates for more details.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0004-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification)\nTypical reasons for restricting films to the 18 certificate category have included hard drug use, supernatural horror, sexually explicit scenes, graphic violence, sadistic violence and sexual violence \u2014 the latter two of which have in the past led to a certificate not being issued at all, in effect banning the film in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0005-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification)\nIt was only around the start of the 21st century that the censors passed films with explicit ('hardcore') sexual acts despite the 18 certificate existing for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0006-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification)\nIt is also issued by the Irish Film Classification Office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0007-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Sex and the 18 certificate\nUntil recently, 18 certificate films could not contain the depiction of actual sex acts, which more recently could only appear in films with an R18 certificate (when created in 1982 only simulated acts could be shown under an R18, but this was relaxed after legal challenges in 2000). Although the BBFC allowed the depiction of simulated sex scenes in 18 certificate films, actual sexual acts were still not allowed to be depicted in 18 certificate films until around 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0008-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Sex and the 18 certificate\nThis precedent appears to have been set when the BBFC granted 18 certificates for films containing short scenes of unsimulated sex, such as Catherine Breillat's Romance (1999) and Patrice Ch\u00e9reau's Intimacy (2001). In October 2004, a new precedent appeared to be set when the BBFC granted an 18 certificate for Michael Winterbottom's film 9 Songs, which featured a number of lengthy explicit scenes of unsimulated sex. This was followed by certificates for Shortbus and Destricted. In the statement justifying the latter decision, it was stated that there is no limit to the number of images that can be considered to be justified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0009-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Sex and the 18 certificate\nIn 2004, the board was also challenged by some pornographic video distributors to award 18 certificates to material otherwise falling under the R18 guidelines. This could have greatly diminished the role of the R18 certificate but failed. This means there continues to be a form of artistic merit test requiring the work to be judged non-pornographic and the scenes in question \"exceptionally justified by context\" for a mainstream release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0010-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Sex and the 18 certificate\nIn its 2009 report (available on its website), the BBFC updated its standards stating that:\"When it comes to sex in films for adults, the Board's policy is that explicit images of real sex should be confined to the \u2018R18\u2019 category, unless such images can be justified by their context. However, contextual justification is irrelevant if the primary purpose of the work is sexual arousal or stimulation (i.e. a sex work). Under the new Guidelines, the contextual justification for explicit images of real sex at \u201818\u2019 no longer needs to be \u2018exceptional\u2019.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0011-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Sex and the 18 certificate\nThe main difference between this new policy and previous years' policies is that contextual justification for images of real sex no longer needs to be \"exceptional\" in an 18 rated work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0012-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Sex and the 18 certificate\nIn its 2010 report (available on its website), the BBFC updated its standards again stating that:\"As in previous years, the Board's policy remains that explicit images of real sex should be confined to the \u2018R18\u2019 category unless such images can be justified by their context. Contextual justification, however, has less weight if the primary purpose of the work is sexual arousal or stimulation (i.e. a sex work).\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0013-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Sex and the 18 certificate\nThe main difference between this new policy and previous years' policies is that contextual justification for images of real sex is no longer irrelevant if the primary purpose of the work is sexual arousal or stimulation; instead, it merely reduces the amount of justification that context can provide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0014-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Sex and the 18 certificate\nIn a sex work, any explicit and non-obscured sight of vaginal or anal penetration by any object whatsoever; any contact between the lips or tongue and genital/anal area; and ejaculation usually requires an R18. Any sight of a liquid resembling semen is also usually restricted to R18, even if the ejaculation is not visible: images of liquid splashing onto faces, breasts or being swallowed have been censored from 18 certificate films. The R18 versions contained these images unaltered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0014-0001", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Sex and the 18 certificate\nFurther reasons for R18, as opposed to 18, include vigorous and/or extensive genital touching (brief genital touching may be passed \"18\"), implied triple penetration, extreme close-ups of spread female genitals or anuses (erections are now permissible at 18 however), and certain fetish material, especially urination and potentially dangerous sadomasochistic activities. However, under the new 2010 guidelines, explicit images of real sex can be passed 18 in a sex work provided there is exceptional justifying context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0015-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Violence, horror, and the 18 certificate\nIn the past, violence was one of the more problematic aspects when passing a film with an 18 certificate, whether it was sexualised or fantasised violence. Horror films were often the culprits for depicting graphic violence and this often resulted in criticism of the examiners. Particularly violent scenes must be removed before a certificate is awarded. With the advent of home video, films that were cut in the cinemas could be released uncut on video. This led to a moral panic concerning \"video nasties\" as coined by tabloid newspapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 83], "content_span": [84, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0015-0001", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Violence, horror, and the 18 certificate\nThe government passed the Video Recordings Act 1984 which meant all videos offered for sale must be assigned a classification agreed upon by an authority designated by the Home Office, which was the BBFC. As a result of this, many films previously cut for cinema (such as The Evil Dead and Dawn of the Dead) had to be cut further in order to get a legal release on video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 83], "content_span": [84, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0016-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Violence, horror, and the 18 certificate\nIn recent times, the BBFC has been more lenient towards fantasised violence, and so former 'video nasties' have since passed uncut. Current concerns include content such as \"any detailed portrayal of violent or dangerous acts which is likely to promote the activity\", and sexualised violence. The BBFC also takes into account whether the scenes are considered to glamorise sexual assault. In 2002, the board passed Gaspar No\u00e9's Irr\u00e9versible without any cuts. It said that the rape depicted in the film does not contain any explicit sexual images and is not designed to titillate. Less than a month later, Takashi Miike's Ichi the Killer had to be cut by three minutes and twenty-five seconds due to sexual violence. In this case, the scenes were felt to be potentially glamourising assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 83], "content_span": [84, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0017-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Violence, horror, and the 18 certificate\nAnother example of cuts for sexual violence, as well as child protection issues, is A Serbian Film, a horror film about a retired porn star lured back into performing. Over four minutes of cuts were required, primarily to remove material involving children in sexual and sexually violent scenarios. The initially banned 1980 Italian film Cannibal Holocaust had five minutes and forty-four seconds of cuts to scenes of sexual violence and actual animal cruelty on its first submission in 2001, reduced to only a single cut of three seconds in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 83], "content_span": [84, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0018-0000", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Violence, horror, and the 18 certificate\nReferences or scenes of suicide or dangerous stunts, which can be easily imitated by youth, can lead to a DVD being given an 18 certificate. Volume 3 of the anime Paranoia Agent (which is normally rated 12 or 15) is rated 18 because of suicide references and violence, mostly in the episode \"Happy Family Planning\", which made light of suicide and featured a scene of someone pretending to hang himself, a scene which was edited by the BBFC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 83], "content_span": [84, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019444-0018-0001", "contents": "18 (British Board of Film Classification), Violence, horror, and the 18 certificate\nAn episode of House titled \"Under My Skin\" became the first and only one to be passed with an 18 certificate due to scenes depicting a suicide technique that can easily be imitated in real life. Most of the Jackass films are also given an 18 certificate because of dangerous and imitable stunts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 83], "content_span": [84, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019445-0000-0000", "contents": "18 (Moby album)\n18 is the sixth studio album by American electronica musician, songwriter, and producer Moby. It was released on May 13, 2002 by Mute Records in the UK and on May 14, 2002 by V2 Records in the US. After the unexpected commercial and critical success of his previous album, Play (1999), Moby started to write songs for a follow-up during its supporting tour. He started work on the album at its conclusion in December 2000, using fewer samples than before. Guest vocalists include Azure Ray, MC Lyte, Angie Stone, and Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019445-0001-0000", "contents": "18 (Moby album)\nFollowing its release, 18 went to number one in 12 countries, including the UK, and reached number 4 in the US. The album went on to sell over 4 million copies worldwide. 18 B Sides + DVD, a collection of the album's B-sides and live video footage, was released a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019445-0002-0000", "contents": "18 (Moby album), Background\nIn December 2000, Moby finished his world tour in support of his previous studio album, Play (1999), which had lasted for 21 consecutive months. He wanted to start on a follow-up as soon as it was over, by which time he had already recorded ideas for some new songs. This process was under way in the spring of 2001, with Moby using a Power Macintosh G3 and G4 to write and record with Pro Tools. He felt no pressure in delivering an album that matched the commercial success of Play, but an \"artistic pressure\" to make a record that he and others could enjoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019445-0003-0000", "contents": "18 (Moby album), Background\nPrior to starting on 18, Moby had friends in New York City, Los Angeles, and London search through local record shops for albums that contained strong vocals that he could use to sample from and write songs based on them, a technique he had used for Play. He received several hundred and from them, clipped vocal lines, often two or three words long, that caught his interest. From there, he played different chords on his piano that suited the part to build an outline for a song. He then stored the records in his cabinets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019445-0003-0001", "contents": "18 (Moby album), Background\nMoby composed the album in batches, transferring songs onto a CD and sending them to his management and the A&R representative at V2 with labels such as \"Moby Ideas 2, August 2001\" or \"Moby Demos 3\". After 10 months Moby had sent 35 discs comprising over 140 songs, which promoted ideas of making 18 a triple album, but his friends and management advised against it. There were arguments between Moby and V2 over the use of vocal samples on 18, and V2 believed that a follow-up album that sounded like Play was going to attract criticism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019445-0004-0000", "contents": "18 (Moby album), Background\nMoby named the album after the number of tracks that he put on it, and his fondness towards the idea of the title being easily translated and known as something different in other countries. He pointed out that there are some \"really esoteric reasons\" for the title, but did not mention them. On his website, Moby hinted that those who had visited Israel and are familiar with conspiracy theories regarding extra-terrestrials may spot its significance. He said that Play and 18 were structured around the same motivation: \"The desire to make compassionate records that meet a need in someone else's life.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019445-0005-0000", "contents": "18 (Moby album), Background\nBy the time of the September 11 attacks in New York City, the album was almost recorded and finished. Following the incident, Moby made alterations to \"Sleep Alone\" as he found some of its lyrics \"too prescient\"; the line \"Pieces of fire touch your hair\" became \"Pieces of light\". Moby had written \"Harbour\" in 1984, at nineteen years of age; Sinead O'Connor was surprised upon learning this, as she initially thought the song related to pre- and post-September 11 events. O'Connor was too afraid to fly to New York City to record her vocals at the time, so she used a studio in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019445-0006-0000", "contents": "18 (Moby album), Background\nPrior to the album's release, V2 Records avoided to send advance copies to soundtrack supervisors. As Play had gained momentum after it was licensed to television and film productions, the label did not rule out the possibility of licensing tracks from 18 but wanted to hold out from doing so until the official launch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019445-0007-0000", "contents": "18 (Moby album), Critical reception\n18 received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album four stars out of five, writing that, \"Moby not only creates a shimmering, reflective mood from the outset, but [that] he sustains it throughout the 18 songs, as the album shifts from pop and soul songs to soaring instrumental stretches letting the sound deepen and change colors with each new track.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019445-0008-0000", "contents": "18 (Moby album), Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019446-0000-0000", "contents": "18 (Nana Kitade album)\n18: Eighteen is the debut studio album by Nana Kitade. It was originally released August 24, 2005 in Japan. The album peaked at #16 on the Oricon chart and charted for five weeks. On September 7, Kitade held a special one-man live show, which was titled Nana Kitade Live Showcase '18: Eighteen', in Shibuya-Ax. First press editions of the album included a ticket to the live show and handshake event. On December 7, she released a DVD called Nana Kitade: 18Movies. The DVD consists of all her music videos up until this point, clips from her one-man live show, commercials for her releases, and a studio recording of \"Kesenai Tsumi\". The album was released in the United States on July 11, 2006 through Tofu Records due to increased popularity overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019447-0000-0000", "contents": "18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment\n18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment is a regiment of the Royal Corps of Signals in the British Army that provides Communications and Information Systems (CIS) support to the United Kingdom Special Forces (UKSF). The regiment is under the operational command of the Director Special Forces and includes signal squadrons from both the Royal Corps of Signals and the Royal Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019447-0001-0000", "contents": "18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment, History\nThe regiment traces its lineage to 18 Signal Regiment formed in 1959 in Singapore as part of the Far East Land Forces (FARELF) which was disbanded on 1 December 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019447-0002-0000", "contents": "18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment, History\nThe 18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment was secretly established in April 2005 at the same time as the Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR). The establishment of the SRR was announced by the Secretary of State for Defence in the House of Commons. The regiment was formed around the existing communication capabilities of the Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Service (SBS), namely 264 (SAS) Signal Squadron based at Stirling Lines, Herefordshire, SBS Signal Squadron based at RM Poole, Dorset and 63 (SAS) Signal Squadron (V) of the Territorial Army (now known as Army Reserve).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019447-0003-0000", "contents": "18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment, History\n264 (SAS) Signal Squadron was formed in July 1966 to support 22 SAS and traces its lineage to a signal troop formed in 1951 for the Malayan Scouts. 63 (SAS) Signal Squadron (V) was formed on 1 April 1967 to support 21 SAS and 23 SAS from elements of 41 Signal Regiment, 63 Signal Regiment, 327 Signal Squadron and 115 Field Squadron Royal Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019447-0004-0000", "contents": "18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment, History\nThe regiment also incorporated 267 (SRR) Signal Squadron to support the SRR and a new squadron 268 (UKSF) Signal Squadron. 267 Signal Squadron had been formed on 18 December 1987. 268 (UKSF) Signal Squadron incorporated the strategic communications element from 264 (SAS) Signal Squadron which provided long range strategic communications. 63 (SAS) Signal Squadron (R) was re-designated as 63 (UKSF) Signal Squadron circa 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019447-0005-0000", "contents": "18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment, Capbadge\nThe regimental cap badge endorsed on 18 August 2020 is a Xiphos sword and three signal flashes representing the three supported regiments: SAS, SBS and SRR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019447-0006-0000", "contents": "18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment, Role\nThe regiment is tasked to deliver the \"military CIS capability to enable UK Special Forces operations worldwide in support of Government, Foreign, Security and Defence Policy\" with operators providing close support to the SAS, the SBS and the SRR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019447-0007-0000", "contents": "18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment, Role\nThe regiment served in Afghanistan and Iraq with several operators killed on special forces operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019447-0008-0000", "contents": "18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment, Selection and training\nRegular members of all three services of the Armed Forces and members from the Army Reserve are eligible to apply to join the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019447-0009-0000", "contents": "18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment, Selection and training\nAn applicant is required to successfully pass a 5 day Briefing Course and then successfully complete a 25 week UK Special Forces Communicators Course (UKSFCC) to become a Special Forces Communicator (SFC). Prior to attempting the UKSFCC, applicants have the option of attending a 3 week SFC Preparation Course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019447-0010-0000", "contents": "18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment, Selection and training\nThe Special Forces Communicators Course consists of six phases: technical trade assessment, general support communications, physical aptitude, close support communications, conduct after capture, military training and special forces parachute training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019447-0011-0000", "contents": "18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment, Selection and training\nApplicants for reserve service in 63 (UKSF) Signal Squadron have to successfully pass an Assessment Course conducted over three weekends and then complete a two week Royal Signals Communications Training course to be eligible to be accepted as Fit for Appointment to the squadron. The applicant is then posted to the squadron to carry out a probationary year completing mandatory courses and a two week training exercise to achieve Fit for Mobilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019448-0000-0000", "contents": "18 (film)\n18 is a 1993 Taiwanese experimental film directed by Ho Ping, written by Ho Ping and Kuo Cheng, based on Kuo Cheng's 1991 short story \"God's Dice\" (\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9ab0\u5b50).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019448-0001-0000", "contents": "18 (film)\nThe title refers to a popular Taiwanese gambling game played with 4 dice in a rice bowl, with the highest combination (called \"18\") containing 2 sixes and 2 of any identical number not six (i.e. 1166, 2266, 3366, 4466, and 5566).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019448-0002-0000", "contents": "18 (film), Awards and nominations\nThe film won International Federation of Film Critics Prize during the 1993 Thessaloniki International Film Festival in Thessaloniki, Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019449-0000-0000", "contents": "18 (number)\n18 (eighteen) is the natural number following 17 and preceding 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019449-0001-0000", "contents": "18 (number), Age 18\nIn most countries, 18 is the age of majority, in which a minor becomes a legal adult. It is also the voting age, marriageable age, drinking age and smoking age in most countries, though sometimes these ages are different than the age of majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019450-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Again\n18 Again (Korean:\u00a018 \uc5b4\uac8c\uc778; RR:\u00a018 Eogein) is a South Korean television series based on the 2009 film 17 Again by Jason Filardi. Starring Kim Ha-neul, Yoon Sang-hyun and Lee Do-hyun, it aired on JTBC from September 21 to November 10, 2020, every Monday and Tuesday at 21:35 (KST). The series is available on Netflix, iQIYI and Viu with multi-language subtitles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019450-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Again, Synopsis\nJung Da-jung (Kim Ha-neul) and Hong Dae-young (Yoon Sang-hyun) are married and have a set of fraternal twins, Hong Shi-ah (Roh Jeong-eui) and Hong Shi-woo (Ryeoun). At first, they have a perfectly happy marriage despite having children at a very young age and having financial problems. Years later, their happy marriage starts crumbling when 37-year-old Da-jung files for divorce and their 18-year-old twins start ignoring Dae-young, except for pocket money. Furthermore, Dae-young's life turns more miserable when he loses his job, after his boss promotes his nephew who has worked in the company for only 4 years, while relocating Dae-young to Busan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019450-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Again, Synopsis\nWishing he could go back in time and fix his life, Dae-young's 37-year-old body miraculously morphs into the body he had when he was 18 years old (Lee Do-hyun) but retains his 37-year-old mentality. He starts living a new life under his alias \"Go Woo-young\" and attends Serim High School, which is his twins' school, and also the school he and Da-jung attended 18 years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019450-0002-0001", "contents": "18 Again, Synopsis\nDuring Dae-young's life as the 18-year-old Go Woo-young, he learns that his daughter Shi-ah is working part-time in a convenience store without his permission and his son Shi-woo is being abused at school by basketball captain Goo Ja-sung (Hwang In-yeop). Dae-young also learns about his son's interest and talent in basketball that Shi-woo always hides from him. Dae-young eventually realizes the true reason behind his family's crumbling bond and gets to know more about his twins. He resolves to use this chance to protect his kids by befriending them and to do his best to be more present to the family despite his appearance as an 18-year-old boy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019450-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Again, Production\nThe series adaptation is directed by Ha Byung-hoon, who also helmed the similarly themed romantic fantasy drama Confession Couple in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019450-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Again, Production\n18 Again was originally scheduled to premiere on September 7, 2020, but it was postponed by two weeks due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019450-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Again, Original soundtrack, 18 Again: OST Special Album\nThe drama's soundtrack is compiled in a two-part album released on 10 November 2020. CD 1 and CD 2 contain the drama's theme songs and musical score, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 58], "content_span": [59, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019451-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Again!\n18 Again! is a 1988 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Paul Flaherty and starring George Burns and Charlie Schlatter. The plot involves a college student switching souls with his grandfather by means of an accident. The film is based on the song \"I Wish I Was Eighteen Again\" written by Sonny Throckmorton and recorded by Burns in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019451-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Again!, Plot\nJack Watson is a millionaire playboy and businessman who is about to turn 81 years old just as his grandson David is about to turn 18, but Jack laments his old age and wishes to get back to his teens once more. When an accident switches their souls, Jack gets to live his grandson's life and all that it entails: school, sports, and romance. Unfortunately, David gets the \"short end of the deal\", as not only is he trapped in his grandfather's 81-year-old body, but he is also in a coma. The only one who knows the truth is his longtime friend Charlie, whom Jack was able to convince by recounting experiences only they knew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019451-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Again!, Plot\nJack gets to approach his family from a fresh point of view and doesn't always like what he sees: he's been a distant parent for his son Arnie and has repeatedly disregarded his ideas for improving the family company. The college fraternity that he coerced David into joining (his old alma mater) is bullying him on a regular basis and forcing him to write their test finals for them. He also finds out that his girlfriend Madeline is unfaithful when she tries to seduce him, thinking he's Jack's grandson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019451-0002-0001", "contents": "18 Again!, Plot\nDeciding to set things right, Jack in David's body decides to take charge by convincing his father (or rather, Jack's son) to implement his ideas on the family business and uses his poker playing skills to beat the frat boys while betting $1000 that he will beat the lead frat boy Russ in the upcoming track meet. Jack also impresses a girl named Robin, who is taken with David's old-fashioned style with bow ties and his vividly recounting the Second World War and meeting President Harry S. Truman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019451-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Again!, Plot\nHowever, Jack realizes too late that he has willed half of everything to Madeline, who convinces Arnie and his wife to disconnect Jack's 81-year-old body from life support. Knowing that this will kill David, Jack and Charlie rush to the hospital to prevent this, wheeling Jack's body away from an orderly. When they crash in the hospital chapel, Jack and David's minds are returned to their rightful bodies, and Jack awakens. Jack still has unfinished business, as in David's body he challenged the fraternity president to a race, and now David must face him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019451-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Again!, Plot\nJack gives David a pep talk, and David beats the frat president. Jack then encourages David to pursue an interested Robin. In private, Jack tells Arnie that his greatest mistake was trying to get him and David to relive his own life, and encourages Arnie to nurture David's interest in art, which Jack will do as well by getting David involved in the graphic design aspect of the family business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019451-0004-0001", "contents": "18 Again!, Plot\nFinally, Jack confronts Madeline by saying he knows that she made a pass at David and is well aware that she is a gold digger only interested in his bank account. He throws her out of the house and lets her know that he has rewritten his will to include his family and his faithful butler Horton, whom he promptly orders to have Madeline thrown out. Robin and David start their relationship, and the movie finishes with Jack telling David everything about Harry S. Truman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019451-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Again!, Reception\nRoger Ebert gives the film a score of 1 and a half out of 4. He compares it to Like Father Like Son and Vice Versa, calling Vice Versa the best of the three, by far. He stated, \"The whole project seems to have been enveloped in a miasma of good intentions and heartwarming sentiments. There\u2019s no edge, no bite and none of the inspired body language that made 'Vice Versa' so special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019451-0005-0001", "contents": "18 Again!, Reception\nThe movie makes no attempt to really imagine what it would be like to inhabit another body; it just springs the gimmick on us and starts unreeling its sitcom plot. Although Burns is, of course, a beloved institution, and any opportunity to see him is welcome, he is not given much to do in the movie, and he doesn\u2019t do much with it... No real effort has been made to find any differences between Burns and the character he plays in this movie.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019451-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Again!, Reception\nJanet Maslin was critical of the film for leaving George Burns in a coma when he is who the audience came to see, and says that it \"isn't successfully aimed at anyone in particular\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019451-0007-0000", "contents": "18 Again!, Reception\n18 Again! currently holds a 29% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on seven reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019452-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Andromedae\n18 Andromedae, abbreviated 18 And, is a single star in the northern constellation of Andromeda. 18 Andromedae is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.350. The annual parallax shift of 7.9\u00a0mas can be used to estimate a distance of 413\u00a0light years. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +10\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019452-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Andromedae\nThis is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B9\u00a0Ve, where the 'e' notation indicates this is a Be star. The stellar spectrum of 18 And displays an emission line in the hydrogen Brackett series due to a dense gaseous circumstellar envelope. The star is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 183\u00a0km/s and has about three times the mass of the Sun. It is radiating 147 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,351\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019453-0000-0000", "contents": "18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings\nThe 18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings were a series of attacks that occurred when five car bombs exploded across Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq, on 18 April 2007, killing nearly 200 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019453-0001-0000", "contents": "18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings\nThe attacks targeted mainly Shia locations and civilians. The Sadriya market had already been struck by a massive truck bombing on 3 February 2007 and was in the process of being rebuilt when the attack took place. The bombings were reminiscent of the level of violence before Operation Law and Order was implemented to secure the Iraqi capital in February 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019453-0002-0000", "contents": "18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings\nThe attacks came as Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said that Iraqi forces would assume control of the country's security by the end of the year, and they also came as officials from more than 60 countries attended a UN conference in Geneva on the plight of Iraqi refugees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019453-0003-0000", "contents": "18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings, Bombings\nThe first attack occurred when a bomb detonated on a minibus in the Risafi neighborhood of Baghdad, killing four people and wounding six. A parked car in the Karrada neighborhood exploded afterward, killing 11 and wounding 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019453-0004-0000", "contents": "18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings, Bombings\nA suicide car bomber crashed his car into an Iraqi police checkpoint; the resulting explosion killed at least 41 people, including five Iraqi police officers, and wounded 76.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019453-0005-0000", "contents": "18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings, Bombings\nOne hour later, the deadliest attack was in the al-Sadriya market in central Baghdad, where a powerful car bomb killed at least 140 people and wounded 148, according to an Iraqi hospital official. The bomb was reportedly left in a parked car and exploded at about 1600 local time (1200 UTC) in the middle of a crowd of workers. The market was being rebuilt after it was destroyed by a bombing in February which killed more than 130 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019453-0006-0000", "contents": "18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings, Bombings\nLater in the day another suicide bomber blew himself up at the entrance to the Sadriya district of Baghdad killing two police officers and wounding eight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019454-0000-0000", "contents": "18 April 2013 Baghdad bombing\nOn 18 April 2013, a suicide bombing in a Baghdad cafe killed 27 people and injured another 65. A suicide bomber set off his explosive belt inside the cafe on the evening of 18 April 2013. The establishment was packed with young people enjoying water pipes and playing pool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019454-0001-0000", "contents": "18 April 2013 Baghdad bombing, Background\nViolence in Iraq has decreased since its peak in 2006\u201307, but attacks remain common. Deaths rose in 2012 for the first time in three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019454-0002-0000", "contents": "18 April 2013 Baghdad bombing, Background\nIn the months leading up to the 20 April provincial elections, the first since the withdrawal of US forces in 2011, tensions were high in Iraq as Sunni groups claimed they were being marginalized by Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki's Shiite dominated government. A number of large scale attacks linked to the Sunni umbrella group Islamic State of Iraq were carried out in early 2013 in an attempt to destabilize the country ahead of the elections. At least fourteen election candidates have been murdered, while Anbar and Nineveh provinces have postponed elections because of security concerns. Four other provinces are not scheduled to hold elections on 20 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019455-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Aquarii\n18 Aquarii is a single, yellow-white hued star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. The designation is from the catalogue of English astronomer John Flamsteed, first published in 1712. The star is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.49 and is located about 154 light-years (47 parsecs) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019455-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Aquarii\nThis is an F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of F0\u00a0V. It is an estimated 480\u00a0million years old and has a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 138\u00a0km/s. The star has 1.54 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 11.8 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,194\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019456-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Aquilae\n18 Aquilae (abbreviated 18 Aql) is a triple star system in the constellation of Aquila. 18 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation; it also bears the variable star designation Y Aquilae. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.07. The distance to this system can be estimated from the annual parallax shift of 6.43\u00a0mas, yielding a value of around 510 light-years (160 parsecs) away from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019456-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Aquilae\nThe inner pair of stars in this system form a spectroscopic binary with a combined magnitude of 5.44 and an orbital period of 1.302\u00a0days. The primary component is a giant star with a stellar classification of B8\u00a0III. Because the orbital plane is inclined near the line of sight, two form an eclipsing binary system. The eclipse of the primary component causes a 0.04 drop in magnitude, while the eclipse of the secondary results in a decrease of 0.03. At an angular separation of 0.310\u00a0arcseconds is the magnitude 6.39 tertiary component. This system has a high peculiar velocity of 29.7 \u00b1 3.9 km/s relative to the neighboring stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019457-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Aurigae\n18 Aurigae is a star located 233\u00a0light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Auriga. The brightness of this object is near the limit of visibility to the naked eye under good viewing conditions, appearing as a dim, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.49. The star is moving away from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of 7\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019457-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Aurigae\nThis is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A7\u00a0V, which indicates it is generating energy by hydrogen fusion at its core. The object is 950\u00a0million years old with a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 124\u00a0km/s. It has 1.7 times the mass of the Sun and 1.9 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 10 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,432\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019457-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Aurigae\n18 Aurigae has a magnitude 12.50 companion star at an angular separation of 3.90\u2033 along a position angle of 167\u00b0, as of 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019458-0000-0000", "contents": "18 B Sides + DVD\n18 B Sides + DVD is a compilation album by American electronica musician Moby. The album's first disc is a CD featuring nine B-sides from his 2002 album 18, as well as four new songs. The second disc is a DVD featuring a live concert at the Pyramid Stage at the Glastonbury Festival on June 29, 2003, various outtakes and studio demos taken from the Play and 18 studio sessions, a megamix with eleven remixes of six different songs, and music videos for five singles from 18. The DVD also contains an additional non-musical feature entitled Highlights from Moby TV, consisting of several short skits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019458-0001-0000", "contents": "18 B Sides + DVD\nThe compilation was released in the United States in a CD-style case, and was alternatively released in the United Kingdom in a DVD-style case under the title 18 DVD + B Sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019458-0002-0000", "contents": "18 B Sides + DVD, Personnel\nCredits for 18 B Sides + DVD adapted from album liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019459-0000-0000", "contents": "18 BC\nYear 18 BC was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Thursday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Lentulus (or, less frequently, year 736 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 18 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019460-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Bo\u00f6tis\n18 Bo\u00f6tis is a single star in the northern constellation of Bo\u00f6tes, located about 85 light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.41. This object is a suspected member of the Ursa Major Moving Group, based on velocity criteria. It has a magnitude 10.84 optical companion at an angular separation of 163.7\u2033 along a position angle of 219\u00b0, as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019460-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Bo\u00f6tis\nThis is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F3\u00a0V. Older surveys gave a class of F5\u00a0IV, showing the luminosity class of a subgiant star. It shows strong evidence for short-term chromospheric variability, although it is not optically variable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019460-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Bo\u00f6tis\n18 Bo\u00f6tis is an estimated 1.15\u00a0billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 40.5\u00a0km/s. It has 1.3 times the mass of the Sun and 1.4 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 3.9 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,731\u00a0K. An infrared excess has been detected that suggests a cold debris disk is orbiting 34.9\u00a0AU from the host star with a blackbody temperature fit of 65\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019461-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Bronzemen\n18 Bronzemen is a 1976 Hong Kong kung fu film directed by Joseph Kuo. It is one of the Shaolin themed films, concerning their battles against the Qing Dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019461-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Bronzemen\nA sequel, called Return of the 18 Bronzemen, followed and was released in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019461-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Bronzemen, Plot\nThe much-reviled Qing government decide to eradicate any opposition to their rulership by attacking pro-Ming families in the kingdom. One such attack sees an influential official killed, though his wife and son manage to escape thanks to the intervention of a close ally. While on the run, the son, Shaolung, is aided by his father's close friend (Jack Long) who teaches the young boy the basics of kung-fu. As time passes, the renegades must once again move on and evade capture by the Qing army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019461-0002-0001", "contents": "18 Bronzemen, Plot\nHowever, it is decided that the safest place for Shaolung to hide would be in the Ming-friendly Shaolin Temple where he could also further his knowledge of kung-fu. Once there, the boy finds the severe, disciplined lifestyle hard to cope with and, despite his best efforts, he lags behind his fellow pupils. Over time he does make a couple of close friends and it is their encouragement that drives him to reach his goals. Now a young man, Shaolung (Tien Peng) gradually develops into a formidable fighter and concentrates his sights on leaving Shaolin to avenge his father's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019461-0002-0002", "contents": "18 Bronzemen, Plot\nHowever, to 'graduate' from Shaolin means to defeat the Shaolin bronzemen and a series of similarly fiendish tests. The first attempt to conquer these trials is unsuccessful, but Shaolung is spurred on by his straight-talking friend (Wong) and finally leaves through Shaolin's hallowed gates after a final tremendous effort. Once through the dreaded chambers, the Shaolin disciples will have the Shaolin crest of the dragon and tiger burnt into their forearms by lifting a huge bronze pot. Outside, our heroes meet up with more patriots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019461-0002-0003", "contents": "18 Bronzemen, Plot\nShao Lung meets his uncle who tells him the true story of his past and gives him half of a royal seal,  the other half belonging to his (unknown) future wife. Once on his journey again his constantly stalked by a young \"man\" (actually a woman in disguise), Miss Lu. After defending him from an assassination attempt, Miss Lu constantly claims how Shao Lung owes her his life, though he is still under the impression she is still a man (a typical recurring plot device in some martial arts films though it is obvious it is a woman).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019461-0002-0004", "contents": "18 Bronzemen, Plot\nAfter another failed attempt at Shao Lung, he manages to come across Miss Lu\u2019s half of the royal seal thus revealing she is a woman and also his wife-to-be. Shao Lung and Miss Lu meet up with Brother Wan, and in turn they meet with Brother Ta-Chi who managed to beat the Bronzemen and leave Shaolin. Ta-Chi is a mole who was placed in Shaolin by the Qings to learn kung fu and eventually kill Shao Lung. Shao Lung and Brother Wan manage to kill their former brother in self-defense, and with Miss Lu, move on to kill the Manchu general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019461-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Bronzemen, Reception\nIn his book Horror and Science Fiction Film IV, Donald C Willis reviewed 18 Bronzemen as a \"routine martial arts actioner\" noting a \"long bizarre sequence in which Shao Lin students face the Bronzemen\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019462-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Camelopardalis\n18 Camelopardalis is a yellow-white-hued star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Camelopardalis. It has an apparent visual magnitude is 6.44, which makes it a challenge to view with the naked eye. Using the measured annual parallax shift of 23.02\u00a0mas, its distance can be estimated at around 142\u00a0light-years. The star is moving away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +33\u00a0km/s and has an annual proper motion of 0.251\u00a0arcseconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019462-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Camelopardalis\nThe spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of F8\u00a0V, indicating this is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star. It is around 5.3\u00a0billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 5\u00a0km/s. The star has 1.2 times the mass of the Sun, 1.93 times the Sun's radius, and has near solar abundances of elements. The star is radiating 4.24 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,908\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019463-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Candles: The Early Years\n18 Candles: The Early Years is the first compilation album by Silverstein, released in 2006. It compiles their first two previously released, then-out-of-print EPs Summer's Stellar Gaze and When the Shadows Beam, along with some newly recorded acoustic and live material and a remix of the song \"Smile in Your Sleep\". By July 2006, the album had sold over 20,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019464-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Days\n\"18 Days\" is the second single by American rock band Saving Abel from their self-titled debut album. It was released after the band's hit single \"Addicted\". \"18 Days\" reached #10 on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart and number six on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The song is also featured in Tapulous' hit iPhone OS games Tap Tap Revenge and Tap Tap Revenge 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019465-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Days (film)\n18 Days (Egyptian Arabic: \u0661\u0668 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u200e, translit. Tamantashar Yom) is an Egyptian anthology film focusing on the 18 days of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. It premiered at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019465-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Days (film)\nA group of ten directors, twenty or so actors, six writers, eight directors of photography, eight sound engineers, five set designers, three costume designers, seven editors, three post-production companies, and about ten technicians have agreed to act fast and shoot, with no budget and on a voluntary basis, ten short films about the January 25 revolution in Egypt. Ten stories they have experienced, heard or imagined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019465-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Days (film)\nAll the proceeds of this movie will be devoted to organizing convoys to provide political and civic education in the villages of Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019466-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Delphini\n18 Delphini, also named Musica /\u02c8mju\u02d0z\u026ak\u0259/, is a single star in the constellation of Delphinus of the low northern hemisphere. It has a Sun-like golden hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.506. The star is located at a distance of approximately 249\u00a0light years from the Sun based on parallax, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +4\u00a0km/s. An object believed to be an extrasolar planet (designated 18 Delphini b or Arion) orbits the star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019466-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Delphini, Nomenclature\n18 Delphini is the star's Flamsteed designation, abbreviated 18 Del. Following its discovery the planet was designated 18 Delphini b.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019466-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Delphini, Nomenclature\nAs part of the NameExoWorlds program by the International Astronomical Union, in 2015 the name Musica, Latin for 'music', was selected for this star by Tokushima Prefectural Jonan High School Science Club of Japan. The planet was given the name Arion, after a genius of poetry and music in ancient Greece. According to legend, his life was saved at sea by dolphins after attracting their attention by the playing of his kithara. The constellation 'Delphinus' is Latin for 'dolphin'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019466-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Delphini, Properties\nThe stellar classification of 18 Delphini is G6III, which means it is an evolved star that has cooled and expanded off the main sequence. It is a suspected red clump giant that is generating energy from core helium fusion. A moderate level of X-ray emission has been detected from this star, which suggests it has a mildly active chromosphere. The star is 650\u00a0million years old with more than double the mass of the Sun, and has expanded to seven times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 34 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,071\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019466-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Delphini, Properties\nThe Washington Double Star Catalogue lists a pair of visual companions for this star. Component B is magnitude 9.88 and lies at an angular separation of 197.5\u00a0arcseconds along a position angle (PA) of 162\u00b0 from the brighter star as of 2003. Component C has a magnitude of 12.77 with a separation of 129.3\u00a0arcseconds as of 2000. The proper motion of both stars are diverging significantly from 18 Delphini, so they can be ruled out as physical companions. However, a faint star located 29.2\u2033 away appears to be a co-moving companion. This has a projected separation of 2,199\u00a0AU and an mass estimated as 19% that of the Sun. It is a small red dwarf star with a class of M4\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019466-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Delphini, Planetary system\nOn February 19, 2008, an extrasolar planet was found to be orbiting the star with a period of 2.720 years and a mild eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.08. The mass of this exoplanet is greater than 10 times the mass of Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019467-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Delphini b\n18 Delphini b (abbreviated 18 Del b), formally named Arion /\u0259\u02c8ra\u026a\u0259n/, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light-years away in the constellation of Delphinus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019467-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Delphini b\nThe 993-day period planet orbits the yellow giant star 18 Delphini. A very massive and dense planet with a minimum mass of 10.3\u00a0MJ, it was discovered on February 19, 2008, by Sato.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019467-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Delphini b\nIn July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the name Arion for this planet. The winning name was submitted by the Tokushima Prefectural Jonan High School Science Club of Japan. Arion was a genius of poetry and music in ancient Greece. According to legend, his life was saved at sea by dolphins after attracting their attention by the playing of his kithara ('Delphinus' is Latin for 'dolphin').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Doughty Street\n18 Doughty Street was a British political Internet-based broadcaster that hosted a webcast as its chief product. It began broadcasting at 18:55 on 10 October 2006, from its studio at 18 Doughty Street in the Bloomsbury area of London, and ceased broadcasting at 23:00 on Thursday 8 November 2007. It claimed to be Britain's first Internet-based TV station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Doughty Street, Birth and Early Beginnings\nDoughty Media Limited was funded by Stephan Shakespeare and its core presenters at launch included Iain Dale, Tim Montgomerie, Rena Valeh, Zoe Phillips and Donal Blaney. Alex Story, a director of the company at the time of the launch, was the creator of 18 Doughty Street. He wrote the concept on which the station was based, built the studio, and initially organised the production of the channel. Story developed the idea of creating a news platform that would challenge the dominance of terrestrial TV stations over the course of 2005 when he stood for parliament in Denton & Reddish. Over the course of the campaign, he noticed the wide cultural chasm between mainstream news channels and the people. He took his idea of an on-line TV station to Stephan Shakespeare during the first half of 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Doughty Street, Birth and Early Beginnings\nThe station used live video streaming technology in a Windows format to webcast from 19:00 until midnight from Monday to Friday, with all programmes being made available to stream again shortly after the programme had aired. Due to the technology of the time, viewers could not download archived videos to their computer or portable device directly from the site, although a video podcast service of all archive videos was offered shortly before the station ceased broadcasting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Doughty Street, Birth and Early Beginnings\nAlthough it called itself a \"TV station\", legally it was not, so did not operate under the Ofcom Broadcasting Code, which requires \"due impartiality\" and prevents politicians being newsreaders, interviewers or reporters in any news programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Doughty Street, Birth and Early Beginnings\nAt the point of launch, there were four directors of the company, Alex Story, Iain Dale, Tim Montgomerie and Stephan Shakespeare, all  Conservative Party members and self-described conservatives, but did not represent the Conservative Party in an official capacity on the station. In late 2006  Story left as a director of the company, followed by the resignations of Tim Montgomerie around March 2007 and of Donal Blaney in October 2007, followed by Iain Dale later in around December 2007. The latter three were said to be leaving to focus on other projects. For  Story, the aim of the channel was to provide an intellectual and cultural platform to take-on the political orthodoxy of the time; for other directors, the channel was to be narrowly focused on the politics of Westminster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Doughty Street, Birth and Early Beginnings\nTim Montgomerie suddenly left 18 Doughty Street around March 2007 to work on other products and was replaced by Shane Greer, who became a full-time presenter at the station whilst also acting as Executive Director for Young Britons' Foundation. The station also hosted programmes produced and presented by Alan Mendoza, Peter Tatchell, Christian Wolmar, Christine Constable and Claire Fox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Doughty Street, Birth and Early Beginnings\nOn 22 January 2007 a redesign of the website was launched to promote additional services that 18 Doughty Street wanted to produce: written news and opinion, news links, and what was billed as a series of controversial \"attack\" adverts that were to be released on a weekly basis. However, only four were ever produced and their cost rumoured to be disproportionate to success. The total makeover was also supposed to realise the citizen journalism element of 18 Doughty Street and allowed contributors to submit videos for inclusion in the website publications and live productions. However, this project had no success. Against the professional advice of  Story, Tim Montgomorie bought 100 Sanyo C5 digital camcorders, but only a handful of videos were received among reports of technical difficulties with the externally developed platform and a lack of editing skills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0007-0000", "contents": "18 Doughty Street, Collapse & Shutdown\n18 Doughty Street stopped broadcasting on 19 November 2007 claiming that it was being taken off-air to make a range of improvements. Around the same time Donal Blaney and Iain Dale also decided to move on from the station leaving Stephan Shakespeare as the sole remaining director of the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0007-0001", "contents": "18 Doughty Street, Collapse & Shutdown\nWith the core team collapsed, including the resignations or sackings of production and back office staff, and rumours of a lack of interest from potential investors the project finally collapsed completely when the main investor, Stephan Shakespeare, decided to instead start PoliticsHome in the same building in partnership with Freddie Sayers and also led by the return of some staff, including former Director Tim Montgomerie, who had previously resigned from 18 Doughty Street when it was a TV station following what is now revealed as a senior-level split over the direction of the TV station earlier in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0008-0000", "contents": "18 Doughty Street, Other websites\n18 Doughty Street displayed its brand on a website called The Fisk that featured a variety of contributors critiquing left-leaning commentary and opinion pieces. Following the resignation of Tim Montgomerie from 18 Doughty Street, the website has been re-branded under Conservative Home as part of Stephan Shakespeare's efforts to move the TV station away from the right-wing area of politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0009-0000", "contents": "18 Doughty Street, Other websites\n18 Doughty Street also launched conservative websites CentreRight.com and BritainAndAmerica.com in early 2007, prior to Montgomerie's departure. CentreRight.com still carries 18 Doughty Street branding, whereas BritainAndAmerica has been rebranded under Conservative Home. Although it was already operational, CentreRight.com launched again in January 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0010-0000", "contents": "18 Doughty Street, Contributors and Appearances\nFormer leader of the Conservative Party and founder of the Centre for Social Justice Rt Hon Iain Duncan-Smith MP appeared on Issue of the Hour and One to One from the stations beginnings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019468-0011-0000", "contents": "18 Doughty Street, Ad campaigns\nThe channel created a series of adverts intended to raise public awareness on selected issues. Topics included taxation, state funding of political parties, and the Labour politician and then Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. Users of the channel's website were invited to vote between a number of alternative outlines, the winner being made into a campaign advert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019469-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Draconis\n18 Draconis is a likely binary star system in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.84, it is just bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. The distance to this system, as estimated from an annual parallax shift of 4.5\u00a0mas, is roughly 720\u00a0light years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22121.4\u00a0km/s, and is a probable member of the Sirius stream of co-moving stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019469-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Draconis\nThe visible component has a stellar classification of K0 III CN\u22120.5 CH\u22122 Ca1, indicating it is an evolved K-type giant star with some abundance peculiarities in its atmosphere. At the age of around 280 million years, it is most likely (99% chance) on the horizontal branch. It is a barium star, which suggests it may have a degenerate white dwarf companion from which it accreted materials during an earlier stage of its evolution. 18 Dra has an estimated 3.8 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 47 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 787 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,471\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0000-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street\n18 East 50th Street, also known as the Hampton Shops Building and the New York Health & Racquet Club Building, is an office building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Located on the south side of 50th Street, on the middle of the block between Fifth Avenue and Madison Avenue, it was designed by William Lawrence Rouse, Lafayette Anthony Goldstone, and Joseph L. Steinam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0001-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street\n18 East 50th Street is designed in the Neo-Gothic style, sometimes referred to as the Perpendicular Gothic style. The style was chosen because it complemented the St. Patrick's Cathedral complex across the street. The 11-story building has a facade of grey terracotta that resembles granite. The building has no setbacks, as it was built before zoning ordinances required them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0002-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street\nThe Hampton Shops, founded in the early 1860s as the Grand Rapids Furniture Company, sold traditionally-styled furniture. The building site was leased in 1914 and the store at 18 East 50th Street was constructed from June 1915 to March 1916. Hampton Shops subsequently acquired the lease before going bankrupt in 1938. The building was then divided up and leased to art and design businesses. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 18 East 50th Street as an official landmark in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0003-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, Site\n18 East 50th Street is in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, on the south side of 50th Street between Fifth Avenue  to the west and Madison Avenue to the east. The land lot covers 5,640 square feet (524\u00a0m2) with a frontage of 56.4 feet (17.2\u00a0m) along 50th Street and a depth of 100 feet (30\u00a0m). Nearby buildings include 623 Fifth Avenue (containing Saks Fifth Avenue's flagship store) to the west; St. Patrick's Cathedral to the north; 444 Madison Avenue to the east; and Tower 49 to the south. In addition, the Lotte New York Palace Hotel and Villard Houses are less than a block east, while Rockefeller Center is less than a block west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0004-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, Site\nBefore the building was developed, the site contained a pair of houses rising three and five stories. These buildings were purchased in the 1880s by Andrew Jeffries Garvey, who was affiliated with William M. Tweed, the one-time leader of the Tammany Hall political ring. In 1893, Garvey leased the site for twenty years to Arthur H. Cutler of the Cutler School, at a rate of $8,500 per year, with options to renew the property indefinitely. The Cutlers conveyed the lease to residential developer W. W. and T. M. Hall in 1906. When Garvey died, his daughter Helena assumed ownership of the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0005-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, Design\n18 East 50th Street was designed by William Lawrence Rouse and Lafayette Anthony Goldstone of the firm Rouse & Goldstone, along with Joseph L. Steinam. Completed in 1916, the building was designed in what was characterized by the Real Estate Record as the \"Perpendicular Gothic\" style. The building is 11 stories tall, or 12 including a mezzanine at the base, and contains a roof 133.94 feet (40.82\u00a0m) tall. The design was intended to \"harmonize well with the surroundings\", particularly with St. Patrick's Cathedral. The building has no setbacks because it was designed just before the 1916 Zoning Resolution, which would have required such setbacks, was passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0006-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, Design\nAt the time of its completion, the Hampton Shops Building was described as \"interesting\" in the Real Estate Record, as well as a \"perfect example of pure Renaissance design\" in the New-York Tribune. The building was also praised by the architect Aymar Embury III as a \"very lovely piece\" of Gothic design. Writing for The New York Times in 1920, Helen Bullitt Lowry said the building \"out-Goths the very Goths in its efforts to exploit 'the period' quality in its business\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0007-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, Design, Facade\nThe facade is made of terracotta interspersed with random ashlar in varying colors. The only facade visible to the public, on 50th Street, is divided horizontally into three sections, with double-height arcades (sometimes characterized as loggias) at the base and top. The loggia at the base consists of three pointed arches, flanked by a service entrance on the far left and an office entrance on the far right. The arches have been modified with storefront windows but retain Hampton Shops company insignia. The 50th Street facade had wrought iron work and stained glass windows, which resembled an entrance into a medieval castle. At ground story, the facade was also designed with a cathedral window on the southern side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0008-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, Design, Facade\nA flagpole hangs from the top of the arcade and two more from the top of the second story (the floor directly above the arcade). The intermediate stories on 50th Street are treated as subdivided vertically into three bays, each with a pair of windows. The windows on each different story are separated by spandrels with Gothic tracery. The top story has round pointed arches as well as finials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0009-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, Design, Facade\nAt the time of the building's completion, the side facades were visible from the nearby avenues and contained store advertisements. According to Embury, the side facade was \"agreeable in itself, of balanced character\", with a design complementing the main facade. The east facade was obscured with the construction of 444 Madison Avenue in 1931, while the west facade was blocked by 623 Fifth Avenue, completed in 1990. Small portions of the western and eastern facades remain visible at the top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0010-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, Design, Features\nInside the first story was a foyer with administrative office and elevators. The hall was 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) tall and lit by suspended chandeliers, surrounded by a mezzanine gallery on three sides. The other stories contained eleven galleries. The seventh story was particularly ornate with decorated dining and living rooms for what the New-York Tribune described as \"the suggestive exhibition of period furniture\". As of 2016, the lowest four stories are used by the New York Health & Racquet Club while the other stories are used as office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0011-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, History\nThe Grand Rapids Furniture Company was established in 1861. Its founder Henry Mannes named the company for Grand Rapids, Michigan, a furniture manufacturing hub at the time. By 1914, the company was publicly known as the Hampton Shops Company in order to distinguish it from other firms associated with Grand Rapids. The firm retained \"Grand Rapids Furniture Company\" as its corporate name. Grand Rapids Furniture had a store at 34\u201336 West 32nd Street in Manhattan, where it used both the Hampton Shops and Grand Rapids names during the early 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0012-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, History, Showrooms\nIn October 1914, the Grand Rapids Furniture Company acquired the leasehold on 18 and 20 East 50th Street from the Halls. Initially, the Real Estate Record and Guide reported the existing houses would be converted into showrooms. The following week, the Real Estate Record reported that the company would construct a new structure for its own use. Rouse, Goldstone, and Steinam filed plans with the New York City Department of Buildings in February 1915, and Bing and Bing Construction was hired as the general contractor. Work began that June and was substantially completed by January 1916. According to the media, the building was occupied by the middle of March 1916. With the completion of the Hampton Shops Building on 50th Street, the old 32nd Street building continued to be associated with the Grand Rapids Furniture Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0013-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, History, Showrooms\nA 1918 advertisement for the Hampton Shops in the New-York Tribune described the building as a \"Gothic temple of art\" which displayed European antique furniture. During the Hampton Shops Building's usage as a showroom, it was used for events such as a 16th-century Spanish art exhibition, as well as home-furnishing seminars. The Hampton Shops Company acquired the ground lease from Helena B. Garvey Hayden in 1922. Mutual Life Insurance placed a loan of $300,000 on the building. The building was resold to Eben C. Gould in 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0014-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, History, Showrooms\nAfter the building was remodeled in 1937, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle characterized the building as selling \"furniture at all prices\", with entire floors dedicated to selling furniture from France, England, and the U.S.  Hampton Shops reorganized in mid-1938 after filing for bankruptcy. The stock of the company was liquidated starting in December 1938 and continuing for twelve weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0015-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, History, Later tenancy\nAfter Hampton Shops' bankruptcy, 18 East 50th Street was remodeled in 1940 and leased to art and design businesses. The storefront was leased to a fur clothing store, while the upper floors contained tenants such as a dress company and a photography studio. The building was owned by 18 East 50th Street Inc. until 1945, when it was sold to air conditioning manufacturer Carrier Corporation, which opened a New York City branch office there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0015-0001", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, History, Later tenancy\nThe Costume Museum rented space at 18 East 50th Street in 1943, though it was subsequently combined with the Metropolitan Museum of Art and moved to the Met's building in early 1946. The Carrier Company sold the building in November 1947 to Webb & Knapp, and the building was resold a month later to the Drake America Corporation, which initially intended to use the space as offices. Drake America ultimately resold the building to British firm A. M. Corporation for investment the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0016-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, History, Later tenancy\nThe building continued to be used as showrooms and galleries. John Gerald opened a home-furniture showroom in 1949, and an Italian decor showroom opened in 1954. Some restrictions were placed on the operation of 18 East 50th Street, likely because the building was close to St. Patrick's Cathedral. A certificate of occupancy, issued by the Department of Buildings in September 1951, said that the windows could only display \"paintings, statuary, and tapestries\";  signs could not be projected from the facade; loading was forbidden from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.; and the building could not open on Sundays. During the 1960s, the building contained the Savoy Art and Auctions Galleries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0017-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, History, Later tenancy\n18 East 50th Street also contained industrial and office tenants, including the National Advertising Service, the executive offices of television studio Filmways, and George Nelson & Company Industrial Design. Another tenant during this time was Bill Castleberry, president of Zebra Associates, the largest advertising agency owned by Black Americans until its bankruptcy in 1976. At one point, the building also served as headquarters of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York's school system, as well as a sales office for property on Roosevelt Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019470-0018-0000", "contents": "18 East 50th Street, History, Later tenancy\n18 East 50th Street was sold in 1977 to Pamela Equities, subsequently known as Pan-Am Equities, which operated the New York Health & Racquet Club. Part of the interior was then converted into space for the club, while the facade was renovated with new glass storefronts and an awning. The building became known alternately as the New York Health & Racquet Club Building. Its subsequent occupants included office tenants such as the Foreign Press Center and Sports Orthopedic and Athletic Rehabilitation. In mid-2016, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) proposed protecting twelve buildings in East Midtown, including 18 East 50th Street, in advance of proposed changes to the area's zoning. On November 22, 2016, the LPC designated 18 East 50th Street and ten other nearby buildings as city landmarks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019471-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Essential Songs\n18 Essential Songs is a collection of songs recorded throughout Janis Joplin's career released in 1995 by Columbia Records. It included songs from her solo career as well as with Big Brother & the Holding Company. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified it as gold on April 12, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019471-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Essential Songs, Reception\nAllMusic critic William Ruhlmann awarded the album 4.5 out of five stars and noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019471-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Essential Songs, Reception\n18 Essential Songs is a one-disc distillation of the triple-disc Janis box set. Running 70 minutes, it is a more extensive best-of than the ten-track 1973 Janis Joplin's Greatest Hits album. But it is denied \"first pick\" status because, unlike that album, it does not contain the hit version of Joplin's only number one single, \"Me and Bobby McGee.\" (It does, however, contain an alternate demo version of that song.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019472-0000-0000", "contents": "18 February 2007 Baghdad bombings\nThree car bombs exploded in mainly Shia areas of Baghdad, killing at least 63 people and injuring more than 120 on 18 February 2007. It happened despite a huge military offensive was going on, led by US and Iraqi troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019472-0001-0000", "contents": "18 February 2007 Baghdad bombings\nOne of the killed, Ehab Karim, is a midfield footballer for Al Sinaa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019473-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Field Ambulance\n18 Field Ambulance is one of the 16 Royal Canadian Medical Service (RCMS) reserve medical units. Situated in Thunder Bay, Ontario, 18 Field Ambulance has a proud reputation among the Canadian Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019473-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Field Ambulance, History\nThe 18 Field Ambulance was formed in 1921 in Winnipeg. Originally it was designated 4 Field Ambulance in order to perpetuate the First World War service of 4 Canadian Field Ambulance, Canadian Expeditionary Force. Its war-time predecessor had been formed in Winnipeg on 7 November 1914 and served in France and Flanders 1915\u20131919 as part of the 2nd Canadian Division. During the Second World War, 4 Field Ambulance formed another active service unit, which served first in Italy and later in France and Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019473-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Field Ambulance, World War I\nAssigned as Medical unit for 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade and provided their medical needs at the following battles:The Somme,Amiens,Vimy Ridge,Fosse,Passchendaele, andArras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019473-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Field Ambulance, World War II\nDuring World War II, 18 Field Ambulance was assigned as Medical unit for the 1st Infantry Brigade (Royal Canadian Regiment, Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, 48th Highlanders) and provided their medical needs at the following battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019473-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Field Ambulance, World War II, Italy, 1943-1945\nMedical staff, who were involved early in the planning of the invasion of Italy, developed a plan to evacuate casualties back to the landing beaches where additional clearing stations and field surgical units, as well as special beach medical sections would be located. These would be available for the care of the casualties until they could be evacuated by landing craft to Sicily itself or to nearby hospital ships. The units which would put this plan into effect included a field ambulance accompanying each brigade, two field surgical units, a field dressing station and a field transfusion unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019473-0004-0001", "contents": "18 Field Ambulance, World War II, Italy, 1943-1945\nTheir role was to set up an advanced surgical center near the advanced dressing station in Reggio. All of the remaining divisional medical resources were to have crossed to Italy by D-Day +7. In addition, plans were made for landing strips to be made available and prioritization of those casualties who might require air transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019473-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Field Ambulance, World War II, Italy, 1943-1945\nMalaria treatment and prophylaxis was a high priority and many proposals were put forth to reduce the incidence rate. One such proposal was to withdraw the issue of short pants from the troops as they tended to leave these on after dark when mosquitoes became active. 4 Field Ambulance was given the task of caring for the wounded being ferried to Sicily on landing craft. This tasking was in addition to the normal duties of providing medical care.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019473-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Field Ambulance, World War II, Italy, 1943-1945\nThe Canadians landed on 3 September 1943 with negligible opposition and secured their objectives by the end of the day. The first casualty to be treated by 4 Field Ambulance in Italy was on 7 September when the unit was set up in Delianuova along with No. 1 Field Surgical Unit and No. 1 Field Transfusion Unit. On 8 September the surrender of Italy was announced. At this time the Canadian axis of advance was moving mainly to the east coast road and soon Locri was in 3rd Brigade hands. By the 13th the Unit moved into Marina di Catanzaro and were joined by their rear-party with additional vehicles and equipment. This brought them up to war establishment for the first time since the original landing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019473-0007-0000", "contents": "18 Field Ambulance, Notable members\nHonorary LCon Margaret Ruth Page, C.M., C.D., M.P.H., R.N. Appointed the Order of Canada (Member) on October 23, 1997. Her contributions to nursing have been felt from the city of Thunder Bay to the continent of Africa. A former Director of Nursing at Lakehead University, she also served as Principal of the Kamuzu College of Nursing in Malawi, working with locals to improve the training program. During her term as President of the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario, she helped to improve working conditions for nurses and to modernize the profession, making it more responsive to changing needs. Her dedication and expertise in public health and administration have benefited both nurses and those they serve (Governor General of Canada, 2007).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019474-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Fingers of Death!\n18 Fingers of Death! is a 2006 parody kung-fu film made, written, directed and starring James Lew. Also starring are Maurice Patton as Ronald Mack, Pat Morita as Mr. Lee, and Lisa Arturo as Sushi Cue. Lori Beth Denberg also appears in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park\n18 Gramercy Park is a 19-story historic building in Manhattan, New York City, USA. Built as a hotel in 1927 and designed by the architectural firm Murgatroyd & Ogden, it was a women's temporary residence owned by The Salvation Army from 1963 to 2008. It was then known as the Parkside Evangeline. In 2010, The Salvation Army sold the building to Eastgate Realty for US$60 million. The investors were the Zeckendorf family and Israeli billionaire Eyal Ofer. In 2012, the building was redesigned by Robert A.M. Stern Architects as a luxury 16-unit condominium building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park\nResidents have a key to Gramercy Park, a private park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park, Neighborhood History\nThe area which is now Gramercy Park was once in the middle of a swamp. In 1831, Samuel B. Ruggles, a developer and advocate of open space, proposed the idea for the park due to the northward growth of Manhattan. He bought the property, 22 acres of what was then a farm called \"Gramercy Farm\", from the heirs of James Duane, son of the former mayor, father of James Chatham Duane, and a descendant of Peter Stuyvesant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0002-0001", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park, Neighborhood History\nRuggles then deeded the land on December 17, 1832, to five trustees, who pledge to hold 42 lots in trust to be used as parkland. To develop the property, Ruggles spent $180,000 to landscape it, draining the swamp and causing about a million horsecart loads of earth to be moved. He then laid out \"Gramercy Square\", deeding possession of the square to the owners of the 66 parcels of land he had plotted to surround it, and sought tax-exempt status for the park, which the city's Board of Aldermen granted in 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0002-0002", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park, Neighborhood History\nIt was the second private square created in the city, after Hudson Square, also known as St. John's Park, which was laid out by the parish of Trinity Church. Numbering of the lots began at #1 on the northwest corner, on Gramercy Park West, and continued counter-clockwise: south down Gramercy Park West, then west to east along Gramercy Park South (East 20th Street), north up Gramercy Park East, and finally east to west along Gramercy Park North (East 21st Street).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park, Neighborhood History\nAs part of his overall plan for the square, Ruggles received permission on January 28, 1833, from the Board of Alderman to open up Fourth Avenue, which had been limited to use by trains, to vehicular traffic. He also brought about the creation by the state legislature of Lexington Avenue and Irving Place, two new north\u2013south roads laid out between Third and Fourth Avenues and feeding into his development at the top and bottom of the park. The new streets reduced the number of lots around the park from 66 to 60.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0003-0001", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park, Neighborhood History\nGramercy Park was enclosed by a fence in 1833, but construction on the surrounding lots did not begin until the 1840s, due to the Panic of 1837. In one regard, this was fortunate, as the opening of the Croton Aqueduct in 1842 allowed new townhouses to be constructed with indoor plumbing. The first formal meeting of the park's trustees took place in 1844 at 17 Union Square (West), the mansion of James W. Gerard, which is no longer extant, having been demolished in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0003-0002", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park, Neighborhood History\nBy that time, the landscaping had already begun with the hiring of James Virtue in 1838, who planted privet inside the fence as a border; by 1839 pathways had been laid out and trees and shrubs planted. Major planting also took place in 1844 \u2013 the same year the park's gates were first locked \u2013 followed by additional landscaping by Brinley & Holbrook in 1916. These plantings had the effect of softening the parks' prim formal design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park, Neighborhood History\nGramercy Park is now a quiet residential corner within New York's most unambiguously enduring neighborhood. It is the only park in Manhattan with a keyed entry, as it is a private park. Access to the park is exclusive to people who live directly on the park's perimeter, which features a number of the city's most architecturally enchanting buildings, complete with wrought-iron gates, bluestone sidewalks, shaded lawns, and wooden benches. Owners at 18 Gramercy Park may purchase an annual key to the park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0004-0001", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park, Neighborhood History\nAs of 2008, the cost for a key was $350, with a $1,000 fee for lost keys, which rises to $2,000 for a second instance. The Medeco locks are changed annually, and any property that does not pay the annual assessment of $7,500 per lot has its key privileges revoked. Additionally, the keys are very hard to duplicate. As of 2012, there were 383 keys in circulation, each individually numbered and coded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park, Neighborhood History\nSome of the area's notable previous residents include Henry James, Diminish Stuyvesant, Herman Melville, Edith Wharton, Stanford White, Oscar Wilde, and Winslow Homer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park, Building Features\nSince its completion in September 2012, the building has sold all of its units(many of which are full-floor residences), with many costing more than US$4,000 per square foot, including the three-level Maisonette with a private passage. The units feature marble showers, Miele dishwashers and thick white-oak floors. The building features two rooftop porches, a club room, spa and wellness center, 24-hour porter, full-time staff(including concierge) and four exposures with park and horizon views. Pets are permitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0007-0000", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park, Unit Prices\n18 Gramercy Park units have reportedly sold for between $10Million USD and $42Million USD for the 6,329\u00a0ft\u00b2 duplex penthouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019475-0008-0000", "contents": "18 Gramercy Park, Redesign Building Architects\nOne of the world's most celebrated architects, Robert A.M. Stern is a senior member of the Yale School of Engineering and an author and instructor with a significant enthusiasm for the improvement of New York urbanism. Robert A.M. Stern Architects, LLP, is a 265-person engineering and interior configuration firm with nearly 50 years of practice as a universal pioneer in private, business, and institutional projects. Previous projects include Manhattan's The Chatham condominium, London's Audley Square House, the Spangler Center at Harvard Business School and Hong Kong's 50 Connaught Road Central.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019476-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Greatest Hits (2 Plus 1 album)\n18 Greatest Hits is a compilation album by Polish group 2 Plus 1, released in 1991 by Sonic Records. It was 2 Plus 1's first album released directly on CD, and their last authorised release in the original line-up, before Janusz Kruk's death in 1992. Branded as a greatest hits album, the CD featured majority of the band's most notable hits, although ignored their English-language material. The album was re-released as 21 Greatest Hits five years later with slightly altered track listing, and the original 1991 issue is now a rare collectors' item.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019477-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Greatest Hits (Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5 album)\n18 Greatest Hits is a compilation album by American singer Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5. Released solely in the United Kingdom, it spent three weeks at the summit. It became Jackson's second number one on the UK Albums Chart (right behind Thriller), as well as the Jackson 5's first and only number-one album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019477-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Greatest Hits (Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5 album), Track listing\nTracks 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17 and 18 sung by The Jackson 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 73], "content_span": [74, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019478-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Greatest Hits (Sandra album)\n18 Greatest Hits is the second greatest hits album by German singer Sandra, released on 12 October 1992 by Virgin Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019478-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Greatest Hits (Sandra album), Background and release\n18 Greatest Hits consists of all Sandra singles released between 1985 and 1992, many of them in shorter 7\u2033 versions, excluding her most recent single, \"I Need Love\". A new version of \"Johnny Wanna Live\" from the Paintings in Yellow album was also included and released as a single to promote the collection. A video version of the album was released on VHS, including all 18 music videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019478-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Greatest Hits (Sandra album), Background and release\nThe compilation peaked at number 10 on the German chart, and has been certified gold in Germany and platinum in France. The album was re-released on 31 March 2003 under the title The Essential with a different artwork, but the same track listing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019478-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Greatest Hits (Sandra album), Track listing\nAll tracks are produced by Michael Cretu, except tracks 4, 5 and 7, produced by Cretu and Armand Volker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019478-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Greatest Hits (Sandra album), Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019479-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Hits\nABBA 18 Hits was released by Polar Music International on 8 September 2005, and is a compilation of hits by ABBA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019479-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Hits\nThe 18 Hits set was released as a mid-price alternative to the best-selling full-price collection ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits and features 14 of the group's biggest hits and concludes with four non-English versions; \"Honey Honey\" (Swedish version), \"Waterloo\" (French version), \"Ring Ring\" (German version) and the Spanish version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\", entitled \"Dame! Dame! Dame!\". Among the more notable omissions on the 18 Hits collection are one of the band's biggest hits, \"Dancing Queen\", as well as \"Chiquitita\", \"Take a Chance on Me\" and \"I Have a Dream\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019479-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Hits\nThe Swedish edition of 18 Hits, also released in 2005, featured four Swedish language recordings instead of the four non-English versions; \"Waterloo\", \"Honey Honey\", \"Ring Ring (Bara Du Slog En Signal)\" and \"\u00c5h Vilka Tider\". This is the first ABBA CD to include \"\u00c5h Vilka Tider\", which had originally been released as the B-side to the Swedish version of \"Ring Ring\". It would also appear worldwide on The Complete Studio Recordings. A budget-priced DVD entitled 16 Hits was released simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019479-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Hits\nWhile numerous other similar hits compilations with the group have been released both before and since, 18 Hits has proved to be one of Universal Music's bestselling ABBA products, peaking in the Top 10 in Poland and the Top 20 in the UK, Spain and Hungary and re-entering the charts in many territories after the premiere of movie Mamma Mia! in the summer of 2008. It never included any songs from The Visitors or any other songs released from 1981 to 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019479-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Hits\nThis compilation is not available digitally, as many tracks, featured in this compilation, are part of other ABBA compilations available in digital distribution. It is, eventually, still repressed on CD for many regions of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019479-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Hits, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Benny Andersson and Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus unless otherwise noted..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019479-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Hits, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 23], "content_span": [24, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019480-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Hours\n18 Hours is a 2017 Kenyan drama film written and directed by Njue Kevin on his directorial debut. The cast includes Nick Ndeda, Sue Wanjiru, Brian Ogola, Isaya Evans and  Shirleen Wangari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019480-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Hours\nThe film \"follows a rookie paramedic who survives 18 hours in an ambulance for the life of a road accident casualty who is denied admission into hospital.\" The film, made history as being the first Kenyan picture to be nominated for the Best Overall film at the Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) bagging 4 other nominations in the 2018 awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019480-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Hours, Plot\nLoosely based on the real-life paramedic Brian Odhiambo, the story gives a positive perspective on the healthcare system that of a medic who will do whatever it takes to save the life of a patient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019480-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Hours, Plot\nZach works for Raven paramedics services. His job is to handle emergency cases. An emergency call comes in from a witness about an accident that along a Highway. A pedestrian has been involved in a high speed hit and run while on his way home from work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019480-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Hours, Plot\nAssigned head of the rescue, Zach and his driver Mark dash out of their base and in about 20 minutes, they arrive at the scene. The casualty is bleeding from the head and not moving.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019480-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Hours, Plot\nZach and Mark get the casualty into their ambulance and soon after, they are on their way to different hospitals. Joined by Sabina (the casualty victim\u2019s wife), they each take turns watching over the casualty as they ensure he has sufficient oxygen all the time. Zack is determined to keep the accident victim alive, 18 hours after the accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019480-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Hours, Production\nThe inspiration of the film began back in 2015 when Njue Kevin, the writer & director, read an article on the newspaper. It was a story inspired by a real-life tragedy, where a man bled in an ambulance for 18 hours because Kenyatta National Hospital claimed it did not have an ICU bed. And that\u2019s when we started playing around with the idea that this can be a powerful film; a film that can entertain but also be used for social change. Producer, Phoebe Ruguru was then attached and the script development began with speaking to several doctors and emergency technicians who were fully immersed and involved with the project throughout. It's a medical thriller, so we had to be true to the medical fraternity, Njue told BBC World service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019480-0007-0000", "contents": "18 Hours, Production\nThe casting process was open to the public and involved Kenyan actors even though the production received applications from actors across the globe including some from LA, Hollywood, London, and Germany. The casting call was put online and received 1000 applicants with only 25 making it to the film. After the writing, Njue hired a storyboard artist and camped 4 weeks in his apartment in Nairobi where they made sketches and images to visually tell the story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019480-0008-0000", "contents": "18 Hours, Release\n18 Hours opened to theatres across East Africa on 10 November 2017 to a sold out premier. A number of media personalities graced the launch including Kenyan athlete David Rudisha, who was involved in the marketing campaign to advocate for better emergency response in Kenya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019480-0009-0000", "contents": "18 Hours, Release\nThe film was positively received in Kenya with reviews highlighting the audacity of Njue Kevin and his team to make the 18 Hours movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019481-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Hours (2021 film)\n18 Hours is a 2021 Malayalam-language mystery thriller film directed by Rajesh Nair. It was released on 1 August 2021 through Manorama Max.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019482-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Hronia Live\n18 Hronia Live (Greek: 18 \u03a7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 Live; English: 18 Years Live), also referred to as 18XL, is a live album by popular Greek singer Katy Garbi recorded and released in 2007 by Sony BMG Greece. The album is her first live album; a double disk compilation of songs performed during a special charity concert held in Egaleo, Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019482-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Hronia Live\nA Gold certification was awarded on March 11, 2008 at an elaborate party, whose attendance included many of Garbi's longtime collaborators and fellow singers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019482-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Hronia Live, Release\nThe initial paperback album cover was originally detailed to incorporate a metallic gold title situated upon a full cover collage of images throughout Garbi's solo career. However, upon the album's release the decision was made to change the title font colour to scarlet, increasing the contrast between collage and title. The first release on December 5 also had the collage continue along the back cover, and an inner booklet containing song titles, various photos and a double paged message from Katy addressing her fans, thanking her collaborators and explaining her song choices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019482-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Hronia Live, Release\nDecember 31 brought the release of the reissue of 18 Hronia Live, after a second decision was passed by Sony BMG to include a track listing at the back of the album cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019482-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Hronia Live, Singles\nThe following singles were officially released to radio stations. Additional songs such as, \"Esena Mono live \", \"Taxeia live\", and \"Sou 'ho Etimi Sygnomilive\", despite not having been released as singles, managed to gain radio airplay and internet release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019483-0000-0000", "contents": "18 January 2004 Baghdad bombing\nAt 8 am on 18 January 2004, a suicide bombing occurred in the Green Zone in Karkh, Baghdad, Iraq. The bomber exploded a 500kg bomb in a Toyota pickup truck outside while in a queue of vehicles waiting to enter the main United States headquarters. The attack killed 24 people, injured dozens of others and set cars on fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019484-0000-0000", "contents": "18 July 2012 Damascus bombing\nThe 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing of the National Security headquarters in Rawda Square, Damascus, killed and injured a number of top military and security officials of Bashar al-Assad's government. Among the dead were the Syrian Defense Minister and Deputy Defense Minister. The incident occurred during the Syrian Civil War, and is considered to be one of the most notorious events to affect the conflict. Syrian public-owned television reported that it was a suicide attack while the opposition claims it was a remotely detonated bomb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019484-0001-0000", "contents": "18 July 2012 Damascus bombing, Bombing\nThe attack, during a meeting of ministers and a number of heads of security agencies, resulted in the death of the Syrian Defense Minister General Dawoud Rajiha. Also killed were Assef Shawkat, president Bashar al-Assad's brother-in-law and deputy defense minister, the assistant to the vice president General Hasan Turkmani, and Hafez Makhlouf, head of investigations at the Syrian Intelligence Agency. However, Hafez Makhlouf was also reported to be wounded. The country's intelligence and national security chief Hisham Ikhtiyar was seriously wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019484-0001-0001", "contents": "18 July 2012 Damascus bombing, Bombing\nThere were conflicting reports on the fate of the Interior minister Mohammad al-Shaar with initial accounts stating that he had also been killed, but later state TV reported that he survived although wounded. Additional reports stated that he was in stable condition. Al-Shaar was reported dead later, according to Al Jazeera. Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan, the national secretary of the Ba'ath Party, was also wounded in the bombing. On 20 July 2012, the death of Hisham Ikhtiyar was confirmed by Syrian authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019484-0002-0000", "contents": "18 July 2012 Damascus bombing, Bombing, Perpetrators\nThe bomber was reportedly a bodyguard of one of the meeting's attendants. The opposition, meanwhile, claimed that the cause of the explosion was not a suicide bomber, but a rebel insider who planted a bomb inside the building and detonated it remotely from a distant location. Another report said that the bomb was hidden in the briefcase of Syrian Interior Minister Mohammad al-Shaar, who was injured in the blast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019484-0003-0000", "contents": "18 July 2012 Damascus bombing, Bombing, Perpetrators\nThe Salafist Liwa al-Islam (\"Brigade of Islam\") and the Free Syrian Army both claimed responsibility for the bombing. Louay Almokdad, the Free Syrian Army's logistical coordinator, claimed that the attack was perpetrated by a group of Free Syrian Army members in coordination with drivers and bodyguards working for Assad's high-ranking officials. It was further stated that the two explosive devices, one made of 25 pounds of TNT, and the other a smaller C-4 plastic-explosive device, had been put in the room days before the meeting by a person working for Hisham Ikhtiyar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019484-0004-0000", "contents": "18 July 2012 Damascus bombing, Bombing, Perpetrators\nAccording to a 2016 Daily Beast article, former Syrian general Mohamad Khalouf claimed Iran and Assad were actually responsible for the bombing. Khalouf said that the officials killed were more moderate members of the regime whom Iran wanted removed. Bassam Barabandi, a former Syrian diplomat, also blamed Iran. The same Daily Beast article also quoted Syrian intelligence sources that said Assad believed the dead officials were planning a coup against him, and that all investigations into the bombing were blocked. Former ambassador Robert Stephen Ford said of the bombing, \"I don't think we know how it was done.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019484-0005-0000", "contents": "18 July 2012 Damascus bombing, Reaction, Domestic\nAlthough there were no statements from President Assad himself, Syrian TV said after the attack that a decree from him named Gen. Fahd Jassem al-Freij, who used to be the army chief of staff, as the new defense minister. Syrian state television said foreign-backed terrorists had carried out the attack. The country's armed forces said in a statement that Syria was \"determined to confront all forms of terrorism and chop off any hand that harms national security\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019484-0006-0000", "contents": "18 July 2012 Damascus bombing, Reaction, Domestic\nOn 19 July 2012, Syrian state television broadcast images of President Assad at the Presidential Palace in Damascus, cutting short speculation fueled by his silence following the attack against his inner circle the previous day. In the images broadcast by the television, Assad was seen in blue suit, receiving the new defense minister, Fahd Jassem al-Freij, after the swearing ceremony. According to Israeli newspaper Haaretz, the state TV announcement appeared aimed at sending the message that Assad is alive, well and still firmly in charge. It said Assad wished the new defense minister good luck but it did not say where the swearing-in took place. Nor did it show any photos or video of the ceremony, as it usually would.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019485-0000-0000", "contents": "18 March Division\nThe 18 March Division (Arabic: \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 18 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\u200e) was a rebel group part of the Free Syrian Army that is active during the Syrian Civil War. It was named after the 18 March 2011 protests in Daraa. It was created on 11 April 2013 by colonel Mohammed Khaled al-Duhni out of three units. On 18 July 2013, the Southern Tawhid Brigade, one of the affiliated groups, left the 18 March Division following internal disputes. It joined the Southern Front on 14 February 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019485-0001-0000", "contents": "18 March Division, History\nIn April 2015, after 5 Southern Front groups unilaterally rejected all forms of cooperation with the al-Nusra Front, the 18 March Division clashed with al-Nusra in the Dar'a al-Balad district of Daraa. Conflicting reports stated that the al-Nusra Front captured a member of the Southern Tawhid Brigade and threw a grenade at the latter group's headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019485-0002-0000", "contents": "18 March Division, History\nOn 28 September 2016, one of the group's field commanders, Hosam Abazid, was assassinated in the eastern Daraa countryside. Hosam Abazid was previously a member of the al-Nusra Front, then defected to the Southern Tawhid Brigade, then to the Islamic Muthanna Movement, and re-defected back to the 18 March Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019486-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Mart \u00c7an power station\n18 Mart \u00c7an power station (also known as \u00c7an power station) is a coal-fired power station in Turkey in \u00c7an, which burns lignite mined locally and belongs to the state power company. It was shut down in March 2021 but reopened after a flue gas desulferization system was installed at a cost of US$45.9 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019486-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Mart \u00c7an power station\nIn June 2021 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Politika ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Derne\u011fi (Climate Change Policy and Research Association) said the plant should be shut down for operating without an environmental permit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019487-0000-0000", "contents": "18 May 1811 Medal\nThe 18 May 1811 Medal (Spanish: Medalla 18 de Mayo 1811) is the second highest military decoration of the Uruguayan Army. The medal was established 16 December 1997 to complement the Medal of Military Merit, the highest decoration of the Uruguayan Army, and commemorates the Battle of Las Piedras which took place on that date. The medal is presented in three classes and are awarded based on the rank of the recipient. The medal is awarded to Uruguayan and foreign military officers, as well as civilians, for outstanding achievement and meritorious service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019487-0001-0000", "contents": "18 May 1811 Medal, Appearance\nThe design of the medal depicts a four-armed cross of the sun's rays in silver. In the center of the cross is the Artigas' Cockade. The second class medal adds a golden laurel wreath around the cockade, while the first class medal includes the laurel wreath as well as three gold five-pointed start surmounting the cockade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019487-0002-0000", "contents": "18 May 1811 Medal, Appearance\nThe ribbon of the medal is 36\u00a0mm wide, with a broad central stripe of white, flanked by blue edges, bisected by red stripes. When worn as a service ribbon, the grades of the medal are differentiated by a device. The ribbon for the third class is plain, the ribbon for the second class bears a gold colored laurel wreath device in the center, while the first class service ribbon bears a laurel wreath device surrounding three five-pointed gold stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019488-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Meals\n18 Meals (Spanish: 18 comidas) is a 2010 Spanish comedy film directed by Jorge Coira and starring Luis Tosar and Federico P\u00e9rez Rey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019489-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Melpomene\nMelpomene (minor planet designation: 18 Melpomene) is a large, bright main-belt asteroid that was discovered by J. R. Hind on June 24, 1852, and named after Melpomen\u0113, the Muse of tragedy in Greek mythology. It is classified as an S-type asteroid and is composed of silicates and metals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019489-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Melpomene\nMelpomene occulted the star SAO 114159 on December 11, 1978. A possible Melpomenean satellite with a diameter at least 37\u00a0km was detected. The satellite candidate received a provisional designation S/1978 (18) 1. In 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories, but the effort came up empty. Melpomene was observed with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993. It was able to resolve the asteroid's slightly elongated shape, but no satellites were detected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019490-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Merriman Street, Millers Point\n18 Merriman Street, Millers Point is a heritage-listed residence located at 18 Merriman Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019490-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Merriman Street, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. Merriman Street contains a substantial collection of Georgian style houses and terraces. This cottage was built c.\u20091855, first tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019490-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Description\nSimple single storey, two bedroom, Georgian style Victorian cottage with later verandah addition. Stone sills and brick arched lintels to door and windows. Shutters on windows, fanlight over entry door. Storeys: 1 Construction: Painted brick work, corrugated galvanised iron, timber verandah and joinery. Style: Victorian Georgian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019490-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nAs at 23 November 2000, 18 Merriman Street contains housing groups of the utmost historical importance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019490-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of C19th adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019490-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Merriman Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\n18 Merriman Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019490-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Merriman Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 857 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out\n\"18 Miles Out\" is the tenth episode of the second season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead. It originally aired on AMC in the United States on February 26, 2012. The episode was written by Scott M. Gimple and series showrunner Glen Mazzara and directed by Ernest Dickerson. In the episode, Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and Shane Walsh (Jon Bernthal) debate Randall (Michael Zegen)'s fate, leading to a physical battle between the two. Meanwhile, the survivors at the Greene farm deal with Beth Greene (Emily Kinney)'s suicidal behavior. In addition, this episode foreshadows the revelation that people do not need to be bitten to turn into walkers when Rick and Shane find two walkers without any sign of bite marks on them, although Rick dismisses the importance of this discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out\nGimple added Rick and Shane's climactic fight scene into the episode's script, while Dickerson collaborated with stunt coordinator Lonnie Smith, Jr. on the choreography. An 800-pound motorcycle was used in the sequence, which was lightened by emptying the gas tank. \"18 Miles Out\" features recurring appearances from several actors and actresses including Lauren Cohan (Maggie Greene), Emily Kinney (Beth Greene), and Michael Zegen (Randall Culver).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out\n\"18 Miles Out\" was well received by a number of television commentators, who praised the storyline and character development. Upon airing, it attained 7.04 million viewers and a 3.8 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to Nielsen ratings. The episode became the second most-viewed cable telecast of the day, as well as the second most-watched cable television program of the week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Plot\nRandall (Michael Zegen), the teenager who Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) rescued, has fully recovered from his leg injury. Rick and Shane Walsh (Jon Bernthal) tie him up, gag him with duct tape and blindfold him, with plans to leave him at a school 18 miles from the farm. En route, Rick confronts Shane about what Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies) has told him, including Shane's attraction to Lori and Shane's involvement in Otis' death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Plot\nAt the school, they find a secure building and leave Randall there with a knife. As they leave, Randall pleads to take them back, and then says he had gone to school with Maggie Greene (Lauren Cohan) and knows her father Hershel (Scott Wilson), suggesting he knows the farm's location. Shane prepares to kill Randall, but Rick tackles him. During the fight that follows, Rick is able to defeat Shane, who angrily breaks a window that releases a horde of walkers in the building. Shane takes safety in a school bus while Rick rescues Randall back to their vehicle. After contemplating leaving Shane, Rick returns to help Shane get to safety as well. They tie up and gag Randall again and return with him to the farm. Rick tells Shane that he will need to follow his orders to remain part of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Plot\nAt the farmhouse, Lori, Maggie, and Andrea (Laurie Holden) are taking care of Maggie's younger sister Beth (Emily Kinney), who is now conscious. Maggie confides that Glenn (Steven Yeun) has lost confidence because he feels their relationship made him lose focus at the shootout in the bar, hence Lori advises her to make Glenn \"man up\". The women eventually realize Beth has become suicidal and place her under suicide watch. Lori and Andrea argue; Andrea believes the decision to stay alive should be Beth's alone, while Lori strongly disagrees; Andrea and Lori criticize each other in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Plot\nAndrea then proceeds to take over responsibility for Beth, after convincing Maggie to take a break. She locks Beth inside the room, opens the bathroom door, and leaves Beth alone to make her own choice. She advises the pain will never subside, \"but you make room for it\". Beth attempts suicide by using a shard of broken mirror to cut her wrist, but Maggie and Lori manage to pry the bathroom door open in time to save Beth, who is bleeding profusely but relatively okay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0006-0001", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Plot\nAndrea returns to the house to check on Beth and is confronted by a furious Maggie. Andrea reasons that she allowed Beth to explore her choices, and Beth is now more convinced than ever that suicide is not an option. Maggie condemns Andrea's actions and forbids her from ever again setting foot inside the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0007-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Production\n\"18 Miles Out\" was directed by Ernest Dickerson and co-written by Scott M. Gimple and showrunner Glen Mazzara. The storyline between Rick Grimes and Shane Walsh reaches a climax in \"18 Miles Out\", in which the two men get into a heated argument, ultimately engaging in a physical confrontation. Gimple conceived and wrote the scene into the episode's script. In the fight scene, the moves were choreographed. Dickerson collaborated with Lonnie Smith, Jr. who served as the stunt coordinator. Smith cast two stuntmen to demonstrate and act out the scene for Lincoln and Bernthal so they could duplicate the choreography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0007-0001", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Production\nJeremy Connors portrayed Rick, while Trent Bry played the role of Shane. In the fight sequence, Shane topples a motorcycle onto Rick's legs, temporarily immobilizing him. The motorcycle weighed an estimated 800 pounds; in order to decrease the weight of the vehicle, Dickerson and his team emptied the gas tank. This was rehearsed at the series' production studios. Scalan Backus, The Walking Dead's special effects technician, rigged the vehicle's footpeg to prevent it from sliding and making contact with the actors' legs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0007-0002", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Production\nBackus also added a rod with a secure stable so it would give further clearance to the actors and increase the motorcycle's height from the ground. The cameramen filmed the shots at an angle, creating the illusion that the vehicle did hit the actors' legs. Writer Robert Kirkman summated on the aftermath of the confrontation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0008-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Production\nAt the end of this week's episode, Rick is of the mind that they're square; they've got everything out in the open, they've each said their piece and they both know where each other stands, they've had their big blowout and they're riding back in that car and Rick thinks he's handled it. He doesn't necessarily think he's got his friend back, but he thinks the matters are settled. From the look of Shane in that car, I don't know that he's necessarily thinking that. For the most part, this conflict may be put on the back burner for the time being. It definitely seems like Shane still has a bone to pick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0009-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Production\nWhile returning to Hershel's farm, Shane stares at a walker in an abandoned field. Kirkman stated the walker symbolizes the growing scope of the zombie virus. \"We're really just trying to show that that kind of thing is inescapable,\" he said. \"You're just driving down the street, you look over and, 'Oh, there you go, there\u2019s a zombie.' We're trying to show that this world is becoming more and more populated by zombies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0009-0001", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Production\nOur thinking is that large population centers like Atlanta are really where the heart of this began and as [Rick and crew] moved out to Hershel\u2019s farm they didn\u2019t really encounter very many walkers because they are moving out of the city center at a faster rate than the zombie population. And that zombie population is starting to catch up with them. The area is starting to become more and more dense with walkers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0010-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Production\nLori Grimes accuses Andrea of participating very little in household tasks. Kirkman avouched that since the initiation of the zombie apocalypse, many of the characters have reverted to traditional gender roles; \"Lori is really just aggravated over a lot of things and she's lashing out. She was serious and she wants Andrea to pull her weight; certain people are stuck with certain tasks and to a certain extent people are retreating back into traditional gender roles because of how this survival-crazy world seems to work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0010-0001", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Production\nLori has a lot of things going on so she's definitely going to be behaving somewhat irrationally at times as she tries to cope with the pregnancy and the conflict between Rick and Shane as well as dealing with the fact that Rick was out on the road again. She's going through a lot of stuff.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0011-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Cultural references\n\"18 Miles Out\" features several references to music, film, media, and other pop culture phenomena. The episode is structured similarly to the Breaking Bad episode \"4 Days Out\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0011-0001", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Cultural references\nAlan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote: \"'18 Miles Out' has a title that's very similar to '4 Days Out', one of the most memorable episodes of Breaking Bad, and a structure that's relatively similar: our two leads go on a long drive together for what should be a routine bit of business, have a lot of conversations about where they are at this point, and then hit a major obstacle that might keep them from driving home alive.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0011-0002", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Cultural references\nWhile driving in his car, Rick tells Shane of an incident with a close relative, who was sitting in blizzard-like conditions while listening to a narrative of Lord of the Rings. A scene towards the end of the episode contains the song Driver's Seat by rock band Sniff 'n' the Tears. In the concluding scene of \"18 Miles Out\", the song \"Civilian\" by indie folk band Wye Oak can be heard playing in the background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0012-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Reception, Ratings\n\"18 Miles Out\" was originally broadcast on February 26, 2012 in the United States on AMC. Upon airing, the episode attained 7.04 million viewers and a 3.8 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to Nielsen ratings. Although it obtained the highest-rating in the 18-49 demographic out of any cable telecast of the day, \"18 Miles Out\" was the second most-viewed cable television program of the week. Its total viewership was slightly below that of the 2012 NBA All-Star Game, which garnered 7.07 million viewers. The episode became the second highest-rated cable program of the week dated February 26. Ratings and total viewership increased moderately from the previous episode, \"Triggerfinger\", which received 6.89 million viewers and a 3.6 rating in the 18-49 demographic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0013-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Reception, Critical response\n\"18 Miles Out\" was critically acclaimed by television commentators. Bex Schwartz of Rolling Stone opined that the installment was an excellent and well-written episode, proclaiming that it \"balanced zombie action with human drama\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0013-0001", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Reception, Critical response\nIn his B grade review for the episode, Zack Halden of The A.V. Club felt that \"18 Miles Out\" was one of the second season's more solid attempts; \"While there's no question this is still serialized, the story here had a clear beginning, middle, and end, and we stay focused the whole time on two plot arcs: Rick and Shane deciding what to do with Randall [...] while Lori, Maggie, and Andrea deal in their own individual ways with Beth\u2019s desire to kill herself.\" Halden resumed that it made him hopeful of future installments of The Walking Dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0013-0002", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Reception, Critical response\nMatt Barone of Complex, Andrew Conrad of The Baltimore Sun, and IGN's Eric Goldman asserted that \"18 Miles Out\" was one of the series' best episodes, while The Star-Ledger's Mark Mauer thought that it was redundant, ultimately concluding that \"it indulged in another subplot centered on a petty argument\". Goldman professed that the episodic direction was more focused than previous installments. Concluding his review, he gave the episode a 9.5 out of 10, signifying an \"amazing\" rating. SFX journalist Ian Berriman echoed analogous sentiments, inevitably issuing \"18 Miles Out\" a four-and-a-half star rating. He called it the season's best episode, and wrote that it was filled with \"action, explosive arguments, [and] difficult decisions\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0014-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Reception, Critical response\nAaron Rutkoff of The Wall Street Journal touted the installment; \"The writers' oratorical impulses were mostly kept in check, giving us instead an action-filled A plot in the field and a suspenseful B plot on the farm, and both have serious stakes. The motif connecting the two plots: knives. This episode was all about knives.\" Gary Roszko of The Huffington Post stated that \"18 Miles Out\" was a nice transition from what he thought was the typical development of the show. Sepinwall asserted that the episode was the strongest telecast since the second-season premiere, \"What Lies Ahead\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0014-0001", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Reception, Critical response\nWhile CraveOnline writer Blair Marnell felt that it was a good telecast, he declared that \"18 Miles Out\" was slightly inferior to its predecessor. New York's Starlee Kine was critical of the flashbacks in the episode, who described the process as baffling. She wrote, \"It was done in the oddest way, though, where the flashbacks didn\u2019t add any additional information than that which we already knew. It was as though the writers thought a flashback could be used in place of their characters having backstories, instead of as a vehicle to convey them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0015-0000", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Reception, Critical response\nCritics lauded the development of the storyline between Shane and Rick. Writing for Best Week Ever, Dan Hopper stated that it presented a cold and eerie outlook on the future of the two men. Nate Rawlings of Time evaluated their physical confrontation as \"darn good\", and Alex Crumb of The Faster Times called it \"wholly satisfying\". Entertainment Weekly writer Darren Franich commended the fight scene; \"The Shane/Rick fight was great, a brilliantly extended scuffle that started out with an air of boys-will-be-boys pettiness but quickly escalated into something genuinely homicidal.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019491-0015-0001", "contents": "18 Miles Out, Reception, Critical response\nGoldman summated on the scene: \"Of course, it was also gratifying to finally see that conflict turn physical, with a fight we've been waiting to see for a long time. Rick vs. Shane was appropriately brutal and did a very good job of representing the two men's different tactics\u2014Rick was no doubt a formidable and dangerous guy in a fight, wailing on Shane with a series of punches. But Shane was going for the kill, using anything he could grab as a weapon, as he shoved a motorcycle onto Rick at one point and then threw a massive wrench at him in an effective, 'Holy S**t!' moment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019492-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Minutes\n18 Minutes is a 1935 British drama film directed by Monty Banks and starring Gregory Ratoff, John Loder and Benita Hume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019492-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Minutes, Plot\nA lion tamer adopts an orphaned girl and marries her, only to find that she loves another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019492-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Minutes, Critical reception\nTV Guide described 18 Minutes as an \"Interesting drama, way above average for British films of the time\"; and rated it three out of five stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019493-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Monkeys on a Dead Man's Chest\n18 Monkeys on a Dead Man's Chest is an album by David Thomas and Two Pale Boys, released in March 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019493-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Monkeys on a Dead Man's Chest, Track listing\nAll tracks composed by David Thomas, Andy Diagram and Keith Molin\u00e9", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019494-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Monocerotis\n18 Monocerotis is a binary star system located about half way from Orion's Belt to Procyon, in the equatorial constellation of Monoceros. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.47, and is positioned around 370\u00a0light years away from the Sun based on parallax. The system is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +11\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019494-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Monocerotis\nIt is reported as a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 1,760.9 days (4.8 years) and an eccentricity of 0.4. The visible component is an aging K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0+IIIaBa0.2, showing a slight overabundance of barium. The spectrum displays strong violet lines of CN. With the supply of hydrogen at its core exhausted, this star has expanded to 27 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 311 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,750\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Months\n18 Months is the third studio album by Scottish DJ and musician Calvin Harris. It was released on 26 October 2012 by Deconstruction, Fly Eye and Columbia Records. It marked Harris's first album where he does not regularly provide vocals on each song, instead producing the music and having guest singers sing for him, as Harris stated in late 2010 he did not intend to sing on his songs anymore. The album also shows a shift from Harris' usual nu disco-style songs, focusing more on an electro house style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Months\n18 Months debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, earning Harris his second consecutive number-one album on the chart. It had sold over 923,000 copies in the United Kingdom as of July 2017. The album includes the singles \"Bounce\", \"Feel So Close\", \"Let's Go\", \"We'll Be Coming Back\", \"Sweet Nothing\", \"Drinking from the Bottle\", \"I Need Your Love\" and \"Thinking About You\", all of which, along with \"We Found Love\" featuring Rihanna, reached the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart, making 18 Months the first album in history to spawn nine top-10 singles. The songs \"Let's Go\" and \"Sweet Nothing\" were nominated for Best Dance Recording at the 55th and 56th Grammy Awards, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Singles\n\"Bounce\" was released as the album's lead single on 10 June 2011, featuring American R&B singer Kelis. The song peaked at number two in the United Kingdom, number six in Ireland and number seven in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Singles\nThe second single \"Feel So Close\" was released on 19 August 2011, reaching number two in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and number seven in Australia. The song also became Harris's first solo single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, reaching number 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Singles\n\"Let's Go\" was released as the album's third single on 30 March 2012, and it features American R&B singer Ne-Yo. It peaked at number two in the United Kingdom, number six in Ireland and number 17 in Australia and the US. \"Let's Go\" received a nomination for Best Dance Recording at the 55th Grammy Awards in 2013. The track was used in Pepsi Max's Crowd Surfing television advert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Singles\n\"We'll Be Coming Back\", featuring English singer and rapper Example, was released on 27 July 2012 as the fourth single from the album. It peaked at number two in the United Kingdom and number eight in Australia, while becoming both Harris's and Example's first solo single to reach number one in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Singles\n\"Sweet Nothing\" was released as the album's fifth single on 12 October 2012, featuring Florence Welch of English indie rock band Florence and the Machine. The song topped the charts in the UK and Ireland, becoming Harris and Welch's second collaborative number-one single, as well as the first UK chart-topper from 18 Months. It also debuted and peaked at number two in both Australia and New Zealand. In the US, the single peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. \"Sweet Nothing\" was nominated for Best Dance Recording at the 56th Grammy Awards in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0007-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Singles\n\"Drinking from the Bottle\" was released as the album's sixth official single on 27 January 2013, featuring English rapper Tinie Tempah. The song reached number five in the UK and number nine in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0008-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Singles\n\"I Need Your Love\", which features English singer Ellie Goulding, was released on 12 April 2013 as the seventh single from the album. The track reached number four in the UK and number six in Ireland, while charting inside the top five in countries such as Australia, Austria, Finland and Sweden. When \"I Need Your Love\" reached the UK top five in April 2013, Harris made chart history by becoming the first artist to attain eight top-10 singles from one studio album (including \"We Found Love\"), overtaking the record previously set by Michael Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0009-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Singles\n\"Thinking About You\", featuring Ayah Marar, was released on 2 August 2013 as the album's eighth and final single. It reached number eight in the UK, number 11 in Ireland, number 28 in Australia and number 40 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0010-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Singles, Promotional singles\n\"Awooga\" was released on 21 March 2011 through Harris's label Fly Eye Records. The accompanying music video consists of footage from his then-recent concerts in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0011-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Singles, Promotional singles\nHarris's collaboration with Nicky Romero, \"Iron\", was released on Beatport on 10 September 2012 by Protocol Recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0012-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Critical reception\n18 Months received generally mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 57, based on 17 reviews. Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music hailed the album as a \"collection almost exclusively in the key of triumph\", as well as \"a portfolio of win for Calvin, an annual report where the graph is almost all peaks and the troughs are so far down they're practically invisible.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0012-0001", "contents": "18 Months, Critical reception\nArwa Haider of Metro commented that \"18 Months could be a capsule collection of smash singles, yet it also works brilliantly as an album. That's partly because these are never faceless anthems; its singers [...] are well judged and rise to the songs, while the catchy hooks are lovingly arranged\". AllMusic's Tim Sendra wrote that the album \"shows Harris to be a solid producer with an easily identifiable sound.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0012-0002", "contents": "18 Months, Critical reception\nMikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times noted that despite the variety of male collaborators, the album \"only deepens the impression that Harris is best when linked with a lady; his skills in that area are several times more developed than they are anywhere else.\" The Independent's Andy Gill was unimpressed by Ellie Goulding's performance on \"I Need Your Love\", but complimented Welch on \"Sweet Nothing\", and cited Harris's collaboration with Nicky Romero on \"Iron\" as the album's \"killer cut\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0013-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Critical reception\nEmily Mackay of NME opined that \"[t]he best collaborations stand alone, but the rest demands small hours and sweat to animate it\", stating the album \"feels more like a deserved victory lap than a forward step or a new instalment, but apart from his sole vocal on 'Feel So Close', the victor seems oddly absent.\" Killian Fox of The Observer remarked, \"Nothing else on 18 Months matches up to the blockbusting collaborations with Kelis, Florence Welch and Rihanna\", concluding that \"Harris's production has become increasingly homogenised and, despite the array of vocalists, everything here risks sounding the same.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0013-0001", "contents": "18 Months, Critical reception\nAt Entertainment Weekly, Melissa Maerz complimented songs like \"We Found Love\" and \"I Need Your Love\", but found that the album does not offer \"many surprises\". Despite referring to Harris as a \"brilliant pop craftsman\", The A.V. Club's Chris DeVille felt that the album \"suffers from EDM fatigue\" and that \"almost every track eventually congeals into the same automaton thud.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0013-0002", "contents": "18 Months, Critical reception\nEvan Sawdey of PopMatters critiqued that \"while 18 Months [...] is pretty much the hit-making monster that launched [Harris] in to the world spotlight, the truth of the matter is that it feels like a rather compromised vision of who he is an artist, sacrificing his quirkiness for a brooding new persona that starts to get stale over the course of a complete full-length.\" The Guardian critic Rebecca Nicholson expressed that \"Harris knows how to make the most of his guests, leading them through a series of euphoric bangers that seem destined for success. But for all the pop divas he has roped in, there's a veneer of cynical, laddy EDM, resulting in the kind of tracks Skrillex might come up with on an Ayia Napa booze cruise.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0014-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Commercial performance\n18 Months debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 52,356 copies, becoming Harris's second consecutive number-one album on the chart. The album fell to number four the following week, selling 34,734 copies. In its third week, it slipped to number nine with 24,689 units sold. In mid-January 2013, the album returned to number one for one week before slipping to number two. By July 2017, 18 Months had sold 923,861 copies in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0015-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Commercial performance\nIn the United States, 18 Months sold 17,000 copies to debut at number 19 on the Billboard 200 and at number one on the Dance/Electronic Albums chart, becoming Harris's first album to enter the former chart. As of March 2014, it had sold 173,000 copies in the US. 18 Months had also sold over 25 million singles worldwide as of August 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019495-0016-0000", "contents": "18 Months, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019496-0000-0000", "contents": "18 October Coalition for Rights and Freedoms\nThe 18 October Coalition for Rights and Freedoms in Tunisia, (French: Collectif du 18 Octobre) was formed when a number of political parties, NGOs and human rights activists advocating various political ideologies, among them Islamists, secularists and communists, came together to campaign against the dictatorship, political misconduct and human rights violations of Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali\u2019s regime in pre-revolutionary Tunisia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019496-0000-0001", "contents": "18 October Coalition for Rights and Freedoms\nAs the head of the Tunisian Journalists Union (SNJT-French: ) and human rights activist Lutfi Hajji writes, the coalition \u201cexpressed the long- cherished hope of the political and civil forces in the country that by rallying around basic claims, a balance could be reached between the ruling party, which had dominated all aspects of political life for half a century, and the opposition forces which remained disparate and hindered by their internal and external disputes.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019496-0001-0000", "contents": "18 October Coalition for Rights and Freedoms\nThe Coalition arose out of a protest, organised by opposition and human rights groups, against the hosting of the United Nations-sponsored World Summit on the Information Society by Tunisia, in November 2005. The sit-in involved a 52-day protest at the headquarters of the Tunisian Order of Lawyers in Tunis and a 32-day hunger strike by the following eight national personalities representing various political parties and civil organisations: Abderraouf Ayadi, Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Samir Dilou, Hamma Hammami, Mohamed Nouri, Ayachi Hammami, Mokhtar Yahyaoui and Lutfi Hajji. The strike began on 18 October 2005, one month before the World Summit on the Information Society, in order to draw attention to the violations of basic freedoms in Tunisia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019496-0002-0000", "contents": "18 October Coalition for Rights and Freedoms\nA forum was formed in which the opposition groups elaborated a shared vision for a democratic Tunisia. The Coalition produced joint position papers on fundamental issues such as consensus on democracy, civil liberties, gender equality, freedom of belief and conscience and the relationship between religion and state. The Coalition also laid the foundation for future common ground between Tunisia\u2019s main political opposition forces, which served as a basis for cooperation after the Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019497-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Pages\n18 Pages is an upcoming Indian Telugu-language film written by Sukumar and directed by Palnati Surya Pratap. Produced by GA2 Pictures and Sukumar Writings. The film stars Nikhil Siddharth and Anupama Parameswaran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019497-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Pages, Production\nThe principal photography of the film began in October 2020 in Hyderabad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019498-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Partsezd\n18 Partsezd (Russian: 18 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434) is a rural locality (a village) in Andreyevskoye Rural Settlement of Omsky District, Russia. The population was 234 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019498-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Partsezd, Geography\n18 Partsezd is located 40 km north of Rostovka (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019499-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Poems\n18 Poems is a book of poetry written by the Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, published in 1934 as the winner of a contest sponsored by Sunday Referee. His first book, 18 Poems, introduced Thomas's new and distinctive style of poetry. This was characterised by tightly metered, rhyming verse and an impassioned tone. Written in his \"womb- tomb period\", the poems explore dark themes of love, death and birth, employing a rich combination of sexual connotations and religious symbolism. The lyricism and intensity of the poems in the book contrasted with the emotional restraint shown in the poetry of the successful modernist poets that worked as his contemporaries. The book received critical acclaim, but was not initially commercially successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019499-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Poems\nThe poem, The force that through the green fuse drives the flower, is known as the poem that \"made Thomas famous\", and also appears in the book. The poems are considered by many to be evocative but difficult to understand. Critic and contemporary of Thomas, Geoffrey Grigson, said that, regarding the influence of prominent poets on Thomas, the young poet was \u201cuntainted with Eliot or with Auden . . . whose poems, though a bit unintelligible, sounded at least familiar in an old grandiloquent way.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019499-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Poems\nThe poems in 18 poems are untitled and are often referred to by their first lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019500-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Presents\n18 Presents (Italian: 18 regali) is a 2020 Italian drama film written and directed by Francesco Amato, with Vittoria Puccini, Benedetta Porcaroli and Edoardo Leo in lead roles. The film is based on an actual Italian woman, Elisa Girotto, who had planned and allocated 17 years of birthday gifts for her daughter Anna before her death in September 2017 due to a terminal breast cancer. Girotto had been diagnosed with cancer at the time that she gave birth to her daughter, in August 2016 at the age of 40. The film was released on 2 January 2020, and received positive reviews for its emotional screenplay. Elisa's husband Alessio Vincenzotto was also credited for his story about his wife. It was also streamed on Netflix on 8 May 2020, which was Mothers' Day in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019500-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Presents, Plot\nA pregnant mother Elisa (Vittoria Puccini) gives birth to her baby daughter Anna (Benedetta Porcaroli) and attempts to be part of her life by allocating 18 sentimental emotional gifts for her unborn daughter, soon after realizing that she has breast cancer. Elisa does this during her remaining days, to allow Anna to receive her birthday gifts every year on her birthday until age 18. Elisa dies when her baby is just one year old and Anna gets to know about her mother's love and sacrifice after growing up and feels guilty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019500-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Presents, Production\nPrincipal photography commenced in 2019 and was produced jointly by Lucky Red, 3 Marys Entertainment and Rai Cinema. The film's trailer was released on 11 December 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019500-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Presents, Reception\nAs of June\u00a02020, the film holds a 60% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on five reviews with an average rating of 6.58 out of 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019500-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Presents, Reception\nUser-generated website \"Bechdel Test\" lists '18 Presents' as one of the 2020 women-oriented films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019501-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Sagittarii\n18 Sagittarii is a single star in zodiac constellation of Sagittarius, located around 550\u00a0light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.58. This object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221219\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019501-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Sagittarii\nThis is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0\u00a0III, which indicates it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. It has expanded to about 9 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 309 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,341. There is a much lower abundance of iron in the spectrum compared to the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019502-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Scorpii\n18 Scorpii is a solitary star located at a distance of some 46.1 light-years (14.13 parsecs) from the Sun at the northern edge of the Scorpius constellation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.5, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye outside of urban areas. The star is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +11.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019502-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Scorpii\n18 Scorpii has some physical properties in common with the Sun, a G-type star. Cayrel de Strobel (1996) included it in her review of the stars most similar to the Sun, and Porto de Mello & da Silva (1997) identified it as a younger solar twin. Some scientists therefore believe the prospects for life in its vicinity are good. One candidate planet has been discovered orbiting this star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019502-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Scorpii, Characteristics\n18 Scorpii is a main sequence star of spectral and luminosity type G2\u00a0Va, with the luminosity class of 'V' indicating it is generating energy through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen in its core region. Sousa et al. (2008) found its metallicity to be about 1.1 times that of the Sun, which means the abundance of elements other than hydrogen or helium is 10% greater. The radius of this star, as measured using interferometry by Bazot et al. (2011), is 101% the radius of the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019502-0002-0001", "contents": "18 Scorpii, Characteristics\nWhen combined with the results of asteroseismology measurements, this allows the mass of the star to be estimated as 102% of the Sun's mass. This star is radiating 106% of the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 5,433\u00a0K. It is this heat that gives the star the yellow-hued glow of a G-type star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019502-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Scorpii, Characteristics\nAccording to Lockwood (2002), it has a temporal photometric behavior very similar to the Sun. Its brightness variation over its entire activity cycle is 0.09%, about the same as the Sun's brightness variations during recent solar cycles. Using the technique of Zeeman-Doppler imaging, Petit et al. (2008) have detected its surface magnetic field, showing that its intensity and geometry are very similar to the large-scale solar magnetic field. The estimated period for the activity cycle of 18 Scorpii is about seven years, which is significantly shorter than the Sun's, and its overall chromospheric activity level is noticeably higher. Like the Sun, it has a hot corona with a temperature in the range of 1.5\u20132\u00a0MK and an X-ray luminosity of 8 \u00b1 1.5 ergs s\u22121.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019502-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Scorpii, Characteristics\nThough 18 Scorpii is only slightly more metal-rich overall than the Sun, its lithium abundance is about three times as high; for this reason, Mel\u00e9ndez & Ram\u00edrez (2007) have suggested that 18 Scorpii be called a \"quasi solar twin\", reserving the term solar twin for stars (such as HIP 56948) that match the Sun, within the observational errors, for all parameters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019502-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Scorpii, Characteristics\n18 Scorpii is a young star at 2.9 Gyr (2.9 Billion years old). 18 Scorpii has not yet entered its stable burning stage. The Sun at 4.7 Gyr is at its most stable stage. Due to 18 Scorpii age, it is at the edge of range for a solar twin, and is more of a Solar analog. 18 Scorpii was thought to be 5.0 billion years old in the past, new measurements in 2013 found 18 Scorpii to be younger at 2.9 billion years old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019502-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Scorpii, Characteristics\n18 Scorpii was identified in September 2003 by astrobiologist Margaret Turnbull from the University of Arizona in Tucson as one of the most promising nearby candidates for hosting life, based on her analysis of the HabCat list of stars. This is a solitary star, and does not display the level of excess infrared emission that would otherwise suggest the presence of unconsolidated circumstellar matter, such as a debris disk. In a paper published in April 2017, a candidate planet was found orbiting 18 Scorpii (HD 146233) with a period of 2,529 days (6.92\u00a0yr).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019503-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Shades of Gay\n18 Shades of Gay is an art installation by Claude Cormier along Sainte-Catherine Street in Montreal's Gay Village, in Quebec, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019504-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Stafford Terrace\n18 Stafford Terrace, formerly known as Linley Sambourne House, was the home of the Punch illustrator Edward Linley Sambourne (1844\u20131910) in Kensington, London. The house, now Grade II* listed, is currently open to the public as a museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019504-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Stafford Terrace\n18 Stafford Terrace was an almost new townhouse when the Sambournes moved in, in 1875. It was Linley Sambourne who set about re-decorating the house in the Aesthetic style. Today the house is a fine example of middle-class Aestheticism; its influences can still be seen permeating throughout the house, from decorative Sunflower motifs in the stained glass windows to the fine selection of William Morris wallpapers that hang within the rooms through to the displayed collection of blue-and-white Chinese import porcelain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019504-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Stafford Terrace, Legacy\nLinley Sambourne died in 1910 but it was not until his wife Marion's death four years later that the house passed to their bachelor son Roy. Roy kept the house's interior largely unchanged until his own death in 1946. The house then passed to Roy's sister Maud Messel. Maud already had a large London residence therefore 18 Stafford remained mostly unoccupied and unchanged. In the years leading up to Maud's death in 1960, the house had become increasingly fascinating to her daughter Anne, Countess of Rosse. This fascination led to Anne proposing the foundation of the Victorian Society in 1957, and in turn the continued preservation of the house largely as it had been lived in by Linley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019504-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Stafford Terrace, Legacy\nLady Rosse negotiated the sale of the house to the Greater London Council and the lease to the Victorian Society in 1980; the house was then opened to the public as a museum which included the furniture, art, and decorative schemes retained from its original inhabitants, Linley Sambourne and his household. Following the demise of the Greater London Council the ownership of the house transferred to the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in 1989. The Royal Borough continued to work with the Victorian Society until 2000, when the lease to the Victorian Society was not renewed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019504-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Stafford Terrace, Sambourne family archive\nThe archive is made up of personal papers relating to Edward Linley Sambourne, members of his family and their home at 18 Stafford Terrace. Dating from 1815 to the present day it includes diaries, letters, legal and financial papers, photographs and ephemera which give insights into both Sambourne's professional and middle-class family life in the later Victorian/Edwardian period. The archive is held at Leighton House Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019505-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Station Road, Barnes\n18 Station Road, also known as Milbourne House, is a Grade II* listed house at Station Road, Barnes, London SW13, in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It has an early 18th-century facade, and earlier features internally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019505-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Station Road, Barnes\nIt was home to the novelist Henry Fielding in about 1750, for which there is a blue plaque on the facade. Field Marshal James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley moved there in 1770.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019506-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Steps\n18 Steps is an EP by rock artist Trey Anastasio. It was released in 2006 on Rubber Jungle Records. It was included as a bonus with pre-orders of Bar 17 from his official website. The disc contains nine new songs, which are outtakes from Bar 17. Like the tracks on Bar 17, the tunes featured on 18 Steps were recorded over roughly a three-year period, from the spring of 2003 to the summer of 2006. 18 Steps can be found in select independent record stores, online auctions, and is still available for download via LivePhish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019506-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Steps, Album Cover\nDavid Steinberg (aka \"Zzyzx\") contributed the mathematical expression for the cover. He briefly explains it on Tom Marshall's podcast , and mentions it includes stirling numbers, phi, and the sum of a convergent series to form something like 17 + 2 - ... = 18 steps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019506-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Steps, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Trey Anastasio, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019507-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Stone of Idiot\n18 Stone of Idiot is a British television programme broadcast on Channel 4 in 2005 designed as a vehicle for Johnny Vegas and produced by Chris Evans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019507-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Stone of Idiot\nThe first show was broadcast on 27 May 2005 and a further five episodes were broadcast weekly thereafter. Vegas' stated intention was to make a programme \"so ridiculous that there was no way they'd recommission it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019507-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Stone of Idiot\nEach show had one primary guest whom Vegas interviewed, and who were further involved in various stunts and skits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019507-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Stone of Idiot, Guest list\nAn appearance was made by former MP Neil Hamilton who danced in a perspex box whilst buckets of fish were poured over his head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019507-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Stone of Idiot, DVD release\nOn 31 October 2005 a DVD of the series (entitled Johnny Vegas - 18 Stone of Idiot - Unseen & Uncut) was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019507-0004-0001", "contents": "18 Stone of Idiot, DVD release\nThe show was edited down to a 78-minute compilation and accompanied by 169 minutes of extras, which comprises a full-length commentary by Vegas, writer Tony Pitts and series producer Gareth Collett; a 36-minute compilation of Celebrity Lock-In footage (the segment was not included in the main programme compilation); 18 minutes of outtakes; a 5-minute compilation of footage of the Angry Baboon character (again, these interludes were not included in the main compilation); and an extended 32-minute version of the My Favourite Things segment which saw Vegas appear on Challenge's Celebrity Poker Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019508-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Tauri\n18 Tauri is a single star in the zodiac constellation of Taurus, located 444\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.66. The star is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +4.8. It is a member of the Pleiades open cluster, which is positioned near the ecliptic and thus is subject to lunar occultations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019508-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Tauri\nThis is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B8\u00a0V, and is about halfway through its main sequence lifetime. It displays an infrared excess, suggesting the presence of an orbiting debris disk with a black body temperature of 75\u00a0K at a separation of 137.8\u00a0AU from the host star. The star has 3.34 times the mass of the Sun and 2.89 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 160 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 13,748\u00a0K. 18 Tauri has a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 212\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019509-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Tracks\n18 Tracks is an album by Bruce Springsteen, released in 1999. All but three selections had been on the boxed set Tracks, released six months before. This single album was intended to capture more casual fans, and thus was oriented towards the shorter, more pop-oriented selections from Springsteen's vault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019509-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Tracks\n\"The Promise\", a Darkness on the Edge of Town outtake that gained considerable reputation as Springsteen's ultimate tale of betrayal following live performances beginning in 1976 and even more so in 1978, was included in a newly recorded version among the three new numbers after howls of outrage from the faithful for leaving it off Tracks. \"The Fever\" had been recorded in 1973 but never seriously considered for inclusion on an album; instead, it became familiar to progressive rock radio listeners as manager Mike Appel released it to such stations in 1974 and it became an underground hit. It was also recorded by Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes. Obscure early-1990s Human Touch outtake \"Trouble River\" was the third previously unreleased cut exclusive to this compilation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019509-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Tracks\nWhen Springsteen appeared on The Charlie Rose Show in November 1998 to promote Tracks, Charlie Rose asked him specifically about excluding \"The Promise\" and \"The Fever.\" Springsteen responded that he was never happy about the way \"The Promise\" had been recorded and that \"The Fever\" was never one of his favorite songs. Though he would acquiesce and release both songs on 18 Tracks to appease his fans, he re-recorded \"The Promise\" rather than include any of the rejected outtakes he had in his archives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019509-0002-0001", "contents": "18 Tracks\nThough it had been recorded with the full E Street Band during the original sessions for Darkness on the Edge of Town, Springsteen returned to the solo piano arrangement that had been typically used for its earliest live performances, including its debut at Monmouth Arts Centre in Red Bank, NJ on August 3, 1976. Jacob Nierenberg of Consequence of Sound would later write that \"this stripped-down version [from 18 Tracks] is even better than the original [studio outtake].\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019509-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Tracks\nThe new recording of \"The Promise\" would be nominated in 2000 for two Grammy Awards: Best Rock Song and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019509-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Tracks\nCommercial goals for the album were not met, as it only reached No. 64 on the Billboard 200 album chart and became his first album not to receive a RIAA certification. It did modestly better on the UK charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019510-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Ursae Majoris\n18 Ursae Majoris, or e Ursae Majoris, is a single star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Major. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.832. The annual parallax shift measured from Earth's orbit is 27.90\u00a0mas, which provides a distance estimate of 117\u00a0light years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221216\u00a0km/s, and is an unbound and older member of the Ursa Major Moving Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019510-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Ursae Majoris\nThe stellar classification assigned to this star is A6\u00a0V, which indicates it is an A-type main-sequence star that is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. The star's variability was first noticed by American astronomer Frank Schlesinger in 1914 and it has been given the variable star designation DD UMa. This is a low amplitude Delta Scuti variable with a magnitude change of around 0.4 and pulsation cycles of 9.4 and 15.0 cycles per day. It is rotating rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of about 158\u00a0km/s. This is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is an estimated 6% larger than the polar radius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019510-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Ursae Majoris\n18 UMA is about a billion years old with 1.72 times the mass of the Sun. It is radiating around 13 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 7,450\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019510-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Ursae Majoris, Naming\nWith \u03c4, h, \u03c5, \u03c6, \u03b8 and f, it composed the Arabic asterism Sar\u012br Ban\u0101t al-Na'sh, the Throne of the daughters of Na'sh, and Al-Haud, the Pond. According to the catalogue of stars in the Technical Memorandum 33-507 - A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars, Al-Haud were the title for seven stars\u00a0: f as Alhaud I, \u03c4 as Alhaud II, this star (e) as Alhaud III, h as Alhaud IV, \u03b8 as Alhaud V, \u03c5 as Alhaud VI and \u03c6 as Alhaud VII .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019511-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Vayasu\n18 Vayasu (English: 18 years old) is a 2012 Indian Tamil psychological thriller film written and directed by R. Panneerselvam starring the actor known as Johnny, Gayathrie plays the female lead role. The music is by Charles Bosco. The film is dubbed in Hindi as Anokha Jaanwar (English: Strange animal).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019511-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Vayasu, Synopsis\nKarthik, a mentally unstable man, has never received love and affection from anyone. Due to his illness, whenever he is depressed, he starts behaving like an animal that he sights first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019511-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Vayasu, Plot\nThe movie is about Karthik (Johnny Chakravarthy) who develops psychological disorder after seeing his father committing suicide. He displays the characteristics of any animal he comes across, when he is anxious. As he grows up, he meets Gayathri (Gayathrie), an orphan. Gayathri is harassed by her caretaker. Johnny is ill-treated by his mother (Yuvarani). Also her life with her paramour affects him a lot. It is all set for Johnny and Gayathri to get married. One devastating day, Johnny kills his mother. Gayathri gets shocked and she decides to fly from her lover, who runs away from the hands of law. Enters Dr. Suchitra (Rohini) Whether Johnny succeeds in winning back Gayathri's love is what the film is all about.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019511-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Vayasu, Critical reception\nVivek Ramz of in.com wrote \"Even though Director Paneer Selvam has a new premise, he lets it go loose with lot of loopholes in the script. He has tried to make the offbeat theme into a mainstream one and failed miserably in doing the same.\" Rohit Ramachandran of Nowrunning.com said of the film \"18 Vayasu, just like its protagonist, is on the brink of falling apart.\" K.R. Manigandan of The Hindu claimed that the film misses its mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019512-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Vayasu Puyale\n18 Vayasu Puyale (English: 18 years Storm) is a 2007 Tamil romance film directed by M. Vijay. The film features newcomer Ajay Pradeep and Preethi Varma in lead roles, with Rajesh, Nalini, Fathima Babu, Thanalakshmi, Babu, Venniradai Moorthy, Lollu Sabha Balaji, Pandu, Srilatha, and Scissor Manohar playing supporting roles. The film was produced by M. S. Tamilarasan and M. Illias. It had musical score by Leo, cinematography by Rajarajan, and editing by P. Sai Suresh. The film was released on 14 September 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019512-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Vayasu Puyale, Plot\nThe storyline revolves around Surya (Ajay Pradeep), a college dropout and good-for-nothing guy. Surya is from a middle-class family and lives with his father Ramakrishnan (Rajesh), mother Seetha (Fathima Babu), and little sister Divya (Thanalakshmi). Ramakrishnan advised Surya to be more responsible and find a job as quickly as possible. Surya, with a certificate on hand, decides to look for a job. One day, at a pedestrian crossing, Surya falls in love at first sight with a girl named Pooja (Preethi Varma).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019512-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Vayasu Puyale, Plot\nSurya starts hanging out with his friends in his lover's college. Surya tries to impress Pooja by acting like a hero and offering her gifts, but she refuses to accept his love. Pooja tells him that she does not believe in love marriage. Surya, with his parents, arranged a meeting at the groom\u2019s house, where he made a marriage proposal to Pooja. Pooja and her family agree to an arranged marriage. Surya and Pooja eventually get married.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019512-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Vayasu Puyale, Plot\nAll of these events turn out to be Surya's imagination. At the pedestrian crossing, Surya is immersed in his dreams and gets hit by a car, so Gayathri (Preethi Varma) takes the seriously wounded Surya to the nearby hospital, and he is saved by the doctors. Afterwards, Surya starts the quest to find his lover Gayathri. Gayathri lives with her aunt Vasantha (Nalini), a ruthless loan shark who wants all of her wealth, and her psychopath cousin Gaja (Babu), who wants to marry her. After the death of her parents, Gayathri found herself alone and became depressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019512-0003-0001", "contents": "18 Vayasu Puyale, Plot\nShe needed the love of a person, so she runs away from her aunt's house. Thereafter, she tries to commit suicide by jumping off a cliff, but Surya, who passed through, saves her. Surya then reveals that he is crazy about her and wants to marry her. First completely disoriented, Gayathri finally accepts his proposal. Mad with rage, Vasantha and Gaja are looking for Gayathri. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019512-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Vayasu Puyale, Production\nThe film director M. Vijay claimed that, \"the screenplay of his movie was set in a novel and different fashion\" and added, \"This kind of screenplay may strike a note of similarity with Virumaandi where the first half and the second half of the film were two different interpretations of the same incidents\". He stated that, \"the film will have all the commercial elements like dappan koothu, comedy, etc\". Newcomer Leo had scored music for the film. The story of the film is about 18-year-olds who let their imagination run riot. The scenes which happened in Preethi Varma's real life were reflected in this film. However, the thing was that all of these scenes were shot much earlier than her real life elopement episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019512-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Vayasu Puyale, Soundtrack\nThe film score and the soundtrack were composed by film composer Leo. The soundtrack, released on 23 April 2007, features 5 tracks with lyrics written by Snehan, Balaji, and R. P. Ilayaraaja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019513-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Victoria Grove\n18 Victoria Grove, also known as Albert Lodge, is a Grade II listed house in Victoria Grove, Kensington, London W8, built in the early 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019513-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Victoria Grove\nThe land locally was bought by John Inderwick (1785\u20131867) in 1836, \"variously described as optician or ivory turner, and latterly as an importer of meerschaum pipes and snuff boxes\", who became a successful speculative developer, and the architect was probably Joel Bray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019513-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Victoria Grove\nIn 1838, the house was leased to George Hinton, who built the houses to the north in Canning Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019514-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Vulpeculae\n18 Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, located about 489\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.51. The system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221211.7\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019514-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Vulpeculae\nThis is a double-lined spectroscopic binary system with an orbital period of 9.3\u00a0days and a small eccentricity of 0.0116. It is a detached binary with a semimajor axis of 0.14742\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.00047\u00a0AU. The system contains a Delta Scuti variable, but the temperature places it to the blue (hotter) side of the \u03b4 Scuti instability strip. The combined stellar classification of this system remains unclear, with classes of A3\u00a0III, A1\u00a0IV, A3\u00a0V, and A2\u00a0IV being given. The ultraviolet spectrum matches an A3 dwarf star. It shows no spectral peculiarities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period\n18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period (\u968b\u5510\u5341\u516b\u6761\u597d\u6c49) are 18 legendary and fictional heroes living in Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty. The concept of 18 Warriors was first mentioned in the traditional historical novel Shuo Tang. The ranking of those 18 warriors was based on their skills in martial arts as well as their physical strength. Some of them somehow have historical archetypes such as Qin Shubao and Shan Xiongxin while others are created by authors of folk stories such as Luo Cheng and Yuwen Chengdu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, The ranking\nThe ranking itself is disputed, largely because the novel Shuo Tang only defined 13 out of all 18 warriors. Those 13 defined by the book Shuo Tang were generally accepted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, The ranking\nHowever, who would fit in the rest 5 seats in this list are disputed. According to stories in the book, there are several possible figures, including Yuchi Gong (\u5c09\u8fdf\u606d), Wang Bodang (\u738b\u4f2f\u5f53), Cheng Yaojin (\u7a0b\u54ac\u91d1), Hua Gongyi (\u534e\u529f\u4e49), Liang Shitai (\u6881\u5e08\u6cf0), Han Qinhu (\u97e9\u64d2\u864e), Ma Shumou (\u9ebb\u53d4\u8c0b), Cao Yanping (\u66f9\u5ef6\u5e73), etc. Also, some coeval (Sui and early Tang) individuals from history or other fictions are also potential candidates for this list, including Zuo Tiancheng (\u5de6\u5929\u6210), Lai Hu'er (\u6765\u62a4\u513f), Luo Shixin(\u7f57\u58eb\u4fe1), Hou Junji (\u4faf\u541b\u96c6), Wang Junke (\u738b\u541b\u53ef), Wang Bo (\u738b\u8584), Lu Mingyue (\u5362\u660e\u6708), etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, The ranking\nThe most popular version of the full list chooses Cao Yanping, Lai Hu'er, Liang Shitai and Zuo Tiancheng to be the No. 12 ~ 15 warriors and regards Yuchi Gong as the 17th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Li Yuanba, In the novel\nIn the Shuo Tang, Li Yuanba (\u674e\u5143\u9738) is definitely the most powerful and skillful warrior in his time. He is the fourth son of Li Yuan(\u674e\u6e0a), the founder of Tang Dynasty. He has a superb physical strength, which can be illustrated by his weapons: a pair of golden hammers with the weight of 400\u00a0jin(236.1 kg) each. With his help, Li Yuan not only defeated Turks, but also easily occupied the capital city Chang'an after his rebellion. However, Li Yuanba is not smart, sometimes even stupid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0004-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Li Yuanba, In the novel\nHis teacher told him never to kill anyone using a Golden-Tang (a spades-like weapon) during a battle. However, Li Yuanba killed Wu Tianxi and Yuwen Chengdu, both of whom used Golden-Tangs, in two separate battles. After killing Yuwen Chengdu, Li Yuanba was trapped in a thunder storm. He was annoyed by the lightning and thunders, so he threw up his heavy hammers to beat the sky. When the hammer fell back to the ground, Li Yuanba was hit. He died under his own weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Li Yuanba, Archetype\nThere are two archetypes of Li Yuanba. The first one is Li Xuanba (\u674e\u7384\u9738), the third son of Li Yuan in the real history, who died young. Li Yuanba's name and social identity are derived from Li Xuanba. Another one is Li Daoxuan (\u674e\u9053\u7384), who was a famous royal-family general of the early Tang Dynasty. There are many similarities between Li Yuanba in the novel and Li Daoxuan in the history: great skills of martial arts, great generals, royal-family members, died at a young age, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuwen Chengdu, In the novel\nIn the Novel, Yuwen Chengdu (\u5b87\u6587\u6210\u90fd) is the elder son of Yuwen Huaji(\u5b87\u6587\u5316\u53ca), a politically powerful man in Sui Dynasty. Before Li Yuanba became known, Yuwen Chengdu was regarded as the strongest warrior in Sui Dynasty. His weapon, as mentioned above, is a golden Tang, with a weight of 200\u00a0kg. He was so strong that normal opponents would flee away after hearing his name. In the battle of Siming Mountain, Yuwen Chengdu, alone, fought against the allies of Wu Yunzhao, Wu Tianxi and Xiong Kuohai, for a whole day, and eventually defeated the allies. He was generally regarded as a hero, but he was negatively influenced by his family, especially his father Yuwen Huaji, who killed Yang Guang, the emperor of Sui Dynasty, in a military rebellion. Yuwen Chengdu was killed by Li Yuanba during the battle of Lintong Pass after the military rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0007-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuwen Chengdu, Archetype\nYuwen Chengdu is based on Yuwen Chengji (\u5b87\u6587\u627f\u57fa), the son of Yuwen Huaji in real history. However, in the real history, Yuwen Chengji would just be a nobody without his father. After the military rebellion, Yuwen Chengji was killed by Dou Jiande (\u7aa6\u5efa\u5fb7) along with his father Yuwen Huaji, uncle Yuwen Zhiji (\u5b87\u6587\u667a\u53ca), and younger brother Yuwen Chengzhi (\u5b87\u6587\u627f\u8dbe),the archetype of Yuwen Chenglong (\u5b87\u6587\u6210\u9f99) in the novel. The only survivor of his family, Yuwen Shiji (\u5b87\u6587\u58eb\u53ca), eventually became a top officer in Tang Dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0008-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Pei Yuanqing, In the novel\nPei Yuanqing (\u88f4\u5143\u5e86) is the third strongest warrior in that period. Before Li Yuanba became known to all, Pei Yuanqing was the only one who could challenge Yuwen Chengdu. He was the third son of Pei Renji (\u88f4\u4ec1\u57fa), the general of the troop stationed in Shanma Pass. Similar to Li Yuanba, Pei Yuanqing became famous in a young age and was known for his physical strength. His weapons are a pair of silver hammers with the weight of 150\u00a0kg each. He and his father and brothers were ordered to attack the rebellion army in Wagang Fort(\u74e6\u5c97).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0008-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Pei Yuanqing, In the novel\nPei Yuanqing easily defeated tens of Wagong Warriors, including some famous ones in this list such as Qin Shubao and Shan Xiongxin (see below). However, later he and his family were framed by another general. Without any choices, Pei's family surrendered to Wagang Fort. Pei Yuanqing was killed by a fire attack during the battle of Linyang Pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0009-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Pei Yuanqing, Archetype\nPei Yuanqing is derived from the historical figure of Pei Xingyan (\u88f4\u884c\u4fe8), who, similar to Pei Yuanqing in the noval, was a young general in Sui Dynasty. The real history of Pei Xingyan and his father Pei Renji was similar to the story in Shuo Tang. The father and son were famous generals at that time. They were ordered to attack Wagang Fort, but they failed and then surrendered to the rebellion army. Later, Pei Xingyan became one of the four major cavalry officers in Wagang Fort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0009-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Pei Yuanqing, Archetype\nAfter the rebellion of Wagang Fort eventually ended with internal conflicts, Pei, along with Cheng Yaojin and Qin Shubao (See Below), joined another rebellion army led by warlord Wang Shichong (\u738b\u4e16\u5145). However, they soon realized that Wang Shichong was not a good leader. Cheng and Qin left for Li Yuan\u2019s army but Pei and his father failed to escape. Later, Wang Shichong sentenced them to death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0010-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers\nXiong Kuohai, Wu Yunzhao and Wu Tianxi are three totally fictional warriors in the novel of Shuo Tang. Generally, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Tianxi do not have archetypes in real history. Wu Yunzhao's archetype is argued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0011-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Xiong Kuohai\nXiong Kuohai (\u96c4\u9614\u6d77) was a famous brigand in Taihang Mountain area. There were two types of his stories. One version said that he liked to use a pair of axes while another version mentioned that his weapon was a heavy iron stick. Although, as a brigand, he ran his illegal business in the mountains, he was willing to help poor and homeless people near the camp of his brigand troop. He met the general Wu Yunzhao in Taihang Mountain and was persuaded to join the government troop to fight for the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0011-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Xiong Kuohai\nHowever, several months after that, Wu Yunzhao rebelled for his family (see below). As a result, Xiong Kuohai did not have a way to join the official military. Later, in Xiangzhou (\u76f8\u5dde), the cruel general Ma Shumou was stealing kids because he liked to eat young children. The governor of Xiangzhou, Gao Tansheng (\u9ad8\u8c08\u5723 in the book, or \u9ad8\u6a80\u665f in real history), was annoyed by this heartless behavior of the general from central military department of the country. Gao Tansheng found Ma Shumou and argued about this, but Ma sent Gao into the jail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0011-0002", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Xiong Kuohai\nKnowing about this, Xiong Kuohai got angry. He led his brigand troop to Xiangzhou and killed Ma Shumou. Then, he persuaded Gao Tansheng to upspring. After that, more and more upspring and rebellions happened all over the country due to the cruel rule of the emperor, corruption of local governments, and the endless war against Goguryeo Koreans and Turks. When the emperor Yang Guang was travelling to Jiangdu (\u6c5f\u90fd), 18 major rebellion forces got together in Siming Mountain, a mountain located just on the emperor's way to Jiangdu, trying to overthrow the emperor and his dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0011-0003", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Xiong Kuohai\nThere, Xiong Kuohai, along with Wu Yunzhao and Wu Tianxi, fought against Yuwen Chengdu for a whole day. With the help of Pei Yuanqing, they nearly defeated the emperor's military force. However, after Li Yuanba came to help the emperor (that was before Li's family's rebellion), they failed to kill the cruel emperor Yang Guang. Years later, the central government wanted to put down all rebellions at ones. The emperor Yang Guang asked Yang Lin to set a martial arts test in Yangzhou (\u626c\u5dde) to attract heroes and warriors to that city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0011-0004", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Xiong Kuohai\nTheir plan was that during the test, those warriors would fight against each other and maybe half of them would die in the chaos. Then Yang Lin would close the city gates of Yangzhou to trap the rest half of warriors. After that, they would use bombs and fires to kill all those warriors. At that day, the first half of plan worked: many warriors including Wu Yunzhao were killed in the battles. However, Xiong Kuohai was late for the test due to some other issues. When he arrived at the gate of Yangzhou, the heavy portcullis was dropping down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0011-0005", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Xiong Kuohai\nHe suddenly realized the severe situation: he had to stop the closing gate or many warriors would die. Thus, he ran under the heavy portcullis (with a weight of 500\u00a0kg) and held it for a long time until most warriors escaped from Yangzhou. Then, he collapsed and died under the gate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0012-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Wu Yunzhao\nIn the book, Wu Yunzhao (\u4f0d\u4e91\u53ec) was the son of a notable official Wu Jianzhang (\u4f0d\u5efa\u7ae0). He usually used a long spear as his weapon, and he was also good at using swords. After knowing the fact that the former emperor Yang Jian was actually killed by the current emperor Yang Guang, Wu Jianzhang chided the current emperor for his cruel, illegal and immoral behavior. Yang Guang was annoyed and sent Wu Jianzhang and all his family members to death penalty. Fortunately, Wu Yunzhao was not in the capital city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0012-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Wu Yunzhao\nHe was already a famous general and staying with his troop in Nanyang Pass. Knowing the tragedy, he rebelled without hesitating to revenge for his family and overthrow the immoral emperor. The emperor Yang Guang ordered Han Qinhu, Yuwen Chengdu, Xin Wenli (See Below) and Shang Shitu (See Below), all great warriors, to attack Nanyang Pass. Wu Yunzhao's troop defeated troops of Han Qinhu, Xin Wenli and Shang Shitu, but they could not challenge Yuwen Chengdu. Wu sent his assistant Jiao Fang to break the encirclement to ask for help from his cousin Wu Tianxi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0012-0002", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Wu Yunzhao\nBefore Wu Tianxi could reach Nanyang Pass, Yuwen Chengdu broke the city gate. Wu Yunzhao had to break the surrounding and flee away. He went over to Li Zitong (\u674e\u5b50\u901a), a local warlord in Shouzhou (\u5bff\u5dde). Later, with Wu Yunzhao's help, Li Zitong became one of the major forces fighting against the Sui Dynasty. During the martial art test in Yangzhou, as mentioned above, a foreign warrior called Zuo Xiong killed Wu Yunzhao with a mechanism device hidden in Zuo's horse's tail. Some people argue that Wu Yunzhao might have an archetype called Yang Xuangan (\u6768\u7384\u611f), who had a notable social statues but rebelled after his father Yang Su\u2019s (\u6768\u7d20) death. However, Yang Xuangan was killed as soon as his rebellion failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0013-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Wu Tianxi\nWu Tianxi (\u4f0d\u5929\u9521) was the cousin of Wu Yunzhao. His weapon was similar to Yuwen Chengdu's golden Tang, but slightly less in weight. Unlike Wu Yunzhao's notable social status, Wu Tianxi was a brigand in Tuoluo Ville. When Wu Yunzhao was attacked by Yuwen Chengdu, his assistant Jiao Fang went to Tuoluo Ville to ask for help. Wu Tianxi then led his troop to Nanyang Pass to help Wu Yunzhao. However, when they went through the Taihang Mountain areas, they were stopped by Xiong Kuohai because of some small conflicts. Either of them knew each other's relationship with Wu Yunzhao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 83], "content_span": [84, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0013-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Wu Tianxi\nThey fought against each other in Taihang Mountain for several days, until they both saw Wu Yunzhao and his remained troop fled to this place. It was then Wu Tianxi and Xiong Kuohai started to know each other. After Wu Yunzhao started to fight for Li Zitong, Wu Tianxi also joined that force. In Siming Mountain, Wu brothers and Xiong Kuohai defeated Yuwen Chengdu with the help from Pei Yuanqing. However, they were easily defeated by Li Yuanba in the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 83], "content_span": [84, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0013-0002", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Xiong Kuohai and Wu Brothers, Wu Tianxi\nWhen Wu Tianxi was travelling to Yangzhou to take part in the martial art test, he met Liang Shitai (see below), who was the assistant officer in Li Yuanba's troop. Liang and Wu had some conflicts with each other, so they started to fight. Liang was killed, and then Li Yuanba was annoyed. Knowing that Liang was working for Li Yuanba, Wu Tianxi was shocked. He tried to apologize to Li Yuanba, but it was too late. Wu Tianxi tried to flee, but he was reached by Li Yuanba quickly in front of the Tianchang Pass. Then he was killed by the superb warrior during the ensuing battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 83], "content_span": [84, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0014-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, In the novel\nIn the novel, Luo Cheng (\u7f57\u6210) was the son of Luo Yi (\u7f57\u827a), a famous general guarding the northeastern frontier town of Sui Dynasty, the town of Jizhou (\u5180\u5dde), which is near modern-day Beijing. Luo's family had unique skills of using spears that outsiders were not allowed to learn. Luo Cheng was well educated, not only in martial arts, or especially, the family skills of spears, but also in traditional Chinese philosophy, literature, and military tactics and strategies. Most importantly, Luo Cheng was handsome in his appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0015-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, In the novel\nIn the book of Shuo Tang, Luo Yi was always loyal to Sui Dynasty, but Luo Cheng took part in Wagang Fort rebellion. Later, after the failure of Wagang Fort rebellion, Luo Cheng joined Wang Shichong\u2019s force. Years later, he was persuaded by his old time friends to switch to Li Shimin\u2019s troop to fight for Li Yuan's Tang Dynasty. He defeated the ally of five warlords (Wang Shichong \u738b\u4e16\u5145, Meng Haigong \u5b5f\u6d77\u516c, Gao Tansheng \u9ad8\u6a80\u665f, Zhu Can \u6731\u707f and Dou Jiande \u7aa6\u5efa\u5fb7) within one day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0015-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, In the novel\nTwo years later, another ally led by Liu Heita (\u5218\u9ed1\u95fc), Xu Yuanlang (\u5f90\u5706\u6717), Shen Faxing (\u6c88\u6cd5\u5174), Gao Kaidao(\u9ad8\u5f00\u9053) and Tang Bi (\u5510\u58c1) invaded Tang Dynasty. Luo Cheng took part in this war and he was killed by a general in Liu Heita's troop, Su Dingfang (\u82cf\u5b9a\u65b9), with arrows. However, the story behind that was the envy of Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji towards Li Shimin. Luo Cheng was actually a victim of political conflicts among Li Yuan's sons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0016-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, In the novel\nThere are much more folk stories about Luo Cheng outside of Shuo Tang, including his romantic love with Dou Jiande\u2019s daughter Xianniang (\u7aa6\u7ebf\u5a18), and even with Hua Mulan (\u82b1\u6728\u5170). His son Luo Tong (\u7f57\u901a) became a leading role in the sequel of Shuo Tang. The folk legends also believe that his descendant Luo Yanqing (\u7f57\u5ef6\u5e86) was a general in Yue Fei\u2019s troop in Song Dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0017-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, In the novel\nAnother interesting fact about Luo Cheng and his cousin Qin Shubao:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0018-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, Archetype\nIn the real historical records, Luo Yi really had a son called Luo Cheng. However, other than his name, no more things Luo Cheng did were recorded. The novel Shuo Tang also glorified Luo Yi. In the novel, Luo Yi showed his loyalty. However, in reality, Luo Yi switched his position between Sui and Tang Dynasties and among many warlords for several times. Also, to glorify Luo Yi and Luo Cheng, this novel defamed Su Dingfang (\u82cf\u5b9a\u65b9), who was a loyal military genius in the history but a traitor in the novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0018-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Luo Cheng, Archetype\nLuo Cheng's stories in this novel were mostly based on stories of Luo Shixin (\u7f57\u58eb\u4fe1) in the history. Luo Shixin was a young general in late Sui and early Tang dynasty. He started his career as a cavalry guard, and then he took part in Wagang Fort. At last he joined Tang Dynasty's force and helped Li Yuan and Li Shimin with unifying the country. He was also killed during a battle against Liu Heita, like Luo Cheng did in the novel. One thing needs to be clarified: in some versions of the novel, there is also a character called Luo Shixin. However, that character is totally different from Luo Shixin in the history. That is just a different role in the novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0019-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel\nYang Lin (\u6768\u6797) was a member in royal family of Sui Dynasty. He was the cousin of Yang Jian, the founder of Sui. His weapon was a long stick called Qiulongbang (literally, the stick to seal dragons). Before the establishment of Sui Dynasty, Yang Lin was a general in Northern Zhou Dynasty, a major kingdom ruled by Yuwen family during Southern and Northern Dynasties era. He took part in the war that Northern Zhou Dynasty annexed Northern Qi Dynasty, another major kingdom in the same era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0019-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel\nDuring the war, Yang Lin won a lot of battles, including the battle of Jizhou (\u6d4e\u5dde) during which he killed the Northern Qi's general Qin Yi (\u79e6\u5f5d), the father of Qin Shubao (see below). After his cousin Yang Jian took the place of Yuwen family and founded the Sui Dynasty, Yang Lin got a highest title of nobility. He was always loyal to Sui Dynasty even at the very end of his life. Yang Lin had several adopted sons; they were all well-skilled in the military or martial arts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0019-0002", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel\nWhen he first met Qin Shubao, he was impressed by Qin's martial arts strategies and military tactics. As a result, Yang Lin asked Qin to be his 13th adopted son. Qin thought it was a great opportunity to revenge for his father Qin Yi, so he became the Yang Lin's 13th taibao (\u592a\u4fdd, adopted son). However, he never had a chance to revenge since Yang Lin was much stronger than him. Later, Qin escaped from Yang Lin's home and joined the rebellion in Wagang Fort. Yang Lin was very angry after knowing one of his adopted sons betrayed him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0019-0003", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel\nHe asked his troop to attack Wagang Fort, but unfortunately, just before Wagang Fort's collapse, Wagang Fort's smart officer Xu Shiji (\u5f90\u4e16\u52e3, or Xu Maogong \u5f90\u8302\u516c) subverted Yang Lin's assistant general Tang Bi (\u5510\u58c1 in the book, or \u5510\u5f3c in real history). At the same time, one of Yang Lin's former assistant, Cao Yanping (\u66f9\u5ef6\u5e73, see below), who was dismissed by Yang Lin without a good reason, came to reinforce Wagang Fort. Later, Qin Shubao's cousin Luo Cheng also came to help Wagang Fort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0019-0004", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel\nIn the next battle, half of his adopted sons, including Lu Fang (\u5362\u82b3), Xue Liang (\u859b\u4eae) and Yang Daoyuan (\u6768\u9053\u6e90), were killed by warriors in Wagang Fort. To make things worse, another rebellion group, led by Liu Liuwang (\u5218\u7559\u738b), attacked Yang Lin's base camp in Dengzhou (\u767b\u5dde). Yang Lin had no choice but to retreat from Wagang Fort. After the country totally falls into a chaos, Yang Lin started to put down rebellions around the whole country. Some small rebellion groups were destroyed by him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0019-0005", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel\nHowever, in the battle of Siming Mountain (see above), Yang Lin was defeated and nearly killed by the angry Pei Yuanqing, who just suffered a loss in the battle against Li Yuanba. Yang Lin was the one who came up with the idea of Yangzhou's martial arts test. However, after the plan was proved to be a failure, Yang Lin and one of his adopted son, Yin Yue (\u6bb7\u5cb3), was ambushed by Qin Shubao and Luo Cheng. Yin Yue was killed by Qin Shubao during the battle, and Yang Lin was hurt by Luo Cheng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0019-0006", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel\nIt was a great time for Qin Shubao to revenge for his father, but Qin decided to forgive Yang Lin, for Qin was also Yang Lin's adopted son and Yang Lin taught him a lot about military and martial arts. Also, unlike many other local governors or generals at that time, Yang Lin never did harm on but often protect common people, and that was why Qin Shubao respected Yang Lin though Yang Lin killed Qin's father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0019-0007", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, In the novel\nAt that point, the dejected Yang Lin said that he never regretted to ask Qin Shubao to be his adopted son although later he knew Qin Shubao's father was Qin Yi, because Qin Shubao was a real hero. He said that he always respected Qin Yi for the loyalty he showed, but he had to kill Qin Yi because they were enemies at that time. He also told Qin Shubao that Sui Dynasty might not be able to survive at this point, but the good future of the common people would be relied on heroes like Qin Shubao and Luo Cheng. After that, Yang Lin committed suicide by cutting the throat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0020-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, Archetypes\nGenerally speaking, Yang Lin had three possible archetypes. All they three had some aspects that should be similar to Yang Lin, but none of them could totally and perfectly reflect Yang Lin's figure in the novel. Yang Lin's identity and social status were according to Yang Xiong (\u6768\u96c4), a famous general in Sui Dynasty's royal family. Yang Xiong was similar to Yang Lin because they were both close relatives to the emperors of Sui Dynasty and they were both military and martial arts elites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0020-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, Archetypes\nHowever, the difference was that in real history, Yang Xiong died at a much earlier time (612 A.D.) than Yang Lin's death in the novel (not mentioned exactly, but could be inferred to be around 618 A.D.). Yang Lin's stories were most likely based on stories of Lai Hu'er (\u6765\u62a4\u513f) and Zhang Xutuo (\u5f20\u987b\u9640). Lai Hu'er was a famous general in Sui Dynasty, and he was known for putting down rebellions in the basin of Huai River and the lower valley of Yangtze River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0020-0002", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, Archetypes\nHe was also the first one to discover the talent of Qin Shubao in the real history. Like Yang Lin, Lai Hu'er was always loyal to Sui Dynasty until his death. He was killed by Yuwen Huaji (\u5b87\u6587\u5316\u53ca) during the military coup (see above). Although Lai Hu'er never appeared in the novel Shuo Tang, he was in the most accepted ranking list of the 18 warriors. Zhang Xutuo was another famous military genius in Sui Dynasty who was known for fighting against rebellion forces in Yellow River basin, including Lu Mingyue (\u5362\u660e\u6708) and Sun Xuanya (\u5b59\u5ba3\u96c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0020-0003", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yang Lin, Archetypes\nIf Lai Hu\u2019er was the first one to recognize Qin Shubao's talent, Zhang Xutuo was the first one who gave Qin Shubao the opportunity to foster his achievements. Qin Shubao and Luo Shixin became famous when he was an assistant general in Zhang Xutuo's troop. However, although Zhang Xutuo was the most considerable threats to Wagang Fort, it was Wagang Fort's forces that finally killed Zhang Xutuo during the battle of Xingyang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0021-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Wei Wentong, In the novel\nWei Wentong (\u9b4f\u6587\u901a) was a major military officer whose base camp was in Tongguan Pass, one of the most important forts in central China. He had an appearance that was very similar to the famous Guan Yu in Three Kingdoms era, and his weapon was exactly the same as what Guan Yu used: a large-sized blade called Qinglong-Yanyue-Dao (\u9752\u9f99\u5043\u6708\u5200, the Blade of Green Dragon & Crescent Moon). He took part in several remarkable battles including one with Wagang Fort. He was killed by the arrow from Wang Bodang (\u738b\u4f2f\u5f53), the famous archer in Wagang Fort army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0022-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Wei Wentong, Archetypes\nWei Wentong's name was from Wei Wentong (\u5c09\u6587\u901a, same pronunciation but different characters), a leader of a small rebellion group in Yanmen Pass in late Sui Dynasty. However, his stories were more likely derived from stories of Wei Wensheng (\u536b\u6587\u5347) or Wei Xuan (\u536b\u7384). Wei Wensheng was a brave warrior in Sui Dynasty who got famous during a battle against Goryeo Koreans. After that battle, he became a general and was ordered to guard the Tongguan Pass. He died of an illness before the collapse of Sui Dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0023-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shang Shitu and Xin Wenli\nShang Shitu (\u5c1a\u5e08\u5f92) and Xin Wenli (\u65b0\u6587\u7406) were two totally fictional characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0024-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shang Shitu and Xin Wenli, Shang Shitu\nShan Shitu was the general guarding the Linyang Pass. He was called the General with Four Treasures, because he had four unique treasures that no one else had: the Tilu Spear, the Horse of Hulei-Bao, the Yeming Helmet and the Fish Scale Armour. The Tilu Spear was a long spear with a fillister near the spearpoint. When enemies were hit by the Tilu Spear, their blood would come out quickly through the fillister which might lead them to die. The neighing of the Hulei-Bao would scare enemy's horses during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0024-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shang Shitu and Xin Wenli, Shang Shitu\nThe Yeming Helmet was made with luminous material which would benefit Shang Shitu during battles at night. The Fish Scale Armour was so hard and tight that normal swards and spears could not cut through it. Shang Shitu took part in several large-scaled battles. When Wagang Fort's forces expanded to Linyang Pass, he united with Xin Wenli's force to fight against Wagang Fort troops. He always had ambivalence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0024-0002", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shang Shitu and Xin Wenli, Shang Shitu\nHe was aware that what Wagang Fort did was good for common people, but he knew that he could never join Wagang Fort because he swore that he would never betray his country. At last, he chose to commit suicide, because by doing so he would neither betray the Sui Dynasty nor stop Wagang Fort from doing right things. Before his death, he gave the Tilu Spear and the Hulei-Bao to Qin Shubao as gifts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0025-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shang Shitu and Xin Wenli, Xin Wenli\nXin Wenli was the general guarding the Hongni Pass. His weapon was an iron Shuo (\u69ca, a spear-like weapon with a big spearpoint). He was called the General of Eight Horses, not because he had eight horses for riding, but because his physical strength was superb enough to stop a cab towed by eight horses. His stories were similar to Shang Shitu's because they usually fight together. The most famous thing associated to Xin Wenli was that the famous warrior Pei Yuanqing was killed by bombs and fires from his troop. He died under the beleaguering of Wagong warriors including Qin Shubao, Cheng Yaojin, Wang Bodang and Shan Xiongxin. His sister, Xin Yue\u2019e (\u65b0\u6708\u5a25), was a well-known female warrior at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0026-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Cao Yanping\nCao Yanping (\u66f9\u5ef6\u5e73) was also called Ding Yanping (\u5b9a\u5ef6\u5e73) in different versions. He was only a small role in some versions of the book, and he did not have an archetype in real history. In both versions, his weapons were a pair of short spears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0027-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Cao Yanping, Version 1\nCao Yanping was an assistant officer in Yang Lin's camp when both he and Yang Lin were young. One day, during a war-time tactical drill and simulation, his side defeated Yang Lin's side without mercy. Yang Lin was so annoyed and he dismissed Cao Yanping. Decades later, when Yang Lin's force attacked Wagang Fort, Cao Yanping reinforced Wagang Fort and fought against Yang Lin to revenge. Unfortunately, this time, he lost to Yang Lin and was killed during the battle. However, his reinforcement was one of keys for Wagang Fort to survive from Yang Lin's attacking. He was also the teacher of another great warrior, Zhang Shanxiang (\u5f20\u5584\u76f8).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0028-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Cao Yanping, Version 2\nDing Yanping was a friend of Luo Yi's, and he was also the teacher of Luo Cheng when Luo Cheng was very young. When Yang Lin was attacking Wagang Fort, he was invited to reinforce Yang Lin. When he was on his way to Yang Lin's camp, he came across Luo Cheng. He had not seen Luo Cheng for several years, so he did not know Luo Cheng was already a member in Wagang Fort. Knowing Ding Yanping was to fight for Yang Lin, Luo Cheng gained the military plans from Ding Yanping by cheating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0028-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Cao Yanping, Version 2\nDing Yanping and Yang Lin did not realize the truth until they lost several battles continuously. At last, Ding Yanping realized that his student was his opponent. He was extremely sad and left the camp alone in an evening. He neither went to Wagang Fort nor came back to Yang Lin's camp. No one knew where he went, and he has never been heard since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0029-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Lai Hu'er\nAs mentioned above, Lai Hu\u2019er (\u6765\u62a4\u513f) was a historic figure who was hardly mentioned in the book of Shuo Tang but appeared in this list. He was a navy general and got famous when fighting against Goguryeo Koreans. He also put down several rebel generals in eastern China. Lai Hu\u2019er was always loyal to Sui Dynasty until his death, even though one of his sons, Lai Yuan (\u6765\u6e0a), joined the rebellion led by Yang Xuangan(\u6768\u7384\u611f). He was killed by Yuwen Huaji\u2019s army when he was trying to protect the emperor Yang Guang in Jiangdu during the mutiny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0030-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Liang Shitai, In the novel\nLike Cao Yanping, Liang Shitai (\u6881\u5e08\u6cf0) was a small supporting role in this book. He was the master of a big manor, called Guachui-Zhuang (\u6302\u9524\u5e84, literally: the manor with a pair of hammers hanging at the gate). He used a pair of copper hammers as his weapon. When other warriors or heroes came to his manor, he'd like to fight against those warriors. If he could be defeated by the guest, or the guest could hold on fighting with him for a certain time, he would invite the guest into his manor and made friends with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0030-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Liang Shitai, In the novel\nOne day, the Wagang Fort warrior Shan Xiongxin (\u5355\u96c4\u4fe1, See below) came to the manor after losing a battle. The tired and hungry Shan Xiongxin was easily defeated by Liang Shitai, so he was not invited by the host. Ironally, when Shan Xiongxin was on his way back to Wagang Fort, he came across Li Yuanba. Since Shan Xiongxin and Li Yuanba's first assistant officer Chai Shao (\u67f4\u7ecd) were old time friends, he asked Li Yuanba for help. Li Yuanba came to the manor and easily defeated Liang Shitai. However, Li Yuanba noticed Liang Shitai's talents during the fight, so he invited Liang Shitai to be his trailbreaker troop's officer in the army. Then Liang Shitai started to work for Li's family. He was killed by Wu Tianxi near Tianchang Pass (see above).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0031-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Liang Shitai, Archetype\nLiang Shitai's archetype might be Liang Shidu (\u6881\u5e08\u90fd), a leader of a rebellion group, and later a warlord, in Shuofang  (\u6714\u65b9). Liang Shidu rebelled in Sui Dynasty, and then obtained the support from Turks and became a powerful warlord in early Tang Dynasty. He was defeated by a troop led by Chai Shao and annexed by Tang's force in the year of 628. However, some people disagreed because they thought Liang Shidu was the archetype of another small character in the novel, Liang Shitu (\u6881\u5e08\u5f92).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0032-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Zuo Tiancheng\nZuo Tiancheng (\u5de6\u5929\u6210) was a fictional general guarding the Sishui Pass. He was hardly mentioned in the book Shuo Tang, but he was very popular in folk cultures. He used a golden blade as his weapon and he was regarded as a top warrior in Sui Dynasty. He became famous in a young age, when he bravely ambushed a strong troop from a major Turks tribe in northern frontier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0032-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Zuo Tiancheng\nHe used to fight alone against the Wangang Five Tigers (five best warriors in Wagang Fort, i.e. Qin Shubao \u79e6\u53d4\u5b9d, Qiu Rui \u90b1\u745e, Cheng Yaojin \u7a0b\u54ac\u91d1, Wang Bodang \u738b\u4f2f\u5f53 and Shan Xiongxin \u5355\u96c4\u4fe1). The first time he lost in a battle was when he was defeated by Pei Yuanqing. He was always loyal to Sui Dynasty and was eventually killed by Xiong Kuohai during another battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0033-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Qin Shubao, In the novel\nQin Shubao (\u79e6\u53d4\u5b9d, or Qin Qiong \u79e6\u743c) was the most important role in Sui Tang. As mentioned above, he was the son of Qin Yi (\u79e6\u5f5d, see Yang Lin's section) and used a pair of Jian (see Luo Cheng's section) as his weapons. Although he lost his father, he was well educated by his mother, Madam Ning. He was not only known for his great military and martial arts skills, but also for his reputation as a low-class government officer. He was kind to normal people but strict to his men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0033-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Qin Shubao, In the novel\nIn folk cultures, there were so many his stories derived from the book Shuo Tang, including he selling his horse, fighting against Yang Lin and Wei Wentong, saving Li Yuan's family in Lintong Pass, and serving as a door god along with Yuchi Gong (see below), etc. He started as a low-class officer in Jinan, and then served under Luo Yi, Tang Bi and Yang Lin before took part in the Wagang Fort rebellion. After the collapse of Wagang Fort, he briefly served for Wang Shichong (\u738b\u4e16\u5145) and then joined the troop led by Li Shimin (\u674e\u4e16\u6c11).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0033-0002", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Qin Shubao, In the novel\nHe played a significant role in unifying the country. After Li Shimin became the second emperor of Tang Dynasty, Qin Shubao led a troop and defeated the Turks in the north. When Goryeo Koreans invaded the northeastern frontier, both Qin Shubao and Yuchi Gong wanted to lead military force to fight back. They agreed that the one who could hold a stone lion sculpture longer would be the general to fight against Koreans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0033-0003", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Qin Shubao, In the novel\nYuchi Gong could raise the lion but only for a while, but Qin Shubao could not only raise the lion but also walk back and forth in the yard for three times. However, after that, Qin Shubao suddenly collapsed. Later, Yuchi Gong became the general to fight against Goguryeo because Qin Shubao's situation was so bad. Qin Shubao died several weeks after Yuchi Gong left for Goguryeo Korea (see Luo Cheng's section). His son, Qin Huaiyu (\u79e6\u6000\u7389), became one of the great warriors in next generation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0034-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Qin Shubao, Archetype\nRefer to Qin Shubao for details. Qin Shubao was a real person in the history, and in this book, his life before joining the Tang Dynasty's troops was similar to the real history. However, some stories after he joined Tang Dynasty, especially after Li Shimin became the emperor, were fictional. In real history, Qin Shubao retired after Li Shimin became the emperor because of his illness. It was Li Jing (\u674e\u9756) and Xu Shiji (\u5f90\u4e16\u52e3) rather than Qin Shubao that defeated the Turks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0035-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel\nYuchi Gong (\u5c09\u8fdf\u606d or Yuchi Jingde \u5c09\u8fdf\u656c\u5fb7) was a major character in the latter half of the book Shuo Tang, as well as in the sequel. He had a dark skin, and used a Bian (a columnar- and pagoda-shaped traditional Chinese weapon) as his weapon. His teacher told him that he could not survive without his Bian. He started as a blacksmith living in Taiyuan. After Li Yuan claimed Taiyuan's independence from Sui Dynasty, two of Li Yuan's sons, Li Jiancheng (\u674e\u5efa\u6210) and Li Yuanji (\u674e\u5143\u5409) were ordered to recruit soldiers in Taiyuan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0035-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel\nHowever, due to their poor reputation, they could not recruit enough soldiers. Then, Li Yuanji advised Li Jiancheng to recruit under Li Shimin\u2019s name because Li Shimin's reputation was much better than theirs. Thought Li Shimin was the general recruiting in Taiyuan, Yuchi Gong went there and became a soldier. However, he was unfairly treated by Li Yuanji's men. He got angry and left the camp. He thought it was Li Shimin who treated him like that. Later, he joined another warlord, Liu Wuzhou (\u5218\u6b66\u5468), near Taiyuan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0035-0002", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel\nThe major military officer under Liu Wuzhou, Song Jingang (\u5b8b\u91d1\u521a), noticed Yuchi Gong's talent. Song asked Yuchi Gong to be his assistant officer. When Liu Wuzhou and Li Yuan came into a war, Yuchi Gong was extremely active during battles to revenge for the indignity he suffered in Li's camp. He led his men occupied Li Yuan's three cities during one day and eight villages during the following night. Li Yuanji and Li Jiancheng were defeated. At that time, Li Yuanba was already dead, so Li Yuan had to send Li Shimin to stop Yuchi Gong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0035-0003", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel\nOne evening, when Li Shimin and Cheng Yaojin (\u7a0b\u54ac\u91d1, or Cheng Zhijie \u7a0b\u77e5\u8282, another warrior known for his three fighting tactics with an axe) were marching, they were ambushed by Yuchi Gong at a creek called Meiliang-Chuan (\u7f8e\u826f\u5ddd). Although Li Shimin and Cheng Yaojin were both great warriors, they were defeated. Li Shimin asked Cheng Yaojin to retreat first and find Qin Shubao for help. Cheng Yaojin worried that Yuchi Gong might kill Li Shimin when he was away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0035-0004", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel\nYuchi Gong told him that he would not even try to kill Li Shimin before Qin Shubao was there, or he would die under the Zhijin Gate, a major gate in Chang'an. When Cheng Yaojin left, Li Shimin asked Yuchi Gong why he did not join Li's troop as he was from Taiyuan. Yuchi Gong was annoyed because he thought it was Li Shimin who affronted him in the camp. Li Shimin explained that he was not the one recruiting in Taiyuan, but it just made Yuchi Gong angrier. Then Yuchi Gong could not stop himself from attacking Li Shimin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0035-0005", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel\nFortunately, Qin Shubao arrived at that time. Qin and Yuchi engaged in fighting at once. They drew in that battle, but Yuchi Gong used three tactics with his Bian, while Qin Shubao only used two tactics with his Jian. The battle of Meiliang-Chuan was called Three Bians versus Two Jians (\u4e09\u97ad\u6362\u4e24\u950f) in folk cultures, and that was why people usually regarded Qin Shubao was a little better than Yuchi Gong in martial arts. After that, Li Shimin beseeched Yuchi Gong to join his force for several times. Yuchi Gong was finally moved by Li Shimin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0035-0006", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel\nFrom others, Yuchi Gong also started to believe that it was not Li Shimin who treated him unfairly in the camp. Eventually, after the death of Liu Wuzhou and Song Jingang, Yuchi Gong surrendered to Li Shimin and became a major general fighting for Tang Dynasty. In the battle of Luo Yang, when Li Shimin was attacked by Shan Xiongxin, it was Yuchi Gong who saved Li Shimin. And when Li Shimin was framed by his brothers Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, Yuchi Gong played a big part in proving Li Shimin's innocence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0035-0007", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel\nWithout Yuchi Gong, Li Shimin would never become the emperor. When Yuchi Gong was fighting against Goryeo Koreans in later years (see Qin Shubao's section), he noticed the talent of a young warrior called Xue Rengui (\u859b\u4ec1\u8d35, or Xue Li \u859b\u793c). He pointed Xue Rengui as his adopted son because he believe Xue Rengui would be a decant squad in Tang Dynast's military. However, Xue Rengui was envied by Zhang Shigui (\u5f20\u58eb\u8d35) and Li Daozong (\u674e\u9053\u5b97). Zhang and Li tried to frame Xue Rengui. Xue Rengui was sent to jail after being set up by Zhang and Li.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0035-0008", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel\nTo save Xue Rengui, Yuchi Gong had conflicts with Li Daozong, and then, the emperor Li Shimin who believed in Li Daozong rather than Xue Rengui. After the judge announced that Xue Rengui would be sent to the death row, Yuchi Gong was so disappointed and angry. He hit the Zhijin Gate with his Bian to show his discontentment. He hit the gate so hard that his Bian broke into several pieces. He suddenly realized his teacher's words as well as what he did to Li Shimin in Meiliang-Chuan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0035-0009", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, In the novel\nHe knew his time came, so he committed suicide in front of the Zhijin Gate. Li Shimin was very sad after knowing the death of Yuchi Jinde, so he put off the time to execute Xue Rengui and re-try the case. Later, Xue Rengui was proved to be innocent. Xue Rengui really became the best general in Tang Dynasty after several years. He defeated Turks, Tuyuhun, Tibetan Empire, Uighur Kingdoms, some city states and tribes along the Silk Road, and Korean Kingdoms in following years. Yuchi Gong's three sons, Yuchi Baolin (\u5c09\u8fdf\u5b9d\u6797, real in the history), Yuchi Baoqing (\u5c09\u8fdf\u5b9d\u5e86, fictional)and Yuchi Haohuai (\u5c09\u8fdf\u53f7\u6000, fictional), were all great warriors in the next generation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0036-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, Archetype\nRefer to Yuchi Gong for details. Yuchi Gong was the person in Shuo Tang whose stories were closest to the real history. Although there was no Three Bians versus Two Jians in real history (Qin Shubao never used Jian in real history, and Yuchi Gong never used Bian either. They both used spears in real history), the battle of Meiliang-Chuan was real. Stories of the battle of Luo Yang and the conflict between Li Brothers were also true stories in the history. Yuchi Gong also had conflicts with Li Daozong in later years, which was recorded in different historical books.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0036-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Yuchi Gong, Archetype\nHowever, the reason he argued and beat Li Daozong was not because of Xue Rengui. In reality, both Zhang Shigui and Li Daozong in real history were great and loyal generals who contributed a lot to Tang Dynasty. Their contributions were no less than Yuchi Gong's and Xue Rengui's. Xue Rengui's talent was actually discovered by Zhang Shigui. Of course, Yuchi Gong never committed suicide. When he was old, he retired from the government and became a devout Taoist priest. He lived a happy and easy life for 16 years before his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0037-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shan Xiongxin, In the Novel\nShan Xiongxin (\u5355\u96c4\u4fe1, or Shan Tong \u5355\u901a) was a major character in Shuo Tang. He was the master in the Erxian Manor and also the leader of greenwoods (\u7eff\u6797\u597d\u6c49, warriors and heroes that not worked for government). His weapon was a Shuo (see Xin Wenli's section). He was respected by various people because he was kind to poor people and heroes in need. He was Qin Shubao's best friend. He was also one of the leaders of Wagang Fort rebellion. After Wagang Fort's collapse, he served for the warlord Wang Shichong (\u738b\u4e16\u5145).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0037-0001", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shan Xiongxin, In the Novel\nWhen his old time friends including Qin Shubao, Cheng Yaojin (\u7a0b\u54ac\u91d1) and Xu Shiji (\u5f90\u4e16\u52e3, or Xu Maogong \u5f90\u8302\u516c) were all leaving for Li Shimin, he stayed with Wang Shichong, because Li Shimin's father Li Yuan mistakenly killed his brother Shan Xiongzhong (\u5355\u96c4\u5fe0, or Shan Dao \u5355\u9053) in early years. Later, he married Wang Shichong's daughter. After the battle of Luoyang, the ally of Wang Shichong, Meng Haigong (\u5b5f\u6d77\u516c), Gao Tansheng (\u9ad8\u6a80\u665f), Zhu Can(\u6731\u707f) and Dou Jiande (\u7aa6\u5efa\u5fb7) collapsed. Wang Shichong surrendered to Tang Dynasty, but Shan Xiongxin chose to die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0037-0002", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shan Xiongxin, In the Novel\nBefore he was beheaded, Qin Shubao, Cheng Yaojin and Xu Shiji came to see him in the jail. They drank a lot and cried a lot, saying they would be friends again in afterlife. Then, before the execution, Xu Shiji cut off a piece of flesh from his leg and asked Shan Xiongxin to eat, because they believed that with that flesh, they would be together forever. After Shan Xiongxin ate the flesh, he was executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019515-0038-0000", "contents": "18 Warriors of Sui-Tang Period, Characters, Shan Xiongxin, Archetype\nShan Xiongxin was a real person in Sui Dynasty, and most stories in the book were close to the history. The book somehow glorified Shan Xiongxin because in real history he had several significant disadvantages in his personality. However, the story that he ate Xu Shiji's flesh was a real one which impressed people for thousand years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019516-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Wheeler (band)\n18 Wheeler were a Scottish rock band active in the1990s, consisting of Sean Jackson (vocals, guitar), David Keenan (guitar, vocals), Alan Hake (bass), and Neil Halliday (drums). Original bassist Chris \"Pint Glass\" Stewart left before any recordings were made, and was replaced by original drummer Hake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019516-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Wheeler (band)\nKeenan left in 1994 to start his own group, the Telstar Ponies and was replaced by guitarist Steven Haddow. In the same year, the band released their first album Twin Action on Creation Records on 25 July, and on 22 May 1995 they released their second album, Formanka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019516-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Wheeler (band)\nTheir third album, Year Zero, which saw them take a more experimental sample-based approach, was released on 10 March 1997. The remixed single \"Stay\" was given mainstream radio play and gave them their only UK Top 75 hit single (peaking at No. 59 in March). They were subsequently dropped by Creation during the recording of what was to be their fourth studio release. Although Alan Hake has stated that Creation Records allowed the band to keep the master tapes to this album, no plans to officially release it have materialised. Hake went on to co-found the Must Destroy record label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019516-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Wheeler (band)\nThe band were once introduced by Tony Blair at the 1996 Labour Party Conference. The future Prime Minister managed to wrongly introduce them as \"Wheeler 18\". Their biggest claim to fame, however, is that they were the band Oasis were supporting the night that Oasis were discovered by Creation Records boss Alan McGee at King Tut's Wah Wah Hut in Glasgow on 31 May 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019516-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Wheeler (band)\nAfter a hiatus of several years spent mainly in Central and Eastern Europe, Sean Jackson returned to the music world with the solo album Slots, recorded in 2005. The album, although written in Ko\u0161ice, Eastern Slovakia, and Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, is influenced by traditional British folk, as well as rock music, and was released on PoppyDisc Records in spring 2010. He read English as undergraduate at the University of Glasgow and subsequently obtained a post-graduate diploma in Russian language from the University of Strathclyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019517-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker\n18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, known in Japan as 18 Wheeler (\u30a8\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u30f3\uff65\u30db\u30a4\u30fc\u30e9\u30fc, Eit\u012bn Ho\u012br\u0101), is an arcade game developed by Sega AM2 and distributed by Sega. The game was released in arcades in 2000 and ported to the Dreamcast in 2001. It was released for the PlayStation 2 in 2001 and GameCube in 2002 by Acclaim Entertainment. Sega followed up on the success of 18 Wheeler with a sequel, The King of Route 66, which was released in the arcades in 2002 and ported to the PlayStation 2. This was one of the final arcade video games ports to be on the Dreamcast after its discontinuation before Sega became a third party developer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019517-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Gameplay\nThe main purpose of the game is to make it to the finish line with the truck's cargo. Players are given a set amount of time, but can ram into special vans that will add three seconds to the timer. There are several characters to choose from, each with a unique truck and attributes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019517-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Gameplay\nThe game starts out in New York City, New York and players travel across the United States of America, ending in San Francisco, California. After Stage 1, the game gives the player a choice of trailer. One trailer is harder to haul, but provides a bigger payoff while the other choice is easier to haul but provides a smaller payoff. Money is deducted from the total when the trailer is hit. Players can sound the truck's horn to make other cars on the road yield and slipstream behind large vehicles to gain a momentary speed boost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019517-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Gameplay\nIn addition to the time limit, players also compete with the \"Lizard Tail\", a rival trucker. Crossing the finish line before the Lizard Tail yields additional money. In between levels, players can park the truck in a minigame to earn more cash and upgrades for their truck, such as an improved horn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019517-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Ports\nThe first port of the game was released on the Dreamcast. Released by Sega, it is faithful to its arcade counterpart, but the voice actors for the characters were changed and it lacks the arcade's cross-country map loading screens. One of the selectable truckers in the arcade version, Nippon Maru was now made available as an unlockable character. A split screen multiplayer mode was added, allowing two players to race against each other. The game was released by Acclaim Entertainment (who also released Sega's Ferrari F355 Challenge on the Dreamcast) on the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube after Sega stopped making consoles and became a software based company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019517-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Reception\nThe home versions of the game received \"mixed or average reviews\" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Rob Smolka of NextGen said that the Dreamcast version was \"definitely worth a weekend rental, but its lack of online play and limited number of stages in the arcade game flatten its tires.\" In Japan, Famitsu gave the same console version 29 out of 40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019517-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Reception\nAlso in Japan, Game Machine listed the arcade version in their March 15, 2000 issue as the second most-successful dedicated arcade game of the month. AllGame wrote that the same arcade version \"does have a fairly thorough scoring system that some will take to, but it lacks the gameplay that great arcade titles such as Crazy Taxi possess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019517-0006-0001", "contents": "18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker, Reception\nThat isn't to say it's a bad game: it's beautiful to behold and will give you short term thrills, but it isn't one that you'll find yourself coming back to again and again after you've thrown down a couple of dollars playing it. In the end, it's a fun but short ride.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019518-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Wheels of Justice\n18 Wheels of Justice is an American crime drama series that aired from 2000 to 2001 on TNN. It starred Lucky Vanous as federal agent Michael Cates (posing as a truck driver, with a Kenworth T2000 semi-truck), and G. Gordon Liddy as Jacob Calder, the crime boss Cates was chasing. The episodes followed a format not unlike The Incredible Hulk or The Fugitive or The Rebel, in that the wandering Cates would meet and interact with different people and help them with their particular problems before moving on. The series was distributed by King World Productions, and was filmed at Stu Segall Productions in San Diego.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019519-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Wheels of Steel\n18 Wheels of Steel is a series of trucking simulators developed by SCS Software and published by ValuSoft from 2002 to 2011, as a spin-off of Hard Truck, with the first game becoming the third Hard Truck game released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019519-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Across America [23 Sep 2003]\nThis installment is very similar to Hard Truck: 18 Wheels of Steel except that the graphics were updated, more trucks and cargo were added, and a new map was created that enables users to travel across the entire continental U.S., through 30 cities. In this version, players can choose from 30 trucks and 40+ trailers. Time is made up of a total of 24 minutes in a day in the clock. This game focuses on the delivery of cargo. Players also go against three AI drivers. Unlike Hard Truck: 18 Wheels of Steel, Across America does not feature a sleep timer. There is an improved traffic model as well as airplanes, helicopters, and trains with authentic sounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 75], "content_span": [76, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019519-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Pedal to the Metal [30 Aug 2004]\nIn this installment, released in 2004, the user can travel across the entire continental US, and also through northern Mexico and southern Canada, through 30 cities. The sleep timer was brought back in this version. It has an improved traffic model. 18 Wheels of Steel: Pedal to the Metal requires OpenGL. It also has the fastest map to date besides Haulin' and is the first trucking game to feature more than one country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019519-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Convoy [1 Sep 2005]\nIn this updated installment, the player can travel through the United States, as well as southern Canada, though it differs from 18 Wheels of Steel: Pedal to the Metal in that Mexican cities are not present. The player can travel through 30+ cities and choose from 35+ rigs, 45+ cargoes and 47+ trailers. The player has to use the mouse to look outside of the cab at the mirrors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019519-0003-0001", "contents": "18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Convoy [1 Sep 2005]\nThe graphics are also much improved in this version, and users can see drivers in other vehicles and when the trucks are \"lugged\" under 1500 RPM, they emit black exhaust much like older non-computerized trucks do. However, other graphical features such as dynamic dashboard gauges were replaced with simple inanimate textures, although this and minor bugs were fixed with a patch released by SCS Software in 2008. Players can also buy things to protect themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019519-0004-0000", "contents": "18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Haulin' [8 Dec 2006]\nThis installment adds more cities and has more realistic graphics, but Mexico is gone from this installment, as in Convoy. The ability to use custom soundtracks and save games during deliveries was also added. Users can choose from 32 rigs, 45+ cargoes and 47+ trailers in the game, including double trailers. The game does not require a very powerful computer to operate properly since it can run on most older PCs. The game's engine, Prism3d, may not respond on older graphic cards resulting in a game crash on the game's start-up. Countries include the United States and Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019519-0005-0000", "contents": "18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: American Long Haul [3 Dec 2007]\nThis installment of the game is very similar to and has the same gameplay as Haulin' but with renamed companies, 2 new trucks, and 3 cities in Mexico added. The previous 9 cities [Chihuahua, Guaymas, Monterrey, etc.] from 18 Wheels of Steel: Pedal to the Metal have returned but the map for each was slightly updated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 78], "content_span": [79, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019519-0006-0000", "contents": "18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Extreme Trucker [23 Sep 2009]\nExtreme Trucker lets the player deliver cargoes in any of the three main areas of the game: Yungas Road (also known as Road of Death), Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road, and the Australian Outback. This game is quite different from the previous installments as the whole concept was changed. The player can no longer drive around in free roam unless they decide to go around the map during a delivery, but they can only pick a job offer from the selection menu if users have met its requirements of having multiple new trucks and accomplished deliveries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019519-0006-0001", "contents": "18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Extreme Trucker [23 Sep 2009]\nThe trucks and cars are modeled after real brands, although users can not own any vehicles through the game and are simply truck drivers seeking various jobs. Still, today's low to mediocre range computer will be able to run the game without getting low FPS. The game was mostly poorly received by critics. Game was criticised mostly for change of series concept, but was well received by players and some reviews were positive towards the game and praised the game for its graphics and gameplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019519-0007-0000", "contents": "18 Wheels of Steel, Games, 18 Wheels of Steel: Extreme Trucker 2 [6 Jan 2011]\nReleased in 2011, Extreme Trucker 2 is a sequel to 18 Wheels of Steel: Extreme Trucker. The game has two additional locations: Montana and Bangladesh, and a few new types of cargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019520-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Years Later\n18 Years Later (Italian: Diciotto anni dopo) is a 2010 Italian comedy-drama film written, directed and starring Edoardo Leo. For this film Leo was nominated for David di Donatello for Best New Director  and  for a Nastro d'Argento in the same category. The film also won several awards in a number of international film festivals, including the Audience Award at the Annecy Italian Film Festival and the awards for best film, best director, best actor and best actress at the 2010 Ibiza International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019521-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Years Old and Rising\n18 Years Old and Rising (French: J'aime regarder les filles, lit. ' I like to watch girls') is a 2011 French comedy film directed by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Louf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019521-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Years Old and Rising\nThe original French title of the film is taken from a 1981 Patrick Coutin hit song called \"J'aime regarder les filles\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019521-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Years Old and Rising, Plot\nPrimo, son of Province florists, struggles paying his rent. He spends his tray for the second time. On the eve of 10 May 1981 he meets Gabrielle and he falls madly in love with her at first sight. Unfortunately they don't take to the same people. Primo then will try anything to get a place in this Parisian bourgeois society that seems so difficult to access. In order to show his passion and love for Gabrielle he doesn't hesitate to take risks, even if that requires him to become illicit and put his life in danger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019521-0003-0000", "contents": "18 Years Old and Rising, Release\nThe film was presented at the Cabourg Film Festival (France), the Toronto International Film Festival (Canada), the S\u00e3o Paulo International Film Festival (Brazil) and the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival (Taiwan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019522-0000-0000", "contents": "18 Yellow Roses\n18 Yellow Roses is an album by American singer Bobby Darin, released in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019522-0001-0000", "contents": "18 Yellow Roses\nThe entire album was reissued on CD in 2002 with Darin\u2019s earlier release You\u2019re the Reason I\u2019m Living.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019522-0002-0000", "contents": "18 Yellow Roses, Reception\nIn his Allmusic review, critic Richie Unterberger praised the single \u201c18 Yellow Roses\u201d and its B-side \u201cNot For Me\u201d but generally panned the rest of the album, writing \u201cotherwise 18 Yellow Roses sounds like a bit of a rush job rather than an artistic statement.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019523-0000-0000", "contents": "18 and 19 Brook Green\n18 and 19 Brook Green are two Grade II listed Georgian houses at 18\u201319 Brook Green, Hammersmith, London, W6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019524-0000-0000", "contents": "18 and Life\n\"18 and Life\" is a song by American heavy metal band Skid Row. It was released in June 1989 as the second single from their self titled debut album. The song is the band's biggest hit, reaching No. 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 11 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. It was certified Gold on September 13, 1989, when it sold 500,000 copies. The song also charted at No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019524-0001-0000", "contents": "18 and Life\nIn April 2015, Skid Row released a new version of the song with current lead vocalist Tony Harnell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019524-0002-0000", "contents": "18 and Life, Theme\nThe title of the song alludes to its subject, 18-year-old Ricky, receiving a sentence of life imprisonment for the murder of another teen. The song paints Ricky's youth as his undoing. It was believed for a long time that guitarist Dave Sabo got the idea from a newspaper article about an 18-year-old named Ricky who was sentenced to life imprisonment for murdering his friend with a gun, that due to alcohol, he most likely guessed was not loaded. However, in an interview with the Professor of Rock, Sabo states that the original inspiration was his brother Rick's life after coming home from Vietnam. The writing process eventually led the song to being about an accidental murder. The music video also alludes to this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019525-0000-0000", "contents": "18 b\u00e4sta\n18 b\u00e4sta is a compilation album by Swedish singer Carola H\u00e4ggkvist, released on 29 December 2004. On the album charts, it peaked at number three in Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019526-0000-0000", "contents": "18 cm kurze Kanone M 80\nThe 18\u00a0cm kurze Kanone M 80 (short cannon) was a heavy siege howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. Designed to replace the M 61 series of siege guns the M 80 family of siege guns offered greater range and armor penetration than the older guns. The proven steel-bronze was used for the barrel and the iron carriage lacked any system to absorb recoil other than the traditional recoil wedges placed underneath and behind the wheels of the carriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019526-0000-0001", "contents": "18 cm kurze Kanone M 80\nThese wedges helped to absorb the recoil force and encouraged the wheels to run forward to bring the gun back into battery. Generally a wooden firing platform was constructed for these guns in action to provide a level and smooth surface. For transport the barrel was removed from the carriage by a crane and carried separately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019526-0001-0000", "contents": "18 cm kurze Kanone M 80\nThese siege guns were no longer useful against modern armored fortresses by the outbreak of World War I and many saw action in the field to fill the need for heavy howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019527-0000-0000", "contents": "18 de Julio Avenue\nAvenida 18 de Julio, or 18 de Julio Avenue, is the most important avenue in Montevideo, Uruguay. It is named after the date the first Constitution of Uruguay was written: July 18, 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019527-0001-0000", "contents": "18 de Julio Avenue\nIt starts from Plaza Independencia at the limits of the Ciudad Vieja (the Old City), crosses the barrios Centro and Cord\u00f3n and ends at the Obelisk of Montevideo in Tres Cruces, where it meets Artigas Boulevard. Although not the widest or longest avenue of the city, it is considered as the most important of Montevideo, both as a commercial center and because of the many tourist attractions along its length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019527-0002-0000", "contents": "18 de Julio Avenue, Images\nPlaza Cagancha, which is crossed by 18 de Julio Ave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019527-0003-0000", "contents": "18 de Julio Avenue, Images\nMcDonald's Restaurant in 18 de Julio Ave. & Gaboto St.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019527-0004-0000", "contents": "18 de Julio Avenue, Images\n18 de Julio Ave. between Cuareim St. & Y\u00ed St.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019528-0000-0000", "contents": "18 de Mayo\n18 de Mayo or Dieciocho de Mayo is a city and municipality in the Canelones Department of Uruguay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019528-0001-0000", "contents": "18 de Mayo, Establishment\nAfter a process of evaluation at departmental level, this municipality was created in 15 March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019528-0002-0000", "contents": "18 de Mayo, Establishment\nIt includes several towns, belonging until that date to the municipalities of Las Piedras and Progreso, in the old Route 5 area: Villa Alegria, Vista Linda, El Dorado, San Francisco, Villa Cristina, San Isidro, El Dorado Chico and Villa Foresti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019528-0003-0000", "contents": "18 de Mayo, Establishment\nIts name commemorates the Battle of Las Piedras, which took place in 1811.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019528-0004-0000", "contents": "18 de Mayo, Establishment\nThere is concern at the political and local level for giving this populous area a city status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019528-0005-0000", "contents": "18 de Mayo, Governation\nThe authority of the municipality is the Municipal Council, composed of the mayor and four councilors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019529-0000-0000", "contents": "18 foot dinghy\nThe 18 foot Dinghy was used in the 1920 Summer Olympics as a double handed Olympic class. One team was present at the starting line and won the gold. Three races were scheduled, with final places decided by total points with point-for-place scoring for each race. Only one race was started with only Great Britain competing but accounts vary as to if they finished the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019529-0001-0000", "contents": "18 foot dinghy, Olympic results\nSources vary, giving the only participant the credits for the gold medal. Others rank them as AC?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019530-0000-0000", "contents": "18 in '08\n18 in \u201908 is a non-profit, nonpartisan peer to peer youth voter engagement and mobilization organization. It was co-founded in 2007 by David D. Burstein, who is the current executive director, and his parents. 18 in \u201808 is the first national youth voter organization to be run by someone under 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019530-0001-0000", "contents": "18 in '08, Purpose\n18 in '08 promotes civic engagement among young people, specifically the 18- to 24-year-old age group. The organization emphasizes not just registration, but actual involvement in the political process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019530-0002-0000", "contents": "18 in '08, Current activities\nFor the 2008 presidential election, 18 in \u201908 is planning a 50 college tour and political dialogues with candidates and elected officials on the state and federal level focused exclusively on youth issues. On June 30, 2008 18 in \u201908 announced the debut of its celebrity PSA series, releasing the first two pieces on MySpace featuring Olivia Wilde and Peter Sarsgaard. The cast of the documentary film \"American Teen\" will be among future PSA stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019530-0003-0000", "contents": "18 in '08, The Film\nThe organization began as a documentary film also called 18 in \u201908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019530-0003-0001", "contents": "18 in '08, The Film\nThe film features leading politicians and public figures including: Senator Barbara Boxer, Senator Sam Brownback, Governor Jeb Bush, Senator Robert Byrd, Democratic Strategist James Carville, General Wesley Clark, Senator Chris Dodd, Former ABC News Anchor Sam Donaldson, Academy Award Winning Actor Richard Dreyfuss, Presidential Advisor David Gergen, Senator Chuck Hagel, Senator John Kerry, Congressman John Lewis, Senator Joe Lieberman, Filmmaker Alexandra Pelosi, Human Rights Leader Samantha Power, Congressman Adam Putnam, Former Kennedy Advisor Ted Sorensen, Former MTV News Correspondent Gideon Yago, Historian Howard Zinn, as well as students from across the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019530-0004-0000", "contents": "18 in '08, Accomplishments\n18 in '08 has screened its documentary film over 400 times since June 2007, and has also registered over 21,000 voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019530-0005-0000", "contents": "18 in '08, Affiliated organizations\n18 in \u201908 has partnerships with organizations including The National Constitution Center, Mobilize.org, Declare Yourself, Why Tuesday?, Generation Engage, SAVE, and Project Vote Smart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019530-0006-0000", "contents": "18 in '08, Media coverage\n18 in \u201908 has been featured on the ABC Evening News, C-SPAN, CNN, NPR, Fox News, and in The New York Times, The Boston Globe, The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Village Voice, The Huffington Post, and The Politico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019531-0000-0000", "contents": "18 km\n18\u00a0km (Russian: 18 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Vokhtozhskoye Urban Settlement of Gryazovetsky District, Russia. The population was 5 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019531-0001-0000", "contents": "18 km, Geography\nThe settlement is located on the bank of the Monza River, 79 km east of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019532-0000-0000", "contents": "18 km, Khabarovsk Krai\n18\u00a0km (Russian: 18 \u043a\u043c) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Korfovskoye Urban Settlement of Khabarovsky District, Russia. The population was 7 as of 2012. There are 2 streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019532-0001-0000", "contents": "18 km, Khabarovsk Krai, Geography\n18 km is located 22 km south of Khabarovsk (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0000-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt\nThe 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt occurred on July 5, 1922, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, then the Federal District of Brazil. It was the first revolt of the tenentista movement, in the context of the Brazilian First Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0001-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Tenentismo\nTenentismo is the political-military movement of various rebellions by young officers (mostly lieutenants) of the Brazilian army that occurred during the 1920s. The tenentes called for reforms in the power structure. Among these reforms was the end of the cabresto vote (a tool of political control through the abuse of authority, the buying of votes, the use of public institutions, violence, ghost voting, exchange of favors, and fraud). Other goals included the institution of a secret ballot, and the reform of public education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0002-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Tenentismo\nIn 1922 until 1930, the tenentes constituted a minority in the officer corps. Their number was around 325, consisting of officers who graduated from Brazil's Escola Militar do Realengo. By 1930, the number of these tenentes exceeded 600 or about 11 percent of the 5,255-strong officer corps on active duty. Although the 1922 revolt at Copacabana fort ended in failure, the sheer audacity by which the small band of rebels attacked a much larger force captured the attention of the public and inspired similar movements by the tenentes later on. Some sources maintained that the uprising was doomed from the start because authorities, including the Brazilian president, knew of the plot. The officers involved were also said to have accepted death. These factors contributed to the way the rebels emerged as martyrs especially for their fellow soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0003-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Army Reasoning\nThe Army reasoned that itself was the only force capable of saving the Republic. As a result, the movement was based in only one part of society, the army, and this isolated the Tenentista movement from the rest of the society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0004-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Reasons for the revolt\nOn October 3, 1919, a civilian - Jo\u00e3o Pandi\u00e1 Cal\u00f3geras - was designated as War Minister for the first time in the history of the Brazilian Republic by President Epit\u00e1cio Pessoa. Cal\u00f3geras held this post until November 15, 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0005-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Reasons for the revolt\nIn 1921, the Correio da Manh\u00e3 (Brazil), a Brazilian newspaper published in Rio de Janeiro from 1901 to 1974, published letters supposedly written by Artur Bernardes (Brazilian president from 1922 to 1926) and Raul Soares, a Brazilian politician who was Navy Minister during Epit\u00e1cio Pessoa's government and Secretary of the Interior during Artur Bernardes\u2019 government. These letters included insults directed at the Army and Marshal Hermes da Fonseca; the Brazilian president from 1910 to 1914, and one of the most important figures in the Army during Epit\u00e1cio Pessoa's and Artur Bernardes\u2019 governments. It was later found that the signatures in the letters were forged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0006-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Reasons for the revolt\nIn 1922, Artur Bernardes (supposed author of the letters published in 1921) won the Presidential elections. The Militar Club, a traditional military college in Rio de Janeiro, and Borges de Medeiros, a famous Brazilian politician and lawyer, asked for the creation of a court to review the election results. However, the elections were recognized by the Congress, so the court was never created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0007-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Reasons for the revolt\nIn June 1922, Epit\u00e1cio Pessoa intervened in the state of Pernambuco\u2019s elections, and this act was strongly criticized by Marshal Hermes da Fonseca. As a reaction, Epit\u00e1cio ordered Marshal Hermes da Fonseca's arrest and the closure of the Militar Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0008-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, The Copacabana Fort revolt\nThe revolt was supposed to include supporters in many military bases, but only a few joined in: Fort Copacabana, at Copacabana, some marginal elements from the Military village, Vigia Fort, the Realengo Military School, the 1st Engineering Battalion, navy and army members, and the 1st Military Division. The response of pro-tenentistas was weak because the government received notice that the revolt would happen and removed the crucial pro-tenentista officers from the most important military bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0009-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, The Copacabana Fort revolt\nThe Fort Copacabana rebels fired their cannons against many important government and military bases during the early morning of the 5th. Throughout the rest of the day, the fort was bombed. In the early morning of the 6th, Captain Euclides da Cunha and Lieutenant Siqueira Campos permitted any soldiers who wanted to leave the fort to do so; 273 of 301 left the Fort. Meanwhile, a destroyer and two battleships took up positions near the Fort and started to shell it. Captain Euclides Hermes left to negotiate, but was arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0009-0001", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, The Copacabana Fort revolt\nThe government's last word to the rebels was an order to either surrender or be destroyed. The Tenentistas still inside the Fort then cut a Brazilian flag in 29 pieces, one for each rebel, and decided to march to the Catete Palace, the head office of the Executive Power. Most of them dispersed and only 24  were left (a civilian joined then to form this number).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0009-0002", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, The Copacabana Fort revolt\nWalking down Avenida Atlantica next to the beach, they met a combined force of loyalist troops and police at the intersection of Avenida Atlantica and the street now renamed Rua Siqueira Campos in the middle of Copacabana. Only Lieutenants Siqueira Campos and Eduardo Gomes along with four other rebels survived. A photograph first published in the daily, O Malho shows eighteen rebels. For that reason, the public still erroneously refers to those who took part in the battle on the insurgent's side as \u201cThe Eighteen of the Fort.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0010-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Newspaper reports\n\"As for\u00e7as que est\u00e3o sitiando o forte de Copacabana, sob o comando do general Mena Barreto, tiveram ordem do governo para enviarem um 'ultimatum' \u00e0 fortaleza, intimando-a a render-se dentro de uma hora. Em caso contr\u00e1rio ser\u00e1 bombardeada por for\u00e7as legais de terra e navios de guerra.\" O Combate, 5 July 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0011-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Newspaper reports\n\"Na Villa Militar s\u00f3 houve um pequeno movimento subversivo, imediatamente abafado. Um pelot\u00e3o, \u00e0s ordens de um tenente, atirou contra a sala onde estavam reunidos os oficiais. O capit\u00e3o da companhia a que pertencia esse pelot\u00e3o, de nome Barbosa Monteiro, oficial de extraordin\u00e1rio valor moral e intelectual, saiu ao encontro dos soldados sublevados e recebeu uma descarga que o fez tomar morto. O pelot\u00e3o, imediatamente cercado pelo resto da companhia, que acudiu, foi, com seu comandante, feito prisioneiro e desarmado. (...)\" A Uni\u00e3o, 9 July 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0012-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, Newspaper reports\n\"- Nunca desejei e nunca pensei ter de assinar um ato como este, mas agora o fa\u00e7o gostosamente, certo de que estou prestando um servi\u00e7o \u00e0 Rep\u00fablica e \u00e0s institui\u00e7\u00f5es.\" A P\u00e1tria, 6 July 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019533-0013-0000", "contents": "18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt, In literature\nThe Copacabana Fort revolt is depicted in a highly sympathetic way in an early chapter of The Knight of Hope (Portuguese: O cavaleiro da esperanca),  Jorge Amado's 1942 biography of the well-known Brazilian revolutionary Luis Carlos Prestes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019534-0000-0000", "contents": "18 posyolok\n18 posyolok (Russian: 18 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0451\u043b\u043e\u043a) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Shatura Urban Settlement of Shatursky District, Russia. The population was 52 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019534-0001-0000", "contents": "18 posyolok, Geography\n18 posyolok is located 269 km northwest of Shatura (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019535-0000-0000", "contents": "18 rating\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by 112.206.212.88 (talk) at 06:19, 16 December 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019535-0001-0000", "contents": "18 rating\n18 rating refers to a type of age-based content rating that applies to media entertainment, such as films, television shows and computer games. The following articles document the rating across a range of countries and mediums:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019536-0000-0000", "contents": "18 til I Die\n18 til I Die is the seventh studio album by the Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams. Released on 4 June 1996, by A&M Records, the album became a commercial success peaking at No. 1 in the United Kingdom and No. 2 in his home country Canada. It was recorded on different locations which included Jamaica and France. 18 til I Die featured the number one song \"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019536-0000-0001", "contents": "18 til I Die\n\", which had been released as a single and on the soundtrack to the film Don Juan DeMarco over a year prior, and 4 other singles: \"The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You\" (the album's second single, released May 28), \"Let's Make a Night to Remember\", \"Star\", and \"18 til I Die\"; the album track \"I'll Always Be Right There\" was also released to radio in the United States. After the release of the album in June, to promote the album, Adams toured around North America and Europe. Perhaps the most memorable of these concerts was playing to more than 70,000 people at Wembley Stadium in July 1996. The album performed lower than expectations in the US but it sold 5 million copies worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019536-0001-0000", "contents": "18 til I Die, Music, Recording and production\nThe album was written and recorded and produced by Adams and R.J. \"Mutt\" Lange in a house in Ocho Rios, Jamaica, from Winter 1994 to Summer 1995 and in two different houses in Provence, France, from Autumn 1995 to Spring 1996 using the Warehouse Studio Mobile Unit. Even the mix was done in a house in Provence, France, in March 1996 by Bob Clearmountain. Adams played some of these songs live before release; for example, he played \"Let's Make a Night to Remember\" at a soundcheck in a gig in 1993 during the So Far So Good World Tour. Adams had completed 12 songs by 1995, but felt that something was lacking in the album, and went back and recorded two new songs: \"The Only Thing\" and \"18 til I Die\". Adams then named the album 18 til I Die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019536-0002-0000", "contents": "18 til I Die, Release\n18 til I Die was officially released in June 1996. In the United States the album peaked at 31 on the Billboard 200 and held that position for three weeks. In Adams' native Canada, 18 til I Die reached number 4. The album was released in Australia, Europe and New Zealand in late June 1996. The album was a massive commercial success during its release in Europe, reaching number one on the UK Albums Chart, Adams' second in a row. 18 til I Die reached the top ten in the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Finland, Norway, Austria, Sweden, Germany and Australia, and was a moderate top 20 success in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019536-0003-0000", "contents": "18 til I Die, Release\nThe album was certified platinum in the United States, 18 til I Die was certified three-times platinum in Canada and Australia and two-times platinum in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019536-0004-0000", "contents": "18 til I Die, Release\n18 til I Die included the hit singles \"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman\", \"The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You\", \"Let's Make a Night to Remember\", \"Star\", and \"18 til I Die\", all of which had accompanying music videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019536-0004-0001", "contents": "18 til I Die, Release\n\"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?\" had been the number-one song on the US Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks when originally released in spring 1995, while \"Let's Make a Night to Remember\", the second single from the album to chart in the United States, peaked at 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and number 6 on the adult contemporary chart). The other singles became big hits in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019536-0004-0002", "contents": "18 til I Die, Release\n\"The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You\" was the most successful rock song from 18 til I Die, reaching number 5 on the UK Singles Chart and number 1 on the Canadian Singles Chart. The music video for \"The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You\" received heavy airplay on music television. In early 1997, the track \"I'll Always Be Right There\" became the album's final single, reaching number 3 on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart and number 59 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019536-0005-0000", "contents": "18 til I Die, Release, Album differences\nOn 4 November 1996, a second Australian version of 18 til I Die was released, featuring the song \"I Finally Found Someone\" (a duet with Barbra Streisand) in place of \"You're Still Beautiful to Me\" and had an alternative cover with a purple background and a different track order, while the Japanese version contained the bonus song \"Hey Elvis\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019536-0006-0000", "contents": "18 til I Die, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by and produced by Bryan Adams and Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange, except where noted..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019536-0007-0000", "contents": "18 til I Die, Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019537-0000-0000", "contents": "18 til I Die (song)\n\"18 til I Die\" is a rock song written by Bryan Adams, and Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange for Adams seventh studio recorded album 18 til I Die (1996). Its lyrics are about maintaining youthful traits, even as one grows older. Released as a single in the UK in April 1997, it peaked at number 22 in the charts. It found its biggest success in Adams' native Canada, where it peaked at number 21, while it failed to make a significant impact elsewhere. Despite barely charting anywhere, Adams continues to play this song at his concerts. Six songs recorded live at Adams' Wembley Stadium concert on July 27, 1996, were included as B-sides to its single release, spread out over two discs. They were later included in the album release of the concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019537-0001-0000", "contents": "18 til I Die (song), Critical reception\nLarry Flick from Billboard wrote, \"The title cut to Adams' sadly underappreciated current album kicks with the kind of guitar-happy rock heat that makes radio fun to listen to during the summer. Fans of the singer who still go back to oldies like \"Summer Of '69\" would be wise to give this jam a listen, as it has a similar \"forever young\" energy and a stomping, anthemic beat. A perfect choice for car-stereo belters and closet air-guitar heroes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019537-0001-0001", "contents": "18 til I Die (song), Critical reception\nDominic Pride from Music & Media commented, \"In this pean to puberty Adams jokes about \"being 18 goin' on 55\"\u2014possibly, one suspects, without a stroke of irony. The Canadian rocker continues to deliver rock standards which radio will use into the next decade, and this one is an anthem which you can easily see Adams using as a closing number at any one of his epic gigs.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0000-0000", "contents": "18 to Life\n18 to Life is a Canadian sitcom television series that debuted on January 4, 2010, on CBC Television. The series is shown in Quebec on Vrak.TV with the title Majeurs et mari\u00e9s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0001-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, Synopsis\nThe show stars Stacey Farber and Michael Seater as Jessie Hill and Tom Bellow, a young couple who decide, on a dare, to get married right out of high school. The cast also includes Peter Keleghan and Ellen David as Tom's parents Ben and Judith Bellow, and Alain Goulem and Angela Asher as Jessie's parents Phil Hill and Tara Mercer. The two families live next door to each other and ascribe to the adage that \"good fences make good neighbors.\" Jessie's parents are free-spirited and do not believe in societal constructs of marriage or organized religion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0001-0001", "contents": "18 to Life, Synopsis\nThey have a refugee from Iraq living in their basement. Tom's parents are traditional white-collar sticklers for rules. Tom's father is a judge who converted to Judaism when he married and his mother is a homemaker. Jessie and Tom eventually settle into the attic suite of Tom's parents' house as their first marital home and try to balance college, work, and the trials of being young newlyweds. The show is set in Montreal, Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0002-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, Production\nThe series was originally announced in 2008 as a co-production between CBC and the American television network ABC, although ABC later dropped out of the production. The pilot was filmed in 2008 and the rest of the first season was filmed in the summer of 2009. The CW, another U.S. network, had interest in the series and announced on July 15, 2010 that it would pick up the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0003-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, Production\nSeason 2 was filmed in the summer of 2010 and returned to CBC on January 3, 2011, with 13 new episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0004-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, Production\nCBC has officially canceled the show and there will be no season three. The final episode, the 25th, was telecast on March 28, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0005-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, International distribution\n18 to Life was broadcast in the United States on The CW. The first six episodes were shown in August 2010. On August 19, 2010, The CW announced that it had removed the series from its schedule. On August 24, 2010 it was reported that Arnie Gelbart, executive producer of the series and CEO of the production company Galafilm Productions, said The CW would show the remaining six episodes of the first season in December 2010; this never did occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0006-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, International distribution\nIn India, Zee Caf\u00e9 began broadcasting the first season on February 9, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0007-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, Reception, Critical reception\nJohn Doyle of The Globe and Mail said that 18 to Life \"crackles with wit\" and that \"Peter Keleghan is in fine fettle as Tom's uptight dad.\" Quebecor Media's Bill Harris called the premise \"kind of refreshing\" and described it as a \"Canadian combination of Meet the Parents and Modern Family.\" Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette described the series as a \"gentle, intermittently entertaining Canadian import.\" He also compared 18 to Life to the sitcom Dharma & Greg. Roger Catlin of The Hartford Courant found 18 to Life to be \"kind of sweet in a Disney/ABC Family kind of way.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0008-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, Reception, Critical reception\nBrad Oswald of the Winnipeg Free Press said there is \"plenty of next-door comedy\" however he found the premise \"simply isn't believable\". Glenn Garvin of The Miami Herald does not like the series. \"The CW, a network aimed at teenage girls, apparently couldn't find an American network stupid or venal enough to make a sitcom about the amusing foibles of teen marriage. Thanks for stepping in, Canada. What would we do without you?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0008-0001", "contents": "18 to Life, Reception, Critical reception\nMegan Angelo of The Wall Street Journal leads off her review by mistakenly claiming this is \"adapted from a Canadian hit\" when there is no American adaptation of the show. She then mentioned the general critical decrying of the glamourisation of out-of-wedlock pregnancy in the films Juno and Knocked Up and then says that out-of-pregnancy wedlock is not any better for teenagers. Angelo goes on to say that \"what makes it really hard to watch is Tom and Jessie's casual discourse on sex.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0008-0002", "contents": "18 to Life, Reception, Critical reception\nShe further explains that what makes 18 to Life so difficult to watch compared to shows such as Gossip Girl and 90210 is that creating a believable world and \"trying to legitimize the whole thing only makes it worse \u2013 and usually, the CW doesn't try.\" Mary McNamara, television critic for Los Angeles Times, opens her review by saying, \"The setup for this CW show isn't anything new. Except, possibly, in its old-fashioned commitment to marriage.\" McNamara later says \"It is much more shocking to see these young people leap into matrimony than it would be if they were just having sex or even moving in together.\" As to the writing, McNamara says it \"plays like an improv exercise in a high school drama class\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0009-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, Reception, Critical reception\nJaime Weinman of Maclean's reviewed the negative American reviews, in particular those from the Los Angeles Times and The Wall Street Journal, and had concern about their \"criticizing the show because it's about two over-18 teenagers who get married.\" In writing of The Wall Street Journal review Weinman said it is an \"odd presumption\" that \"a relatively realistic portrayal of teenage sex, of somewhat normal and (comparatively) de-glamorized teens who have been sexually active, is worse than the glossy version we get on the CW's own shows.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0009-0001", "contents": "18 to Life, Reception, Critical reception\nIn response to McNamara's comment in Los Angeles Times about the marriage of the two main characters being shocking Weinman said, \"That's part of the point of the show: the characters make a decision that has more impact, legally and culturally, than any other, and one that their parents fear will ruin their lives.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0010-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, Reception, Ratings\nThe show premiered on January 4, 2010 on CBC. Only the weekly top 30 ratings are available to the public in Canada and 18 to Life never ranked in the top 30 during its first season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0011-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, Reception, Ratings\nThe U.S. premiere on The CW on August 3, 2010 garnered 1.01 million viewers and a 0.4 rating with adults 18\u201349 and even lost viewers from an encore of the low rated summer reality series Plain Jane which preceded the premiere. The next two episodes aired on The CW on August 10 and fell in the ratings even further with only 0.76 million viewers and a 0.3 rating in the adults 18\u201349 demographic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0012-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, Home video\nOn January 18, 2011 the first season was released on DVD in both the US and Canada. The second season has not been released or announced on DVD, but both the first and second seasons are available for purchase from the Canadian iTunes Store in both HD and SD format, and were previously available on Netflix. It is currently available to stream on the media content platform Tubi TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019538-0013-0000", "contents": "18 to Life, Streaming\nIn July 2019 the series has been released on the Canada Media Fund Encore + YouTube channel. It is also streaming on Amazon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019539-0000-0000", "contents": "18 to Party\n18 to Party is a 2019 American comedy film written and directed by Jeff Roda. The film premiered at the Woodstock Film Festival on October 4, 2019. Following its premiere, the film was also screened at the Big Apple Film Festival on November 21, 2019 and at the Florida Film Festival on August 11, 2020, where it won the Special Jury Prize for Ensemble Cast. The official trailer for the film was released on September 25, 2020, and featured Taylor Richardson and Sam McMarthy among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019539-0001-0000", "contents": "18 to Party, Plot\nIt is 1984. A group of teenagers spend the day waiting to get into a nightclub. Meanwhile school is approaching and a group of eight graders are forced to go back to their studies. The group includes nerdy Shel, his crush Amy, music fan Missy, bickering Peter and Dean, burly Brad, smart-ass Kira, and Lanky, who has been released from youth detention center and has been considering going back to school. While they wait outside for a nightclub to open, the teens raise hot topics that range from UFO sightings to music, and from Lanky's release to what's in store when school is back in session. While discussing those topics, they realize some crazy truths about each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019539-0002-0000", "contents": "18 to Party, Reception\nOn review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 60% approval rating based on 14 reviews, with an average ranking of 6/10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019539-0003-0000", "contents": "18 to Party, Reception\nIn August, 2021 critic WorldFilmGeek listed 18 To Party in their Top Ten Teen Movies of all-time at #9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019539-0004-0000", "contents": "18 to Party, Reception\nNick Allen of RogerEbert.com wrote \"18 to Party nudges that there's got to be something more to a story concerning youth like this, that it can't feel so limited to what they see and chat about\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019539-0005-0000", "contents": "18 to Party, Reception\nFilm Threat's Chris Salce said \"18 to Party knows what it's going to be, and it does it well\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019539-0006-0000", "contents": "18 to Party, Reception\nAccording to Selome Hailu of The Austin Chronicle, \"[The film] need[s] more scrupulous eyes, but bears the palpable excitement of a new voice. It's worth the watch for indie lovers and coming-of-age aficionados, with just enough moments of true clarity to expect a more mature, balanced appeal in Roda's future\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019540-0000-0000", "contents": "18 \u00e9xitos de Franco De Vita\n18 \u00e9xitos de Franco De Vita, is a Venezuelan compilation album of 2003, made by Franco De Vita with the label Sonogr\u00e1fica, in this album presents his best songs of his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019541-0000-0000", "contents": "18 \u2013 Allein unter M\u00e4dchen\n18 \u2013 Allein unter M\u00e4dchen (18 \u2013 Alone Among Girls) was a German comedy television series broadcast between 2004 and 2005. It centered on four eighteen-year-old boys, who, due to a ministerial decision, are sent to a conservative boarding school, against the wishes of the strict school headmistress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019542-0000-0000", "contents": "18\" Mark 30 torpedo\nThe Mark 30 torpedo was a British 18-inch air dropped anti-submarine passive acoustic homing torpedo. The torpedo was air dropped from the Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod and Avro Shackleton aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019542-0001-0000", "contents": "18\" Mark 30 torpedo\nThe Mark 30, also referred to by its project name as Dealer B, was an eight-fin passive homing torpedo using conventional propellers. Issued in June 1954, Mark 30 production saw approximately 1,200 being built. It served in both the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force until 1975. Development on a variant, the Mark 30 Mod 1, was cancelled in 1955 after the Royal Navy decided to purchase the American Mark 43 torpedo as a replacement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019543-0000-0000", "contents": "18+ (band)\n18+ is an American band consisting of musicians and visual artists Justin Swinburne and Samia Mirza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019543-0001-0000", "contents": "18+ (band), History and career\nHaving met at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Swinburne and Mirza launched the 18+ project in 2011 under anonymous pseudonyms. Their first recordings, a trilogy of mixtapes entitled M1xtape, Mixta2e, and Mixtap3, were launched online under the anonymous titles of 'Boy' and 'Sis'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019543-0002-0000", "contents": "18+ (band), History and career\nMuch of the band's lyrical content concerns sex. Mirza commented on this: \"I don't ever think the way we represent sex is explicitly sexy; we're not trying to seduce. We're playing up to roles we still see in music today.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019543-0003-0000", "contents": "18+ (band), History and career\nIn August 2014, 18+ released their first single, \"Crow\"/\"Horn\", on London nightclub Fabric's record label Houndstooth. This was followed by their debut album, Trust, which was released on Houndstooth in November 2014. Killian Fox, writing in The Observer, said of the album \"Trust moves at a stoned pace, oozing sex and a glitchy sense of unease, though it\u2019s never clear whether it\u2019s critiquing its excesses or revelling in them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019543-0004-0000", "contents": "18+ (band), History and career\nThe band's follow-up single, \"Dry\", was released on Houndstooth on 23 February 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019543-0005-0000", "contents": "18+ (band), History and career\nIn January and February 2015, 18+ toured Trust in the US and Europe, including dates in Los Angeles, London, Amsterdam, Berlin and Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019544-0000-0000", "contents": "18,19-Dehydrobuprenorphine\n18,19-Dehydrobuprenorphine (HS-599) is a didehydro derivative of buprenorphine. It has about twice the potency of buprenorphine. It has produced a long-lasting antinociceptive response in animal tests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019544-0001-0000", "contents": "18,19-Dehydrobuprenorphine\n18,19-Dehydrobuprenorphine never induced conditioned place-preference in test animals, unlike buprenorphine and morphine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019544-0002-0000", "contents": "18,19-Dehydrobuprenorphine\n18,19-Dehydrobuprenorphine has about three times higher affinity for the \u03bc-opioid receptor but lower  affinity for \u03b4- and \u03ba-opioid receptors when compared with buprenorphine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019545-0000-0000", "contents": "18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point\n18-20a Munn Street is a heritage-listed row of terrace houses located at 18, 18a, 20, 20a Munn Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019545-0001-0000", "contents": "18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. This Federation style terrace is one of two remaining terraces of an original group of six built c. 1911, the others having been demolished for the port expansion at Darling Harbour. It was first tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019545-0002-0000", "contents": "18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point, Description\nA group of four houses (upper and ground level dwellings), well-integrated with the Palisade Hotel site. Main entrances to the south are accessible from a shared verandah walkway. Side yards are located on Bettington Street. Art nouveau fretwork and cast iron fencing are particularly noteworthy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019545-0003-0000", "contents": "18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point, Description\nThe terraces are of face brick with sandstone trim to doors and windows (four pane), and with a two-storey verandah with timber balustrading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019545-0004-0000", "contents": "18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nThis group of early twentieth century terrace houses was previously larger, some being demolished for Darling Harbour Port expansion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019545-0005-0000", "contents": "18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of nineteenth-century adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019545-0006-0000", "contents": "18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\n18-20a Munn Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019546-0000-0000", "contents": "18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point\n18-22 Kent Street is a heritage-listed row of three terrace houses located at 18, 20 and 22 Kent Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019546-0001-0000", "contents": "18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. 18-22 Kent Street is terrace housing built during the 1860s. It was first tenanted by NSW Department of Housing in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019546-0002-0000", "contents": "18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point, Description\nA two-storey Victorian Filigree terrace house with three bedrooms. Features include painted stuccoed masonry, a cantilevered balcony over footpath, cast iron balustrade and verandah supports, a corrugated iron verandah, two french doors with fanlights on upper storey, fanlight over front door and a sash window with slab sill on ground floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019546-0003-0000", "contents": "18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nThis 1860s terrace forms part of a cohesive streetscape element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019546-0004-0000", "contents": "18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of nineteenth-century adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019546-0005-0000", "contents": "18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\n18-22 Kent Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019546-0006-0000", "contents": "18-22 Kent Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 917 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019547-0000-0000", "contents": "18-Crown-6\n18-Crown-6 is an organic compound with the formula [C2H4O]6 and the IUPAC name of 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane. It is a white, hygroscopic crystalline solid with a low melting point. Like other crown ethers, 18-crown-6 functions as a ligand for some metal cations with a particular affinity for potassium cations (binding constant in methanol: 106\u00a0M\u22121). The point group of 18-crown-6 is S6. The dipole moment of 18-crown-6 varies in different solvent and under different temperature. Under 25\u00a0\u00b0C, the dipole moment of 18-crown-6 is 2.76 \u00b1 0.06 D in cyclohexane and 2.73 \u00b1 0.02 in benzene. The synthesis of the crown ethers led to the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Charles J. Pedersen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019547-0001-0000", "contents": "18-Crown-6, Synthesis\nThis compound is prepared by a modified Williamson ether synthesis in the presence of a templating cation: It can be also prepared by the oligomerization of ethylene oxide:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019547-0002-0000", "contents": "18-Crown-6, Synthesis\nIt can be purified by distillation, where its tendency to supercool becomes evident. 18-Crown-6 can also be purified by recrystallisation from hot acetonitrile. It initially forms an insoluble solvate. Rigorously dry material can be made by dissolving the compound in THF followed by the addition of NaK to give [K(18-crown-6)]Na, an alkalide salt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019547-0003-0000", "contents": "18-Crown-6, Synthesis\nCrystallographic analysis reveals a relatively flat molecule but one where the oxygen centres are not oriented in the idealized 6-fold symmetric geometry usually shown. The molecule undergoes significant conformational change upon complexation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019547-0004-0000", "contents": "18-Crown-6, Reactions\n18-Crown-6 has a high affinity for the hydronium ion H3O+, as it can fit inside the crown ether. Thus, reaction of 18-crown-6 with strong acids gives the cation [H3O\u22c518\u2212crown\u22126]+{\\displaystyle {\\ce {[H3O.18-crown-6]+}}}. For example, interaction of 18-crown-6 with HCl gas in toluene with a little moisture gives an ionic liquid layer with the composition [H3O\u22c518\u2212crown\u22126]+[HCl2]\u2212\u22c53.8C6H5Me{\\displaystyle {\\ce {[H3O.18-crown-6]+[HCl2]^{-}. }}3.8{\\ce {C6H5Me}}}, from which the solid [H3O\u22c518\u2212crown\u22126]+[HCl2]\u2212{\\displaystyle {\\ce {[H3O.18-crown-6]+[HCl2]-}}} can be isolated on standing. Reaction of the ionic liquid layer with two molar equivalents of water gives the crystalline product (H5O2)[H3O\u22c518\u2212crown\u22126]Cl2{\\displaystyle {\\ce {(H5O2)[H3O.18-crown-6]Cl2}}}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019547-0005-0000", "contents": "18-Crown-6, Applications\n18-Crown-6 binds to a variety of small cations, using all six oxygens as donor atoms. Crown ethers can be used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalysts. Salts which are normally insoluble in organic solvents are made soluble by crown ether. For example, potassium permanganate dissolves in benzene In the presence of 18-crown-6, giving the so-called \"purple benzene\", which can be used to oxidize diverse organic compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019547-0006-0000", "contents": "18-Crown-6, Applications\nVarious substitution reactions are also accelerated in the presence of 18-crown-6, which suppresses ion-pairing. The anions thereby become naked nucleophiles. For example, using 18-crown-6, potassium acetate is a more powerful nucleophile in organic solvents:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019547-0007-0000", "contents": "18-Crown-6, Applications\nThe first electride salt to be examined with X-ray crystallography, [Cs(18-crown-6)2]+\u00b7e\u2212, was synthesized in 1983. This highly air- and moisture-sensitive solid has a sandwich molecular structure, where the electron is trapped within nearly spherical lattice cavities. However, the shortest electron-electron distance is too long (8.68\u00a0\u00c5) to make this material a conductor of electricity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019548-0000-0000", "contents": "18-Deoxyaldosterone\n18-Deoxyaldosterone is a steroidal antimineralocorticoid with mixed agonist\u2013antagonist but predominantly antagonistic activity at the mineralocorticoid receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019549-0000-0000", "contents": "18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone\n18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (also known as 18-OH-DOC, 18,21-dihydroxyprogesterone, and 18,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) is an endogenous steroid and a mineralocorticoid. It is a hydroxylated metabolite of 11-deoxycorticosterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019549-0001-0000", "contents": "18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone\nIn rats, conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone into 18-OH-DOC is catalyzed by the CYP11B3 enzyme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019549-0002-0000", "contents": "18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone\nIn humans, 18-OH-DOC is a weak mineralocorticoid. It may be increased in 17\u03b1-hydroxylase (CYP17A1) deficiency, in aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) deficiency, in primary aldosteronism, and may also indicate a histologic variant of the aldosteronoma. Excessive secretion of 18-OH-DOC can cause mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, although these cases are very rare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019550-0000-0000", "contents": "18-Hydroxycorticosterone\n18-Hydroxycorticosterone is an endogenous steroid. It is a derivative of corticosterone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019550-0001-0000", "contents": "18-Hydroxycorticosterone, Function\n18-Hydroxycorticosterone serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of aldosterone by the enzyme aldosterone synthase in the zona glomerulosa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019551-0000-0000", "contents": "18-Hydroxycortisol, Function\n18-hydroxycortisol has been proposed as a biomarker for certain diseases. In humans, 18-hydroxycortisol has no biological activity on glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid receptors. In healthy subjects, the biosynthesis of 18-hydroxycortisol is low. The highest synthesis of 18-hydroxycortisol was found in certain cases of hypertension like in type 1 familial hyperaldosteronism (glucocorticoid-curable hyperaldosteronism) and type 3 familial hyperaldosteronism, where the adrenal glands are enlarged up to six times their normal size. Increased synthesis is also found in patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas. ACTH stimulation test increases urinary excretion of 18-hydroxycortisol, and dexamethasone inhibits the excretion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019552-0000-0000", "contents": "18-J\n18-j is a 2004 Argentine docudrama film. The motion picture is a collection of ten, ten-minute shorts, by ten Argentine directors. The film focuses on the July 18, 1994, bombing of the AMIA Building in Buenos Aires, where 86 people were killed and 300 others wounded. The perpetrators were never caught. AMIA is the Argentine Israelite Mutual Association, a charity, and the attack is considered the largest single incident of terrorism against Jews since World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019552-0001-0000", "contents": "18-J\nThe film is a tribute to the memory of the victims from the Argentine cinema community, producers, and directors, and released on the ten-year anniversary of the attack. Each director portrays his or her memory and impressions of the event in their own way. The ten short films are shown in a sequence. The picture was co-produced by the INCAA (Instituto Nacional de Cine y Artes Audiovisuales) and ten of the most active Argentine producers. The film opens with a brief introduction by Argentine actor Norma Aleandro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019552-0002-0000", "contents": "18-J, Background\nBecause the picture involved numerous explosions it was shot on an Argentine Army base. The short films capture Argentine life at several social levels, both Jewish and non-Jewish. The ten directors use a variety of cinematic styles: the sentimental, hard-hitting, and the abstract.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019552-0003-0000", "contents": "18-J, Distribution\nThe film opened in Argentina on August 19, 2004. In Brazil it opened October 4, 2004, at the Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival. The film has been screened at various film festivals, including: the Palm Beach Jewish Film Festival, Palm Beach, Florida; the Washington Jewish Film Festival, Washington, D.C.; the Haifa International Film Festival, Haifa, Israel; the San Francisco Jewish Film Festival, San Francisco; the Hong Kong Jewish Film Festival, Hong Kong; the Boston Jewish Film Festival, Boston; and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019552-0004-0000", "contents": "18-J, Production companies\nEach of the following Argentine film production companies chose one director for the film:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019552-0005-0000", "contents": "18-J, Reception, Critical response\nJonathan Holland, film critic for Variety, liked the various stories and how they provide a \"perceptive overview of Argentinian society\". He wrote, \"This worthy and affecting homage features styles from abstract to hard-hitting. Political fest sidebars are the pic's likeliest destination, along with arthouses in territories with a cultural interest in the tragedy... As a byproduct, pic reps an often perceptive overview of Argentine life at several social levels. Though many of the dead were Jewish, most helmers have significantly emphasized the universality of the tragedy rather than focusing on Jewish victimization.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019553-0000-0000", "contents": "18-Methoxycoronaridine\n18-Methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) is a derivative of ibogaine invented in 1996 by the research team around the pharmacologist Stanley D. Glick from the Albany Medical College and the chemists Upul K. Bandarage and Martin E. Kuehne from the University of Vermont. In animal studies it has proved to be effective at reducing self-administration of morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine and sucrose. It has also been shown to produce anorectic effects in obese rats, most likely due to the same actions on the reward system which underlie its anti-addictive effects against drug addiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019553-0001-0000", "contents": "18-Methoxycoronaridine\n18-MC was in the early stages of human testing by the California-based drug development company Savant HWP before being acquired by MindMed, a Canadian pharmaceutical company newly listed on the NASDAQ in April 2021. In 2002 the research team began raising funds for human trials, but were unable to secure the estimated $5 million needed. In 2010, Obiter Research, a chemical manufacturer in Champaign, Illinois, signed a patent license with Albany Medical College and the University of Vermont, allowing them the right to synthesize and market 18-MC and other congeners. In 2012 the National Institute on Drug Abuse gave a $6.5 million grant to Savant HWP for human trials. In 2017 it went into Phase-II trials in Brazil for treatment of Leishmaniasis at the Evandro Chagas Institute, but not for approval for use as a treatment for drug addiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019553-0002-0000", "contents": "18-Methoxycoronaridine, Pharmacology\n18-MC is a \u03b13\u03b24 nicotinic antagonist and, in contrast to ibogaine, has no affinity at the \u03b14\u03b22 subtype nor at NMDA-channels nor at the serotonin transporter, and has significantly reduced affinity for sodium channels and for the \u03c3 receptor, but retains modest affinity for \u03bc-opioid receptors where it acts as an agonist, and \u03ba-opioid receptors. The sites of action in the brain include the medial habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, dorsolateral tegmentum and basolateral amygdala. (\u00b1)-18-MC competitively inhibits \u03b19\u03b110 nAChRs with potencies higher than that at \u03b13\u03b24 and \u03b14\u03b22 nAChRs and directly blocks CaV2.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019553-0003-0000", "contents": "18-Methoxycoronaridine, Chemistry, Derivatives\nA number of derivatives of 18-MC have been developed, with several of them being superior to 18-MC itself, the methoxyethyl congener ME-18-MC being more potent than 18-MC with similar efficacy, and the methylamino analogue 18-MAC being more effective than 18-MC with around the same potency. These compounds were also found to act as selective \u03b13\u03b24 nicotinic acetylcholine antagonists, with little or no effect on NMDA receptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019554-0000-0000", "contents": "18-Methylaminocoronaridine\n(\u2013)-18-Methylaminocoronaridine (18-MAC) is a second generation synthetic derivative of ibogaine developed by the research team led by the pharmacologist Stanley D. Glick from the Albany Medical College and the chemist Martin E. Kuehne from the University of Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019555-0000-0000", "contents": "18-Methylsegesterone acetate\n18-Methylsegesterone acetate (18-methyl-SGA; also known as 18-methylnestorone) is a progestin medication of the 19-norprogesterone group which was never marketed. It was first described in a patent in 1997 and then in a literature paper in 2003. 18-Methyl-SGA is the C18 methyl or C13\u03b2 ethyl derivative of segesterone acetate (SGA; 16-methylene-17\u03b1-acetoxy-19-norprogesterone), and shows 3 to 10\u00a0times the progestogenic potency of SGA in bioassays. This is analogous to the case of the 19-nortestosterone progestin norethisterone and its 18-methyl derivative levonorgestrel, the latter showing substantially increased potency relative to the former similarly. As SGA is already one of the most potent progestins to have been developed, with 100-fold the potency of progesterone and 10-fold the potency of levonorgestrel in bioassays, 18-methyl-SGA is an extremely potent progestogen, among if not the most potent known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 948]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019555-0001-0000", "contents": "18-Methylsegesterone acetate\nSGA is a highly selective progestogen. Like SGA, 18-methyl-SGA shows negligible affinity for the androgen receptor. While 18-methyl-SGA has not been assessed at the other steroid hormone receptors, it is expected to be highly selective for the progesterone receptor similarly to SGA. 18-Methyl-SGA shows over 16\u00a0times the affinity of progesterone for the progesterone receptor expressed in rat uterus. In terms of oral bioavailability, it is known that SGA is not active orally, while the oral activity of 18-methyl-SGA is unknown. The addition of an 18-methyl group to SGA is unlikely to affect its rate of delivery from sustained release systems. As such, 18-methyl-SGA should be ideally suited for use via routes of administration like subcutaneous implants and transdermal patches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019556-0000-0000", "contents": "18-Methyltestosterone\n18-Methyltestosterone (18-MT) is an androgen/anabolic steroid (AAS) which was never marketed. Along with 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone) and 17\u03b1-ethynyltestosterone (ethisterone), it is a parent structure of a number of progestogens and AAS. These include the progestogens levonorgestrel (17\u03b1-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone) and its derivatives (e.g., desogestrel, gestodene, norgestimate, gestrinone) as well as AAS such as norboletone (17\u03b1-ethyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone) and tetrahydrogestrinone (THG; \u03b49,11-17\u03b1-ethyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019557-0000-0000", "contents": "18-Norabietane\n18-Norabietane is a diterpene perhydrogenated phenanthrene derivative. It occurs in the mineral fichtelite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019558-0000-0000", "contents": "18-Year-Old Virgin\n18-Year-Old Virgin is a 2009 American sex comedy film directed by Tamara Olson, written by Naomi L. Selfman and starring Olivia Alaina May, Lauren Walsh and Todd Leigh. It was produced by The Asylum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019558-0001-0000", "contents": "18-Year-Old Virgin, Premise\n18 year old virgin, Katie Powers lusts after fellow student, Ryan Lambert and hopes to have sex with him at the high school graduation party. However, Ryan has a policy of not having sex with virgins. This leads Katie on a quest to lose her virginity before the night of the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019559-0000-0000", "contents": "18-bit computing\nIn\u00a0computer\u00a0architecture, 18-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are  18 bits (2.25 octets) wide. Also, 18-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019559-0001-0000", "contents": "18-bit computing\n18 binary digits have 262144 (1000000 octal, 40000 hexadecimal) distinct combinations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019559-0002-0000", "contents": "18-bit computing\n18 bits was a common word size for smaller computers in the 1960s, when large computers often used 36 bit words and 6-bit character sets, sometimes implemented as extensions of BCD, were the norm. There were also 18-bit teletypes experimented with in the 1940s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019559-0003-0000", "contents": "18-bit computing, Example computer architectures\nPossibly the most well-known 18-bit computer architectures are the PDP-1, PDP-4, PDP-7, PDP-9 and PDP-15 minicomputers produced by Digital Equipment Corporation from 1960 to 1975. Digital's PDP-10 used 36-bit words but had 18-bit addresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019559-0004-0000", "contents": "18-bit computing, Example computer architectures\nThe UNIVAC produced several 18-bit computers, including the UNIVAC 418 and several military systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019559-0005-0000", "contents": "18-bit computing, Example computer architectures\nThe IBM 7700 Data Acquisition System was announced by IBM on December 2, 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019559-0006-0000", "contents": "18-bit computing, Example computer architectures\nThe BCL Molecular 18 was a group of systems designed and manufactured in the UK in the 1970s and 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019559-0007-0000", "contents": "18-bit computing, Example computer architectures\nThe NASA Standard Spacecraft Computer NSSC-1 was developed as a standard component for the MultiMission Modular Spacecraft at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019559-0008-0000", "contents": "18-bit computing, Example computer architectures\nThe flying-spot store digital memory in the first experimental electronic switching systems used nine plates of optical memory that were read and written two bits at a time, producing a word size of 18 bits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019559-0009-0000", "contents": "18-bit computing, Character encoding\nThe DEC Radix-50, called Radix 508 format, packs three characters plus two bits in each 18-bit word.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019559-0010-0000", "contents": "18-bit computing, Character encoding\nThe Teletype packs three characters in each 18-bit word; each character a 5-bit Baudot code and an upper-case bit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019559-0011-0000", "contents": "18-bit computing, Character encoding\nThe DEC SIXBIT format packs three characters in each 18-bit word, each 6-bit character obtained by stripping the high bits from the 7-bit ASCII code, which folds lowercase to uppercase letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0000-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule\nThe 18-electron rule is a chemical rule of thumb used primarily for predicting and rationalizing formulas for stable transition metal complexes, especially organometallic compounds. The rule is based on the fact that the valence orbitals of transition metals consist of five d orbitals, one s orbital and three p orbitals which can collectively accommodate 18 electrons as either bonding or nonbonding electron pairs. This means that the combination of these nine atomic orbitals with ligand orbitals creates nine molecular orbitals that are either metal-ligand bonding or non-bonding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0000-0001", "contents": "18-electron rule\nWhen a metal complex has 18 valence electrons, it is said to have achieved the same electron configuration as the noble gas in the period. The rule is not helpful for complexes of metals that are not transition metals, and interesting or useful transition metal complexes will violate the rule because of the consequences deviating from the rule bears on reactivity. The rule was first proposed by American chemist Irving Langmuir in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0001-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Applicability\nThe rule usefully predicts the formulas for low-spin complexes of the Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co triads. Well-known examples include ferrocene, iron pentacarbonyl, chromium carbonyl, and nickel carbonyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0002-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Applicability\nLigands in a complex determine the applicability of the 18-electron rule. In general, complexes that obey the rule are composed at least partly of \u03c0-acceptor ligands (also known as \u03c0-acids). This kind of ligand exerts a\u00a0very strong ligand field, which lowers the energies of the resultant molecular orbitals so that they are favorably occupied. Typical ligands include olefins, phosphines, and CO. Complexes of \u03c0-acids typically feature metal in a low-oxidation state. The relationship between oxidation state and the nature of the ligands is rationalized within the framework of \u03c0 backbonding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0003-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Applicability, Consequences for reactivity\nCompounds that obey the 18-electron rule are typically \"exchange inert\". Examples include [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, Mo(CO)6, and [Fe(CN)6]4\u2212. In such cases, in general ligand exchange occurs via dissociative substitution mechanisms, wherein the rate of reaction is determined by the rate of dissociation of a ligand. On the other hand, 18-electron compounds can be highly reactive toward electrophiles such as protons, and such reactions are associative in mechanism, being acid-base reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0004-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Applicability, Consequences for reactivity\nComplexes with fewer than 18 valence electrons tend to show enhanced reactivity. Thus, the 18-electron rule is often a recipe for non-reactivity in either a stoichiometric or a catalytic sense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0005-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Applicability, Duodectet rule\nComputational findings suggest valence p-orbitals on the metal participate in metal-ligand bonding, albeit weakly. However, Weinhold and Landis within the context of natural bond orbitals do not count the metal p-orbitals in metal-ligand bonding, although these orbitals are still included as polarization functions. This results in a duodectet (12-electron) rule for five d-orbitals and one s-orbital only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0006-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Applicability, Duodectet rule\nThe current consensus in the general chemistry community is that unlike the singular octet rule for main group elements, transition metals do not strictly obey either the 12-electron or 18-electron rule, but that the rules describe the lower bound and upper bound of valence electron count respectively. Thus, while transition metal d-orbital and s-orbital bonding readily occur, the involvement of the higher energy and more spatially diffuse p-orbitals in bonding depends on the central atom and coordination environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0007-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions\n\u03c0-donor or \u03c3-donor ligands with small interactions with the metal orbitals lead to a weak ligand field which increases the energies of t2g orbitals. These molecular orbitals become non-bonding or weakly anti-bonding orbitals (small \u0394oct). Therefore, addition or removal of electron has little effect on complex stability. In this case, there is no restriction on the number of d-electrons and complexes with 12\u201322 electrons are possible. Small \u0394oct makes filling eg* possible (>18\u00a0e\u2212) and \u03c0-donor ligands can make t2g antibonding (<18\u00a0e\u2212). These types of ligand are located in the low-to-medium part of the spectrochemical series. For example: [ TiF6]2\u2212 (Ti(IV), d0, 12\u00a0e\u2212), [Co(NH3)6]3+ (Co(III), d6, 18\u00a0e\u2212), [Cu(OH2)6]2+ (Cu(II), d9, 21\u00a0e\u2212).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0008-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions\nIn terms of metal ions, \u0394oct increases down a group as well as with increasing oxidation number. Strong ligand fields lead to low-spin complexes which cause some exceptions to the 18-electron rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0009-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, 16-electron complexes\nAn important class of complexes that violate the 18e rule are the 16-electron complexes with metal d8 configurations. All high-spin d8 metal ions are octahedral (or tetrahedral), but the low-spin d8 metal ions are all square planar. Important examples of square-planar low-spin d8 metal Ions are Rh(I), Ir(I), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II). At picture below is shown the splitting of the d subshell in low-spin square-planar complexes. Examples are especially prevalent for derivatives of the cobalt and nickel triads. Such compounds are typically  square-planar. The most famous example is Vaska's complex (IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2), [PtCl4]2\u2212, and Zeise's salt [PtCl3(\u03b72-C2H4)]\u2212. In such complexes, the dz2 orbital is doubly occupied and nonbonding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0010-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, 16-electron complexes\nMany catalytic cycles operate via complexes that alternate between 18-electron and square-planar 16-electron configurations. Examples include Monsanto acetic acid synthesis, hydrogenations, hydroformylations, olefin isomerizations, and some alkene polymerizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0011-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, 16-electron complexes\nOther violations can be classified according to the kinds of ligands on the metal center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0012-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, Bulky ligands\nBulky ligands can preclude the approach of the full complement of ligands that would allow the metal to achieve the 18 electron configuration. Examples:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0013-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, Bulky ligands\nSometimes such complexes engage in agostic interactions with the hydrocarbon framework of the bulky ligand. For example:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0014-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, High-spin complexes\nHigh-spin metal complexes have singly occupied orbitals and may not have any empty orbitals into which ligands could donate electron density. In general, there are few or no \u03c0-acidic ligands in the complex. These singly occupied orbitals can combine with the singly occupied orbitals of radical ligands (e.g., oxygen), or addition of a strong field ligand can cause  electron-pairing, thus creating a vacant orbital that it can donate into. Examples:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0015-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, High-spin complexes\nComplexes containing strongly \u03c0-donating ligands often violate the 18-electron rule. These ligands include fluoride (F\u2212), oxide (O2\u2212), nitride (N3\u2212), alkoxides (RO\u2212), and imides (RN2\u2212). Examples:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0016-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, High-spin complexes\nIn the latter case, there is substantial donation of the nitrogen lone pairs to the Mo (so the compound could also be described as a 16\u00a0e\u2212 compound). This can be seen from the short Mo\u2013N bond length, and from the angle Mo\u2013N\u2013C(R), which is nearly 180\u00b0. Counter-examples:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0017-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, High-spin complexes\nIn these cases, the M=O bonds are \"pure\" double bonds (i.e., no donation of the lone pairs of the oxygen to the metal), as reflected in the relatively long bond distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0018-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, \u03c0-donating ligands\nLigands where the coordinating atom bear nonbonding lone pairs often stabilize unsaturated complexes. Metal amides and alkoxides often violate the 18e rule", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0019-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, Higher electron counts\nOften, cases where complexes have more than 18 valence electrons are attributed to electrostatic forces \u2013 the metal attracts ligands to itself to try to counterbalance its positive charge, and the number of electrons it ends up with is unimportant. In the case of the metallocenes, the chelating nature of the cyclopentadienyl ligand stabilizes its bonding to the metal. Somewhat satisfying are the two following observations: cobaltocene is a strong electron donor, readily forming the 18-electron cobaltocenium cation; and nickelocene tends to react with substrates to give 18-electron complexes, e.g. CpNiCl(PR3) and free CpH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0020-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, Higher electron counts\nIn the case of nickelocene, the extra two electrons are in orbitals which are weakly metal-carbon antibonding; this is why it often participates in reactions where the M\u2013C bonds are broken and the electron count of the metal changes to 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019560-0021-0000", "contents": "18-electron rule, Exceptions, Higher electron counts\nThe 20-electron systems TM(CO)8\u2212 (TM = Sc, Y, La) have a cubic (Oh) equilibrium geometry and a singlet (1A1g) electronic ground state. There is one occupied valence MO with a2u symmetry, which is formed only by ligand orbitals without a contribution from the metal AOs. But the adducts TM(CO)8\u2212  (TM=Sc, Y, La) fulfill the 18-electron rule when one considers only those valence electrons, which occupy metal\u2013ligand bonding orbitals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019561-0000-0000", "contents": "18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun\nThe 18\"/48 caliber Mark 1 \u2013 United States Naval Gun was the initial name and design for a large caliber naval gun in the early 1920s. After the Washington Naval Treaty prohibited the development of guns larger than 16\u00a0in (406\u00a0mm), the gun was relined and finished as a high velocity 16\"/56 Mark 4 gun. After the start of World War II, the gun was again relined to 18\" and tested with a new Super Heavy Shell. The gun in its final form is currently displayed at the Dahlgren Naval Weapons Facility in Virginia, USA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019561-0001-0000", "contents": "18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, Description\nAfter World War I, the erstwhile allies were poised to start a massive and costly naval arms race, with the United Kingdom, United States, and Japan creating plans for large fleets of new battleships and battlecruisers. The 18\"/48 cal Mark 1, designed in 1920, was the result of the progression to larger and more heavily armed capital ships. It was designed to fire a 2,900\u00a0lb (1,315\u00a0kg) AP shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,700\u00a0ft/s (823\u00a0m/s). The gun prototype was halfway completed when the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 prohibited the development of guns larger than 16-inches. Consequently, the prototype was converted to a long barrel 16-inch gun and thus never fired in its original design configuration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019561-0002-0000", "contents": "18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, Description\nDespite the treaty, battleship studies conducted in 1927-1928 had considered this gun, but was rejected due to excessive weight, very short liner life, and poor deck penetrating capability. The gun's size and weight meant that fewer 18-inch guns could be carried than 16-inch gun on a ship of a given size, while the large size and weight of the shells also reduced rate of fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019561-0003-0000", "contents": "18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, 16\"/56 caliber Mark 4\nThe 18\"/48 cal Mark 1 was finished with an extra thick 16-inch liner, and the resulting weapon became the 16\"/56 cal Mark 4. The gun was first tested at the Dahlgren proving grounds in 1927, with tests continuing into the 1930s. It fired a 2,100\u00a0lb (953\u00a0kg) AP shell at 3,000\u00a0ft/s (914\u00a0m/s) muzzle velocity, with a range of 49,383\u00a0yd (45,156\u00a0m) at 40\u00b0 elevation. The high muzzle velocity of the prototype resulted in very short liner life of only 45 rounds, with a predicted liner life of 125 full charge rounds for the service weapon. During the early stages of the design process for the  Iowa-class battleship, the gun was briefly considered for the main battery, but was rejected due to short liner life; the belt armor of the Montana class was also designed against the 16\"/56 cal gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019561-0004-0000", "contents": "18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, 18\"/47 caliber Mark A\nIn 1938, with Japan's refusal to sign the Second London Naval Treaty and worsening situation in Europe and Asia, battleship studies once again considered 18-inch caliber main guns. During the early design stages of a 45,000-ton \"slow\" battleship alternative to the \"fast\" battleship design that would eventually result in the  Montana class, the 18\"/48 cal gun option was considered in several proposals. The 16\"/56 cal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019561-0004-0001", "contents": "18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, 18\"/47 caliber Mark A\nMark 4 had its threaded tip cut off and was then relined to 18-inches; this weapon was then designated as the 18\"/47 cal Mark A and was used to test a 3,850\u00a0lb (1,746\u00a0kg) \"Super Heavy\" AP shell, which the gun fired at a nominal 2,400\u00a0ft/s (732\u00a0m/s) muzzle velocity, with a range of 43,453\u00a0yd (39,733\u00a0m) at 40\u00b0 elevation. The highest energy shot was with a 3,848-lb projectile fired at 2,508\u00a0ft/s (764\u00a0m/s) with a maximum pressure of 19.91 tons per square inch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019561-0005-0000", "contents": "18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, 18\"/47 caliber Mark A\nUltimately, the General Board decided that a 16\"/50 cal gun offered the best combination of performance and weight, and the new 16\"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun was used by the  Iowa-class battleship design. The preeminence of naval aviation ended further developments into large caliber naval guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019561-0006-0000", "contents": "18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, 18\"/47 caliber Mark A\nWhile the 18\"/47 cal Mark A was used to test the new \"Super Heavy\" 18-inch AP shell, if the caliber had been selected, a new lightweight 18\"/48 cal Mark 2 gun would have been built. The new lightweight 18-inch gun would have fired the 3,850 lb \"Super Heavy\" shell at 2,500\u00a0ft/s (762\u00a0m/s) muzzle velocity, with a design reflecting those used in the contemporary 16\"/50 cal Mark 7 gun rather than the 1920s technology used in the 18\"/47 cal Mark A construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019561-0007-0000", "contents": "18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, 18\"/47 caliber Mark A\nWhile the development of large caliber naval guns ceased after World War 2, the gun was subsequently used for the development of low-drag aerial bombs. In this role, the gun fired a total of 114 shots, with the final shot occurring on 7 November 1957. With the conclusion of testing, the gun was placed on display at the Dahlgren Naval Weapons Facility in Virginia, USA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019561-0008-0000", "contents": "18-inch/48-caliber Mark 1 gun, Construction\nThe built-up gun is constructed of liner, a tube, jacket, nine hoops, six locking rings, a separate yoke ring and screw box liner. The breech mechanism was a down-swinging Welin block with vertical lever operating gear. Chromium plating of the bore was considered in the 1940s but never carried out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019562-0000-0000", "contents": "18-point agreement\nThe 18-point agreement, or the 18-point memorandum, was a list of 18 points drawn up by Sarawak, proposing terms to form Malaysia, during negotiations prior to the creation of the new federation in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019562-0001-0000", "contents": "18-point agreement\nA Commission of Enquiry, headed by Lord Cameron Cobbold, and The Lansdowne Committee, an inter-governmental committee, were appointed to aid in the drafting of the Malaysia Agreement. Lord Lansdowne served for Britain and Tun Abdul Razak, Deputy Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya, served for Malaya. The 18 points were based on the Nine Cardinal Principles of the rule of the English Rajah. A similar memorandum, known as the 20-point agreement, was prepared and submitted by North Borneo. The 18-point agreement often serves as a focal point amongst those who argue that Sarawak's rights within the Federation have been eroded over time like Sabah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019563-0000-0000", "contents": "18-pounder long gun\nThe 18-pounder long gun was an intermediary calibre piece of artillery mounted on warships of the Age of sail. They were used as main guns on the most typical frigates of the early 19th century, on the second deck of third-rate ships of the line, and even on the third deck of late first-rate ships of the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019563-0001-0000", "contents": "18-pounder long gun, Usage\nAs the 18-pounder calibre was consistent with both the French and the British calibre systems, it was used in many European navies between the 17th and the 19th century. It was a heavy calibre for early ships of the line, arming, for instance, the main batteries of Couronne in 1636. From the late 18th century, the French Navy used the 18-pounder in three capacities: as the main gun on frigates, as the battery on the upper gundeck of two-deckers, and lastly on the top deck of three-deckers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019563-0002-0000", "contents": "18-pounder long gun, Usage\nFrench frigates began carrying the 18-pounder under Louis XV, when the two  Pourvoyeuse-class frigates, originally designed to carry 24-pounders, were equipped with it; at the time, a typical frigate would carry 12-pounders. Under Louis XVI, from 1779, the 18-pounder gradually became the standard calibre for frigates, starting with the  H\u00e9b\u00e9 class. These frigates were built on standard patterns designed by Jacques-No\u00ebl San\u00e9, carrying 26, and later 28 main guns, complemented with smaller pieces on the forecastle. Around 130 of these frigates were built. At the end of the First French Empire, 24-pounder frigates began supplanting the 18-pounder frigates. Frigates built after the Bourbon Restoration used a different artillery system, one involving 30-pounders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019563-0003-0000", "contents": "18-pounder long gun, Usage\nOn two-deckers, the 18-pounder was mounted on the upper deck as secondary artillery, to complement the 36-pounder main artillery on the lower deck. A 74-gun would carry thirty 18-pounders; this lighter secondary battery added firepower to the ship without raising the centre of gravity too much.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019563-0003-0001", "contents": "18-pounder long gun, Usage\nIn rough weather, vessels often could not use their main battery lest water enter through the gun-ports, and the secondary battery then became the vessel's main armament; for example, the Droits de l'Homme was effectively reduced to the firepower of a frigate when she fought the action of 13 January 1797 in stormy weather, leading to her destruction at the hand of two British frigates that would normally not have been a match for her; in the opposite case, during the Glorious First of June, Vengeur du Peuple used her main batteries but became unmanageable and sank after taking in water from her lower gun-ports, whose covers had been ripped off in a collision with HMS\u00a0Brunswick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019563-0004-0000", "contents": "18-pounder long gun, Usage\nThree-deckers used 36-pounders on their lower decks and 24-pounders on their second deck. Until 1803, the third deck was equipped with 12-pounder guns, as a heavier gun would have destabilised the ship; after this date, however, San\u00e9 introduced design improvements that allowed installation of 18-pounders on the third deck of Imp\u00e9rial; later 120-gun ships of the line used the same arrangement; these ships carried thirty-four 18-pounders. During the First French Empire, 18-pounders would also arm Type 1 Model Towers for coastal defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019563-0005-0000", "contents": "18-pounder long gun, Usage\nAfter introduction of rifled artillery in the middle 19th century, long 18-pounders were converted into so-called \"14 cm n\u00b0 1 rifled muzzle-loaders Model 1864\", by etching grooves on the inside of the barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019563-0006-0000", "contents": "18-pounder long gun, Usage\nThe Royal Navy used the 18-pounder on frigates, which carried 28 guns. Fourth-rate ships carried 26 on their secondary batteries, and third rates carried 28. Unlike the French, the British used second rates, of 90 to 98 guns; the 90-gun vessels carried thirty 18-pounders on their middle deck, while the 98-gun vessels carried a total of sixty 18-pounders, distributed over both the second and the third deck. First rates carried thirty-four 18-pounders on their third deck and 24-pounders on the middle deck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019563-0007-0000", "contents": "18-pounder long gun, Usage\nIn his discussion of the single-ship action in which the French frigate Pi\u00e9montaise captured the East Indiaman Warren Hastings on 11 June 1805, the naval historian William James compared the 18-pounder medium guns on Warren Hastings with the 18-pounder long guns that the British Royal Navy used. The medium 18-pounder was 6\u00a0ft (1.8\u00a0m) long, and weighed 263\u20444 cwt (2,996\u00a0lb, 1,359.0\u00a0kg); the Royal Navy's long 18-pounder was 9\u00a0ft (2.7\u00a0m) long and weighed 421\u20442 cwt (4,760\u00a0lb, 2,159.1\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019564-0000-0000", "contents": "18-pounder short gun\nThe 18-pounder short gun was an intermediary calibre piece of artillery mounted on warships and merchantmen of the Age of sail. It was a lighter version of the 18-pounder long gun, compromising power and range for weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019564-0001-0000", "contents": "18-pounder short gun\nIn his discussion of the single-ship action in which the French frigate Pi\u00e9montaise captured the East Indiaman Warren Hastings on 11 June 1805, the naval historian William James compared the 18-pounder medium guns on Warren Hastings with the 18-pounder long guns that the British Royal Navy used. The medium 18-pounder was 6\u00a0ft (1.8\u00a0m) long, and weighed 26\u200b3\u20444 Cwt (2,996\u00a0lb (1,359.0\u00a0kg)); the Royal Navy's long 18-pounder was 9\u00a0ft (2.7\u00a0m) and weighed 42\u200b1\u20442 Cwt (4,760\u00a0lb (2,159.1\u00a0kg)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0000-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977\n18. Oktober 1977 is the title of a series of paintings by Gerhard Richter. It is based on photographs that document the deaths of three leading terrorists  of the Baader-Meinhof Group in the Stammheim Prison after the release of the hostages in the hijacking by four members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine of Lufthansa Flight 181. The series shows events from a period of several years, from the capture of the terrorists to their burial. A youth portrait of Ulrike Meinhof occupies a special position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0001-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Description\nThe series consists of 15 paintings in dull grey tones executed in oil paint after police and press photos, their contours blurred. The terrorism of the Red Army Faction (RAF), which kept the Federal Republic of Germany in suspense for ten years, is for Richter a metaphor for any ideology based on inhumanity. In an interview the artist clarifies his motives and responds to the question of whether the RAF is a victim of its own ideology: Certainly. But not victim of a certain left- or right-wing ideology, but of ideological behaviour in general. It has more to do with the eternal human dilemma: revolutionize and fail. The series originated between March and November 1988, ten years after the events. From hundreds of photos, Richter selected twelve motifs that he used to create 18 paintings, of which he later rejected three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0002-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Description\nUlrike Meinhof, Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin and Holger Meins are depicted in the paintings, but the characters are neither easily identifiable by their facial features nor by the titles of the paintings. The titles and the images are kept impersonal. The level of blur of the images differs; Only Meinhof and Ensslin are recognizable because they are less blurred, the others can only be identified after comparison with the source photos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0003-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Description\nTote (English: Dead) is the title of three paintings (62 \u00d7 67\u00a0cm, 62 \u00d7 62\u00a0cm, 35 \u00d7 40\u00a0cm, Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9: 667/1-3), that show a side view of the head and shoulders of Ulrike Meinhof lying on her back after her suicide on May 9, 1976. The images become progressively more blurry as their size decreases, and the clipping varies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0004-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Description\nThe painting Erh\u00e4ngte (English: Hanged) (200 \u00d7 140\u00a0cm, Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9: 668) reveals the shadowy figure of Gudrun Ensslin, who hanged herself on 18 October 1977 from the bars of her cell in Stammheim. There was a second version that Richter did not include in the cycle and painted over (Decke, Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9: 680/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0005-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Description\nIn the paintings Erschossener 1 und Erschossener 2 (English: Man Shot Down 1 and Man Shot Down 2) (both 100 \u00d7 140\u00a0cm, Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9: 669 / 1-2) the body of Andreas Baader can be seen lying on the cell floor. Both pictures were made after a police photo published in the Stern magazine in 1980, the second picture being more blurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0006-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Description\nZelle (English: Cell) (200 \u00d7 140\u00a0cm, Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9: 670) Shows Baader's cell after the discovery of the suicides. Like the others, this picture refers to a police photo. It was published in Stern in 1980. The right side of the picture is dominated by a book case, with notable blurring in the vertical direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0007-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Description\nThe paintings Gegen\u00fcberstellung 1-3 (English: Confrontation 1-3) (112 x 120\u00a0cm. Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9: 671/1-3) were based on press photos made after the arrest of Gudrun Ensslin in the summer of 1972. Richter heavily cropped the image to the upper body of the prisoners, the situation can only be conjectured from the shadow cast on the wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0008-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Description\nThe least amount of blurring is evident in Jugendbildnis (English: Youth portrait) (67 \u00d7 62\u00a0cm, Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9: 672-1), that represents a 22 year old Ulrike Meinhof. The original photograph is from October 10, 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0009-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Description\nNo other image shows its subject in such clarity. [ ...] Presentient, but unencumbered in its youthfulness is the gaze of the young Ulrike Meinhof who looks into the viewer's space from the black of the background. Temporarily ahead of the other motifs, the look signals dreamy confidence. Like in no other picture, the figure prevails against the texture of blurring and signals a remainder of immediacy; a directness that negates the entire series in its thematization of mediated communicability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0010-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Description\nRelatively clear is also Plattenspieler (English: Record Player) (62 \u00d7 83\u00a0cm, Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9: 672-2). It takes a special role in the cycle. With tone arm resting beside the record, it seems to fix a moment of silence, but in fact the record player was the \"catalyst for the tragic outcome of history\"; Baader's pistol was hidden inside it, and to the left of the machine are the cables that served Ensslin as a deadly sling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0011-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Description\nBeerdigung (English: Funeral) (200 \u00d7 320\u00a0cm, Werkverzeichnis: 673) is the largest image in the series. It shows the burial of Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin und Jan-Carl Raspe at the Dornhaldenfriedhof in Stuttgart on October 27, 1977. Their three coffins are clearly visible in the centre of the painting, surrounded by an anonymous crowd of mourners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0012-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Description\nFestnahme 1 and Festnahme 2 (English: Arrest 1 and Arrest 2 ) (both 92 \u00d7 126\u00a0cm, Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9: 674/1-2) are based on police photographs that were taken during the arrest of Holger Meins, Andreas Baader und Jan-Carl Raspe on June 1, 1972 in Frankfurt am Main and that were published on June 8, 1972 in the magazine Stern. A garage yard is recognizable, with several cars, including an armoured police car. Of the arrested terrorists, only Holger Meins is visible in the second image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0013-0000", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Exhibitions\nThe series was first exhibited in Museum Haus Esters in Krefeld in 1989. In the same year, exhibitions at Portikus in Frankfurt am Main, the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London and Museum Boymans van Beuningen in Rotterdam followed. In 1990 the paintings were exhibited in the Saint Louis Art Museum, the Grey Art Gallery in New York, the Mus\u00e9e des beaux-arts de Montr\u00e9al and the Lannan Foundation in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019565-0013-0001", "contents": "18. Oktober 1977, Exhibitions\nThe series was on display at the Museum f\u00fcr Moderne Kunst in Frankfurt am Main, as a long-term loan from the artist until it was sold to the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1995. In 2004 it was part of the exhibition Das MoMA in Berlin in the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin. From February 5, 2011 to May 15, 2011 the Bucerius Kunst Forum in Hamburg showed the work as part of the exhibition Gerhard Richter. Bilder einer Epoche. From May 18, 2014 to September  7, 2014 the work was at the Fondation Beyeler in Riehen (Basel). From May 18, 2014 to September 2014 it was exhibited at the Fondation Beyeler in Riehen (Basel, Switzerland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019566-0000-0000", "contents": "18.05.2009\n18.05.2009 (read as 18 May 2009) is a 2018 Indian Tamil language drama war film written and directed by K Ganeshan. The film is about the bloody end to the Sri Lankan Civil War .K Ganeshan states he believes he has the \u201cblessings of the thousands of Tamils who were massacred by the Sri Lankan Army on May 18, 2009.\u201d Dhaanya made her acting debut through this film which she depicted it as a difficult debut. She plays a journalist in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019566-0001-0000", "contents": "18.05.2009\nThe music for the film is composed by veteran music director Ilaiyaraaja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019566-0002-0000", "contents": "18.05.2009, Release\nThe film released on 18 May 2018. Actress Dhanya received death threats for acting nude in the film. Maalai Malar praised the director's intention, the performances of the film's cast, and the film's soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019567-0000-0000", "contents": "18.11: A Code of Secrecy\n18.11: A Code of Secrecy  is a 2014 Indian Hindi action film written and directed by Mohibul Haque and Produced by Merina Hauque. Under the banner of Ultimate Pictures, the film stars Rehal Khan, Gulshan Grover and Mukesh Tiwari in the lead roles. The movie has been listed as one of the worst Hindi movies ever by many critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019567-0001-0000", "contents": "18.11: A Code of Secrecy, Production\nThis film produced by Merina Haque. Gulshan Grover visit Assam first time for this movie shooting. This film shot in Dhubri, Hajo, Guwahati and Shillong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019567-0002-0000", "contents": "18.11: A Code of Secrecy, Soundtrack\nThe music of 18.11 A Code of secrecy is composed by Jaan Nissar Lone. Lyrics were by Tanveer Ghazi &Sahil Fatehpuri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019568-0000-0000", "contents": "18.61\n18.61 is the fifth studio album by the American metallic hardcore band 108. The album follows 2007's A New Beat from a Dead Heart. The album was the first to be recorded with drummer Michael Justian, formerly of Trap Them and Unearth. 18.61 was released on April 13, 2010, through Deathwish Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019568-0001-0000", "contents": "18.61, Background\nThe band entered the studio to record 18.61 with Alex Garcia-Rivera, formerly of Give Up the Ghost, in February 2009 originally intending to record a four-song EP. The band stated, \"Our desire was to record a raw and stripped down record, and once we hit the studio, things developed so quickly that it was clear that recording just an EP was out of the question.\" 18.61 was mixed by Kurt Ballou of Converge at his own GodCity studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019568-0002-0000", "contents": "18.61, Background\n18.61 is the final album released by 108 with lead singer Robert Fish. In March 2010, before the official release of 18.61, Fish announced his departure citing that he was \"struggling to find my place within 108 due to the personal evolution I have gone through.\" After the departure of Fish, the remaining members of 108 discussed the possibilities of ending the band and breaking up. However, in April 2010, the band announced that 108 would continue without Robert Fish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019568-0002-0001", "contents": "18.61, Background\nWhile the band has no intention of replacing their former lead singer, 108 will still tour in support of 18.61 and continue writing new music. Commenting on the departure of Fish, guitarist Vic DiCara stated, \"Robert's contribution to the band was so vast and touched so many aspects of 108, that we fully realize [we] can not 'replace' him. We don't plan to try. Instead, we will do something very different from what we did as a band with him.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019568-0003-0000", "contents": "18.61, Background\nThe theme of 18.61 continues with 108's strong interest in Hare Krishna. The title of the album references the 61st couplet of the 18th chapter of the sacred Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita. The passage translates in English to \"The controller of all lies at the heart of the machine, and connects its wires to the living being who is under its spell.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019569-0000-0000", "contents": "180\nYear 180 (CLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Condianus (or, less frequently, year 933 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 180 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0000-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film)\n180 (also known as 180: Changing the Heart of a Nation or 180 Movie) is a 2011 American anti-abortion documentary short film produced by New Zealand evangelist Ray Comfort, founder of Living Waters Publications. The film is self-distributed by Living Waters on DVD and has been posted publicly on the group's official website and YouTube channel. The film is notable for comparing abortions to the Holocaust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0001-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Synopsis\nThe film begins by showing images of the Holocaust, and stating that Adolf Hitler sanctioned the killing of 11 million people. This is followed by Comfort interviewing people about Hitler; their responses indicate a lack of historical knowledge, although he also finds a neo-Nazi who says he loves Hitler. Comfort proposes a hypothetical situation to his interviewees, asking if they would kill Hitler if they had the opportunity at that time in history. He asks more hypotheticals dealing with what his interviewees might do in other circumstances related to the Holocaust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0002-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Synopsis\nHe then switches his topic to make similar comparisons to abortion within the United States and the right to life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0003-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Synopsis\nThe documentary concludes with Comfort stating that over 50 million abortions have occurred to date; he calls this the \"American Holocaust\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0004-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Background\nThe documentary was originally intended to be a free DVD supplement to Comfort's book Hitler, God, and the Bible. Comfort compared his film to the YouTube video Charlie Bit My Finger, which had accumulated millions of views, and offered his hope that 180 would achieve the same viewership and thus serve to shift opinion on abortion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0005-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Reception\nWithin days, 180 had over half a million views on YouTube, while weeks later, it hit the 1.2 million mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0006-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Reception\nOn October 12, 2011, The Huffington Post wrote an article critical of 180. The article quoted Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel, who said in a 1991 interview with On The Issues Magazine, \"It is blasphemy to reduce a tragedy of such monumental proportions to this human tragedy, and abortion is a human tragedy.\" According to The Huffington Post, \"the film, which shows a series of graphic images, is gaining attention not only because of its controversial comparison, but because it highlights 14 people who do not know who Adolf Hitler was\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0007-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Reception\nThe Christian Examiner called the film \"dramatic\" and stated that it was \"gaining national attention\". It reported on Ray Comfort's use of \"morally charged\" questions and his attempts to change the minds of \"mostly college-aged\" interviewees, and how eight of those interviewed who previously espoused a pro-choice view changed their minds as a result of the interview.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0008-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Reception\nBritish newspaper The Catholic Herald criticised the film for bludgeoning and hectoring its subjects and audience and using \"verbal violence\" when love was the better way to change people's minds; however it also found that many of its readers agreed with the film's message and tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0009-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Reception\nThe Anti- Defamation League criticized the film for equating the World War II murder of Jews during the Holocaust to abortion in the United States and called it \"cynical and perverse\". It criticized the film's use of images of bodies in concentration camps and Jews being shot and in mass graves intercut with segments of people offering opinions about the Holocaust and abortion. It also challenged Comfort's method of critically questioning those interviewees who spoke negatively about Hitler and yet were more liberal in the views about abortion and women's right to choose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0009-0001", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Reception\nAbraham H. Foxman, the national director of the ADL and himself a Holocaust survivor, criticized the film, stating \"This film is a perverse attempt to make a case against abortion in America through the cynical abuse of the memory of those killed in the Holocaust,\" adding \"It is, quite frankly, one of the most offensive and outrageous abuses of the memory of the Holocaust we have seen in years.\" He decried the film's assertion that there is somehow \"a moral equivalency between the Holocaust and abortion\" and its bringing Jews and Jewish history into a discussion that then urges viewers to \"repent and accept Jesus as their savior.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0010-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Reception\nThe Florida Independent reported that Ray Comfort is \"turning his attention to high schools\" in order to \"fill in gaps in education about the Holocaust\". It reports the film as \"largely anti-abortion propaganda\" which has \"become extremely popular in anti-abortion circles\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0011-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Reception\nThe makers also had trouble with some billboard owners who refused to carry advertising for the film, with Comfort complaining one Jewish company owner was particularly opposed. Comfort also said \"three of the largest billboard companies in Southern California\" refused to advertise it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0012-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Reception\nIn 2015, a woman from the United Kingdom was dismissed from a Christian school and then contacted by Child Protective Services for showing the film to her own children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019570-0013-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 American film), Release\nThe documentary was produced by Ray Comfort with the help of his ministry, Living Waters Publications. It was released on Sunday, September 18, 2011. As of November 4, 2011, the film had received over 1 million views on its official website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0000-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film)\n180 is a 2011 Indian romantic drama film directed by Jayendra Panchapakesan who co-wrote the film with Subha and Umarji Anuradha. The film was shot simultaneously in Telugu and Telugu, the latter titled  Nootrenbadhu. It stars Siddharth, Priya Anand and Nithya Menen with notable roles being played by Moulee, Tanikella Bharani and Geetha among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0001-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film)\nNootrenbadhu marks Siddharth's comeback to Tamil cinema after seven years; his last Tamil outing being Aayutha Ezhuthu (2004). The film was shot on a Red One camera. Produced by SPI Cinemas and Aghal Films, the film's Tamil version was distributed by Ayngaran International. The music was composed by Sharreth, with cinematography handled by Balasubramaniem and editing work done by Kishore Te. The film was released on 25 June 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0002-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Plot\nDr. Ajay \"AJ\" Kumar (Siddharth) comes to Hyderabad (Chennai in the Tamil version) and introduces himself as Mano. He rents a house owned by elderly couple S. V. S. Murthy (T. S. B. K. Moulee) and Jayam (Geetha). A do-gooder, Ajay lives life with a purpose. He gets along with everyone and wins the hearts of those whom he is close with. D. \"Vidya\" Vidyalakshmi (Nithya Menen), a newspaper photojournalist, gets acquainted with him. Ajay is the sort of person who finds satisfaction in helping others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0002-0001", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Plot\nHe sponsors the education of street children with the help of Vidya, who is attracted by his good nature. Things take a turn when she tells him about her feelings. Ajay, without informing her, decides to leave the city. Meanwhile, a flashback reveals that Ajay was a doctor in San Francisco, where he meets Renuka \"Renu\" Narayanan (Priya Anand), an interior designer. They get married only to be told months later that Ajay has pancreatic cancer and has about six months left - hence the title 180 (180 days).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0002-0002", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Plot\nAs Ajay is about to leave Chennai, Vidya meets with an accident and has to be operated upon. Ajay takes Vidya to San Francisco for treatment. While in San Francisco, he meets his friend RJ \"Sam\" Sambasivam (Sricharan) who asks him to meet Renu, but Ajay leaves as he sees her life happier without him. It is revealed that Ajay had faked his death to make Renu believe that he had died so that she would not suffer thinking about him every day. Now seeing her content, he decides not to meet Renu. He misses his flight to India and goes to Brazil instead. Now in Rio de Janeiro, he goes by the name Jose. He is seen playing football, waiting for his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0003-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Production\nAdvertisement film maker Jayendra announced his first feature film, as a bilingual on 15 June 2010 at AVM Studios in Vadapalani, Chennai; featuring Siddharth in the lead role, marking his return to Tamil cinema after seven years since Aaytha Ezhuthu (2004). Priya Anand and Nithya Menen were roped in to play the lead roles alongside Siddharth. This film marks Menen's Tamil debut. The film crew features Sharreth, Balasubramaniem and Kishore Te as the composer, cinematographer and editor respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0004-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Production\nFilming took place on 15 June 2010, at the day on the launch, and shot in Chennai, Hyderabad and San Francisco; and was shot using Red Digital cinema camera. The film is titled as 180 but for Tamil versiontitle was speculated to be Putham Pudhu Kadhali, before announcing the title as Nootrenbadhu, which means 180 in Tamil, in order to get tax-exemption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0005-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack for 180 was composed by Malayalam composer Sharreth. The film was his third project in Tamil and second in Telugu. Think Music, a subsidiary of SPI Cinemas, the film's production company, acquired the music rights for both Tamil and Telugu versions. The album consists of 7 tracks, primarily performed by Malayalam playback singers, and also features an additional track \"Continua\" which was composed by Mani Sharma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0006-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack\nThe film's Tamil version of the soundtrack album was released on 13 May 2011, at Sathyam Cinemas, with noted film director Mani Ratnam, cinematographer P. C. Sreeram being present along with actors Arya, Jayam Ravi and Shiva and the entire film crew. The audio of the Telugu version was launched on 28 May 2011 at Prasad Labs in Hyderabad, and the launching event was graced by actors Ram, Shruti Hassan, Sunil, producer Allu Aravind, Shyam Prasad Reddy, Daggubati Suresh Babu, director B. V. Nandini Reddy, among with the film's cast and crew. The audio CDs were released by D. Suresh Babu and Allu Aravind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0007-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack\nAs an interesting experiment, Swaroop Reddy, the CEO of Think Music had launched an e-store for the audio label, where the tracks could be purchased for the price you quote, which is a new concept for Indian music industry. The songs were made available on the store, upon its release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0008-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack\nAll lyrics are written by Madhan Karky, except the track \"Nyaayam Thaana\" is written by lyricist Viveka; all music is composed by Sharreth, except the track \"Continua\" is composed by Mani Sharma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0009-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack\nAll lyrics are written by Vanamali; all music is composed by Sharreth, except the track \"Continua\" is composed by Mani Sharma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0010-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack, Critical response\nThe soundtrack received positive reviews. Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff gave the album a score of three stars out of five and quoted \"Sharreth seems to be a music composer who doesn't play by the rules; he veers this way and that in his songs, which actually provides spice and makes for an interesting listening experience. Nee Korinal and AJ make for pleasant listens, while the rest offer something out of the ordinary. Go for it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0010-0001", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack, Critical response\nBehindwoods.com gave a rating of three and a half stars out of five and said that the album was \"Novel and worth listening to\", further citing: \"The music arrangement is again different. Very situational, with right visuals, the song has good chances of making it big. Overall, Sharreth and Jayendra have gone full throttle in experimenting with music in 180's album. Such initiatives should be welcomed with both hands.\" Indiaglitz said: \"The songs are new, refreshing and nice to listen to. Sharreth has ensured that he delivers with different sound, apparently to reach the target audience - the youngsters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0010-0002", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Soundtrack, Critical response\nJayendra seems to have extracted what he wanted to from the music composer. The lyrics too are simple and catchy. A blend of new and seasoned singers gives solidity to the songs.\" Milliblog reviewed the soundtrack as \"180 is unconventional in every way, right from the title to all its songs! Overall, an enchanting soundtrack from Sharreth!\" MusicAloud rated the album 8.5/10, choosing \"Sandhikkaatha Kangalil\", \"Nee Korinaal\", \"AJ\", \"Siru Siru Kanavugal\" as their top picks, while stating a bottomline \"One of Sharreth\u2019s best works in recent times that sees him in fabulous touch. Hope he contributes an equally wonderful soundtrack to Malayalam soon.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0011-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Release\nThe film's first posters were released in Tamil and Telugu on 14 February 2011, coinciding with Valentine's Day. A formal press meet held at Sathyam Cinemas, Chennai on 30 March 2011, where the makers launched the film's official website. Theatrical trailer of the film's Tamil version was unveiled on 25 May 2011, and the Telugu version was released on 28 May 2011, during the film's audio launch event. It was unveiled by Ram, Shruti Hassan and producer Allu Aravind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0012-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Release\nInitially, the film was scheduled to release on 20 May 2011, and pushed to 10 June 2011, but the makers finally announced that the film will be released on 25 June 2011, in both Tamil and Telugu versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0013-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Release\nThe satellite rights of the film's Tamil version were sold to Jaya TV, and the Telugu version was sold to Gemini TV. The media rights include satellite rights and ringtones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0014-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Release\nOn 4 August 2011, Ayngaran International released the Tamil version of the movie on Blu-ray, DVD and VCD formats. The Telugu version was released by Volga Video on 15 September 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0015-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Reception, Critical reception, Nootrenbadhu\nBehindwoods.com gave two and a half out of five, claiming the film had \"great visuals, wonderful colors, weak screenplay\" further citing that \"one gets a feeling that the screenplay, especially in second half might be the weakest link\". CNN-IBN rated it two and a half, claiming that \"Jayendra has made a stylish film using the essentials of an ad film\" and that the film had come out as a \"finely made film with some good performances without novelty or the gripping element\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0015-0001", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Reception, Critical reception, Nootrenbadhu\nPavithra Srinivasan of Rediff also gave two and a half out of five, concluding: \"180 is a visual feast, no doubt about it. Sadly it falls prey to clich\u00e9s and lagging pace\". Sify.com noted the film was totally different from the \"assembly line mass masalas that is flooding the screens\" and \"worth a look for its superior packaging with a touch of class\". Karthik Subramaniam from The Hindu criticized that the film lacked is in its screenplay and narration, that the story failed to engage and that the pace was slow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0015-0002", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Reception, Critical reception, Nootrenbadhu\nHe summarized that the film felt like a \"present with more attention paid to the wrapper than what's inside\". N. Venkateswaran from The Times of India gave two and a half stars out of five and said \"The weakest link in the story/screenplay (by Jayendra and Subha) is the character of Dr Ajay Kumar \u2013 though he is shown to be a highly educated doctor, he loses the plot when he finds out that is suffering from pancreatic cancer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0015-0003", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Reception, Critical reception, Nootrenbadhu\nHowever, Rohit Ramachandran of Nowrunning.com rated it four out of five stars, stating that there was not \"a flash of brilliance in Nootrenbadhu but instead, a big heart and an empathetic soul giving it honesty, meaning and eloquence\", further citing it had \"both high and low spirits but it tugs at your emotional chords mainly in the second half\". He also hailed it as the best film of 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0016-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Reception, Critical reception, 180\nIdlebrain.com gave three out of five and stated that the plus points of the film were \"casting and technical aspects (cinematography, music and post-production). On the flip side, the narration of the film is very slow and the last half-an-hour of the film is a bit confusing\". Daily News and Analysis gave one and a half and said: \"180 feels like there was an explosion at the sob story factory and little pieces from dozens of different films were jammed together into one dreadful mutant. The whole terminal illness melodrama attacks your chest so relentlessly, that by the time it's over you\u2019re forced to beg for a defibrillator\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019571-0017-0000", "contents": "180 (2011 Indian film), Reception, Box office\nThe film collected \u20b98\u00a0million in Chennai in the first three days with theaters reporting around 90% occupancy. After two weeks, it collected \u20b912\u00a0million with occupancy going up to 90%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019572-0000-0000", "contents": "180 (album)\n180 is the first studio album by London indie rock group Palma Violets. It was released on 25 February 2013 and follows their debut single \"Best of Friends\" the previous year, which was selected as 'Best Track Of 2012' by NME magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019572-0001-0000", "contents": "180 (album), Background\nThe album title is taken from the studio in Lambeth, London in which the band often performs. Palma Violets signed to Rough Trade Records in May 2012, a label that features The Libertines, The Strokes and The Smiths as signed artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019573-0000-0000", "contents": "180 (number)\n180 (one hundred [and] eighty) is the natural number following 179 and preceding 181.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019573-0001-0000", "contents": "180 (number), In mathematics\n180 is an abundant number, with its proper divisors summing up to 366. 180 is also a highly composite number, a positive integer with more divisors than any smaller positive integer. One of the consequences of 180 having so many divisors is that it is a practical number, meaning that any positive number smaller than 180 that is not a divisor of 180 can be expressed as the sum of some of 180's divisors. 180 is a refactorable number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019573-0002-0000", "contents": "180 (number), In mathematics\n180 is the sum of two square numbers: 122 + 62. It can be expressed as either the sum of six consecutive prime numbers: 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37 + 41, or the sum of eight consecutive prime numbers: 11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37. 180 is an Ulam number, which can be expressed as a sum of earlier terms in the Ulam sequence only as 177 + 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019573-0003-0000", "contents": "180 (number), In mathematics\nSumming Euler's totient function \u03c6(x) over the first + 24 integers gives 180.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019573-0004-0000", "contents": "180 (number), In mathematics\n180 is a Harshad number in base 10, and in binary it is a digitally balanced number, since its binary representation has the same number of zeros as ones (10110100).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019573-0005-0000", "contents": "180 (number), In religion\nThe Book of Genesis says that Isaac died at the age of 180.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019574-0000-0000", "contents": "180 (video game)\n180 is a darts video game released for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, Atari 8-bit family in 1986 and MSX in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019574-0001-0000", "contents": "180 (video game), Gameplay\nThe player competes in 501 darts against other darts players waiting in a championship tournament with normal darts rules applying, subtracting your score from 501 to zero whilst finishing on a double. Beginning at the quarter finals, the player must win a best of three match to advance through the tournament. Win another match in the semi final stage to advance to the final and face the World Champion Jammy Jim. In the final match however, the player needs to win just one leg against him to win the tournament. Players can also compete against another human player or play Round the Clock, throwing darts around the dartboard from 20 to 1 within a time limit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019574-0002-0000", "contents": "180 (video game), Gameplay, Opponents\nThere are a total of eight computer-controlled opponents in the game. Before the start of the match, the computer randomly selects an opponent, though Jammy Jim can only be played in the final. The opponents are Del Boy Desmond Sure Shot Sidney, Devious Dave, Limp Wrist Larry, Beer Belly Bill, Mega Mick,Tactical Tel, and Jammy Jim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019574-0003-0000", "contents": "180 (video game), Reception\nAt the time of its release, ratings for the game were favourable. The Spectrum version got a 72% rating from Crash magazine who labelled it as \"the best darts game ever\". The Commodore 64 version received a 70% rating from ZZAP! magazine. The Amstrad version got a rating of 67% from Amstrad Action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019574-0004-0000", "contents": "180 (video game), Reception\nThe game was reviewed in Sinclair User, which rated the game 5 out of 5, stating \"Darts ought to be boring and tedious, but with 180 it has been made funny, exciting and very impressive, a closet hit.\" The game was reviewed in Your Sinclair, which rated the game 9 out of 10, stating \"In its presentation, 180 does veer toward the macho, crafty cockney Bristow school of darts rather than that of Gentleman John Lowe, but otherwise there's little to quibble about - a winner across the board!\" The game was reviewed in ACE, stating \"The definitive computer darts game. If you must play arrows on your micro then this is the one to get.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019575-0000-0000", "contents": "180 AM\nNo licensed radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 180 kHz any longer. In the United States, this frequency falls within the 160-190 kHz LowFER band allowed by Part 15 of the Federal Communications Commission, and hobby stations are permitted to use this frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019576-0000-0000", "contents": "180 BC\nYear 180 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Luscus and Piso/Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 574 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 180 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019577-0000-0000", "contents": "180 Brisbane\n180 Brisbane is a 152-metre skyscraper in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The site is owned by Daisho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019577-0001-0000", "contents": "180 Brisbane\nThe modern style office building is located at 180 Ann Street in the Brisbane central business district. The building was nicknamed the Brisbane River Tower as the building facade shows a huge imprint of the Brisbane River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019577-0002-0000", "contents": "180 Brisbane\nThe Commonwealth Bank of Australia is the anchor tenant who have leased six floors and the building's sky signage rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019577-0003-0000", "contents": "180 Brisbane\nConstruction of the tower was delayed due to a slump in Brisbane's commercial property market. The building was completed in late 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019578-0000-0000", "contents": "180 Degree (MC Mong album)\n180 Degree is a 2004 album by MC Mong. This album is MC Mong's first solo album. This album features female vocalist Lyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019579-0000-0000", "contents": "180 Degree Capital\n180 Degree Capital Corp. (f/k/a Harris & Harris Group) (\"180\") is a publicly traded registered closed-end management investment company. 180 was incorporated in 1981, and it completed an initial public offering (IPO) in 1983. In March 2017, 180 changed its investment focus from investing in privately held companies to investing in microcapitalization publicly traded companies with a constructive activist approach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019580-0000-0000", "contents": "180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless\n180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, or simply 180\u00b0 South, is a 2010 documentary directed by Chris Malloy that covers the journey of Jeff Johnson as he travels from Ventura, California to Patagonia, Chile. He retraces the 1968 trip that Yvon Chouinard and Doug Tompkins took in their Ford E-Series Econoline Van with the end goal of climbing Fitz Roy, one of the more difficult climbs in the Andes. After finding footage of the 1968 expedition, Johnson decided to make climbing the Corcovado Volcano in Patagonia his own goal and, after speaking to Chouinard and Tompkins, planned his own journey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019580-0001-0000", "contents": "180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless\nThe subtitle of the film comes from Lionel Terray's mountaineering autobiography, Les Conqu\u00e9rants de l'inutile or Conquistadors of the Useless (1961). Terray was the first to summit Fitz Roy, in 1952, and his book was influential with Chouinard and Tompkins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019580-0002-0000", "contents": "180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Plot\nThe film emulates the 1968 trip made by Yvon Chouinard and Doug Tompkins to Patagonia, but rather than by land, Jeff Johnson travels by sea from Mexico and south along the west coast of Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 50], "content_span": [51, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019580-0002-0001", "contents": "180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Plot\nThe film opens with original home movie footage as taken by Chouinard and Tompkins, and then continues with Johnson's own footage, in which he includes surfing, sailing and climbing as the film follows Johnson signing on with a small boat heading for Chile, his being delayed for several weeks on Easter Island, his meeting travel partner Makohe, and in his reaching Patagonia, Johnson meeting with Chouinard and Tompkins. The film concludes with his attempt to climb Cerro Corcovado (the Corcovado volcano), an attempt that was halted 200 feet from the summit out of concerns for safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 50], "content_span": [51, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019580-0003-0000", "contents": "180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Release\nThe film debuted February 10, 2010 at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, followed in April 2010 by limited theatrical release, as well as festival screenings at the Newport Beach International Film Festival. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in June 2010, followed by additional festival screenings in September 2010 at the Asbury Park Independent Film Festival, in November 2010 at the Banff Film Festival and Save the Waves Film Festival. The film had theatrical release in Japan in January 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019580-0004-0000", "contents": "180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Reception\nSeattle Post Globe wrote \"180\u00b0 South is a thinking person\u2019s adventure film, one that stimulates the mind rather that the adrenal gland,\" in that it \"is not one of those extreme sports movies set to heavy metal music in which daredevils boast of pitting themselves against nature.\" The reviewer notes that while the film instead has a message of conservationism, the director \"does not pitch this conservation message in a fit of hysterical propaganda, as have the directors of so many ecological horror documentaries on topics ranging from global warming to the corn syrup in our peanut butter.\" He writes \"The regard for the planet shown in 180\u00b0 South comes from the quiet, philosophical  nature of the people profiled in the film, who realize there is more adventure in the preservation of nature than in its conquering.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019580-0005-0000", "contents": "180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Reception\nMinneapolis Star-Tribune praised the film by writing \"If you are this close to chucking it all in, packing your bags and going vagabond, by all means do not see \"180\u00b0 South.\" Director Chris Malloy's eco-tourist documentary could stoke your wanderlust to the point of no return.\" They noted that the cinematography tended to meander at times and did not allow the viewer to learn much about Johnson himself, but that the film began to \"brighten\" after Johnson meets with Chouinard and Tompkins at the wildlife preserve that Tompkins founded in Patagonia in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019580-0006-0000", "contents": "180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Reception\nSpectrum wrote that the beginning of the film was deceptive in that its initial \"Conversations of high adventure spliced between footage of rock climbing, surfing and mountaineering may easily trick the viewer into thinking this is a film about extreme sports,\" but that the \"main clue that hints at a different purpose is the chill sound track.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019580-0006-0001", "contents": "180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Reception\nThey expanded that it was not until after Johnson's unscheduled delay on Easter Island that viewers \"first learn what 180\u00b0 South is most obviously about,\" when \"the theme of ecological conservation is played out in conversations about national parks, hydro-electric dams, indigenous wildlife, sustainable farming, consumerism, commercial fishing, reforestation and even development models.\" They note that the final two-thirds of the film shares the \"intrinsic tension between conservation on the one hand and the mass-produced technological innovations that make the trip and film possible on the other\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019580-0007-0000", "contents": "180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, Reception\nThe Washington Post writes \"Chris Malloy's film strikes so deeply into the heart of Patagonia's wilderness we come to feel at home there\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019581-0000-0000", "contents": "180 Ebury Street\n180 Ebury Street in the Belgravia district of London was the home of the composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his family from 5 August 1764 to 24 September 1764 during the Mozart family's grand tour of Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019581-0001-0000", "contents": "180 Ebury Street\nThe house was built in the early to mid-eighteenth century as part of a terrace. Mozart composed his first symphony here in 1764. The house has been listed at Grade I due to its association with Mozart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019581-0002-0000", "contents": "180 Ebury Street\nThe building is now marked with a London County Council plaque placed in 1939 to commemorate Mozart's residence. The plaque was re-erected in 1951 following damage in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019582-0000-0000", "contents": "180 Garumna\nGarumna (minor planet designation: 180 Garumna) is a main belt asteroid that was discovered by the French astronomer Henri Joseph Perrotin on January 29, 1878. Its name comes from the ancient Latin name for the Garonne River in France. In the Tholen classification system, it is categorized as a stony S-type asteroid, while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it with the Sr sub-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019582-0001-0000", "contents": "180 Garumna\nThe rotation period of this asteroid is very nearly equal to that of the rotation of the Earth. This means that only a small portion of the light curve can be observed from any one location, requiring measurements from multiple sites in order to build a complete curve. In 2012, this mission was accomplished, giving a period of 23.866 \u00b1 0.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.42 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude. Allowing for a margin of error and changes in phase angle, this finding agrees with previous measurements made in 2008 and 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019583-0000-0000", "contents": "180 George Street, Parramatta\n180 George Street (also known as the Charles and George Towers) is a residential skyscraper complex currently under-construction in Parramatta. New South Wales, Australia. The complex is being developed by property developer Meriton, with the towers being designed by Woods Bagot. Initial proposals were first lodged in 2016, with final approval being given in October 2019.Construction commenced in the same year and upon completion, the towers will become the tallest residential buildings in the suburb of Parramatta. The complex consists of the north tower, standing at a height of 213 metres (699 ft) and the south tower, standing at a height of 189 metres (620ft). It will contain 553 residential dwellings, while the hotel component will comprise 346 rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019584-0000-0000", "contents": "180 Montgomery Street\n180 Montgomery Street is a 25-story, 98\u00a0m (322\u00a0ft). Class A office building in the financial district of San Francisco, California. The building serves as the corporate headquarters for Bank of the West, and has offices for other major tenants such as, Ameriprise Financial, Berlitz, Hanjin Shipping, Kforce, Valimail, Lexmark, Prudential Insurance, the Union Labor Life Insurance Company, and Western Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019584-0001-0000", "contents": "180 Montgomery Street\n180 Montgomery is owned by a joint venture formed in 2007 between Mitsui FudosanAmerica, Inc. and The Swig Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019584-0002-0000", "contents": "180 Montgomery Street\nIt sits on the site of the former Occidental Hotel which was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019585-0000-0000", "contents": "180 Out\n180 Out is an American Christian punk and Christian rock band, and they primarily play punk rock, pop punk, and skate punk. They come from Escondido, California. The band started making music in 2008, and their members are vocalist and guitarist, Joe Dukes, vocalist and drummer, Spencer Dukes, vocalist and bassist, Mike Trunnell. Their first release, Send Down Your Love, an album, was released in 2010, independently. The subsequent release, Black & White, a studio album, was released by Thumper Punk Records, in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019585-0001-0000", "contents": "180 Out, Background\n180 Out is a Christian rock and pop punk band from Escondido, California. Their members are vocalist and guitarist, Joe Dukes, vocalist and drummer, Spencer Dukes, vocalist and bassist, Mike Trunnell..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019585-0002-0000", "contents": "180 Out, Music history\nThe band commenced as a musical entity in January 2008, with their first release, Send Down Your Love, an independently-made album, that was released in 2010. Their subsequent release, Black & White, was released by Thumper Punk Records, on October 11, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019586-0000-0000", "contents": "180 astetta\n180 astetta (translation: 180 degrees) is the eighth studio album by the Finnish thrash metal band Mokoma. The album was released through Sakara Records on October 19, 2012, and was produced by Miitri Aaltonen in addition to the band itself. The album peaked on the top position of the The Official Finnish Charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019587-0000-0000", "contents": "180 mm gun S-23\nThe 180\u00a0mm gun S-23 (Russian: 180-\u043c\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0421-23) was a Soviet heavy gun of Cold War era. It was developed in the early 1950s, with the design based on naval guns. Its first public appearance was the 1955 May Day parade in Moscow. For some time, it was believed in the West that the S-23 was actually a 203mm weapon, and as a result it was often referred to as the 203\u00a0mm M1955 gun howitzer. However, after an example was captured in the Middle East during the 1970s this misconception was dispelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019587-0001-0000", "contents": "180 mm gun S-23, Design history\nThe S-23 was designed by NII-58 as part of a new series of heavy artillery systems consisting of the following types:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019587-0002-0000", "contents": "180 mm gun S-23, Design history\nAll were to be based on the same carriage. The order to start series production was given but after the production of seven S-23s (GRAU index: 52-P-572), one S-33 and one S-43 by PO \"Barrikady\" in 1955 the project was cancelled. The seven guns remained in service until 1967 and were regularly shown during the annual May Day parades, being towed by AT-T artillery tractors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019587-0002-0001", "contents": "180 mm gun S-23, Design history\nAt the request of Syria, who needed a large-calibre gun system, the project was shortly revived at the end of the 1960s and twelve more S-23 guns were produced in 1971, as well as the new VOF28 round with RAP projectile OF43. The other rounds were the VF-572 with HE projectile F-572 and the VG-572 with concrete-piercing projectile G-572.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019587-0003-0000", "contents": "180 mm gun S-23, Operational history\nThe West assumed that the S-23 was issued within the Soviet Army at a ratio of 12 weapons per heavy artillery brigade. It was exported to Syria and some sources suggest that it might have been exported to other Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt and Iraq, and likely the Indian Army. The howitzer is believed to be seeing use by the Syrian Army in the Syrian Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019587-0004-0000", "contents": "180 mm gun S-23, Operational history, Yom Kippur War\n180mm S-23 guns were deployed to forward positions as part of the Syrian Army's General Staff reserve during the Yom Kippur War. In the opening day of the war, they shelled Mount Canaan, an intelligence base near Safed, and Mahanayim airfield. This early shelling succeeded in disrupting Israeli intelligence installations and communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019587-0005-0000", "contents": "180 mm gun S-23, Operational history, Lebanese Civil War\nDuring the Lebanese Civil War, Syrian Army 180mm guns and 240mm mortars shelled East Beirut in 1989 as part of an offensive to dislodge Christian faction leader Michel Aoun, inflicting over 900 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019588-0000-0000", "contents": "180 nm process\nThe 180\u00a0nm process refers to the level of MOSFET (CMOS) semiconductor process technology that was commercialized around the 1998\u20132000 timeframe by leading semiconductor companies, starting with TSMC and Fujitsu, then followed by Sony, Toshiba, Intel, AMD, Texas Instruments and IBM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019588-0001-0000", "contents": "180 nm process\nThe origin of the 180\u00a0nm value is historical, as it reflects a trend of 70% scaling every 2\u20133 years. The naming is formally determined by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019588-0002-0000", "contents": "180 nm process\nSome of the first CPUs manufactured with this process include Intel Coppermine family of Pentium III processors. This was the first technology using a gate length shorter than that of light used for contemporary lithography, which had a minimum feature size of 193\u00a0nm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019588-0003-0000", "contents": "180 nm process\nSome more recent microprocessors and microcontrollers (e.g. PIC) are using this technology because it is typically low cost and does not require upgrading of existing equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019588-0004-0000", "contents": "180 nm process, History\nIn 1988, an IBM research team led by Iranian engineer Bijan Davari fabricated a 180\u00a0nm dual-gate MOSFET using a CMOS process. The 180\u00a0nm CMOS process was later commercialized by TSMC in 1998, and then Fujitsu in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019589-0000-0000", "contents": "180-By\u014d de Kimi no Mimi o Shiawase ni Dekiru ka?\n180-By\u014d de Kimi no Mimi o Shiawase ni Dekiru ka? (180\u79d2\u3067\u541b\u306e\u8033\u3092\u5e78\u305b\u306b\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b?) is an upcoming Japanese original short anime television series about ASMR co-animated by Ekachi Epilka and Indivision and directed by Yoshinobu Kasai, with character designs provided by Takayuki Noguchi. The series is set to premiere on October 15, 2021 on Tokyo MX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0000-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule\nIn filmmaking, the 180-degree rule is a basic guideline regarding the on-screen spatial relationship between a character and another character or object within a scene. By keeping the camera on one side of an imaginary axis between two characters, the first character is always frame right of the second character. Moving the camera over the axis is called jumping the line or crossing the line; breaking the 180-degree rule by shooting on all sides is known as shooting in the round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0001-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule\nThe 180-degree rule enables the audience to visually connect with unseen movement happening around and behind the immediate subject and is particularly important in the narration of battle scenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0002-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Examples\nIn a dialogue scene between two characters, a straight line can be imagined running through the two characters. If the camera remains on one side of this line, the spatial relationship between the two characters will be consistent from shot to shot. Shifting to the other side of the characters on a cut will reverse the order of the characters from left to right and may disorient the audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0003-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Examples\nThe rule also applies to the movement of a character as the \"line\" created by the path of the character. For example, if a character is walking in a leftward direction and is to be picked up by another camera, the character must exit the first shot on frame left and enter the next shot frame right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0004-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Examples\nA jump cut can be used to denote time. If a character leaves the frame on the left side and enters the frame on the left in a different location, it can give the illusion of an extended amount of time passing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0005-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Examples\nAnother example could be a car chase: If a vehicle leaves the right side of the frame in one shot, it should enter from the left side of the frame in the next shot. Leaving from the right and entering from the right creates a similar sense of disorientation as in the dialogue example.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0006-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Reverse cuts\nThe imaginary line allows viewers to orient themselves with the position and direction of action in a scene. If a shot following an earlier shot in a sequence is located on the opposite side of the 180-degree line, then it is called a \"reverse cut\". Reverse cuts disorient the viewer by presenting an opposing viewpoint of the action in a scene and consequently altering the perspective of the action and the spatial orientation established in the original shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0007-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Reverse cuts\nThere are a variety of ways to avoid confusion related to crossing the line due to particular situations caused by actions or situations in a scene that would necessitate breaking the 180-degree line. The movement in the scene can be altered, or cameras set up on one side of the scene so that all the shots reflect the view from that side of the 180-degree line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0008-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Reverse cuts\nAnother way to allow for crossing the line is to have several shots with the camera arching from one side of the line to the other during the scene. That shot can be used to orient the audience to the fact that they are looking at the scene from another angle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0008-0001", "contents": "180-degree rule, Reverse cuts\nIn the case of movement, if a character is seen walking into frame from behind on the left side walking towards a building corner on the right, as they walk around the corner of the building, the camera can catch them coming towards the camera on the other side of the building entering the frame from the left side and then walk straight at the camera and then exit the left side of the frame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0009-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Reverse cuts\nTo minimize the \"jolt\" between shots in a sequence on either sides of the 180-degree line, a buffer shot can be included along the 180-degree line separating each side. This lets the viewer visually comprehend the change in viewpoint expressed in the sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0010-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Style\nIn professional productions, the applied 180-degree rule is an essential element for a style of film editing called continuity editing. The rule is not always obeyed. Sometimes a filmmaker purposely breaks the line of action to create disorientation. Carl Theodor Dreyer did this in The Passion of Joan of Arc; Stanley Kubrick also did this, for example, in the bathroom scene in The Shining. Directors Jacques Demy, Tinto Brass, Yasujir\u014d Ozu, Wong Kar-wai, and Jacques Tati have also ignored this rule sometimes, as has Lars von Trier in Antichrist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0010-0001", "contents": "180-degree rule, Style\nIn the seminal French New Wave film \u00c0 bout de souffle (Breathless), Jean-Luc Godard breaks the rule in the first five minutes in a car scene which jumps between the front and back seats, improvising an \"aesthetic rebellion\" for which the New Wave would become known. When the rule is broken accidentally, or for a technical reason (such as the inability to place a camera physically in the correct position), there are techniques which may be employed to attempt to hide the mistake. For example, the editor may pre-lap a word or two of dialog prior to the cut, so that the viewer will concentrate on what is being said as a distraction from the breaking of cinematic convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0011-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Style\nSome styles used with the 180-degree rule can elicit an emotion or create a visual rhythm. By moving the camera closer to the axis for a close-up shot, it can amp up the intensity of a scene when paired with a long shot. When the camera is moved further away from the axis for a long shot after a close-up shot, it may provide a break in the action of the scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0012-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Style\nIn the Japanese anime feature Paprika, two of the main characters discuss, and demonstrate, the disorientating effect of crossing the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0013-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Empirical research\nEmpirical evidence exploring the importance of maintaining the 180-degree rule is limited. The basic premise is that abiding by the rule helps keep characters on the correct side of the screen. Thus, it is assumed that if the rule is violated, it can lead to distraction, and disrupt the flow of the moment. This is then extrapolated to affect the rhythm, or emotions of the scene. However, these notions are rooted in filmmakers' subjective reports, rather than empirical evidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0014-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Empirical research\nThere has been research that demonstrated crossing the line can negatively affect the accuracy of spatial representation of the scene. Furthermore, flipping the characters' positions can disrupt the audience\u2019s understanding of the relative orientations on screen. Violations appear to also affect spatial memory for the location of objects in a scene, but does not affect memory for the narrative, the order of unfolding events, nor the understanding of narrative flow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019590-0015-0000", "contents": "180-degree rule, Empirical research\nBroadly speaking, empirical research indicates that abiding by the 180-degree rule is not important in a practical sense. Accurate spatial representations are not important for the scene, nor is it remembered across the longer duration of a movie. Furthermore, more recent research demonstrated that while viewers can spot violations, the presence of these violations have no effect  on the enjoyment of the scene nor movie, when compared to not having violations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019591-0000-0000", "contents": "180-line television system\n180 lines is an early electronic television system. It was used in Germany after on March 22, 1935, using telecine transmission of film, intermediate film system, or cameras using the Nipkow disk. Simultaneously, fully electronic transmissions using cameras based on the iconoscope began on January 15, 1936 with a definition of 375 lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019591-0001-0000", "contents": "180-line television system\nThe Berlin Summer Olympic Games were televised, using both closed-circuit 375 lines fully electronic iconoscope-based cameras and 180 lines intermediate film cameras transmitting to Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Nuremberg and Bayreuth via  special Reichspost long distance cables in August 1936. In Berlin, twenty-eight public 180 lines television rooms were opened for anybody who did not own a television set. After February 1937 both 180 and 375 lines systems were replaced by a superior 441-line system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019592-0000-0000", "contents": "180/Movement for Democracy and Education\n180/Movement for Democracy and Education or MDE was a U.S. national campus activist organization active from 1998 to 2004. Its mission was", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019592-0001-0000", "contents": "180/Movement for Democracy and Education\n\"dedicated to helping build a campus-based movement for political empowerment and participatory democracy. Through education and organizing we hope to encourage a radical political presence in our schools to transform them and our communities into truly democratic spaces.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019592-0002-0000", "contents": "180/Movement for Democracy and Education\nIts main goal was fighting against the corporatization of education, and subsequently aiming toward \"campus democracy.\" In its mission statement it said,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019592-0003-0000", "contents": "180/Movement for Democracy and Education\nWe oppose corporate control of the university and society, inequitable and disempowering elementary education, shrinking access to higher education, and the racism, sexism, homophobia, and other forms of systemic oppression in our world. We support all efforts in these and other struggles for democratic empowerment; the focus of our organizing will evolve in practice. Our goal is to help build a mass movement to reinvigorate a political culture of engaged democracy and social justice in our schools, in our communities, across our country and beyond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019592-0004-0000", "contents": "180/Movement for Democracy and Education\nMDE had its beginnings through the renewed anti-corporate sentiment that emerged in the mid-1990s, and took off in different forms of student activism, such as the Pepsi boycott in solidarity with Burma. In 1996, Democracy Unlimited of Wisconsin, Cooperative staffer Ben Manski, together with John E. Peck and others, coordinated the \"National Teach-Ins on Corporations, Education, and Democracy.\" This became the \"Democracy Teach-Ins,\" and in their first year occurred on over 120 campuses. Their central question was, \"can we pursue democracy and social justice when corporations are allowed to control so much wealth and power?\" The next year another series of teach-ins were organized on some 246 campuses, with more sentiment for a national campus organization coming up. At the Campus Democracy Convention at the UW-Madison in 1998, the 180/ Movement for Democracy and Education was founded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 938]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019592-0005-0000", "contents": "180/Movement for Democracy and Education\nMDE was noted for confronting the transformation of the university into a corporate entity. The solution to corporatization, with the undemocratic nature of corporate structures, was to increase campus democracy. MDE also organized Teach-ins on campuses leading up to the WTO protests in Seattle in 1999, and analyzed the effects of WTO policies on higher education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019592-0006-0000", "contents": "180/Movement for Democracy and Education\nDuring this time a new student activist organization was formed in the labor movement-financed United Students Against Sweatshops, and MDE chapters often were dually-affiliated. In 2000 the two organizations jointly organized a conference in Eugene, Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019592-0007-0000", "contents": "180/Movement for Democracy and Education\nIn 2001, right after the attacks of September 11, MDE initiated what became the National Youth and Student Peace Coalition, the first major student anti-war coalition of the current moment. NYSPC organized the Books Not Bombs student walkouts on March 5, 2003, just before the Iraq invasion, showing student resistance to that upcoming war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019592-0008-0000", "contents": "180/Movement for Democracy and Education\nAt its peak at least 15 chapters were affiliated with MDE. It eventually collapsed in 2004 for lack of funding. It has been succeeded in spirit by the Democratizing Education Network, an initiative of the Liberty Tree Foundation for the Democratic Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019593-0000-0000", "contents": "1800\n1800 (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1800th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 800th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 100th and last year of the 18th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1800, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019593-0001-0000", "contents": "1800\nAs of March 1 (O.S. February 18), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 12 days until February 28 (O.S. February 16), 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019594-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 Aguilar\n1800 Aguilar, provisional designation 1950 RJ, is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019594-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 Aguilar\nIt was discovered on 12 September 1950, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at La Plata Astronomical Observatory in Argentina. The asteroid was named after Argentine astronomer F\u00e9lix Aguilar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019594-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 Aguilar, Orbit and classification\nThe stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Vesta family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,322 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Aguilar's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019594-0003-0000", "contents": "1800 Aguilar, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Aguilar was obtained from photometric observations taken by Australian amateur astronomer David Higgins. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 2.478 hours with a brightness variation of 0.11 in magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019594-0004-0000", "contents": "1800 Aguilar, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Aguilar measures 7.38 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.295, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.18 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019594-0005-0000", "contents": "1800 Aguilar, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Argentine astronomer F\u00e9lix Aguilar (1884\u20131943), former director of the discovering observatory and founder of the University School of Astronomy and Geophysics. He contributed significantly to the development of Argentine astronomy in the first half of the 20th century (also see F\u00e9lix Aguilar Observatory). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019595-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 Club\n1800 Club is a residential skyscraper in the Edgewater neighborhood of Miami, Florida, United States. It was completed in 2007. The building is located east of Biscayne Boulevard and fronts Margaret Pace Park and Biscayne Bay. The building is 423 feet (129\u00a0m) tall, and contains 40 floors. Floors 1-5 are occupied by retail, while floors 6-40 are residential condominiums and apartments. The building is located at the corner of North Bayshore Drive and Northeast 18th Street. It was awarded the SARA Design Award in 2002 for its exterior architectural appeal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019596-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1800 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on April 10, 1800. Incumbent Federalist Governor Jonathan Trumbull Jr. won re-election to a third full term, effectively unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019597-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Connecticut's at-large congressional district on September 15, 1800 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Jonathan Brace (F) in May, 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019597-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nSmith took his seat on November 17, 1800, at the start of the 2nd session of the 6th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 85], "content_span": [86, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019598-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 English cricket season\nThe 1800 English cricket season was the 29th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the 14th after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw five top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019598-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 English cricket season, Matches\nJust five top-class matches were played during the season, three of them featuring Surrey sides. All five matches were played at Lord's Old Ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019598-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 English cricket season, Debutants\nPlayers who made their first-class cricket debuts in 1800 included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019599-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 French constitutional referendum\nA referendum ratifying the constitution of the French consulate was held in February 1800. 53.74 % of voters abstained. The official results, as announced by Lucien Bonaparte, Minister of the Interior and brother of First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, were 99.9% in favor of the new constitution. However, academics have claimed that Lucien massaged the votes in favor of the constitution, alleging that only 1,550,000 Frenchmen voted for the change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019600-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1800 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019600-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nLieutenant Governor Moses Gill, who had been acting as Governor since the June 7 death of Increase Sumner, preferred to run for re-election to that position, and he won re-election in a concurrent election. However, he received a significant number of votes for Governor as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019600-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nActing Governor Gill actually died before the 1801 term began, leaving the Governor's Council to conduct gubernatorial duties until Strong's term started.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019601-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 Massachusetts's 10th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district on August 25, 1800 and October 20, 1800 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Samuel Sewall (F).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019601-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 Massachusetts's 10th congressional district special election, Election results\nMassachusetts electoral law required a majority for election, which was not met on the first election, necessitating a second election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019602-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district on December 15, 1800 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Samuel Lyman (F) on November 6, 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019602-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district special election, Election results\nMattoon took his seat on February 2, 1801. Mattoon had also been elected to the same district for the 7th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019603-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 4th congressional district on August 25, 1800, and October 20, 1800, to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Dwight Foster (F) after his election to the Senate, the second election required because the first did not result in a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019604-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 N. Clybourn\n1800 N. Clybourn was an enclosed shopping center located at 1800 N. Clybourn Ave. in the Clybourn Corridor area of Lincoln Park, Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019604-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 N. Clybourn\nThe building was once a factory making springs and later Turtle Wax, which was converted to a three-level enclosed specialty shopping center that retained the structure's wood beams and brickwork. At its opening, developer Tem Horwitz described it as \"an industrial environment with the atmosphere of a traveling fair come to town.\" News reports pointed out the interior's exuberant architecture and unconventional merchandising plan, and that  only half its 40 spaces were leased at its opening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019604-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 N. Clybourn\nAmong the tenants in 1990 included \"pricey apparel and accessories stores, gift shops, and such services as a travel agency, a nail salon and a family aerobics club,\" plus restaurants and entertainment venues like \"Goose Island Brewery; Metropolis 1800; Par Excellence, an artist-designed miniature golf course; Muddler's Pool Room; and its adjoining espresso bar, Caffe Lupi.\" Entertainment was a major focus; the mall opened with Willow Street Carnival, a 450-seat cabaret-style theater founded by Bernard Sahlins, and had proposed a 10-screen cinema on site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019604-0003-0000", "contents": "1800 N. Clybourn\nWhat Horwitz called a \"wild and crazy and fun\" mall did not last long amidst a recession, and the building was foreclosed upon in April 1993 amidst numerous store closures. The building was soon purchased by CRM Properties, which demolished the richly decorated enclosed courts and left three buildings separated by parking lots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019604-0004-0000", "contents": "1800 N. Clybourn\nAs of 2015, one large L-shaped building houses anchor Bed Bath & Beyond, Goose Island Brewery (the only original tenant remaining), plus a furniture retailer and real estate offices on upper floors. Two smaller buildings house Patagonia and GapKids. The building's pair of crenellated, four-story towers still face Clybourn, but much of the structure between them was demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019605-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 New Hampshire gubernatorial election\nThe 1800 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 11, 1800. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Taylor Gilman won re-election to a seventh term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate Timothy Walker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019606-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 New Hampshire's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New Hampshire's at-large congressional district on August 25, 1800 to fill a vacancy left by William Gordon (F) resigning to accept an appointment as New Hampshire Attorney General on June 12, 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019606-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 New Hampshire's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nNew Hampshire electoral law required a majority for election, which was not met on the first ballot, requiring a run-off election on October 27, 1800", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019607-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 Seconds\n1800 Seconds: Curated By Pusha-T, commonly referred to as 1800 Seconds, is a compilation album by ten different DIY artists curated by the hip-hop artist Pusha T, released on December 7, 2018, by Re-Up Gang Records and Mass Appeal Records. The album consist of up-and-coming voices, hailing from all over the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019607-0000-0001", "contents": "1800 Seconds\nAnt White from Philly, PA, Cartel Count Up from Hampton, VA, Don Zio P from Middletown, CT, Hass Irv from Harlem, NY, Monalyse from Detroit, MI, Nita Jonez from Houston, TX, Sam Austins from Detroit, MI, T Got Bank from Brooklyn, NY, Trevor Lanier from Wilmington, NC, and Tyler Thomas from Los Angeles, CA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019608-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 State of the Union Address\nThe 1800 State of the Union Address was given by John Adams, the second president of the United States, on Tuesday, November 11, 1800, to a joint session of the 6th United States Congress. It was the first State of the Union Address delivered at the new United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019608-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 State of the Union Address\nDelivered in the Senate chamber, Adams began his speech by congratulating members on their new seat of government and\u2014pointedly\u2014\"on the prospect of a residence not to be changed.\" He added, optimistically, \"Although there is some cause to apprehend that accommodations are not now so complete as might be wished, yet there is great reason to believe that this inconvenience will cease with the present session.\" This would be the last annual message any president would personally deliver to Congress for the next 113 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019608-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 State of the Union Address\nThis would be the last State of the Union address delivered as a speech until Woodrow Wilson deliver the 1913 State of the Union Address, as President Thomas Jefferson delivered the 1801 State of the Union Address as a written message because he felt a speech to Congress felt too monarchical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019609-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 Tequila\n1800 Tequila is a Mexican brand of tequila owned by the Beckmann Family, who also own the Jose Cuervo tequila brand. The 100% blue agave tequila is bottled in Jalisco, Mexico. 1800 is named after the year tequila was first aged in oak casks, and is sold throughout the world. In the United States, the brand is imported and distributed by the Beckmann family's US distribution company, Proximo Spirits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019609-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 Tequila, History\nThe first officially licensed tequila manufacturer was Jose Antonio Cuervo of Jalisco, Mexico, in 1758, after he was given the rights by King Ferdinand VI of Spain to cultivate a portion of land. Shortly thereafter, the production of tequila was banned, until 1795, when King Carlos IV lifted the ban. 1800 is widely known as the year in which tequila was first successfully aged in wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019609-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 Tequila, History\nOriginally known as Cuervo 1800 Tequila, 1800 Tequila was launched in 1975 as a premium sipping tequila. The Silver, A\u00f1ejo and Reposado labels were introduced in 2004. Since 2008, it has been distributed in the US by Proximo Spirits. That year, the Select Silver label was introduced, as the first and only 100 proof clear tequila. In 2006, 1800 introduced The Ultimate Margarita, 19.9 proof and the only pre-mixed, ready-to-serve margarita mix made with 100% blue agave tequila (1800 Silver).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019609-0003-0000", "contents": "1800 Tequila, Honors and awards\nAt the 2008 San Francisco Wine and Spirits Competition, the Silver, Reposado and A\u00f1ejo tequilas each won the silver medal, while the Milenio and Select Silver both received the bronze medal. In 2009, Bloomberg Businessweek named 1800 Select Silver one of the world's 20 best-tasting tequilas. Wine Enthusiast placed the 1800 Coleccion, an extra a\u00f1ejo, in its \"96\u2013100\" scoring category. It was described by The New York Times as \"sweetly vegetal and very rich with an elegant aftertaste.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019609-0004-0000", "contents": "1800 Tequila, Packaging, Bottle\n1800s bottles have a trapezoidal shape and used to have a top designed to serve as a shot glass, by loosening the top slightly, turning the bottle upside down, and filling up the top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019609-0005-0000", "contents": "1800 Tequila, Packaging, Essential Artist Series\nIn 2008, 1800 Tequila released a special limited-edition Essential Artist Series, with 12 unique bottle designs. A second series was released in 2009 with one \"celebrity artist\" bottle created by Shepard Fairey's firm Studio Number One, plus 11 new designs picked from 15,000 online submissions from across the United States, including a $10,000 grand prize winner. Other series bottle designers include artists Gary Baseman, Yuko Shimizu and Tara McPherson. As of 2013, 1800 is on its fifth annual Essential Artists series. Each year, 1,800 of each Essential Artists bottle are produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019609-0006-0000", "contents": "1800 Tequila, Marketing, Celebrity endorsements\nIn October 2013, 1800 launched a new international advertising campaign featuring actor Ray Liotta in four commercials, directed by Anthony Mandler. Each of the moody spots are free of dialogue (with the exception of several where Liotta orders the tequila, with the only piece of dialogue being \"1800\"), were filmed in Buenos Aires and show Liotta traveling to get to a glass of 1800 Tequila. A previous 1800 campaign from 2011 featured actor Michael Imperioli in eight different commercials with a straightforward approach coveting the values of an older generation; and in 2009, rapper Rick Ross and his crew, the Triple C's, became brand ambassadors by publicly endorsing Select Silver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019609-0007-0000", "contents": "1800 Tequila, Marketing, Sponsorships\n1800 Silver has two sponsorships with two NBA teams, signing marketing agreements with the Los Angeles Lakers in 2009 (becoming the first spirits brand to sponsor the Lakers), and with the New York Knicks the following year. The agreements with both teams include ad placement at their respective stadiums, the Staples Center and Madison Square Garden, on the teams' websites, and various promotional activities throughout the NBA season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019610-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut\nNote: Between the two sources used, there is disagreement over the ordering of the candidates. Both sources have the same numbers of votes recorded, but disagree on which candidates received those votes, one source lists Goddard as 8th, Talmadge as 9th, etc., as listed here, while the other has them as 11th, 12th, etc., three places off for all of them until the bottom three listed here which are moved up to 8th-10th, suggesting that one of the two sources accidentally misplaced three names on the list. They are ordered here as Goddard and Talmadge in 8th and 9th place as it is more likely that they'd been at the top of the runners-up given that they were subsequently elected to fill vacancies in the 7th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019611-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nThe Delaware United States House election for 1800 was held on October 7, 1800. The incumbent Representative and House Minority Leader James A. Bayard Sr. won reelection and defeated the former Representative John Patten, who would die later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019613-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire\nOf the 4 New Hampshire incumbents, only one was re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019614-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey\nOf the 5 New Jersey incumbents, only one was re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019615-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 29 to May 1, 1800, to elect ten U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 7th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019615-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nTen U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1798 to a term in the 6th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1797. Jonathan N. Havens had died in October 1799, and John Smith was elected to fill the vacancy. Their term would end on March 3, 1801. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1801, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on December 7, 1801.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019615-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nOn March 27, 1797, the New York State Legislature had re-apportioned the congressional districts. The districts remained the same as at the previous election in April 1798, but two new counties were created in 1799: in the 7th D., Essex Co. was split from Clinton Co.; and in the 10th D., Cayuga Co. was split from Onondaga Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019615-0003-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019615-0004-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n6 Democratic-Republicans and 4 Federalists were elected. The incumbents Smith, Van Cortlandt, Elmendorf and Bird were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019615-0005-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: The Anti- Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019615-0006-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nDem.-Rep. Thomas Tillotson, who had been elected in the 5th D., was appointed Secretary of State of New York on August 10, 1801, and resigned his seat before Congress met.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019615-0007-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nFed. John Bird, who had been re-elected in the 6th D. to a second term, resigned his seat on July 25, 1801, before Congress met.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019615-0008-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nSpecial elections to fill the vacancies were held in October 1801, and were won by Theodorus Bailey and John P. Van Ness, both Dem.-Rep. Thus New York was represented by 7 Democratic-Republicans and 3 Federalists in the House of the 7th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019615-0009-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nThe House of Representatives of the 7th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 7, 1801, and all ten representatives from New York took their seats on this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019615-0010-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nJohn P. Van Ness was appointed by President Thomas Jefferson as a major in the militia of the Territory of Columbia and on January 17, 1803, his seat was declared vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019617-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nElections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania for the 7th Congress were held October 14, 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019617-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nThirteen Representatives (8 Democratic-Republicans and 7 Federalists) had been elected in the previous election", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019617-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nPennsylvania was divided into 12 districts, one of which (the 4th) was a plural district, with 2 Representatives. This was the last election which used these districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019617-0003-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nThe counties that made up the 5th district did not border each other. That district was therefore made up of two separate pieces rather than being a single contiguous entity", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019617-0004-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nNote: Many of these counties covered much larger areas than they do today, having since been divided into smaller counties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019617-0005-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results\nNine incumbents (8 Democratic-Republicans and 1 Federalist) ran for re-election, all of whom won re-election. The incumbents Robert Waln (F) of the 1st district, Richard Thomas (F) of the 3rd district, John W. Kittera (F) of the 7th district and Thomas Hartley (F) of the 8th district did not run for re-election. Ten Democratic-Republicans and three Federalists were elected, a net gain of 2 seats for the Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019617-0006-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections\nThere were three special elections following the October elections, one of which was for the outgoing Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 88], "content_span": [89, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019617-0007-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections\nIn the 4th district, Peter Muhlenberg (DR) was elected to the Senate on November 27, 1800, while in the 12th district, Albert Gallatin (DR) was appointed Secretary of the Treasury in May, 1801. Neither served in the 7th Congress, and special elections were held in both districts on October 13, 1801", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 88], "content_span": [89, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019618-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina\nOf the 6 South Carolina incumbents, only 3 were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019618-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina switched to a general ticket for its two seats, instead of electing each one separately. Only one candidate received a majority in the 1800 election, requiring an 1801 run-off election to choose a Representative for the second seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019619-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nVermont law required a candidate to win a majority to take office, necessitating a run-off election in the 2nd (Eastern) district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019620-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States Senate special elections in New York\nIn 1800, there were two special elections for the U.S. Senate from New York:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019621-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States census\nThe United States census of 1800 was the second census conducted in the United States. It was conducted on August 4, 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019621-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States census\nIt showed that 5,308,483 people were living in the United States, of whom 893,602 were enslaved. The 1800 census included the new District of Columbia. The census for the following states were lost: Georgia, Kentucky, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019621-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 United States census, Census questions\nThe 1800 census asks the following information in columns, left to right:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019621-0003-0000", "contents": "1800 United States census, Census questions\nThis census is one of the several for which some of the original data are no longer available. Original census returns for Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Virginia were lost over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019621-0004-0000", "contents": "1800 United States census, Data availability\nNo microdata from the 1800 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019621-0005-0000", "contents": "1800 United States census, State and regional populations\n^\u00a0a:\u00a0At the time of the 1800 census, the territory donated to form the District of Columbia was still being administered by the states of Maryland and Virginia. The state of Maryland included the population of the District under its control within its own return. The population of the District of Columbia within Maryland was 8,144 persons, including 5,672 whites, 400 free blacks, and 2,472 enslaved persons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019621-0006-0000", "contents": "1800 United States census, State and regional populations\n^\u00a0b:\u00a0Persons 766 added to the particular items of this return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019621-0007-0000", "contents": "1800 United States census, State and regional populations\n^\u00a0c:\u00a0This return has been received since the communication of the above Aggregate to Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019621-0008-0000", "contents": "1800 United States census, State and regional populations\n^\u00a0d:\u00a0This return has also been since received, and is stated by the Marshal to be more correct than the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019622-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States elections\nThe 1800 United States elections elected the members of the 7th United States Congress. The election took place during the First Party System, and is generally considered the first realigning election in American history. Perhaps most significantly, this election was the first peaceful transfer of power between parties in American history. The Democratic-Republican Party won control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress for the first time. Conversely, the Federalist Party would never again control the Presidency or either house of Congress. Ohio was admitted as a state during the 7th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019622-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States elections\nIn the Presidential election, Democratic-Republican Vice President Thomas Jefferson became the first Democratic-Republican President, narrowly defeating incumbent Federalist President John Adams. Jefferson again won the South and Adams again won New England, but Jefferson won by adding New York and Maryland. Jefferson tied his own running mate, former Senator Aaron Burr of New York, in electoral votes, necessitating a contingent election in the House that Jefferson won. Burr, as the runner-up, was elected vice president. The contingent election led to the passage of the 12th Amendment, which altered the electoral college so that electors in all future elections cast an electoral vote for president and a separate electoral vote for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019622-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 United States elections\nIn the House, Democratic-Republicans won major gains, taking control of the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019622-0003-0000", "contents": "1800 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democratic-Republicans picked up several seats, taking control of the chamber for the first time in the party's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019623-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States gubernatorial elections\nUnited States gubernatorial elections were held in 1800, in 11 states, concurrent with the House, Senate elections and presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019623-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States gubernatorial elections\nSix governors were elected by popular vote and five were elected by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election\nThe 1800 United States presidential election was the fourth quadrennial presidential election. It was held from October 31 to December 3, 1800. In what is sometimes referred to as the \"Revolution of 1800\", Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party defeated incumbent President John Adams of the Federalist Party. The election was a political realignment that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican leadership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election\nAdams had narrowly defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election. Under the rules of the electoral system in place before the 1804 ratification of the 12th Amendment, each member of the Electoral College cast two votes, with no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes for vice president. As Jefferson received the second-most votes in 1796, he was elected vice president. In 1800, unlike in 1796, both parties formally nominated tickets. The Democratic-Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of Jefferson and Aaron Burr, while the Federalists nominated a ticket consisting of Adams and Charles C. Pinckney. Each party formed a plan by which one of their respective electors would vote for a third candidate or abstain so that its preferred presidential candidate (Adams for the Federalists and Jefferson for the Democratic-Republicans) would win one more vote than the party's other nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 964]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election\nThe chief political issues revolved around the fallout from the French Revolution and the Quasi-War. The Federalists favored a strong central government and close relations with Great Britain. The Democratic-Republicans favored decentralization to the state governments, and the party attacked the taxes the Federalists imposed. The Democratic-Republicans also denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts, which the Federalists had passed to make it harder for immigrants to become citizens and to restrict statements critical of the federal government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0002-0001", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election\nThe Democratic-Republicans were well organized at the state and local levels, but the Federalists were disorganized and suffered a bitter split between their two major leaders, Adams and Alexander Hamilton. According to historian John Ferling, the jockeying for electoral votes, regional divisions, and the propaganda smear campaigns created by both parties made the election recognizably modern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0003-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election\nAt the end of a long and bitter campaign, Jefferson and Burr each won 73 electoral votes, Adams won 65, and Pinckney won 64. The Federalists swept New England, the Democratic-Republicans dominated the South, and the parties split the Mid-Atlantic states of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0004-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election\nThe Democratic-Republicans' failure to execute their plan to award Jefferson one more vote than Burr resulted in a tie, which necessitated a contingent election in the House of Representatives. Under the terms laid out in the Constitution, the outgoing House of Representatives chose between Jefferson and Burr. Burr was accused of campaigning for the presidency himself in the contingent election despite being a member of Jefferson's party. Each state delegation cast one vote, and a victory in the contingent election required one candidate to win a majority of the state delegations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0004-0001", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election\nNeither Burr nor Jefferson was able to win on the first 35 ballots of the contingent election, as most Federalist representatives backed Burr and all Democratic-Republican representatives backed Jefferson. Hamilton favored Jefferson over Burr, and he convinced several Federalists to switch their support to Jefferson, giving Jefferson a victory on the 36th ballot. Jefferson became the second incumbent vice president to be elected president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0005-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, Candidates\nBoth parties used congressional nominating caucuses to formally nominate tickets for the first time. The Federalists nominated a ticket consisting of incumbent President John Adams of Massachusetts and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina. Pinckney had fought in the American Revolutionary War and later served as the minister to France. The Democratic-Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of Vice President Thomas Jefferson of Virginia and former Senator Aaron Burr of New York. Jefferson had been the runner-up in the previous election and had co-founded the party with James Madison and others, while Burr was popular in the electorally important state of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0006-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nWhile the 1800 election was a re-match of the 1796 election, it ushered in a new type of American politics, a two-party republic and acrimonious campaigning behind the scenes and through the press. On top of this, the election pitted the \"larger than life\" Adams and Jefferson, who were formerly close allies turned political enemies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0007-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe campaign was bitter and characterized by slander and personal attacks on both sides. Federalists spread rumors that the Democratic-Republicans were radical atheists who would ruin the country (based on the Democratic-Republican support for the French Revolution). In 1798, George Washington had complained \"that you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white, as to change the principles of a professed Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0007-0001", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nMeanwhile, the Democratic-Republicans accused Federalists of subverting republican principles with the Alien and Sedition Acts, some of which were later declared unconstitutional after their expiration by the Supreme Court, and relying for their support on foreign immigrants; they also accused Federalists of favoring Britain and the other coalition countries in their war with France in order to promote aristocratic, anti-democratic values.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0008-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nAdams was attacked by both the opposition Democratic-Republicans and a group of so-called \"High Federalists\" aligned with Alexander Hamilton. The Democratic-Republicans felt that the Adams foreign policy was too favorable toward Britain; feared that the new army called up for the Quasi-War would oppress the people; opposed new taxes to pay for war; and attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as violations of states' rights and the Constitution. \"High Federalists\" considered Adams too moderate and would have preferred the leadership of Alexander Hamilton instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0009-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nHamilton had apparently grown impatient with Adams and wanted a new president who was more receptive to his goals. During Washington's presidency, Hamilton had been able to influence the federal response to the Whiskey Rebellion (which threatened the government's power to tax citizens). When Washington announced that he would not seek a third term, Adams was widely recognized by the Federalists as next-in-line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0010-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nHamilton appears to have hoped in 1796 that his influence within an Adams administration would be as great as or greater than in Washington's. By 1800, Hamilton had come to realize that Adams was too independent and thought the Federalist vice presidential candidate, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina, more suited to serving Hamilton's interests. In his third sabotage attempt toward Adams, Hamilton quietly schemed to elect Pinckney to the presidency. Given Pinckney's lack of political experience, he would have been expected to be open to Hamilton's influence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0010-0001", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nHowever, Hamilton's plan backfired and hurt the Federalist party, particularly after one of his letters, a scathing criticism of Adams that was fifty-four pages long, fell into the hands of a Democratic-Republican and soon after became public. It embarrassed Adams and damaged Hamilton's efforts on behalf of Pinckney, not to mention speeding Hamilton's own political decline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0011-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe contemporarily unorthodox public campaigning methods employed in 1800 were first employed by Jefferson's running mate and campaign manager, Aaron Burr, who is credited by some historians with inventing the modern electioneering process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0012-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Selection method changes\nPartisans on both sides sought any advantage they could find. In several states, this included changing the process of selecting electors to ensure the desired result. In Georgia, Democratic-Republican legislators replaced the popular vote with selection by the state legislature. Federalist legislators did the same in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. This may have had some unintended consequences in Massachusetts, where the makeup of the delegation to the House of Representatives changed from 12 Federalists and 2 Democratic-Republicans to 8 Federalists and 6 Democratic-Republicans, perhaps the result of backlash on the part of the electorate. Pennsylvania also switched to legislative choice, but this resulted in an almost evenly split set of electors. Virginia switched from electoral districts to winner-take-all, a move that probably switched one or two votes out of the Federalist column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 94], "content_span": [95, 996]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0013-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Voting\nBecause each state could choose its own election day in 1800, voting lasted from April to October. In April, Burr's mobilization of the vote in New York City succeeded in reversing the Federalist majority in the state legislature to provide decisive support for the Democratic-Republican ticket. With the two parties tied 63\u201363 in the Electoral College in the autumn of 1800, the last state to vote, South Carolina, chose eight Democratic-Republicans to award the election to Jefferson and Burr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0014-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Voting\nUnder the United States Constitution as it then stood, each elector cast two votes, and the candidate with a majority of the votes was elected president, with the vice presidency going to the runner-up. The Federalists therefore arranged for one of their electors to vote for John Jay rather than for Pinckney. The Democratic-Republicans had a similar plan to have one of their electors cast a vote for another candidate instead of Burr but failed to execute it, thus all of the Democratic-Republican electors cast their votes for both Jefferson and Burr, 73 in all for each of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0014-0001", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Voting\nAccording to a provision of the United States Constitution, a tie in a case of this type had to be resolved by the House of Representatives, with each state casting one vote. Although the congressional election of 1800 turned over majority control of the House of Representatives to the Democratic-Republicans by 68 seats to 38, the presidential election had to be decided by the outgoing House that had been elected in the congressional election of 1798 (at that time, the new presidential and congressional terms all started on March 4 of the year after a national election). In the outgoing House, the Federalists retained a majority of 60 seats to 46.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0015-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Disputes, Defective certificate\nWhen the electoral ballots were opened and counted on February 11, 1801, it turned out that the certificate of election from Georgia was defective: while it was clear that the electors had cast their votes for Jefferson and Burr, the certificate did not take the constitutionally mandated form of a \"List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each\". Vice President Jefferson, who was counting the votes in his role as President of the Senate, immediately counted the votes from Georgia as votes for Jefferson and Burr, and no objections were raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 91], "content_span": [92, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0016-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, General election, Disputes, Defective certificate\nIf the disputed Georgia ballots were rejected on these technicalities, Jefferson and Burr would have been left with 69 votes each, or one short of the 70 votes required for a majority, meaning a contingent election would have been required between the top five finishers (Jefferson, Burr, incumbent president John Adams, Charles C. Pickney and John Jay) in the House of Representatives. With these votes, the total number of votes for Jefferson and Burr was 73, which gave them a majority of the total, but they were tied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 91], "content_span": [92, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0017-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, Results\nJefferson and Burr carried every state that had supported the Democratic-Republicans in 1796, made gains in Maryland, and picked up Burr's home state of New York. In the six states choosing electors by some form of popular vote, they won a landslide over Adams and Pinckney, polling 15,846 more votes than the Federalist ticket. Adams made gains in Pennsylvania and North Carolina, but these votes were not enough to offset the Democratic-Republican gains elsewhere. Of the 155 counties and independent cities making returns, Jefferson and Burr won in 115 (74.19%), whereas the Adams ticket carried 40 (25.81%). This was the last time that Vermont voted for the Federalists, and the last time a Federalist won electoral votes from Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0018-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, Results\nSource (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825Source (Electoral Vote):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0019-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, Results\n(a) Votes for Federalist electors have been assigned to John Adams and votes for Democratic-Republican electors have been assigned to Thomas Jefferson. (b) Only 6 of the 16 states chose electors by any form of popular vote. (c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. (d) Eight votes were cast for electors pledged to both Adams and Jefferson; 46 votes were cast for electors of unknown affiliation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0020-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, Results by state\nOf the 16 states that took part in the 1800 election, six (Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Virginia) used some kind of popular vote. In Rhode Island and Virginia, voters elected their state's entire Electoral College delegation at large; Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee all used some variation of single-member districts. In the rest, electors were chosen by the state legislature. Popular vote records for several states are incomplete, and the returns from Kentucky and Tennessee appear to have been lost. Below are the surviving popular vote figures as published in A New Nation Votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0021-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, Results by state, District results\nKentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee chose each of their electors from specially-drawn single-member districts, the results from which are as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0022-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, Results by state, Close states and districts\nStates and districts where the margin of victory was under 1%:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 86], "content_span": [87, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0023-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, Results by state, Close states and districts\nStates and districts where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 86], "content_span": [87, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0024-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, Results by state, Close states and districts\nStates and districts where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 86], "content_span": [87, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0025-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, 1801 contingent election\nIn February 1801, the members of the House of Representatives balloted as states to determine whether Jefferson or Burr would become president. There were sixteen states, each with one vote; an absolute majority of nine was required for victory. It was the outgoing House of Representatives, controlled by the Federalist Party, that was charged with electing the new president. Jefferson was the great enemy of the Federalists, and a faction of Federalist representatives tried to block him and elect Burr. Most Federalists voted for Burr, giving Burr six of the eight states controlled by Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0025-0001", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, 1801 contingent election\nThe seven delegations controlled by Democratic-Republicans all voted for Jefferson, and Georgia's sole Federalist representative also voted for him, giving him eight states. The Vermont delegation was evenly split and cast a blank ballot. The remaining state, Maryland, had five Federalist representatives to three Democratic-Republicans; one of its Federalist representatives voted for Jefferson, forcing that state delegation also to cast a blank ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0026-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, 1801 contingent election\nPublicly, Burr remained quiet between mid-December 1800 and mid-February 1801, when the electoral votes were counted. Behind the scenes, he faced mounting pressure from within the party to step aside if he and Jefferson should tie in electoral votes. However, there was confusion as to whether or not Burr could simply concede the presidency to Jefferson and become vice-president, or whether he would have been forced to withdraw entirely and allow one of the Federalist candidates to become vice-president, as the Constitution was unclear on the matter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0026-0001", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, 1801 contingent election\nRegardless, he refused to disavow the presidency, writing in December 1800 to Representative Samuel Smith (R-MD) that he would not \"engage to resign\" if chosen president, adding that the question was \"unnecessary, unreasonable and impertinent.\" Rumors circulated that Representative James A. Bayard (F-DE) had\u2014purportedly in Burr's name\u2014approached Smith and Edward Livingston (R-NY) with offers of political appointments if they voted for Burr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0027-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, 1801 contingent election\nTrue or not, House Republicans, who from the start of the 1800 campaign viewed Jefferson as their candidate for president and Burr for vice president, faced two abhorrent possible outcomes when the House met to vote: the Federalists could engineer a victory for Burr; or the Federalists could refuse to break the deadlock, leaving Federalist Secretary of State John Marshall as Acting President. Neither came to pass however, chiefly due to Hamilton's energetic opposition to Burr. Hamilton embarked on a frenzied letter-writing campaign to get Federalist Representatives to switch votes. He urged the Federalists to support Jefferson because he was \"by far not so dangerous a man\" as Burr; in short, he would much rather have someone with wrong principles than someone devoid of any.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0028-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, 1801 contingent election\nFrom February 11 to 17, the House cast a total of 35 ballots; each time eight state delegations voted for Jefferson, one short of the necessary majority of nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0029-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, 1801 contingent election\nOn February 17, on the 36th ballot, Bayard changed his vote from Burr to no selection, joined by his allies in Maryland and Vermont. This changed the Maryland and Vermont votes from no selection to Jefferson, giving him the votes of 10 states and the presidency. The four representatives present from South Carolina, all Federalists, also changed their 3\u20131 selection of Burr to four abstentions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0030-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, 1801 contingent election\nDue to the experiences of this and the previous election, sentiment for a new way of selecting the President and Vice-President rose significantly, resulting in the 12th Amendment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0031-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, 1801 contingent election, Results\n(a) The votes of the representatives is typical and may have fluctuated from ballot to ballot, but the result for each state did not change. (b) Even though Georgia had two representatives apportioned, one seat was vacant due to the death of James Jones. (c) Even though South Carolina had six representatives apportioned, Thomas Sumter was absent due to illness, and Abraham Nott departed for South Carolina between the first and final ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0032-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, Electoral College selection\nThe Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their electors were chosen. Different state legislatures chose different methods:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0033-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, In popular culture\nThe election's story and the eventual reconciliation between Jefferson and Adams was also retold in a second-season episode of Comedy Central's Drunk History, with Jerry O'Connell portraying Jefferson and Joe Lo Truglio as Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0034-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, In popular culture\nThe election was featured in the HBO miniseries John Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0035-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, In popular culture\nIn Hamilton, a 2015 musical by Lin Manuel Miranda, the contest between Jefferson and Burr is recounted in \"The Election of 1800.\" The song focuses on Alexander Hamilton's role in deciding the outcome of the 1801 contingent election. In the musical, John Adams's unpopularity means the real choice is between Jefferson and Burr, with Hamilton's \"endorsement\" tipping the scales in Jefferson's favor. Historians have criticized the musical for overstating Hamilton's importance to the outcome, as well as inflating the proportions of Jefferson's victory. It implies Hamilton's support for Jefferson over Burr was the catalyst for the Burr-Hamilton duel, when in fact the duel was provoked by Hamilton's statements about Burr in the 1804 New York gubernatorial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019624-0036-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election, In popular culture\nThe story of the 1801 contingent election between Burr and Jefferson is told in Gore Vidal's 1973 novel Burr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019625-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1800 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between October 31 and December 3, 1800, as part of the 1800 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose nine representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019625-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nConnecticut cast nine electoral votes for incumbent Federalist President and New England native John Adams. However, Adams would lose to Democratic-Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson nationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019626-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1800 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between October 31 and December 3, 1800, as part of the 1800 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019626-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nDuring this election, New Jersey cast seven electoral votes for incumbent Federalist President John Adams. However, Adams would lose to Democratic-Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson nationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019627-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1800 United States presidential election in New York took place between October 31 and December 3, 1800, as part of the 1800 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019627-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in New York\nDuring this election, New York cast 12 electoral votes for Democratic-Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019628-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1800 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on December 1, 1800 during a special session of the Pennsylvania General Assembly. Members of the bicameral state legislature chose 15 electors to represent Pennsylvania in the Electoral College as part of the 1800 United States presidential election. Eight Democratic-Republican electors and seven Federalist electors were selected. Unlike in the previous election, when one elector split his ballot between Republican Thomas Jefferson and Federalist Thomas Pinckney, all 15 electors followed the party line, with the Republicans voting for Jefferson and the Federalists for incumbent President John Adams. This was the first and only U.S. presidential election in which Pennsylvania's electors were not chosen by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019628-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nNationally, Jefferson and his running-mate, Aaron Burr, received 73 electoral votes apiece, to 65 for Adams and 64 for Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. The tie between Jefferson and Burr led to a contingent election in the House of Representatives, which Jefferson won, becoming the third president of the United States on March 4, 1801.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019628-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Campaign\nIn 1800, there was no general statute governing all elections in Pennsylvania; instead, the legislature passed a new law in advance of each election to lay out the rules by which it would proceed. Following the 1799 state elections, the Assembly was divided between the Republican-controlled House of Representatives and the Federalist-controlled Senate and was therefore unable to pass an election law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 66], "content_span": [67, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019628-0002-0001", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Campaign\nHouse Republicans supported a plan to choose all 15 electors by a statewide popular vote, as had been done in previous elections, but the 13 Federalist senators opposed this measure in the belief Jefferson would win an overwhelming victory (as he had in 1796) if the choice were put to the population at-large. They instead proposed that the electors be chosen from specially-drawn districts in order to maximize the Federalist vote and deny Jefferson the whole part of the Pennsylvania delegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 66], "content_span": [67, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019628-0003-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Campaign\nThe deadlock continued well into fall 1800, at which point a popular vote became impractical, and the debate turned to how the electors would be chosen by the Assembly itself. The Republicans favored selecting all 15 electors in a joint session of the entire Assembly, but the Federalists, who would have been outnumbered in that case, demanded separate elections in the Senate and the House. Outraged Republicans undertook a public campaign in support of a joint selection but failed to sway the holdout senators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 66], "content_span": [67, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019628-0003-0001", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Campaign\nFinally, under a compromise proposed by Governor Thomas McKean, seven Republican and seven Federalist electors were appointed, with the fifteenth elector to be chosen by a joint session of the Assembly. Believing incorrectly that South Carolina's electors would give the Federalist ticket a narrow majority in the Electoral College if Pennsylvania's votes were not recorded, Republican leaders agreed to the compromise. Samuel Wetheril, the Republican nominee, defeated Robert Coleman, the Federalist nominee, by a vote of 60 to 33 to become the final elector, giving the Republicans eight of Pennsylvania's 15 electoral votes to seven for the Federalists. Seven members of the Assembly did not vote and two had not yet taken the oath of office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 66], "content_span": [67, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019628-0004-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Results\nNote: These are the vote totals for each candidate for the entire State Assembly, including the State Senate and the State House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019629-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1800 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between October 31 and December 3, 1800, as part of the 1800 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 8 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019629-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nDuring this election, South Carolina cast 8 electoral votes for incumbent Democratic-Republican Party candidate Vice President Thomas Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019630-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1800 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between October 31 and December 3, 1800, as part of the 1800 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019630-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 United States presidential election in Vermont\nDuring this election, Vermont cast four electoral votes for incumbent Federalist President and New England native John Adams. However, Adams would lose to Democratic-Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson nationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019631-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1800 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019631-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Middlebury on October 9. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019631-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe committee examined the votes, which showed that Isaac Tichenor was chosen for a fourth one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a fifth one-year term. No candidate for treasurer had a majority of the popular vote. In accordance with the Vermont Constitution, the General Assembly was required to make a choice. The Assembly met on October 10 and elected Benjamin Swan. Vote totals for the governor's race were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019632-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 Virginia's 13th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Virginia's 13th congressional district on July 31, 1800 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation, on June 7, 1800, of John Marshall (F), who was named Secretary of State by President John Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019633-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 7th Congress in 1800 and 1801, at the same time as the 1800 presidential election, in which Vice President Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic Republican, defeated incumbent President John Adams, a Federalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019633-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections\nThese elections resulted in the Democratic-Republicans picking up 22 seats from the Federalists. This brought the Democratic-Republicans a solid majority of 68 seats, whereas the Federalists were only able to secure 38. Many state legislatures also changed to Democratic-Republican control, with the result that many new Democratic-Republicans were voted into the Senate. The Federalists never again succeeded in gaining a majority of seats in the House of Representatives, and  the national Federalist Party disintegrated completely in the early 1820s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019633-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe victory of Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans can be attributed partially to unpopular policies pursued by the Adams administration, including the Alien and Sedition Acts, which sought to curtail guarantees of freedom of speech and freedom of the press spelled out in the Bill of Rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019633-0003-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe difference between Federalist policies in support of a strong national government and the Democratic-Republican preference for states' rights played a prominent role in the election. Federal taxation became an issue as Southerners and Westerners rejected federal taxes levied on property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019633-0004-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1800 and 1801 during the 6th United States Congress and 7th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019633-0005-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nNote: Between the two sources used, there is disagreement over the ordering of the candidates. Both sources have the same numbers of votes recorded, but disagree on which candidates received those votes, one source lists Goddard as 8th, Talmadge as 9th, etc., as listed here, while the other has them as 11th, 12th, etc., three places off for all of them until the bottom three listed here which are moved up to 8th-10th, suggesting that one of the two sources accidentally misplaced three names on the list. They are ordered here as Goddard and Talmadge in 8th and 9th place as it is more likely that they'd been at the top of the runners-up given that they were subsequently elected to fill vacancies in the 7th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019633-0006-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in the 1st and 6th districts, necessitating a second trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019633-0007-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nIn 1800, New Jersey returned to its traditional at-large district, continued to use this system to select representatives until it was abolished in 1842, with a single exception in 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019633-0008-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island switched to a general ticket for its two seats, instead of electing each one separately. Only one candidate received a majority in the 1800 election, requiring an 1801 run-off election to choose a Representative for the second seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019633-0009-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nClaiborne did not serve in the 7th Congress as he was appointed Governor of Mississippi Territory and was replaced in a special election by William Dickson (Democratic-Republican)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019633-0010-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont law required a candidate to win a majority to take office, necessitating a run-off election in the 2nd (Eastern) district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019634-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1800 and 1801 were elections for the United States Senate that, coinciding with their takeover of the White House, led to the Democratic-Republican Party taking control of the United States Senate. Although the Federalists began the next (7th) Congress with a slim majority, they lost their majority shortly thereafter due to mid-year special elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019634-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States Senate elections\nBy the time the first proper session of the 7th Congress met in December 1801, three seats had been gained by the Democratic-Republicans, leaving them with an overall majority of 17 seats and a Government trifecta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019634-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019634-0003-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Before the November elections\nAfter the November 6, 1800 special election in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 98], "content_span": [99, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019634-0004-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nExcept if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019634-0005-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the preceding Congress\nIn these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1801; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 109], "content_span": [110, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019634-0006-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the next Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1801; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019634-0007-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the next Congress\nIn these special elections, the winner was seated after March 4, 1801; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019634-0008-0000", "contents": "1800 and 1801 United States Senate elections, Maryland, Maryland (Regular)\nThe Maryland legislature failed to elect a senator before the March 4, 1801 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019635-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in Argentina\nIn 1800, the territory that would later become Argentina was part of the Viceroyalty of the R\u00edo de la Plata, part of the Spanish Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019636-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1800 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019639-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1800 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019639-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 in Chile, Events\nJuly 3 - The city of  San Carlos is founded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019645-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in New Zealand\nThe only recorded ship visit is a 3-day visit to Hauraki (the Waihou River between the Hauraki Plains and Coromandel Peninsula) to collect timber. It is possible that sealers visit Dusky Sound and that whalers are off the north-east coast but no specific records of any such activity remains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019649-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in Siam\nFormerly the capital of the Kingdom of Siam, Ayutthaya was a monumental city located within Southeast Asia. Founded in 1351, the Kingdom reigned between the years 1351 \u2013 1767, before its collapse in 1767 due to a Burmese invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019649-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 in Siam, Trade\nAyutthaya was a major trade trading centre, enjoying prosperous diplomatic ties with China, Japan, Persia and the former Ryukyu Kingdom, now known as Okinawa. From the seventeenth century onwards, Ayutthaya developed ties with significant European states including Great Britain, Netherlands, and Portugal. Developing a strong relationship with France, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya gifted over 1500 pieces of porcelain and traditional items to the French King and his relatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019649-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 in Siam, Collapse\nFollowing a hostile invasion from neighbouring Burma in 1767, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya collapsed along with the destruction of the majority of its artefacts. \"The Kingdom of Siam: The Art of Central Thailand, 1350-1800\" was an art exhibition, displaying eighty-nine of the surviving Ayutthayan artworks. Amongst the artworks exhibited, included stone and bronze Buddha images, sculptures of Hindu deities, figural and decorative wood carvings, temple furnishings, illuminated manuscripts, jewellery, and textiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019649-0003-0000", "contents": "1800 in Siam, Reform\nNow known as Thailand, Siam underwent reform in 1932 which resulted in the state transforming from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, whilst changing its name to Thailand in 1939. Thailand reverted its name back to Siam in 1945, however in 1949 this was reversed and Thailand has remained its name to this day. \u201cThai\u201d refers to the name of the largest ethnicity residing in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019649-0004-0000", "contents": "1800 in Siam, Thailand in the present\nThailand remains the only state in Southeast Asia not to be colonised by Europeans, through the selective ceding of Malay territories to the British Empire. During the Second World War, Thailand aligned its allegiance to Japan. After the Second World War, Thailand became allies with the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019650-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1800 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019653-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1800 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019656-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in art\nThe year 1800 in art is often estimated to be the beginning of the change from the Neoclassicism movement, that was based on Roman art, to the  Romantic movement, which encouraged emotional art and ended around 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019657-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019659-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019659-0001-0000", "contents": "1800 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019659-0002-0000", "contents": "1800 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019660-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019661-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in science\nThe year 1800 in science and technology included many significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019662-0000-0000", "contents": "1800 in sports\n1800 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019664-0000-0000", "contents": "1800Mattress.com\n1800Mattress.com (formerly known as 1-800-Mattress, Dial-A-Mattress and Dial-A-Mattress Operating Corps) is an American bedding retailer headquartered in Hicksville, New York and famous for its ads that used the slogan \"leave off the last S for savings\" (since the word \"mattress\" has 8 letters and only 7 are necessary for the phoneword).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019664-0001-0000", "contents": "1800Mattress.com, History\n1800mattress.com was founded as Dial-A-Mattress in 1976 by furniture store employee Napoleon Barragan. His idea for the business was inspired by an advertisement for Dial-A-Steak, a business that sold meat over the telephone. From its beginnings as a basement operation, 1979 saw the first Dial-A-Mattress ads on television and in October 1988, Dial-A-Mattress started promoting their toll-free 800 number in broadcast ads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019664-0001-0001", "contents": "1800Mattress.com, History\nHaving quickly eclipsed the furniture store where Barragan originally worked,  the company went national in 1994 and later the name was changed to 1-800-Mattress corresponding with the familiar \"1-800-Mattress\" jingle written by Andy Vallario, the President and chief creative officer of Media Results, Inc. Part of the company's growth was spurred by referrals and a familiarity with the brand, largely due to the catchy jingle and brand awareness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019664-0002-0000", "contents": "1800Mattress.com, History\nIn 2005, near the company's peak when it was the leading bedding telemarketing company in the US, 1800mattress had more than 300 employees with annual sales in excess of $100 million. It had nearly 50 showrooms and 250 distributors nationwide. On March 23, 2009, 1-800-Mattress filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection pending a proposed merger with former rival, Sleepy's and later that year the merger was completed and 1-800-Mattress officially became 1800Mattress.com. In 2015, Sleepy's was acquired from Mattress Firm for $780 million. While Sleepy's retail stores became Mattress Firm, 1800Mattress.com still exists to this day. In  2019, Mattress Firm appointed John Eck as its new CEO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0000-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade)\nThe 1800s (pronounced \"eighteen-hundreds\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1800, and ended on December 31, 1809. The term \"eighteen-hundreds\" can also mean the years between 1800 and 1899 (the years beginning with \"18\"), and is almost synonymous with the 19th century (1801\u20131900). This article refers to the decade comprising 1800\u20131809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0001-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade)\nThe decade was a period of drastic change. The advancements of the previous three decades towards the end of the 18th century had propelled the Industrial Revolution into a global movement, with entire wars fought with the newly developed technologies \u2013 creating an impetus to imperialist campaigns across Africa and Asia, as well as the counter-movement on Latin America later on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0002-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Politics and wars, Napoleonic Wars\nThe European political landscape was dominated by the Napoleonic Wars, a series of conflicts declared against Napoleon's First French Empire and changing sets of European allies by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to the application of modern mass conscription. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe by the end of the decade. The decade brought hard times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0003-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Politics and wars, Napoleonic Wars\nOn 9 November 1799 (18 Brumaire), Napoleon overthrew the French government, replacing it with the Consulate, in which he was First Consul. On 2 December 1804, after a failed assassination plot, he crowned himself Emperor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0003-0001", "contents": "1800s (decade), Politics and wars, Napoleonic Wars\nIn 1805, Napoleon planned to invade Britain, but a renewed British alliance with Russia and Austria (Third Coalition), forced him to turn his attention towards the continent, while at the same time failure to lure the superior British fleet away from the English Channel, ending in a decisive French defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar (in this battle, British Admiral Horatio Nelson was fatally wounded) on 21 October put an end to hopes of an invasion of Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0003-0002", "contents": "1800s (decade), Politics and wars, Napoleonic Wars\nOn 2 December 1805, Napoleon defeated a numerically superior Austro-Russian army at Austerlitz, forcing Austria's withdrawal from the coalition (see Treaty of Pressburg) and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, a Fourth Coalition was set up, on 14 October Napoleon defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, marched through Germany and defeated the Russians on 14 June 1807 at  Friedland. The Treaties of Tilsit divided Europe between France and Russia and created the Duchy of Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0004-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Politics and wars, Napoleonic Wars\nThe War of the Fifth Coalition, fought in the year 1809, pitted a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against the French Empire and Bavaria. Major engagements between France and Austria, the main participants, unfolded over much of Central Europe from April to July, with very high casualty rates. Britain, already involved on the European continent in the ongoing Peninsular War, sent another expedition, the Walcheren Campaign, to the Netherlands in order to relieve the Austrians, although this effort had little impact on the outcome of the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0004-0001", "contents": "1800s (decade), Politics and wars, Napoleonic Wars\nAfter much campaigning in Bavaria and across the Danube valley, the war ended favorably for the French after the bloody struggle at Wagram in early July, resulting in the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn . Although fighting in the Iberian Peninsula continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition was the last major conflict on the European continent until the French invasion of Russia in 1812 sparked the Sixth Coalition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0005-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Politics and wars, Other wars and political upheavals\n1800s1 Jan 1800 \u2013 31 Dec 1809The 1800s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1800, and ended on December 31, 1809. It was a decade of drastic change", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 69], "content_span": [70, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0006-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Politics and wars, Slavery\nThis decade marked the greatest increase of the Atlantic slave trade to the United States. During the period of 1798 and 1808, approximately 200,000 slaves were imported from Africa to the United States. Still, the abolitionist movement began to gain ground in this period. Britain enacted the Slave Trade Act 1807, which barred the trade of slaves in Great Britain (though slavery was still legal). The United States enacted a similar ban in 1808. However, Napoleon revoked the French Empire's ban on slavery with the Law of 20 May 1802.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0007-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Politics and wars, Slavery\nOn 30 August 1800, under the cloak of religious meetings, Gabriel Prosser and Jack Bowler planned a slave rebellion in Richmond, Virginia. The rebellion was postponed due to poor weather and was ultimately unsuccessful because of unnamed two slaves betraying the cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0008-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Politics and wars, World leaders\n1800 \u2013 1801 \u2013 1802 \u2013 1803 \u2013 1804 \u2013 1805 \u2013 1806 \u2013 1807 \u2013 1808 \u2013 1809", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0009-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Science and technology, Electricity\nThis decade contained some of the earliest experiments in electrochemistry. In 1800 Alessandro Volta constructed a voltaic pile, the first device to produce a large electric current, later known as the electric battery. Napoleon, informed of his works, summoned him in 1801 for a command performance of his experiments. He received many medals and decorations, including the L\u00e9gion d'honneur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0010-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Science and technology, Electricity\nAlso in 1800, William Nicholson and Johann Wilhelm Ritter succeeded in decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis. Soon thereafter Ritter discovered the process of electroplating. He also observed that the amount of metal deposited and the amount of oxygen produced during an electrolytic process depended on the distance between the electrodes. By 1801 Ritter observed thermoelectric currents and anticipated the discovery of thermoelectricity by Thomas Johann Seebeck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0011-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Science and technology, Electricity\nIn 1806, Humphry Davy decomposed potash and soda, employing a voltaic pile of approximately 250 cells, showing that these substances were respectively the oxides of potassium and sodium, which metals previously had been unknown. Employing a battery of 2,000 elements of a voltaic pile and charcoal enclosed in a vacuum, Davy gave the first public demonstration of the electric arc lamp in 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0012-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Science and technology, Electricity\nSteam transportation started to become viable during this decade. In 1803, William Symington's Charlotte Dundas, generally considered to be the world's first practical steamboat, made her first voyage. Later, in 1807, Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat, the world's first commercially successful steamboat, made her maiden voyage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0013-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Science and technology, Electricity\nIn 1801, Richard Trevithick ran a full-sized steam 'road locomotive' on the road in Camborne, England, followed by his 10-seater London Steam Carriage in 1803. In 1804, Trevithick built a prototype steam-powered railway locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0014-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Science and technology, Electricity\nThe first railway began operating during this time. The Surrey Iron Railway in Great Britain was established by the British Parliament in 1801, and began operation on 26 July 1803. The railway relied on horse-drawn haulage than powered locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0015-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Science and technology, Electricity\nIn 1807, Isaac de Rivas made a hydrogen gas-powered vehicle, the first vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. James Watt creates first steam engine based on Newcomen's design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0016-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Culture, Fashion\nFashion in this period in European and European-influenced countries saw the final triumph of undress or informal styles over the brocades, lace, periwig, and powder of the earlier eighteenth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0017-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Culture, Fashion\nFashionable women's clothing styles were based on the Empire silhouette \u2014 dresses were closely fitted to the torso just under the bust, falling loosely below. Inspired by neoclassical tastes, the short-waisted gowns sported soft, flowing skirts and were often made of white, almost transparent muslin, which was easily washed and draped loosely like the garments on Greek and Roman statues. No respectable woman would leave the house without a hat or bonnet. The antique head-dress, or Queen Mary coif, Chinese hat, Oriental inspired turban, and Highland helmet were popular. As for bonnets, their crowns and brims were adorned with increasingly elaborate ornamentations, such as feathers and ribbons. In fact, ladies of the day embellished their hats frequently, replacing old decorations with new trims or feathers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019665-0018-0000", "contents": "1800s (decade), Culture, Fashion\n1800\u20131809 was the height of dandyism in men's fashion in Europe, following the example of Beau Brummell. Older men, military officers, and those in conservative professions such as lawyers and physicians retained their wigs and powder into this period, but younger men of fashion wore their hair in short curls, often with long sideburns. This period saw the final abandonment of lace, embroidery, and other embellishment from serious men's clothing outside of formalized court dress. Instead, cut and tailoring became much more important as an indicator of quality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0000-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons\nThe decade of the 1800s featured the 1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons. While data is not available for every storm that occurred, some parts of the coastline were populated enough to give data of hurricane occurrences. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0001-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1800 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A minimal hurricane that passed through the Leeward Islands on August 10 moved through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico to strike southeast Louisiana on August 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0002-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1800 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) On August 27 and August 28, a hurricane struck Exuma in the Bahamas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0003-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1800 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) During September 9 and September 10 a hurricane impacted Bermuda. The storm dismasted the brig Eliza sailing from Savannah to New York, causing the loss of two lives from those swept overboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0004-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1800 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) The October Storm of 1800 Between October 2 and October 5, a hurricane lingered across South Carolina. Twelve ships foundered at Charleston. The cyclone spawned a tornado which moved across the northwest section of the city. Its storm surge swept across much of Sullivan's Island. One died in Charleston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0005-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1800 Atlantic hurricane season\n5) The ship, Galgo, was sunk during a hurricane on October 9 over the southwest Atlantic. All 25 crew members were rescued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0006-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1800 Atlantic hurricane season\n6)   On October 31, a hurricane struck Jamaica before moving onward to Cuba and the southwest Atlantic. During November 4 and November 5, Bermuda experienced this hurricane. A lighthouse begun in 1795 on Wreck Hill was abandoned after this storm, as it was then determined to be an unsuitable site. (from Beware the Hurricane)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0007-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1801 Atlantic hurricane season\n1)  Nassau, Bahamas experienced a hurricane on July 22. 120 sails were wrecked onshore. The system moved westward into the Gulf of Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0008-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1801 Atlantic hurricane season\n2)   On August 15 and August 16, this hurricane made landfall near Mobile, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0009-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1802 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A hurricane was spotted west of Jamaica between October 6 and October 10. A hurricane was reported in Jackson, (Adams) New Hampshire. There were so many trees blown down, the town could not perform survey. Recorded in Vol 7 page 185 of NH legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0010-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1803 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) In August, a hurricane hit the West Indies. It continued through Jamaica, moved northward, and eventually hit England later in the month. It caused 121 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0011-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1803 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) A hurricane hit near the Chesapeake Bay on August 29, causing at least one death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0012-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1803 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) The Carolina Hurricane of 1803 In addition, a minimal hurricane right on its heels hit near New Bern, North Carolina on August 31 and September 1. This type of tropical cyclone succession up the coast is similar to the Connie/Diane East coast landfalls of 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0013-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1803 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) The Norfolk Storm of 1803 During October 2 and October 3, a hurricane reportedly impacted Norfolk, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0014-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1804 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) During August 18 and August 19, a hurricane was noted east of Bermuda, sinking the ship Alexander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0015-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1804 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) On August 29, a violent hurricane was noted in Jamaica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0016-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1804 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) 1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, The Great Charleston Gale of 1804, or Hurricane Santa Rosal\u00eda of 1804", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0017-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1804 Atlantic hurricane season\nA hurricane was first spotted near the Leeward Islands on September 3. Most ships at harbor in St. Kitts, Antigua, St. Bartholomew, and Dominica were destroyed. Reported strongest hurricane to hit St. Kitts since 1772 one. It moved west-northwestward across western Puerto Rico and Turks Island on September 4. The storm turned northwest, negatively impacting September 6\u20137. It then moved northwest to hit Georgia as a major hurricane on September 7. It continued slowly through South Carolina and North Carolina, leaving the mainland on September 9 before striking New England on September 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0017-0001", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1804 Atlantic hurricane season\nReported strongest hurricane to hit Charleston since 1752 one. The hurricane caused 500 deaths. Damages to crops on St. Simons Island totaled $100,000 (1804 USD). Overall damages from Savannah totaled $500,000 (1804 USD), while Charleston incurred $1,000,000 in damages (1804 USD). Part of cluster of hurricanes struck Charleston area in 1804, 1811, 1813, 1820, and 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0018-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1804 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) Between September 22 and September 24, a tropical storm tracked from Cuba northward to South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0019-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1804 Atlantic hurricane season\nLater in the season, a major hurricane moved northwestward across the Western Atlantic to the north of Puerto Rico. It hit near Atlantic City, New Jersey on October 9, and turned northeastward. As it crossed New England, cool air was entrained in the circulation, and it became extratropical. The storm brought heavy snow across the Northeast, in some areas up to 2\u20133\u00a0feet, and killed 8 people. This was the first observation of snow from a landfalling hurricane, but not the last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0020-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1805 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) Between July 27 and August 1, a hurricane tracked through the southwest Atlantic east of Bermuda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0021-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1805 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) On September 30, a hurricane struck Mantanzas, Cuba then moved northward into Maine by October 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0022-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1806 Atlantic hurricane season\nA tropical cyclone was noted near the northeastern Lesser Antilles on August 17. Moving west-northwest, the cyclone strengthened into a major hurricane. As it moved offshore Georgia, coastal flooding occurred on Jekyll Island on August 22. The schooner L. T. was wrecked offshore St. Mary's, Georgia. Charleston, South Carolina experienced heavy rains and high winds which uprooted trees. Georgetown, South Carolina's lighthouse was leveled during the storm. The hurricane hit the southern North Carolina coast on August 23 and led to 42 deaths. It moved out to sea, disrupting British and French ships involved in the Napoleonic Wars. After struggling against the storm offshore the Mid-Atlantic coastline, the Rose in Bloom capsized offshore New Jersey on August 24, with a loss of 23 passengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0023-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1806 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) A tropical cyclone moved through the Mona Passage on August 26 before moving just offshore the East Coast of the United States through September 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0024-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1806 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) A tropical storm caused damage in Vera Cruz, Mexico on September 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0025-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1806 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) Hurricane San Vicente of 1806 A hurricane hit Dominica on September 11, resulting in 457 casualties. The tropical cyclone subsequently moved through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, striking Mississippi by September 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0026-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1806 Atlantic hurricane season\n5) On September 15, a hurricane hit northeast Florida, destroying several houses but leading to no deaths. On September 17, the hurricane hit New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0027-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1806 Atlantic hurricane season\n6) On September 20, another hurricane hit Dominica, causing an additional 165 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0028-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1806 Atlantic hurricane season\n7) On September 28, a minimal hurricane hit the Outer Banks of North Carolina, destroying one ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0029-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1806 Atlantic hurricane season\n8) During October 2, a tropical cyclone was witnessed at Jamaica. Moving northward, it struck South Carolina by October 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0030-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1807 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A tropical storm moved through the Lesser Antilles on July 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0031-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1807 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) Hurricane San Jacinto of 1807 impacted Puerto Rico from August 17 to 19. It was a slow moving hurricane, affecting the island for 50 hours. The excessive rain caused all rivers to overflow causing great floods that destroyed crops. Many lives and livestock were lost. It crossed Puerto Rico from Humacao in the east to Aguadilla in the west and later continued to the Dominican Republic and Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0032-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1807 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) On September 1, another tropical cyclone moved through the Lesser Antilles, striking Trinidad de Cuba on September 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0033-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1807 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) Between October 16 and October 20, this hurricane moved from the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea to the west of Jamaica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0034-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1808 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) A minimal hurricane hit the Outer Banks on September 12, damaging the lighthouse there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0035-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1809 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A tropical cyclone struck Dominica, Guadeloupe, Tortola, and Montserrat between August 1 and August 3, killing 62 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019666-0036-0000", "contents": "1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1809 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) A tropical storm affected the northern Leeward Islands between October 9 and October 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019667-0000-0000", "contents": "1800s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1800\u20131809 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019668-0000-0000", "contents": "1800\u20131801 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in the 1st and 6th districts, necessitating a second trial that carried over until 1801.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019669-0000-0000", "contents": "1800\u20131801 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island\nRhode Island switched to a general ticket for its two seats, instead of electing each one separately. Only one candidate received a majority in the 1800 election, requiring an 1801 run-off election to choose a Representative for the second seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [74, 74], "content_span": [75, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019670-0000-0000", "contents": "1801\n1801 (MDCCCI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1801st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 801st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 1st  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1801, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019671-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum\nA constitutional referendum was held in the Batavian Republic on 6 October 1801. After a previous referendum in 1798 resulted in a new constitution being approved, the French were not satisfied with this constitution, and under their influence a new constitution was written.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019671-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum\nIn 1801, a referendum was held about the new constitution. Non -voters were counted as if they agreed to the new constitution, and the constitution passed with 87.46% in favour. On 16 October 1801, the new constitution became official.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019672-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 California Street\n1801 California Street is a skyscraper in Denver, Colorado. The building was completed in 1983, and rises 53 floors and 709 feet (216\u00a0m) in height. The building stands as the second-tallest building in Denver and Colorado, and as the 151st-tallest building in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019672-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 California Street\n1801 California Street was previously occupied by offices for US West, and then served as the world headquarters of Qwest Communications. In summer 2011 following CenturyLink's acquisition of Qwest, the Qwest sign was removed from the top and replaced with the CenturyLink sign. Upon its completion in 1983, the building stood as the tallest building in the city. However, it held that distinction for less than a year, being surpassed by Republic Plaza in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019672-0002-0000", "contents": "1801 California Street\nThe building has a brown concrete fa\u00e7ade, and has a stepped design featuring four setbacks. It is an example of late-modernist high-rise architecture. The shape of the building resembles two interlocked octagonal sections, which separate near the building's roof. The roof houses an antenna mast; with this structure included, the building reaches to a total height of 738 feet (225\u00a0m), surpassing the 717-foot (219\u00a0m) roof of Republic Plaza. Therefore, when measuring by pinnacle height, 1801 California Street remains the tallest building in Denver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019672-0003-0000", "contents": "1801 California Street\n1801 California Street once held the distinction of hosting the brightest high-rise signs in the world, surpassing even the brightly lit high-rise logos found on the skyscrapers of Shanghai and Hong Kong. Four Qwest logos were installed in 2000, after the corporation moved their offices from 555 17th Street, situated two blocks away. The signs, light blue in color, were at the time the brightest high-rise lights in the world, visible from over 70 miles (113\u00a0km) away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019672-0003-0001", "contents": "1801 California Street\nHowever, Qwest removed the signs in 2004 due to increasing complaints from residents of Downtown Denver and rising energy costs, and the lights were replaced with ones of a darker blue color. In December 2011, Brookfield Office Properties acquired 1801 California Street from Public Service Enterprise Group for $215 million. In October 2015 the Transamerica logo was added to the skyscraper. On November 2, 2015 Transamerica relocated its Denver operations to 1801 California and now occupies several floors of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019672-0004-0000", "contents": "1801 California Street\nIn the lobby of the building is an Ink Coffee and 1801 Eatery, and the Guard and Grace steakhouse. Brookfield sold a 51% interest in the property to AFL-CIO Building Investment Trust for $286 million on March 30, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019672-0005-0000", "contents": "1801 California Street\nExterior shots of the building were used as the setting for Colbyco in the television series Dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019673-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1801 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on April 9, 1801. Incumbent Federalist Governor Jonathan Trumbull Jr. won re-election to a fourth full term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate Richard Law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019674-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1801 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 6, 1801.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019674-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 Delaware gubernatorial election\nActing Governor James Sykes was not eligible for re-election under the Delaware Constitution of 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019674-0002-0000", "contents": "1801 Delaware gubernatorial election\nDemocratic-Republican nominee David Hall defeated Federalist nominee Nathaniel Mitchell with 50.13% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019674-0003-0000", "contents": "1801 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019675-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 English cricket season\nThe 1801 English cricket season was the 30th in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the 15th after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw three top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019675-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 English cricket season\nThomas Boxall published the earliest known instructional book on cricket called Rules and Instructions for Playing at the Game of Cricket etc..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019675-0002-0000", "contents": "1801 English cricket season, Matches\nOnly three top-class matches were played during the season, all of them staged at Lord's Old Ground. Two matches saw an England XI play Surrey sides. The other match was played between sides assembled by Thomas Mellish and W Turner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019676-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Georgia's at-large congressional district on March 23, 1801 to fill a vacancy left by the death of James Jones on January 11, 1801, before the start of the 7th Congress. His death had also left a vacancy in the 6th Congress, which went unfilled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019676-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nMilledge took his seat at the start of the 1st session of the 7th Congress, on December 7, 1801. Milledge had served earlier, in the 4th and 5th Congresses. Milledge himself would subsequently resign in May, 1802, upon being elected Governor of Georgia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019677-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Hollis Street\n1801 Hollis Street is an office building in downtown Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Home to many prominent businesses, it was built in 1985 and is one of the tallest buildings in Halifax, standing at 87 metres, with 22 floors. It is located near the waterfront, in a major financial district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019677-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 Hollis Street\nThe building was originally known as the Central Trust Tower, but was re-branded as \"1801\" when the trust company closed in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019678-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1801 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019678-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nFederalist Governor Caleb Strong was re-elected to a second consecutive one-year term in office, defeating Democratic-Republican Elbridge Gerry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019679-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Massachusetts's 14th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 14th congressional district to fill the vacancy left by George Thatcher (F) declining to serve a 7th term, having served continuously since the 1st Congress and, after the death of Thomas Hartley (F) in Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district on December 21, 1800, the last remaining member of the 1st Congress to have continuously served in the House. The election was held on June 22, 1801", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019679-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 Massachusetts's 14th congressional district special election, Election results\nCutts took his seat with the rest of the 7th Congress at the start of the 1st session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019680-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 4th congressional district August 24, 1801 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Levi Lincoln Sr. (DR) on March 5, 1801, before the first session of Congress, upon being appointed U.S. Attorney General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019680-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election, Election results\nMassachusetts electoral law required a majority for election, which was not met on the June 22, 1801 first ballot, requiring a second election held on August 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019681-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 New Hampshire gubernatorial election\nThe 1801 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 10, 1801. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Taylor Gilman won re-election to an eighth term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate Timothy Walker in a re-match of the previous year's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019682-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1801 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1801 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019682-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic-Republican Party nominated state assemblyman and former Governor George Clinton. They nominated former U.S. representative and president of the Bank of Albany Jeremiah Van Rensselaer for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019682-0002-0000", "contents": "1801 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Federalist Party nominated Lieutenant Governor Stephen Van Rensselaer. They nominated former U.S. senator James Watson for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019682-0003-0000", "contents": "1801 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nThe Democratic-Republican ticket of Clinton and Jeremiah Van Rensselaer was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019683-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 New York's 6th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New York's 6th congressional district October 6\u20138, 1801 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of John Bird (F) on July 26, 1801, prior to the first meeting of the 7th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019683-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 New York's 6th congressional district special election, Election results\nJohn P. Van Ness took his seat December 7, 1801, but did not complete the term, as he was appointed by President Thomas Jefferson as a major in the militia of the District of Columbia and on January 17, 1803, his seat was declared vacant and left vacant until the start of the Eighth Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019684-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 North Carolina's 8th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in North Carolina's 8th congressional district on August 6, 1801 to fill a vacancy created when David Stone (F) resigned upon being elected to the Senate before the 7th Congress began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019684-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 North Carolina's 8th congressional district special election, Election results\nJohnson took his seat on December 7, 1801, at the start of the 7th Congress. He subsequently died on July 23, 1802, creating a second vacancy which was filled in another special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019685-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district on October 13, 1801 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Albert Gallatin (DR) in May, 1801, prior to the first meeting of the 7th Congress, after being appointed Secretary of the Treasury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019686-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district on October 13, 1801 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Peter Muhlenberg (DR) on March 3, 1801, prior to the beginning of the 7th Congress. Muhlenberg had been elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019687-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district on January 15, 1801 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Thomas Hartley (F) on December 21, 1800", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019687-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district special election, Election results\nStewart took his seat February 3, 1801. Stewart had also won the general elections in 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019688-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1801 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 1, 1801 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. Arthur Fenner, the incumbent Governor, was the sole candidate and so won with 100% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019689-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 State of the Union Address\nThe 1801 State of the Union Address was written by Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, on Tuesday, December 8, 1801. It was his first annual address, and it was presented in Washington, D.C, by a clerk. He did not speak it to the 7th United States Congress, because he thought that would make him seem like a king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019689-0000-0001", "contents": "1801 State of the Union Address\nHe said, \"Whilst we devoutly return thanks to the beneficent Being who has been pleased to breathe into them the spirit of conciliation and forgiveness, we are bound with peculiar gratitude to be thankful to Him that our own peace has been preserved through so perilous a season, and ourselves permitted quietly to cultivate the earth and to practice and improve those arts which tend to increase our comforts.\" During the address Jefferson proclaimed the Washington Doctrine of Unstable Alliances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019690-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Tennessee gubernatorial election\nThe 1801 Tennessee gubernatorial election took place from August 6\u20137, 1801. The incumbent governor, John Sevier, had reached his three consecutive term limit and had to wait until 1803 to run again. Democratic-Republican judge Archibald Roane won a term almost unanimously against scattering opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019691-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Tennessee's at-large congressional district special election\nWilliam Dickson defeated John Reah, George W. Campbell, and John Cocke to begin the 7th Congress in place of William C. C. Claiborne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019692-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Titicaca\n1801 Titicaca (prov. designation: 1952 SP1) is a stony Eos asteroid from the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 September 1952, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at La Plata Observatory in the capital of the province of Buenos Aires. It was named after Lake Titicaca in South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019692-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 Titicaca, Orbit and classification\nTiticaca is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,916 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Titicaca's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019692-0002-0000", "contents": "1801 Titicaca, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Titicaca was obtained from photometric observations taken by German amateur astronomer Axel Martin. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.2106 hours with a brightness variation of 0.50 in magnitude (U=3). A 2006-published lightcurve, constructed from photometry data from the Lowell photometric database, gave a concurring period of 3.211233 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019692-0003-0000", "contents": "1801 Titicaca, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Titicaca measures between 19.31 and 24.77 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.11 and 0.18. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.109 and a diameter of 23.08 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019692-0004-0000", "contents": "1801 Titicaca, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Lake Titicaca in the Andes, on the border of Peru and Bolivia at an altitude of 3,812 metres (12,507 feet) above sea level, the largest lake by volume in South America and one of the largest and highest lakes in the world. Naming citation was published on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019693-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 United States House of Representatives election in Tennessee\nClaiborne did not serve in the 7th Congress as he was appointed Governor of Mississippi Territory and was replaced in a special election by William Dickson (Democratic-Republican)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019697-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1801 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 27, 1801, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019697-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nJohn Armstrong had been elected in November 1800 to fill the vacancy of this seat, and had taken his seat on January 8, 1801.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019697-0002-0000", "contents": "1801 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in April 1800, a Democratic-Republican majority of 28 was elected to the Assembly, but the Senate had a majority of 7 Federalists. The 24th New York State Legislature met from November 4 to 7, 1800; and from January 27 to April 8, 1801, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019697-0003-0000", "contents": "1801 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe incumbent U.S. Senator John Armstrong ran for re-election as the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019697-0004-0000", "contents": "1801 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nArmstrong resigned on February 5, 1802, to make place for DeWitt Clinton who was elected by the State Legislature in a special election to fill the vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019698-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1801 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on February 19, 1801. Peter Muhlenberg was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019698-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nIncumbent Federalist William Bingham, who was elected in 1795, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on February 19, 1801, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1801. Two ballots were recorded. The results of the second and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019699-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1801 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held on December 17, 1801. George Logan was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019699-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Background\nThe Democratic-Republican Peter Muhlenberg was elected to the United States Senate by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in February 1801. Sen. Muhlenberg resigned on June 30, 1801, after being appointed supervisor of revenue for Pennsylvania by President Thomas Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019699-0002-0000", "contents": "1801 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results\nFollowing the resignation of Sen. Peter Muhlenberg, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 17, 1801, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019700-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 United States gubernatorial elections\nUnited States gubernatorial elections were held in 1801, in 13 states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019700-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 United States gubernatorial elections\nEight governors were elected by popular vote and five were elected by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019701-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1801 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019701-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Newbury on October 8. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019701-0002-0000", "contents": "1801 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe committee examined the votes, which showed that Isaac Tichenor was chosen for a fifth one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a sixth one-year term. Benjamin Swan was elected to a second one-year term as treasurer. Vote totals for the governor's race were not recorded, but one Vermont newspaper indicated that Tichenor had been reelected \"by a large majority.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019702-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in Argentina\nIn 1801, the territory that would later become Argentina was part of the Viceroyalty of the R\u00edo de la Plata, part of the Spanish Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019703-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1801 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019705-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1801 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019705-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 in Chile, Incumbents\nRoyal Governors - Joaqu\u00edn del Pino (-March 31), Jos\u00e9 de Santiago Concha Jim\u00e9nez Lobat\u00f3n (April 1-December), Francisco Tadeo Diez de Medina Vidanges (December-)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019705-0002-0000", "contents": "1801 in Chile, Births\nMay 6 - Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn P\u00e9rez, seventh president of Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019711-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in New Zealand\nThe ships visits to collect timber come to an end as the wood they have been taking, kahikatea and pohutukawa, is found to be unsuitable for ship building. With the end of this industry the Firth of Thames area ceases to be the main point of contact for pakeha and M\u0101ori. At the end of the year Governor King reports half a dozen whaling ships are operating off the north coast. The first recorded sealing ship visit to Dusky Sound in 4 years takes place as most sealers visit the recently discovered Bass Strait rookeries instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019715-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1801 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019717-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1801 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019720-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1801.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019721-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1801.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019722-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019722-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019722-0002-0000", "contents": "1801 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019723-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1801.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019724-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in science\nThe year 1801 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019725-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in sports\n1801 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019726-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 in the United Kingdom\nEvents from the year 1801 in the United Kingdom. The Acts of Union 1800 came into force this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019728-0000-0000", "contents": "1801 series CPU\nThe 1801 series CPUs were a family of 16-bit Soviet microprocessors based on the indigenous Elektronika NC microarchitecture cores, but binary compatible with DEC's PDP-11 machines. First released in 1980, various models and variants of the series were among the most popular Soviet microprocessors and dominated embedded systems and military applications of the 1980s. They were also used in widely different areas such as graphing calculators (Elektronika MK-85) and industrial CNCs (Elektronika NC series), but arguably their most well-known use was in several Soviet general-purpose mini- and microcomputer designs like  the SM EVM, DVK, UKNC, and BK families.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019728-0000-0001", "contents": "1801 series CPU\nDue to being the CPU of the popular Elektronika BK home computer, used in its late years as a demo machine, as well as the DVK micros that often offered a first glimpse into the UNIX world, this processor achieved something of a cult status among Soviet and then Russian programmers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019728-0001-0000", "contents": "1801 series CPU, Development\nThe history of this CPU stems from the early 1970s, when the group of engineers in Zelenograd's Special Computing Center, led by D.I. Yuditsky, developed their first 16-bit minicomputer, called Elektronika NC-1. This machine, intended to directly compete with SM EVM series, was first released in 1973 and used the bit slice 4-bit 587 CPU, sometimes called the first Soviet microprocessor ever. Its descendants proved popular and were widely used in various control systems and telecom equipment. However, the bit-slice nature of their CPUs made these machines somewhat unwieldy, especially in military applications, and the need for a single-chip microprocessor was identified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019728-0002-0000", "contents": "1801 series CPU, Development\nIn 1980 the first 1801 CPU intended to fill this niche, K1801VE1, entered production. It was essentially a microcontroller with 256 bytes of on-chip RAM, 2K ROM and other peripheral circuitry, still based on Elektronika NC instruction set, but compatible with a Soviet clone of DEC's Q-Bus that was already adopted as an industry standard \u2014 a first sign of things to come. Its peripheral circuits were underutilized by the industry, as it was mostly used as a general-purpose CPU, rather than a microcontroller, so it was decided to simplify the chip, removing unnecessary devices from the die. But by that time its parent organization, the SCC, has already lost in the power games that plagued Soviet industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019728-0003-0000", "contents": "1801 series CPU, Development\nBy its nature, Soviet industry was an extremely bureaucratic structure, so decision making process was often driven not by technical or economical considerations, but by the results of the games of influence between various organizations and officials. SCC, despite its technical successes and popularity of its designs, was not without its opponents and even enemies. While its staff had an aversion to copying and reverse engineering Western technology, many groups within the Ministry of Electronic Industry argued for it as a quicker and more secure way to meet the needs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019728-0003-0001", "contents": "1801 series CPU, Development\nThese groups eventually prevailed, and in 1976 the SCC was essentially disbanded, its technical base passing to the Angstrem plant while some of its research labs were joined to the Research Institute of Precision Technology (which didn't really need them), and others forming a research arm of the newly formed NPO Scientific Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019728-0004-0000", "contents": "1801 series CPU, Development\nThis sudden reorganization resulted in the abandonment of the Elektronika NC architecture (it continued only in CNCs based on an NC-1 machine, some of which are used up to this day) and the adoption of the PDP-11 compatibility as a MEI standard, a process sometimes called PDP revolt in Russian literature. Thus, the microcode for the new simplified CPU was redesigned and made compatible with LSI-11 instruction set. The new processor was released in 1982, designated K1801VM1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019728-0004-0001", "contents": "1801 series CPU, Development\nIt was supplemented by the 600-gate KR1801VP1 (Russian: \u041a\u04201801\u0412\u041f1) gate array, which was used to implement various support circuitry, 64 Kib KR1801RE2 ROM chip, and 64 Kib K573RF3 EPROM. Together they constituted the first widely used generation of 1801 family. The KR18101VP1 gate array was later manufactured by a number of second sources: Exiton Pavlovsky Posad, SEMZ Solnechnogorsk, and Intermos in Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019728-0005-0000", "contents": "1801 series CPU, Technical characteristics\nAll CPUs in the family were single-chip 16-bit microprocessors based on Electronika NC microarchitecture, however only the first one, the K1801VE1 microcontroller, used the Electronica NC instruction set. Others have an updated microcode implementing the LSI-11 architecture. Various models differed in clock speed, instruction set (the first models lacked the MUL and DIV commands, for example), package and address bus width (the latest models supported 22-bit addressing).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019728-0006-0000", "contents": "1801 series CPU, Technical characteristics, K1801VM2\nIt has two different address spaces and the ability to quickly switch between them. They were used in implementing the FIS instruction subset, with instructions processed not in microcode, but as interrupt handlers in shadow ROM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019729-0000-0000", "contents": "1801\u20131802 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 22nd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1801 and 1802 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. David Cobb served as president of the Senate and Edward Robbins served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019730-0000-0000", "contents": "1801\u20131802 Massachusetts's 12th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 12th congressional district on five occasions between September 25, 1801 and July 29, 1802 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Silas Lee (F) on August 20, 1801, prior to the beginning of the 1st Session of the 7th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019730-0001-0000", "contents": "1801\u20131802 Massachusetts's 12th congressional district special election, Election results, First three ballots\nThe first three ballots had similar results and were held on September 25 and December 7, 1801 and April 5, 1802", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 109], "content_span": [110, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019730-0002-0000", "contents": "1801\u20131802 Massachusetts's 12th congressional district special election, Election results, Fourth and fifth ballots\nBetween the third and fourth ballots Cook and Drummer dropped out while Samuel Thatcher (DR) entered the race, eventually winning. The final two votes were held June 7, 1802 and July 29, 1802", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 114], "content_span": [115, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019731-0000-0000", "contents": "1802\n1802 (MDCCCII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1802nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 802nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 2nd  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1802, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019732-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1802 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on April 8, 1802. Incumbent Federalist Governor Jonathan Trumbull Jr. won re-election to a fifth full term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate Ephraim Kirby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019733-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 English cricket season\nThe 1802 English cricket season was the 31st in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status and the 16th after the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club. The season saw three top-class matches played in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019733-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 English cricket season, Matches\nThree top-class matches were played during the season, two of them staged at Lord's Old Ground and one at Aram's New Ground in Walworth. In one match an England XI played a Surrey side. The other matches were was played between sides assembled by patrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019733-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 English cricket season, Debutants\nPlayers known to have made their first-class debut during the season include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019734-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 French constitutional referendum\nA referendum ratifying the new constitution of the Consulate, which made Napoleon Bonaparte First Consul for life, was held on 10 May 1802. The official result showed 99.76% of voters in favour of the change. Of seven million eligible voters, 49.45% abstained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019735-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 Helvetic Republic constitutional referendum\nA constitutional referendum was held in the Helvetic Republic on 25 May 1802. Unlike the constitution approved in 1798, the new constitution, known as the Malmaison constitution, did not provide for any referendums. Non -voters were assumed to have voted in favour of the new constitution, a measure put in place to prevent its rejection. As a result, 72.17% of voters were deemed to be in favour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019736-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 Maryland's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 2nd congressional district on March 2, 1802 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Richard Sprigg, Jr. (DR) on December 11, 1801.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019737-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1802 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019737-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nFederalist Governor Caleb Strong was re-elected to a third consecutive one-year term in office, defeating Democratic-Republican Elbridge Gerry again for the third time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019738-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 New Hampshire gubernatorial election\nThe 1802 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 9, 1802. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Taylor Gilman won re-election to a ninth term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate, former Governor and U.S. Senator John Langdon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019739-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 New Hampshire's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New Hampshire's at-large congressional district on August 30, 1802 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Joseph Peirce (F) earlier that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019740-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 North Carolina's 8th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in North Carolina's 8th congressional district on October 15, 1802 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Charles Johnson (DR) on July 23, 1802.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019741-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1802 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 12, 1802. Incumbent Democratic-Republican governor Thomas McKean successfully sought re-election to another term. As occurred in his prior campaign, he defeated U.S. Senator James Ross, a Federalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019742-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1802 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an election held on April 7, 1802 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. Arthur Fenner, the incumbent Governor and Democratic-Republican candidate, beat the Federalist candidate William Greene with 66.28% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019743-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 South Carolina's 4th congressional district special election\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by GoldRingChip (talk | contribs) at 18:21, 13 April 2020 (\u2192\u200eReferences:  Special). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019743-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 South Carolina's 4th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in South Carolina's 4th congressional district on April 12\u201313, 1802 to fill a vacancy resulting from the resignation of Thomas Sumter (DR) on December 15, 1801, upon being elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019744-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe 1802 election of the Speaker of the House of Commons occurred on 10 February 1802.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019744-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe incumbent Speaker Sir John Mitford had resigned to take office as Lord Chancellor of Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019744-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nCharles Abbot was proposed by Sir William Grant, Master of the Rolls, and seconded by William Baker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019744-0003-0000", "contents": "1802 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nDespite having no personal opposition to Abbot, Richard Brinsley Sheridan objected to the government's practice of nominating its officials to the speakership, believing that the Commons should make the choice for itself. He proposed Charles Dundas. Lord George Cavendish seconded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019744-0004-0000", "contents": "1802 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nAbbot submitted to the will of the House. Dundas sought to decline the office, and requested that Sheridan withdraw the nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019744-0005-0000", "contents": "1802 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nOn the motion \"That the Right Hon. Charles Abbot do take the Chair of this House as Speaker,\" Abbot was elected unanimously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019745-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 State of the Union Address\nThe 1802 State of the Union Address was written by Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, on Wednesday, December 15, 1802. He said, \"When we assemble together, fellow citizens, to consider the state of our beloved country, our just attentions are first drawn to those pleasing circumstances which mark the goodness of that Being from whose favor they flow and the large measure of thankfulness we owe for His bounty. Another year has come around, and finds us still blessed with peace and friendship abroad; law, order, and religion at home; good affection and harmony with our Indian neighbors; our burthens lightened, yet our income sufficient for the public wants, and the produce of the year great beyond example.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019746-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1802 United Kingdom general election was the election to the House of Commons of the second Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was the first to be held after the Union of Great Britain and Ireland. The first Parliament had been composed of members of the former Parliaments of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019746-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 United Kingdom general election\nThe Parliament of Great Britain held its last general election in 1796. The final election for the Parliament of Ireland was held in 1797.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019746-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 United Kingdom general election\nThe first united Parliament was dissolved on 29 June 1802. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 31 August 1802, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. (The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019746-0003-0000", "contents": "1802 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nTory Prime Minister Henry Addington led a war-time administration of pro-government Whigs and Tories, collectively referred to as the \"Addingtonians\", in office during part of the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019746-0004-0000", "contents": "1802 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe previous Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, had been out of office since 1801. King George III had forced Pitt to resign by refusing to agree to Catholic emancipation (allowing Catholics to sit in Parliament) following the Union. His faction in Parliament was generally supportive of the Addington ministry, but was semi-detached from it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019746-0005-0000", "contents": "1802 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nOn 25 March 1802 the Treaty of Amiens brought about peace with France, with which Great Britain had been at war since 1792. The international situation remained uneasy and a renewal of war was still possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019746-0006-0000", "contents": "1802 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nIn the election the combination of the followers of Addington and Pitt comfortably defeated the Opposition Whigs of Charles James Fox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019746-0007-0000", "contents": "1802 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nAt this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019746-0008-0000", "contents": "1802 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nThe election took place over a period of almost two months. The time between the first and last contested elections was 5 July to 28 August 1802.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019746-0009-0000", "contents": "1802 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nMonmouthshire (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019746-0010-0000", "contents": "1802 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nTable 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019747-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut, Notes\nThis Connecticut elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 74], "content_span": [75, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019748-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nThe Delaware United States House election for 1802 was held from October 9\u201320, 1802. The incumbent Representative James A. Bayard Sr. was defeated by the former state representative Caesar Augustus Rodney with 50.11% of the vote and 15 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019749-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia\nGeorgia gained 2 seats in reapportionment after the 1800 census. Elections were held October 4, 1802.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019749-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia, Notes\nThis Georgia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019750-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire increased its apportionment from 4 seats to 5 after the 1800 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019750-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire, Notes\nThis New Hampshire elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 76], "content_span": [77, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019751-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island, Notes\nThis Rhode Island elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 75], "content_span": [76, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019752-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 27 to 29, 1802, to elect 17 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 8th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019752-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nTen U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1800 to a term in the 7th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1801. Thomas Tillotson and John Bird had resigned their seats, and Theodorus Bailey and John P. Van Ness were elected to fill the vacancies. Van Ness's seat was declared vacant on January 17, 1803. The other nine representatives' term would end on March 3, 1803. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1802, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1803, and about a year and three months before Congress actually met on October 17, 1803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019752-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nUntil the previous elections, there had been ten congressional districts. After the U.S. census of 1800, Congress re-apportioned the seats, and New York's representation was increased to 17. On March 30, 1802, the New York State Legislature re-apportioned the congressional districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019752-0003-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019752-0004-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n12 Democratic-Republicans and 5 Federalists were elected. The incumbents Smith, Mitchill, Van Cortlandt, Thomas and Van Rensselaer were re-elected; the incumbent Van Ness was defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019752-0005-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: The Anti- Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019752-0006-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nJohn Cantine, elected in the 7th D., resigned his seat before the congressional term began. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual State election in April 1803, and was won by Josiah Hasbrouck, of the same party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019752-0007-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nIsaac Bloom, elected in the 6th D., died on April 26, 1803, before Congress met. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in September 1803, and was won by Daniel C. Verplanck, of the same party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019752-0008-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nThe House of Representatives of the 8th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on October 17, 1803, and Griswold, Hasbrouck, Livingston, McCord, Mitchill, Palmer, Sammons, Sands, Thomas, Van Cortlandt and Verplanck took their seats on this day. Smith took his seat on October 20; Patterson and Root on October 21; Van Rensselaer on October 29; Phelps on November 7; and Tibbits on November 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019752-0009-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nJohn Smith, from the 1st D., resigned his seat effective February 22, 1804, after his election to the U.S. Senate. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual State election in April 1804, and was won by Samuel Riker, of the same party. Riker took his seat on November 5, 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019752-0010-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\n(Note: The vacancy in the 8th Congress and the next term in the 9th Congress were filled at the same election. The candidate with the higher number of votes won the full term, the next best was elected to fill the vacancy. Thus Wickes succeeded Riker on March 4, 1805.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019752-0011-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nSamuel L. Mitchill, who had been re-elected in the 3rd D. in April 1804 to a third term, beginning on March 4, 1805, resigned his seat on November 22, 1804, after his election to the U.S. Senate. A special election to fill both vacancies (the remainder of his term in the 8th Congress and his seat in the 9th Congress) was held, and were won by George Clinton, Jr., of the same party. Clinton took his seat in the 8th Congress on February 14, 1805, and remained in office after March 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019753-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nElections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania for the 8th Congress were held October 12, 1802.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019753-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nIn the previous election, 13 Representatives (10 Democratic-Republicans and 3 Federalists) had been elected to the 7th Congress. Two (both Democratic-Republicans) had resigned and were replaced in special elections by others of the same party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019753-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nPennsylvania gained 5 seats in reapportionment following the 1800 census. In redistricting, the number of districts was reduced from 12 to 11, of which four were plural districts with 11 Representatives between them. Most of the new districts had borders that were very different from the previous districts. The new districts were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019753-0003-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nNumerous counties had been created between 1800 and 1802 split off from other counties, and several were still administratively attached to other counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019753-0004-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nNote: Many of these counties covered much larger areas than they do today, having since been divided into smaller counties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019753-0005-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results\nTwelve incumbents ran for re-election (9 Democratic-Republicans and 3 Federalists) ran for re-election, many in new districts. William Jones (DR) of the 1st district did not run for re-election. Of those who ran for re-election, all 9 Democratic-Republicans were re-elected, and all 3 Federalists lost to Democratic-Republicans. The six open seats were all won by Democratic-Republicans, returning an all-Democratic-Republican delegation to the 8th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019753-0006-0000", "contents": "1802 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special election\nWilliam Hoge (DR) of the 10th district resigned October 15, 1804. A special election was held November 2, 1804 to fill the resulting vacancy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019754-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1802 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on December 14, 1802. Samuel Maclay was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019754-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nIncumbent Federalist Senator James Ross, who was elected in 1794 and re-elected in 1797, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 14, 1802, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1803. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019755-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United States Senate special election in Delaware\nThe Delaware United States Senate special election for 1802 was held on January 14, 1802. Senator Henry Latimer had resigned after becoming unhappy over the tactics of his political opponents who were still bitter over the circumstances of the contested election in 1792. Samuel White defeated Archibald Alexander, who had previously failed to win gubernatorial and House elections, by 10 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019756-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United States Senate special election in New York\nThe 1802 United States Senate special election in New York was held on February 9, 1802, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019756-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 United States Senate special election in New York, Background\nJohn Armstrong had been re-elected in January 1801 to a full term (1801\u20131807), but resigned on February 5, 1802. At the last state election, George Clinton had been elected Governor again, serving now his seventh term, and his Democratic-Republican Party had managed to win a large majority to the Assembly which could outvote the small Federalist Senate majority in a joint ballot. Aaron Burr accused the Clintons later to have hatched a scheme to seat DeWitt Clinton, the governor's nephew, in the U.S. Senate. Burr affirmed that Thomas Tillotson, a brother-in-law of Chancellor Robert R. Livingston like Armstrong, was appointed Secretary of State of New York in 1801 as part of a deal which required Tillotson to procure Armstrong's resignation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019756-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 United States Senate special election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in April 1801, the Democratic-Republican Party won a large majority in the Assembly, and half of the 12 State Senate seats up for renewal. The 25th New York State Legislature met from January 26 to April 5, 1802, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019756-0003-0000", "contents": "1802 United States Senate special election in New York, Candidates\nState Senator DeWitt Clinton ran as the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019756-0004-0000", "contents": "1802 United States Senate special election in New York, Result\nClarkson was nominated by the Senate, Clinton by the Assembly. The Legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot, and Clinton was elected. This was the first time that a joint ballot was necessary to choose between the nominees of different majorities in the houses of the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 62], "content_span": [63, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019756-0005-0000", "contents": "1802 United States Senate special election in New York, Aftermath\nClinton took his seat on February 23, 1802, but resigned on November 4, 1803, and Armstrong was appointed by Governor Clinton to re-take his former seat. In February 1804, a special election was held by the State Legislature to fill both seats in the U.S. Senate and, either due to a mistake or to give Armstrong two more years to serve, Armstrong was then elected to the Class 1 seat (term 1803-1809), and John Smith to the Class 3 seat (term 1801-1807) on which Clinton and Armstrong had sat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 65], "content_span": [66, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019756-0005-0001", "contents": "1802 United States Senate special election in New York, Aftermath\nArmstrong set a record that still stands after more than 200\u00a0years, presenting four different credentials to take a seat in the U.S. Senate within as many years, being three times elected and once appointed. Armstrong resigned his seat again on June 30, 1804 after his appointment as U.S. Minister to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 65], "content_span": [66, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019757-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United States elections\nThe 1802 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson's first term, during the First Party System. Members of the 8th United States Congress were chosen in this election. Democratic-Republicans picked up several seats in both chambers of Congress, solidifying their control over the House and Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019757-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 United States elections\nIn the House, 36 seats were added following the 1800 census. Democratic-Republicans gained many seats, increasing their majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019757-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democratic-Republicans won major gains, increasing their previously-narrow majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019758-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 United States gubernatorial elections\nUnited States gubernatorial elections were held in 1802, in 12 states, concurrent with the House and Senate elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019758-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 United States gubernatorial elections\nSix governors were elected by popular vote and six were elected by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019758-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 United States gubernatorial elections\nIn Georgia, a special election was held following the resignation of incumbent Governor Josiah Tattnall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019758-0003-0000", "contents": "1802 United States gubernatorial elections\nIn New Jersey, three tied ballots were taken in October and November, resulting in no choice of Governor. The Vice-President of the Executive Council, John Lambert, served the term as acting Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019758-0004-0000", "contents": "1802 United States gubernatorial elections\nIn North Carolina, the winner of the ordinary election, John B. Ashe, died before taking office. A special election was then held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019759-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1802 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019759-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Burlington on October 14. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019759-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe committee examined the votes, which showed that Isaac Tichenor was chosen for a sixth one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a seventh one-year term. Benjamin Swan was elected to a third one-year term as treasurer. According to contemporary newspaper accounts, the vote totals for governor were as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019759-0003-0000", "contents": "1802 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for lieutenant governor, the vote totals were reported as: Paul Brigham, 7,184; Arad Hunt, 2,249; Zebina Curtis, 252; Scattering, 465.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019760-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 Vrancea earthquake\nThe 1802 Vrancea earthquake occurred in the Vrancea Mountains of today's Romania (then Moldavia) on 26 October\u00a0[O.S. 14 October]\u00a01802, on St. Paraskeva's Day. With an estimated intensity of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale, it is the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Romania and one of the strongest in European history. It was felt across an area of more than two million square kilometers in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, from Saint Petersburg to the Aegean Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019760-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 Vrancea earthquake\nIn Bucharest, the earthquake had an estimated intensity of VIII\u2013IX on the Mercalli scale. It toppled church steeples and caused the Cotroceni Monastery to collapse. Numerous fires broke out, mainly from overturned stoves. In the Ottoman Empire (today's Bulgaria), the cities of Ruse, Varna and Vidin were almost completely destroyed. The force of the earthquake cracked walls as far north as Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019760-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 Vrancea earthquake\nThe main quake was followed by a series of aftershocks, of which the largest had a magnitude of 5.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019760-0003-0000", "contents": "1802 Vrancea earthquake, Damage and casualties\nThe main shock hit Bucharest between noon and 1 p.m. The earthquake was felt for about 10\u00a0minutes and was so violent that all chimneys in the city collapsed. Numerous historical monuments were destroyed, including St. Nicholas Church, Cotroceni Monastery and the 54-meter-high Col\u021bea Tower. The Greek chronicler Dionysius Fotino reported that Prince Constantine Ypsilantis moved with his family to the V\u0103c\u0103re\u0219ti Monastery because his palace was severely damaged. However, despite the massive damage to buildings, only four deaths were reported: a Jewish woman and her baby, an itinerant merchant killed when Col\u021bea Tower collapsed, and one other victim. The death toll may have been so low because the houses were built far apart and surrounded by large yards and gardens, so the buildings' vibrations did not propagate. Also, the building materials\u2014mostly shingle and timber\u2014were light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019760-0004-0000", "contents": "1802 Vrancea earthquake, Damage and casualties\nIn Ia\u0219i, the walls of princely courts fell, and many churches and monastery towers collapsed. In Suceava, the Armenian Church steeple cracked, while in Pa\u0219cani, cracks appeared in the walls of St. Archangels Church. Other religious buildings damaged during the earthquake include the Princely Church of the Assumption in B\u00e2rlad and Ca\u0219in Monastery in Bac\u0103u.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019760-0005-0000", "contents": "1802 Vrancea earthquake, Damage and casualties\nBra\u0219ov and its surroundings, including the city's Black Church, were severely affected. According to local chronicles, in the village of Bod, more than 50 houses and several churches were damaged or destroyed. In Feldioara, a column of water rose several meters into the air from a crack caused by the earthquake. Buildings collapsed in Sibiu, including the city's Catholic church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019760-0006-0000", "contents": "1802 Vrancea earthquake, Damage and casualties\nConstantine Ypsilantis entering the church of Radovan (on his way to Bucharest)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019760-0007-0000", "contents": "1802 Vrancea earthquake, Damage and casualties\nConstantinople and neighboring provinces also suffered extensive damage. Initially, it was thought that Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, had been completely destroyed. A letter from Petrovaradin described particular devastation in the Galata district, Topkap\u0131 Palace, the Hagia Sophia and the Edirne bazaar. The main shock and subsequent aftershocks lasted up to 30 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019760-0008-0000", "contents": "1802 Vrancea earthquake, Damage and casualties\nAt 1:30\u00a0p.m., violent tremors were felt in what is now Ukraine. The aftershocks, six in total, lasted three\u00a0minutes and were so strong that masonry buildings in Kiev and Lviv were shaken and the city bells began to ring. The Gentleman's Magazine reported damage in Moscow: \"the walls were cracked, the windows were shattered and vaults fell\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019760-0008-0001", "contents": "1802 Vrancea earthquake, Damage and casualties\nAnatolie Drumea, an academic from Chi\u0219in\u0103u, wrote in a letter that a nanny was walking a little boy in a stroller in the courtyard of the Lomonosov University library when, at 1:53\u00a0p.m., \"the statues began to fall\" and the stone benches were overturned. The boy was the future Russian poet Alexander Pushkin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019760-0009-0000", "contents": "1802 Vrancea earthquake, Restoration of Bucharest\nAfter the earthquake, Constantine Ypsilantis ordered the immediate restoration of Bucharest. To prevent masons and craftsmen from profiting from the disaster, he set maximum wages for their work. Bucharest was rebuilt within a few years, although some buildings and structures were never restored to their pre-earthquake state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019760-0010-0000", "contents": "1802 Vrancea earthquake, Restoration of Bucharest\nSeveral earthquakes occurred in subsequent years, but they caused comparatively little damage. One, on 15 June 1803, affected Bucharest's water system and rendered many pumps unusable. Three other major earthquakes occurred in 1804 and 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 8th Congress were held at various dates in each state, from April 26, 1802 (in New York) to December 14, 1803 (in New Jersey) during Thomas Jefferson's first term in office. It was common in the early years of the United Congress for some states to elect representatives to a Congress after it had already convened. In the case of the 8th Congress, the representatives from New Jersey were only elected after its first meeting on October 17, 1803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe membership of the House increased significantly as a result of population gains revealed in the United States Census of 1800. The greatest growth was in territories that constituted the western regions of the country at the time, a tremendous boost for Democratic-Republican candidates. Nearly all of the new seats created in reapportionment after the 1800 census went to Democratic-Republicans, closely aligned as they were with the agrarian interests of Western farmers. As a result, the Democratic-Republicans won the largest proportion of seats that either they or the competing Federalists had ever been able to secure in any earlier Congress, a supermajority greater than two-thirds of the total number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nThese elections were the first following reapportionment after the 1800 Census. Thirty-five new seats were added in reapportionment, with three states having no change in apportionment, and thirteen states gaining between 1 and 7 seats. One further seat was added for the new state of Ohio, which is included in this table below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0003-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1802 and 1803 during the 7th United States Congress and 8th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0004-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia\nGeorgia gained 2 seats in reapportionment after the 1800 census. It elected its representatives October 4, 1802 at-large on a general ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0005-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nKentucky gained 4 seats to 6 in reapportionment after the 1800 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0006-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nMaryland gained 1 seat in reapportionment after the 1800 census. Rather than increasing the number of districts, however, Maryland made the Maryland\u00a05 a plural district with 2 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0007-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts increased 3 seats to 17 in reapportionment after the 1800 census. Massachusetts law at the time required a majority for election to an office, which requirement was not met in the 6th district, requiring two additional ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0008-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire increased its apportionment from 4 seats to 5 after the 1800 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0009-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nNew Jersey increased its apportionment from 5 seats to 6 after the 1800 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0010-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nThe Federalists did not run any official candidates in 1802, but a few Federalists did receive scattered votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0011-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York's apportionment increased from 10 seats to 17 seats after the 1800 census. The state was subsequently redistricted. 11 open seats were available due to the increase in apportionment and retirement of incumbents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0012-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina increased its apportionment from 10 to 12 seats after the 1800 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0013-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania increased its apportionment from 13 to 18 seats after the 1800 census. The state was re-districted from 12 into 11 districts, four of which were plural districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0014-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina\nSouth Carolina increased its apportionment from 6 seats to 8 after the 1800 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0015-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee increased its apportionment from 1 seat to 3 seats after the 1800 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0016-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont increased its apportionment from 2 seats to 4 after the 1800 census. Vermont law at the time required a majority of votes to win an office, which frequently necessitated additional ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019761-0017-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia increased its apportionment from 19 to 22 seats after the 1800 census. Virginia's congressional delegation remained the largest of any state, but would lose this distinction permanently after the Census of 1810. Elections were held over three days in April 1803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1802 and 1803 were elections for the United States Senate which had the Democratic-Republican Party assume an overwhelming control thereof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Before the elections\nAccounting for the 1802 special elections in New York, Rhode Island, and South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0003-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nUnless noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0004-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 7th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1803; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0005-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 8th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1803; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0006-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 8th Congress\nIn this special election, the winner was seated in 1803 after March 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0007-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Early race leading to the Congress-after-next\nIn this regular election, the winner was seated on March 4, 1805; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 107], "content_span": [108, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0008-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, New Jersey, New Jersey (Regular)\nThe New Jersey legislature failed to elect by the March 4, 1803 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0009-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, New Jersey, New Jersey (Special)\nThe governor appointed Democratic-Republican John Condit September 1, 1803 to continue the term. Condit was then unanimously elected November 3, 1803 to finish the term. No vote totals were recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0010-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, New York, New York (Special)\nDemocratic-Republican John Armstrong Jr., who had held the class 3 seat since 1801, resigned February 5, 1802 and Democratic-Republican DeWitt Clinton was elected February 23, 1802 to finish the term. Clinton, however, resigned November 4, 1803 and Armstrong was appointed December 8, 1803 to his old seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0011-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, New York, New York (Regular)\nFederalist Gouverneur Morris lost re-election to the class 1 seat to Democratic-Republican Theodorus Bailey in 1803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0012-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, Ohio\nOhio joined the Union in 1803. New Democratic-Republican senators were elected April 1, 1803. Official records indicate that John Smith and Thomas Worthington were elected, and that Smith received the \"long\" term, while Worthington received the \"short\" one. They do not indicate if there were other candidates, or what the vote totals were.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 50], "content_span": [51, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0013-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, Vermont\nFederalist Senator Nathaniel Chipman lost re-election to Democratic-Republican Israel Smith. Smith received 102 votes in the Vermont House of Representatives and 9 from the Governor and Council. Spencer received 75 votes from the House and 4 from the Governor and Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0014-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, Virginia\nThere were two elections to the same seat as the newly-re-elected senator died at the beginning of the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019762-0015-0000", "contents": "1802 and 1803 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Special)\nMason died May 10, 1803, having just begun the new term. Democratic-Republican John Taylor was appointed but chose not to run to finish the term. Democratic-Republican Abraham B. Venable was elected December 7, 1803 as the unanimous choice of the Virginia General Assembly. No vote totals were recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019763-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in Argentina\nIn 1802, the territory that would later become Argentina was part of the Viceroyalty of the R\u00edo de la Plata, part of the Spanish Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019764-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1802 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019765-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in Austria\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 17:11, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019767-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in Chile\nThe following lists of events that happened during 1802 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019767-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 in Chile, Events\n1802 - Bernardo O'Higgins returns to Chile and becomes a gentleman farmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019773-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in New Zealand\nThere are no known visits by sealers this year as they concentrate on Bass Strait. However Charles Bishop and George Bass call at Dusky Sound in the Venus where they spend fourteen days stripping iron from the hulk of Captain Brampton's old ship the Endeavour, to barter in Tahiti for pork before returning to Sydney in November. There are several British whalers operating off the north-east coast, only one of which is certainly known to have landed (at the Bay of Islands). There are an unknown number of American whalers also in the area but as they do not usually call at Port Jackson their activities, including where, if at all, they land, are largely unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019778-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1802 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019780-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1802 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019783-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1802.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019785-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019785-0001-0000", "contents": "1802 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019785-0002-0000", "contents": "1802 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019786-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1802.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019787-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in science\nThe year 1802 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019788-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in sports\n1802 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019790-0000-0000", "contents": "1802 in the United States\nEvents from the year 1802 in the United States, many came to Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019791-0000-0000", "contents": "1802\u20131803 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 23rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1802 and 1803 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. David Cobb served as president of the Senate and John Coffin Jones served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019792-0000-0000", "contents": "1802\u20131803 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts increased 3 seats to 17 in reapportionment after the 1800 census. Massachusetts law at the time required a majority for election to an office, which requirement was not met in the 6th district, requiring two additional ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019792-0001-0000", "contents": "1802\u20131803 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 82], "content_span": [83, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019793-0000-0000", "contents": "1802\u20131803 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nVermont increased its apportionment from 2 seats to 4 after the 1800 census. Vermont law at the time required a majority of votes to win an office, which frequently necessitated additional ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019793-0001-0000", "contents": "1802\u20131803 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont, Notes\nThis Vermont elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 76], "content_span": [77, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019794-0000-0000", "contents": "1803\n1803 (MDCCCIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1803rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 803rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 3rd  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1803, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019795-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1803 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on April 14, 1803. Incumbent Federalist Governor Jonathan Trumbull Jr. won re-election to a sixth full term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate Ephraim Kirby in a re-match of the previous year's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019796-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 English cricket season\n1803 was the 17th season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). Thomas Howard made his debut in important matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019796-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 English cricket season, Further reading\nThis article about an English cricket season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019797-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 Gatton by-election\nThe 1803 Gatton by-election was a by-election to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom that took place on 24 January 1803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019797-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 Gatton by-election\nThe parliamentary borough of Gatton was a notorious \"rotten\" or pocket borough \"in the pocket\" of the Lord of the Manor of Gatton, who at that time was Sir Mark Wood. It had, at most, seven voters - all tenants of Wood. At the 1802 general election, \"Wood returned himself and his brother-in-law [James] Dashwood\". Both were members of William Pitt the Younger's faction of the Tory Party. At Pitt's request, shortly after the election, Dashwood vacated his seat so as to make way for Philip Dundas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019797-0002-0000", "contents": "1803 Gatton by-election, Result\nDundas was to be elected in a simple formality, returned uncontested. This was complicated, however, when \"Joseph Clayton Jennings, a barrister and reformer, arrived on the scene\", making it unexpectedly a contested election, and found a person who claimed to be entitled to vote in his favour. A voter was therefore also brought in for Dundas. Dashwood, acting as the returning officer, rejected the ballot for Jennings, and Dundas was duly elected with one vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019797-0003-0000", "contents": "1803 Gatton by-election, Result\nDundas left for India two years later, causing another by-election, wherein Wood procured the seat for William Garrow - another reformist barrister, who won it uncontested and thereby made his entry in Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019798-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Georgia's at-large congressional district on October 3, 1803 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation, before the start of the 8th Congress, of John Milledge (DR), who had been elected Governor of Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019798-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nBryan took his seat with the rest of the 8th Congress at the start of the 1st session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019799-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1803 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019799-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nFederalist Governor Caleb Strong was re-elected to a fourth consecutive one-year term in office, defeating Democratic-Republican Elbridge Gerry again for the fourth time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019800-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 New Hampshire gubernatorial election\nThe 1803 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 8, 1803. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Taylor Gilman won re-election to a tenth term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate, former Governor and U.S. Senator John Langdon in a re-match of the previous year's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019801-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 New York's 6th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New York's 6th congressional district September 14\u201316, 1803 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Isaac Bloom (DR) on April 26, 1803, after the start of the 8th Congress, but before the first session began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019802-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 New York's 7th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New York's 7th congressional district April 26\u201328, 1803 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative-elect John Cantine (DR)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019802-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 New York's 7th congressional district special election, Election results\nHasbrouck took office with the rest of the 8th Congress at the start of the 1st Session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019803-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 Tennessee gubernatorial election\nThe 1803 Tennessee gubernatorial election took place from August 4\u20135, 1803. In 1801 Sevier was forced leave office as he had reached his three consecutive term limit and in 1803 ran against the incumbent governor, Roane, and defeated him with 57.93% of the vote. This was the first gubernatorial election that did not unanimously elect a governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019804-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey increased its apportionment from 5 seats to 6 after the 1800 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019804-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey\nThe Federalists did not run any official candidates in 1802, but a few Federalists did receive scattered votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019805-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 United States House of Representatives election in Tennessee\nTennessee increased its apportionment from 1 seat to 3 seats after the 1800 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019806-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky\nKentucky gained 4 seats to 6 in reapportionment after the 1800 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019807-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland\nMaryland gained 1 seat in reapportionment after the 1800 census. Rather than increasing the number of districts, however, Maryland made the Maryland\u00a05 a plural district with 2 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019807-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland, Notes\nThis Maryland elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019808-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina increased its apportionment from 10 to 12 seats after the 1800 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019808-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019809-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina increased its apportionment from 6 seats to 8 after the 1800 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019810-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia\nVirginia increased its apportionment from 19 to 22 seats after the 1800 census. Virginia's congressional delegation remained the largest of any state, but would lose this distinction permanently after the Census of 1810. Elections were held over three days in April 1803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019811-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nThe 1803 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held in February 1803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019811-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nIncumbent Senator Jonathan Mason, who had been elected to fill the unexpired term of Benjamin Goodhue, did not run for a full term in office. The Massachusetts General Court deliberated and elected State Senator and former diplomat John Quincy Adams, son of former President John Adams, on the fourth ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019811-0002-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background\nBenjamin Goodhue was elected Senator from Massachusetts in 1796. However, he resigned and retired from politics in 1800. In his place, the legislature elected State Senator Jonathan Mason. When Mason's term expired in 1803, he declined to stand for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019811-0003-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election, Senate ballot\nThe Senate ratified the choice of Adams on a single unanimous ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 76], "content_span": [77, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019811-0004-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Aftermath\nAdams served one term in the Senate, though he would resign months early after the Federalist legislature prematurely voted not to award him a second term. Adams quickly drifted away from the Federalist Party, partly over his differences with Pickering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019811-0005-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Aftermath\nAfter joining the Democratic-Republicans, he would go on to serve as Secretary of State and later as President of the United States from 1825 to 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019812-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1803 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 1, 1803, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019812-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nGouverneur Morris had been elected in 1800 to complete the term (1797-1803) after Philip Schuyler (1797-98), John Sloss Hobart (1798), William North (1798) and James Watson (1798-1800) had occupied the seat. Morris's term would expire on March 3, 1803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019812-0002-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in April 1802, the Democratic-Republican Party won a large majority to the Assembly, and all 8 State Senate seats up for renewal. The 26th New York State Legislature met from January 25 to April 6, 1803, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019812-0003-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe assemblymen of the Democratic-Republican Party met in caucus on January 31. Assemblyman John Woodworth received 45 votes and Congressman Theodorus Bailey 30. Woodworth was nominated as the party's candidate, but State Senator Matthias B. Tallmadge, Bailey's brother-in law, was not satisfied with this nomination. Tallmadge persuaded a part of the Democratic-Republican members to vote for Bailey, abandoning the caucus nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019812-0004-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe incumbent Gouverneur Morris ran for re-election as the candidate of the Federalist Party candidate, but in the morning of February 1, before the Legislature met, a State Senate caucus was held and Tallmadge combined with Abraham Van Vechten, the leader of the Federalists, to support Bailey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019812-0005-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nOn the first ballot in the State Senate, Woodworth received a plurality over Bailey and Morris, for whom all Federalist voted, but no candidate received a majority of the votes. Thereupon a resolution was offered to nominate Bailey, and was carried by the vote of 16 Senators, including 6 Federalists. John Woodworth was nominated by the Assembly. The Legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot, and Bailey was elected in a tight vote by the Democratic-Republican Tallmadge faction and the Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019812-0006-0000", "contents": "1803 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nBailey resigned on January 16, 1804, after his appointment as Postmaster of New York City. In February 1804, a special election was held by the State Legislature to fill both seats in the U.S. Senate and, either due to a mistake or to give Armstrong two more years to serve, the incumbent appointed Class 3 Senator John Armstrong was elected to the Class 1 seat (term 1803-1809) to succeed Bailey, and John Smith to the Class 3 seat (term 1801-1807) to succeed Armstrong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019813-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 United States gubernatorial elections\nUnited States gubernatorial elections were held in 1803, in 12 states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019813-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 United States gubernatorial elections\nSeven governors were elected by popular vote and five were elected by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019814-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1803 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019814-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Westminster on October 13. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019814-0002-0000", "contents": "1803 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe committee examined the votes, which showed that Isaac Tichenor was chosen for a seventh one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for an eighth one-year term. Benjamin Swan was elected to a fourth one-year term as treasurer. According to contemporary newspaper accounts, the vote totals for governor were as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019814-0003-0000", "contents": "1803 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for lieutenant governor, the vote totals were reported as: Paul Brigham, 7,700; Thomas Leverett, 2,803; Lewis R. Morris, 153; Scattering, 414.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019814-0004-0000", "contents": "1803 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe results for treasurer were: Benjamin Swan, 8,328; Scattering, 353.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019815-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 Zwicky\n1803 Zwicky, prov. designation: 1967 CA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 6 February 1967, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. It was later named after Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky. The discovery of a 2.5-kilometer sized companion was announced on 8 March 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019815-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 Zwicky, Classification and orbit\nZwicky is a member of the Phocaea family (701), an asteroid family with two thousand members, named after their largest member, 25\u00a0Phocaea. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,316 days; semi-major axis of 2.35\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 22\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1931 DL at Lowell Observatory in 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 36 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019815-0002-0000", "contents": "1803 Zwicky, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky (1898\u20131974), who was a professor at Caltech and a pioneer in many fields, most notably in the study of galaxy clusters and supernovas, in high-energy astrophysics, and in developing jet propulsion for spacecraft and airplanes. He was the first to infer the existence of unseen matter and coined the term Dark matter. The lunar crater Zwicky is also named in his honour. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (M.P.C. 4156).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019815-0003-0000", "contents": "1803 Zwicky, Physical characteristics\nZwicky is a bright, stony S-type asteroid, in line with the overall spectral type for members of the Phocaea family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019815-0004-0000", "contents": "1803 Zwicky, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn July 2018, a rotational lightcurve of Zwicky was obtained from photometric observations by the TESS-team which gave a rotation period of (2.73364\u00b10.00005) hours and an amplitude of (0.06\u00b10.01) magnitude (U=2). Observations by Tom Polakis, who also discovered a satellite (see below) determined a very similar period of (2.7329\u00b10.0002) hours with a brightness variation of (0.105\u00b10.035) (U=2). These more recent result are replacing a previous observation from March 2003, of a fragmentary lightcurve by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi that gave a tentative period of 27.1 hours and an amplitude of 0.08 (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019815-0005-0000", "contents": "1803 Zwicky, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Zwicky measures between 9.20\u00b10.24 and 9.934\u00b10.080 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.337 and 0.259\u00b10.038, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for Phocaea asteroids of 0.23, and calculates a diameter of 10.06 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2. The WISE team also published an alternative mean-diameters of (8.03\u00b11.37) and (10.229\u00b10.082) kilometers with a corresponding albedo of (0.35) and (0.2466).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019815-0006-0000", "contents": "1803 Zwicky, Physical characteristics, Satellite\nPhotometric observations at the Command Module Observatory (V02) by Tom Polakis on 21 February 2021 revealed, that Zwicky has a satellite in its orbit. The moon has a diameter of approximately 2.50 kilometers, or 26% of that of its primary, and an orbital period of 28.46 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019816-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1803 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019818-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1803 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019818-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 in Chile, Events, March\nMarch 3-5: The Parliament of Negrete convenes. It is considered the last great parliament of the colonial period in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019824-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in New Zealand\nThere is a lessening of the sealing rush at Bass Strait as the rookeries become thinner, and as a result sealers return to Dusky Sound and explore the surrounding coast. Little of the movements of these ships is actually recorded as a veil of secrecy still surrounds their activities while the various ships try to make the most of any discoveries before the competition arrives. They occasionally meet local M\u0101ori but little information regarding these encounters survives. There are again around half a dozen whalers off the north-east coast of New Zealand, a few of which call into the Bay of Islands. The first M\u0101ori to join a whaling ship, and possibly the first to leave New Zealand in 10 years, does so early in the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019828-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1803 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019831-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1803 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019833-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in architecture\nThe year 1803 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019834-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in art, Awards\nThe Prix de Rome is expanded in 1803 to include musical composition as a category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019835-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019835-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 in literature, Births\nUnknown date \u2013 Evan Bevan, Welsh writer of satirical verse (died 1866)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019837-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019838-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019838-0001-0000", "contents": "1803 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019838-0002-0000", "contents": "1803 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019839-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019840-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in science\nThe year 1803 in science and technology involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019841-0000-0000", "contents": "1803 in sports\n1803 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019844-0000-0000", "contents": "1803\u20131804 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 24th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1803 and 1804 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. David Cobb served as president of the Senate and Harrison Gray Otis served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019845-0000-0000", "contents": "1804\n1804 (MDCCCIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1804th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 804th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 4th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1804, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane\nThe 1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane was the most severe hurricane in Georgia since 1752, causing over 500\u00a0deaths and at least $1.6\u00a0million (1804\u00a0USD) in damage throughout the Southeastern United States. Originating near Antigua on 3\u00a0September, it initially drifted west-northwestward, soon nearing Puerto Rico. Throughout its existence in the Caribbean Sea, the hurricane damaged, destroyed, and capsized numerous ships, and at Saint Kitts, it was considered to be the worst since 1772. By 4\u00a0September, the storm arrived at the Bahamas and turned northward before approaching the coast of northern Florida on 6\u00a0September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0000-0001", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane\nThe hurricane eventually came ashore along the coastline of Georgia and South Carolina while producing mostly southeasterly winds. A severe gale was noted in New England later that month, on 11\u00a0and 12\u00a0September, although it was likely not the same system as that which had passed through the Caribbean and southeastern United States earlier that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane\nThe hurricane produced a wide swath of damage along its path, especially in Georgia and South Carolina. Maritime losses along the coastlines of both states were significant, with numerous ships damaged or destroyed. Crop damage, especially to rice, cotton, and corn, was also considerable, with impending harvests ruined by the hurricane's arrival. Strong winds and heavy rainfall inundated streets, residences, and fields, and also toppled chimneys, fences, and cracked windows across the region. Wharves, struck by stranded boats, endured significant damage as well. Dozens of residences and other structures were destroyed or rendered uninhabitable due to inundation or collapse. Notably, Aaron Burr, then attempting to flee authorities, visited St. Simons Island in Georgia during the hurricane, later returning to Hampton and giving a detailed account of the hurricane's effects. Damage in Savannah, Georgia, totaled $500,000, compared to $1,000,000 at Charleston, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 1019]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe 1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane was first sighted on 3\u00a0September as it swept past Saint Barth\u00e9lemy, Saint Kitts, and Antigua, drifting toward the west-northwest and soon approaching Puerto Rico and the Turks and Caicos Islands. The storm reached the Bahamas while turning northward on 4\u00a0September, nearing the northern Floridan coast by 6\u00a0September. It remained offshore on 7\u00a0September, gradually approaching the coast throughout the day, and eventually made landfall that evening along the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0002-0001", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Meteorological history\nObservations in Savannah, Georgia, indicated north-to-northeast winds throughout 8\u00a0September, though other reports recorded northeast-to-easterly gusts; at Charleston, South Carolina, however, winds, initially northeast-to-east, curved southeastward later in the storm. Little information exists on the hurricane's whereabouts between North Carolina and New England, with a single report at Norfolk, Virginia of east-northeasterly winds veering east-to-east-southeast from 7\u00a0to 9\u00a0September, suggesting the disturbance's passage west of there. A severe gale arrived in New England on 11\u00a0and 12\u00a0September, though the long pause between the departure of the hurricane from the Carolinas and its arrival in the northeastern United States evidences the possibility that the two systems may have been unrelated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Georgia\nThe hurricane of 1804 was the first since 1752 to strike Georgia with such strength. Damage to ships was considerable, especially offshore Georgia. Betsy was stripped of its freight and somewhat damaged, Phoebe ran aground at Tybee Island, Liberty perished with its crew killed, Patsy nearly sank, and Experiment capsized. At the time the hurricane struck, Aaron Burr, hiding from federal officials, was taking refuge at St. Simons Island on the property of John Couper, though was unable to return to Hampton due to deteriorating conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0003-0001", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Georgia\nUpon the passage of the storm's eye, Burr fled back to the residence of Pierce Butler at Hampton. In an account of the hurricane, Burr recorded strong winds, which destroyed several outhouses and uprooted numerous trees at St. Simon's, with the storm later cracking windows, toppling chimneys, and flooding the house; in the town proper, he discovered many local roads were obstructed. Nineteen slaves owned by Butler drowned, while Couper suffered $100,000 (1804\u00a0USD) in losses alone, with cabins housing over a hundred slaves destroyed. Many other local planters experienced similar difficulties. Seawater inundated and ruined several acres of cotton around the Horton House plantation at Jekyll Island, devaluing the year's harvest by 20\u00a0percent; similar losses were endured by other rice, cotton, and corn farmers along the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0004-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Georgia\nAt Broughton Island, orders were given to transfer slaves away from a rice barn upon indications of a storm's arrival; however, efforts to do so were not undertaken promptly, and more than seventy slaves drowned, leading the plantation owner to sell the property following financial losses. Similar events transpired at St. Catherines Island, where two slaves died. At Darien, meanwhile, a tannery was destroyed, and flood waters ruined its tanning baths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0004-0001", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Georgia\nAt Sunbury, intense winds and high waves uprooted trees and wrecked three houses, of which two were newly built, and five slaves died after being impaled by flying wreckage or drowning. The hurricane also ruined most boats under the possession of plantation owners, and also devastated crops, storage houses, stables, and slave residences. Meanwhile, at Cockspur Island, Fort Greene was obliterated with all its buildings destroyed and thirteen men killed. Muskets, canisters, bars of lead upward of 300\u00a0lb (140\u00a0kg), and cannons weighing 4,800\u00a0lb (2,200\u00a0kg) littered the island, which was completely inundated during the storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0004-0002", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Georgia\nThe fort was never rebuilt; Fort Pulaski was later built in its former location. Meanwhile, at Wilmington Island, one house collapsed and swaths of farmland were flooded. North-to-northeast winds surrounded Hutchinson Island, producing tides 7 to 10\u00a0ft (2.1 to 3.0\u00a0m) above normal, submerging rice crops, sweeping away plantation buildings, and drowning nearly a hundred slaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0005-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Georgia\nThe hurricane's effects were especially severe in the city of Savannah, where winds incessantly gusted northeast-to-north for 17\u00a0consecutive hours. The hurricane's storm surge overcame sand bars, sweeping into bays, rivers, wharves, and any areas below an elevation of 10\u00a0ft (3.0\u00a0m). Droplets of sea spray mixed with rain, apparently giving it a saline taste, while particles of sand were lifted from the shore to the upper floors of 30\u00a0ft (9.1\u00a0m)-tall houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0005-0001", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Georgia\nBy the storm's peak, all vessels in the city harbor were damaged to some degree by the storm, while it also inflicted damage to nearly all residences in the city's southern sector. A gunboat was swept 7\u00a0mi (11\u00a0km) from its original position and landed in a faraway field. The steeple of the Presbyterian Meeting House in the city toppled and portions of a wall of the Christ Episcopal Church caved in. The local courthouse was also damaged, shingles were torn off of a jail roof, and a tobacco house was unroofed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0005-0002", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Georgia\nTwo children were crushed to death in one house, one individual was killed by a falling chimney at another. Maritime losses were observed throughout the city; Mary struck a wharf near Fort Wayne, Thomas Jefferson came aground at Hunter and Minis's Wharf, General Jackson slammed into McCradie's Wharf, Liberty capsized near Howard's Wharf, and Minevra was driven ashore at Coffee House Wharf. Numerous other wharves were damaged as a result of similar accidents, and at some wharves, vessels became stacked upon each other. Fish and poultry markets, as well as businesses along the wharves, disintegrated into the Savannah River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0005-0003", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Georgia\nTimber, cotton, tobacco, liquor, sugar, and produce was also strewn along the bluff. Overall, eighteen vessels were capsized in Savannah throughout the course of the hurricane. Many smaller vessels were apparently \"cracked like egg shells,\" floating in waters paralleling the bluff, which itself was strewn with \"serpents, turtles, [and] marsh-birds\". Damage in the city totaled at least $500,000 (1804\u00a0USD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0006-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, South Carolina\nTides in South Carolina rose 9\u00a0ft (2.7\u00a0m) above normal, causing the May River to top its banks, flooding cotton and rice fields, and sweeping plantations' cotton storage houses and slave cabins away. Inundation also occurred at various offshore locations, including Daufuskie Island, where five slaves drowned. Bridges and roadways at Beaufort, South Carolina were flooded and carried away by high tides, while high tides of up to 5\u00a0ft (1.5\u00a0m) flooded farmland, ruining fields of cotton and produce. Strong gusts knocked down chimneys and damaged the town's Baptist church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0006-0001", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, South Carolina\nCotton farmland and African slave prices fell 30\u00a0percent in the region following the storm's passage. All residences at Bay Point Island were destroyed, having been driven out to sea. The storm's salt water storm surge rendered thirty barrels of rice aboard Guilelmi, which ran ashore at Saint Helena Island, worthless, while Collector came aground at Lady's Island. Copious rainfall caused the Pocotaligo, Stony, and Huspa creeks to overflow. From Sheldon to Motley, the storm flooded creeks and rivers, inundating rice and cotton fields, with the saline water destroying the year's harvest. Roads and causeways inundated under flood waters were rendered unusable, and numerous animals were also killed in the flood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0007-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, South Carolina\nThe hurricane's effects were severe in the city of Charleston, where the storm produced northeasterly winds and heavy rainfall. The bulwark of the fort at nearby James Island was destroyed, and the palisades of the fort at Castle Pinckney were wrecked at the mouth of Charleston's harbor. The hurricane also swept vessels aground into marshes and wharves between Gadsden's Wharf and South Bay along the Cooper River. Several wharves\u2014Pritchard's, Cochran's, Beale's, Craft's, and William's\u2014were struck by vessels and consequently severely damaged. Montserrat, Mary, Birmingham Packet, Amazon, and Orange all endured some degree of damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0007-0001", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, South Carolina\nThree vessels and Mary collided with Governor's Bridge, which was impaired as a result; two vessels and Favorite slammed into Faber's Wharf, while Concord filled with water at Prioleau's Wharf, resulting in the loss of 50\u00a0tierces of rice. A counting and scale house was separated from its foundation after being struck by Lydia within the vicinity of Blake's Wharf, while the African slave boat Christopher capsized at Geyer's Wharf, with all aboard escaping safely. Four slaves drowned after a boat overturned in the Ashley River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0008-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, South Carolina\nHigh waters enveloped wharves, and neighboring stores collapsed or were washed away, with rice and cotton falling into the water. A breakwater near South Bay disintegrated and a nearby home's chimney toppled, resulting in one death. Homes were inundated, and residents along South Bay consequently fled their dwellings. The hurricane's storm surge also permeated locations along then-new East Bay Street, as well as buildings on Lamboll and Water streets; Meeting Street sank below 2\u00a0ft (0.61\u00a0m)-high flood waters. High winds, meanwhile, tore off roofs, dislodged trees, and toppled fences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0008-0001", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, South Carolina\nTo the north of Charleston, at Sullivan's Island, the storm rendered 15\u00a0to 20\u00a0houses uninhabitable; although the island was mostly inundated, many residences were saved, encircled by dunes, and several men rescued women and children. Overall, only one death was recorded on the island. The Pee Dee and Black rivers gradually rose throughout the day, eventually spilling their banks. Meanwhile, at Georgetown, high tides flooded wharves and submerged streets and businesses, destroying corn, salt, and other goods. Turtles and fish were killed, and at the Sampit River, two individuals drowned attempting to cross. A rice harvest equivalent to ten thousand barrels was ruined by high tides and torrential rain within the vicinity of Georgetown. Damage in the city reached $1,000,000 (1804\u00a0USD), and overall, the 1804\u00a0hurricane was responsible for more than 500\u00a0deaths in the southeastern United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 959]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0009-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Elsewhere\nAt Saint Kitts, the hurricane destroyed approximately one hundred ships in the local harbor\u2014all that were stationed there\u2014while heavy rainfall drove houses to sea. An additional 56\u00a0of the 58\u00a0boats at Saint Barth\u00e9lemy were lost, 58\u00a0were wrecked at Antigua, and 26\u00a0of 28\u00a0were ruined at Dominica. Damage to shipping was also severe on the Windward Islands, several vessels were lost in western Puerto Rico, and another 44\u00a0vessels were destroyed at Saint Thomas after the storm's passage. Among these vessels included a 64-gun\u00a0storeship HMS\u00a0De Ruyter was washed ashore and broke apart, resulting in one death, and HMS\u00a0Drake, a 16-gun\u00a0sloop-of-war, which came aground on a shoal off of Nevis. At Saint Kitts, the hurricane was considered to be the worst since 1772.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0010-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Elsewhere\nAlthough high waves and severe northeasterly gusts were noted from 6\u00a0to 7\u00a0September 1804 at St. Augustine, Florida and eight of the nine vessels in the local port were rendered unfit for use, the town proper largely escaped damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0011-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Elsewhere\nIn North Carolina, the hurricane blew down trees as far as 100\u00a0mi (160\u00a0km) inland, and copious rainfall isolated Scotland Neck. Around the mouth of the Cape Fear River, the vessel Wilmington Packet ran aground at Bald Point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019846-0012-0000", "contents": "1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, Impact, Elsewhere\nIn the New England gale possibly related to the Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, several ships sank in Boston's harbor, while at Salem, the South Church's steeple was toppled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019847-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 Chebotarev\n1804 Chebotarev (prov. designation: 1967 GG) is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 April 1967, by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Soviet astronomer G. A. Chebotarev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019847-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 Chebotarev, Orbit and classification\nThe stony S-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,367 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Chebotarev was first identified as 1938 QL at Yerkes Observatory in 1938, extending the body's observation arc by 29 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019847-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 Chebotarev, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Chebotarev was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.026 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.41 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019847-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 Chebotarev, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Chebotarev measures 9.15 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a high albedo of 0.501, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 10.79 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019847-0004-0000", "contents": "1804 Chebotarev, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of G. A. Chebotarev (1913\u20131975), who was a professor and the director of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy as well as president of IAU's Commission 20, (Positions & Motions of Minor Planets, Comets & Satellites). He is known for his work on celestial mechanics of asteroids, comets and satellites. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 January 1974 (M.P.C. 3569).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019848-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1804 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on April 12, 1804. Incumbent Federalist Governor Jonathan Trumbull Jr. won re-election to a seventh full term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate William Hart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019848-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 Connecticut gubernatorial election, Notes\nThis Connecticut elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019849-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1804 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 2, 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019849-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 Delaware gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Democratic-Republican Governor David Hall was not eligible for re-election under the Delaware Constitution of 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019849-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 Delaware gubernatorial election\nFederalist nominee Nathaniel Mitchell defeated Democratic-Republican nominee Joseph Haslet with 52.02% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019849-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019850-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 English cricket season\n1804 was the 18th season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). The first Eton v Harrow match may have been played at Lord's Old Ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019851-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 French constitutional referendum\nA referendum concerning the establishment of the French Empire was held in France in November 1804. The officially announced result showed a nearly unanimous French electorate approving the change in Napoleon Bonaparte's status from First Consul to Emperor of the French. About seven million voters were called to participate, of which 47.2% did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre\nThe 1804 Haiti massacre was carried out against the French population and French Creoles (or Franco-Haitians) remaining in Haiti following the Haitian Revolution, by soldiers, mostly former slaves, under orders from Jean-Jacques Dessalines. He had decreed that all suspected of conspiring in the acts of the expelled army should be put to death. From early January 1804 until 22 April 1804, squads of soldiers moved from house to house throughout Haiti, torturing and killing entire families. Between 3,000 and 5,000 people were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre\nNicholas A. Robins and Adam Jones describe the massacre as a \"genocide of the subaltern\", in which an oppressed group uses genocidal means to destroy their oppressors. Throughout the early-to-mid nineteenth century, the events of the massacre were well known in the United States. In addition, many refugees had come to the U.S. from Saint-Domingue, settling in New Orleans, Charleston, New York, Baltimore and other coastal cities. These events polarized Southern U.S. public opinion on the question of the abolition of slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Background, Slavery\nHenri Christophe's personal secretary, who was a slave for much of his life, attempted to explain the incident by referencing the cruel treatment of black slaves by white slaveholders in Saint-Domingue:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Background, Slavery\nHave they not hung up men with heads downward, drowned them in sacks, crucified them on planks, buried them alive, crushed them in mortars? Have they not forced them to consume faeces? And, having flayed them with the lash, have they not cast them alive to be devoured by worms, or onto anthills, or lashed them to stakes in the swamp to be devoured by mosquitoes? Have they not thrown them into boiling cauldrons of cane syrup? Have they not put men and women inside barrels studded with spikes and rolled them down mountainsides into the abyss? Have they not consigned these miserable blacks to man eating-dogs until the latter, sated by human flesh, left the mangled victims to be finished off with bayonet and poniard?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0004-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Background, Haitian Revolution\nIn 1791, a man of Jamaican origin named Boukman became the leader of the enslaved Africans held on a large plantation in Cap-Fran\u00e7ais. In the wake of the French Revolution, he planned to massacre all the French living in Cap-Fran\u00e7ais. On 22 August 1791, the enslaved Africans descended on Le Cap, where they destroyed the plantations and executed all the French who lived in the region. King Louis XVI was accused of indifference to the massacre, while the slaves seemed to think the king was on their side. In July 1793, the French in Les Cayes were massacred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0005-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Background, Haitian Revolution\nDespite the French proclamation of emancipation, the blacks sided with the Spanish who came to occupy the region. In July 1794, Spanish forces stood by while the black troops of Jean-Fran\u00e7ois massacred the French whites in Fort-Dauphin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0006-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Background, Haitian Revolution\nPhilippe Girard writes that genocide was openly considered as a strategy by both sides in the conflict. White forces sent by Napoleon Bonaparte committed massacres but were defeated before they could accomplish genocide, while an army under Jean-Jacques Dessalines, composed mainly of former slaves, was able to wipe out the white Haitian population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0006-0001", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Background, Haitian Revolution\nGirard describes five main factors leading to the massacre, which he describes as a genocide: (1) Haitian soldiers were influenced by the French Revolution to justify murder and large-scale massacres on ideological grounds; (2) economic interests motivated French planters to want to quell the uprising, as well as influencing former slaves to want to kill the planters and take ownership of the plantations; (3) a slave revolt had been ongoing for more than a decade, and was itself a reaction to a century of brutal colonial rule, making violent death commonplace and therefore easier to accept; (4) the massacre was a form of class warfare in which former slaves were able to take revenge against their former masters; and (5) the last stages of the war became a racial conflict pitting Whites against Blacks and Mulattoes, in which racial hatred, dehumanization, and conspiracy theories all facilitated genocide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 968]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0007-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Background, Haitian Revolution\nDessalines came to power after France's defeat and subsequent evacuation from what was previously known as Saint-Domingue. In November 1803, three days after Rochambeau's forces surrendered, Dessalines ordered the execution of 800 French soldiers who had been left behind due to illness during the evacuation. He did guarantee the safety of the remaining white civilian population. However, Jeremy Popkin writes that statements by Dessalines such as \"There are still French on the island, and still you considered yourselves free,\" spoke of a hostile attitude toward the remaining white minority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0008-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Background, Haitian Revolution\nRumors about the white population suggested that they would try to leave the country to convince foreign powers to invade and reintroduce slavery. Discussions between Dessalines and his advisers openly suggested that the white population should be put to death for the sake of national security. Whites trying to leave Haiti were prevented from doing so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0009-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Background, Haitian Revolution\nOn 1 January 1804, Dessalines proclaimed Haiti an independent nation. Dessalines later gave the order to all cities in Haiti that all whites should be put to death. The weapons used should be silent weapons such as knives and bayonets rather than gunfire, so that the killing could be done more quietly, and avoid warning intended victims by the sound of gunfire and thereby giving them the opportunity to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0010-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Massacre\nDuring February and March, Dessalines traveled among the cities of Haiti to assure himself that his orders were carried out. Despite his orders, the massacres were often not carried out until he visited the cities in person.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0011-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Massacre\nThe course of the massacre showed an almost identical pattern in every city he visited. Before his arrival, there were only a few killings, despite his orders. When Dessalines arrived, he first spoke about the atrocities committed by former white authorities, such as Rochambeau and Leclerc, after which he demanded that his orders about mass killings of the area's white population should be put into effect. Reportedly, he ordered the unwilling to take part in the killings, especially men of mixed race, so that the blame should not be placed solely on the black population. Mass killings took place on the streets and on places outside the cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0012-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Massacre\nIn parallel to the killings, plundering and rape also occurred. Women and children were generally killed last. White women were \"often raped or pushed into forced marriages under threat of death.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0013-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Massacre\nDessalines did not specifically mention that the white women should be killed, and the soldiers were reportedly somewhat hesitant to do so. In the end, however, the women were also put to death, though normally at a later stage of the massacre than the adult males. The argument for killing the women was that whites would not truly be eradicated if the white women were spared to give birth to new Frenchmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0014-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Massacre\nBefore his departure from a city, Dessalines would proclaim an amnesty for all the whites who had survived in hiding during the massacre. When these people left their hiding place however, most (French) were killed as well. Many whites were, however, hidden and smuggled out to sea by foreigners. However, there were notable exceptions to the ordered killings. A contingent of Polish defectors were given amnesty and granted Haitian citizenship for their renouncement of French allegiance and support of Haitian independence. Dessalines referred to the Poles as \"the White Negroes of Europe\", as an expression of his solidarity and gratitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0015-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Massacre\nIn Port-au-Prince, only a few killings had occurred in the city despite the orders. After Dessalines arrived on 18 March, the number of killings escalated. According to a merchant captain, about 800 people were killed in the city, while about 50 survived. On 18 April 1804, Dessalines arrived at Cap-Ha\u00eftien. Only a handful of killings had taken place there before his arrival, but the killings escalated to a massacre on the streets and outside the city after his arrival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0016-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Massacre\nAs elsewhere, the majority of the women were initially not killed. Dessalines's advisers, however, pointed out that the white Haitians would not disappear if the women were left to give birth to white men, and after this, Dessalines ordered that the women should be killed as well, with the exception of those who agreed to marry non-white men. Sources created at the time stated that 3,000 people were killed in Cap-Ha\u00eftien; Philippe Girard writes that this figure was unrealistic as in the post-evacuation of the French people the settlement had only 1,700 white people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0017-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Massacre\nOne of the most notorious of the massacre participants was Jean Zombi, a mulatto resident of Port-au-Prince who was known for his brutality. One account describes how Zombi stopped a white man on the street, stripped him naked, and took him to the stair of the Presidential Palace, where he killed him with a dagger. Dessalines was reportedly among the spectators; he was said to be \"horrified\" by the episode. In Haitian Vodou tradition, the figure of Jean Zombi has become a prototype for the zombie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0018-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effects in Haiti\nBy the end of April 1804, some 3,000 to 5,000 people had been killed and the white Haitians were practically eradicated, excluding a select group of whites who were given amnesty. The spared consisted of the Polish ex-soldiers who were given Haitian citizenship for helping black Haitians in fights against white colonialists; a small group of German colonists invited to the north-west region before the revolution; and a group of medical doctors and professionals. Reportedly, also people with connections to officers in the Haitian army were spared, as well as the women who agreed to marry non-white men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0019-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effects in Haiti\nDessalines did not try to hide the massacre from the world. In an official proclamation of 8 April 1804, he stated, \"We have given these true cannibals war for war, crime for crime, outrage for outrage. Yes, I have saved my country, I have avenged America.\" He referred to the massacre as an act of national authority. Dessalines regarded the elimination of the white Haitians an act of political necessity, as they were regarded as a threat to the peace between the black and the free people of color. It was also regarded as a necessary act of vengeance. Dessalines' secretary Boisrond-Tonnerre stated, \"For our declaration of independence, we should have the skin of a white man for parchment, his skull for an inkwell, his blood for ink, and a bayonet for a pen!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0020-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effects in Haiti\nDessalines was eager to assure that Haiti was not a threat to other nations. He directed efforts to establish friendly relations also to nations where slavery was still allowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0021-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effects in Haiti\nIn the 1805 constitution, all citizens were defined as \"black\". The constitution also banned white men from owning land, except for people already born or born in the future to white women who were naturalized as Haitian citizens and the Germans and Poles who got Haitian citizenship. The massacre had a long-lasting effect on the view of the Haitian Revolution. It helped to create a legacy of racial hostility in Haitian society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0022-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effects in Haiti\nGirard writes in the book Paradise Lost that \"Despite all of Dessalines' efforts at rationalization, the massacres were as inexcusable as they were foolish.\" Trinidadian historian C. L. R. James concurred with this view in his breakthrough work The Black Jacobins, writing that \"the unfortunate country... was ruined economically, its population lacking in social culture, [and] had its difficulties doubled by this massacre\". James wrote that the massacre was \"not policy but revenge, and revenge has no place in politics\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0023-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effects in Haiti\nPhilippe Girard writes \"when the genocide was over, Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent.\" Citing Girard, Nicholas A. Robins and Adam Jones describe the massacre as a \"genocide of the subaltern\" in which a previously disadvantaged group used a genocide to destroy their previous oppressors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0024-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effect on American society\nAt the time of the U.S. Civil War, a major pretext for Southern whites, most of whom did not own slaves, to support slave-owners (and ultimately fight for the Confederacy) was fear of a genocide similar to the Haitian Massacre of 1804. The failed experiments in Haiti and Jamaica were explicitly referred to in Confederate discourse as a reason for secession. The slave revolt was a prominent theme in the discourse of southern political leaders and had influenced U.S. public opinion since the events took place. Historian Kevin C. Julius writes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0025-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effect on American society\nAs abolitionists loudly proclaimed that \"All men are created equal\", echoes of armed slave insurrections and racial genocide sounded in Southern ears. Much of their resentment towards the abolitionists can be seen as a reaction to the events in Haiti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0026-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effect on American society\nIn the run-up to the U.S. presidential election of 1860, Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, wrote \"I remember the horrors of St. Domingo\" and said that the election \"will determine whether anything like this is to be visited upon our own southern countrymen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0027-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effect on American society\nAbolitionists recognized the strength of this argument on public opinion in both the north and south. In correspondence to the New York Times in September 1861 (during the war), an abolitionist named J.B. Lyon addressed this as a prominent argument of his opponents:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0028-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effect on American society\nWe don't know any better than to imagine that emancipation would result in the utter extinction of civilization in the South, because the slave-holders, and those in their interest, have persistently told us ... and they always instance the \"horrors of St. Domingo.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019852-0029-0000", "contents": "1804 Haiti massacre, Aftermath, Effect on American society\nLyon argued, however, that the abolition of slavery in the various Caribbean colonies of the European empires before the 1860s showed that an end to slavery could be achieved peacefully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019853-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1804 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019853-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nFederalist Governor Caleb Strong was re-elected to a fifth consecutive one-year term in office, defeating Democratic-Republican James Sullivan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019854-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 Massachusetts's 12th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 12th congressional district on September 17, 1804 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Thomson J. Skinner (DR) on August 10, 1804", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019854-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 Massachusetts's 12th congressional district special election, Election results\nLarned took his seat on November 5, 1804, at the start of the 2nd session", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019855-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 Mtiuleti rebellion\nThe 1804 rebellion in Mtiuleti was a conflict in the former Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia), at that time part of the Georgia Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was the first major Georgian rebellion directed against the Russian administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019855-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 Mtiuleti rebellion, Background\nIn 1801, the Russians capitalized on the moment, and annexed the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti. The entity was then reduced to the status of a Russian region (Georgia Governorate). Though the Russian administration brought some peace, Kartli-Kakheti remained troubled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019855-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 Mtiuleti rebellion, Rebellion\nIt broke out at a vulnerable spot, to the west of the Darial Pass. A number of local Ossetians had complained about the grain and meat demands of Cossacks stationed in the area. They were thrown into a pit. The Cossacks then proceeded to punish more locals; peasants were put to forced labour, two men were killed by whip lashing, women were mistreated, and cattle was worked to death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019855-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 Mtiuleti rebellion, Rebellion\nThe people of the Aragvi valley then attacked the troops of Dmitri Mikhailovich Volkonsky, killing several of them. They then proceeded to occupy several of the forts on the nearby main road. In the summer of 1804, 4,000 Georgian and Ossetian rebels requested Prince Parnaoz to lead them. On 3 August 1804, the rebels and Russian forces clashed at Lomisi; the Russian forces reportedly only escaped defeat due to the \"timidity\" of the Kakhetian nobles and the return of Russian General Pavel Tsitsianov, who had just unsuccessfully besieged Erivan. The rebellion was eventually crushed; hundreds of highlanders were bayoneted or imprisoned. It would take eight years before more anti-Russian violence erupted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019855-0004-0000", "contents": "1804 Mtiuleti rebellion, Rebellion\nA part of the Georgian nobles participated in the 1804 Mtiuleti rebellion. Zaza Jughashvili, Joseph Stalin's great grandfather, also took part in the rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019855-0005-0000", "contents": "1804 Mtiuleti rebellion, Sources\nThis Georgian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019855-0006-0000", "contents": "1804 Mtiuleti rebellion, Sources\nThis Russian history\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane\nThe 1804 New England hurricane (also known as the Storm of October\u00a01804) was the first tropical cyclone in recorded history known to have produced snowfall. An unusual late-season storm in 1804, it yielded vast amounts of snow, rain, and powerful winds across the northeastern United States. Prior to its approach towards the East Coast of the United States, it passed through the Caribbean Sea on 4\u00a0October, and later emerged near Georgetown, South Carolina. By early on 9 October, a trough near the Virginia Capes turned the disturbance toward New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0000-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane\nSoon thereafter, the hurricane's abundant moisture clashed with an influx of cold Canadian air, leading to the deepening of the resulting pressure gradient and provoking inland intensification. While situated over Massachusetts, it attained its peak intensity of 110\u00a0mph (175\u00a0km/h), undergoing an extratropical transition. Even as it drifted towards the Canadian maritimes, consequently gradually weakening, precipitation persisted for another two days before the snowstorm finally subsided on 11\u00a0October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane\nDue to its unusual nature, both heavy snowfall and strong winds caused a swath of devastation stretching from the Mid-Atlantic states to northern New England. In the Middle-Atlantic region, moderate damage occurred at sea but little was noted inland. In New England, strong gusts inflicted significant damage to numerous churches. Widespread residential damage, in contrast, was mostly negligible and had no lasting consequences. Thousands of trees were knocked over, obstructing roads and fiscally damaging the timber industry throughout the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0001-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane\nCold temperatures, wet snow, and high winds downed numerous branches in fruit orchards, froze potato crops, flattened dozens of barns, and killed over a hundred cattle. In general, the agriculture, shipping, timber, and livestock trades suffered most acutely following the passage of the hurricane, while structural damage was widespread but generally inconsequential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane\nThe storm's most severe effects were concentrated at sea and led to a majority of the hurricane's deaths. Winds swept dozens of watercraft and multiple ships ashore, while high waters capsized many others. Several wharves were destroyed, subsequently harming local shipping businesses. Snow and rainfall totals varied widely between states, with a clear delineation between areas that received frozen precipitation and rainfall in the Northeast. Areas of Massachusetts received up to 7\u00a0in (18\u00a0cm) of rain, in contrast to snow totals upward of 48\u00a0in (120\u00a0cm) measured in Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0002-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane\nIn all, the hurricane caused more than 15\u00a0deaths at sea and one inland, and also resulted in at least $100,000 (1804\u00a0USD) in damage. The hurricane of 1804, generally described as the most severe storm in the United States since the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635 nearly 200\u00a0years earlier, set several major precedents which have only infrequently been replicated since. It was the first known tropical cyclone to generate snowfall, and its early and extensive accumulations throughout New England were not only unprecedented but unusually heavy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe origins of the hurricane prior to its approach near New England are mostly unknown. Though a modern study conducted in 2006 traced its origins to north of Puerto Rico on 4\u00a0October 1804 and reports indicated it also passed by Dominique and Guadaloupe the same day, little else was known about the storm until its approach towards the East Coast of the United States and transit near South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0003-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Meteorological history\nWeather historian David Ludlum concluded that both the hurricane's strength and its abnormally cold environment were derived from the influx of unseasonably cold air from the north converging upon the storm's abundant moisture, increasing the pressure gradient and leading to intensification. He also speculated that the storm could have formed non-tropically from the southern Appalachian Mountains before arriving on the Atlantic coast, but given meteorological circumstances, characteristics, and timing, it was evaluated that the storm was of tropical origin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0003-0002", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe earliest evidence of a disturbance near the United States was noted on 8\u00a0October, when rainfall was recorded in upstate New York, precipitated by the storm's western periphery in advance of an approaching trough. The following morning, the trough's motion near the Virginia Capes area was accompanied by intensifying winds and a change in their direction; initially southwesterly force\u00a03, the incoming gale's winds rapidly turned towards the west-northwest, escalating to force\u00a06 by the afternoon. A 2001\u00a0study noted the unusual orientation of the storm's winds; although a majority of New England hurricanes induced southeasterly gusts, the 1804 hurricane's, in contrast, were mostly southwesterly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0004-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Meteorological history\nHistorical records chronicled the remainder of the storm's track along the East Coast of the United States. A \"dreadful squall\" occurred near Cape Henry at noon on 9 October, and historical documents confirm it quickly reached Chesapeake Bay later that morning, maintaining west-to-north winds. While gusts in New York City, where the storm arrived that afternoon, initially blew towards the southeast, they soon shifted towards the north-northwest and coincided with a rapid drop in atmospheric pressure, which bottomed out at 977\u00a0mbar (28.87\u00a0inHg) by the early afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0004-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Meteorological history\nThough the barometer at the weather station remained at that point for much of the afternoon, the air temperature plummeted rapidly from 55\u00a0\u00b0F (13\u00a0\u00b0C) to 42\u00a0\u00b0F (6\u00a0\u00b0C) during the same period. A strong westerly circulation encouraged the swift eastward movement of the through's northern segment, steering the course of the storm northeasterly over New England. By the evening, the storm had fully traversed the northeastern United States, where accounts indicated the passage of the storm's eye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0004-0002", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe results of the 2001\u00a0study also suggested atypical strengthening occurred around this time, achieving its peak intensity with 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 110\u00a0mph (175\u00a0km/h) over Massachusetts, equivalent to a Category\u00a02 hurricane on the Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale. The storm's maximum diameter was estimated to be 90\u00a0mi (150\u00a0km) at its largest point. As the hurricane weakened throughout the night, it underwent an extratropical transition, evidenced by a passageway of weak winds off of the trough's center. Its eye was consequently distorted as it meandered northward towards Canada, where it subsequently encountered an area of high pressure; though gusts diminished that evening, moderate precipitation persisted for another two days before the snowstorm finally departed on 11\u00a0October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0005-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records\nThe hurricane brought strong gusts, copious snow, and heavy rain throughout New England and across the Mid-Atlantic region. High precipitation amounts were observed along the storm's trajectory, peaking at 7\u00a0in (18\u00a0cm) inches of rain in Salem, Massachusetts and 48\u00a0in (120\u00a0cm) of snow at Windsor, Vermont. It was the first known tropical cyclone to feature frozen precipitation, and remained the only instance until a later disturbance in 1841 and Hurricane Ginny in 1963, which triggered 13\u00a0in (33\u00a0cm) of snow in regions of northern and central Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0005-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records\nThe unusually widespread and severe October snow was seen few times\u00a0\u2013 if ever\u00a0\u2013 until the 2011 Halloween nor'easter, which dropped several feet in New England at its worst. Similarly, Hurricane Sandy in 2012 brought heavy snow along areas of the East Coast, with its highest depths concentrated in Virginia, albeit while exhibiting extratropical characteristics. In addition, a modern survey concluded that the 1804 storm was the only known hurricane to strike New England with southwesterly winds, and it was also one of only two, the other being the 1869 Saxby Gale, confirmed to have intensified while inland over New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0006-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records\nIn the Middle-Atlantic states, it caused little injury overall, though many boats and ships were capsized. To the north in New England, many churches endured significant damage, and shipwrecks led to 15\u00a0deaths, with one other death owing to a building collapse. Due to intense gusts, hundreds of trees were uprooted and many buildings were unroofed. Agriculture, shipping, timber, and livestock industries also suffered substantial impairment, with considerable injury experienced by barns, crops, watercraft, timber, and livestock. Farther north, entire swaths of forest were leveled, and heavy snow blocked roads, paths, and turnpikes. Fruit orchards and sugar groves endured the worst of the storm, reducing the season's harvests. Private properties generally suffered damage to roofs, windows, and chimneys; several buildings throughout the region were reported to have collapsed. Overall, approximately $100,000 in damage and more than 16\u00a0deaths were recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 1012]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0007-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Mid-Atlantic and south\nThough the hurricane was reported to have passed by Dominique, Guadaloupe, and Georgetown, South Carolina, few other details are known and no damage was observed. Losses in the Mid-Atlantic states were much less severe than those in New England, but isolated damage was still noted. Offshore Cape Henry, Virginia, a vessel weathered through a squall, but managed to escape without being capsized. To the north near Chesapeake Bay, a mail boat was impeded by unrelenting west-to-northwesterly gusts at Havre de Grace, Maryland, and consequently was unable to traverse the bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 70], "content_span": [71, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0007-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Mid-Atlantic and south\nA negative storm tide at Baltimore grounded multiple boats, and farther north at Philadelphia, an arriving ferry was inundated by a sudden gale. In New Jersey, a ferry was overturned near Trenton, and another ran ashore within the proximity of Absecon Beach. The hurricane's impact in New York state was largely insignificant, though rain totals reached 2.27\u00a0in (5.8\u00a0cm) in New York City. Meanwhile, to the west in the Catskill Mountains, up to 18\u00a0in (46\u00a0cm) of snow accumulated, despite reports of fast-melting snow at Rochester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 70], "content_span": [71, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0007-0002", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Mid-Atlantic and south\nWinds at Hudson were seemingly more extreme than any other previous storm in the region, and the Hudson Valley as a whole experienced intense gusts throughout the day; however, there was only a single report of inland damage, with houses flattened at Newburgh as a result of the severe winds. Shipping was slightly disrupted throughout the state of New York, with high winds forcing ships to travel with lowered sails, also preventing vessels from docking at New York Harbor on 10\u00a0October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 70], "content_span": [71, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0008-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England\nDevastation was widespread throughout the state of Massachusetts, with high winds and heavy snow averaging 5 to 14\u00a0in (13 to 36\u00a0cm) causing significant havoc. In Boston, strong winds, described as \"unprecedented in the annals\" of the city, were documented during the afternoon of 9\u00a0October, with the intense gusts blowing off the steeple of the Old North Church. The steeple was eventually repaired and restored several times, yet was blown down by once more in 1954 by Hurricane Carol and mended once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0008-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England\nMeanwhile, the roof of the King's Chapel was tossed 200\u00a0ft (61\u00a0m) from its initial location, landing on an adjacent house and crushing two carriages into pieces. Churches and meetinghouses in Salem, Beverly, Charlestown, and Danvers were also seriously impaired. A residence in Boston caved in, killing one person and injuring three others, and consequently was to be demolished. All across the state, the storm bent and crumpled structures and also ruined many wharves. In Dighton and Milton, winds toppled several homes, while shipping was impacted by the storm in Gloucester. Property damage throughout the state\u00a0\u2013 especially to chimneys, roofs, and windows\u00a0\u2013 was generally severe, with chimneys even falling onto stage coaches in the streets of Boston. The Charlestown Navy Yard was dismantled to prevent its imminent collapse, and in Peabody, more than 30,000\u00a0unburnt bricks were wrecked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 962]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0009-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England\nThe storm uprooted thousands of trees throughout the easternmost sections of the state. In the town of Lynn, the storm was reportedly the most severe since the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635, with roofs torn off structures, fences and chimneys toppled, and orchards bearing the brunt of formidable destruction. The chimney of the local schoolhouse collapsed into the roof and a bench was thrown into the cellar. Intense winds uprooted thousands of trees, of which many sank into local marshes. At Plum Island, gusts toppled trees and fences, yet no residential damage was observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0009-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England\nClose by at Plymouth, however, winds wrecked several houses and overturned numerous boats. At Rehoboth, winds brought down at least 80\u00a0trees, and in nearby Quincy, a few houses' roofs were torn away, more than a dozen barns were demolished, and gusts killed numerous cows, with similar damage noted at Taunton. Many ornamental and fruit trees also endured significant damage, high winds blew away many roofs, chimneys, and fences. Meanwhile, at Dedham, more than 130\u00a0trees toppled onto the fifth Massachusetts Turnpike, and many forests were razed throughout other parts of the region, making roads impassable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0009-0002", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England\nRemarkably, the Endicott Pear Tree in Danvers survived to later weather through three other hurricanes in 1815, 1843, and 1934. Approximately 4\u00a0in (10\u00a0cm) of rain was measured during the day in Salem, while an additional 3\u00a0in (7.6\u00a0cm) fell that evening, apparently \"a greater quantity than has ever been known in the same space of time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0010-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England\nAt least 27\u00a0vessels were damaged by the hurricane in Boston, with six watercraft having struck the South Boston Bridge, resulting in one death. Winds propelled several boats off of Gloucester out to sea, and their company was presumed to be lost. Ships elsewhere also withstood the hurricane's powerful gusts without much success\u00a0\u2013 the Dove capsized at Ipswich Bar, killing seven people. The captain of the Hannah drowned at Cohasset and the vessel Mary was also beached, but the latter craft's crew survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0010-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England\nAt Cape Cod, the Protector was swept inland near Highland Light, losing $100,000 (1804\u00a0USD) in goods and leading to one death, while the John Harris capsized nearby, its crew perishing with it. Three bodies were also washed ashore at Plymouth, apparently from drowning at sea. Dozens of watercraft were driven aground at Salem, Cape Ann, and Marblehead, causing significant damage. At Abington, the storm's effects to local shipping activities were detrimental, with many vessels shipwrecked by high winds. Despite being heavily occupied, the port at New Bedford experienced no losses of ships or boats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0011-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England\nPowerful winds induced substantial destruction throughout other portions of the state. The diary of William Bentley featured an account on the hurricane, describing the destruction of two barns in Salem and the death of a horse. The property of Paul Revere and Bentley's own house suffered considerable injury, and in nearby Nahant, many buildings' roofs were hurled away by intense gusts. Bentley also observed the unusual abundance of seaweed which was swept inland during the aftermath of the storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0011-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England\nWhere snow fell it was mainly heavy, with reports of snowfall totaling 24 to 30\u00a0in (61 to 76\u00a0cm) in the Berkshires and up to 18\u00a0in (46\u00a0cm) near Stockbridge; however, no accumulation was measured in Boston and Worcester due to higher-than-optimal temperatures. In Abington, the hurricane not only impacted the shipping industry but also inflicted severe damage to oak and pine forests. Severe damage was inflicted to crops as a result of the storm, with potatoes freezing, apples tossed from branches, and stacks of hay ruined. Livestock also encountered noteworthy losses, with \"large numbers\" of cattle, sheep, and fowl having died near Walpole, Newbury, and Topsfield\u00a0\u2013 over a hundred cattle died at Topsfield alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0012-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England\nWhile reports of snowfall were generally sporadic in Massachusetts, snowfall was copious in Connecticut. More than 3\u00a0in (7.6\u00a0cm) of snow accumulated at Litchfield, while over 12\u00a0in (30\u00a0cm) was recorded at Goshen. Moderate snowfall also accrued at Woodbridge, and other regions of the state received up to 24\u00a0in (61\u00a0cm). However, the delineation between areas of rain and snow was clearly evident, with more than 3.66\u00a0in (9.3\u00a0cm) of rain measured in nearby New Haven. Devastation was also widespread in Rhode Island, with numerous houses damaged at Newport and Providence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0012-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Southern New England\nIn Newport, many ships were damaged, and several deaths were recorded. Trees of immense size were also uprooted in both towns, and fence boards were scattered by strong gusts. In Providence, many ships were grounded, a brick house was impaired, and various other structures' chimneys collapsed. The hurricane was described as the \"severest storm and gale of wind within the recollection of any of its inhabitants,\" although little else was known about its impacts in Rhode Island. Despite the high wind speeds and proximity to other snow-receiving areas, none fell in Providence as a result of warmer temperatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0013-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada\nAlthough winds in New Hampshire, along the hurricane's northern edge, were less severe, higher snowfall totals were recorded. In Portsmouth, damage was minimal and mainly confined to fences. On 10\u00a0October, thundersnow was observed in Walpole as precipitation changed due to sinking temperatures, which soon followed by a period of high winds. Though the average snowfall amount in the Connecticut River Valley was estimated to be near 15 to 18\u00a0in (38 to 46\u00a0cm), much of it quickly melted, leaving only 4 to 5\u00a0in (10 to 13\u00a0cm) left by the snowstorm's departure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0013-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada\nStill, the heavy weight of the unusually early wet snow snapped many tree branches still in full bloom, ruining fruit orchards and sugar groves. As a result, production of cider, already in low supply, was reduced even further; damages to one orchard alone reached $300 (1804\u00a0USD). Due to snow-obstructed roads, post was delivered on horseback, and at Gilsum, the hurricane was so intense that a group of men traveling toward Keene were forced to return due to blocked roads smothered with over 10\u00a0in (25\u00a0cm) of snow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0013-0002", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada\nThe timber industry suffered the blizzard's detrimental effects, the worst blow to the trade since its formation in New Hampshire; in addition, several barns were obliterated. Totals reached 6\u00a0in (15\u00a0cm) at Hanover, 24\u00a0in (61\u00a0cm) at Goffstown, and over 36 to 48\u00a0in (91 to 122\u00a0cm) in the Green Mountains; meanwhile, in southern portions of the state, 4\u00a0in (10\u00a0cm) of ice accrued upon the accumulations already on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0013-0003", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada\nThe storm's damage radius was estimated to be at least 50\u00a0mi (80\u00a0km), and encompassed the towns of Peterborough, Rindge, Lyme, and Amherst, each received 24 to 36\u00a0in (61 to 91\u00a0cm) of frozen precipitation. At Rye Beach, a woman, swept to sea on a stranded ship, was found dead with an infant in her hands, and the Amity was also wrecked along its shores, causing an additional death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0014-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada\nIn contrast to the higher precipitation totals found in New Hampshire, accumulations merely averaged 5\u00a0in (13\u00a0cm) in Vermont. Even so, a source detailed snowfall depths of 20\u00a0in (51\u00a0cm) within the vicinity of Lunenburg by the time the hurricane's precipitation subsided, and reported higher depths of 3\u00a0ft (0.91\u00a0m) in other regions of the state. In the vicinity of Windsor, up to 48\u00a0in (120\u00a0cm) of snow may have fallen during the course of the snowstorm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0014-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada\nThe snow was deep enough to cover the entire heights of corn stalks and potato crops, impeding the impending harvest, while massive drifts in the state's hills obstructed roads. Even farther north in Maine, the snowstorm's effects remained disastrous; following its passage, a 60 acres (240,000\u00a0m2) timber lot at Thomaston was nearly entirely uprooted, clearing a massive forested area and making towns from great distances away, previously obstructed, suddenly visible. The effect of the storm was so pronounced that, according to Sidney Perley, \"people felt as if they were in a strange place\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0014-0002", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Northern New England and Canada\nThe storm was particularly severe on the Atlantic coast, especially in Kennebec, Wiscaset, Berwick, Kittery, and York, causing moderate destruction and killing several cattle. However, at Portland, the hurricane was less severe and its impact was minimal. Precipitation arrived in Canada on 9\u00a0October and persisted through the following day without triggering any recorded damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0015-0000", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Records\nDue to its unusual nature, the hurricane of 1804 set several major precedents which have only rarely occurred since then. Having defied many behaviors normally exhibited by New England hurricanes, the cyclone, described as the most severe in the United States since the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635, was not only unique in its production of snow, but also in its meteorological characteristics and unusual timing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0015-0001", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Records\nThough the disturbance developed within the confines of the Atlantic hurricane season, its widespread early-season snowfall was unprecedented, with few comparable storms since, among them being the 2011 Halloween nor'easter, producing several feet of snowfall in many areas. Similar circumstances occurred in 2012 with the arrival of Hurricane Sandy, which had a comparable track to the 1804 snowstorm, though it was extratropical by the time it made landfall. The storm was also the first known instance of snow instigated by a tropical cyclone until a later storm in 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019856-0015-0002", "contents": "1804 New England hurricane, Impact and records, Records\nSince that time, there has been only one other confirmed snowfall event as a result of a tropical cyclone while still considered to be tropical, which was caused by Hurricane Ginny in 1963, generating accumulations of 13\u00a0in (33\u00a0cm) in Maine. The storm also displayed abnormal meteorological characteristics which went against conventional understanding. Winds prevailed toward the southwest, the only known example of a northeastern hurricane producing winds in that direction; most generally yielded southeasterly gusts. In addition, it was one of only two systems to have strengthened while inland, the other being the 1869 Saxby Gale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019857-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 New Hampshire gubernatorial election\nThe 1804 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 13, 1804. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Taylor Gilman won re-election to an eleventh term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate, former Governor and U.S. Senator John Langdon in a re-match of the previous year's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019857-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 New Hampshire gubernatorial election, Notes\nThis New Hampshire elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019858-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1804 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1804 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019858-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Clintonian faction of the Democratic Republican Party nominated former Attorney General of New York and Supreme Court of New York justice Morgan Lewis. They nominated state senator John Broome for Lieutenant General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019858-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nAlthough a Democratic-Republican, incumbent Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr was backed by members of the Federalist Party who wanted to see New York join the New England states in an independent confederation. This scheme was opposed by High Federalist Alexander Hamilton, the party's national leader. Burr subsequently killed Hamilton in a duel. U.S. representative Oliver Phelps was nominated for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019859-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 New York's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New York's 1st congressional district April 24\u201326, 1804 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of John Smith (DR) on February 22, 1804, after being elected to the Senate. The election was held at the same time as the elections for the 9th Congress and were combined into a single election, with the candidate receiving the most votes going to the 9th Congress and the candidate with the second most votes going to the 8th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019859-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 New York's 1st congressional district special election, Election results\nWickes won the seat for the 9th Congress and Riker for the remainder of the 8th Congress, taking his seat on November 5, 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019860-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 New York's 2nd and 3rd congressional district special elections\nA special election was held in New York's 2nd and 3rd congressional districts September 11-13, 1804 to fill a vacancy in the 9th Congress left by Representative-elect Daniel D. Tompkins (DR) resigning to accept an appointment to the New York Supreme Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019860-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 New York's 2nd and 3rd congressional district special elections\nAt the time, the 2nd and 3rd districts had combined returns, functioning as a single plural district, hence, both Tompkins' initial election and this special election covered both districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019860-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 New York's 2nd and 3rd congressional district special elections, Election returns\nMumford took his seat with the rest of the 9th Congress at the start of the 1st session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 86], "content_span": [87, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019861-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district on November 2, 1804 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of William Hoge (DR) on October 15, 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019861-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district special election, Election results\nJohn Hoge, the winner of this special election, was the brother of the outgoing incumbent William Hoge, and took his seat November 27, 1804", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019862-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nThe Delaware United States House election for 1804 was held October 13\u201320, 1804. The incumbent Representative Caesar Augustus Rodney was defeated by the former Representative James A. Bayard Sr., whom he had defeated in the previous election, with 52.12% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019863-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia\nInitially, Cowles Mead (Democratic-Republican) was declared the winner of the 4th seat. The votes from Camden, Liberty and Tatnal counties were not received in time and were originally not counted. When it was later decided to count them as valid, it resulted in Thomas Spalding (Democratic-Republican) overtaking Cowles Mead for the fourth and final seat by 39 votes. Spalding was then given the seat in place of Mead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019864-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey\nThe Federalist ticket was announced only a week before the election, with no active campaigning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019865-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island, Notes\nThis Rhode Island elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 75], "content_span": [76, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019866-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nThe majority requirement was met in all 17 districts in the 1804 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019866-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 77], "content_span": [78, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019867-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 24 to 26, 1804, to elect 17 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 9th United States Congress. At the same time, a vacancy was filled in the 8th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019867-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n17 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1802 to a term in the 8th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1803. John Cantine had resigned his seat, and Isaac Bloom had died in April 1803. Josiah Hasbrouck and Daniel C. Verplanck were elected to fill the vacancies. In February 1804, John Smith was elected to the U.S. Senate, leaving a vacancy in the 1st District. The other 16 representatives' term would end on March 3, 1805. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1804, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1805, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on December 2, 1805.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019867-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nAfter the U.S. census of 1800, New York's representation in the House was increased to 17 seats. On March 30, 1802, the New York State Legislature had re-apportioned the congressional districts, dividing New York County seemingly at random into two districts. After the election of one Democratic-Republican and one Federalist in 1802, the Dem.-Rep. majority in the State Legislature gerrymandered the two districts together in an Act passed on March 20, 1804, so that two congressmen would be elected on a general ticket by the voters of both districts, assuring the election of two Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019867-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nBesides, Seneca Co. was split from Cayuga Co. inside the 17th District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019867-0004-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019867-0005-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n15 Democratic-Republicans and 2 Federalists were elected to the 9th Congress, and one Democratic-Reopublican to fill the vacancy in the 8th Congress. The incumbents Mitchill, Van Cortlandt, Verplanck, Livingston, Van Rensselaer, Thomas and Sammons were re-elected; the incumbent Root was defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019867-0006-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: The Anti- Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019867-0007-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nDaniel D. Tompkins, elected in the 2nd/3rd D., was appointed on July 2, 1804, to the New York Supreme Court and resigned his seat, before the congressional term began. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in October 1804, and was won by Gurdon S. Mumford, of the same party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019867-0008-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nSamuel L. Mitchill, who had been re-elected in the 2nd/3rd D. to a third term, resigned his seat on November 22, 1804, after his election to the U.S. Senate. A special election to fill both vacancies (the remainder of his term in the 8th Congress and his seat in the 9th Congress) was held, and was won by George Clinton, Jr., of the same party. Clinton took his seat in the 8th Congress on February 14, 1805, and remained in office after March 4 in the 9th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019867-0009-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nThe House of Representatives of the 9th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 2, 1805, and Blake, Halsey, Masters, Mumford, Russell, Sailly, Sammons, Schuneman, Thomas, Tracy, Van Rensselaer and Williams took their seats on this day. Livingston and Wickes took their seats on December 9; Van Cortlandt on December 10; Verplanck on December 11; and Clinton on December 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019868-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019869-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nElections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania were held on October 9, 1804 for the 9th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019869-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nIn the previous election, a delegation of all Democratic-Republicans had been elected to Congress. At this time, a moderate wing of the Democratic-Republican party, known as the Constitutional Republicans or tertium quids (\"quids\" for short) had broken off from the majority and ran candidates in several districts. The Quids were generally allied with the Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019869-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nPennsylvania was divided into 11 districts, of which four were plural districts with 11 Representatives between them. Several new counties were created between the 1802 elections and the 1804 elections. The districts were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019869-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nThe borders between the 4th, 5th, and 8th districts were altered slightly in the erection of new counties from parts of several counties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019869-0004-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nNote: Many of these counties covered much larger areas than they do today, having since been divided into smaller counties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019869-0005-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results\nFifteen incumbents ran for re-election, of whom 14 won. The incumbents Isaac Van Horne (DR) of the 2nd district, Joseph Hiester (DR) of the 3rd district and William Hoge (DR) of the 10th district did not run for re-election. One seat changed from Democratic-Republican to Federalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019869-0006-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results\nReturns are incomplete for the 8th, 9th, and 10th districts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019869-0007-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special election to the 8th Congress\nWilliam Hoge (DR) of the 10th district resigned October 15, 1804. A special election was held November 2, 1804 to fill his seat for the remainder of the 8th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 126], "content_span": [127, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019869-0008-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections to the 9th Congress\nTwo special elections were held on October 8, 1805. In the 4th district, John A. Hanna (DR) died on July 23, 1805, while in the 11th district, John Lucas (DR) resigned prior to the first meeting of the 9th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 127], "content_span": [128, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019869-0009-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections to the 9th Congress\nMichael Leib (DR) of the 1st district resigned February 14, 1806. A special election was held November 27, 1806", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 127], "content_span": [128, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019870-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes\nThis South Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019871-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States Senate special elections in New York\nIn 1804, there were two special elections for the U.S. Senate from New York:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019872-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States elections\nThe 1804 United States elections elected the members of the 9th United States Congress. The election took place during the First Party System. The Democratic-Republican Party continued its control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019872-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States elections\nIn the Presidential election, incumbent Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson easily defeated Federalist former Governor Charles Pinckney of South Carolina. As the Twelfth Amendment had been ratified in 1804, this was the first election in which electors separately selected a president and a vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019872-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 United States elections\nIn the House, Democratic-Republicans won moderate gains, boosting their already-dominant majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019872-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democratic-Republicans made small gains, improving on their commanding majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019873-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States gubernatorial elections\nUnited States gubernatorial elections were held in 1804, in 13 states, concurrent with the House, Senate elections and presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019873-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States gubernatorial elections\nEight governors were elected by popular vote and five were elected by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019874-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election\nThe 1804 United States presidential election was the fifth quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, November 2, to Wednesday, December 5, 1804. Incumbent Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson defeated Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina. It was the first presidential election conducted following the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reformed procedures for electing presidents and vice presidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019874-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election\nJefferson was re-nominated by his party's congressional nominating caucus without opposition, and the party nominated Governor George Clinton of New York to replace Aaron Burr as Jefferson's running mate. With former President John Adams in retirement, the Federalists turned to Pinckney, a former ambassador and Revolutionary War hero who had been Adams's running mate in the 1800 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019874-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election\nThough Jefferson had only narrowly defeated Adams in 1800, he was widely popular due to the Louisiana Purchase and a strong economy. He carried almost every state, including most states in the Federalist stronghold of New England. Several states did not hold a popular vote for president, but Jefferson dominated the popular vote in the states that did. Jefferson's 45.6 percentage point victory margin in the popular vote remains the highest victory margin in a presidential election in which there were multiple major party candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019874-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election, Background\nAlthough the presidential election of 1800 was a close one, Jefferson steadily gained popularity during his term. American trade boomed due to the temporary suspension of hostilities during the French Revolutionary Wars in Europe, and the Louisiana Purchase was heralded as a great achievement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019874-0004-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination\nThe February 1804 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus selected the ticket. Unlike the previous election, the nominating caucus did not meet in secret. Jefferson's re-nomination was never in any real doubt, with the real issue being seen as who the party would nominate to replace Vice President Aaron Burr, whose relationship with Jefferson had soured. Governor George Clinton of New York was chosen as Jefferson's running mate, continuing the party's tradition of nominating a ticket consisting of a Virginian and a New Yorker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 93], "content_span": [94, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019874-0005-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election, Nominations, Federalist Party nomination\nThe Federalists did not hold a nominating caucus, but Federalist Congressional leaders informally agreed to nominate a ticket consisting of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina and former Senator Rufus King of New York. Pinckney's public service during and after the American Revolutionary War had won him national stature, and Federalists hoped that Pinckney would win some Southern votes away from Jefferson, who had dominated the Southern vote in the previous election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019874-0006-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election, General election\nFederalist leader Alexander Hamilton's death in July 1804 following the Burr\u2013Hamilton duel destroyed whatever hope the Federalists had of defeating the popular Jefferson. Leaderless and disorganized, the Federalists failed to attract much support outside of New England. The Federalists attacked the Louisiana Purchase as unconstitutional, criticized Jefferson's gunboat navy, and alleged that Jefferson had fathered children with his slave, Sally Hemings, but the party failed to galvanize opposition to Jefferson. Jefferson's policies of expansionism and reduced government spending were widely popular. Jefferson was aided by an effective Democratic-Republican party organization, which had continued to develop since 1800, especially in the Federalist stronghold of New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019874-0007-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election, General election\nJefferson's victory was overwhelming, and he even won four of the five New England states. Pinckney won only two states, Connecticut and Delaware. This was the first election where the Democratic-Republicans won in Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. This was the last time that Massachusetts voted for the Democratic-Republicans until 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019874-0008-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nSource (popular vote): . . (February 10, 2006). Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825Source (electoral vote):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019874-0009-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election, General election, Results\n(a) Only 11 of the 17 states chose electors by popular vote. (b) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019874-0010-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election, General election, Popular vote by state\nThe popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest total of votes. The vote totals of North Carolina and Tennessee appear to be incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019875-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1804 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between November 2 and December 5, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019875-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nDuring this election, Connecticut cast nine electoral votes for Federalist Party candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (becoming the only state other than Delaware to do so). However, he would lose to Democratic Republican incumbent Thomas Jefferson by a landslide margin nationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019876-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in Georgia\nThe 1804 presidential election in Georgia took place between November 2 to December 15, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. As occurred at the time, the state legislatures chose six electors to represent the state in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019876-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in Georgia, Results\nNationwide, Jefferson won in a landslide, winning all but two states and proving to be a very popular president in most areas. Georgia was no exception, with all six electors voting for Democratic-Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson and his running mate George Clinton, over the Federalist candidates Charles Pinckney and Rufus King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019877-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1804 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between November 2 and December 5, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. The state chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019877-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nDuring this election, New Jersey cast eight electoral votes for Democratic Republican incumbent Thomas Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019878-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1804 United States presidential election in New York took place between November 2 and December 5, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 19 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019878-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in New York\nDuring this election, New York cast 19 electoral votes for Democratic Republican incumbent Thomas Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019879-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1804 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. Voters chose 20 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019879-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate, Thomas Jefferson, over the Federalist candidate, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Jefferson won Pennsylvania by a wide margin of 89.38%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019880-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1804 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between November 2 and December 5, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019880-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nDuring this election, South Carolina cast 10 electoral votes for Democratic Republican incumbent Thomas Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019881-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1804 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between November 2 and December 5, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019881-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 United States presidential election in Vermont\nDuring this election, Vermont cast six electoral votes for Democratic Republican incumbent Thomas Jefferson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019882-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1804 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019882-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Rutland on October 11. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019882-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe committee examined the votes, which showed that Isaac Tichenor was chosen for an eighth one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a ninth one-year term. Benjamin Swan was elected to a fifth one-year term as treasurer. According to contemporary newspaper accounts, the vote totals for governor were as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019882-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the races for lieutenant governor and treasurer, the totals were not recorded, but Brigham and Swan were reported to have received majorities of over 4,000 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019883-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 9th Congress were held at various dates in each state between April 24, 1804 (in New York) and August 5, 1805 (in Tennessee). The Congress first met on December 2, 1805. The elections occurred at the same time as President Thomas Jefferson's re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019883-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections\nUnder Jefferson's popular administration, his party continued to gain seats in the House. Territorial acquisitions from the Louisiana Purchase and economic expansion gave voters a positive view of the Democratic-Republicans, whose majority, already commanding in the 8th Congress, now surpassed three-quarters of the total membership. Following this election, Federalists were able to secure few seats outside of New England and party legitimacy deteriorated as political thought turned away from Federalist ideals perceived to be elitist and anti-democratic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019883-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1804 and 1805 during the 8th United States Congress and 9th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019883-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nThe majority requirement was met in all 17 districts in the 1804 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019883-0004-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nThe Federalist ticket was announced only a week before the election, with no active campaigning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019883-0005-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York held elections for the 9th Congress on April 24\u201326, 1804. For this year and the next election year, the 2nd and 3rd districts had combined returns, effectively a plural district with 2 seats, though still numbered as separate districts. At the time, District 2 consisted of only part of New York County, while District 3 consisted of the remainder of New York County plus Kings and Richmond Counties. By consolidating the two, it ensured that New York County would be combined into a single district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019883-0006-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nBeginning with the 9th Congress, Tennessee was divided into 3 districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019883-0007-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont required a majority for election, which frequently mandated runoff elections. The 2nd, and 3rd districts both required second elections in this election cycle, and  districts both required second elections in this election cyclethe 3rd district required a third election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019883-0008-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nThere were three territories with non-voting delegates in the 9th Congress, one of which (the Orleans Territory) did not send its first representative until 1806. The delegates were elected by the territorial legislatures, votes here are the number of members of the territorial legislatures voting for each candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019883-0009-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nIn the Mississippi Territory, the territorial legislature was locked. The first vote given above was on the 7th ballot, after which point the territorial legislature adjourned, the second vote was at a later session of the territorial legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1804 and 1805 were elections that expanded the Democratic-Republican Party's overwhelming control over the United States Senate. The Federalists went into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats (9 out of 34, or 27%) that even if they had won every election, they would have still remained a minority caucus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nExcept if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 8th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winner was seated during 1804 or before March 4, 1805; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0004-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 9th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1805; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0005-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 9th Congress\nIn this special election, the winner was seated in 1805 after March 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0006-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Delaware\nThere were two elections this cycle to the same seat, because Federalist William H. Wells, who had first been elected in 1799, resigned November 6, 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0007-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Delaware, Delaware (Regular)\nFederalist James A. Bayard was elected November 13, 1804, to finish the term ending the following March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0008-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Delaware, Delaware (Special)\nFederalist James A. Bayard also elected in 1805, to the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0009-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)\nIn February 1804 two senators were elected to finish vacant terms. The winner of the class 1 seat later resigned, leading to a November special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0010-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)\nTheodorus Bailey had been elected to the Class 1 seat (term 1803-1809) but resigned on January 16, 1804, after his appointment as Postmaster of New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0011-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)\nJohn Armstrong had been re-elected to the class 3 seat to the term that would end March 3, 1807. He resigned February 5, 1802 and DeWitt Clinton was elected February 9, 1802 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0012-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)\nClinton then resigned on November 4, 1803, after his appointment as Mayor of New York City, and Governor George Clinton appointed Armstrong to his old seat to continue the term temporarily until another special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0013-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)\nArmstrong was then elected to the Class 1 seat and so resigned from the Class 3 seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0014-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special), New York (February: Special Classes 1 and 3)\nThe first special election was held February 3, 1804, by the New York State Legislature to elect both senators. The class 1 term ended March 3, 1809 and the class 3 term ended March 3, 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 110], "content_span": [111, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0015-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special), New York (February: Special Classes 1 and 3)\nJohn Smith was seated February 23, 1804. John Armstrong was seated February 25, 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 110], "content_span": [111, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0016-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, New York (Special), New York (November: Special class 1)\nOnce again, John Armstrong resigned from the Senate on June 30, 1804 (a third time in three years) when appointed U.S. Minister to France. To fill the vacancy, the legislature held a special election November 9, 1804, and elected Samuel L. Mitchill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 102], "content_span": [103, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0017-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island, Rhode Island (Regular)\nDemocratic-Republican James Fenner beat incumbent Democratic-Republican Christopher Ellery in 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0018-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island, Rhode Island (Special)\nDemocratic-Republican Samuel J. Potter died October 14, 1804 Democratic-Republican Benjamin Howland was elected October 29, 1804 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0019-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, South Carolina, South Carolina (Special)\nDemocratic-Republican Pierce Butler resigned November 21, 1804 and Democratic-Republican John Gaillard was elected December 6, 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 86], "content_span": [87, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0020-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Virginia\nThe incumbent senators effectively switched seats due to appointments and special elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0021-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Class 2, Virginia (Special, Class 2)\nDemocratic-Republican Wilson C. Nicholas resigned May 22, 1804 and Democratic-Republican Andrew Moore was appointed August 11, 1804 to continue the term. Moore was elected to the other seat, so he resigned and Democratic-Republican William B. Giles, who had already been elected to this seat's next term, was elected December 4, 1804 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 92], "content_span": [93, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0022-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Class 2, Virginia (Regular, Class 2)\nDemocratic-Republican William B. Giles was elected December 4, 1804 to the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 92], "content_span": [93, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019884-0023-0000", "contents": "1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Special, Class 1)\nDemocratic-Republican Abraham B. Venable resigned June 7, 1804 and Democratic-Republican William B. Giles was appointed August 11, 1804 to continue the term. Giles was elected to the other seat, so he resigned and Democratic-Republican Andrew Moore was elected December 4, 1804 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar\nThe 1804 dollar or Bowed Liberty Dollar was a dollar coin struck by the Mint of the United States, of which fifteen specimens are currently known to exist. Though dated 1804, none were struck in that year; all were minted in the 1830s or later. They were first created for use in special proof coin sets used as diplomatic gifts during Edmund Roberts' trips to Siam and Muscat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar\nEdmund Roberts distributed the coins in 1834 and 1835. Two additional sets were ordered for government officials in Japan and Cochinchina, but Roberts died in Macau before they could be delivered. Besides those 1804 dollars produced for inclusion in the diplomatic sets, the Mint struck some examples which were used to trade with collectors for pieces desired for the Mint's coin cabinet. Numismatists first became aware of the 1804 dollar in 1842, when an illustration of one example appeared in a publication authored by two Mint employees. A collector subsequently acquired one example from the Mint in 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0001-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar\nIn response to numismatic demand, several examples were surreptitiously produced by Mint officials. Unlike the original coins, these later restrikes lacked the correct edge lettering, although later examples released from the Mint bore the correct lettering. The coins produced for the diplomatic mission, those struck surreptitiously without edge lettering and those with lettering are known collectively as \"Class I\", \"Class II\" and \"Class III\" dollars, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar\nFrom their discovery by numismatists, 1804 dollars have commanded high prices. Auction prices reached $1,000 by 1885, and in the mid-twentieth century, the coins realized over $30,000. In 1999, a Class I example sold for $4.14 million, then the highest price paid for any coin. Their high value has caused 1804 dollars to be a frequent target of counterfeiting and other methods of deception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0003-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Background\nThe Coinage Act of 1792, the legislation which provided for the establishment of the Mint of the United States (today the United States Mint), authorized coinage of multiple denominations of gold, silver and copper coins. According to the act, the dollar, or \"unit\", was to \"be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0003-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar, Background\nThe act went on to state that the coin would be struck in an alloy consisting of 89.2 percent silver and 10.8 percent copper. The purity and weight standards outlined in the Act were based on the mean of several assays conducted on Spanish milled dollars. However, the dollars were mandated by Spanish law to contain 90.2 percent silver, and most of the unworn examples in circulation in the United States at the time contained approximately 1.75 grains (0.113\u00a0g) more than the silver dollars authorized by the Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0003-0002", "contents": "1804 dollar, Background\nIn 1793, President George Washington signed into law a bill which declared Spanish milled dollars legal tender, provided that they weighed no less than 415 grains (26.9\u00a0g), which meant that at the lowest weight allowed by law, the Spanish dollars would contain approximately 0.5 percent less silver than the United States dollar coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0003-0003", "contents": "1804 dollar, Background\nAs a result, the United States silver dollars and unworn Spanish dollars were largely forced out of circulation in accordance with Gresham's law; the lighter Spanish dollars were shipped in quantity for circulation in the United States, while the heavier pieces would be turned in to the Philadelphia Mint to be recoined into United States coinage to take advantage of the discrepancy in weight. At that time, silver bullion was supplied to the Mint exclusively by private depositors, who, according to the Coinage Act of 1792, had the right to have their bullion coined free of charge. As large silver coins were a preferred method of commerce throughout the world, especially China, a considerable number of the United States dollars requested by silver depositors were exported to satisfy that demand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0004-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Background\nThe first dollar coins, known as Flowing Hair dollars, were issued by the Mint beginning in 1794. By 1800, a majority of depositors requested their bullion be struck as silver dollars, which were then utilizing the Draped Bust design. This contributed to a shortage of small change in circulation, and as a result, the public became increasingly critical of the Mint. Mint Director Elias Boudinot began encouraging depositors to accept fractional coins, and the production of dollars began to decrease in relation to the smaller coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0004-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar, Background\nDollar coin production ceased in March 1804, although those pieces bore the date of 1803. In his 1805 report, Mint Director Robert Patterson stated that \"[t]he striking of small coins is a measure which has been adopted to accommodate the banks and other depositors, and at their particular request, both with a view of furnishing a supply of small change, and to prevent the exportation of the specie of the United States to foreign countries.\" Though none had been struck for over two years, Secretary of State James Madison officially suspended silver dollar coinage on May 1, 1806, addressing a letter to Patterson:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0005-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Background\nSir: In Consequence of a representation from the director of the Bank of the United States that considerable purchases have been made of dollars coined at the mint for the purpose of exporting them, and as it is probable further purchases and exportations will be made the President directs that all the silver to be coined at the mint shall be of small denominations, so that the value of the largest pieces shall not exceed half a dollar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0006-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission\nIn 1832, commercial shipper Edmund Roberts began acting as an envoy to Asia on behalf of the United States government, with the intent of negotiating trade deals in the region. During his mission, he reached deals both with Said bin Sultan, the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, and the Phra Khlang of Siam (modern Thailand), an important financial minister of that nation. Roberts was given items which were to be presented as gifts to the officials with whom he was negotiating, but described them as being of \"very mean quality, and of inconsiderable value\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0006-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission\nAfter the treaties were ratified in the United States, Roberts had to return to Siam and Muscat to receive approval from the representatives of those nations. In a letter to the Department of State dated October 8, 1834, Roberts decried the gifts of his previous journey as inadequate and insulting to his hosts in the Orient. In addition to several other items, he requested a set of coins as an appropriate offering to Said bin Sultan:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0007-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission\nI am rather at a loss to know what articles will be most acceptable to the Sultan, but I suppose a complete set of new gold & silver & copper coins of the U.S. neatly arranged in a morocco case & then to have an outward covering would be proper to send not only to the sultan, but to other Asiatics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0008-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission\nIn a November 11, 1834, letter sent to Mint Director Samuel Moore, Secretary of State John Forsyth approved Roberts' suggestion, writing:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0009-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission\nThe President [Andrew Jackson] has directed that a complete set of the coins of the United States be sent to the King of Siam, and another to the Sultan of Muscat. You are requested, therefore, to forward to the Department for that purpose, duplicate specimens of each kind now in use, whether of gold, silver, or copper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0010-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission\nHe also directed Moore to have two Morocco leather boxes made to house the coins. He stated that one should be yellow in color, and the other crimson, and that funds could be drawn from the Treasury for the value of the boxes and coins. Later, in a letter dated December 2, 1834, Forsyth directed Moore to include \"national emblems\" (including an eagle and stars) on the exterior of the cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0011-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission\nIn their book The Fantastic 1804 Dollar, numismatic historians Eric P. Newman and Kenneth E. Bressett assert that a problem arose at the Mint as to how to interpret Forsyth's order. As his initial correspondence indicated that the sets were to include coins of every type then in use, Mint officials included both the silver dollar and gold eagle. The moratorium on silver dollar coinage had been lifted in 1831, but none had been coined since those issued in March 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0011-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission\nTwo sets of coins, minted in proof finish, were completed and delivered along with their boxes to Roberts shortly prior to his departure on the USS Peacock on April 27, 1835. The dollars included the sets bore the Draped Bust design, depicting an allegorical representation of Liberty on the obverse and a heraldic eagle on the reverse. A list of diplomatic gifts was also proposed for missions to Japan and Cochin-China (today part of Vietnam), which included two additional sets of coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0012-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission\nRoberts delivered the first set of coins to Said bin Sultan on October 1, 1835. He delivered the next set to King Rama III of Siam the following year, on April 6. Roberts died in Macau on June 12, 1836, before he could initiate contact with any other nations. On June 30, Edmund P. Kennedy, commodore of the diplomatic fleet, wrote to the State Department that he had \"directed that the presents [which remained ungifted due to Roberts\u2019 death] be forwarded to the United States\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0012-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Edmund Roberts' diplomatic mission\nThe proof sets meant for Cochin-China and Japan were likely included in the shipment of returned presents. All dollars struck for inclusion in the diplomatic gift sets were likely dated 1804. It is unknown why that date was chosen for the dollars, but numismatic historian R.W. Julian suggests that it could have been done to prevent angering collectors who would not have been able to acquire the 1834-dated coin for their collections; Chief Coiner Adam Eckfeldt, after consulting with Moore, mistakenly determined that 19,570 dollars bearing the date 1804 were struck in that year. The dollars minted for the diplomatic gift sets, as well as other examples struck with the same dies, are collectively known as \"Class I\" 1804 dollars. In total, eight specimens of this type are known today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0013-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes\nDuring the nineteenth century, Mint employees produced unauthorized copies of medals and coins, sometimes backdated. Although coin restrikes were created openly at the Philadelphia Mint from the 1830s, the practice became clandestine by the end of the 1850s. In the decades after the first 1804 dollars were produced, collectors became aware of their existence and desired to obtain them. Several were struck at the Mint in 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0013-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes\nThose coins, which became known as \"Class II\" 1804 dollars, had plain, unlettered edges, as opposed to standard issue Draped Bust dollars and those struck as diplomatic gifts, all of which had edge lettering applied by the Castaing machine. In 1859, James Ross Snowden unsuccessfully requested permission from the Treasury Secretary to create patterns and restrikes of rare coins for sale to collectors, and in that year, dealers began offering plain edge 1804 dollars to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0013-0002", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes\nAt least three were offered for sale by various dealers in 1859, and coin dealer Ebenezer Locke Mason claimed that he was offered three by Theodore Eckfeldt, a Mint employee and nephew of Adam Eckfeldt (who had died in 1852). After the public became aware that Mint officials had permitted restrikes, there was a minor scandal which resulted in a Congressional investigation and the destruction of outdated coinage dies. The controversy prompted William E. DuBois, Mint Assayer, to try, in 1860, to recall the examples of the 1804 dollar in private hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0013-0003", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes\nAccording to DuBois, five coins were known to be privately owned, of which four were recovered. He stated that three were destroyed in his presence, and one was added to the Mint's coin cabinet (of which he was curator, and which is today the National Numismatic Collection), where it remains today. The coin, which is the sole known Class II specimen in existence, was struck over an 1857 Swiss shooting thaler minted for the federal shooting festival held in   Bern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0013-0004", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes\nThe fifth coin, alluded to by DuBois, is not currently accounted for, although its edge may have been lettered after its recovery in an attempt to pass it as an original. Coins with added lettering are known as \"Class III\" 1804 dollars. The obverse coinage die used to strike the Class II and Class III 1804 dollars was deposited in safekeeping in 1860, and the reverse die was destroyed in that year. The obverse die was defaced in 1869.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0014-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes\nClass III dollars are identical to the Class II dollar, except lettering similar to that on the Class I dollars was applied to the edge of the coins. Based on the slightly concave appearance of the Class III dollars, it is likely that all were given edge lettering at some point after striking; as the Castaing machine was meant to be used prior to striking, its improper use resulted in a deformation of the coin surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0014-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar, Production, Later restrikes\nNewman and Bressett assert that they were struck at approximately the same time as the Class II dollars, and that the edges were lettered and the coins concealed by Mint employees until 1869, when one was offered to a coin collector, who rejected it as a restrike. However, numismatist S. Hudson Chapman believed that some Class III dollars were struck as late as 1876. In 1875, several were sold by Philadelphia coin dealer John W. Haseltine. Six specimens of the Class III dollar are known today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0015-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest\nCollectors first became aware of the existence of the 1804 dollar in 1842, when a pantograph reproduction of one specimen was featured in A Manual of Gold and Silver Coins of All Nations, a work authored by Mint employees Jacob R. Eckfeldt and William DuBois. The first private collector to obtain an example was Matthew A. Stickney, who acquired the coin from the Mint on May 9, 1843, by trading certain rare coins from his collection, including a unique early United States Immune Columbia coin struck in gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0015-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest\nInterest in coin collecting and the 1804 dollars began increasing, and by 1860, the dollars saw extensive coverage by numismatists. In 1885, auctioneer W.E. Woodward described the 1804 dollar as \"the king of coins\", a moniker which it maintains today. Numismatic historian Q. David Bowers asserts that the 1804 dollar has attracted more attention than any other coin. All fifteen extant specimens are acknowledged and studied by numismatists. They are identified by nicknames based on prominent owners, or the first individuals known to have possessed the coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0016-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest\nAt the 1962 American Numismatic Association convention, British numismatist David B. Spink announced that he was in possession of a theretofore unknown 1804 dollar specimen. The coin was housed in a yellow leather case embossed with an eagle and other ornamentation, conforming to the description of that made for the King of Siam. The set consisted of a half cent, cent, dime, quarter, half dollar, dollar, quarter eagle, half eagle and eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0016-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest\nAs all of the coins in the set were dated 1834 with the exception of the dollar and eagle, it provided the first definitive proof that an 1804 dollar was included in the diplomatic presentation sets. According to Spink, the set was offered to him by two women whom he believed were descendants of Anna Leonowens, tutor of the children of Rama IV (half-brother and heir of Rama III) and fictionalized protagonist of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0017-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Years of production\nThe fact that no 1804 dollars were struck in 1804 was not widely accepted by numismatists until the early twentieth century. Before such time, the actual year in which they were struck remained contentious among numismatists. Early on, collectors assumed that the 1804 dollars were struck in 1804, and their rarity was explained by various theories. The bulk of the mintage was variously rumored to have been paid to Barbary pirates as ransom, lost at sea en route to China, and melted before leaving the Philadelphia Mint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0017-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Years of production\nIn 1867, numismatist W. Elliot Woodward acknowledged that 1804 dollars were struck as diplomatic gifts in 1834, but he also believed that others were struck in 1804. Numismatists Lyman H. Low and William T. R. Marvin, writing for the American Journal of Numismatics in 1899, stated that \"the journal confidently asserts that there is no dollar dated 1804 which was struck in that year by the U.S. Mint.\" In 1891, numismatist John A. Nexsen wrote that the Class I 1804 dollars were \"without doubt coined in 1804\". In 1905, he recanted his earlier assertions, stating that \"no one now believes that they were coined in 1804.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0018-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Years of production\nAccording to Newman and Bressett, the manner in which the 1804 dollars were produced is proof that none were struck in 1804. They note that the Castaing machine's edging dies utilized an 'H' that was undersized in relation to the other letters, the same as those used on Draped Bust dollars throughout the regular production of those coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0018-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Years of production\nHowever, the edge lettering on all Class I 1804 dollars is deformed and partially obliterated, meaning that they were not struck in an open-collared coinage press as was used in 1804, but one which used a steel collar that was not introduced to the Mint until 1833. The deformation of the edge lettering was caused by pressure pushing the coinage metal against the steel collar containing the coin blank. Additionally, many 1804 dollars were struck in proof finish, a technique which was first employed at the Mint in 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0019-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Sale prices\nFrom the time numismatists became aware of 1804 dollars, they have commanded high prices, both in relation to their face value and the numismatic value of other silver dollars. Some early examples were maintained in the Mint's coin cabinet for use in trades, and in 1859, dealers began offering Class II dollars priced at $75, while Theodore Eckfeldt reportedly offered a Philadelphia coin dealer three coins for $70 each. In 1883, a Class III dollar was reportedly purchased in Vienna for $740, and a Class I specimen was auctioned for $1,000 in 1885 by Henry and Samuel H. Chapman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0019-0001", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Sale prices\nIn 1903, an example sold for $1,800, and the same coin reportedly sold for $4,250 in 1941. In 1960, a Class III dollar fetched $28,000 at an auction conducted by Stack's, a coin firm, and the same coin reached $36,000 at another Stack's sale in 1963. A Class I specimen brought $77,500 at a 1970 Stack's auction, and during a 1980 rise in coin prices, a Class III example sold for $400,000 by Bowers and Ruddy Galleries. A Class I example reached $990,000 at a Superior Galleries auction in 1990, and an example once owned by coin collector Louis Eliasberg became the first 1804 dollar to surpass $1 million at auction, selling for $1,815,000 at a sale conducted by Bowers and Merena, Inc., in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0020-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Sale prices\nThe price reached an all-time high in 1999, when the finest known specimen, graded Proof-68 by the Professional Coin Grading Service, which is believed to have been the example presented to Said bin Sultan, was auctioned by Bowers and Merena for $4,140,000. At the time of the sale, this was the highest price paid for any coin. In 2008, a Class I example was sold by Heritage Auctions for $3,737,500, and a Class III was sold by the same firm for $2,300,000 in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0021-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Counterfeits and reproductions\nCounterfeits and spurious reproductions of the 1804 dollar have been created since numismatists became aware of the coins' high value. James A. Bolen, a medallist and coin collector who created copies of valuable coins between 1862 and 1869, fabricated an 1804 dollar by altering the last digit in the date of a genuine 1803 example. Although Bolen added his name to the edge of the coin, other forgers created altered date coins with the intent to deceive. Nineteenth-century stage actor John T. Raymond purchased a specimen of the coin, which was later revealed to be a forgery, for $300. All silver dollars dated between 1800 and 1803 were subject to alteration to 1804 dollars, but 1801 was the date most commonly used for that purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0022-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Counterfeits and reproductions\nIn addition to altered dates, electrotypes of the 1804 dollar were created, both for the purposes of study and fraud. One such coin in the collection of the San Francisco Mint was described by them as genuine from 1887 to 1927. Electrotypes were also created by Mint employees, and one was used as the basis for the pantograph reproductions which appeared in Eckfeldt and DuBois' 1842 A Manual of Gold and Silver Coins of All Nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019885-0023-0000", "contents": "1804 dollar, Numismatic interest, Counterfeits and reproductions\nMore modern replicas, known as \"Saigon copies\", were commonly offered as original at low prices to American soldiers during the Vietnam War. In Saigon and other South Vietnamese cities, as well in nearby Thailand, military personnel were offered the copies by vendors who sometimes claimed that they were family heirlooms. In 2012, Professional Coin Grading Service founder David Hall stated that counterfeit 1804 dollars had been available in Hong Kong for decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019886-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1804 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019888-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1804 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019893-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1804 in the Qajar dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019895-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 in New Zealand\nAs most sealing is taking place in Bass Strait, although the rookeries there are declining, there is little interest in Dusky Sound, the rookeries of which are also declining. It is however still being used as a provisioning stop and rendezvous by sealers looking for new sealing grounds to the south and east of New Zealand. Foveaux Strait is discovered in December but its existence does not become widely known for some time. There is a marked increase in the number of whalers operating in the north of New Zealand, due in part to attacks on British boats in the South Atlantic as a result of the Napoleonic wars. There is also an increase in American ships from New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019899-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1804 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019901-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1804 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019904-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 in art\nThe year 1804 in art involved some significant artistic events and new works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019904-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 in art, Awards\nThe Prix de Rome had been expanded in 1803 to include musical composition as a category, but was not awarded in 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019906-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019908-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019908-0001-0000", "contents": "1804 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019908-0002-0000", "contents": "1804 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019909-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019910-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 in science\nThe year 1804 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019911-0000-0000", "contents": "1804 in sports\n1804 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019914-0000-0000", "contents": "1804\u20131805 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 25th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1804 and 1805 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. David Cobb served as president of the Senate and Harrison Gray Otis served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019915-0000-0000", "contents": "1804\u20131805 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nVermont law required a majority for election, which frequently mandated runoff elections. The 2nd, and 3rd districts both required second elections in this election cycle, and the 3rd district required a third election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019915-0001-0000", "contents": "1804\u20131805 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont, Notes\nThis Vermont elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 76], "content_span": [77, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019916-0000-0000", "contents": "1805\n1805 (MDCCCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1805th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 805th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 5th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1805, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019916-0001-0000", "contents": "1805\nAfter thirteen years the First French Empire abolished the French Republican Calendar in favour of the Gregorian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019917-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum\nA constitutional referendum was held in the Batavian Republic on 16 October 1805. Although a new constitution had been approved in an 1801 referendums, the French authorities put pressure on the Batavian State Council to pass a new constitution in which executive power was held by a single person, the Grand pensionary, a post initially filled by Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck. The new constitution had 87 articles, which provided for a 19-seat Parliament with a three-year term which could pass or reject bills, but not change them. It was approved by 99.96% of voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019918-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 Club\nThe 1805 Club was founded in 1990 to accomplish three objectives. To assist in the preservation of monuments and memorials relating to Vice- Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson and seafarers of the Georgian era. To promote research into the Royal Navy of the Georgian period, and especially of Vice Admiral Lord Nelson. To organize cultural and historical events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019918-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 Club\n1805 originates from the year of the Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805. Club chairman since 2019 is Gerald W (Bill) White. The club is a registered charity number 1071871 in England & Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019918-0002-0000", "contents": "1805 Club, Restoration efforts\nIn 2006 it was reported that the 1805 club restored the grave of Capt Edward Berry, buried at St Swithin's Church in Walcot as part of their Trafalgar Captains' Memorial Project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019918-0003-0000", "contents": "1805 Club, Restoration efforts\nIn 2008, it was reported that the 1805 club restored the grave of Capt John Richards Lapenoti\u00e8re RN, at Menheniot Parish Church near Liskeard. The club also 1805 Club recorded the graves of all the British commanding officers at Trafalgar and raised funds to repair seven that were found to be in poor condition. The 1805 club documented the graves in their book, The Trafalgar Captains: Their Lives and Memorials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019918-0004-0000", "contents": "1805 Club, Cultural events\nAccording to The Times, the club conducted a 200th anniversary memorial service at the tomb of Lord Nelson. Senior members of the Royal Navy, the Sea Cadets and HMS Victory's Cutter Crew were in attendance. The club vice-president, Mrs Anna Tribe, a 3rd great-granddaughter of Lord Nelson and Lady Emma Hamilton, laid a wreath at Nelson's tomb during the service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019918-0005-0000", "contents": "1805 Club, Cultural events\nThe 1805 Club is also the official custodian of The Trafalgar Way from Falmouth to the Old Admiralty in London and has recently been awarded Libor funds by the Chancellor to further its activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019918-0006-0000", "contents": "1805 Club, Publications\nThe 1805 Club maintains a website with historical information about the Royal Navy and other state and merchant navies during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and concentrating on Lord Nelson and his fellow seamen, including a list of over seventy links to other Naval research databases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019919-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1805 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on April 11, 1805. Incumbent Federalist Governor Jonathan Trumbull Jr. won re-election to an eighth full term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate William Hart in a re-match of the previous year's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019919-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 Connecticut gubernatorial election, Notes\nThis Connecticut elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019920-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 Delaware's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Delaware's at-large congressional district on October 1, 1805 to fill a vacancy resulting from the resignation of James A. Bayard, a Federalist, upon election to the Senate. Bayard had earlier served in the House in the 5th, 6th, and 7th Congresses before being narrowly defeated for re-election in 1802 by Caesar A. Rodney, whom he, in turn, defeated in 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019920-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 Delaware's at-large congressional district special election\nBroom took his seat with the rest of the 9th Congress on December 2, 1805.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019921-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 Dirikis\n1805 Dirikis, provisional designation 1970 GD, is a stony Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019921-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 Dirikis\nIt was discovered on 1 April 1970, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. It was named for Latvian astronomer Matiss Dirikis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019921-0002-0000", "contents": "1805 Dirikis, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical population of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,034 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019921-0003-0000", "contents": "1805 Dirikis, Orbit and classification\nIt was first observed at the Finnish Turku Observatory during WWII in 1942. The body's first used observation was its identification as 1955 QL1 at Goethe Link Observatory in 1955, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 15 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019921-0004-0000", "contents": "1805 Dirikis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Dirikis was obtained from photometric observations taken by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy In April 2003. It gave a rotation period of 23.0 hours with a brightness variation of 0.45 magnitude (U=2). A 2013-published period of 23.45 hours was derived in an international study (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019921-0005-0000", "contents": "1805 Dirikis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Dirikis measures between 22.05 and 28.10 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.089 and 0.145. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.075 and calculates a diameter of 25.53 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019921-0006-0000", "contents": "1805 Dirikis, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for astronomer Matiss A. Dirikis (1923\u20131993), who was a member of the Astronomical Observatory at the University of Latvia, and chairman of the Latvian branch of the Astronomical\u2013Geodetical Society of the U.S.S.R.. His work on the motion of small Solar System bodies also contributed to the field of theoretical astronomy. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 January 1974 (M.P.C. 3569).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019922-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 English cricket season\n1805 was the 19th season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). Lord Frederick Beauclerk became the first batsman known to have scored two centuries in the same season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019922-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 English cricket season, Other matches\nAside from the six matches above which are generally regarded as having been important by reference to various substantial sources (including the ACS, Britcher and Haygarth), there were eight other matches first noted by Britcher and confirmed by Haygarth:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019922-0002-0000", "contents": "1805 English cricket season, Bibliography\nThis article about an English cricket season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019923-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1805 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019923-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nFederalist Governor Caleb Strong was re-elected to a sixth consecutive one-year term in office, defeating Republican James Sullivan for the second time, only narrowly achieving the majority necessary for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019924-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 Molise earthquake\nThe 1805 Molise earthquake occurred on July 26 at 21:01 UTC. It has an estimated magnitude of 6.6 on the equivalent magnitude scale (Me) (calculated from seismic intensity data) and a maximum perceived intensity of X on the Mercalli intensity scale. The area of greatest damage was between the towns of Isernia and Campobasso, while the area of intense damage extended over about 2,000 square kilometres. There were an estimated 5,573 deaths resulting from this earthquake and two of the aftershocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019924-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 Molise earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Southern Apennines originated as northeast moving fold and thrust belt. Since the Middle Pleistocene, the tectonics has been dominated by extension. The axial part of the Apennines is the most seismically active, with a series of damaging historical earthquakes up to about 7 in magnitude. The major normal fault in the epicentral area of the 1805 event is the Bojano fault system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019924-0002-0000", "contents": "1805 Molise earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake was a result of movement on the NW\u2013SE trending Bojano fault system. A surface rupture of 40\u00a0km has been attributed to this event, with a maximum displacement of 150\u00a0cm. The mainshock was preceded by a series of low intensity foreshocks throughout the previous day. The aftershock sequence continued until the following June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019924-0003-0000", "contents": "1805 Molise earthquake, Damage\nThe damage was particularly intense in the foothills of the Matese massif and the Bojano plain, with 30 towns and villages being severely affected. Damage was recorded as far away as Naples and Salerno. Landslides and other slope failures were seen over an area of about 5,300 square kilometres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019924-0004-0000", "contents": "1805 Molise earthquake, Damage\nThe official number of recorded deaths is given as 5,573, representing nearly 3% of the area's inhabitants, with a further 1,583 injured. Other estimates of the death toll are in the range 4,000 to 6,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019924-0005-0000", "contents": "1805 Molise earthquake, Aftermath, Response\nThe most affected area lay within the then Kingdom of Naples. The king, Ferdinand IV, took control of the response to this disaster. He sent Gabriele Giannocoli, a tax lawyer, to visit those areas of the countryside that has suffered the most, to evaluate the situation and to do what needed to be done. He was given considerable powers, together with the financial means, to allow him to carry out his task. He concentrated on visiting the most damaged areas, relying on reports from other officials in less affected parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019924-0005-0001", "contents": "1805 Molise earthquake, Aftermath, Response\nAt his request, soldiers were sent to restore order and to prevent looting in some areas. Only properties in a dangerous state were repaired or demolished. Temporary shelters were provided for the homeless and huts for use as hospitals. Taxes were suspended by the king for all of the countryside around Molise in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019925-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 New Hampshire gubernatorial election\nThe 1805 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 12, 1805. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Taylor Gilman was defeated for re-election by Democratic-Republican candidate, former Governor and U.S. Senator John Langdon in a re-match of the previous year's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019926-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 North Carolina's 5th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in North Carolina's 5th congressional district on August 8, 1805 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Representative James Gillespie (DR) on January 5, 1805, before the 9th Congress began, but after the general elections had taken place for the 8th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019926-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 North Carolina's 5th congressional district special election, Election results\nThe first session of the 9th Congress began on December 2, 1805 so that this vacancy was filled prior to the first meeting of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019927-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1805 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 8, 1805. Incumbent governor Thomas McKean won a contentious election over the endorsed Democratic-Republican candidate, Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Simon Snyder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019927-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nAlthough the Democratic-Republicans united behind the McKean ticket in each of the prior two election cycles, by 1805, the party had divided into moderate and radical wings. The former sought to balance the political power of the traditional elite and the lower classes; this group additionally supported liberal economic policies. The latter sought to directly increase political and economic opportunities for poor and working men. After the radicals took control of the state legislature under Snyder, they clashed with the moderate aligned McKean. Democratic-Republican newspapers were dominated by radical interests, and the press vociferously denounced McKean's support for strong executive and judicial power. The governor formed a working alliance with the Federalists called \"the quids\" and began to purge radicals from appointed offices. McKean ultimately won reelection by a six point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019928-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district on October 8, 1805 to fill a vacancy left by the resigns of John B. Lucas (DR) before the first session of the 9th Congress to take a position as district judge for the District of Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019929-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district on October 8, 1805 to fill a vacancy left by the death of John A. Hanna (DR) on July 23, 1805, before the first session of the 9th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019930-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 State of the Union Address\nThe 1805 State of the Union Address was given by the third president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, on Tuesday, December 3, 1805. He did not give it directly to the 9th United States Congress, but only presented his written address. It was the first of his second term in the White House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019930-0000-0001", "contents": "1805 State of the Union Address\nHe began with, \"At a moment when the nations of Europe are in commotion and arming against each other, and when those with whom we have principal intercourse are engaged in the general contest, and when the countenance of some of them toward our peaceable country threatens that even that may not be unaffected by what is passing on the general theater, a meeting of the representatives of the nation in both Houses of Congress has become more than usually desirable.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019930-0000-0002", "contents": "1805 State of the Union Address\nHe ended with, \"On this first occasion of addressing Congress since, by the choice of my constituents, I have entered on a second term of administration, I embrace the opportunity to give this public assurance that I will exert my best endeavors to administer faithfully the executive department, and will zealously cooperate with you in every measure which may tend to secure the liberty, property, and personal safety of our fellow citizens, and to consolidate the republican forms and principles of our Government.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019931-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 Tennessee gubernatorial election\nThe 1805 Tennessee gubernatorial election took place from August 1\u20132, 1805. Roane attempted to retake the governorship back from Sevier, but was defeated by Sevier who had taken 63.74% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019932-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee\nBeginning with the 9th Congress, Tennessee was divided into 3 districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019933-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes\nThis Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019934-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 United States gubernatorial elections\nUnited States gubernatorial elections were held in 1805, in 13 states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019934-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 United States gubernatorial elections\nEight governors were elected by popular vote and five were elected by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019935-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1805 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019935-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Danville on October 10. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019935-0002-0000", "contents": "1805 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe committee examined the votes, which showed that Isaac Tichenor was chosen for a ninth one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a tenth one-year term. Benjamin Swan was elected to a sixth one-year term as treasurer. According to contemporary newspaper accounts, the vote totals for governor were as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019935-0003-0000", "contents": "1805 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the races for lieutenant governor and treasurer, the totals were not recorded, but Brigham was reported to have won by a majority of 5,590. Swan's majority was 3,440.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019936-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1805 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019939-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1805 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019939-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 in Chile, Births\n1805 - Juan de la Cruz Donoso, politician and journalist", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019944-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in Ireland\nThis is a list of events from the year 1805 in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019945-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in New Zealand\nSealing continues at Bass Strait but declines at Dusky Sound which is still used for provisioning. There is a new rush to the Antipodes Islands. The existence of Foveaux Strait is not reported in Port Jackson until early the following year so sealers are still travelling via the south of Stewart Island/Rakiura which some also visit. At Stewart Island/Rakiura, and its smaller surrounding islands, the sealers often encounter M\u0101ori which they have not done at all at Dusky Sound. As many as 16 whalers are operating around the north of New Zealand, occasionally visiting the Bay of Islands and taking an increasing number of M\u0101ori on board as crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019949-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1805 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019951-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1805 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019954-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in birding and ornithology, Ongoing events\nLouis Jean Pierre Vieillot Histoire naturelle des plus beaux oiseaux chanteur de la zone torride Birds described in this work in 1805 include the black-bellied seedcracker, the orange weaver and the black-necked weaver", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019955-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1805.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019957-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019957-0001-0000", "contents": "1805 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019957-0002-0000", "contents": "1805 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019958-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1805.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019959-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in science\nSignificant events in 1805 in science and technology are listed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019960-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in sports\n1805 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019961-0000-0000", "contents": "1805 in the United Kingdom\nEvents from the year 1805 in the United Kingdom. This is the year of the Battle of Trafalgar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019963-0000-0000", "contents": "1805, Cuirassiers Before the Charge\n1805, Cuirassiers Before the Charge (French: 1805, Les Cuirassiers avant la charge), also known as Cuirassiers of 1805, before battle or 1805, is an 1878 painting by Ernest Meissonier depicting a line of Napoleonic cuirassiers before making a cavalry charge. It is currently on display at the Mus\u00e9e Cond\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019963-0001-0000", "contents": "1805, Cuirassiers Before the Charge, Description\nThis painting depicts a scene set in 1805 during the Napoleonic Wars. Under low cloud cover, two rows of cuirassiers await the signal to begin charging, with five non-commissioned officers in front of them also at the ready. They are wearing the distinctly coloured uniforms of the 12th Cuirassier Regiment. On the left, a Division General in a tail-coat and distinctive gold and scarlet sash is pointing in a direction while addressing a cuirassier officer, probably the Colonel of the 12th Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019963-0001-0001", "contents": "1805, Cuirassiers Before the Charge, Description\nBehind them stand a trumpeter in yellow, an aide-de-camp to the Division General in a hussar-style uniform, and two more cuirassiers. On the right, a group of artillerymen are moving in front of a row of houses. In the far distance, on a hill between the second and third non-commissioned officer from the right, can be seen Napoleon and his chief of staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019963-0002-0000", "contents": "1805, Cuirassiers Before the Charge, Description\nMeissonier's intention was not to depict a specific battle, but rather a celebration of the cuirassiers of the First French Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019963-0003-0000", "contents": "1805, Cuirassiers Before the Charge, Provenance\nThe painting was first exhibited at the Exposition Universelle of 1878 in Paris. It was bought for 275,000 francs by the Belgian collector Prosper Crabbe, and then passed into the collection of Ernest Secr\u00e9tan. In the 1889 auction of that collection, it was listed as lot 39 and bought for 199,652 francs Henri d'Orleans, duke of Aumale. The painting is later donated, alongside the rest of his collection and property, to the Institut de France with the rest of his collection; it now forms part of the Mus\u00e9e Cond\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019964-0000-0000", "contents": "1805\u20131806 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 26th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1805 and 1806 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. Harrison Gray Otis served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019965-0000-0000", "contents": "1806\n1806 (MDCCCVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1806th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 806th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 6th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1806, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019966-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 Bhandarkhal massacre\nThe Bhandarkhal massacre (Nepali: \u092d\u0923\u094d\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935) was a political massacre that occurred in Bhandarkhal garden of Hanuman Dhoka, Kathmandu in 1806. The chief perpetrator of the massacre was then Kaji Bhimsen Thapa. Bhimsen instigated the massacre as investigation and trial upon the death of then reigning Mukhtiyar and former King Rana Bahadur Shah. It began when Tribhuvan Khawas (Pradhan), a member of Sher Bahadur's faction, was imprisoned on the re-opened charges of conspiracy with the British that led to Knox's mission and finally convicted with a death penalty on the charge of treason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019966-0000-0001", "contents": "1806 Bhandarkhal massacre\nAfter the implication, Tribhuvan decided to reveal everyone that was involved in the dialogue with the British on his house meeting on the night of 25 April 1806. The confession implicated Sher Bahadur Shah, Rana Bahadur's step-brother and he began to harass his stepbrother. Unable to bear desperation, Sher Bahadur killed Rana Bahadur and triggered the massacre which lasted for two weeks. The number of deaths occurred was ninety-three people (16 women and 77 men).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019966-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 Bhandarkhal massacre, Background\nAfter returning to Kathmandu, in complicity with Rana Bahadur Shah, Bhimsen Thapa indulged in appropriating the palaces and properties of deposed members of Shah dynasty, which he shared between himself and his supporter Ranganath Poudyal. This aroused resentment and jealousy among Sher Bahadur Shah (Rana Bahadur's step-brother) and his faction, since they did not receive any portion of this confiscated property, despite their help in reinstating Rana Bahadur to power. They were also wary of Bhimsen's growing power. By this time, Rana Bahadur was a nominal figure and Kaji Bhimsen Thapa was single-handedly controlling the central administration of the country, being able to implement even unpopular reforms like Baisathi Haran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019966-0002-0000", "contents": "1806 Bhandarkhal massacre, Background\nFor almost two years after returning to Kathmandu, Rana Bahadur had no official position in the government \u2013 he was neither a king, nor a regent, nor a minister \u2013 yet he felt no qualms in using the full state power. Not only did Rana Bahadur carry out the Baisathi Haran under Bhimsen's advice, he was also able to banish all non-vaccinated children, as well as their parents, from the town during a smallpox outbreak, in order to prevent King Girvan from catching that disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019966-0002-0001", "contents": "1806 Bhandarkhal massacre, Background\nNow, after almost two-year, all of a sudden Rana Bahadur was made Mukhtiyar (chief authority) and Bhimsen tried to implement his schemes through Rana Bahadur. Bhimsen had also secretly learned of a plot to oust Rana Bahadur. Tribhuvan Khawas (Pradhan), a member of Sher Bahadur's faction, was imprisoned on the re-opened charges of conspiracy with the British that led to the Knox's mission, but for which pardon had already been doled out, and was ordered to be executed. Tribhuvan Khawas decided to reveal everyone that was involved in the dialogue with the British. Among those implicated was Sher Bahadur Shah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019966-0003-0000", "contents": "1806 Bhandarkhal massacre, Night meeting at Khawas's house\nOn the night of 25 April 1806, Rana Bahadur held a meeting at Tribhuvan Khawas's house with rest of the courtiers, during which he taunted and threatened to execute Sher Bahadur. At around 10\u00a0pm, Sher Bahadur in desperation drew a sword and killed Rana Bahadur Shah before being cut down by nearby courtiers, Bam Shah and Bal Narsingh Kunwar, also allies of Bhimsen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019966-0004-0000", "contents": "1806 Bhandarkhal massacre, Incident\nThe assassination of Rana Bahadur Shah triggered a great massacre in Bhandarkhal (a royal garden east of Kathmandu Durbar) and at the bank of Bishnumati river. That very night, members of Sher Bahadur's faction \u2013 Bidur Shah, Tribhuvan Khawas and Narsingh Gurung \u2013 and even King Prithvipal Sen of Palpa, who was under house arrest in Patan Durbar, were swiftly rounded up and killed in Bhandarkhal. Their dead bodies were not allowed funeral rites and were dragged and thrown by the banks of Bishnumati to be eaten by vultures and jackals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019966-0004-0001", "contents": "1806 Bhandarkhal massacre, Incident\nThe next few days, all the sons of Sher Bahadur Shah, Bidur Shah, Tribhuvan Khawas and Narsingh Gurung, aged 2 to 15 were beheaded by the bank of Bishnumati; their wives and daughters were given to the untouchables, their bodyguards and servants were also put to death, and all their property seized. Bhimsen managed to kill everyone who did not agree with him or anyone who could potentially become a problem for him in the future. In this massacre that lasted for about two weeks, a total of ninety-three people (16 women and 77 men) lost their lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019966-0005-0000", "contents": "1806 Bhandarkhal massacre, Aftermath\nAlmost one and half months before the massacre, upon Bhimsen's insistence, Rana Bahadur, then 31 years old, had married a 14-year-old girl named Tripurasundari on 7 March 1806, making her his fifth legitimate wife. Taking advantage of the political chaos, Bhimsen became the Mukhtiyar (1806\u201337), and Tripurasundari was given the title Lalita Tripurasundari and declared regent and Queen Mother (1806\u201332) of Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah, who was himself 9 years old. Thus, Bhimsen became the first person outside the royal household to hold the position of the Mukhtiyar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019966-0005-0001", "contents": "1806 Bhandarkhal massacre, Aftermath\nAll the other wives (except Subarnaprabha) and concubines of Rana Bahadur, along with their handmaidens, were forced to commit sati. Bhimsen obtained a royal mandate from Tripurasundari, given in the name of King Girvan, commanding all other courtiers to be obedient to him. Bhimsen further consolidated his power by disenfranchising the old courtiers from the central power by placing them as administrators of far-flung provinces of the country. The courtiers were instead replaced by his close relatives, who were mere yes-men. On the spot where Rana Bahadur Shah drew his last breath, Bhimsen later built a commemorative Shiva temple by the name Rana-Mukteshwar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019967-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 Birgu polverista explosion\nOn 18 July 1806, approximately 40,000\u00a0lb (18,000\u00a0kg) of gunpowder stored in a magazine (polverista) in Birgu, Malta, accidentally detonated. The explosion killed approximately 200 people, including British and Maltese military personnel, and Maltese civilians from Birgu. Parts of the city's fortifications, some naval stores, and many houses were destroyed. The accident was found to be the result of negligence while transferring shells from the magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019967-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 Birgu polverista explosion, Background\nIn the 18th and early 19th centuries, the main gunpowder store in Birgu was located in a casemate within the city walls, close to the Porta Marina. This was an improvised measure; the casemate was not intended to be used as a gunpowder magazine, but such practice was common at the time. Gunpowder was also stored in casemates at other locations, such as Fort St. Angelo, Fort Ricasoli, and Mdina. The Birgu magazine was located close to civilian housing, and the residents had complained about the dangers before the explosion. Preparations had been made to find alternative sites but nothing had been done; the storerooms that were meant to store gunpowder were being used as barracks or military hospitals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019967-0002-0000", "contents": "1806 Birgu polverista explosion, Background\nThe 1806 explosion was not the first time that a gunpowder disaster occurred in Malta. On 12 September 1634, a gunpowder factory in Valletta blew up, killing 22 people and causing severe damage to the Church of the Jesuits and the nearby college. In 1662, gunpowder that was stored in an echaugette on one of Valletta's counterguards exploded after being hit by lightning, but there were no casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019967-0003-0000", "contents": "1806 Birgu polverista explosion, Explosion\nIn July 1806, British forces in Malta were preparing artillery shells for shipment to Sicily, as ammunition stocks there were depleted due to the siege of Gaeta by the French. On 18 July, a working party of 13 men commanded by garrison gunner Bombardier Anderson were preparing a consignment of shells from the Birgu magazine, which was filled at full capacity with 370 barrels containing 40,000\u00a0lb (18,000\u00a0kg) of gunpowder, as well as 1,600 shells and grenades. Anderson was using a metal chisel to remove the fuses from live shells, which was contrary to instructions, and this resulted in sparks which caused a massive explosion at 06:15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019967-0004-0000", "contents": "1806 Birgu polverista explosion, Explosion\nAnderson and the working party were killed instantly, as were three British soldiers of the 39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot and 23 Maltese soldiers of the 2nd Provincial Battalion. Between 150 and 200 civilians from Birgu were also killed, and approximately 100 others were injured by falling debris. The explosion frightened the inhabitants of Birgu, and it was also heard in the nearby cities of Senglea and Cospicua, as well as in the surrounding villages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019967-0005-0000", "contents": "1806 Birgu polverista explosion, Explosion\nThe magazine was located within the city's fortifications, and a section of the walls \"went up in the air\" and left a large breach. The city gate at the Porta Marina, a small bastion, and part of a curtain wall were all destroyed and were never rebuilt. Parts of the Navy Store Houses were also damaged or destroyed during the explosion. Birgu's cityscape was also altered by the explosion, since a large number of houses were destroyed or damaged by the explosion itself and by the rocks which fell from the bastions. Four hundred ninety-three people reported property losses due to the explosion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019967-0006-0000", "contents": "1806 Birgu polverista explosion, Aftermath\nMany Maltese people were angered at the loss of lives caused by negligence on behalf of the military. Civil Commissioner Alexander Ball reported that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019967-0007-0000", "contents": "1806 Birgu polverista explosion, Aftermath\nthose Maltese who had already become disaffected with the Government, fanned the embers and fermented great agitation by magnifying the casualties and working upon the weakness and credibility of the lower ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019967-0008-0000", "contents": "1806 Birgu polverista explosion, Aftermath\nVictims and their families were paid partial compensation, and Ball set up a committee overseeing aid distribution. He also urged the government to pay full compensation. This was initially denied, but eventually the poorer classes received a compensation equivalent to two-thirds of their property which had been destroyed, while those of the upper classes received half of the value of their property. In 1811, \u00a318,066.5s.10d was evenly distributed among those who had claimed damages. A wine merchant named Woodhouse lost a large amount of wine and the government provided him with extensive storehouses at the former Slaves' Prison in Valletta as a compensation. The initial total estimated damage for rebuilding was estimated at \u00a335,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019967-0009-0000", "contents": "1806 Birgu polverista explosion, Aftermath\nThe affected area became known as l-Im\u0121arraf (Maltese for \"the destroyed\"). A street close to where the explosion occurred is now known as Triq il-Vittmi tal-Porvlista (Maltese for \"Polverista Victims Street\"). The Vittoriosa Historical and Cultural Society installed a plaque at the St. Lawrence Cemetery on the 200th anniversary of the disaster in 2006, where most of the victims were buried.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019968-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1806 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on April 10, 1806. Incumbent Federalist Governor Jonathan Trumbull Jr. won re-election to a ninth full term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate William Hart in a re-match of the previous year's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019968-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 Connecticut gubernatorial election, Notes\nThis Connecticut elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019969-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 Derice\n1806 Derice, provisional designation 1971 LC, is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. Discovered on 13 June 1971, at the Bickley site of the Perth Observatory in Western Australia, it was the first discovery of a minor planet ever made in Oceania. The asteroid was named after the wife of Dennis Harwood, staff member at Bickley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019969-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 Derice, Classification and orbit\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,222 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first used precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1949, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 22 years prior to its official discovery at Bickley. The first unused observation dates back to 1927, at Tokyo Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019969-0002-0000", "contents": "1806 Derice, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nA large number of rotational lightcurves for this asteroid were obtained from several photometric observations. The first observations were made by Italian astronomer Silvano Casulli in November 2006, and gave a rotation period 3.4602\u00b10.0007 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.19 in magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019969-0003-0000", "contents": "1806 Derice, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nOne month later, in December 2006, observations at the Carbuncle Hill Observatory gave a period of 3.2240\u00b10.0005 hours with an identical amplitude of 0.19 in magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019969-0004-0000", "contents": "1806 Derice, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nBetween November 2009 and December 2012, Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory obtained three more lightcurves with periods between 3.2235 and 3.2237 hours and corresponding amplitudes of 0.07. 0.10 and 0.10, respectively (U=3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019969-0005-0000", "contents": "1806 Derice, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures between 8.0 and 10.7 kilometers in diameter, respectively, and its surface has an albedo between 0.035 and 0.282. Astronomer Petr Pravec and the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derive an albedo of 0.21 and a diameter of 10.7 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019969-0006-0000", "contents": "1806 Derice, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Derice Harwood, wife of Dennis Harwood, astrometric staff member of the discovering Perth Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 December 1981 (M.P.C. 6530).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019970-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 Edirne incident\nThe 1806 Edirne Incident was an armed confrontation between the New Order Troops (Nizam-i Djedit) of Ottoman Sultan Selim III and a coalition of Balkan magnates, ayans, and the region's Janissary garrisons that occurred in Thrace throughout the summer of 1806. The cause of the incident was Selim III's attempt to expand the New Order's permanent presence into Rumelia through the establishment of New Order barracks in the region's cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019970-0000-0001", "contents": "1806 Edirne incident\nThe ultimate outcome of the confrontation was the retreat of imperial forces back to Istanbul and to Anatolia, constituting a deathblow to Selim III's ambitions of expanding his reformed army, as well as a major blow to his legitimacy. The outcome of the Edirne Incident would play no small part in his deposition the following May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019970-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 Edirne incident, Causes\nAt its core, the Edirne Incident is a reaction to Selim III's establishment of the New Order army following the Ottoman's overwhelming defeat in the Ottoman Russian War 1787-92. This army was break from Ottoman military tradition and was based on western military principles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019970-0001-0001", "contents": "1806 Edirne incident, Causes\nThe army was met with heavy opposition from entrenched power groups, notably the Janissaries and the ayans, who saw the New Order as a threat to the established order of things, as well as from many in the wider public who detested the introduction of conscription, never before used in the empire, and the subsequent tax increases needed to outfit the new force. Many also felt that the new force was un-Ottoman in its nature and constituted a concession to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019970-0002-0000", "contents": "1806 Edirne incident, Incident\nIn April 1806, under the guise of sending an expeditionary force against Serbian rebels in Belgrade, Selim III ordered Kadi Abdurrahman Pasha to take his 24,000 troops into Thrace and establish New Order barracks there, ostensibly to protect the populace from the Mountaineers, a general term for organized Balkan banditry. The first attempt at this task was in the city of Tekirda\u011f and was immediately met with violent opposition from the populace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019970-0002-0001", "contents": "1806 Edirne incident, Incident\nThe local kadi refused to take part in establishing the barracks and though promptly replaced, his replacement and all his retinue were lynched by a mob of mostly janissaries after reading out the imperial orders on the subject. To further aggravate matters, the city refused to admit the New Order into the city or to turn over those responsible for the murders. Subsequently, the central government sent two corvettes to blockade the city, to no effect, before authorizing them to bombard it. Under this onslaught the city finally capitulated in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019970-0002-0002", "contents": "1806 Edirne incident, Incident\nThis was only a small part of Kadi Abdurrahman Pasha's troubles in Thrace however. Throughout the spring and summer, the leading ayan of Edirne, Da\u011fdevireno\u011flu Mehmed, had been rallying opposition to the New Order under the rationale that it would mean the undermining of traditional Janissary and ayan privileges in the region. Under his ad hoc command, according to the British consul of Bucharest, 186 local ayans signed a secret agreement to resist the New Order and to overthrow Selim III and, in his place, install the future Mustafa IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019970-0002-0003", "contents": "1806 Edirne incident, Incident\nImportantly, this received the support of Ismail of Ruse, one of the most powerful figures in the Ottoman Empire and whose retinue included future Grand Vizier Mustafa Bayraktar, as well as the current Grand Vizier Hafiz Ismail A\u011fa. Ismail of Ruse had been an early supporter of the New Order and ostensibly claimed to support its mission, thus his secret change of heart dealt a serious blow to Selim III's ambitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019970-0002-0004", "contents": "1806 Edirne incident, Incident\nThis agreement encouraged the violence against the New Order as they faced attacks on their supply lines and received no provisional support from the towns and cities along their path. The threat of large scale civil war also loomed on the horizon as Rumelian ayans rallied their forces which the French ambassador to Istanbul, Horace S\u00e9bastiani, estimated to number around 80,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019970-0002-0005", "contents": "1806 Edirne incident, Incident\nAgainst these obstacles, New Order troops were forced to halt their progress in Havsa in mid-July, after fighting a force of Janissaries, before retreating to the town of \u00c7orlu in the east where further retreat was only prevented by the appearance of Selim III himself. Even there though, they were only able to enter the town after besieging it. As the situation worsened the Porte became distinctly aware of the danger that the incident presented and began to close dozens of coffee shops in the capital in an attempt to prevent the rebellion from spreading into Istanbul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019970-0002-0006", "contents": "1806 Edirne incident, Incident\nIn mid-August, Ismail of Ruse was assassinated on his farm by an associate and while welcome news to the New Order, Selim III, on September 19, ultimately decided to order his troops to leave Silivri and return to Istanbul. Due to mediation spearheaded by local ayan, and suspected rebel, Ismail of Serres, an escalation in the conflict was prevented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019970-0003-0000", "contents": "1806 Edirne incident, The Aftermath\nThough the center attempted to spin the return of the New Order as an example of Selim III's generosity to his subjects in avoiding a civil war, it was in fact an incredible humiliation for the Sultan and a deathblow for his ambitions of centralization and reform. Following the incident, a reshuffling of the cabinet occurred with collaborators as well as \"New Orderist\" officials replaced by more conciliatory figures. The Grand Vizier was replaced by the Agha of the Janissaries Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha, the Grand Mufti dismissed, and Kadi Abdurrahman Pasha dismissed. No serious attempts were made after this point by the Sultan to expand the New Order which was eventually disbanded during his deposition in a futile attempt to appease the rebels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019971-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 English cricket season\n1806 was the 20th season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). The first two Gentlemen v Players matches took place but the fixture was not revived until 1819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019971-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 English cricket season, Further reading\nThis article about an English cricket season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019972-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 Georgia's at-large congressional district special elections\nThere were two special elections in Georgia's at-large congressional district in 1806; one on September 15, 1806 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Joseph Bryan (DR) earlier that year, and the other sometime before December 6, 1806 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas Spalding (DR) earlier that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019973-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 Great Coastal hurricane\nThe 1806 Great Coastal hurricane was a severe and damaging storm along the East Coast of the United States which produced upwards of 36\u00a0in (91\u00a0cm) of rainfall in parts of Massachusetts. First observed east of the Lesser Antilles on 17\u00a0August, the hurricane arrived at the Bahamas by 19\u00a0August. The disturbance continued to drift northward and made landfall at the mouth of the Cape Fear River in North Carolina on 22\u00a0August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019973-0000-0001", "contents": "1806 Great Coastal hurricane\nThe storm soon moved out to sea as a Category\u00a02-equivalent hurricane on the Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale, persisting off of New England before dissipating south of Nova Scotia on 25\u00a0August as a markedly weaker storm. Several French and British military ships were damaged out at sea. In the Carolinas, salt, sugar, rice, and lumber industries suffered considerably, and several individuals were killed. Wharves and vessels endured moderate damage, with many ships wrecked on North Carolinan barrier islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019973-0000-0002", "contents": "1806 Great Coastal hurricane\nA majority of the deaths caused by the hurricane occurred aboard the Rose-in-Bloom offshore of Barnegat Inlet, New Jersey, with 21\u00a0of the ship's 48\u00a0passengers killed and $171,000 (1806\u00a0USD) in damage to its cargo. Upon arriving in New England, reports indicated extreme rainfall, though no deaths were reported; in all, the hurricane killed more than 24\u00a0individuals along the entirety of its track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019973-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 Great Coastal hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe Great Coastal hurricane of 1806 was first noted far east of the Lesser Antilles on 17\u00a0August. Weather historian David M. Ludlum followed the disturbance's track to the Bahamas by 19\u00a0August; intense winds persisted until 21\u00a0August, however, approximately 150\u00a0mi (240\u00a0km) east of the Bahamian island of Eleuthera. Steering currents brought the storm northward, and it approached Charleston, South Carolina on 22\u00a0August, where a generally easterly flow preceded the storm indicated its passage far east of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019973-0001-0001", "contents": "1806 Great Coastal hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe hurricane made landfall at the mouth of the Cape Fear River in North Carolina later that day, though the earliest impacts from the storm started several days earlier, with gusts initially toward the northeast but later curving southwestward. Reports of similar wind shifts throughout the region suggested that the gale persisted, stationary, for several hours. It eventually moved back out to sea while south of Norfolk, Virginia, departing the region on 24\u00a0August. The hurricane maintained 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 110\u00a0mph (175\u00a0km/h) while offshore, equivalent to a Category\u00a02 system on the Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale. While offshore New England, the gale featured a swath of winds 90\u00a0mi (150\u00a0km) wide, and was last observed just south of Nova Scotia on 25\u00a0August slightly weaker, with sustained winds of 75\u00a0mph (120\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019973-0002-0000", "contents": "1806 Great Coastal hurricane, Impact\nThe hurricane damaged several vessels while still drifting at sea, dispersing and damaging J\u00e9r\u00f4me Bonaparte's fleet and dismasting the 74-gun French ship of the line Imp\u00e9tueux, which later landed near Cape Henry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019973-0003-0000", "contents": "1806 Great Coastal hurricane, Impact\nIn Charleston, South Carolina, the hurricane washed aground several ships and uprooted numerous trees, though damage to the city harbor was minimal. The lighthouse on North Island flanking Winyah Bay collapsed under high winds, and in Georgetown proper, the hurricane was considered to be the worst since the 1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane, despite its storm surge being of a lesser size. A cotton field covering 94\u00a0acres was ruined nearby. At Smithville, North Carolina, numerous ships experienced damage, while considerable destruction to structures was observed, with many wharves wrecked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019973-0003-0001", "contents": "1806 Great Coastal hurricane, Impact\nMeanwhile, at Wilmington, the hurricane inflicted widespread damage, with many wharves severely damaged, and significant losses sustained by salt, sugar, rice, and lumber industries. The gable sections of three masonry houses were destroyed by wind or water, and wooden houses suffered especially badly, with many obliterated and those under construction flattened. One individual died after a wall collapsed and several slaves were killed, one by drowning, at local plantations. At Bald Head Island, the United States Revenue Cutter Service vessel Governor Williams was stripped of its foremast and subsequently ran ashore before being repaired and continuing on its journey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019973-0003-0002", "contents": "1806 Great Coastal hurricane, Impact\nA second boat owned by the agency, the Diligence, was tethered at port in Wilmington and endured no damage; similarly, little impact occurred at New Bern. Throughout the storm, several vessels and supplies of stranded sailors were driven aground along the North Carolinan coast. On the Bogue Banks, the remains of the Adolphus and Atlantic were discovered, and at the Core Banks, a dead body was washed ashore, partially eaten by fish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019973-0004-0000", "contents": "1806 Great Coastal hurricane, Impact\nModerate damage occurred upon the hurricane's arrival in Norfolk, Virginia. Winds toppled a number of newly built structures and chimneys, uprooted trees and fences, and washed two watercraft aground. After the storm, alterations to the shoreline around the Chesapeake Bay permitted the full establishment of a town at Willoughby Spit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019973-0004-0001", "contents": "1806 Great Coastal hurricane, Impact\nThe Rose-in-Bloom was caught in the hurricane while offshore of Barnegat Inlet, New Jersey, en route to New York City from Charleston, but was struck by a large wave which overturned the ship, resulting in the deaths of 21\u00a0of its 48\u00a0passengers and the loss of $171,000 of its $180,000 (1806\u00a0USD) cargo. The vessel only barely stayed afloat, with 30\u00a0bales of cotton preventing it from sinking entirely; survivors were ferried to New York by the British brig Swift, which had then been traveling toward St. John's, Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019973-0004-0002", "contents": "1806 Great Coastal hurricane, Impact\nThe hurricane produced strong gusts within the vicinity of New York City, and at Belleville, New Jersey, several peach trees were defoliated and uprooted. Cape Cod, Massachusetts was struck by heavy rain and observed minor damage to its port. At Edgartown, meanwhile, an individual witnessed torrential rainfall, recording that a barrel was filled with 30\u00a0in (76\u00a0cm) of water, and estimating total rainfall reached 36\u00a0in (91\u00a0cm) there, where the storm devastated local crops and beached five cargo ships. At Brewster, meanwhile, severe damage to crops and salterns was noted, and 18\u00a0in (46\u00a0cm) of rainfall was recorded. Reports in Boston, however, indicate more modest rainfall amounts, with a precipitation rate of 0.40\u00a0in (1.0\u00a0cm) per hour noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019974-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 Maryland's 7th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 7th congressional district on September 27 and October 4, 1806 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Joseph H. Nicholson (DR)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019974-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 Maryland's 7th congressional district special election, Election results\nLloyd took his seat in the 9th Congress on December 3, 1806, two days after the start of the 2nd session of the 9th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019975-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district on November 27, 1806, to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Michael Leib (DR) on February 14, 1806.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1806 United Kingdom general election was the election of members to the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom. This was the second general election to be held after the Union of Great Britain and Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election\nThe general election took place in a situation of considerable uncertainty about the future of British politics, following the sudden death of William Pitt the Younger and the formation of the Ministry of all the Talents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0002-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election\nThe second United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 24 October 1806. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 13 December 1806, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0003-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nSince the previous general election fighting in the Napoleonic Wars with France had resumed in 1803. Tory Prime Minister Henry Addington had resigned in 1804. William Pitt the Younger formed a new coalition of pro-government Whig and Tory politicians to prosecute the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0004-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe opposition Whigs, led by Charles James Fox, continued to oppose the government. They were strengthened by a group of Pitt's former supporters (such as his cousin William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville) who had aligned themselves with Fox in opposition to Addington after 1802 and who did not accompany Pitt and his other friends back to office in 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0005-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nWhen Pitt died on 23 January 1806 a new ministry was formed by Grenville. It included Fox and Addington (now ennobled as the 1st Viscount Sidmouth) as well as other leading political figures of the day. However it did not include George Canning, who had inherited the leadership of Pitt's faction in the House of Commons or the Duke of Portland who led it in the House of Lords. This government was known as the Ministry of all the Talents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0006-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nAn attempt was made to end the Napoleonic Wars by negotiation. As this hope failed the war continued. Grenville also tried to strengthen the government, but was unable to persuade the Pittites to join him either as a body or by detaching some leading figures. The Prime Minister was not prepared to exclude Fox and his friends as the Pittites wanted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0007-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nLord Grenville then decided to hold a general election to strengthen his government. The King granted a dissolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0008-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Talents were in office at the time of this election and continued after it, but the Ministry was weakened by the death of Fox on 13 September 1806. The election itself was a disappointment. In the eighteenth century a government with the King's backing could expect to make substantial gains at an election. However Pitt's financial reforms had weakened the ability of the Treasury to manipulate election results. Foord estimated that the Ministry only gained about thirty seats by the 1806 appeal to the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0009-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nAt this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0010-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nThe time between the first and last contested elections was 29 October to 17 December 1806.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0011-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nMonmouthshire (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019976-0012-0000", "contents": "1806 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nTable 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019977-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut, Notes\nThis Connecticut elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 74], "content_span": [75, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019978-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nThe 1806 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware was held on October 7, 1806, to elect the U.S. representative from Delaware's at-large congressional district. Incumbent Federalist James M. Broom faced re-election to a full term after winning the previous year's special election. He was challenged by three Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019978-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nBroom was re-elected with over 60% of the vote, with neither opponent coming close to unseating him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019979-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire, Notes\nThis New Hampshire elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 76], "content_span": [77, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019980-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey\nThe Federalists ran a mixed ticket consisting of 2 Federalists (Aaron Ogden and John Beatty) and 4 Democratic-Republicans (William Helms, Ebenezer Elmer, George Maxwell, and Adam Boyd), one of whom (William Helms) was also on the Democratic-Republican ticket. The Federalists capitalized on resentment over the replacement on the official Democratic-Republican ticket of Ebenezer Elmer, from South Jersey, with Thomas Newbold from Monmouth County and the retention of James Sloan. This ticket was formed too late to gain sufficient support, but the Federalists did do much better in state elections that year than they had in previous elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019981-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives election in Ohio\nOhio elected its member October 14, 1806. Both candidates were Democratic-Republicans, but from election articles published in The Scioto Gazette it was suggested that James Pritchard was the candidate of the Ohio Quids and that in a few counties, notably Columbiana and Jefferson, he was also supported by the Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019981-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives election in Ohio, Notes\nThis Ohio elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 67], "content_span": [68, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019982-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island elected its members August 26, 1806. Rhode Island law required a majority of votes to win. In this election, only one candidate won a majority on the first ballot, and so a run-off election was required to choose the second seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019982-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island, Notes\nThis Rhode Island elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 75], "content_span": [76, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019983-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes\nThis Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019984-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland, Notes\nThis Maryland elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019985-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 77], "content_span": [78, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019986-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1806 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 29 to May 1, 1806, to elect 17 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 10th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019986-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n17 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1804 to a term in the 9th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1805. Samuel L. Mitchill and Daniel D. Tompkins had resigned their seats, and George Clinton, Jr., and Gurdon S. Mumford were elected to fill the vacancies. The representatives' term would end on March 3, 1807. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1806, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1807, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on October 26, 1807.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019986-0002-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nAfter the U.S. census of 1800, New York's representation in the House was increased to 17 seats. On March 30, 1802, the New York State Legislature had re-apportioned the congressional districts, dividing New York County seemingly at random into two districts. After the election of one Democratic-Republican and one Federalist in 1802, the Dem.-Rep. majority in the State Legislature gerrymandered the two districts together in an Act passed on March 20, 1804, so that two congressmen would be elected on a general ticket by the voters of both districts, assuring the election of two Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019986-0003-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nThree new counties had been created since the last elections in 1804: Inside the 15th D., Jefferson Co. was split off from Oneida Co.; in the 16th D., Madison Co. from Chenango Co.; and in the 17th D., Allegany Co. from Genesee Co. The area of the districts remained the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019986-0004-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019986-0005-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n14 Clintonians, 2 Federalists and 1 Lewisite were elected. The incumbents Mumford, Clinton, Van Cortlandt, Blake, Verplanck, Van Rensselaer, Masters, Thomas and Russell were re-elected; the incumbents Sailly, Tracy and Halsey were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019986-0006-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: The Anti- Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019986-0007-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nAt this time, the Democratic-Republican Party was split into two factions: the \"Clintonians\" led by DeWitt Clinton, and the \"Lewisites\" led by Governor Morgan Lewis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019986-0008-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special election\nThe House of Representatives of the 10th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on October 26, 1807, and Blake, Gardenier, Harris, Humphrey, Kirkpatrick, Masters, Riker, Russell, Swart, Thomas Thompson, Van Alen, Van Cortlandt, Van Rensselaer and Verplanck took their seats on this day. Mumford took his seat on November 2, and Clinton on February 1, 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019986-0009-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special election\nDavid Thomas was appointed New York State Treasurer on February 5, 1808, and resigned his seat. His letter of resignation was read in the House on February 17. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the annual State election in April 1808, and was won by Nathan Wilson, of the same party. Wilson took his seat on November 7, 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019987-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019988-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nElections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania were held on October 14, 1806 for the 10th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019988-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nIn the previous elections, 17 Democratic-Republicans and 1 Federalist had been elected to represent Pennsylvania. There were two subsequent special elections which did not result in any seats changing parties. One seat held by a Democratic-Republican had become vacant and was not yet filled at the time of the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019988-0002-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nAs in the previous election, there was a breakaway faction of the Democratic-Republican Party allied with the Federalists known as the tertium quids or Constitutional Republicans, which ran candidates in several districts. Several of the elected quids aligned with the Federalists on the federal level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019988-0003-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nPennsylvania was divided into 11 districts, of which four were plural districts with 11 Representatives between them, with the remaining 7 Representatives elected from single-member districts. The districts were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019988-0004-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nNote: Many of these counties covered much larger areas than they do today, having since been divided into smaller counties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019988-0005-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results\nFifteen incumbents (14 Democratic-Republicans and the sole Federalist) ran for re-election, of whom eleven won re-election. The incumbents Isaac Anderson (DR) and Christian Lower (DR), both of the 2nd district did not run for re-election and one seat in the 1st district was vacant, the previous incumbent Michael Leib (DR) having resigned February 14, 1806. Two seats changed from Democratic-Republican to Federalist control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019988-0006-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special election\nJoseph Clay (DR) of the 1st district resigned March 18, 1808. A special election was held October 11, 1808, the same day as the 1808 general elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019990-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont, Notes\nThis Vermont elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 71], "content_span": [72, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019991-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1806 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held from December 9 to 16, 1806. Andrew Gregg was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019991-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nIncumbent Democratic-Republican George Logan, who was elected in a special election in 1801, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 9, 1806, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1807. Four ballots were recorded over the next week. The results of the fourth and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019992-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States elections\nThe 1806 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson's second term, during the First Party System. Members of the 10th United States Congress were chosen in this election. Neither chamber saw significant partisan change, with the Democratic-Republicans retaining a commanding majority in both the House and Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019993-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 United States gubernatorial elections\nUnited States gubernatorial elections were held in 1806, in 10 states, concurrent with the House and Senate elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019993-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 United States gubernatorial elections\nFive governors were elected by popular vote and five were elected by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019994-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1806 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the re-election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019994-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Middlebury on October 9. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019994-0002-0000", "contents": "1806 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe committee's examination of the votes showed that Governor Isaac Tichenor was chosen for a tenth one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for an eleventh one-year term. Benjamin Swan was elected to his seventh one-year term as treasurer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019994-0003-0000", "contents": "1806 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the races for lieutenant governor and treasurer, the vote totals and names of other candidates were not recorded. According to a contemporary newspaper report, the vote totals for governor were as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019995-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 10th Congress were held at various dates in each state between April 29, 1806 (in New York) and August 4, 1807 (in Tennessee) during Thomas Jefferson's second term with the new Congress meeting on October 26, 1807.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019995-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe Democratic-Republicans continued to build on their huge supermajority. They were actually able to take over two more seats than they had in the previous Congress, which they controlled by a margin of better than three to one. Commitment to agrarian policy allowed the Democratic-Republicans to dominate rural districts, which represented the bulk of the nation. On the other hand, supporters of the Federalists, even in their traditional base of support in the urban centers of coastal New England, continued to lament the ineffectiveness of their party and its lack of electoral appeal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019995-0002-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1806 and 1807 during the 9th United States Congress and 10th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019995-0003-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nNew Jersey elected its members October 14\u201315, 1806. The Federalists ran a mixed ticket consisting of 2 Federalists (Aaron Ogden and John Beatty) and 4 Democratic-Republicans (William Helms, Ebenezer Elmer, George Maxwell, and Adam Boyd), one of whom (William Helms) was also on the Democratic-Republican ticket. The Federalists capitalized on resentment over the replacement on the official Democratic-Republican ticket of Ebenezer Elmer, from South Jersey, with Thomas Newbold from Monmouth County and the retention of James Sloan. This ticket was formed too late to gain sufficient support, but the Federalists did do much better in state elections that year than they had in previous elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019995-0004-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York elected representatives to the 10th Congress on April 29 \u2013 May 1, 1806. This was the second and last election in which Districts 2 and 3 were elected on a joint ticket. New York redistricted in the next election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019995-0005-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections, Ohio\nOhio elected its member October 14, 1806. Both candidates were Democratic-Republicans, but from election articles published in The Scioto Gazette it was suggested that James Pritchard was the candidate of the Ohio Quids and that in a few counties, notably Columbiana and Jefferson, he was also supported by the Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 68], "content_span": [69, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019995-0006-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island elected its members August 26, 1806. Rhode Island law required a majority of votes to win. In this election, only one candidate won a majority on the first ballot, and so a run-off election was required to choose the second seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019995-0007-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 3\u20134, 1807, after the Congress began but before the first session met.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019995-0008-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia elected its members in April 1807, after the Congress began but before the first session met.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019995-0009-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nAs in the previous congress, there were three territories with non-voting delegates in the 10th Congress. In Indiana Territory, the legislature elected the delegate. The source used did not have information about Mississippi or Orleans Territory. Mississippi used popular election in 1808, while Orleans Territory elected its delegate by the legislature in 1808, suggesting Orleans probably used legislative election this year, too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019996-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1806 and 1807 were elections that had the Democratic-Republican Party increase its overwhelming control of the Senate by one additional Senator. The Federalists went into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats (7 out of 34, or 21%) that even if they had won every election, they would still have remained a minority caucus. As it was, however, they lost one of the two seats they were defending and picked up no gains from their opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019996-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019996-0002-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nExcept if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019996-0003-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the preceding Congress\nIn these special elections, the winner was seated during 1806 or before March 4, 1807; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 109], "content_span": [110, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019996-0004-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the next Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1807; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019996-0005-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the next Congress\nIn this special election, the winner was seated in 1807 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019996-0006-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States Senate elections, Georgia, Georgia (Special, Class 2)\nDemocratic-Republican Abraham Baldwin died March 4, 1807. Democratic-Republican George Jones was appointed August 27. 1807 to continue the term, pending a special election. Jones ran in the November 7, 1807 special election, but lost to Democratic-Republican William H. Crawford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 81], "content_span": [82, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019996-0007-0000", "contents": "1806 and 1807 United States Senate elections, Georgia, Class 3\nDemocratic-Republican James Jackson, who had served since 1793 died March 19, 1806.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019997-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1806 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019998-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Saakies\" (Sauks?) and Potawatomi seek help against encroachment on their lands from U.S.A.; their request is deferred", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019998-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 in Canada, Historical documents\nChief Joseph Brant asks to welcome new Upper Canada lieutenant governor with \"leading chiefs and principal warriors\" of Grand River", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00019999-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1806 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020005-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in New Zealand\nSealing continues at Bass Strait and the Antipodes Islands. At the end of the year there is a new sealing rush to the Bounty and Auckland Islands. Few sealers, if any, are known to have visited the Foveaux Strait area at this time, although this may be due in part to the secrecy of the captains and owners in reporting where they operate and/or the existence of the Strait not yet being widely known. Whaling continues off the east coast of the North Island. Ships are now visiting the Bay of Islands on a reasonably regular basis. The first reports about the poor behaviour of ships crews are sent to the Church Missionary Society in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020005-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 in New Zealand\nBetween 1800 and 1806, \u00a3200,000 worth of whale oil is taken from the New Zealand area by British whaling ships operating from Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020009-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1806 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020010-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in Spain\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 17:22, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020011-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in Sweden\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 17:22, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020012-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1806 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020015-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1806.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020017-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1806.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020018-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020018-0001-0000", "contents": "1806 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020018-0002-0000", "contents": "1806 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020019-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1806.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020020-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in science\nThe year 1806 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020021-0000-0000", "contents": "1806 in sports\n1806 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020024-0000-0000", "contents": "1806\u20131807 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 27th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1806 and 1807 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. John Bacon served as president of the Senate and Perez Morton served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020025-0000-0000", "contents": "1806\u221220 cluster\n1806\u221220 (originally named the SGR 1806\u221220 cluster) is a heavily obscured star cluster on the far side of the Milky Way, approximately 50,000 light-years distant. It contains the soft gamma repeater SGR 1806\u221220 and the luminous blue variable hypergiant LBV 1806\u221220, a candidate for the most luminous star in the Milky Way. LBV 1806\u221220 and many of the other massive stars in the cluster are thought likely to end as supernovas in a few million years, leaving only neutron stars or black holes as remnants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020025-0001-0000", "contents": "1806\u221220 cluster\nThe cluster is heavily obscured by intervening dust, and mostly visible in the infrared. It is part of the larger W31 H II region and giant molecular cloud. It has a compact core of ~0.2 pc in diameter with a more extended halo of ~2 pc in diameter containing the LBV and at least three Wolf\u2013Rayet stars (of types WC8, WN6, and WN7) and an OB supergiant, plus other young massive stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020026-0000-0000", "contents": "1807\n1807 (MDCCCVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1807th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 807th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 7th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1807, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020027-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1807 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on April 9, 1807. Incumbent Federalist Governor Jonathan Trumbull Jr. won re-election to a tenth full term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate William Hart in a re-match of the previous year's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020028-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1807 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 6, 1807.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020028-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 Delaware gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Federalist Governor Nathaniel Mitchell was not eligible for re-election under the Delaware Constitution of 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020028-0002-0000", "contents": "1807 Delaware gubernatorial election\nFederalist nominee George Truitt defeated Democratic-Republican nominee Joseph Haslet with 51.94% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020028-0003-0000", "contents": "1807 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020029-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 Delaware's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Delaware's at-large congressional district on October 6, 1807 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of James M. Broom (F)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020029-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 Delaware's at-large congressional district special election, Background\nIn 1806, James M. Broom (F) was re-elected to a second term in Delaware's at-large district. He'd won his first term in a special election caused by James A. Bayard's election to the Senate. However, Broom did not serve this second term, instead resigning as well, before the start of the Tenth Congress. A special election was held for his replacement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 76], "content_span": [77, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020030-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 English cricket season\n1807 was the 21st season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). John Willes of Kent first tried to revive the idea of \"straight-armed\" (i.e., roundarm) bowling, which had originated with Tom Walker in the 1790s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020030-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 English cricket season, Further reading\nThis article about an English cricket season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020031-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 Massachusetts's 12th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 12th congressional district in 1807 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Barnabas Bidwell (DR), who had been appointed Massachusetts Attorney General on July 13 of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020032-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1807 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1807 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York. Despite losing New York City 1,673 votes to 1,807, Daniel D. Tompkins defeated incumbent Morgan Lewis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020032-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Clintonian faction of the Democratic-Republican Party nominated associate justice of the New York Supreme Court of Judicature Daniel D. Tompkins. They nominated incumbent John Broome for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020032-0002-0000", "contents": "1807 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Lewisite faction of the Democratic-Republican Party nominated incumbent Morgan Lewis. They nominated former Speaker of the New York State Assembly Thomas Storm for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020033-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 Newgate disaster\nThe 1807 Newgate disaster or the Old Bailey Accident of 1807 was a human crush that occurred outside London's Newgate Prison on 23 February 1807. The disaster occurred when part of a large, dense crowd gathered to witness a triple execution destabilised after being disturbed by a collapsing wooden cart, which triggered a chain of events leading to a fatal crowd crush. Many fatalities and severe injuries resulted, with newspapers reporting that at least 27 perished in the accident and one observer counting at least 34 dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020033-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 Newgate disaster, The condemned\nThe 1806 trials of John Holloway and Owen Haggerty at the Old Bailey for the slaying of John Cole Steele, a lavender nursery owner from London murdered in 1802, attracted much newspaper coverage and publicity. Both men were convicted of murder based on circumstantial evidence and the testimony of an accomplice, one Benjamin Hanfield, who claimed Holloway bludgeoned John Steele to death while the three were robbing him at Hounslow Heath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020033-0001-0001", "contents": "1807 Newgate disaster, The condemned\nHolloway and Haggerty were sentenced to be hanged at Newgate Prison alongside condemned murderer Elizabeth Godfrey (who fatally stabbed a man in a separate case), while Hanfield's punishment of transportation for a theft was dismissed for his testimony. Due to the perceived injustice of Holloway and Haggerty being sentenced to death based on such evidence, many contemporaries believed the pair were innocent and the ensuing outrage attracted a massive and rambunctious crowd to the public execution at Newgate Prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020033-0002-0000", "contents": "1807 Newgate disaster, The crowd\nA crowd of around 40,000 had gathered in front of Newgate Prison near the Old Bailey on the morning of 23 February 1807 to witness Holloway and Haggerty's execution. People from as far as Hounslow and Bagshot came to observe the sentences be carried out, clambering onto carts, lampposts, and window ledges to spectate. \"Not only the space in front of the Old Bailey, but all the windows and the tops of houses adjoining, were crowded with spectators, and the avenues to the remotest point...\" The crowd had been so thick at the north side of the Old Bailey that its movements were compared to ocean waves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020033-0003-0000", "contents": "1807 Newgate disaster, The disaster\nJohn Holloway further excited the crowd by proclaiming en route to the scaffold \"Gentlemen, I am quite innocent of this affair. I never was with Hanfield, nor do I know the spot. I will kneel and swear it.\" Around 08:06\u201308:08 the executioner pulled the lever and the hatch beneath Holloway, Haggerty, and Godfrey was dropped. The overheated, impatient spectators surged forward towards the scaffolding to obtain better views of the executions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020033-0003-0001", "contents": "1807 Newgate disaster, The disaster\nObservers from the corner of Green Arbor Lane were suddenly startled when the axletree of a wooden cart overloaded with people broke, collapsing the cart and knocking those on top of it to the ground. Subsequently, a pieman a few yards away dropped a large basket of merchandise in the uproar, falling while attempting to pick it up and then tripping others who were then trampled with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020033-0004-0000", "contents": "1807 Newgate disaster, The disaster\nWhen the wooden cart collapsed, the spectators who had fallen off of it were crushed to death as the people behind the cart pushed forward to climb on top (either to watch the executions or escape the crush). The pressurised crowd pushed back against the cart, causing yet more carnage and possibly tripping the pieman who was just yards away. These dual-accidents startling the disorganised crowd on the relatively narrow street resulted in dozens of people being killed and many others being injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020033-0004-0001", "contents": "1807 Newgate disaster, The disaster\nThe scene lasted for over an hour as individuals slowly cleared out from the area, with a significant portion of the crowd remaining long after the executions were carried out. Once authorities had cleared out the remaining spectators there seemed to be around 100 injured or dead individuals lying in the street in front of Newgate Prison. Newspapers reported on death tolls between 20 and 30, but one contemporary account describes 34 dead and at least 15 serious injuries. The injured were taken to St Bartholomew's Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020034-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 Slovakia\n1807 Slovakia, provisional designation 1971 QA, is a stony asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 August 1971, by Slovak astronomer Milan Antal at Skalnat\u00e9 pleso Observatory in the High Tatras mountains of Slovakia and named after the Slovak Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020034-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 Slovakia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,213 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020034-0002-0000", "contents": "1807 Slovakia, Orbit and classification\nIt was first identified as 1928 UE at Heidelberg Observatory in 1928, extending the body's observation arc by 43 years prior to its official discovery observation at Skalnat\u00e9 pleso.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020034-0003-0000", "contents": "1807 Slovakia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Slovakia is a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020034-0004-0000", "contents": "1807 Slovakia, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nSlovakia has an exceptionally long rotation period of 308 hours with a high brightness variation of 1.10 magnitude (U=3-). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) adopts a period of 308.6 hours with an amplitude of 1.1 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020034-0005-0000", "contents": "1807 Slovakia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Slovakia measures 9.14 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.31, while CALL assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.40 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.5", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020034-0006-0000", "contents": "1807 Slovakia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the now independent state of Slovakia (Slovak Republic), the country where the discovering observatory is located. At the time Slovakia was still part of the socialistic republic of Czechoslovakia that was formed after World War I and lasted until the end of the Cold War (also see 2315 Czechoslovakia). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 June 1973 (M.P.C. 3508).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020035-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 South Carolina's 6th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in South Carolina's 6th congressional district June 1\u20132, 1807 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Levi Casey (DR) on February 3, 1807.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020035-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 South Carolina's 6th congressional district special election\nCasey had been elected for a third term to the 10th United States Congress in the 1806 elections. His death left a vacancy for the remainder of the 9th Congress, which remained unfilled, as well as for the 10th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020035-0002-0000", "contents": "1807 South Carolina's 6th congressional district special election, Election results\nCalhoun took his seat October 26, 1807, at the start of the 1st session of the 10th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020036-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 Tennessee gubernatorial election\nThe 1807 Tennessee gubernatorial election took place from August 6\u20137, 1807. Sevier won his final term as governor of Tennessee with 85.80% of the vote against Senator William Cocke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1807 United Kingdom general election was the third general election to be held after the Union of Great Britain and Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election\nThe third United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 29 April 1807. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 22 June 1807, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0002-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nFollowing the 1806 election the Ministry of all the Talents, a coalition of the Foxite and Grenvillite Whig and Addingtonite Tory factions, with William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, as Prime Minister continued in office. It had attempted to end the Napoleonic Wars by negotiation. As this hope failed the war continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0003-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe faction formerly led by William Pitt the Younger, before his death in January 1806, were the major group in opposition to the Talents' Ministry. George Canning in the House of Commons and the Duke of Portland in the House of Lords were at the head of this opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0004-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nGrenville and his cabinet lost the support of King George III by trying to legislate to permit Roman Catholics to serve as Army and Navy officers. When ministers refused to give the King written confirmation that they would not raise the Catholic issue again, he decided to find new servants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0005-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe elderly Duke of Portland was asked to form a new ministry in March 1807. Portland had been the Whig Prime Minister before, in the 1780s, so now he described himself as the Whig Prime Minister of a Tory ministry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0006-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nAfter Pitt's death the younger Pittites increasingly began calling themselves the Tory Party, whether they had previously belonged to the Whig or Tory tradition. This was an important stage in the development of a more organised two-party system, which reduced the influence of factions and connections in British politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0007-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe new ministers found it difficult to manage a House of Commons recently elected to support their opponents. A month into the new government the King granted a dissolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0008-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe government policies of opposing Catholic relief and supporting the traditional powers of the King proved popular (at least with the restricted section of the population enfranchised in elections for the unreformed House of Commons). After the election the government programme was approved by a vote of 350 to 155 in the House of Commons, demonstrating the substantial gains ministers had made in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0009-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nAt this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0010-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nThe time between the first and last contested elections was 4 May to 9 June 1807.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0011-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nMonmouthshire (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020037-0012-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nTable 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020038-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election in Yorkshire\nThe county of Yorkshire was one of the constituencies that went to a poll during the general election of 1807. This was the first time Yorkshire had seen a contested election since 1741.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020038-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election in Yorkshire\nThe election is one of the most famous from the pre-reform era. It is most well known because of the amount of money spent, nearly \u00a3250,000 between the three candidates. This makes it the most costly election of any before 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020038-0002-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election in Yorkshire\nThe three contestants were: William Wilberforce, leader of the anti-slavery movement in Parliament and MP for Yorkshire since 1784; Henry Lascelles, son of Lord Harewood and representative of Yorkshire between 1796 and 1806; and Lord Milton, son of Earl FitzWilliam. Counties each returned two MPs so two of these three would be successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020038-0003-0000", "contents": "1807 United Kingdom general election in Yorkshire\nPolling took place between 20 May and 5 June 1807. Wilberforce won with 11,808 votes whilst Milton gained the second seat with 11,177 votes. Lascelles came third with 10,990. This was only 187 fewer votes than Milton received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020039-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 3\u20134, 1807, after the Congress began but before the first session met.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020040-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia\nVirginia elected its members in April 1807, after the Congress began but before the first session met.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020040-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes\nThis Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020041-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1807 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 3, 1807, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020041-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nJohn Smith had been elected to this seat in February 1804, after the resignation of DeWitt Clinton, replacing the temporarily appointed John Armstrong. Smith took his seat on February 23, 1804, and his term would expire on March 3, 1807.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020041-0002-0000", "contents": "1807 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in April 1806, the Democratic-Republican Party (D-R) won a large majority to the Assembly (82 D-R and 18 Federalist), and all 9 State Senate seats up for election. The 30th New York State Legislature met from January 27 to April 7, 1807, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020041-0003-0000", "contents": "1807 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe incumbent U.S. Senator John Smith ran for re-election as the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party. At this time the Democratic-Republican Party was split in two factions: the \"Lewisites\" (allies of Governor Morgan Lewis), and the \"Clintonians\" (allies of Mayor of New York DeWitt Clinton). The Federalist Party which had no seats in the State Senate and only a small minority in the State Assembly was allied in State politics with the Lewisites, the smaller faction, thus forming a bloc large enough to outvote the Clintonians. Nevertheless, for the election of a U.S. Senator both Democratic-Republican factions united supporting Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020041-0004-0000", "contents": "1807 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nJohn Smith served until the end of the term on March 3, 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020042-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1807 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the election of Israel Smith to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020042-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Woodstock on October 8. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020042-0002-0000", "contents": "1807 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe committee's examination of the votes showed that Israel Smith defeated incumbent Isaac Tichenor for a one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for his twelfth one-year term. Benjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his eighth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020042-0003-0000", "contents": "1807 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the races for lieutenant governor and treasurer, the vote totals and names of other candidates were not recorded. In the race for governor, a contemporary newspaper article reported the results as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020043-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1807 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020045-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1807 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020048-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 in Germany\nEvents from the year 1807 in Germany saw a major battle in Danzig and the loss of a third of Prussian land to Napolean to form the Duchy of Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020050-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1807 in the Qajar dynasty, Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020052-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 in New Zealand\nThere is a new sealing rush to the Bounty and Auckland Islands. Sealing also continues at Bass Strait and the Antipodes Islands. Foveaux Strait is a frequent stop for these sealing ships. Whaling continues off the east coast of the North Island. Ships are now visiting the Bay of Islands on a reasonably regular basis. The first reports about the poor behaviour of visiting ship's crew are sent to the Church Missionary Society in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020057-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1807 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020059-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1807 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020062-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1807.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020064-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 in poetry\nThe world is too much with us; late and soon,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 60]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020064-0001-0000", "contents": "1807 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020064-0002-0000", "contents": "1807 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020064-0003-0000", "contents": "1807 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020065-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1807.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020066-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 in science\nThe year 1807 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020067-0000-0000", "contents": "1807 in sports\n1807 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020070-0000-0000", "contents": "1807\u20131808 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 28th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1807 and 1808 during the governorship of James Sullivan. Samuel Dana served as president of the Senate and Perez Morton served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020071-0000-0000", "contents": "1808\n1808 (MDCCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1808th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 808th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 8th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1808, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020072-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1808 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on April 14, 1808. Incumbent Federalist Governor Jonathan Trumbull Jr. won re-election to an eleventh full term, defeating Democratic-Republican candidate William Hart in a re-match of the previous year's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020072-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 Connecticut gubernatorial election, Notes\nThis Connecticut elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020073-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 English cricket season\n1808 was the 22nd season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). George Osbaldeston made his debut in important matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020073-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 English cricket season, Further reading\nThis article about an English cricket season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020074-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district on May 4, 1808 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Jacob Crowninshield (DR) on April 15, 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020074-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district special election, Election results\nStory ran unopposed and took his seat on December 20, 1808", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020075-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New Jersey's at-large congressional district on March 8, 1808 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Ezra Darby (DR) on January 27, 1808", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020076-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 New York City Common Council election\nElections to the New York City Common Council were held in November 1808. The incumbent Democratic-Republican Party retained its majority but the Federalists gained one seat and increased their share of the vote in every ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020077-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 New York's 12th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New York's 12th congressional district on April 26\u201328, 1808 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation, on February 5, 1808, of David Thomas (DR), who had been appointed New York State Treasurer. This election was held at the same time as the 1808 Congressional elections. As New York had redistricted in the meantime, Thomas' former district no longer existed as a separate district, but was now a part of the 6th district. The special election was held in the territory of the old 12th district", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020078-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 North Carolina's 7th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in North Carolina's 7th congressional district on February 1, 1808. In the 1806 elections, John Culpepper (F) had defeated incumbent Duncan McFarlan (DR), but McFarlan contested the election, and, on January 2, 1808, the House Committee on Elections declared the seat vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020078-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 North Carolina's 7th congressional district special election, Election results\nCulpepper was thus returned to the House, resuming his seat on February 23, 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020079-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1808 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 11, 1808. Incumbent governor Thomas McKean, a former Democratic Republican who had faced impeachment by members of his own party during the prior term, was not a candidate. Democratic-Republican candidate Simon Snyder, former Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives defeated Federalist candidate and former U.S. Senator James Ross to become Governor of Pennsylvania. Snyder, with the aid of a supportive press, campaigned as a \"New School Democrat\" and attempted to ally himself with James Madison. He painted the former McKean administration as elitist and advocated for popular democracy, governmental intervention in the economy, and infrastructural support for Western Pennsylvania counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020079-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Results\n*Note: Although Spayd ran as a Federalist, Ross was the only Federalist to carry any counties, as shown on the map.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020080-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district on October 11, 1808 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Joseph Clay (DR) on March 28, 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020081-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 Rhode Island's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Rhode Island's at-large congressional district on August 30, 1808 to fill a vacancy resulting from the death of Nehemiah Knight (DR) on June 13, 1808. This election was held at the same time as the 1808 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020081-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 Rhode Island's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nJackson took his seat on November 11, 1808. Jackson also won election to the 11th Congress at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 86], "content_span": [87, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020082-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United Kingdom heat wave\nThe 1808 United Kingdom heat wave was a period of exceptionally high temperatures during July 1808. In the Central England Temperature series, dating back to 1659, at the time it was the 2nd hottest July on record, the hottest since 1783. The month included some of the highest temperatures ever recorded in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020082-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United Kingdom heat wave, Weather\nJuly 1808 was the second hottest July on record, at the time with an extreme notable heatwave from the 12th to 15 July, peaking on the 13th and 14th. Temperatures above 36\u00a0\u00b0C (97\u00a0\u00b0F) were recorded in many areas on the 13th and 14th, with London reaching 38\u00a0\u00b0C (100\u00a0\u00b0F) on the 13th, with a possible reading of 41\u00a0\u00b0C (105\u00a0\u00b0F).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020082-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 United Kingdom heat wave, Weather\nWhen the heatwave was coming to a close on the 15th, there were some very severe thunderstorms. These most severe of the storms affected Dorset, Somerset & Gloucestershire. However, a 59 miles (95\u00a0km) swath was also damaged between Bath and Bristol. Reports of hail stones up to 1 foot (300\u00a0mm) long were recorded in Somerset, with hailstones of a more general 70 to 100 millimetres (2.8 to 3.9\u00a0in) being reported as well. Ball Lightning was also observed in Gloucester, and was noted as destroying one of the pinnacles at the west end of Gloucester Cathedral. It is thought that this is one of the most severe hailstorms in the history of the United Kingdom, along with that of 1697.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020082-0003-0000", "contents": "1808 United Kingdom heat wave, Impacts\nAs a result of the hot temperatures and following thunderstorms, many people lost their lives, especially in the counties of Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Northampton. Animals were also badly affected as a result of the hot weather, with 50 post horses dying as a result on the Great North Road alone. Farmers also struggled. Despite being able to harvest their crops early, other products melted quickly such as butter and honeycomb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020083-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut, Notes\nThis Connecticut elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 74], "content_span": [75, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020084-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes\nThis Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020085-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1808 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 26 to 28, 1808, to elect 17 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 11th United States Congress. At the same time, a vacancy was filled in the 10th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020085-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n17 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1806 to a term in the 10th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1807. David Thomas had been elected New York State Treasurer in February 1808, and had resigned his seat, leaving a vacancy in the former 12th District. The other 16 representatives' term would end on March 3, 1809. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1808, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1809, and a little more than a year before Congress actually met on May 22, 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020085-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nAfter the U.S. census of 1800, New York's representation in the House was increased to 17 seats. On March 30, 1802, the New York State Legislature had re-apportioned the congressional districts, dividing New York County seemingly at random into two districts. After the election of one Democratic-Republican and one Federalist in 1802, the Dem.-Rep. majority in the State Legislature gerrymandered the two districts together in an Act passed on March 20, 1804, so that two congressmen would be elected on a general ticket by the voters of both districts, assuring the election of two Democratic-Republicans. On April 8, 1808, the State Legislature re-apportioned the districts again, separating the 2nd and the 3rd District, and creating two districts with two seats each to be filled on a general ticket: the 2nd and the 6th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020085-0003-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nDavid Thomas had been elected in the old 12th District which had comprised only Washington Co., so the vacancy was filled by a special election held only in this county, while at the same time two representatives were elected on a general ticket in the new 6th District to which Washington Co. had been re-districted together with Columbia Co. and Rensselaer Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020085-0004-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nDue to the double-seat districts, there were then only 15 districts; the 16th and 17th were eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020085-0005-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the above-mentioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020085-0006-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n9 Democratic-Republicans and 8 Federalists were elected to the 11th Congress, and one Democratic-Republican to fill the vacancy in the 10th Congress. The incumbents Mumford, Gardenier, Van Rensselaer and Thompson were re-elected; the incumbents Van Alen and Harris were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020085-0007-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: The Anti- Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020085-0008-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special election\nNathan Wilson took his seat in the 10th United States Congress on November 7, 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020085-0009-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special election\nThe House of Representatives of the 11th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on May 22, 1809, and Emott, Fisk, Gardenier, Gold, Knickerbocker, Livingston, Nicholson, Porter, Sage, Sammons, Thompson, Tracy and Van Rensselaer took their seats on this day. Mathews took his seat on May 23; Mumford on May 24; and Root on June 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020085-0010-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special election\nWilliam Denning never took his seat, and resigned. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the annual State election in April 1810, and was won by Samuel L. Mitchill, of the same party. Mitchill, a former U.S. Representative (1801\u20131804) and U.S. Senator (1804\u20131809), took his seat on December 4, 1810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020086-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nElections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania were held October 11, 1808 for the 11th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020086-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nEighteen Representatives had been elected in the previous election, 15 Democratic-Republicans and 3 Federalists. All three Federalists and two of the Democratic-Republicans were quids, an alliance of moderate Democratic-Republicans and Federalists. One seat held by a Democratic-Republican had become vacant prior to this election and was filled in a special election held at the same time as this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020086-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nPennsylvania was divided into 11 districts, of which four were plural districts with 11 Representatives between them, with the remaining 7 Representatives elected from single-member districts. The districts were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020086-0003-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nLuzerne County's western border was altered between the 1806 and 1808 elections, altering the boundary between the 2nd and 5th districts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020086-0004-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nNote: Many of these counties covered much larger areas than they do today, having since been divided into smaller counties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020086-0005-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results\nThirteen incumbents (10 Democratic-Republicans and 3 Federalists) ran for re-election, of whom 11 won re-election. The incumbents Jacob Richards (DR) of the 1st district, John Hiester (DR) of the 3rd district, Daniel Montgomery (DR) of the 5th district and William Hoge (DR) of the 10th district did not run for re-election. There was also a vacancy in the 1st district. One seat changed from Federalist to Democratic-Republican control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020086-0006-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special election\nBenjamin Say (DR) of the 1st district resigned in June, 1809, and a special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020087-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes\nThis South Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020088-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont, Notes\nThis Vermont elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 71], "content_span": [72, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020089-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nThe 1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held on June 2, 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020089-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nThis unusually early election was called after incumbent Federalist John Quincy Adams broke with his party over the Embargo Act of 1807. The Federalist legislature elected State Senator James Lloyd, Jr. to the term beginning in March 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020089-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background\nJohn Quincy Adams, son of former Federalist president John Adams, was elected senator by the Massachusetts legislature as a Federalist in 1803. His six-year term was scheduled to expire in March 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020089-0003-0000", "contents": "1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background\nHowever, Adams supported President Thomas Jefferson's foreign policy during the Napoleonic Wars, including the Louisiana Purchase and Embargo Act of 1807. Adams was the lone Federalist in Congress to vote for the Non-importation Act of 1806. In response to Adams's continued distance from Federalist orthodoxy, the Federalist legislature in Massachusetts held this early election for the United States Senate term beginning in March 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020089-0004-0000", "contents": "1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Aftermath\nAdams resigned immediately following his defeat, triggering a special election for the remainder of his term on June 9. Lloyd won the special election as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020089-0005-0000", "contents": "1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Aftermath\nAdams soon formally joined the Democratic-Republicans and was appointed Minister to Russia by President James Madison. Adams was later Secretary of State in the Cabinet of James Monroe and was elected President of the United States in 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020090-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1808 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on December 13, 1808. Michael Leib was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020090-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nIncumbent Democratic-Republican Senator Samuel Maclay, who was elected in 1802, was not a candidate for re-election to a second term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 13, 1808, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1809. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020090-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nAlthough Leib's regular term did not begin until March 4, 1809, Leib assumed office in January 1809 following the resignation of his predecessor, Samuel Maclay. He subsequently served out the remainder of Sen. Maclay's term until his own term began in March 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020091-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States elections\nThe 1808 United States elections elected the members of the 11th United States Congress. The election took place during the First Party System. In the aftermath of the Embargo of 1807, the Federalists picked up Congressional seats for the first time since their defeat in the 1800 election. However, the Democratic-Republican Party maintained control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020091-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States elections\nIn the Presidential election, Democratic-Republican Secretary of State James Madison easily defeated Federalist Governor Charles Pinckney of South Carolina. Incumbent Vice President George Clinton was re-elected, making him the first vice president to serve under two different presidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020091-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 United States elections\nIn the House, Federalists won moderate gains, but Democratic-Republicans continued to dominate the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020091-0003-0000", "contents": "1808 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Federalists picked up one seat, but Democratic-Republicans retained a dominant majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election\nThe 1808 United States presidential election was the sixth quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, November 4, to Wednesday, December 7, 1808. The Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney decisively. Madison's victory made him the first individual to succeed a president of the same party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election\nMadison had served as Secretary of State since President Thomas Jefferson took office in 1801. Jefferson, who had declined to run for a third term, threw his strong support behind Madison, a fellow Virginian. Sitting Vice President George Clinton and former Ambassador James Monroe both challenged Madison for leadership of the party, but Madison won his party's nomination and Clinton was re-nominated as vice president. The Federalists chose to re-nominate Pinckney, a former ambassador who had served as the party's 1804 nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election\nDespite the unpopularity of the Embargo Act of 1807, Madison won the vast majority of electoral votes outside of the Federalist stronghold of New England. Clinton received six electoral votes for president from his home state of New York. This election was the first of two instances in American history in which a new president was selected but the incumbent vice president won re-election, the other being in 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0003-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination, Caucus\nNominations for the 1808 presidential election were made by congressional caucuses. With Thomas Jefferson ready to retire, supporters of Secretary of State James Madison of Virginia worked carefully to ensure that Madison would succeed Jefferson. Madison's primary competition came from former diplomat James Monroe of Virginia and Vice President George Clinton. Monroe was supported by a group known as the tertium quids, who supported a weak central government and were dissatisfied by the Louisiana Purchase and the Compact of 1802.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 101], "content_span": [102, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0003-0001", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination, Caucus\nClinton's support came from Northern Democratic-Republicans who disapproved of the Embargo Act (which they saw as potentially leading towards war with Great Britain) and who sought to end the Virginia Dynasty. The Congressional caucus met in January 1808, choosing Madison as its candidate for president and Clinton as its candidate for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 101], "content_span": [102, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0004-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination, Caucus\nMany supporters of Monroe and Clinton refused to accept the result of the caucus. Monroe was nominated by a group of Virginia Democratic-Republicans, and although he did not actively try to defeat Madison, he also refused to withdraw from the race. Clinton was also supported by a group of New York Democratic-Republicans for president even as he remained the party's official vice presidential candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 101], "content_span": [102, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0005-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election, Nominations, Federalist Party nomination\nThe Federalist caucus met in September 1808 and re-nominated the party's 1804 ticket, which consisted of General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina and former Senator Rufus King of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0006-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe election was marked by opposition to Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807, a halt to trade with Europe that disproportionately hurt New England merchants and was perceived as favoring France over Britain. Nonetheless, Jefferson was still very popular with Americans generally and Pinckney was soundly defeated by Madison, though not as badly as in 1804. Pinckney received few electoral votes outside of New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0007-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nPinckney retained the electoral votes of the two states that he carried in 1804 (Connecticut and Delaware), and he also picked up New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and three electoral districts in North Carolina besides the two electoral districts in Maryland that he carried earlier. Except for the North Carolina districts, all of the improvement was in New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0008-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nMonroe won a portion of the popular vote in Virginia and North Carolina, while the New York legislature split its electoral votes between Madison and Clinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0009-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nSource (Popular Vote): . . (February 10, 2006). Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825Source (Electoral Vote):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0010-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election, General election, Results\n(a) Only 10 of the 17 states chose electors by popular vote. (b) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. (c) One Elector from Kentucky did not vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020092-0011-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election, General election, Popular vote by state\nThe popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest total of votes. The vote totals of North Carolina and Tennessee appear to be incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020093-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1808 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between November 4 and December 7, 1808, as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020093-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nDuring this election, Connecticut cast its nine electoral votes to Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. 4 of the 5 New England states voted for Pinckney, barring Vermont, which voted for Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Madison, who nationally won the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020094-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1808 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between November 4 and December 7, 1808, as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. The state chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020094-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nDuring this election, New Jersey cast its eight electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Madison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020095-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1808 United States presidential election in New York took place between November 4 and December 7, 1808, as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 19 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020095-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in New York\nDuring this election, New York split its 19 electoral votes among two Democratic Republican candidates. 13 electoral votes went to Secretary of State James Madison while the remaining 6 went to incumbent Vice President George Clinton. Clinton was also supported by a group of New York Democratic-Republicans for president even though he had remained the party's official vice presidential candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020095-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in New York\nThis would be the final election until 1972 in which New York did not have the largest number of electors in the Electoral College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020096-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1808 United States presidential election in Ohio took place as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors, to vote for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020096-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in Ohio\nJames Madison, the nominee of the governing Democratic-Republican Party, defeated Federalist Party challenger Charles C. Pinckney and fellow Democratic-Republican James Monroe, who ran as the candidate of the Tertium quids, by 2,471 votes (41.23%). Monroe would later succeed Madison as the fifth president of the United States in 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020097-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1808 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. Voters chose 20 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020097-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate, James Madison, over the Federalist candidate, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Madison won Pennsylvania by a margin of 56.74%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020098-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1808 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between November 4 and December 7, 1808, as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020098-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nDuring this election, South Carolina cast its 10 electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Madison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020099-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1808 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between November 4 and December 7, 1808, as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020099-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 United States presidential election in Vermont\nDuring this election, Vermont cast its six electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Madison. As the other four New England states cast their electoral votes for Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Vermont became the only state in New England to vote for Madison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020100-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1808 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the election of Isaac Tichenor to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020100-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 13. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020100-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe committee's examination of the votes showed that former Governor Isaac Tichenor defeated incumbent Israel Smith for a one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for his thirteenth one-year term. Benjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his ninth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020100-0003-0000", "contents": "1808 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the races for lieutenant governor and treasurer, the vote totals and names of other candidates were not recorded. In the race for governor, a contemporary newspaper article reported the results as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020101-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 Vermont's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Vermont's 1st congressional district on September 6, 1808 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of James Witherell (DR) on May 1 of the same year, to accept a position as judge of the Supreme Court of Michigan Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020102-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 11th Congress were held at various dates in different states between April 1808 and May 1809 as James Madison was elected president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020102-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections\nDespite Madison's victory, voters in districts whose economies were driven by shipping or manufacturing rather than agriculture shifted to the Federalist Party mainly due to the unpopularity of the Embargo Act of 1807 and fears that Democratic-Republican Party policies could trigger a naval war with France or Britain. The politically dominant Democratic-Republicans won their smallest majority since the pivotal, realigning election of 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020102-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1808 and 1809 during the 10th United States Congress and 11th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020102-0003-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nBetween the 1806 and 1808 elections, New York went through a redistricting that reduced the number of districts to 15 by creating two plural districts with two seats each. This brought the state's 17-seat delegation from a 15-2 ratio favoring Democratic-Republicans to a nearly-even 9-8 split in their favor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020102-0004-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nIndiana Territory elected by popular vote for the first time. Mississippi Territory also elected its delegate by popular vote. Orleans Territory retained legislative election of its delegate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020103-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1808 and 1809 were elections that had the Federalist Party gain one seat in the United States Senate, and which coincided with the 1808 presidential election. The Federalists had gone into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats (6 out of 34, or 18%) that even if they had won every election, they would have still remained a minority caucus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020103-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020103-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nExcept if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020103-0003-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the preceding Congress\nIn these special elections, the winner was elected during 1808 or before March 4, 1809; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 109], "content_span": [110, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020103-0004-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the next Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1809; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020103-0005-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the next Congress\nIn this special election, the winner was elected in 1809 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020103-0006-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Early race leading to the Congress-after-next\nIn this regular election, the winner was seated on March 4, 1811; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 107], "content_span": [108, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020103-0007-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Class 1\nDemocratic-Republican Joseph Anderson had served in this and the other Senate seat on-and-off since 1797.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020103-0008-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Class 1, Tennessee (Regular, Class 1)\nThe seat would have become vacant at the March 4, 1809 beginning of the term, but the Governor of Tennessee appointed Anderson to begin the term, pending a special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020103-0009-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Class 1, Tennessee (Special, Class 1)\nAnderson was elected April 11, 1809 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020103-0010-0000", "contents": "1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Class 2, Tennessee (Special, Class 2)\nDemocratic-Republican Jenkin Whiteside was elected April 11, 1809 to finish Smith's term, which would end 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 94], "content_span": [95, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020104-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in Australia\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 17:25, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020104-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1808 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020106-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1808 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020106-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 in Chile, Incumbents\nRoyal Governor of Chile: Luis Mu\u00f1oz de Guzm\u00e1n(-11 February), Francisco Antonio Garc\u00eda Carrasco(February-)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020106-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 in Chile, Births\n8 July - Buenaventura Cousi\u00f1o Jorquera, member of Chilean parliament", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020106-0003-0000", "contents": "1808 in Chile, Deaths\n11 February - Luis Mu\u00f1oz de Guzm\u00e1n, Royal Governor of Chile", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020110-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1808 in the Sublime State of Persia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020112-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in New Zealand\nAs sealing at Bass Strait and the Antipodes Islands declines, Foveaux Strait becomes the focus for sealers from the middle of the year. The Bounty and Auckland Islands are also visited. Whaling is carried out on the east coast of New Zealand with the Bay of Islands being the usual port of call for provisioning. As many as nine ships whaling together for months at a time can occur. The behaviour of the whalers at the Bay of Islands is again commented on unfavourably, this time by a former missionary on one of the whaling ships. There are also a number of vessels collecting sandalwood from Tonga or Fiji; the majority call at the Bay of Islands en route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020112-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 in New Zealand\nThe administration in New South Wales is beginning to be seen by some M\u0101ori chiefs as the authority to whom to appeal to in cases of some activities by the crews of visiting ships. Some are also boarding vessels to visit New South Wales and England and are also taken to various Pacific Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020116-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1808 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020119-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1808 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020120-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in archaeology\nThe year 1808 CE in archaeology included many events, some of which are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020122-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020124-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020125-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020125-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020125-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020126-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020127-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in science\nThe year 1808 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020128-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 in sports\n1808 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020131-0000-0000", "contents": "1808 mystery eruption\nThe 1808 mystery eruption was a large volcanic eruption conjectured to have taken place in late 1808, possibly in the southwest Pacific. A VEI-6 eruption, comparable to the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, is suspected of having contributed to a period of global cooling that lasted for years, analogous to how the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora (VEI-7) led to the Year Without a Summer in 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020131-0001-0000", "contents": "1808 mystery eruption, Background\nBefore the 1990s, the deterioration of the weather in the early 1810s was considered by climatologists as normal for the Little Ice Age. A study of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores in the 1990s found markers that implied that a massive volcanic eruption had occurred in early 1809. The problem facing climatologists and volcanologists was that there were no recorded eruptions of the order of significance needed in this period. Further research and bristlecone pine tree ring data pointed to the eruption being in 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020131-0002-0000", "contents": "1808 mystery eruption, Location and date\nAdding to the mystery was the expectation that any eruptions of that magnitude should have been noticed at the time. Records from the time throughout the world were checked but nothing appeared viable until the summer of 2014, when PhD student Alvaro Guevara-Murua and Dr Caroline Williams of the University of Bristol discovered an account of atmospheric events consistent with such an event by Colombian scientist Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020131-0003-0000", "contents": "1808 mystery eruption, Location and date\nCaldas served as Director of the Astronomical Observatory of Bogot\u00e1 between 1805 and 1810 and in 1809 reported a transparent cloud that obstructs the sun's brilliance at Bogot\u00e1. It had first been observed by him on 11 December 1808 and was visible across Colombia. The cloud might have been a \"dry fog\", which is a sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosol. He also reported that the weather had been unusually cold, with frosts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020131-0004-0000", "contents": "1808 mystery eruption, Location and date\nTo the south, in Peru, similar observations were made by physician Hip\u00f3lito Unanue of Lima. These reports led those involved to suggest that the window of the eruption was within 7 days of 4 December 1808. Caldas' and Unanue's accounts indicated the existence of a stratospheric aerosol veil spanning at least 2600\u00a0km into both northern and southern hemispheres. The only likely source for this would be a tropical volcano, most likely located in the southern hemisphere but not likely further than 20 degrees south latitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020131-0005-0000", "contents": "1808 mystery eruption, Location and date\nAn area in the tropics to the west of Colombia and Peru with candidate volcanoes and with little reporting at that time is the south-western Pacific Ocean between Indonesia and Tonga. This area had no European settlements at the time. Apart from the occasional sighting by European explorers, most of the reporting on volcanic activity, such as that in the Rabaul area, which has had VEI 6 eruptions, went back only to the mid-19th century. There were oral histories of eruptions among the indigenous populations in these areas but these could not be dated with any degree of certainty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020131-0006-0000", "contents": "1808 mystery eruption, Known significant eruptions in 1808\nIn 1808 there were major eruptions in Urzelina, Azores, in May (1st to 4th), and in Taal Volcano, Philippines, in March. Neither of these occurred within the correct time period for the visual observations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020131-0007-0000", "contents": "1808 mystery eruption, Known significant eruptions in 1808\nIt is known that the Chilean Putana volcano also had a major eruption around this time with an approximate date of 1810 (with a 10-year margin of error), but is located 22 degrees south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020132-0000-0000", "contents": "1808: The Flight of the Emperor\n1808: The Flight of the Emperor, subtitled How a Weak Prince, a Mad Queen, and the British Navy Tricked Napoleon and Changed the New World (Portuguese: 1808: Como uma rainha louca, um pr\u00edncipe medroso e uma corte corrupta enganaram Napole\u00e3o e mudaram a Hist\u00f3ria de Portugal e do Brasil, which translates as How a mad queen, a coward prince and a corrupt court fooled Napoleon and changed the History of Portugal and Brazil) is a non-fiction historical book written by Laurentino Gomes, edited by Planeta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020132-0001-0000", "contents": "1808: The Flight of the Emperor\nIn 2008, the book was awarded as the best essay book by Academia Brasileira de Letras. It was also awarded twice a Pr\u00eamio Jabuti, at the categories \"best reportage-book\" and \"non-fiction book of the year\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020133-0000-0000", "contents": "1808\u20131809 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 29th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1808 and 1809 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Sr. Harrison Gray Otis served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020134-0000-0000", "contents": "1809\n1809 (MDCCCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1809th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 809th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 9th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1809, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020135-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 English cricket season\n1809 was the 23rd season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). Thomas Lord opened his Middle Ground after refusing to pay increased rent at the Old Ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020136-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 Epsom Derby\nThe 1809 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on  18 May 1809. It was the 29th running of the Derby, and it was won by Pope. The winner was ridden by Tom Goodisson and trained by Robert Robson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020136-0001-0000", "contents": "1809 Epsom Derby, Full result\nNote: Finishing position of 0 here indicates also ran, but finished lower than 6th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020136-0002-0000", "contents": "1809 Epsom Derby, Full result\n* The distances between the horses are shown in lengths or shorter. shd = short-head; hd = head; PU = pulled up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion\nThe 1809 Gottscheer rebellion (German: Gottscheer Bauernaufstand) was a revolt by the Gottschee Germans against the First French Empire during the French occupation of Gottschee following the War of the Fifth Coalition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0001-0000", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, Background: War of the Fifth Coalition and Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn\nIn April 1809, the Austrian Empire declared war against Napoleon I to start the War of the Fifth Coalition. After suffering some major setbacks, notably the Battle of Aspern-Essling, the French swiftly triumphed over the Austrian commander Archduke Charles. At the Battle of Wagram, the French ultimately had already won the war. Following this battle, the French troops marched south to occupy Carniola, and with it Gottschee County, that had been centuries earlier settled by Austrians from Tyrol and Carinthia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 90], "content_span": [91, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0002-0000", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, Background: War of the Fifth Coalition and Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn\nDetermined not to be occupied by the French, the German-speaking Gottscheers hastily assembled a local militia who marched north from the City of Gottschee to face the advancing French. At the Battle of Kerndorf, located just north of the City, 900 Gottscheer peasants stood against the French army. In a quick fight, the Gottscheers were thoroughly routed. After this brief episode, the French occupied the remainder of the region with little incident, however French troops were needed to disperse 600 Gottscheer farmers on September 10, 1809, when they  protested the new war tax imposed on them. On October 14, 1809, the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn transferred the region of Carniola, which Gottschee was in, to France along with many other territories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 90], "content_span": [91, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0003-0000", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion\nIt was the riot of September 10 in the town of Gottschee that escalated the turmoil in the Gottschee region and the adjacent Slovene counties. On October 6, a squad of 18 French soldiers entered the Slovene village of Kostel, south of the Gottschee German region. When the French could not find any tax money, they threatened to burn down the town in retribution. The town mayor managed to escape the French, and he rallied the neighboring villagers (mostly Gottschee Germans) and on the morning of October 7 attacked the French squadron in Kostel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0003-0001", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion\nAfter a brief fight, only 1 farmer and 2 French soldiers were wounded. With their backs to the Kolpa River, the French officer surrendered. The rebels then delivered their captives to Austrian positions on the other side of the river, in present-day Croatia. Later that day, once word of the action in Kostel spread, the Slovene villagers of the village of P\u00f6lland, also just south of the Gottschee region, drove out a French garrison of 28 men. They fled to nearby Altenmarkt, where the following morning they were surrounded by 300 rebels, a mix of Gottschee Germans and Slovenes. The French surrendered and were summarily marched to the banks of the Kolpa and executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0004-0000", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion\nNews of these victories spread deep into Gottschee and on the early hours of October 9, a swarm of hundreds of rebels from Gottscheer villages near the town fell upon the French troops stationed there under Commissioner Gasparini. Seeing the attack, Gasparini sent a messenger to Reifnitz just as the Gottschee Germans closed in. All the French troops fell back to Auersperg Castle, and a siege ensued for several hours. Finally, the Gottschee Germans broke down the doors and captured and killed the entire garrison. Gasparini was dragged from the fortress, found hiding in a back room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0004-0001", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion\nHe was dragged through the streets while being kicked and hit and had rocks thrown on him. He finally was killed in the village of Lienfeld, south of the town, and his body unceremoniously disposed of. According to legend, his final words were \"Vive L'Empereur\". Out of the French defenders in Gottschee, 42 were captured and they were also handed over to the Austrians in Croatia like the prisoners from Kostel. The amount of the total French troops in the town was from 50 to up to 100. Rebel casualties are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0005-0000", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion\nGasparini's messenger reached Reifnitz after the town fell, and a small detachment was dispatched to go to his aid. However, the relief force never made it as they were waylaid by Gottschee Germans who were hiding along the road before they reached the town and the majority of the unit was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0006-0000", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion\nAll throughout the Gottschee region in the next few days, the Gottschee German rebels triumphed. They ambushed a French squad between the villages of Schalkendorf and Seele, forcing them to flee into the nearby caves where they either were massacred or surrendered. In the village of Malgern, Captain Chambelli led a tax convoy from Neustadt, which was north of the Gottschee region. The rebels pounced on his caravan, killing at least him and his lieutenant and presumably others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0007-0000", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion\nThe victory was short lived, however. On October 15 the Gottschee Germans and some Slovene peasant farmers who joined them after the initial success assaulted the French garrison in Neustadt. They planned to attack in the early morning, but after many delays the French and Italian soldiers defending were prepared. After some small gains in the early stage of the battle, the Gottschee Germans and other peasants were ultimately driven off by shrapnel from Neustadt's two artillery pieces. In the end, 35 to 40 rebels were killed, the other 400 scattering. For the French, losses were three killed, five wounded, and 11 taken prisoner. This was the turning point in the uprising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0008-0000", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion\nThe French quickly marched reinforcements into the area under General Zucchi and when they entered the town of Gottschee on October 16 they crushed and scattered the Gottschee German rebels and restored French control. Once the French reinforcements liberated the garrison, they planned to raze Gottschee. Father Georg Jonke, a Gottschee German priest, interceded here and pleaded to the French to spare the town. Due to his actions to spare the lives of many of the French prisoners, the French listened to him and decided to plunder the town rather than burn it to the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0008-0001", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, The Rebellion\nFrom October 16 to 18, 1809, Gottschee was pillaged by the French troops. In one final act of punishment for this uprising, on October 18 the five Gottschee German leaders of the rebellion captured by the French were executed by firing squad in the churchyard of the town: Johann Jonke (from the town of Gottschee), Matthias Dulzer and Georg Eisenzopf (from Malgern), Johann Erker (from Windischdorf), and Bartholom\u00e4us Kusold (from Eben).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0009-0000", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, Aftermath\nUnder the rule of the French, Gottschee and the rest of Carniola was incorporated into the Illyrian Provinces which was a territory under Napoleon's direct control. Even though their rebellion was destroyed and the French had increased their military presence in the area, the Gottscheers were still defiant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0009-0001", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, Aftermath\nAs it was written in the article \"Gottschee und sein Volk\":\"Fewer and fewer soldiers of the French patrols returned home because the peasants lay in waiting for them and a good many of them were killed, In order to end this violence of the Gottscheers, the French took 200 Gottscheer citizens, placed them in back of the Stadtpfarr (parish church) and every tenth person was shot to death. In many sections of Gottschee, you can still (1947) find the mounds which are known as Franzosengr\u00e4ber (French graves)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020137-0009-0002", "contents": "1809 Gottscheer rebellion, Aftermath\nUntil the Gottscheers had all left their homeland following World War Two, these French graves were marks of pride for the Gottscheers. It was custom for someone to throw a stone onto a mound when he passed. In 1813, the War of the Sixth Coalition broke out and Austria invaded the Illyrian Provinces, liberating the Gottscheers from French rule and ending the Franzosenzeit (time of the French) in Gottschee. The Gottscheers remained under Austrian rule for the next 105 years, until the end of the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020138-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 New Hampshire gubernatorial election\nThe 1809 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on March 14, 1809. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor John Langdon was defeated for re-election by Federalist candidate, Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature Jeremiah Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020138-0001-0000", "contents": "1809 New Hampshire gubernatorial election, Notes\nThis New Hampshire elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020139-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district on October 10, 1809, to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Representative Benjamin Say (DR) in June of that year. Say himself had been elected in a special election the previous year. He thus spent a little under a year in Congress, serving in the second session of the 10th Congress and the first session of the 11th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020139-0001-0000", "contents": "1809 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election, Election results\nSeybert took his seat November 27, 1809, at the start of the second session of the 11th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020140-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 Prometheus\n1809 Prometheus /pr\u0259\u02c8mi\u02d0\u03b8i\u02d0\u0259s/ is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. Discovered during the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in 1960, it was given the provisional designation 2522 P-L and named after Prometheus from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020140-0001-0000", "contents": "1809 Prometheus, Orbit and classification\nPrometheus orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5.00 years (1,827 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020140-0002-0000", "contents": "1809 Prometheus, Discovery\nIt was discovered on 24 September 1960, by the Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis Johannes van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Dutch\u2013American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar, California, in the United States. On the same night, the team of astronomers discovered several other minor planets including 1810 Epimetheus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020140-0003-0000", "contents": "1809 Prometheus, Discovery\nPrometheus was first identified as 1943 EA1 at the Hungarian Konkoly Observatory in 1943. In 1955, its first used observation was taken at Goethe Link Observatory, when it was identified as 1955 SW, extending the body's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020140-0004-0000", "contents": "1809 Prometheus, Discovery\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for Palomar\u2013Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020140-0005-0000", "contents": "1809 Prometheus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Prometheus, a Titan from Greek mythology, who stole the fire from the gods. The name has also been given to a moon of Saturn, Prometheus (moon), discovered by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1980. The asteroid 1810 Epimetheus is named after his brother. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3934).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020140-0006-0000", "contents": "1809 Prometheus, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Prometheus measures 14.2 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.126. As of 2017, its spectral type, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020141-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee, Notes\nThis Tennessee elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 73], "content_span": [74, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020142-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1809 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 7, 1809, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020142-0001-0000", "contents": "1809 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nSamuel L. Mitchill had been elected in November 1804, after the seat had been occupied by Theodorus Bailey (1803-1804) and John Armstrong (1804). He took his seat on November 23, 1804, and his term would expire on March 3, 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020142-0002-0000", "contents": "1809 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in April 1808, a Democratic-Republican majority was elected to the Assembly, and 8 of the 9 State Senators up for renewal were Democratic-Republicans. Due to the split of the public opinion over the embargo against Great Britain, which eventually led to the War of 1812, the Federalists managed to elect a much larger number of assemblymen than during the previous years. The party strength in the Assembly was estimated at 60 to 45, this being the vote for Speaker: 60 for James W. Wilkin and 45 for Stephen Van Rensselaer. The 32nd New York State Legislature met from November 1 to 8, 1808; and from January 17 to March 30, 1809, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020142-0003-0000", "contents": "1809 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nAssemblyman Obadiah German was the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020142-0004-0000", "contents": "1809 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe incumbent U.S. Senator Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill ran for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020142-0005-0000", "contents": "1809 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nEx-Clerk of Dutchess County David Brooks, a former Congressman (1797-1799), was the candidate of the Federalist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020143-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1809 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020143-0001-0000", "contents": "1809 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 12. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020143-0002-0000", "contents": "1809 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe committee's examination of the votes showed that Jonas Galusha had defeated incumbent Governor Isaac Tichenor for a one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a one-year term, his fourteenth. Benjamin Swan was elected to his tenth one-year term as treasurer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020143-0003-0000", "contents": "1809 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the races for lieutenant governor and treasurer, the vote totals and names of other candidates were not recorded. In the race for governor, a contemporary newspaper article reported the results as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020144-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1809 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020146-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1809 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020151-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 in New Zealand\nFoveaux Strait is the centre of attention for sealing ships. Sealing gangs are dropped along the coast from southern Fiordland to Otago Harbour and on Stewart Island/Rakiura. The Bay of Islands is sometimes on the journey to or from Port Jackson. The Chatham Islands are also visited. A few whalers also operate around New Zealand; some also collect timber from Bay of Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020151-0001-0000", "contents": "1809 in New Zealand\nIn November the Boyd massacre occurs in Whangaroa Harbour. It is precipitated by ill-treatment of a M\u0101ori crew member. There are only four survivors and the ship is later accidentally set on fire. It takes several months for all vessels operating around New Zealand to hear what has happened and through confusion and misrepresentation the wrong chief is blamed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020151-0002-0000", "contents": "1809 in New Zealand\nM\u0101ori are taken on as crew or passengers on various vessels that travel throughout the Pacific and also to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020151-0003-0000", "contents": "1809 in New Zealand, Incumbents\nThe colony of New South Wales encompasses New Zealand from 1788 to 1840. Therefore, the head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom, represented by the Governor of New South Wales. However, British sovereignty was not established over New Zealand per se until 1840, at which point the Treaty of Waitangi retroactively recognised that it had been an independent territory until then. Furthermore, the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand signed by a number of Maori chiefs in 1835 was formally recognised by the British government at the time, indicating that British sovereignty did not yet extend to New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020151-0004-0000", "contents": "1809 in New Zealand, Events\nLate 1808 or early this year the Unity, Captain Daniel Cooper, is probably the first identifiable European ship to visit Otago Harbour. For a while the harbour is called 'Port Daniel' by visiting sealers. Hooper's Inlet, on the seaward side of the Otago Peninsula is named for the Unity's First Officer Charles Hooper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020155-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1809 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020158-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1809 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020159-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 in archaeology\nThe year 1809 CE in archaeology included many events, some of which are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020160-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 in architecture\nThe year 1809 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020162-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020163-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020163-0001-0000", "contents": "1809 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020163-0002-0000", "contents": "1809 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020164-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020165-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 in science\nThe year 1809 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020166-0000-0000", "contents": "1809 in sports\n1809 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020169-0000-0000", "contents": "1809\u20131810 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 30th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1809 and 1810 during the governorship of Christopher Gore. Harrison Gray Otis served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020170-0000-0000", "contents": "180mm Pattern 1931-1933\nThe 180mm Pattern 1931-1933 were a family of related naval guns of the Soviet Navy in World War II, which were later modified for coastal artillery and railway artillery roles. They were the primary armament of the Soviet Union's first cruisers built after the Russian Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020170-0001-0000", "contents": "180mm Pattern 1931-1933, History\nThe 180mm Pattern 1931-1933 weren't a single model of gun, but instead were a family of related guns, either built from converted 203\u00a0mm (8.0\u00a0in)/50 Pattern 1905 guns which were relined down to 180\u00a0mm (7.1\u00a0in) or they were newly built guns. The original guns were constructed of a three piece A tube, reinforced by two layers of outer tubes and a jacket. The lengths of these guns varied between 56-60 calibers and their weights varied, but their performance was similar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020170-0002-0000", "contents": "180mm Pattern 1931-1933, Naval use\nIn 1933 the Soviets purchased plans for the contemporary Raimondo Montecuccoli-class (third in the sequence of Italian Condottieri-class light cruisers) from the Italian firm of Ansaldo. This new class of cruisers was known as the Kirov-class and were armed with nine 180mm/57 B-1-P Pattern 1932 (7.1\u00a0in) guns in three MK-3-180 triple turrets. Like their Italian contemporaries the Kirov-class cruisers suffered many of the same design flaws. These included abnormally high muzzle velocity and poor barrel life. Shot dispersion due to the guns being mounted too closely together on a common cradle and crowded turrets which hampered crew efficiency, ammunition handling and rate of fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020170-0003-0000", "contents": "180mm Pattern 1931-1933, Coastal Artillery\n180mm/56 Pattern 1933 -  Coastal artillery built from converted 203mm guns. The barrels for these guns were shortened from the original 60 calibers to 56 calibers and they were mounted on open MO-8-180 or MO-1-180 single mounts and MB-2-180 twin turrets. Ballistic performance was similar to the 180mm/60 B-1-K Pattern 1931, these guns also had short barrel lives and reduced charges were used to prolong barrel life. These guns were deployed in defensive emplacements along the Pacific, Arctic, Baltic and Black Sea coasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020170-0004-0000", "contents": "180mm Pattern 1931-1933, Railway Artillery\n180mm/56 Pattern 1933 -  Railway artillery built from converted 203mm guns. The barrels for these guns were shortened from the original 60 calibers to 56 calibers and they were mounted on TM-1-180, single gun, shielded mounts. Ballistic performance was similar to the 180mm/60 B-1-K Pattern 1931, these guns also had short barrel lives and reduced charges were used to prolong barrel life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020170-0005-0000", "contents": "180mm Pattern 1931-1933, Photo gallery\nA single mount \u0422\u041c-1-180 railway gun at Krasnaya Gorka fort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020171-0000-0000", "contents": "180s\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 10:29, 12 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from the Nostalgia Wikipedia). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020171-0001-0000", "contents": "180s\nThe 180s decade ran from January 1, 180, to December 31, 189.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020172-0000-0000", "contents": "180s BC\nThis article concerns the period 189 BC \u2013 180 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 57]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020173-0000-0000", "contents": "180th (2/5th London) Brigade\nThe 180th (2/5th London) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was assigned to the 60th (2/2nd London) Division and served in the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020173-0001-0000", "contents": "180th (2/5th London) Brigade, Formation\nIn June 1918 three battalions (2/17th, 2/18th and 2/20th) were replaced by", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron\nThe 180th Airlift Squadron (180 AS) is a unit of the Missouri Air National Guard 139th Airlift Wing located at Rosecrans Air National Guard Base, St. Joseph, Missouri. The 180th is equipped with the C-130H2 Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0001-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was constituted on 19 June 1942 during World War II as the 438th Bombardment Squadron (Medium), and was activated on 26 June at Barksdale Field, assigned to the 319th Bombardment Group, equipped with the Martin B-26 Marauder medium bomber. After training with the group under the Third Air Force in Louisiana, it was sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations through England, where it was based between September and October. The ground echelon of the squadron landed at Arzew, Algeria during Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, on 8 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0001-0001", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nIn Algeria, the group became part of the Twelfth Air Force; the squadron was based at Saint-Leu Airfield around 10 November, moving to Tafaraoui Airfield on 17 November, Maison Blanche Airport around 26 November, and Telergma Airport on 13 December. It flew its first combat mission of the North African Campaign on 28 November, engaging in raids on Axis airdromes, harbors, railroads, and shipping off the North African coast among other targets until 13 February 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0002-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 438th was withdrawn with the group to French Morocco between 27 February and 31 May for reorganization and re-equipping, being based at Oujda Airfield from 3 March and Rabat\u2013Sal\u00e9 Airport from 25 April. After moving forward to Sedrata Airfield, Algeria, on 1 June, it returned to combat on 6 June, flying missions to reduce Axis strength on Pantelleria and striking targets on Sicily in preparation and in support of the Allied invasion of that island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0002-0001", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 438th was relocated to Djedeida Airfield on 26 June, and after the capture of Sicily in August it flew most of its missions against bridges, airdromes, marshalling yards, viaducts, gun sites, defensive positions, and other targets in Italy, later in support of Operation Avalanche, the Allied landings at Salerno in southwestern Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0003-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nIn November, it moved to Sardinia, to strike Axis targets in central Italy. Early in 1944, the squadron supported Allied ground forces as they advanced in the Monte Cassino and Anzio areas. Later in the year, the group attacked German supply lines in northern Italy, bombing bridges, marshalling yards, and roads. During the summer, it bombed bridges over the Po River in northern Italy to block the stream of German supplies and reinforcements going southward. Supported Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August 1944 by attacking coastal batteries, radar stations, and bridges. From Corsica, it hit railroad bridges in Northern Italy and late in the year attacked railroad lines through the Brenner Pass that connected Germany and Austria with Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0004-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nIn January 1945, the squadron returned to the United States, where it began to train with A-26 aircraft for operations in the Pacific Theater. Between May and July 1945, moved by ship to Okinawa, and on 16 July flew its first mission against Japan. From then until the end of the fighting in early August, the squadron attacked enemy targets such as airfields and industrial centers on Ky\u016bsh\u016b and occupied Shanghai area of China, and shipping around the Ryukyu Islands and in the East China Sea. In November and December 1945, the squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0005-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard\nThe wartime 438th Bombardment Squadron was reactivated and redesignated the 180th Bombardment Squadron, and was allotted to the Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Rosecrans Memorial Airport, St Joseph and was extended federal recognition on 22 August 1946. The squadron was equipped with Douglas B-26 Invaders and was assigned to the 66th Fighter Wing at Lambert Field, St Louis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0006-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nOn 1 April 1951 the 180th was federalized and brought to active duty due to the Korean War. It moved to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. At Langley, the 180th Bombardment Squadron was assigned to the federalized 126th Bombardment Group, equipped with B-26 Invaders. The 126th Group consisted of the 180th, along with the 108th and the 168th Bombardment Squadrons from the Illinois Air National Guard. The aircraft were marked by various color bands on the vertical stabilizer and rudder. Black/Yellow/Blue for the 108th; Black/Yellow/Red for the 168th, and Black/Yellow/Green for the 180th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0007-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nAfter training and organization, the 126th Bombardment Wing was reassigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe and deployed to Bordeaux-Merignac Air Base, France with the first elements arriving in November 1951. By 10 November, Bordeaux was considered an operational base and was assigned to the 12th Air Force. It flew B-26's for training and maneuvers and stayed at Bordeaux AB until being transferred Laon-Couvron Air Base, France on 25 May 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0008-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nAt Laon, the 126th used its B-26's for training and maneuvers until December until being relieved from active duty and transferred, without personnel and equipment, back to the United States where the unit was returned to the control of the Air National Guard on 1 January 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 83], "content_span": [84, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0009-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nReturning to Rosecrans Airport, the 180th was reformed as a light bombardment squadron in January 1953. It received B-26 Invaders that returned from the Korean War and trained primarily in night bombardment missions, which the aircraft specialized in while in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0010-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nWith the removal of the B-26 from bombing duties in 1957 as neared the end of their service lives, the squadron received some Lockheed F-80C Shooting Star jet fighters and some Republic RF-84F Thunderflash reconnaissance aircraft. They were redesignated as the 180th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 July 1957, then transferred out the F-80s and were redesignated as the 180th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 10 April 1958", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0011-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Transport\nOn 14 April 1962, the 180th was gained by Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its Thunderflassh jet reconnaissance aircraft for 4-engined Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the unit was redesignated the 180th Air Transport Squadron (Heavy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0012-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Transport\nWith the transition to MATS, the 180th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 139th Air Transport Group was established, the 180th becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 139th group headquarters, 139th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 139th Air Base Squadron, and the 139th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0013-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Transport\nFrom St. Joseph, the 180th augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Europe, Alaska, the Caribbean, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand. With the replacement of MATS by Military Airlift Command, the squadron was redesignated the180th Military Airlift Squadron on 1 January 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0014-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nIn 1969, military requirements resulted in a change in mission when the group was reassigned from MAC transport duties to Strategic Air Command (SAC). Under SAC the group became an air refueling unit, being equipped with the air refueling version of the C-97 transport, the KC-97. Familiarity with the aircraft led to a smooth transition from MAC to the new refueling mission. It supported the United States Air Forces in Europe flying aerial refueling missions in the KC-97 supporting missions of deploying aircraft to NATO for tactical exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0015-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn 1976 the KC-97s were retired by SAC and the unit returned to MAC as its gaining command. The 180th was re-equipped with Lockheed C-130A Hercules tactical airlifters and returned to its transport mission. With the C-130s the 180th supported Operation Volant Oak and Operation Coronet Oak at Howard Air Force Base, Panama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0016-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nDuring a 180th deployment to Howard in November 1978, they were caught up in a \"real world\" situation when the world began to learn of the events unfolding in Jonestown, Guyana. The 180th, flying the C-130, was the first US military aircraft landing at Timehri International Airport, Guyana with US embassy officials that they had picked up in Venezuela as well as food and supplies meant for the survivors the Americans hoped to take out of Guyana. That, of course, was before it became apparent that most of the more than 900 Peoples Temple members were lying dead in Jonestown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0017-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn December 1989, the 180th was once again deployed at Howard when Operation Just Cause began. The 180th flew combat missions in support of the Operation. In late 1980 and through 1983, members of the 180th embarked on a special project to enhance survivability of C-130 aircrews while flying in a hostile environment. The need for this type of training became apparent after C-130 units from MAC began to participate in Red Flag exercises at Nellis Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0017-0001", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIt was obvious that the C-130s were not doing well against the ground and air threats posed in the Red Flag exercise. After approval from the National Guard Bureau and tacitly from MAC, they began service test to validate the training program. After more than three service test, the program proved it worth and the Advanced Airlift Tactics Training Center was approved and instituted on 4 February 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0018-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn March 1987, the 180th began to receive brand new C-130H2 Hercules aircraft replacing the C-130A model aircraft they had flown for the past ten years. In October 1987, the 180th deployed two C-130H2 aircraft supporting a United States Army Special Forces and the Royal Australian Special Air Service Regiment in a combined personnel airdrop exercise called Badge Anvil 1987 at RAAF Learmonth, Australia. The exercise provided high altitude low opening and high altitude high opening parachute training. Since all of the airdrops occurred above 10,000 feet and as high as 24,500 feet, the 15th Physiological Training Flight also supported the exercise and provided supplemental oxygen equipment, training and support for the training missions. Each flight was like going to the altitude chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0019-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Tactical Airlift\nIn 1989, the 180th with four C-130H2 aircraft deployed to Kimhae International Airport, Republic of Korea in support of Operation Team Spirit 1989. During the exercise, the 180th flew challenging missions including tactical resupply, fuel bladder missions, assault landings on short runways including landing on highway landing strips, numerous airdrop missions including both visual, high altitude and radar drop scenarios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0020-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, 1991 Gulf War\nThe 180th Tactical Airlift Squadron was ordered to the active service on 28 December 1990, as a result of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait to support Operation Desert Shield. For some unit members, this would be a return to the Persian Gulf as they had volunteered and deployed with 2 C-130H aircraft, aircrews, maintenance and support personnel, to form the first Air National Guard provisional airlift squadron in September 1990. On 2 January 1991, the 180th TAS and its 8 C-130H aircraft and personnel departed Rosecrans Air National Guard Base for Al Ain Air Base, United Arab Emirates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0020-0001", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, 1991 Gulf War\nDeployed elements were assigned to the 1632nd Tactical Airlift Squadron (Provisional) as part of the 1630th Tactical Airlift Wing (Provisional) which was under the 1610th Airlift Division (Provisional). The unit remained at Al Ain Air Base through the air war and the ground war flying combat and combat support missions in support of the allied operations. Beginning on 22 March 1991, the 180th redeployed to Al Kharj Air Base, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The 180th departed Al Kharj Air Base on 28 May 1991, and returned to Rosecrans Air National Guard Base on 30 May 1991. The 180th was relieved from active duty and released back to state control on 24 June 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0021-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, 1991 Gulf War\nDuring the 1990s, the 180th provided airlift support to the United States Air Forces Europe during the airlift operations into Bosnia and Herzegovina. These operations were named Operation Provide Promise, Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Joint Guard and Operation Joint Forge. Members of the 180th along with operations support and maintenance personnel would deploy to Rhein-Main Air Base and, after it closed, to Ramstein Air Base and assigned to \"Delta Squadron\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0021-0001", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, 1991 Gulf War\nThe Air National Guard would generally be responsible for a 90- or 120-day period and guard members would typically volunteer for duty for a minimum of a two- to three-week period although some would volunteer for longer periods. Deployed elements were assigned to the 1630th Tactical Airlift Wing (Provisional), 28 December 1990 \u2013 24 June 1991\u00a0: Elements operated from: Al Ain International Airport, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 28 December 1990 \u2013 24 June 1991", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0022-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nFollowing the attacks on 11 September 2001, the 180th served in a support role flying missions transporting personnel and equipment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0023-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, History, Missouri Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 180th Airlift Squadron was notified in February 2003 that it would be partially mobilized as a result of the impending conflict in Iraq which would later be known as Operation Iraqi Freedom. The unit deployed in March 2003 to the Iraqi theater and later supported Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and was released from active duty in March 2006 and reverted to state control. This was a historic partial mobilization that lasted three years. The 180th remained in a state of partial activation for three years until it was released from mobilization in March 2006 and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020174-0024-0000", "contents": "180th Airlift Squadron, Notes, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020175-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Battalion (Sportsmen), CEF\nThe 180th (Sportsmen) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 3rd Reserve Battalion on January 6, 1917. The 180th (Sportsmen) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. R. H. Greer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Squadron, 180th Cavalry Regiment is a formation of the United States Army, headquartered in McAlester, Oklahoma. It is a part of the 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Oklahoma Army National Guard and is one of the oldest units in the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0001-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 180th Infantry Regiment (redesignated to Cavalry in 2008) saw action during World War I as the 142nd Infantry Regiment of the 36th Infantry Division (Texas and Oklahoma) and World War II and the Korean War as part of the 45th Infantry Division and again in Afghanistan and Iraq as part of the 45th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0002-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 1st Infantry Regiment, Oklahoma Volunteer Militia was first formed on 2 May 1890 and organized as the Oklahoma National Guard on 21 December 1895. Three years later with impending hostilities between the United States and Spain, the Oklahoma and Indian Territories Guard and those of the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico would be consolidated to form the 1st Regiment Territorial Volunteer Infantry, United States Volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0002-0001", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThis regiment was mustered into federal service 4\u201323 July 1898 but too late to join the fighting in Cuba, the regiment mustered out on 11\u201315 February at Albany, GA.On 20 March 1916 Pancho Villa, a Mexican hero and revolutionary raided the town of Columbus, New Mexico. President Woodrow Wilson ordered Regular Army and Guard units to border patrol duty and expeditions into Mexico to hunt down the hero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0002-0002", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History\nVilla would not be caught, but the former 1st Infantry Regiment, Oklahoma National Guard which had been reorganized in 1899 as the 1st Regiment of Infantry, was ordered to federal service 27 June-1 July 1916 at Fort Sill, OK, for this duty and mustered out 1 March 1917 at Fort Sill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0003-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I\nIt was called back to federal service on 31 March 1917 and assigned on 18 July 1917 to the 36th Division (Oklahoma and Texas). It was drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917 at Fort Sill and was consolidated on 15 October 1917 with 7th Infantry, Texas National Guard, and redesignated as 142nd Infantry. At the same time the 3rd Infantry, Oklahoma National Guard was organized in Eastern Oklahoma for service at home and was federally recognized on 3 September 1918. The 36th Division was demobilized on 17 June 1919 at .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0004-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I\nDuring World War I, two Oklahoma members of the 142nd Regiment were presented with the Medal of Honor; Cpl Samuel M. Sampler and Cpl Harold L. Turner, both credited with eliminating machine gun nests and continuing an advance near St. Etienne, France on 8 October 1918 which would prepare for a major attack along the Aisne River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0005-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I\nOn 12\u201313 October 1918, the regiment attacked toward the line of the Aisne (Ayn) River on the right of a four regiment/two brigade attack that advanced the American line and eliminated a German salient south of the Aisne. During this campaign the numerous American Indian members of the old Oklahoma National Guard were used as telephone talkers, becoming a legend as the \"Choctaw Code Talkers\", presaging the \"Code Talkers\" of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0005-0001", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I\nFourteen Choctaw Indian men, trained to use their language, helped the American Expeditionary Force win several key battles in the Meuse-Argonne Campaign in France, the final big German push of the war. The fourteen Choctaw Code Talkers were Albert Billy, Mitchell Bobb, Victor Brown, Ben Caterby, James Edwards, Tobias Frazer, Ben Hampton, Solomon Louis, Pete Maytubby, Jeff Nelson, Joseph Oklahombi, Robert Taylor, Calvin Wilson, and Walter Veach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0005-0002", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I\nWith at least one Choctaw man placed in each field company headquarters, they handled military communications by field telephone, translated radio messages into the Choctaw language, and wrote field orders to be carried by \"runners\" between the various companies. The German army, which captured about one out of four messengers, never deciphered the messages written in Choctaw. The Choctaws were recognized as the first to use their native language as an unbreakable code in World War I. The Choctaw language was again used in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0006-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I\nIn 1919, the 3rd Infantry Regiment was called out to protect coal mining operations during threatened strikes and to enforce martial law in six southeast Oklahoma counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0007-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I\nThe returning Eastern Oklahoma elements of the former 142nd Infantry merged during 1920\u201321 with the 3rd Infantry, and the resulting unit was designated in the Oklahoma National Guard as 3rd Infantry. During this time the regiment responded to a declaration of martial law in Tulsa, Oklahoma in order to restore order following the Tulsa Race Riot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0008-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War I\n3rd Infantry was redesignated on 14 October 1921 as 180th Infantry Regiment, and assigned to the newly organized 45th Division, reuniting Oklahoma's Guardsmen with those from Arizona and New Mexico and adding Colorado as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0009-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II\nIn preparation for possible entry into World War II and in response to obvious changes in military doctrine as practiced in the new conflict, the 180th was inducted into federal service on 16 September 1940 at Muskogee to participate in the experimental Louisiana Maneuvers. The 45th Division itself was reorganized and redesignated on 11 February 1942 as 45th Infantry Division. After 511 days of combat in Europe the unit inactivated 22\u201329 November 1945 at Camp Bowie, TX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0010-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II\nDuring the Allied Invasion of Sicily, after the capture of Biscari airfield on 14 July 1943 American soldiers from the regiment murdered 74\u00a0Italian and two German prisoners of war in two massacres at Biscari airfield in July\u2013August 1943. Sergeant Horace T. West and Captain John T. Compton were charged with a war crime; West was convicted and sentenced to life in prison and stripped of his rank but was released as a private. Compton was charged with killing 40\u00a0prisoners in his charge but was acquitted and transferred to another regiment, where he died a year later in the fighting in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0011-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II\nWorld War II produced five recipients of the Medal of Honor from the 180th Infantry: 2nd Lieutenant Ernest Childers, Private First Class William Johnston, Private First Class Salvador Lara, and 1st Lieutenant Jack Montgomery, all for actions in Italy and Captain Jack Treadwell for actions along the Siegfried Line in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0012-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, Korea and Cold War\nThe 180th was again ordered into active federal service on 1 September 1950, this time to prepare of mobilization to Korea. The 180th Infantry [NGUS] was organized and federally recognized on 15 September 1952 with headquarters at Holdenville. After 429 days of combat it was released from active federal service 30 April 1954 and reverted to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0013-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, Korea and Cold War\nOne of the most significant actions was the assault on Old Baldy and Pork Chop Hills. The 45th Infantry Division was holding the right flank of the I Corps' line in west-central Korea, facing the 39th Army of the Chinese 13th Field Army. In order to take the high ground in front of the division's main line of resistance the division developed a plan to seize a dozen forward hills, stretching from northeast to southwest. The last two in the southwest, Pork Chop and Old Baldy (Hill 266), were held by the Chinese 116th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0013-0001", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, Korea and Cold War\nOn 6 and 7 June, the 180th Infantry advanced on the six southern hills. Company I of the 180th took Pork Chop after a one-hour firefight and immediately fortified the position. The Chinese 346th, 347th and 348th regiments counterattacked over the next several days, but I Company, with artillery support, held off the human wave counter assaults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0014-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, Korea and Cold War\nIn two further reorganizations, the 180th Regiment was reorganized as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of 1st and 2nd Battle Groups, on 1 May 1959 and again on 1 April 1963 to consist of 1st and 2nd Battalions. It was again reorganized on 1 February 1968 to consist of the 1st Battalion, a non-divisional unit of the 45th Infantry Brigade, with the 45th Division being reorganized as the 45th Infantry and Field Artillery Brigades and 90th Troop Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0015-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, Korea and Cold War\nIn 1973, the 180th was one of many Guard units activated to quell a major prison riot at . In the late 1970s-early 1980s, 2nd Battalion, 180th Infantry was the first TOW Light Anti-Tank (TLAT) jeep-mounted TOW missile battalion of four formed in the ARNG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0016-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror\nThe terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 altered the character of the planned six-month deployment of the 1st Battalion, 180th to Egypt in 2003 as a part of the Multinational Force and Observers. The 1st Battalion, 180th was the 44th battalion to complete an MFO rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0017-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror\nWhile deployed to Egypt, the 1st Battalion, 180th was asked to provide volunteers to go with the 45th Infantry Brigade to Afghanistan on a second deployment, Task Force Phoenix II, that would follow their own by only a few months. Many of the soldiers of the 180th volunteered and some were at home as little as 20 days between deployments. The 45th Brigade, with individual members of the 180th in tow, deployed to Afghanistan November 2003, providing embedded trainers / advisors to the newly formed Afghan National Army and security forces for American bases in Afghanistan. Members of the 180th saw combat action in Afghanistan and won a number of awards, including citations for valor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0018-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror\nHurricanes Katrina and Rita struck the US Gulf Coast in September 2005. Soon after returning from Afghanistan, the 180th sent 200 soldiers to Louisiana in support of relief operations immediately following Katrina. The commander of the Oklahoma contingent was made the commander of the 13,000 person multi state and service task force on the ground. In support of relief operations the 180th saved many lives and received several awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0019-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror\nIn late 2005 the 180th was notified of an upcoming deployment to Afghanistan in support of Task Force Phoenix V, as the security force for the Oregon Army National Guard's 41st Infantry Brigade. Companies C, D, and Headquarters Company deployed in March 2006. Members of other companies accompanied the battalion to provide needed critical skills. While in Afghanistan the 180th received eight Purple Hearts and several citations for valor. The 180th lost its first combat casualty in the conflict in Afghanistan. of Poteau, OK was killed in action while performing duties as a combat medic on 19 February 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0020-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror\nWhile these elements of the 180th were deployed to Afghanistan, the 180th's higher headquarters, the 45th Infantry Brigade, was alerted of an upcoming mission to Iraq. The remaining elements of the 180th Headquarters in Durant, the rifle company in McAlester and remnants of the battalion prepared to mobilize to go to Iraq, even as the 180th still had over 400 soldiers deployed to Afghanistan. The 180th provided over 200 soldiers to support the 45th Brigade deployment to Iraq. The soldiers of Alpha Company served as a detainee operations company, securing and safeguarding criminal and insurgent detainees in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0021-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror\nThe members of the 180th provided other services around the country, including convoy escort and management of critical services in the International Zone in downtown Baghdad. This deployment ended with the return of the 45th in October 2008 and the reorganization of 1st Battalion, 180th to become a cavalry squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0022-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror\nIn 2010 the 45th Infantry Brigade received a warning order for pending  in early summer of 2011. The newly re-designated 180th Cavalry Regiment mobilized at Camp Shelby, MS along with the rest of the Brigade. During the pre-mobilization the 180th and 160th Field Artillery Regiment were reassigned to Kuwait, as part of President Obama's planned troop draw down in Afghanistan. While deployed to Kuwait the 180th supported the RPAT (Redistribution Property Accountability Teams), running security escorts for the drawdown in Iraq, and conducting a security presence on the patriot missile sites in Bahrain. This deployment ended with their return to the United States in March 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0023-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror\nIn 2017, the 180th was once again deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel. While there, soldiers of the 180th participated in advisor force protection missions. All soldiers assigned to the 180th returned to the United States in September 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0024-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror\nThrough this period of supporting combat operations the 180th also continued to provide support for natural disasters, power outages and other state directed mission in Oklahoma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0025-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terror\nAlso of note; at the beginning of the GWOT (Global War on Terrorism), E Troop, 145th Cavalry was the separate cavalry troop in the 45th under the legacy infantry brigade composition. Under the infantry brigade combat team composition, the 180th Cavalry has absorbed E Troop into the 180th Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0026-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, Current units\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT), 1st Squadron, 180th Cavalry (1-180th Cavalry) at McAlester, OK", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0027-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, Current units\nAdditionally, the 1st Squadron, 180th Cavalry is supported by its Forward Support Company (FSC)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0028-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, Honors, citations and decorations\n(In 2008 the 180th Infantry was converted to the 180th Cavalry after demobilization. Because of this, Charlie Company's lineage was transferred to Alpha Troop. Resulting in Alpha Troop rating this Meritorious Unit Commendation and not Charlie Troop.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0029-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Oklahoma Army National Guard:  From a wreath Argent and Azure an Indian's head with war bonnet all Proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0030-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is blue for Infantry, the unit's original designation. The arrows are indicative of the Indian heritage of Oklahoma. The language used in the motto is that of the Choctaw Indian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0031-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the Oklahoma Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020176-0032-0000", "contents": "180th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 180th Infantry Regiment on 3 May 1923. It was amended to revise the symbolism on 10 May 1979. It was redesignated for the 180th Cavalry Regiment with the description and symbolism updated effective 1 December 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020177-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 180th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c180\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 24th Brigade, 8th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced to 24th Brigade, 8th Column of Jinjiluyu Field Army formed in July 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020177-0001-0000", "contents": "180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was part of 60th Corps. Under the flag of 180th division it took part in the Chinese Civil War. Before the Korean War it was stationed in Chengdu, Szechuan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020177-0002-0000", "contents": "180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nFrom March 1951 the division entered Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020177-0003-0000", "contents": "180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nDuring what the Chinese call the 5th campaign (22 April 1951 \u2013 10 June 1951), the PVA/CPV suffered its largest loss during the war: the 180th Division of the 60th Army was totally destroyed. Roughly 3,000 men escaped earlier (including the division commander and other high-ranking officers), but the majority of the division were killed or captured. During the final days of the 5th campaign, the main body of the 180th Division was encircled during a UN counterattack, and after a few days of hard fighting, the division was fragmented, and regiments fled in all directions. Soldiers either deserted or were abandoned by their officers during failed attempts to wage guerilla warfare without support from locals. Finally, out of ammunition and food, some 5,000 soldiers were captured. The division commander and other officers who escaped were subsequently investigated and demoted back in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020177-0004-0000", "contents": "180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nMost of those captured from the 180th Division were sent to Koje Island, 25 miles southwest of Pusan, including the Division Commissar Pei Shan. Since many of the officers were former Nationalist Chinese Army Military cadets many chose to join their former units and complete their training in Taiwan. A large portion remained in Taiwan after the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020177-0005-0000", "contents": "180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe remaining part of the division absorbed 3 replacement regiments and took part in the Battle of Kumsong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020177-0006-0000", "contents": "180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1953 it pulled out from Korea. In 1953 it renamed as 180th Infantry Division (Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c180\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020177-0007-0000", "contents": "180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1960 the division was renamed as 180th Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c180\u5e08). By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020177-0008-0000", "contents": "180th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nOn December 20, 1964, the division was disbanded in Anhui Province. The 540th Infantry and 560th Artillery Regiments formed the basis for the Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing\nThe 180th Fighter Wing (180 FW) is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard, stationed at Toledo Air National Guard Base, Ohio. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0001-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing\nThe 112th Fighter Squadron, assigned to the Wing's 180th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 112th Aero Squadron, established on 18 August 1917. It was reformed on 20 June 1927, as the 112th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0002-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe mission of the 180th Fighter Wing is to train, organize, and equip expeditionary war fighters to deploy, fight, and win worldwide, with minimum response time, in cases of national emergency or war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0003-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, Overview\n180 FW unit supports state and local contingencies when directed by the Governor of Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0004-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History\nOn 15 October 1962, the Ohio Air National Guard 112th Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 180th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 112th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 180th Headquarters, 180th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 180th Combat Support Squadron, and the 180th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0005-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History\nUpon activation, the 180th TFG was assigned to the Ohio ANG 121st Tactical Fighter Wing at Lockbourne Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0006-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nThe Group performed normal peacetime training throughout the 1960s. Individual squadron members volunteered for duty during the Vietnam War, however the unit was not federalized in 1968 as the F-84F Thunderjets flown by the 112th TFS were not considered front line combat aircraft. In 1971, the squadron retired its Thunderstreaks and converted to the F-100 Super Sabre as a result of the American draw-down from the Vietnam War. In 1975, the 112th began a NATO commitment, deploying five F-100s to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany 9\u201325 October 1975 for Operation Cornet Razor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0007-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn the summer of 1979, the F-100s were retired, being replaced with A-7D Corsair II subsonic tactical close air support aircraft from Tactical Air Command units that were converting to the new A-10 Thunderbolt II. The aircraft had excellent accuracy with the aid of an automatic electronic navigation and weapons delivery system. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0007-0001", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIt continued its NATO commitment, deploying six A-7D aircraft to RAF Sculthorpe, England in April 1983 for Operation Cornet Miami; eight A-7Ds in June\u2013July 1986 for Cornet Pine, and thirteen A-7Ds in May\u2013June 1989 for Cornet Pine. The 180th Tactical Fighter Group received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 1985 and again in 1990. In 1989, while deployed at Panama for a Coronet Cove deployment, 180th A-7s were employed during Operation Just Cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0008-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nThe 112th TFS did not deploy to Saudi Arabia in 1990 during Operation Desert Shield or Operation Desert Storm as the A-7Ds were considered a second-line aircraft. Squadron volunteers, however were deployed to CENTAF during the crisis and subsequent combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0009-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nIn March 1992, the 180th adopted the USAF Objective Wing organization and became simply the 180th Fighter Group; the 112th as a Fighter Squadron. On 1 June of that year, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force restructuring after the end of the Cold War. Air Combat Command (ACC) became the gaining major command for the 180th. Another event in 1992 was the retirement of the A-7Ds, being replaced by Block 25 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0010-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nThe first F-16 to arrive with the 112th FS was a two-seat model, F-16D #83-1175, which was the first F-16D to come off the production line at Fort Worth. It came from the 312th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron at Luke AFB, Arizona on the rare leap year date 29 February 1992. F-16s continued to arrive and the last A-7D departed on 18 May 1992. Many of the block 25s that came from the 363d Tactical Fighter Wing at Shaw AFB, South Carolina were Desert Storm veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0011-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nThe squadron didn't operate the block 25 for very long. Starting in very early 1994 the squadron gave up its block 25s, which it had only flown for a year, for the much more modern block 42s. The block 25s were sent to various units but mostly to Luke AFB, Arizona. A large amount of the block 42s came from Shaw AFB, South Carolina where that base was converting to the block 50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0012-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nOn 1 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force One Base-One Wing directive, the 180th Fighter Group was expanded and changed in status to the 180th Fighter Wing. Under the Objective Wing organization, the 112th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the 180th Operations Group. Support groups to the wing were the 180th Maintenance Group, 180th Mission Support Group and the 180th Medical Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0013-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0014-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nIn October 1996, the 112th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (112 EFS) was first formed from 162d FW personnel and eight aircraft and deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey. The 112th EFS joined with the 124th EFS (Iowa ANG) and the 125th EFS (Oklahoma ANG) as part of a \"rainbow\" deployment to support Operation Provide Comfort. In January 1997, this changed to Operation Northern Watch just prior to the unit's return to Toledo to enforce the No-Fly-Zones over Iraq. More Operation Northern Watch deployments were made to Incirlik AB by the 112th EFS in 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2002 respectively. The 112th EFS deployed to Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait, for Operation Southern Watch in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0015-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Air Combat Command\nAfter the events of 11 September 2001 unit members have volunteered to support both Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom in 2005 and again for Operation Iraqi Freedom again in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0016-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, NORAD Air Defense\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign Des Moines Air National Guard Base, Iowa. The F-16 aircraft currently assigned to the 132d Fighter Wing at Des Moines would be redistributed to the 180th Fighter Wing (nine aircraft) Des Moines' F-16s would be distributed to Toledo to support the Homeland Defense Air Sovereignty Alert (ASA) mission and to consolidate the precision-guided weapon employment capability that exists in the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020178-0017-0000", "contents": "180th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, NORAD Air Defense\nIn August 2008 the 112th FS took over the alert role for the region from the Detroit-based Michigan 107th Fighter Squadron which was converting to the A-10 Thunderbolt II in the next year. The 112th FS officially took over on 2 October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO\nThe 180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment (180th Guards IAP) was a military unit of the Red Army Air Force, which took part in the fighting of the Great Patriotic War, and then became part of the Russian Air Defence Forces and finally the Russian Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0001-0000", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO\nThe regiment traced its heritage back to the 181st Fighter Aviation Regiment, which began forming just before the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The regiment flew the Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 and the Lavochkin La-5 fighters during the war and in mid-1944 was converted into the 180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment. Postwar, the regiment became an interceptor-equipped air defence unit, and during the Korean War it trained People's Liberation Army Air Force pilots while stationed in China. In 1952 it was moved west to Leningrad Oblast, and from 1953 to its 2002 disbandment the 180th Guards served as an air defence unit based at Gromovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0002-0000", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II\nThe 181st Fighter Aviation Regiment began forming on 24 May 1941 at Shatalovo air field near Pochinok, part of the Air Force of the Western Special Military District. As a result of the beginning of the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June, the regiment was withdrawn to Rostov-on-Don, where it finished forming on 27 July, training with the 11th Reserve Fighter Aviation Regiment on the Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter. The new regiment was organized according to shtat 015/134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0002-0001", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II\nThe 181st continued training there until 19 August, where it entered combat, directly subordinated to the Air Force of the Southern Front (VVS). On 24 August, the regiment became part of the Air Force of the Southwestern Front's 44th Fighter Aviation Division (IAD), which was transferred to the VVS Southern Front's Air Force of the 6th Army only three days later. The 181st was shifted to the VVS Southwestern Front' 64th Fighter Aviation Division on 7 September. On 1 January 1942, it was reorganized on the front according to shtat 015/174 at Novo-Astrakhan, Voroshilovgrad Oblast in eastern Ukraine. Between 10 February and 2 July, the regiment was assigned to the VVS 6th Army. It fought in the Second Battle of Kharkov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0003-0000", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II\nWorn down from months of fighting, the regiment was pulled out of the front on 2 July and by 10 July was assigned to the 2nd Reserve Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Air Forces of the Moscow Military District, stationed at the Seyma station in Volodarsk. There, it was reorganized according to shtat 015/284 and reequipped with the new Lavochkin La-5 fighter. On 23 September, the 181st became part of the 1st Fighter Aviation Corps' 235th Fighter Aviation Division in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0003-0001", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II\nThe regiment would remain with the 235th for the rest of its existence. A month later, it was sent to the Kalinin Front with the corps and division, which became part of the 3rd Air Army. The regiment only remained on the Kalinin Front for a few weeks, and on 6 November it and the 235th IAD was rushed to the Stalingrad Front, where it was included in the 2nd Mixed Aviation Corps. Two days later the corps became part of the 8th Air Army, and the regiment entered combat in the Battle of Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0003-0002", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II\nThe regiment became part of an aviation group commanded by Colonel V.A. Sryvkin, tasked with supporting the advancing troops in the battle. The group was transferred to the right bank of the Volga, and in early December its planes suffered heavy losses to German fighters and anti-aircraft fire. After eight days of fighting, the several regiments of the group mustered only 38 serviceable aircraft, and among them not one La-5. As a result, the group was withdrawn back over the Volga in mid-December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0004-0000", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II\nOn 3 January 1943, the regiment was transferred to the Southern Front with the entire 8th Air Army. Between 5 March and 31 May, it was held in reserve with the 235th IAD in the 7th Mixed Aviation Corps as part of the Southwestern Front and then the Steppe Military District from 30 April. On 4 May, the 181st received the honorific \"Stalingrad\" in honor of its actions during that battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0004-0001", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II\nOn 1 June, the regiment was sent to the front with the division, which became part of the 3rd Fighter Aviation Corps (IAK) of the North Caucasian Front's 4th Air Army. The 235th IAD and the regiment were moved to the 2nd Air Army's 10th Fighter Aviation Corps on the Voronezh Front on 10 July, with which it entered combat on 21 July, fighting in the Donbass Strategic Offensive. From 24 August to 3 October, the regiment conducted training in the front reserve. The 181st reentered combat on 4 October, fighting in the advance west through Ukraine, and the front became the 1st Ukrainian Front on 20 October. In early 1944, the regiment fought in the Korsun\u2013Shevchenkovsky Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0005-0000", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II\nOn 5 August 1944, the 10th IAK was transferred to the 8th Air Army in the 4th Ukrainian Front. On 19 August, the regiment was converted into the 180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment for \"exemplary performance of combat missions and displaying courage and heroism.\" The 235th IAD was also converted into the 15th Guards Fighter Aviation Division. On 27 September, the regiment was reorganized according to shtat 015/364 at Lysiatychi in western Ukraine. On 16 December, the 180th Guards IAP was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its actions in the capture of Michalovce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0005-0001", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, World War II\nIt fought in the Prague Offensive in the last days of the war. The regiment left the active army on 11 May 1945 at the end of the war. During the war, the regiment flew 7,695 sorties, reported shooting down 213 enemy aircraft, and destroyed 31 on the ground for a total of 244 destroyed aircraft. This came at a cost of 155 downed aircraft and 64 pilots killed, divided as follows: 25 in aerial combat, 24 failed to return, 2 in air raids and other non-combat losses, and 13 died in crashes and of wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0006-0000", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, Cold War and Russian service\nBetween May and July 1945, the regiment was based at Oberglogau. In July 1945, the 10th IAK was withdrawn to the Carpathian Military District, where it became part of the 14th Air Army, and the regiment moved to Cherlyany. During that year, it was reequipped with the improved Lavochkin La-7. In June 1949, the 15th Guards IAD and the regiment were transferred to the Soviet Air Defence Forces (PVO), becoming part of the 20th Fighter Air Defence Army at Oryol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0006-0001", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, Cold War and Russian service\nThere, the regiment became one of the first equipped with the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9, the first of a series of Mikoyan-and-Gurevich jet fighters. In April 1950, the regiment received its first Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s. In October 1950, the 180th Guards IAP was relocated to Tangshan in the People's Republic of China, where it was transferred to the newly formed 20th Fighter Aviation Division PVO. The regiment was stationed there until February 1952, training PLAAF pilots on the now-obsolete MiG-9s and providing air defence for Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0007-0000", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, Cold War and Russian service\nIn March of that year, the 20th IAD and the 180th were relocated to Veshchevo airfield in Leningrad Oblast. In mid-1953, the regiment moved to the Gromovo, Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast. The regiment received Yakovlev Yak-25M long-range interceptors in August 1955. In 1961 it became part of the 18th Air Defence Corps after the 20th IAD was disbanded. By a directive of 25 January 1962, the regiment's honorific Stalingrad was removed, but on 29 September 1964 the regiment received the honorific Volgograd in order to preserve its traditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0007-0001", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, History, Cold War and Russian service\nThe regiment was reequipped with the newer Sukhoi Su-15 in March 1969, receiving the Su-15TM variant in June 1978 after the 57th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment at Veshchevo disbanded. Between April 1980 and April 1986, the 180th was directly subordinated to the VVS Leningrad Military District. The regiment then became part of the 54th Air Defence Corps of the 6th Air Defence Army. The regiment replaced its Su-15s with Mikoyan MiG-31 interceptors in June 1988. In November 1990, the regiment, according to Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe data, had 31 MiG-31s. By 2000 it had 28 MiG-31s and was disbanded on 1 July 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020179-0008-0000", "contents": "180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the regiment during World War II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020180-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 180th Infantry Division (German: 180. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II. The unit, at times designated Commander of Reserve Troops X/II (German: Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen X/II), 180th Division (German: 180. Division),  Division No. 180 (German: Division Nr. 180), and Operation Division No. 180 (German: Einsatz-Division Nr. 180), was active between 1939 and 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020180-0001-0000", "contents": "180th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 1939\nThe 180th Division, also designated Commander of Reserve Troops X/II, was formed in Bremen in Wehrkreis X on 25 November 1939. The initial command staff assigned to Wehrkreis X, the 170th Division, had been reorganized into a field division and thus needed a replacement in the form of the 180th, which was redesignated Division No. 180 on 21 December 1939. The division's initial commander, appointed on 1 December 1939, was Kurt Woytasch. Woytasch was replaced by Martin Gilbert on 10 January 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020180-0002-0000", "contents": "180th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 1940\nIn March 1940, the division consisted of the following elements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020180-0003-0000", "contents": "180th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 1942\nIn January 1942, Gilbert was replaced as divisional commander by Herbert Lemke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020180-0004-0000", "contents": "180th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 1943\nOn 16 August 1943, the division staff was temporarily moved to Verden, a move that was made permanent on 10 January 1944. In December 1943, the division consisted of the following elements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020180-0005-0000", "contents": "180th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 1944\nOn 18 September 1944, the codeword Alarm K\u00fcste was given out to German forces in response to several Allied paratrooper landings in the Netherlands, collectively known as Operation Market Garden. The 180th Division, now designated Operation Division No. 180, was moved against the British forces. The division consisted of the following forces, with a strength of at least 8475 personnel:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020180-0006-0000", "contents": "180th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 1944\nThe division was also accompanied in combat by Kampfgruppe Fastenau, Battalion Wienke, and the Heavy Flak Detachments 362 and 666. The 180th Division was successful in slowing the Allied XXX Corps long enough to secure German victory at the Battle of Arnhem. It was under command of Bernhard Klosterkemper starting on 27 September 1944. Klosterkemper soon passed command to Martin Gilbert on 1 October. Several parts of the division that were not utilized in combat were later reformed into Division No. 480.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020180-0007-0000", "contents": "180th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 1944\nFollowing an order on 31 October 1944, Division No. 180 was reformed into the 180th Infantry Division. The 180th Infantry Division initially consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020180-0008-0000", "contents": "180th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 1945\nBetween October 1944 and February 1945, the 180th Infantry Division served under the LXXXVI Army Corps. The division fought in the Venlo area between December 1944 and January 1945, during the Battle of the Bulge. On 15 March 1945, Infantry Division Hamburg was integrated into the 180th Infantry Division. The division ended the war under the LIII Army Corps. After participating in combat against the 2nd British Army in the Battle of Wesel, the 180th Infantry Division was crushed in Operation Varsity in March 1945. The shattered remnants of the divisions were driven back by the Allied forces into the Ruhr Pocket, where the 180th Infantry Division fought its final battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020181-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Mixed Brigade\nThe 180th Mixed Brigade was a brigade of the People's Army of the Republic that fought in the Spanish Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020181-0001-0000", "contents": "180th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created on April 30, 1938, on the Andalusia front, being assigned to the 54th Division of the IX Corps. Command fell to Francisco Fervenza Fern\u00e1ndez, a veteran of the War in the North.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020181-0002-0000", "contents": "180th Mixed Brigade, History\nOn June 12 the brigade was sent along with the rest of the division to the Castell\u00f3n front, aimed at XYZ line. On July 21 the 180th Mixed Brigade saw combat, resulting in a bitter struggle with the nationalist forces advancing towards Valencia. The 720th battalion distinguished itself especially during these operations. After the beginning of the Battle of the Ebro the fighting subsided. In August 1938, command of the brigade was assumed by Manuel Chaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020181-0003-0000", "contents": "180th Mixed Brigade, History\nIt did not intervene in any significant capacity for the remainder of the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0000-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature\nThe 180th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3, 1973, to May 30, 1974, during the fifteenth  and final year of Nelson Rockefeller's governorship, and during Malcolm Wilson's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0001-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938, and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1971 by the Legislature, 60 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned without restrictions regarding county boundaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0002-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Conservative Party and the Liberal Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0003-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1972, was held on November 7. The only three statewide elective offices up for election were three seats on the New York Court of Appeals. All three seats were won by Republican judges, two with Conservative endorsement, and one with Liberal endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the average vote for Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Republicans 2,847,000; Democrats 2,709,000; Conservatives 425,000; and Liberals 258,000. To date this was the last time a Republican majority was elected to the State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0004-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, Elections\nOf the three women members of the previous legislature, Assemblywoman Mary Anne Krupsak (Dem. ), a lawyer of Amsterdam, was elected to the State Senate; and Assemblywomen Constance E. Cook (Rep.), a lawyer of Ithaca; and Rosemary R. Gunning (Cons. ), a lawyer of Ridgewood, Queens; were re-elected to the Assembly. Karen Burstein, a lawyer of Lawrence, and Carol Bellamy, a lawyer of Brooklyn, were also elected to the State Senate; and Estella B. Diggs, of the Bronx, was also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0005-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1973, was held on November 6. The only statewide elective office up for election was the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals. Republican Charles D. Breitel was elected with Liberal endorsement. One vacancy in the State Senate and five vacancies in the Assembly were filled. Elizabeth Connelly (Dem. ), of Staten Island, was elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0006-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 196th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1973; and adjourned sine die on May 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0007-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWarren M. Anderson (Rep.) was elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0008-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on July 25, 1973; and adjourned sine die on July 31. This session was called to consider the issue of a $3.5 million bond issue to finance the construction of additional public transportation capacities in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0009-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 197th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 9, 1974; and adjourned sine die in the early morning of May 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0010-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe U.S. Department of Justice found fault with the congressional, senatorial and Assembly districts in Manhattan and Brooklyn under the apportionment of 1971, and ordered a revision to safeguard the rights of minorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0011-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for another special session at the State Capitol in Albany on May 29, 1974; and adjourned sine die on the next day. This session was called to remap the legislative districts in Manhattan and Brooklyn, and to amend the rent-control law passed during the regular session. The Senate passed Governor Wilson's rent law amendment, but the Assembly did not come to a vote on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0012-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn July 1, the U.S. Department of Justice accepted the revised districts as passed by the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0013-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Chester J. Straub, Vander L. Beatty, Joseph R. Pisani, Mary Anne Krupsak, Edwyn E. Mason and James T. McFarland changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of the session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0014-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0015-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. George A. Murphy and John J. LaFalce changed from the Senate to the Assembly at the beginning of the session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020182-0016-0000", "contents": "180th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020183-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 180th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 180th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 180th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020183-0001-0000", "contents": "180th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 180th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio September through October 1864 and mustered in for one year service under the command of Colonel Willard Warner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020183-0002-0000", "contents": "180th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, Defenses of Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Army Corps, Army of the Ohio, and Department of North Carolina, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020183-0003-0000", "contents": "180th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 180th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service July 12, 1865, at Charlotte, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020183-0004-0000", "contents": "180th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Nashville, Tenn., October 15. Moved from Nashville to Decherd, Tenn., October 1864, and performed guard duty on line of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, Right Wing at Decherd, Left Wing at Elk River Bridge, until January 1865. Moved to Nashville, Tenn., January 6; then moved as supply train guard to Columbia, Tenn., January 10. Returned to Nashville and moved to Washington, D.C.; then to North Carolina January 16-February 25. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Kinston and Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Battle of Wyse Fork March 8\u201310. Occupation of Kinston March 14. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh, Greensboro and Charlotte, N.C., until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020183-0005-0000", "contents": "180th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 91 men during service; 1 officer and 5 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 84 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Rifle Division\nThe 180th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Soviet Red Army, formed twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0001-0000", "contents": "180th Rifle Division\nPoirer and Connor write that it was first formed 1940 in the Baltic Special Military District and became the 28th Guards Rifle Division on 3 May 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0002-0000", "contents": "180th Rifle Division\nThe division briefly became the 14th Rifle Division in 1955, then 88th Motor Rifle Division 1957, but became 180th Kiev Red Banner Orders of Suvorov and Kutuzov Motor Rifle Division in 1965 and remained under that title until the 1990s. After 1992 became Ukrainian 27th Mechanized Brigade. The 27th Mechanized Brigade was disbanded, most likely in the early 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0003-0000", "contents": "180th Rifle Division, First formation\nThe 180th Rifle Division was first formed during August and September 1940 in the Baltic Special Military District. It was part of the 22nd Territorial Rifle Corps (Estonian) and was composed of Estonian People's Force personnel. It was commanded by Major General Richard Tomberg, the former commander of the Estonian Air Force. On 3 June 1941, Major General Ivan Missan replaced Tomberg in command. On 22 June 1941, it was based in V\u00f5ru, which was in the rear area. While moving forward, it was attacked by German aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0003-0001", "contents": "180th Rifle Division, First formation\nThe division entered combat on 26 June against the LVI Panzer Corps, which was attacking the 27th Army in the Daugava region. On 9 July, the division and its parent formation, the 22nd Rifle Corps, were transferred from the 27th Army to the 11th Army. It fought in defensive battles, making counterattacks in Soltsy, Porkhov and Novorzhev. In August it had retreated back to the Staraya Russa area. In September 1941, the division fought in the Demyansk Defensive Operation. It then fought in the Demyansk Pocket in early 1942. On 3 May 1942, the division became the 28th Guards Rifle Division for its actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0004-0000", "contents": "180th Rifle Division, Second formation\nThe second formation of the division was created at Cherepovets in June 1942 from the 41st Rifle Brigade. It fought at Kiev, T\u00e2rgu Frumos, and Budapest. The division was part of the 53rd Army of the 2nd Ukrainian Front in May 1945. During the war, the division was awarded the honorific Kiev for its actions during the 1943 capture of Kiev. It was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of Suvorov 2nd class and the Order of Kutuzov 2nd class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0005-0000", "contents": "180th Rifle Division, Postwar\nIn 1955, it became the 14th Rifle Division. On 17 May 1957, the 88th Motor Rifle Division was activated from the 14th Rifle Division in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, part of the 14th Army. On 19 February 1962, the 276th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion was activated along with the 244th Separate Missile Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0006-0000", "contents": "180th Rifle Division, Postwar\nOn 17 November 1964, the 88th Motor Rifle Division became the 180th Motor Rifle Division, restoring its World War II numbering. In 1967, the 14th Army became the 14th Guards Army. On 15 November 1972, the 1303rd Separate Anti-Tank Artillery Battalion was activated along with a separate Reactive Artillery Battalion. In 1980, the Separate Motor Transport Battalion became the 1041st Separate Material Supply Battalion. During the same year, the 136th Artillery Regiment absorbed the reactive artillery battalion. During the Cold War, the division was maintained at 16% strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0006-0001", "contents": "180th Rifle Division, Postwar\nOn 1 December 1989, the division was ordered to become the 5775th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base, but this was appears to have been delayed to at least 1991. In 1990, CFE treaty data showed the division had 61 T-64 tanks, 13 T-54 tanks and 12  BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers, among other equipment. In January 1992, the storage base was taken over by Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0007-0000", "contents": "180th Rifle Division, Postwar\nIt became the 27th Separate Mechanized Brigade and was subordinated to the 1st Airmobile Division. The brigade was disbanded in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0008-0000", "contents": "180th Rifle Division, Composition\nThe 180th Rifle Division's first formation included the following units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0009-0000", "contents": "180th Rifle Division, Composition\nThe 180th Motor Rifle Division's second formation was composed of the following units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020184-0010-0000", "contents": "180th Rifle Division, Composition\nThe 180th Motor Rifle Division was composed of the following units in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020185-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)\n180th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was opened on July 1, 1901, and was one of three stations built when the line was extended to Fordham Plaza. It had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was 183rd Street. The next stop to the south was Tremont Avenue\u2013177th Street. The station closed on April 29, 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020186-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Street\u2013Bronx Park station\n180th Street\u2013Bronx Park was the former terminal station for the IRT White Plains Road Line of the New York City Subway, in the West Farms neighborhood of the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020186-0001-0000", "contents": "180th Street\u2013Bronx Park station, History\nThe initial segment of the IRT White Plains Road Line opened on November 26, 1904 between 180th Street\u2013Bronx Park and Jackson Avenue. Initially, trains on the line were served by elevated trains from the IRT Second Avenue Line and the IRT Third Avenue Line. Once the connection to the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened on July 10, 1905, trains from the newly opened IRT subway ran via the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020186-0002-0000", "contents": "180th Street\u2013Bronx Park station, History\nThe line was originally intended to extend farther north but was changed into a terminal during construction due to protests stating that the trains running over Bronx Park would be bad for animals in the Bronx Zoo. The line's extension is the reason for the S-curve north of the West Farms Square\u2013East Tremont Avenue station. After the line's extension to 238th Street in 1917, and then Wakefield\u2013241st Street in 1920, the Bronx Park spur was considered redundant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020186-0003-0000", "contents": "180th Street\u2013Bronx Park station, History\nOn March 1, 1951, the Board of Transportation announced a plan to implement express service along the White Plains Road Line between 241st Street and Third Avenue\u2013149th Street using the middle third track. New signaling, including the installation of block signals, was to be installed on the local tracks, in addition to the installation of signals on the express track at the cost of $3.5 million. In addition, it was announced that a flyover to the Dyre Avenue Line would be built, allowing for through-service, and eliminating the need to transfer at East 180th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020186-0003-0001", "contents": "180th Street\u2013Bronx Park station, History\nThe final key element to the improvement plan was the elimination of the at-grade junction north of the West Farms Square station, which was a major bottleneck, by closing the spur to 180th Street\u2013Bronx Park. To make up for the loss of service, an escalator would be added at the West Farms Square station at 178th Street and Boston Road. The station was closed and abandoned on August 4, 1952. The station and associated elevated structure were later torn down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020186-0004-0000", "contents": "180th Street\u2013Bronx Park station, Station layout\nThe station used a Spanish solution layout. It had two tracks, an island platform and two side platforms. The tracks ended at bumper blocks at the north end of the platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0000-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company\nThe 180th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0001-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0002-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0002-0001", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0002-0002", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0003-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0004-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history\n180th Tunnelling Company was formed at Labuissiere in August 1915, and moved into the Vermelles sector. From its formation in until the end of the war the company served under Fourth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0005-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Battle of Loos\n180th Tunnelling Company was engaged in constructing saps and trenches, in addition to much carrying work, during the Battle of Loos (25 September \u2013 14 October 1915).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0006-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Givenchy\n180th Tunnelling Company then moved to the Givenchy area, and relieved there in early 1916 by 255th Tunnelling Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0007-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nThe Hohenzollern Redoubt near Loos-en-Gohelle in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France was the site of intense and sustained fighting between German and Allied forces. After an earlier British attack in October 1915, extensive tunnelling had been conducted by the Germans during the winter of 1915\u20131916; due to the nature of the clay covering and chalk below ground, mine explosions threw up high lips around mine craters, which became good observation points. It had been calculated that the German mining effort was six weeks more advanced than the British effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0007-0001", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\n170th Tunnelling Company began work for a mining attack on the Hohenzollern Redoubt on 14 December 1915. By the end of the month, it was in the process of sinking six shafts. Two sections of 180th Tunnelling Company were then attached to 170th Tunnelling Company, and the miners began another three shafts. Mining was carried out in the clay layer to distract the Germans from other mine workings in the chalk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0008-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nThe British tunneling effort over the winter gradually overtook the German mining operation and a plan was made to destroy the German galleries. By late February 1916, 170th Tunnelling Company had driven deep galleries through the chalk between 49\u201361 metres (161\u2013200\u00a0ft) to within  9.1 metres (30\u00a0ft) of the German front-line trenches, where four mines were placed underneath the shallower galleries dug by the Germans. An infantry attack was prepared by the 12th Division for 2 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0008-0001", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nThe four mines would counter the German advantage in observation from Fosse 8 and possibly lead to the destruction of the German gallery system. Chamber A was loaded with 7,000 pounds (3,200\u00a0kg) of ammonal, Chamber B with 3,000 pounds (1,400\u00a0kg) of blastine and 4,000 pounds (1,800\u00a0kg) of ammonal and Chamber C with a charge of 10,550 pounds (4,790\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0008-0002", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\n170th Tunnelling Company produced a forecast of the effect of the mines, in which mines A and B were predicted to make craters 100 feet (30\u00a0m) wide, 35 feet (11\u00a0m) deep and that Crater C to be 130 feet (40\u00a0m) wide and 35 feet (11\u00a0m) deep. The fourth, smaller mine had been planted under the side of Crater 2. At 5:45 p.m., the mines were sprung, which made crater lips from which the German trenches could be seen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0008-0003", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nThe explosion of the four mines (the largest yet sprung by the British) on 2 March was followed up by an attack of the British infantry. The new craters, A, B and C, older craters 1\u20135 and Triangle Crater were occupied and 170th Tunnelling Company destroyed German mine entrances found in the Triangle Crater. German counter-attacks retook Triangle Crater on 4 March and from 7\u201314 March skirmishing took place during heavy snowstorms and bitter cold. 170th Tunnelling Company eventually got into the German gallery system from a British tunnel and were able to demolish the system on 12 March, which relieved the threat of another German mine attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0009-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nOn 18 March, five German mines detonated short of the British lines at 6:15 p.m., after which the Germans pushed back the British to the old front line. A counter-attack was organised, and the craters re-captured. The Germans retired and drove new galleries through the clay layer on top of the chalk, which could be dug more quietly and contributed to the surprise of the German mine explosions. By the time that the crater fighting died down, both sides held the near sides of the craters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0009-0001", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nThe British exploded another mine on 19 March and the Germans two mines in the Quarries on 24 March. British mines were blown on 26 and 27 March, 5, 13, 20, 21 and 22 April; German mines were exploded on 31 March, 2, 8, 11, 12 and 23 April. Each explosion was followed by infantry attacks and consolidation of the mine lips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0010-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, March 1918\nIn March 1918, the 180th Tunnelling Company acted as emergency infantry, fighting a defensive action near Ronssoy before withdrawing to Hamelet. 180th Tunnelling Company did much work in Albert during the great advance to victory, repairing all kinds of works and removing unexploded charges and mines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0011-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, March 1918\n180th Tunnelling Company did the same in Epehy in November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020187-0012-0000", "contents": "180th Tunnelling Company, Further reading\nAn overview of the history of 180th Tunnelling Company is also available in Robert K. Johns, Battle Beneath the Trenches: The Cornish Miners of 251 Tunnelling Company RE, Pen & Sword Military 2015 (ISBN\u00a0978-1473827004), p.\u00a0221", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020188-0000-0000", "contents": "180th meridian\nThe 180th meridian or antimeridian is the meridian 180\u00b0 both east and west of the Prime Meridian, with which it forms a great circle dividing the earth into the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. It is common to both east longitude and west longitude. It mostly passes through the open waters of the Pacific Ocean, but passes across land in Russia, Fiji, and Antarctica. This meridian is used as the basis for the International Date Line, but the latter deviates from it to maintain date consistency within the territories of Russia, the United States, Kiribati, Fiji and New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020188-0001-0000", "contents": "180th meridian\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 180th meridian passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020188-0002-0000", "contents": "180th meridian\nThe meridian also passes between (but not particularly close to):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020188-0003-0000", "contents": "180th meridian\nThe only place where roads cross this meridian, and where there are buildings very close to it, is in Fiji.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020188-0004-0000", "contents": "180th meridian, Software representation problems\nMany geographic software libraries or data formats project the world to a rectangle; very often this rectangle is split exactly at the 180th meridian. This often makes it non-trivial to do simple tasks (like representing an area, or a line) over the 180th meridian. Some examples:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020189-0000-0000", "contents": "180\u00b0 Rule (film)\n180\u00b0 Rule (Persian: \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u200e, romanized:\u00a0Khate Farzi) is a 2020 Iranian film directed and screenplayed by Farnoosh Samadi and isstarring by Sahar Dolatshahi, Pejman Jamshidi, Azita Hajian, Hasan Pourshirazi, Amirreza Ranjbaran, Sadaf Asgari, Mohammad Heidari and Aylin Jahed. The film premiered at the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival, and received an award at 65th Valladolid International Film Festival for the Best Film of Meeting Point section also received two Crystal Simorgh award nominations for the \"Best Sound Effects\" for Amir Hossein Ghasemi and \"Best Supporting Actress\" for Azita Hajian at the 39th Fajr International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020190-0000-0000", "contents": "181\nYear 181 (CLXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Burrus (or, less frequently, year 934 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 181 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020191-0000-0000", "contents": "181 (number)\n181 (one hundred [and] eighty-one) is the natural number following 180 and preceding 182.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020192-0000-0000", "contents": "181 BC\nYear 181 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cethegus and Tamphilus (or, less frequently, year 573 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 181 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020193-0000-0000", "contents": "181 Eucharis\nEucharis (minor planet designation: 181 Eucharis) is a large, slowly rotating main-belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Pablo Cottenot on February 2, 1878, from Marseille Observatory. It was his only asteroid discovery. This object was named after Eucharis, a Greek nymph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020193-0001-0000", "contents": "181 Eucharis\nIn the Tholen classification system, it is categorized as a stony S-type asteroid, while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it as an Xk asteroid. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station in Rancho Cucamonga, California during 2007 gave a light curve with a leisurely rotation period of 52.23 \u00b1 0.05 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020193-0002-0000", "contents": "181 Eucharis\nThis object is the namesake of a family of 149\u2013778 asteroids that share similar spectral properties and orbital elements; hence they may have arisen from the same collisional event. All members have a relatively high orbital inclination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020194-0000-0000", "contents": "181 Fremont\n181 Fremont is an 803-foot (245\u00a0m) mixed-use skyscraper in the South of Market District of San Francisco, California. The building, designed by Heller Manus Architects, is located adjacent to the Transbay Transit Center and 199 Fremont Street developments. 181 Fremont is owned and operated by Jay Paul Company. Jay Paul Company is the sole owner and developer of the project. The entire office portion of the building has been leased to Facebook to house its San Francisco office and Instagram division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020194-0001-0000", "contents": "181 Fremont, Design\nThe slender mixed-use tower, developed initially by SKS Investments, rises 700\u00a0ft (210\u00a0m) to the roof with 55 floors of offices and residential condominiums. A parapet/mechanical screen reaches to 745\u00a0ft (227\u00a0m), and a spire brings the total height to 802.5\u00a0ft (244.6\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020194-0002-0000", "contents": "181 Fremont, Design\nThe tower will contain 432,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (40,100\u00a0m2) of office space on the lower 35 floors (from 3 to 38), and 67 condominiums on the upper 16 floors (from 41 to 57). The 39th floor will contain residential amenities and a two-story open air terrace. Mechanical spaces would be on floors 2 and 40. The building will have a direct connection to the rooftop park atop the adjacent Salesforce Transit Center from the 7th floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020194-0003-0000", "contents": "181 Fremont, Design\nUpon completion, the tower was the tallest mixed-use building in San Francisco, surpassing the nearby Millennium Tower, and the 2nd-tallest in the Western United States. It was also the third tallest building in the city after the Transamerica Pyramid and the Salesforce Tower. 181 Fremont joins several other buildings designed to catalyze the San Francisco Transbay development area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020194-0004-0000", "contents": "181 Fremont, History\nIn 2007, SKS originally proposed 181 Fremont Street as a 66 floor, 900-foot (274\u00a0m) tall mixed-use skyscraper, with 140 residential units and 500,000 square feet (46,452\u00a0m2) of office space. However, the developers reduced the height of the project to comply with the parcel's 700-foot (213\u00a0m) height limit, as detailed in the Transbay Center District Plan approved in 2012. Still, this height limit is twice as high as the previous restriction. The tower's design was approved in December 2012, and the development site was subsequently put on the market by SKS Investments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020194-0005-0000", "contents": "181 Fremont, History\nOn March 29, 2013, Jay Paul Company announced that it acquired the development from SKS Investments and planned \"to immediately commence construction\" with completion expected in the second quarter of 2015. According to Bloomberg, the building will cost US$375 million to construct, including land acquisition costs. Demolition of the existing structures began in August 2013, with tower construction expected to begin in November. Official groundbreaking ceremonies took place on November 12, 2013, and the luxury residences were officially named Park 181. The name was later changed to simply 181 Fremont Residences. Jay Paul Company announced that the building would cost US$500 million to construct and is scheduled to open in early 2017. On September 20, 2017, it was reported that Facebook would lease the entire office portion of the building to form a new San Francisco office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020194-0006-0000", "contents": "181 Fremont, History\nFeb 1, 2017 - Installation of roof decorative structure in progress, window glass significantly complete on office floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020195-0000-0000", "contents": "181 Union City\u2013New York\nThe 181 Union City-New York is a bus route operated by New Jersey Transit in the U.S. states of New Jersey and New York. Buses head north from the Bergenline Avenue Hudson-Bergen Light Rail station in Union City along Bergenline Avenue, Woodcliff Avenue, and Palisade Avenue (Hudson Palisades) to Fort Lee via West New York, Guttenberg, North Bergen, Fairview, and Cliffside Park, and cross the George Washington Bridge to the George Washington Bridge Bus Station in Upper Manhattan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020195-0001-0000", "contents": "181 Union City\u2013New York, History\nThe route continued to operate along the old streetcar route to Hoboken Terminal until April 8, 2006, about 1.5 months after the Bergenline Avenue station of the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail opened. In order to \"take advantage of the light rail system's reliability and convenience\", the 181 was truncated to the station, where passengers can transfer to the light rail line or to the 89 (which was rerouted along the old 181 route) to reach Hoboken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020196-0000-0000", "contents": "181 West Madison Street\n181 West Madison Street is a skyscraper located in Chicago managed and leased by MB Real Estate. Built in 1990, the building is 680 feet (207 m) tall and contains 50 floors. It is architect Cesar Pelli's first and only completed tower in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020196-0001-0000", "contents": "181 West Madison Street\nThe glassy office tower's most distinctive feature is its recessed crown. The top of the building is illuminated white at the corners, as well as other various colors depending on the holiday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020196-0002-0000", "contents": "181 West Madison Street\nIn 1989, the same combination of developer (Miglin-Beitler Developments) and architect envisioned the Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle nearby. The 2,000 foot (610 m) and 125-story building would have been the tallest skyscraper in the world if completed, but plans were scrapped because of a sluggish real estate market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020197-0000-0000", "contents": "181 series\nThe 181 series (181\u7cfb) (and the earlier 151 and 161 series variants) was a Japanese limited express electric multiple unit (EMU) type operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020197-0001-0000", "contents": "181 series, Variants\nThe 151 series trains were introduced in 1958 on Kodama limited services on the Tokaido Main Line. 161 series trains were introduced in 1959 on Toki limited services on the Joetsu Line. Some 151 and 161 series cars were subsequently modified to become 181 series alongside newly built 181 series cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020197-0002-0000", "contents": "181 series, Variants\nA JNR 181 series train on an Azusa service in January 1975", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020197-0003-0000", "contents": "181 series, Preserved examples\nKuHa 181 1 (formerly Kuha 151 1) preserved outside the Kawasaki Heavy Industries factory in Kobe", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020197-0004-0000", "contents": "181 series, Preserved examples\nKuHa 181 45 preserved at Niitsu in May 2007 before being moved to the Railway Museum", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020197-0005-0000", "contents": "181 series, Preserved examples\nKuHa 181 45 preserved at the Railway Museum in Saitama in 2015", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0000-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney\n181-187 Hay Street,also known as the  Corporation Building or Municipal Building,  is a heritage-listed former council chambers located at 181-187 Hay Street, in the Haymarket district of Sydney, Australia. It was built from 1893. The property is owned by City of Sydney and was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0001-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney\nThe building is home to the 4A Centre for Contemporary Asian Art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0002-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney, History\nThe \"Eora people\" was the name given by the British colonisers to the Aboriginal people who inhabited the area around Sydney around 1788. Central Sydney is therefore often referred to as \"Eora country\". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora. There is no written record of the name of the language spoken and currently there are debates as whether the coastal peoples spoke a separate language \"Eora\" or whether this was actually a dialect of the Dharug language. Remnant bushland in places like Blackwattle Bay retain elements of traditional plant, bird and animal life, including fish and rock oysters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0003-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney, History\nWith British settlement of the Sydney region, the Gadigal and Wangal people were decimated, but there are descendants still living in Sydney today, and Aboriginal people from across the state have been attracted to suburbs such as Pyrmont, Balmain, Rozelle, Glebe, and Redfern since the 1930s. Changes in government legislation in the 1960s provided freedom of movement, enabling more Aboriginal people to choose to live in Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0004-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney, History\nIn 1892 it was proposed that \"the old Corporation stores at the Haymarket is to be removed and give place to a building which will unite in character the markets adjacent.\" Primarily the new building was to provide \"good lavatory accommodation\" to cater for increased market activity in the area as well as some small retail outlets and offices. Indications of this combined use are still evident. The building is one of the very few remaining public toilets built in this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0005-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney, History\nThe contract for the construction of the new building, designed by George McRae, was let on 16 February 1893 to Daniel McInnes. This was around the same time that the construction of the Queen Victoria Building, also by McRae, was commenced. The New Corporation building was completed in 1895. In 1913 the adjacent Belmore markets were converted to the \"Hippodrome\" (later Capitol Theatre) and the original terracotta features were relocated to the first floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0005-0001", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney, History\nDuring the 1920s as the market use ceased, shop fronts were inserted into the openings in the facade of 181-187 Hay Street and in 1935 the original awning was replaced with the present structure. The early awning was colonnaded with cast iron supports and was constructed under a separate contract in 1894. Following a fire in 1974, the roof covering was replaced with metal sheeting and since that time numerous alterations have taken place to the interior and exterior including the demolition of the central stairs and the removal of first floor partitions. The corner of the building under the tower has also been removed and new stairs and concrete floors have been inserted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0006-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney, Description\n181-187 Hay Street is a rare example of Federation Anglo-Dutch style commercial architecture (pre-dating the Federation period by some years) with its intricate detailing and richly textured fa\u00e7ade. Located in the Haymarket area of the City of Sydney, the building has its own distinctive architectural features using colourful terracotta, sandstone and red brick detailing and flamboyant forms and motifs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0007-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney, Description\nhe external detail is largely intact, with openings having been infilled from the 1920s onwards and an awning being replaced in 1935, but the interiors have undergone significant changes with only some elements surviving. The building occupies a corner site, fronting three streets, giving it a visual prominence in the area and the major corner is surmounted by a small round tower with conical roof. It forms a key part of the precinct with the Capitol Theatre and the Haymarket Chambers, which reflect Sydney's social and architectural heritage around the turn of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0008-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney, Description, Physical condition\nThe original building was predominantly loadbearing brick and timber construction, but various alterations have changed internal materials with the introduction of reinforced concrete floors, concrete stairs and the removal of dividing walls on the upper level. Internal features of significance include: timber-panelled encasement of the early roller shutter, internal detail of the skylight (now concealed), and original cast iron columns. The building appears to have been damaged by fire in the 1970s, which apparently affected the roof and internal finishes. Intrusive elements include a post-1970s fitout and other alterations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0009-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe Corporation building is within a recognised Heritage Streetscape. The building is of historic, aesthetic, and social significance as a rare surviving example of a small scale, flamboyant Federation Anglo-Dutch style building, characterised by intricate brick detailing and stylised design motifs. With the Haymarket Chambers, Capitol Theatre, and Palace Hotel, it forms a significant historic precinct of Victorian and Edwardian buildings of consistent character and scale, reflecting the period's growth and prosperity in relation to the markets, the railway terminus, and nearby large scale retail centres such as Anthony Hordern and Company. With the Capitol Theatre, the Corporation Building is a surviving element of the Belmore Market Precinct and a very fine example of market architecture from the late Victorian period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0010-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe building is an early and important work of the City Architect, George McRae, who designed a number of buildings throughout the city including the Queen Victoria Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0011-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\n181-187 Hay Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020198-0012-0000", "contents": "181-187 Hay Street, Sydney, Tenants\nThe Corporation Building has been the home of the 4A Centre for Contemporary Asian Art since 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020199-0000-0000", "contents": "1810\n1810 (MDCCCX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1810th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 810th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 10th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1810, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020200-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 (book)\n1810 is an Argentine book of history, written by historian Felipe Pigna. It was written in 2010, in the context of the Bicentennial of Argentina, and it aims to explain the direct and indirect causes of the May Revolution. Its other title is La otra historia de nuestra Revoluci\u00f3n fundadora and it was published in 2010 in Buenos Aires by Editorial Planeta (ISBN\u00a0978-950-49-2288-9)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020200-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 (book)\nIt was ranked as the best sold non-fiction book in April, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020201-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Connecticut's at-large congressional district on September 17, 1810 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Samuel W. Dana (F) in May, 1810 after being elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020201-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nEbenezer Huntington had also run for a seat in the 12th Congress, but lost. He took his seat in the 11th Congress on October 11, 1810", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 85], "content_span": [86, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020202-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 Crete earthquake\nThe 1810 Crete earthquake occurred at 22:15 on 16 February. It caused great destruction in Heraklion, some damage from Malta to northern Egypt and was felt from central Italy to Syria. 2,000 fatalities were reported from Candia (Heraklion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020202-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 Crete earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Hellenic arc is an arcuate tectonic feature related to the subduction of the African Plate beneath the Aegean Sea Plate. It is one of the most active seismic zones in western Eurasia and has a history of large earthquakes that also affect Egypt. Large earthquakes with epicentres near Crete and to the north of the island are typically intermediate depth events located at the subducting plate interface. Such events are often M>7, but due to their depths cause relatively little damage for their size, while being very widely felt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020202-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 Crete earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake caused severe damage in Heraklion and northeastern Crete. Damage was also reported from islands in the south Aegean, Cairo, Rosetta, Alexandria in northern Egypt and on Malta. Reports of the collapse of part of the Temple of Amon at Siwa Oasis in 1811 have been also been attributed to the 1810 event, rather than a separate earthquake, which is now regarded as a 'spurious event'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020202-0003-0000", "contents": "1810 Crete earthquake, Characteristics\nThe earthquake was widely felt, and recorded from as far away as Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, central Italy and various parts of North Africa. The main shock is reported to have lasted for two minutes in Malta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020202-0004-0000", "contents": "1810 Crete earthquake, Characteristics\nThere are reports of a tsunami, with waves being recorded in the harbours of Malta and Alexandria and nearby canals, although these have more the character of seiches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020203-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1810 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 2, 1810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020203-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 Delaware gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Federalist Governor George Truitt was not eligible for re-election under the Delaware Constitution of 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020203-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 Delaware gubernatorial election\nDemocratic-Republican nominee Joseph Haslet defeated Federalist nominee Daniel Rodney with 50.49% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020203-0003-0000", "contents": "1810 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020204-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 English cricket season\n1810 was the 24th season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). William Ward made his debut in important matches and The Bs were dismissed for a total of only 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020205-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 Epimetheus\n1810 Epimetheus /\u025bp\u026a\u02c8mi\u02d0\u03b8i\u02d0\u0259s/, provisional designation 4196 P-L, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020205-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 Epimetheus\nIt was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten, and Dutch\u2013American astronomer Tom Gehrels during the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. It was later named after Epimetheus from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020205-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 Epimetheus, Classification and orbit\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,211 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020205-0003-0000", "contents": "1810 Epimetheus, Classification and orbit\nThe body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as the previous identifications, 1942 FS and 1950 SC, made at Johannesburg and Uccle in 1942 and 1950, respectively, remained unused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020205-0004-0000", "contents": "1810 Epimetheus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTwo divergent rotational lightcurves of Epimetheus were obtained from photometric observations. They gave a rotation period of 10.9 and 28.6 hours with both having a brightness variation of 0.04 magnitude (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020205-0005-0000", "contents": "1810 Epimetheus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Epimetheus measures 7.7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.27, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of its orbital family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 8.2 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 12.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020205-0006-0000", "contents": "1810 Epimetheus, Survey designation\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for Palomar\u2013Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020205-0007-0000", "contents": "1810 Epimetheus, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for the Titan in Greek mythology, Epimetheus, who opened Pandora's box, which contained all the illnesses and ailments of mankind (also see 55 Pandora). Epimetheus is also a moon of Saturn, which was discovered by Voyager 1 in 1980. Epimetheus is the brother of Prometheus after whom the minor planet 1809 Prometheus was named. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3935).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020206-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 House Tax Hartal\nThe House Tax Hartal of 1810\u201311 was an occasion of nonviolent resistance to protest a tax in parts of British India, with a particularly noteworthy example of hartal (a form of general strike) in the vicinity of Varanasi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020206-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 House Tax Hartal, Background\nIn 1810 the government attempted to extend a house tax that was in effect in Calcutta to other areas in Eastern India: Varinasi, Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020206-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 House Tax Hartal, Background\nInflation, crop failures, and widespread poverty made the tax especially difficult to bear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020206-0003-0000", "contents": "1810 House Tax Hartal, Background\nVarious non-governmental civil society groups in Varanasi met to decide on a course of opposition to the tax, and eventually decided on a hartal which included a general strike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020206-0004-0000", "contents": "1810 House Tax Hartal, Hartal\nEverything was at a stand: the dead bodies were cast unceremoniously into the river, because there were none to perform the obsequial rites; and the very thieves refrained from the exercise of their vocation, although the shops and houses were left without protection\u2026", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020206-0005-0000", "contents": "1810 House Tax Hartal, Hartal\nThe protesters gathered in a mass protest near the European occupation government authority buildings outside of town, and were joined by people from neighboring towns, in numbers variously estimated at more than two hundred thousand or between twenty and thirty thousand people. They presented a petition to the magistrate asking for the repeal of the tax. Meanwhile they remained peaceably assembled throughout the days, returning to their homes at night, from December 26, 1810 to January 8, 1811. They explained this tactic in their petition thusly:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020206-0006-0000", "contents": "1810 House Tax Hartal, Hartal\nThe manner and custom in this country, from time immemorial, is this: that, whenever any act affecting every one generally, is committed by the Government, the poor, the aged, the infirm, the women, all forsake their families and their homes, expose themselves to the inclemency of the seasons and to other kinds of inconveniencies, and make known their affliction and distress, that the Government, which is more considerate than our parents, may observe their condition and extend indulgence to its subjects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020206-0007-0000", "contents": "1810 House Tax Hartal, Hartal\nThe tax collector commented on the nonviolent resistance strategy in this way:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020206-0008-0000", "contents": "1810 House Tax Hartal, Hartal\nAt present open violence does not seem their aim, they seem rather to vaunt their security in being unarmed in that a military force would not use deadly weapons against such inoffensive foes. And in this confidence they collect and increase, knowing that the civil power cannot disperse them, and thinking that the military will not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020206-0009-0000", "contents": "1810 House Tax Hartal, Hartal\nThe protest began to flag, but was revitalized by government intransigence (it declared the protest assembly illegal on January 13, 1811). The protesters organized a march to Calcutta to present the Governor-General with their demands, but this petered out and they instead presented their petition through more ordinary bureaucratic channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020206-0010-0000", "contents": "1810 House Tax Hartal, Result\nThe protest was successful in convincing the government to repeal the house tax. The following year, a more limited version of the tax was instituted in three cities, but the assessment and spending of the tax was placed in the hands of Indian representatives. That reformed tax did not provoke vigorous protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020207-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 Maryland's 4th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 4th congressional district on October 1, 1810 to fill a vacancy in the 11th Congress left by the resignation, on May 14, 1810, of the previous incumbent, Roger Nelson (DR). This election was held at the same time as the general election for the 12th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020207-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 Maryland's 4th congressional district special election, Election results\nRinggold also won election to the 12th Congress. He took his seat in the 11th Congress on December 7, 1810", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020208-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 Maryland's 7th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 7th congressional district to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of John Brown (DR) to accept a position as clerk of the county court of Queen Anne's County. Brown had earlier been re-elected to the 12th Congress, thus, his resignation created vacancies in both the 11th and 12th Congresses. Unusually, a single ballot was used for both vacancies. This was the first of at least three examples of this sort of dual-vacancy being filled with one ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020208-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 Maryland's 7th congressional district special election, Election results\nRobert Wright took his seat December 3, 1810 at the start of the Third Session of the 11th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020209-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 Massachusetts' 10th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district on October 8, 1810, to have Joseph Allen (F) fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Jabez Upham (F).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020209-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 Massachusetts' 10th congressional district special election, Election results\nAllen took his seat on December 13, 1810, and left in the new year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020210-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 Massachusetts's 11th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 11th congressional district on October 8, 1810 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of William Stedman (F) on July 16, 1810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020211-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New Jersey's at-large congressional district on October 30, 1810 to fill a vacancy left in the 11th Congress by the death of James Cox (DR) on September 12, 1810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020212-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1810 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1810 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020212-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic-Republican Party nominated incumbent Daniel D. Tompkins. They nominated incumbent John Broome for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020212-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Federalist Party nominated state senator Jonas Platt. They nominated former Adjutant General of New York Nicholas Fish for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020212-0003-0000", "contents": "1810 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nThe Democratic-Republican ticket of Tompkins and Broome was elected. Broome would pass away 4 months later necessitating a special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020213-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 New York's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New York's 2nd congressional district April 24\u201326, 1810 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of William Denning (DR), who had never actually served.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020214-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 Spanish general election\nGeneral elections to the special Cortes of C\u00e1diz were held in Spain in 1810. At stake were all 276 seats in the Cortes of C\u00e1diz\u00a0\u2013 which served as a parliamentary Regency after Ferdinand VII was deposed by Napoleon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020214-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 Spanish general election, History\nDuring the first years of the Spanish War of Independence (1808-1814) the popular revolts of the Spanish people were accompanied by the creation of provincial and local defense \"Juntas\". Those juntas assumed national sovereignty, forming their own local and regional governing bodies. These juntas aimed to defend against the French invasion and fill the power vacuum, refusing to recognize Jos\u00e9 I Bonaparte as their legitimate king. The juntas were mainly composed of military personnel, representatives of the high clergy, officials and professors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020214-0001-0001", "contents": "1810 Spanish general election, History\nIn September 1808 the local and provincial juntas ceded their power to the Supreme Central Government Junta of the Kingdom, which led the war against the French and was recognized as the legitimate government of Spain by the United Kingdom and other anti-Napoleonic countries. The Supreme Junta summoned an extraordinary meeting of the Cortes of C\u00e1diz, a revolutionary act, since the right to call for a meeting of the Cortes was exclusive to the crown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020214-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 Spanish general election, History\nAfter an intense debate in the Supreme Junta it was decided that the Cortes of C\u00e1diz would be unicameral, elected by census suffrage (only those with a certain level of income could vote) and indirect. The Cortes met for the first time in the last major Spanish foothold during the Peninsular War, C\u00e1diz, on the Isla de Le\u00f3n, on September 24, 1810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020214-0003-0000", "contents": "1810 Spanish general election, Constituencies\nA majority voting system was used for the election, with 32 multi-member constituencies and 2 single-member constituencies. Spanish America had 29 representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020215-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 State of the Union Address\nThe 1810 State of the Union Address was given during the first term of President James Madison, the fourth president of the United States. It was given on Wednesday, December 5, 1810 in Washington, D.C. It was \"concerning the commercial intercourse between the United States and Great Britain and France and their dependencies having invited in a new form a termination of their edicts against our neutral commerce.\" It was addressed to the Senate and House of Representatives, it was given right before the War of 1812 began. It was given to the 11th United States Congress, which contains both Houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020217-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives election in Ohio\nOhio elected its member October 9, 1810. This was the last election in which Ohio had a single at-large district. Due to rapid population growth in the state, the at-large district had become disproportionately populous by this point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020219-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes\nThis Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020220-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland, Notes\nThis Maryland elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020221-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 24 to 26, 1810, to elect 17 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 12th United States Congress. At the same time, a vacancy was filled in the 11th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020221-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n17 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1808 to a term in the 11th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1809. William Denning never took his seat, and eventually resigned, leaving a vacancy in the 2nd District. The other 16 representatives' term would end on March 3, 1811. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1810, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1811, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on November 4, 1811.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020221-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nAfter the U.S. census of 1800, New York's representation in the House was increased to 17 seats. On March 30, 1802, the New York State Legislature had re-apportioned the congressional districts, dividing New York County seemingly at random into two districts. After the election of one Democratic-Republican and one Federalist in 1802, the Dem.-Rep. majority in the State Legislature gerrymandered the two districts together in an Act passed on March 20, 1804, so that two congressmen would be elected on a general ticket by the voters of both districts, assuring the election of two Democratic-Republicans. On April 8, 1808, the State Legislature re-apportioned the districts again, separating the 2nd and the 3rd District, and creating two districts with two seats each to be filled on a general ticket: the 2nd and the 6th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020221-0003-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nDue to the double-seat districts, there were then only 15 districts; the 16th and 17th were eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020221-0004-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nThe districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1808. Only four new counties were created inside some districts: in the 5th D., Sullivan Co. was split from Ulster Co.; in the 7th D., Schenectady Co. was split from Albany Co.; in the 8th D., Franklin Co. was split from Clinton Co.; and in the 15th D., Niagara Co. was split from Genesee Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020221-0005-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020221-0006-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n12 Democratic-Republicans and 5 Federalists were elected to the 12th Congress, and one Democratic-Reopublican to fill the vacancy in the 11th Congress. The incumbents Sage, Emott, Livingston, Sammons, Gold, Tracy and Porter were re-elected. Mitchill was elected to fill the vacancy, and to succeed himself in the next Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020221-0007-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: The Anti- Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020221-0008-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special election\nSamuel L. Mitchill took his seat in the 11th United States Congress on December 4, 1810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020221-0009-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special election\nThe House of Representatives of the 12th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on November 4, 1811, and 16 representatives took their seats on this day. Only Paulding arrived later, and took his seat on November 28, 1811.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020221-0010-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special election\nRobert Le Roy Livingston resigned his seat on May 6, 1812. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in the former 6th district (the districts had been re-apportioned in the meanwhile) at the next congressional election in December 1812, and was won by Thomas P. Grosvenor, of the same party. Grosvenor took his seat on January 29, 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020222-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020223-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nElections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania were held October 9, 1810 for the 12th Congress. The Federalists were in decline in Pennsylvania at this time. In six of the eleven districts there were no Federalist candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020223-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nEighteen Representatives had been elected in 1808, 16 Democratic-Republicans and 2 Federalists. One Democratic-Republican resigned and was replaced by another Representative from the same party, so that there was still a 16-2 division. Four of the Democratic-Republicans and two of the Federalists were \"quids\", a short-lived alliance of moderate Democratic-Republicans and Federalists. That was the last year in which the quids as a movement existed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020223-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nPennsylvania was divided into 11 districts, of which four were plural districts with 11 Representatives between them, with the remaining 7 Representatives elected from single-member districts. The districts were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020223-0003-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nNote: Many of these counties covered much larger areas than they do today, having since been divided into smaller counties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020223-0004-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results\nFifteen incumbents (14 Democratic-Republicans and 1 Federalist) ran for re-election, of whom ten were re-elected. The incumbents John Ross (DR) of the 2nd district, Robert Jenkins (F) of the 3rd district and Matthias Richards (DR) also of the 3rd district did not run for re-election. Two seats changed from Federalist to Democratic-Republican control and one seat changed from Democratic-Republican to Federalist control, for a net loss of 1 seat by the Federalists. In the 1st district, there was a split between three \"New School\" and one \"Old School\" Democratic-Republicans, which split the Democratic-Republican vote enough to allow one of the three seats in that district to be won by a Federalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020223-0005-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Post-Election\nAll 18 Representatives elected in October appeared in Washington at the start of the 12th Congress. John Smilie (DR) of the 9th district died December 30, 1812. Abner Lacock (DR) of the 11th district resigned February 24, 1813 after being elected to the Senate. Both had been re-elected to the 13th Congress, and both districts were left vacant for the remainder of the 12th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 84], "content_span": [85, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020224-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes\nThis South Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020225-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont, Notes\nThis Vermont elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 71], "content_span": [72, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020226-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 United States census\nThe United States census of 1810 was the third census conducted in the United States. It was conducted on August 6, 1810. It showed that 7,239,881 people were living in the United States, of whom 1,191,362 were slaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020226-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 United States census\nThe 1810 census included one new state: Ohio. The original census returns for the District of Columbia, Georgia, Mississippi, New Jersey, and Ohio were lost or destroyed over the years. Most of Tennessee's original forms were also lost, other than Grainger and Rutherford counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020226-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 United States census\nThis was the first census in which New York was ranked as the most populous state if excluding West Virginia from Virginia. Otherwise this would be the last census with Virginia ranked as the most populous state. This would also be the last census until 1860 in which Philadelphia was ranked as the second-most populous city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020226-0003-0000", "contents": "1810 United States census, Census questions\nThe 1810 census form contained the following information (identical to the 1800 census):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020226-0004-0000", "contents": "1810 United States census, Note to researchers\nCensus taking was not yet an exact science. Before 1830, enumerators lacked pre-printed forms, and some drew up their own, resulting in pages without headings. Some enumerators did not tally their results. As a result, census records for many towns before 1830 are idiosyncratic. This is not to suggest that they are less reliable than subsequent censuses, but that they may require more work on the part of the researcher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020226-0005-0000", "contents": "1810 United States census, Data availability\nNo microdata from the 1810 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020227-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 United States elections\nThe 1810 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic-Republican President James Madison's first term, during the First Party System. Members of the 12th United States Congress were chosen in this election. During the 12th Congress, Louisiana joined the union. Democratic-Republicans continued to control both chambers of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020227-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 United States elections\nIn the House, Democratic-Republicans picked up a moderate number of seats, increasing their already-dominant majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020227-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democratic-Republicans won a small number of seats, increasing their commanding majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020228-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 United States gubernatorial elections\nUnited States gubernatorial elections were held in 1810, in 13 states, concurrent with the House and Senate elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020228-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 United States gubernatorial elections\nEight governors were elected by popular vote and five were elected by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020229-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1810 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place throughout September, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020229-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 11. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to examine the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020229-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe committee's examination of the votes showed that Jonas Galusha defeated former Governor Isaac Tichenor to win election to a second one-year term. In the election for lieutenant governor, the voters selected Paul Brigham for a one-year term, his fifteenth. Benjamin Swan was elected to his eleventh one-year term as treasurer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020229-0003-0000", "contents": "1810 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for treasurer, the vote totals were not recorded. According to an October 1810 newspaper article, Swan was unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020229-0004-0000", "contents": "1810 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the lieutenant governor's contest, one Vermont newspaper recorded the vote totals as: Paul Brigham (Democratic-Republican), 12,261 (62.6%); Lewis R. Morris (Federalist), 6,378 (32.6%); scattering, 938 (4.8%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020229-0005-0000", "contents": "1810 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, a contemporary newspaper article reported the results as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020230-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 12th Congress were held at various dates in different states between April 1810 and August 1811 during President James Madison's first term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020230-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections\nOne newly elected Representative, Henry Clay, also was elected Speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020230-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections\nWith the repeal of the Embargo Act of 1807, the economy improved. The opposition Federalists lost voter support and the Democratic-Republicans recovered a supermajority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020230-0003-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1810 and 1811 to the 11th United States Congress and 12th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020230-0004-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts held its elections November 5, 1810. Massachusetts law required a majority for election. This was not met in the 15th district necessitating a second election on April 1, 1811.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020230-0005-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire law required a candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters (10%). In the initial election, only two candidates won a majority, so a second election was held in April 1811 for the remaining three seats, after the congressional term began but before the Congress formally convened. The data from the source used give majorities to all the top five candidates, suggesting that the data are incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020230-0006-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nThe Federalists ran no official ticket in 1810, but votes were received for various Federalists in some counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020230-0007-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections, Ohio\nThis was the last election in which Ohio had a single at-large district. Due to rapid population growth in the state, the at-large district had become disproportionately populous by this point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 68], "content_span": [69, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020230-0008-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nThere were five territories with the right to send non-voting delegates to the 12th Congress. Two of them, Illinois Territory and Missouri Territory elected their first representative near the end of the 12th Congress in 1812, while Orleans Territory's seat remained vacant until the territory was admitted as the State of Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020231-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1810 and 1811 were elections that had the Democratic-Republican Party maintain their majority in the United States Senate. The minority Federalists had gone into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats (8 out of 34, or 23.5%) that, had they won all of the elections, they would still not have reached a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020231-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020231-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nExcept if/when noted, number following candidates is whole number votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020231-0003-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 11th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1810 or before March 4, 1811; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020231-0004-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 12th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1811 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020231-0005-0000", "contents": "1810 and 1811 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 12th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated in 1811 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020232-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1810 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020234-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1810 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020234-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 in Chile, Incumbents\nRoyal Governor of Chile: Francisco Antonio Garc\u00eda Carrasco(-July 16), Mateo de Toro Zambrano (July 16-September 18)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020240-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 in New Zealand\nThere is a drastic decline in the number of ships visiting New Zealand from the previous year. An economic depression starts in New South Wales as a result of the escalation of war in Europe and the consequent reduction in the number of convicts being transported. In March news of the Boyd massacre reaches Port Jackson and a punitive expedition is sent to New Zealand and bombards the village of the incorrectly blamed chief, Te Pahi. After this the few whaling ships (possibly only 5) that later head for New Zealand usually prefer to avoid landing, especially in the Bay of Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020240-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 in New Zealand\nSealing in Foveaux Strait declines as the rookeries are exhausted. With the discovery of Campbell Island at the beginning of the year, and Macquarie Island in the middle of the year, by the same sealing ship, sealers transfer their attention there. If they stop off in New Zealand it is usually in Foveaux Strait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020244-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1810 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020246-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1810 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020248-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 in architecture\nThe year 1810 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020249-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 in birding and ornithology\nOngoing eventsAlexander Wilson Ornithology of America (1808\u20131814) Species described in 1810 include the American tree sparrow, the pine siskin, the blue-headed vireo, the mourning warbler and the marsh wren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020250-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020252-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020252-0001-0000", "contents": "1810 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020252-0002-0000", "contents": "1810 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020253-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020254-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 in science\nThe year 1810 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020255-0000-0000", "contents": "1810 in sports\n1810 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0000-0000", "contents": "1810s\nThe 1810s (pronounced \"eighteen-tens\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1810, and ended on December 31, 1819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0001-0000", "contents": "1810s\nThe decade was opened with a very hostile political climate around the world. Napoleon was invading France's neighbours in efforts to build a French Empire, causing a chain of global-scaled conflicts known as the Napoleonic Wars. Here, France's Napoleonic empire saw its rise and fall through events such as Napoleon's attempts to conquer Russia, the War of 1812 (spillover to America), and the Battle of Waterloo (Napoleon's ultimate defeat). Imperialism began to encroach towards African and Asian territories through trade, as the United States saw mass-scaled migration that headed westward towards the American frontier (mostly through the opening of the Oregon Trail.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0002-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Napoleonic Wars\nIn 1810, the French Empire reached its greatest extent. On the continent, the British and Portuguese remained restricted to the area around Lisbon and to besieged Cadiz. Napoleon married Marie-Louise, an Austrian Archduchess, with the aim of ensuring a more stable alliance with Austria and of providing the Emperor with an heir. As well as the French Empire, Napoleon controlled the Swiss Confederation, the Confederation of the Rhine, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Italy. Territories allied with the French included: the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Kingdom of Naples, the Principality of Lucca and Piombino, and Napoleon's former enemies, Prussia and Austria. Denmark\u2013Norway also allied with France in opposition to Great Britain and Sweden in the Gunboat War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0003-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Napoleonic Wars\nThe French invasion of Russia of 1812 was a turning point, which reduced the French and allied invasion forces (the Grande Arm\u00e9e) to a tiny fraction of their initial strength and triggered a major shift in European politics, as it dramatically weakened the previously dominant French position on the continent. After the disastrous invasion of Russia,  a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and a number of German States, and the rebels in Spain and Portugal united to battle France in the War of the Sixth Coalition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0003-0001", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Napoleonic Wars\nTwo-and-a-half million troops fought in the conflict and the total dead amounted to as many as two million. This era included the battles of Smolensk, Borodino, L\u00fctzen, Bautzen, and the Dresden. It also included the epic Battle of Leipzig in October, 1813 (also known as the Battle of Nations), which was the largest battle of the Napoleonic wars, which drove Napoleon out of Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0004-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Napoleonic Wars\nThe final stage of the War of the Sixth Coalition, the defense of France in 1814, saw the French Emperor temporarily repulse the vastly superior armies in the Six Days Campaign. Ultimately, the Allies occupied Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate and restoring the Bourbons. Napoleon was exiled to Elba. Also in 1814, Denmark\u2013Norway was defeated by Great Britain and Sweden and had to cede the territory of mainland Norway to the King of Sweden at the Treaty of Kiel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0005-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Napoleonic Wars\nNapoleon shortly returned from exile, landing in France on March 1, 1815, marking the War of the Seventh Coalition, heading toward Paris while the Congress of Vienna was sitting. On March 13, seven days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw; four days later the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria and Prussia, members of the Seventh Coalition, bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule. This set the stage for the last conflict in the Napoleonic Wars, the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, the restoration of the French monarchy for the second time and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the distant island of Saint Helena, where he died in May 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0006-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Spanish American wars of independence\nSpain in the 1810s was a country in turmoil. Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive \"war of independence\" ensued, driven by an emergent Spanish nationalism. Already in 1810, the Caracas and Buenos Aires juntas declared their independence from the Bonapartist government in Spain and sent ambassadors to the United Kingdom. The British blockade against Spain had also moved most of the Latin American colonies out of the Spanish economic sphere and into the British sphere, with whom extensive trade relations were developed. The remaining Spanish colonies had operated with virtual independence from Madrid after their pronouncement against Joseph Bonaparte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 63], "content_span": [64, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0007-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Spanish American wars of independence\nThe Spanish government in exile (Cortes of C\u00e1diz) created the first modern Spanish constitution. Even so, agreements made at the Congress of Vienna (where Spain was represented by Pedro G\u00f3mez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador) would cement international support for the old, absolutist regime in Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 63], "content_span": [64, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0008-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Spanish American wars of independence\nKing Ferdinand VII, who assumed the throne after Napoleon was driven out of Spain, refused to agree to the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 on his accession to the throne in 1814. The Spanish Empire in the New World had largely supported the cause of Ferdinand VII over the Bonapartist pretender to the throne in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars. When Ferdinand's rule was restored, these juntas were cautious of abandoning their autonomy, and an alliance between local elites, merchant interests, nationalists, and liberals opposed to the abrogation of the Constitution of 1812 rose up against the Spanish in the New World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 63], "content_span": [64, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0009-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Spanish American wars of independence\nThe arrival of Spanish forces in the American colonies began in 1814, and was briefly successful in restoring central control over large parts of the Empire. Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, the leader of revolutionary forces in New Granada, was briefly forced into exile in British-controlled Jamaica, and independent Haiti. In 1816, however, Bolivar found enough popular support that he was able to return to South America, and in a daring march from Venezuela to New Granada (Colombia), he defeated Spanish forces at the Battle of Boyac\u00e1 in 1819, ending Spanish rule in Colombia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 63], "content_span": [64, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0009-0001", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Spanish American wars of independence\nVenezuela was liberated June 24, 1821, when Bolivar destroyed the Spanish army on the fields of Carabobo on the Battle of Carabobo. Argentina declared its independence in 1816 (though it had been operating with virtual independence as a British client since 1807 after successfully resisting a British invasion). Chile was retaken by Spain in 1814, but lost permanently in 1817 when an army under Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn, for the first time in history, crossed the Andes Mountains from Argentina to Chile, and went on to defeat Spanish royalist forces at the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 63], "content_span": [64, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0010-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Spanish American wars of independence\nSpain would also lose Florida to the United States during this decade. First, in 1810, the Republic of West Florida declared its independence from Spain, and was quickly annexed by the United States. Later, in 1818, the United States invaded Florida, resulting in the Adams-On\u00eds Treaty, wherein Spain ceded the rest of Florida to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 63], "content_span": [64, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0011-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Spanish American wars of independence\nIn 1820, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, and Central America still remained under Spanish control. Although Mexico had been in revolt in 1811 under Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, resistance to Spanish rule had largely been confined to small guerrilla bands in the countryside. King Ferdinand was still dissatisfied with the loss of so much of the Empire and resolved to retake it. A large expedition was assembled in Cadiz with the aim of reconquest. However, Ferdinand's plans would be disrupted by Liberal Revolution, and Ferdinand was eventually forced to give up all of the New World colonies, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 63], "content_span": [64, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0012-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, War of 1812\nIn 1812, the United States declared war on Britain in the War of 1812. The U.S. reasons for war included the humiliation in the \"Chesapeake incident\" of 1807, continued British impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy, restrictions on trade with France, and arming hostile American Indians in Ohio and the western territories. United States President James Madison signed a declaration of war on June 18, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0013-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, War of 1812\nThe United States conducted two failed invasion attempts in 1812, first by General William Hull across the Detroit River into what is now Windsor, Ontario, and a second offensive at the Niagara peninsula. A major American success came in 1813, when the American Navy destroyed the British fleet on Lake Erie, and forced the British and their American Indian allies to retreat back toward Niagara. They were intercepted and destroyed by General William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames in October 1813. Tecumseh, the leader of the tribal confederation, was killed, and his Indian coalition disintegrated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0014-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, War of 1812\nAt sea, the powerful Royal Navy blockaded much of the coastline, conducting frequent raids. The most famous episode was a series of British raids on the shores of Chesapeake Bay, including an attack on Washington that resulted in the British burning of the White House, the Capitol, the Navy Yard, and other public buildings, in the \"Burning of Washington\" in 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0015-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, War of 1812\nOnce Napoleon was defeated in 1814, France and Britain became allies and Britain ended the trade restrictions and the impressment of American sailors. Running out of reasons for war and stuck in a military stalemate, the two countries signed the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814. News of the peace treaty took two months to reach the U.S., during which fighting continued. In this interim, the British made one last major invasion, attempting to capture New Orleans, but were decisively defeated with very heavy losses by General Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815. The ending of the war opened a long era of peaceful relations between the United States and the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0016-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, 1804\u20131813 Russo-Persian War\nThe 1804\u20131813 Russo-Persian War was one of the many wars between the Persian Empire and Imperial Russia, and was well underway at the beginning of the decade. In 1810, the Persians scaled up their efforts late in the war, declaring a holy war on Imperial Russia. However, Russia's superior technology and tactics ensured a series of strategic victories. Even when the French were in occupation of the Russian capital Moscow, Russian forces in the south were not recalled but continued their offensive against Persia, culminating in Pyotr Kotlyarevsky's victories at Aslanduz and Lenkoran, in 1812 and 1813 respectively. Upon the Persian surrender, the terms of the Treaty of Gulistan ceded the vast majority of the previously disputed territories to Imperial Russia. This led to the region's once-powerful khans being decimated and forced to pay homage to Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 53], "content_span": [54, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0017-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Concert of Europe\nBy 1815, Europe had been almost constantly at war. During this time, the military conquests of France had resulted in the spread of liberalism throughout much of the continent, resulting in many states adopting the Napoleonic code. Largely as a reaction to the radicalism of the French Revolution, the victorious powers of the Napoleonic Wars resolved to suppress liberalism and nationalism, and revert largely to the status quo of Europe prior to 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 43], "content_span": [44, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0018-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Concert of Europe\nThe result was the Concert of Europe, also known as the \"Congress System\". It was the balance of power that existed in Europe from 1815 until the early 20th century. Its founding members were the United Kingdom, Austrian Empire, Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia, the members of the Quadruple Alliance responsible for the downfall of the First French Empire; in time France became established as a fifth member of the concert. At first, the leading personalities of the system were British foreign secretary Lord Castlereagh, Austrian chancellor Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich and Tsar Alexander I of Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 43], "content_span": [44, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0019-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Concert of Europe\nThe Kingdom of Prussia, Austrian Empire and Russian Empire formed the Holy Alliance with the expressed intent of preserving Christian social values and traditional monarchism. Every member of the coalition promptly joined the Alliance, save for the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 43], "content_span": [44, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0020-0000", "contents": "1810s, Politics and wars, Concert of Europe\nAmong the meetings of the Powers in the latter part of the 1810s were the Congresses of Vienna (1814\u20131815), Aix-la-Chappelle (1818), and Carlsbad (1819).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 43], "content_span": [44, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0021-0000", "contents": "1810s, Science and technology, Steamboats\nThe 1810s continued a trend of increasing commercial viability of steamboats in North America, following the early success of Robert Fulton and others in the preceding years. In 1811 the first in a continuously operating line of river steamboats left the dock at Pittsburgh to steam down the Ohio River to the Mississippi and on to New Orleans. Inventor John Stevens' boat, the Juliana, began operation as the first steam-powered ferry October 11, 1811, with service between New York, and Hoboken, New Jersey. John Molson's PS Accommodation was the first steamboat on the St. Lawrence and in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0021-0001", "contents": "1810s, Science and technology, Steamboats\nUnlike Fulton, Molson did not show a profit. Molson had also two paddle steamboats \"Swiftsure\" of 1811 and \"Malsham\" of 1813 with engines by B&W. The experience of these vessels, especially that they could now offer a regular service, being independent of wind and weather, helped make the new system of propulsion commercially viable, and as a result its application to the more open waters of the Great Lakes was next considered. That idea went on hiatus due to the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0022-0000", "contents": "1810s, Science and technology, Steamboats\nIn a 25-day trip in 1815, the Enterprise further demonstrated the commercial potential of the steamboat with a 2,200-mile voyage from New Orleans to Pittsburgh. In 1817, a consortium in Sackets Harbor, New York, funded the construction of the first US steamboat, Ontario, to run on Lake Ontario and the Great Lakes, beginning the growth of lake commercial and passenger traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0023-0000", "contents": "1810s, Science and technology, Steamboats\nThe first commercially successful steamboat in Europe, Henry Bell's Comet of 1812, started a rapid expansion of steam services on the Firth of Clyde, and within four years a steamer service was in operation on the inland Loch Lomond, a forerunner of the lake steamers still gracing Swiss lakes. On the Clyde itself, within ten years of Comet's start in 1812 there were nearly fifty steamers, and services had started across the Irish Sea to Belfast and on many British estuaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0023-0001", "contents": "1810s, Science and technology, Steamboats\nP.S. \"Thames\", ex \"Argyle\" was the first seagoing steamer in Europe, having steamed from Glasgow to London in May 1815. P.S. \"Tug\", the first tugboat, was launched by the Woods Brothers, Port Glasgow, on November 5, 1817; in the summer of 1817 she was the first steamboat to travel round the North of Scotland to the East Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0024-0000", "contents": "1810s, Science and technology, Steamboats\nThe first steamship credited with crossing the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe was the American ship SS Savannah, though she was actually a hybrid between a steamship and a sailing ship. The SS Savannah left the port of Savannah, Georgia, on May 22, 1819, arriving in Liverpool, England, on June 20, 1819; her steam engine having been in use for part of the time on 18 days (estimates vary from 8 to 80 hours).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020258-0025-0000", "contents": "1810s, Culture, Literature\nLord Byron, regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential, wrote his most well-known work during this decade. Amongst Byron's works are the brief poems She Walks in Beauty, When We Two Parted, and So, we'll go no more a roving, in addition to the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0000-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons\nThe decade of the 1810s featured the 1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons. While data is not available for every storm that occurred, some parts of the coastline were populated enough to give data of hurricane occurrences. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0001-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1810 Atlantic hurricane season\nI. On July 30 and July 31, this tropical storm affected Jamaica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0002-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1810 Atlantic hurricane season\nII. On August 12 a hurricane hit Trinidad, causing heavy damage. The system apparently moved to Jamaica by the 15th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0003-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1810 Atlantic hurricane season\nIII. A tropical storm hit near Charleston, South Carolina between September 11 and September 13, causing minor damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0004-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1810 Atlantic hurricane season\nIV. A tropical cyclone strikes eastern Cuba on September 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0005-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1810 Atlantic hurricane season\nV.  The \"Salty Storm\" strikes Cuba on October 24 and 25th before continuing onward into the southwest Atlantic. The pressure at Havana falls to 29.35\u00a0in\u00a0Hg (994\u00a0hPa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0006-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1811 Atlantic hurricane season\nI. Macap\u00e1, a city in Brazil on the mouth of the Amazon River, on June 7, 1811 saw an intense hurricane with damage to the city being minor as a localized weather event kept the damage to Portuguese military installations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0007-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1811 Atlantic hurricane season\nII. A minor hurricane that struck Cuba continued onward to Charleston, South Carolina on September 10, causing many deaths, tornadoes, and crop damage as it moved across the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0008-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1811 Atlantic hurricane season\nIII. On October 4 a major hurricane hit near St. Augustine, Florida. Many homes were destroyed, and 35 people drowned in the sinking of a U.S. gunboat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0009-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1811 Atlantic hurricane season\nIV. On October 11 a hurricane strikes Pensacola, Florida and Fort Stoddard, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0010-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1811 Atlantic hurricane season\nV.  A hurricane moved through the western Caribbean west of Jamaica to Cuba between October 20 and October 25. On October 26 a Spanish ship is lost at Elliot Key from a hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0011-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1812 Atlantic hurricane season\nI. Between June 5 and June 11, a tropical storm moved through the northwest Caribbean Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0012-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1812 Atlantic hurricane season\nII. A tropical cyclone struck Puerto Rico on July 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0013-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1812 Atlantic hurricane season\nIII. On August 8, a tropical storm moved into South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0014-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1812 Atlantic hurricane season, Great Louisiana hurricane\nIV. A tropical cyclone was sighted east of Jamaica on August 14. By August 19, it struck southeast Louisiana as a major hurricane after raking the Caribbean Islands. It passed just to the west of New Orleans, almost destroying the levee north of town. The hurricane caused severe flooding, damaged 53 boats, caused $6,000,000 in damage, and 100 deaths. The British fleet in the War of 1812 was disrupted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 91], "content_span": [92, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0015-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1812 Atlantic hurricane season, Great Louisiana hurricane\nV.  There is record of another hurricane affecting Puerto Rico on August 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 91], "content_span": [92, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0016-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1812 Atlantic hurricane season, Great Louisiana hurricane\nVI. Later in the season, a hurricane hit Jamaica on October 12, affecting the island into the 14th. It continued northwestward and struck Grand Cayman shortly afterwards. Later that day, the hurricane hit Cuba before moving into the southwest Atlantic east of Bermuda by October 17. It destroyed 500 houses and many ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 91], "content_span": [92, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0017-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1813 Atlantic hurricane season\nI. On 22 July, a hurricane hit Barbados, killing 18. It continued through the Antilles, affecting Puerto Rico on the 23 July, causing more damage and deaths along its path. A major hurricane, probably this same storm, struck the Bahamas on 26 July and recurved west of Bermuda by 29 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0018-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1813 Atlantic hurricane season\nII. A storm moved through the Leeward Islands on 29 July and then struck Jamaica on 31 July/1 August, leading to many lives lost. The hurricane moved into Belize on 3 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0019-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1813 Atlantic hurricane season\nIII. A tropical cyclone on 3\u20137 August passed near Bermuda, with the severest weather occurring on 4/5 August. It ranks the most powerful hurricane to affect the island since 1793 and forced the construction of a breakwater to prevent a similar harbor disaster from recurring; the \"violent gale\" drove ashore more than 30 ships. Winds were estimated at 90\u00a0mph (140\u00a0km/h) during the passage of the cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0020-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1813 Atlantic hurricane season\nIV. A powerful hurricane hit Dominica and Martinique beginning 25 August, causing 3000 deaths. The hurricane moved south of Jamaica, bringing wind to the island on 28 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0021-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1813 Atlantic hurricane season\nV.  A system affected the Caicos Islands on 24 August and moved northwest as a compact major hurricane to strike near Charleston, South Carolina on 27 August, causing many deaths due to drowning. The storm passed northward through the Mid-Atlantic States by 29 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0022-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1813 Atlantic hurricane season\nVI. A major hurricane hit northeast Florida or southeast Georgia on 16 September, causing strong storm surge and 50 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0023-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1814 Atlantic hurricane season\nI. A minimal hurricane hit South Carolina on July 1, causing 1 tornado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0024-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1814 Atlantic hurricane season\nII. A hurricane struck Dominica and Puerto Rico between July 22 and July 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0025-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1814 Atlantic hurricane season\nIII. A hurricane affected Bermuda for four days around October 10. (from Beware the Hurricane) {USS Wasp (1814)Probably lost in storm}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0026-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season\nI. A hurricane was reported on August 9 in the Gulf Stream offshore of the Mid-Atlantic / New England states at latitude 40, longitude -60. It is suspected that HMS\u00a0Epervier (as the renamed USS Epervier) foundered in the storm, on its return voyage from the Mediterranean with news of the United States Naval victory over the Dey of Algiers in the Second Barbary War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0027-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season\nII. A tropical cyclone impacted Puerto Rico on August 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0028-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season\nIII. Cape Lookout, North Carolina was hit by a major hurricane on September 3. It moved northeastward across the state, reaching the Atlantic Ocean near Maryland. It weakened over land to a tropical storm, but still brought gusty winds to New England. It caused at least 4 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0029-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season\nIV. A tropical cyclone struck Puerto Rico on September 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0030-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season\nV.  A major hurricane was located off the coast of Virginia moving northward. It hit Long Island, New York on September 23, causing damage and destruction throughout New England. At least 20 deaths occurred, though \"The loss of life was so heavy that the newspapers did not have space enough to give all the details of the marine disasters.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0031-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season\nVI. A tropical storm was located off the coast of South Carolina on September 28, but did not make landfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0032-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season\nVII. From October 17 until October 19 Jamaica was hit by a hurricane. It drifted over the island, causing 100 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0033-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1815 Atlantic hurricane season\nVIII. A minor hurricane hit Saint Barth\u00e9lemy on October 18. It turned northwestward, and moved up the Chesapeake Bay on October 24, delaying ships' arrivals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0034-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season\nRecords from ship logs have determined both 1815 and 1816 were active hurricane seasons, with at least 12 tropical cyclones ascribed to 1816 alone. This is some evidence that a northward-displaced Intertropical Convergence Zone appears to be partially responsible for the increased tropical cyclone activity in 1816, which was the famed Year Without a Summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0035-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season\nI.  June 5\u20138:  A hurricane brushed the Florida Keys, causing the loss of five ships. It appears to have been lured northward by an unusual June snowstorm across New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0036-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season\nII. Haiti, around Port-au-Prince, was struck by a hurricane on August 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0037-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season\nIII. Martinique, eastern Cuba, and South Carolina were lashed by a hurricane between September 3 and September 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0038-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season\nIV. A tropical storm affected Virginia on September 18 before moving northeast into New York. The tropical storm caused heavy flooding in the James River area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0039-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season\nV.  There is record of a hurricane moving by Dominica and Barbados on September 15  before devastating Puerto Rico  on September 18. The cyclone then recurved between the United States East coast and Bermuda by September 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0040-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1816 Atlantic hurricane season\nVI. On October 16\u201317, a severe gale was experienced in Dominica and Martinique. During the storm, an earthquake shook the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0041-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1817 Atlantic hurricane season\nI. A hurricane was first observed near Tobago on August 1 before continuing through the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico by August 6. It crossed over Florida, and when it reached the western Atlantic, it paralleled the coastlines of Georgia and South Carolina. It moved inland over southern North Carolina, and brought heavy rain to the Norfolk, Virginia area, delaying mail delivery and causing flooding through the mid-Atlantic as it moved northward into Pennsylvania by August 9. Its track appears similar to that of Hurricane Charley of August 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0042-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1817 Atlantic hurricane season\nII. Barbados and Saint Lucia were struck by a hurricane on October 21, causing 250 deaths as it moved through the Lesser Antilles. The hurricane subsequently moved into Nicaragua by October 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0043-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1818 Atlantic hurricane season\nI. A hurricane passed through the central Atlantic east of Bermuda to south and east of the Azores between August 26 and September 5. It reportedly silted at Hamilton Harbor on Bermuda. (from Beware the Hurricane)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0044-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1818 Atlantic hurricane season\nII. A hurricane passed by the Cayman Islands in early September. It crossed the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula, and turned northwest when it reached the Bay of Campeche. The hurricane intensified to a Category 2\u20133 before hitting Galveston, Texas on September 12 and continuing onward to Mississippi. The hurricane was \"quite severe\", destroying all but six houses on Galveston Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0045-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1818 Atlantic hurricane season\nIII. A tropical cyclone seriously affected Puerto Rico on 22 September. It possibly recurved sharply offshore the Eastern Seaboard; the frigate Macedonian encountered a hurricane on 26/27 September east-northeast of Bermuda. The breeze freshened that afternoon as the ship lay near 35.6N 55.7W. By sunset, waves increased to 9 feet (2.7\u00a0m), and southeast gales lashed the system after midnight on the 27 September. Winds continued to increase into that afternoon, as seas increased to 18 feet (5.5\u00a0m). One man fell overboard by 5\u00a0pm and drowned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0045-0001", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1818 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe hurricane reached its full violence by 10\u00a0pm, splitting the storm staysails and making the rigging useless. The main mast cracked under the strain by 2\u00a0am on the 28 September, and the mizzenmast followed suit by 4\u00a0am. Seawater poured into the ship from all sides, as the wooden hull twisted under the force of the 40-foot (12\u00a0m) waves. The ship finally cleared the storm without capsizing by noon, and her crew again saw sunset on the evening of 29 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0046-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1818 Atlantic hurricane season\nIV. A hurricane on 12\u201314 October affected Jamaica and the central Bahamas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0047-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1818 Atlantic hurricane season\nV.  Between November 6 and November 13, another hurricane moved across the southwest Caribbean Sea into Jamaica and Cuba. A hurricane struck Jamaica on 18\u201320 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0048-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1819 Atlantic hurricane season, Bay St. Louis Hurricane\nThe exact origin of this hurricane is unknown, but it likely formed off the coast of Cuba before heading on a west-northwest track towards the Gulf Coast. A small hurricane, it reached an estimated Category 3\u20134 strength before making landfall on July 27 in southeastern Louisiana, bringing heavy winds and a 5\u20136\u00a0ft storm surge. The hurricane continued northeastward, making a second landfall in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi before dissipating inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0048-0001", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1819 Atlantic hurricane season, Bay St. Louis Hurricane\nKnown as one of the most destructive hurricanes to affect the United States during the first half of the 19th century, the Bay St. Louis Hurricane caused severe damage across Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, leaving behind the remains of shattered buildings and uprooted trees. Several vessels (from small boats to 60-ton brigs) were driven ashore by the hurricane's storm surge. One of them was the capsizing of the U.S. warship USS Firebrand, drowning 39 sailors. Several U.S. soldiers were caught off guard by the hurricane and perished in its midst. There were also reports of people being attacked by alligators, snapping turtles, and snakes, which further added to the death toll. The hurricane caused over $100,000\u00a0dollars (1819 US dollars) in damage, and killed between 43 and 175 people, some of them later found washed up across the Gulf Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 948]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0049-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1819 Atlantic hurricane season, Hurricane San Mateo\nBetween September 19 and September 26, hurricane San Mateo tracked through the northeast Lesser Antilles and southwest of Bermuda. During September 21 and September 22, this hurricane hit the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, causing heavy damage and loss of life. In Saint Tomas about 101 ships were sunk. In Puerto Rico it destroyed most of the houses in the towns and most of the crops in the fields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 85], "content_span": [86, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020259-0050-0000", "contents": "1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1819 Atlantic hurricane season, Other systems\nIn the aftermath of the 1815 Great Gale, the concept of a hurricane as a \"moving vortex\" was presented by John Farrar, Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Harvard University in an 1819 paper. He was the first known to conclude that a hurricane \"appears to have been a moving vortex and not the rushing forward of a great body of the atmosphere\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020260-0000-0000", "contents": "1810s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1810 - 1819 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020261-0000-0000", "contents": "1810s in sociology\nThe following events related to sociology occurred in the 1810s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020262-0000-0000", "contents": "1810\u20131811 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 31st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1810 and 1811 during the governorship of Elbridge Gerry. Harrison Gray Otis served as president of the Senate and Perez Morton served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020263-0000-0000", "contents": "1810\u20131811 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire law required a candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters (10%). In the August 27, 1810 initial election, only two candidates won a majority, so a second election was held April 1, 1811 for the remaining three seats, after the congressional term began but before the Congress formally convened. The data from the source used give majorities to all the top five candidates, suggesting that the data are incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [74, 74], "content_span": [75, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020264-0000-0000", "contents": "1810\u20131811 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts held its elections November 5, 1810. Massachusetts law required a majority for election. This was not met in the 15th district necessitating a second election on April 1, 1811.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020264-0001-0000", "contents": "1810\u20131811 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 82], "content_span": [83, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020265-0000-0000", "contents": "1811\n1811 (MDCCCXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1811th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 811th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 11th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1811, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising\nThe 1811 German Coast uprising was a revolt of black slaves in parts of the Territory of Orleans on January 8\u201310, 1811. The uprising occurred on the east bank of the Mississippi River in what is now St. John the Baptist, St. Charles and Jefferson Parishes, Louisiana. While the slave insurgency was the largest in US history, the rebels killed only two white men. Confrontations with militia and executions after trial killed 95 black people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0001-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising\nBetween 64 and 125 enslaved men marched from sugar plantations in and near present-day LaPlace on the German Coast toward the city of New Orleans. They collected more men along the way. Some accounts claimed a total of 200 to 500 slaves participated. During their two-day, twenty-mile march, the men burned five plantation houses (three completely), several sugarhouses, and crops. They were armed mostly with hand tools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0002-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising\nWhite men led by officials of the territory formed militia companies, and in a battle on January 10 killed 40 to 45 of the escaped slaves while suffering no fatalities themselves, then hunted down and killed several others without trial. Over the next two weeks, white planters and officials interrogated, tried, executed and decapitated an additional 44 escaped slaves who had been captured. Executions were generally by hanging or firing squad. Heads were displayed on pikes to intimidate other slaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0003-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising\nSince 1995, the African American History Alliance of Louisiana has led an annual commemoration in January of the uprising, in which they have been joined by some descendants of participants in the revolt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0004-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Background\nThe sugar boom on what was known as Louisiana's German Coast (named for immigrants in the 1720s) began after the American Revolutionary War, while the area near New Orleans was still controlled by Spain. In the 1780s, Jean Saint Malo, an escaped slave, established a colony of maroons in the swamps below New Orleans, which eventually led Spanish officials to send militia, who captured him. St. Malo became a folk hero after his execution in New Orleans on June 19, 1784.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0004-0001", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Background\nA decade later, during the height of the French Revolution, Spanish officials discovered a slave conspiracy at Pointe Coupee (established by French settlers around 1720 between Natchez and New Orleans). That slave uprising during the Easter holidays was suppressed before it came to fruition, and resulted in 23 executions by hanging (with the decapitated heads then displayed on the road to New Orleans) and 31 additional slaves were flogged and sent to serve hard labor in other Spanish outposts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0005-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Background\nAfter the Haitian slave revolution, planters attempted to establish similar lucrative sugarcane plantations on the Gulf Coast, resulting in a dense slave population. They converted from cotton and indigo plantations to sugar cane, so that by 1802, 70 sugar plantations produced over 3,000 tons in a year. However, they replicated the brutal conditions which had led to numerous revolts in Haiti\u2014the high profits were made by working slaves longer hours and punishing them more brutally, so that they lived shorter lives than any other slave society in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0005-0001", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Background\nSome accounts claimed blacks outnumbered whites by nearly five to one by 1810, and about 90% of whites in the area owned slaves. More than half of those enslaved may have been born outside Louisiana, many in Africa, where various European nations established slave trading outposts and Kongo was ripped apart by civil wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0006-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Background\nAfter the U.S. negotiated the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, both the Marquis de Lafayette and James Monroe declined to become the Territorial Governor. President Thomas Jefferson then turned to a fellow Virginian, William C.C. Claiborne, whom he appointed on an interim basis, and who arrived in New Orleans with 350 volunteers and eighteen boats. Claiborne struggled with the area's diverse population, particularly as he spoke neither French nor Spanish. The population also included a larger proportion of native Africans among the slaves than elsewhere in the U.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0006-0001", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Background\nIn addition, the mixed-race Creole and French-speaking population grew markedly with refugees from Haiti (and their slaves) following the successful Haitian slave revolution. Claiborne was not used to a society with the number of free people of color that Louisiana had, but he worked to continue their role in the militia that had been established under Spanish rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0007-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Background\nLong-term French Creole residents complained to Washington, D.C. about Claiborne and new U.S. settlers in the territory, and wanted no part of President Jefferson's plan to pay 30,000 Americans to move into the new territory and amalgamate with the residents. Thus, by 1805, a delegation led by Jean No\u00ebl Destr\u00e9han went to Washington to complain about the \"oppressive and degrading\" form of the territorial government, but President Madison continued to support Claiborne, who had expressed great doubts about the planters' honesty and trustworthiness. Lastly, Claiborne suspected that the Spanish in nearby West Florida might encourage an insurrection. Thus, he struggled to establish and maintain his authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0008-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Background\nIn the overall Territory of Orleans, from 1803 to 1811, the free black population nearly tripled, to 5,000, with 3,000 arriving as migrants from Haiti (via Cuba) in 1809\u20131810. In Saint-Domingue they had enjoyed certain rights as gens de couleur, including owning slaves themselves. Furthermore, between 1790 and 1810, slave traders brought around 20,000 enslaved Africans to New Orleans. The masters and slaves were virtually all Catholic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0009-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Background\nThe waterways and bayous around New Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain made transportation and trade possible, but also provided easy escapes and nearly impenetrable hiding places for runaway slaves. Some maroon colonies continued for years within several miles of New Orleans. With the spread of ideas of freedom from the French and Haitian revolutions, European-Americans worried about slave uprisings, particularly in the Louisiana area. In 1805, they heard a traveling Frenchman was preaching about liberty, equality and fraternity to the French-speaking slaves, and arrested him as dangerous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0010-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Beginning\nA group of enslaved plantation workers met on January 6, 1811. It was a period when work had relaxed on the plantations after the fierce weeks of the sugar harvest and processing. As planter James Brown testified weeks later, \"The black Quamana [Kwamena, meaning \"born on Saturday\"], owned by Mr. Brown, and the mulatto Harry, owned by Messrs. Kenner and Henderson, were at the home of Manuel Andry on the night of Saturday\u2013Sunday of the current month in order to deliberate with the mulatto Charles Deslondes, chief of the brigands.\" Slaves had spread word of the planned uprising among the slaves at plantations up and down the \"German Coast\", along the Mississippi River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0011-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Beginning\nThe revolt began on January 8 at the Andry plantation. After striking and badly wounding Manuel Andry, the slaves killed his son Gilbert. \"An attempt was made to assassinate me by the stroke of an axe,\" Andry wrote. \"My poor son has been ferociously murdered by a horde of brigands who from my plantation to that of Mr. Fortier have committed every kind of mischief and excesses, which can be expected from a gang of atrocious bandittis of that nature.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0012-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Escalation\nThe rebellion gained momentum quickly. The 15 or so slaves at Andry's plantation, about 30 miles (50\u00a0km) upriver from New Orleans, joined another eight slaves from the next-door plantation of the widows of Jacques and Georges Deslondes. This was the home plantation of Charles Deslondes, a slave driver (overseer who was himself enslaved) later described by one of the captured slaves as the \"principal chief of the brigands.\" Small groups of slaves joined from every plantation the rebels passed. Witnesses remarked on their organized march. They carried mostly pikes, hoes and axes, but few firearms, and they marched to drums while some carried flags. From 10\u201325% of any given plantation's slave population joined with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0013-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Escalation\nAt the plantation of James Brown, Kook, one of the most active participants and key figures in the story of the uprising, joined the insurrection. At the next plantation down, Kook attacked and killed Fran\u00e7ois Tr\u00e9pagnier with an axe. He was the second and last planter killed in the rebellion. After the band of slaves passed the LaBranche plantation, they stopped at the home of the local doctor. Finding the doctor gone, Kook set his house on fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0014-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Escalation\nSome planters testified at the trials in parish courts that they were warned by their slaves of the uprising. Others regularly stayed in New Orleans, where many had town houses, and trusted their plantations to overseers to run. Planters quickly crossed the Mississippi River to escape the insurrection and to raise a militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0015-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Escalation\nAs the slave party moved downriver, they passed larger plantations, from which many slaves joined them. Numerous slaves joined the insurrection from the Meuillion plantation, the largest and wealthiest plantation on the German Coast. The rebels laid waste to Meuillion's house. They tried to set it on fire, but a slave named Bazile fought the fire and saved the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0016-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Escalation\nAfter nightfall the slaves reached Cannes-Brul\u00e9es, about 15 miles (24\u00a0km) northwest of New Orleans. The men had traveled between 14 and 22 miles (23 and 35\u00a0km), a march that probably took them seven to ten hours. By some accounts, they numbered \"some 200 slaves,\" although other accounts estimated up to 500. As typical of revolts of most classes, free or slave, the insurgent slaves were mostly young men between the ages of 20 and 30. They represented primarily lower-skilled occupations on the sugar plantations, where slaves labored in difficult conditions with a low life expectancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0017-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Suppression\nDespite his axe-wound, Col. Andry crossed the river to contact other planters and round up a militia, which pursued the rebel slaves. By noon on January 9, people in New Orleans had heard about the German Coast insurrection. By sunset, General Wade Hampton I, Commodore John Shaw, and Governor William C.C. Claiborne sent two companies of volunteer militia, 30 regular troops, and a detachment of 40 seamen to fight the slaves. By about 4\u00a0a.m. on January 10, the New Orleans forces had reached Jacques Fortier's plantation, where Hampton thought the escaped slaves had encamped overnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0018-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Suppression\nHowever, the escaped slaves had started back upriver about two hours before, traveled about 15 miles (24\u00a0km) back up the coast and neared Bernard Bernoudy's plantation. There, planter Charles Perret, under the command of the badly injured Andry and in cooperation with Judge St. Martin, had assembled a militia of  about 80 men from the river's opposite side. At about 9\u00a0o'clock, this local militia discovered slaves moving toward high ground on Bernoudy's plantation. Perret ordered his militia to attack the rebel slaves, which he later wrote numbered about 200 men, about half on horseback.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0018-0001", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Suppression\n(Most accounts said only the leaders were mounted, and historians believe it unlikely the slaves could have gathered so many mounts.) Within a half-hour, 40 to 45 slaves had been killed; the remainder slipped away into the woods and swamps. Perret and Andry's militia tried to pursue them despite the difficult terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0019-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Suppression\nOn January 11, militia, assisted by Native American trackers as well as hunting dogs, captured Charles Deslondes, whom Andry considered \"the principal leader of the bandits.\" A slave driver and son of a white man and a slave, Deslondes received no trial or interrogation. Naval officer Samuel Hambleton described his execution as having his hands chopped off, \"then shot in one thigh & then the other, until they were both broken \u2013 then shot in the Body and before he had expired was put into a bundle of straw and roasted!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0019-0001", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Rebellion, Suppression\nHis cries under the torture could intimidate other escaped slaves in the marshes. The following day Pierre Griffee and Hans Wimprenn, who were thought the murderers of M. Thomassin and M. Fran\u00e7ois Tr\u00e9pagnier, were captured, killed, and their heads hacked off for delivery to the Andry estate. Major Milton and the dragoons from Baton Rouge arrived and provided support for the militia, since Governor Hampton believed them supported by the Spanish in West Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0020-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Trials\nHaving suppressed the insurrection, the planters and government officials continued to search for slaves who had escaped. Those captured later were interrogated and jailed before trials. Officials convened three tribunals: one at Destrehan Plantation owned by Jean No\u00ebl Destr\u00e9han in (St. Charles Parish), one in St. John the Baptist Parish, and the third in New Orleans (Orleans Parish).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0021-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Trials\nThe Destrehan trials, overseen by Judge Pierre Bauchet St. Martin, resulted in the execution of 18 of 21 accused slaves by firing squad. Some slaves testified against others, but others refused to testify nor submit to the all-planter tribunal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0022-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Trials\nIn New Orleans, Commodore Shaw presumed that \"but few of those who have been taken were acquitted.\" The New Orleans trials resulted in the conviction and summary executions of 11 more slaves. Three were publicly hanged in the Place d'Armes, now Jackson Square. One of those spared was a thirteen-year-old boy, who was ordered to witness another slave's death and then received 30 lashes. Another slave was treated with leniency because his uncle turned him in and begged for mercy. The sentence of a third slave was commuted because of the valuable information he had given.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0023-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Trials\nThe heads of the executed were put on pikes, and the mutilated bodies of dead rebels displayed to intimidate other slaves. By the end of January, nearly 100 heads were displayed on the levee from the Place d'Armes in central New Orleans along the River Road to the plantation district and Andry's plantation, nearly quadrupling the number of heads nailed to posts from New Orleans to Pointe Coupee after the 1795 slave uprising. The naval officer Samuel Hambleton described the heads posted on stakes that lined the levee as follows, \"They were brung up here for the sake of their Heads, which decorate our Levee, all the way up the coast. I am told they look like crows sitting on long poles.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0024-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Trials\nU.S. territorial law provided no appeal from a parish court's ruling, even in cases involving imposition of a death sentence on an enslaved individual. Governor Claiborne, recognizing that fact, wrote to the judges of each court that he was willing to extend executive clemency (\"in all cases where circumstances suggest the exercise of mercy a recommendation to that effect from the Court and Jury, will induce the Governor to extend to the convict a pardon.\") In fact, Gov. Claiborne did commute two death sentences, those of Henry, and of Theodore, each referred by the Orleans Parish court. No record has been found of any referral from the court in St. Charles Parish, or of any refusal by the Governor of any application for clemency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0025-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Outcome\nMilitias killed about 95 slaves between the battle, subsequent summary apprehensions and executions, as well as by execution after trials. From the trial records, most of the leaders appeared to have been mixed-race Creoles or mulattoes, although numerous slaves were native-born Africans. Fifty-six of the slaves captured on the 10th and involved in the revolt were returned to their masters, who may have punished them but wanted their valuable laborers back to work. Thirty more slaves were captured, but returned to their masters after planters determined they had been forced to join the revolt by Charles Deslondes and his men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0026-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Aftermath, Outcome\nThe heirs of Meuillon petitioned the legislature for permission to free the mulatto slave Bazile, who had worked to preserve his master's plantation. Not all the slaves supported insurrection, knowing the trouble it could bring and not wanting to see their homes and communities destroyed. As was typical of American slave insurrections, the uprising was short-lived and quickly crushed by local authorities. Showing planter influence, the legislature of the Territory of Orleans approved compensation of $300 to planters for each slave killed or executed. The Territory accepted the presence of U.S. troops after the revolt, as they were grateful for their presence. The national press covered the insurrection, with some Northerners seeing it arising out of the wrongs suffered under slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0027-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Legacy\nThe uprising started in present-day LaPlace and followed a twenty-mile trek on the old River Road through the present-day towns of Montz, Norco, New Sarpy, Destrehan, St. Rose and ended at much of what had once been the Kenner and Henderson Plantations and is now Rivertown and Louis Armstrong International Airport (named after prominent African American musician Louis Armstrong) in Kenner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0028-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Legacy\nWhile the Destrehan Plantation tour concentrates on  architecture and white lifestyle and family histories, a small museum in a converted slave cabin (not on the standard tour) features folk paintings of the 1811 uprising. Louisiana's historical marker for the former Andry plantation mentions \"Major 1811 slave uprising organized here.\" Despite its size and connection to the French and Haitian revolutions, the rebellion is not thoroughly covered in history books. As late as 1923, however, older black men \"still relate[d] the story of the slave insurrection of 1811 as they heard it from their grandfathers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0029-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Legacy\nThe Whitney Plantation, in St. John the Baptist Parish, opened in 2014 and is the first plantation museum in the country dedicated to the slave experience. The Whitney Plantation includes a memorial and information to commemorate the 1811 Slave Uprising of the German Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0030-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Legacy\nSince 1995, the African American History Alliance of Louisiana has led an annual commemoration at Norco in January, where they have been joined by some descendants of members of the revolt. In 2015, artist Dread Scott began organizing a massive re-enactment of the uprising; the 26 mile, 2-day event took place in November 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020266-0031-0000", "contents": "1811 German Coast uprising, Legacy\nThe Uprising is featured in Talene Monahon's 2020 play about historical reenactment, How to Load a Musket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020267-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 Independence Movement\nThe 1811 Independence Movement (Spanish: Movimiento de Independencia de 1811), known in El Salvador as the First Shout of Independence (Primer Grito de Independencia), was the first of a series of revolts in Central America in modern day El Salvador against Spanish colonialism and dependency on the Captaincy General of Guatemala. The independence movement was led by prominent Salvadoran and Central American figures such as Jos\u00e9 Mat\u00edas Delgado, Manuel Jos\u00e9 Arce, and Santiago Jos\u00e9 Celis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020267-0001-0000", "contents": "1811 Independence Movement, Prelude\nAt the beginning of the 19th century, agitation grew in the American territories dominated by the Spanish Crown. The previous century was dominated by the growing support of ideas of individual freedom, which characterized the Enlightenment that took place in Europe and the Americas. Most influential were the American Revolution, with the resulting liberation of the British Thirteen Colonies, and the French Revolution, which seeded the restlessness and search for freedom in the Spanish American territories under dominion of the Spanish. The appointment of Antonio Guti\u00e9rrez y Ulloa as Colonial Intendant of San Salvador on 28 June 1805 caused more unrest in San Salvador as he was seen as \"infatuated\" and \"difficult\" and was not popular with those living in the intendancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020267-0002-0000", "contents": "1811 Independence Movement, Prelude\nIn the Intendancy of San Salvador, many Creoles and other settlers wanted to separate control of the colony from the Captaincy General of Guatemala, largely due to economic and political reasons. Greater administrative autonomy or outright independence for San Salvador would reduce the high level of taxes paid to Spain and Guatemala and would raise finances for the colony. Napole\u00f3n Bonaparte's invasion of Spain in 1808 and the removal of Ferdinand VII from the Spanish throne created an atmosphere of unrest in San Salvador and across all the Spanish American colonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020267-0003-0000", "contents": "1811 Independence Movement, Revolt in San Salvador\nThe insurrectionists organized themselves along with prominent middle-class supporters of the cause of independence such as doctors and priests who took part in the event. These included doctors such as Santiago Jos\u00e9 Celis, the brothers (Nicholas, Vicente and Manuel Aguilar) and the priest Jos\u00e9 Mat\u00edas Delgado. Others included Manuel Jos\u00e9 Arce, Juan Manuel Rodr\u00edguez and Pedro Pablo Castillo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020267-0004-0000", "contents": "1811 Independence Movement, Revolt in San Salvador\nOn November 5 the revolt began in San Salvador. According to tradition, the rebels waited for a signal from the bell tower of the Church of La Merced, but this did not occur on the scheduled time. The rebels later assembled on the town square outside the church where Manuel Jos\u00e9 Arce proclaimed in front of the public: \"There is no King, nor Intendant, nor Captain General. We only must obey our alcaldes,\" meaning that since Ferdinand VII had been deposed, all other officials appointed by him no longer legitimately held power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020267-0004-0001", "contents": "1811 Independence Movement, Revolt in San Salvador\nA tumult in the square grew to the point that the intendant, Guti\u00e9rrez y Ulloa, asked that the gathered name somebody to formally receive their demands. Manuel Jos\u00e9 Arce himself was chosen and selected as the leader by the crowd. Despite this, the insurrectionists took arms and proclaimed the total independence of San Salvador from the Spanish crown, but were later subdued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020267-0005-0000", "contents": "1811 Independence Movement, Revolt in San Salvador\nIn the following days, the independence movement extended to the cities of Santiago Nonualco, Usulut\u00e1n, Chalatenango, Santa Ana, Tejutla and Cojutepeque. The two other notable revolts occurred on November 24 in the city of Metap\u00e1n and on December 20 in Sensuntepeque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020267-0006-0000", "contents": "1811 Independence Movement, Suppression and aftermath\nDespite the efforts of the insurrectionists, the cause of independence was not shared by the city councils of the Intendancy . Neither San Miguel, nor San Vicente nor Santa Ana joined them. Unable to amass support, the rebels decided to negotiate with a delegation sent in from the Guatemalan capital to take control. The new Intendant Colonel Jos\u00e9 Alejandro de Aycinena, arrived on December 8 with Guatemalan troops and priests to force them to swear obedience to the crown and reclaimed the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020267-0006-0001", "contents": "1811 Independence Movement, Suppression and aftermath\nThe new government was well received by the majority of the population due to Aycinena's policy of understanding and nonconfrontation. However, several days later, unrest broke out in the neighboring Intendancy of Nicaragua, where uprisings broke out in Le\u00f3n on December 13 and later in Granada on December 22. Nevertheless, both were soon suppressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020267-0007-0000", "contents": "1811 Independence Movement, Suppression and aftermath\nMany of those involved in the events in El Salvador and Nicaragua were incarcerated, but Jos\u00e9 Mat\u00edas Delgado was taken back with the delegation to Guatemala City. Despite his past activities, or perhaps because of them, Delgado was elected in 1813 as a representative on the Provincial Deputation of Guatemala created by the Spanish Constitution of 1812. He also became director of the Tridentino Seminary in the capital city, therefore, he was not in El Salvador at the time of the second insurrection in 1814, and so did not take part in it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020267-0008-0000", "contents": "1811 Independence Movement, Suppression and aftermath\nHe was once again elected provincial deputy in 1820 when the Spanish Constitution was restored, and on September 15, 1821, he was among those who signed the Act of Independence of Central America in Guatemala City. On November 28, 1821, he became political chief (jefe p\u00f3litico civil) of the Province of San Salvador, and as its executive officer, he led its separation from Guatemala to prevent the former intendancy from becoming part of First Mexican Empire. Arce later became president of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1825 to 1829, once full independence from both Spain and Mexico became a reality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020267-0009-0000", "contents": "1811 Independence Movement, Suppression and aftermath\nIn El Salvador the independence movement and 1811 Revolt is officially commemorated every year on November 5 and recognized as the \"First Shout for the Independence of Central America\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020268-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 Maryland's 6th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 6th congressional district on October 2, 1811 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of John Montgomery (DR) on April 29, 1811.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020269-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 4th congressional district on September 23, 1811 and November 4, 1811 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Joseph Bradley Varnum (DR) upon being elected to the Senate on June 29, 1811", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020269-0001-0000", "contents": "1811 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election, Election results\nTwo elections were required, due to a majority not being achieved on the first election", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020270-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 New York lieutenant gubernatorial special election\nThe 1811 Lieutenant Gubernatorial Special Election in New York was held to fill the unexpired term of the Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020270-0001-0000", "contents": "1811 New York lieutenant gubernatorial special election, Background\nLieutenant Governor John Broome died in August 1810, and the 1777 Constitution provided for new elections if a vacancy occurred either in the Governor's or the Lieutenant Governor's office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020270-0002-0000", "contents": "1811 New York lieutenant gubernatorial special election, Candidates\nThe Democratic-Republican Party nominated Mayor of New York City DeWitt Clinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020270-0003-0000", "contents": "1811 New York lieutenant gubernatorial special election, Candidates\nThe Federalist Party nominated former Adjutant General of New York Nicholas Fish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020270-0004-0000", "contents": "1811 New York lieutenant gubernatorial special election, Candidates\nTammany Hall nominated former Mayor of New York City Marinus Willett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020271-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1811 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 8, 1811. Incumbent Democratic-Republican governor Simon Snyder won re-election over Federalist candidate William Tilghman, the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, by a wide margin. Two of the major policy goals on which Snyder campaigned were increasing spending for infrastructural upgrades and authorizing the transfer of governmental operations from Lancaster to Harrisburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020273-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 University of Cambridge Chancellor election\nThe University of Cambridge Chancellor election, 1811 was an election for the post of Chancellor of Cambridge University. The election was triggered by the death of the previous incumbent, Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, and it was the first contested election for the post since 1748.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020273-0001-0000", "contents": "1811 University of Cambridge Chancellor election\nThere were two candidates for the post: His Highness Prince William, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, and John Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020274-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1811 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020274-0001-0000", "contents": "1811 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 10. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee's examination showed that Jonas Galusha defeated Martin Chittenden to win election to a third one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020274-0002-0000", "contents": "1811 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, Paul Brigham defeated William Chamberlain to win his sixteenth one-year term. In this contest, one Vermont newspaper recorded the vote totals as: Paul Brigham (Democratic-Republican), 11,896 (55.8%); William Chamberlain (Federalist), 9,415 (44.2%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020274-0003-0000", "contents": "1811 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his twelfth, though the vote totals were not recorded. According to contemporary newspaper articles, Swan, a Federalist was also endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and so was unopposed for reelection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020274-0004-0000", "contents": "1811 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, a contemporary newspaper article reported the results as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020275-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1811 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020277-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1811 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020277-0001-0000", "contents": "1811 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of the First Government Junta of Chile (1810): Mateo de Toro Zambrano (-February 26, Juan Mart\u00ednez de Rozas (February 26-April 2), Fernando M\u00e1rquez de la Plata (April 2-July 4)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020277-0002-0000", "contents": "1811 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of the First National Congress:  Juan Antonio Ovalle (July 4\u201320), Moderate, Martin Calvo Encalada (July 20-August 11)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020277-0003-0000", "contents": "1811 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of the Provisional Executive Authority: Mart\u00edn Calvo Encalad,  (20 July-4 September), Patriot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020277-0004-0000", "contents": "1811 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of the Executive Court: Juan Enrique Rosales (4 September\u2013November 16)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020277-0005-0000", "contents": "1811 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of the Provisional Government Junta: Jos\u00e9 Miguel Carrera (16 November\u2013December 13), Patriot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020283-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 in New Zealand\nThere are still far fewer ships visiting New Zealand than before 1810. This is due to the economic depression which started in New South Wales in 1810 and continues until 1815. The concern that the Boyd massacre might be repeated abates somewhat as a number of reports that it was provoked reach Port Jackson. As more ships resume visits to the Bay of Islands they consistently report that they are well treated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020283-0001-0000", "contents": "1811 in New Zealand\nThe sealing rush to Macquarie Island continues, and Campbell Island is also occasionally visited. Most travel via Foveaux Strait. More whalers operate off the north and east coasts of New Zealand than the previous year. A few M\u0101ori are crewing on ships and one or two visit Marsden at Parramatta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020288-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1811 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020291-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1811 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020294-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 in birding and ornithology\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Trappist the monk (talk | contribs) at 18:23, 20 January 2020 (\u2192\u200etop: {{lang}}: promote ISO 639-2, -3 codes to equivalent ISO 639-1 codes;). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020295-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1811.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020296-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020296-0001-0000", "contents": "1811 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020296-0002-0000", "contents": "1811 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020297-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1811.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020298-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 in science\nThe year 1811 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020299-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 in sports\n1811 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020300-0000-0000", "contents": "1811 in the United Kingdom\nEvents from the year 1811 in the United Kingdom. This is a census year and the start of the British Regency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020302-0000-0000", "contents": "18117 Jonhodge\n18117 Jonhodge, provisional designation 2000 NY23, is a bright background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 July 2000, by astronomer of the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. The asteroid was named after American teacher Jonathon Hodge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020302-0001-0000", "contents": "18117 Jonhodge, Orbit and classification\nJonhodge is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,318 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020302-0002-0000", "contents": "18117 Jonhodge, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1993 RK8 at La Silla Observatory in September 1993, almost 7 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020302-0003-0000", "contents": "18117 Jonhodge, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid's spectral type is unknown. Based to its high albedo (see below), it is likely of a stony rather than carbonaceous composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020302-0004-0000", "contents": "18117 Jonhodge, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Jonhodge measures 3.155 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.407.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020302-0005-0000", "contents": "18117 Jonhodge, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Jonhodge has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020302-0006-0000", "contents": "18117 Jonhodge, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Jonathon Hodge (\"Jon Hodge\") (born 1948 \u2013 January 4, 2006), a teacher of astronomy and science to college students, schoolchildren and the general public. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 2005 (M.P.C. 55722). Proposal for asteroid honor by Thor Dockweiler to Simon P. Balm (UCLA and Santa Monica College), who then submitted it to Donald Keith Yeomans at the JPL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020302-0007-0000", "contents": "18117 Jonhodge, Naming, Jonathon Hodge\nHodge taught at Santa Monica College and served as the director (1976\u20132005) of the Santa Monica College Planetarium (now Drescher Planetarium), following an earlier period as a regular lecturer at the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles. Hodge also coordinated an annual astronomical lecture series at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Hodge, along with astronomy professor \"Woody\" Sobel (Heywood Sobel), was instrumental in encouraging Robert P. Lozano to establish the Santa Monica Amateur Astronomy Club in 1981. Hodge was a member of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific and the International Planetarium Society. Hodge in his younger years majored in astronomy and graduated from the University of Southern California in Los Angeles with a degree in the history of medieval science, a side interest that would serve him well during his career in education and planetariums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0000-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes\nThe 1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes (/\u02c8m\u00e6dr\u026ad/) were a series of intense intraplate earthquakes beginning with an initial earthquake of moment magnitude 7.2\u20138.2 on December 16, 1811, followed by a moment magnitude 7.4 aftershock on the same day. Two additional earthquakes of similar magnitude followed in January and February 1812. They remain the most powerful earthquakes to hit the contiguous United States east of the Rocky Mountains in recorded history. The earthquakes, as well as the seismic zone of their occurrence, were named for the Mississippi River town of New Madrid, then part of the Louisiana Territory and now within the U.S. state of Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0001-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes\nThe epicenters of the earthquakes were located in an area that at the time was at the distant western edge of the American frontier, only sparsely settled by European pioneers. Contemporary accounts have led seismologists to estimate that these stable continental region earthquakes were felt strongly throughout much of the central and eastern United States, across an area of roughly 50,000 square miles (130,000\u00a0km2), and moderately across nearly 3 million km2 (1 million sq mi). The 1906 San Francisco earthquake, by comparison, was felt moderately over roughly 6,200\u00a0sq\u00a0mi (16,000\u00a0km2). The New Madrid earthquakes were interpreted variously by American Indian tribes, but one consensus was universally accepted; the powerful earthquake had to have meant something. For many tribes in Tecumseh's pan-Indian alliance, it meant that Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet must be supported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0002-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks\nThe many more aftershocks include one magnitude 7 aftershock to the December 16, 1811, earthquake which occurred at 6:00 UTC (12:00\u00a0am local time) on December 17, 1811, and one magnitude 7 aftershock to the February 7, 1812, earthquake which occurred on the same day at 4:40 UTC (10:40\u00a0pm local time). Susan Hough, a seismologist of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), has estimated the earthquakes' magnitudes as around magnitude 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 83], "content_span": [84, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0003-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts\nJohn Bradbury, a fellow of the Linnean Society, was on the Mississippi on the night of December 15, 1811, and describes the tremors in great detail in his Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810 and 1811, published in 1817:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 104], "content_span": [105, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0004-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts\nAfter supper, we went to sleep as usual: about ten o'clock, and in the night I was awakened by the most tremendous noise, accompanied by an agitation of the boat so violent, that it appeared in danger of upsetting\u00a0... I could distinctly see the river as if agitated by a storm; and although the noise was inconceivably loud and terrific, I could distinctly hear the crash of falling trees, and the screaming of the wild fowl on the river, but found that the boat was still safe at her moorings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 104], "content_span": [105, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0004-0001", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts\nBy the time we could get to our fire, which was on a large flag in the stern of the boat, the shock had ceased; but immediately the perpendicular banks, both above and below us, began to fall into the river in such vast masses, as nearly to sink our boat by the swell they occasioned\u00a0... At day-light we had counted twenty-seven shocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 104], "content_span": [105, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0005-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts\nEliza Bryan in New Madrid, Territory of Missouri, wrote the following eyewitness account in March 1812:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 104], "content_span": [105, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0006-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts\nOn the 16th of December, 1811, about two o'clock, a.m., we were visited by a violent shock of an earthquake, accompanied by a very awful noise resembling loud but distant thunder, but more hoarse and vibrating, which was followed in a few minutes by the complete saturation of the atmosphere, with sulphurious vapor, causing total darkness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 104], "content_span": [105, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0006-0001", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts\nThe screams of the affrighted inhabitants running to and fro, not knowing where to go, or what to do\u2014the cries of the fowls and beasts of every species\u2014the cracking of trees falling, and the roaring of the Mississippi\u2014 the current of which was retrograde for a few minutes, owing as is supposed, to an irruption in its bed\u2014 formed a scene truly horrible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 104], "content_span": [105, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0007-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts\nJohn Reynolds (1788\u20131865), the fourth governor of Illinois, among other political posts, mentions the earthquake in his biography My Own Times: Embracing Also the History of My Life (1855):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 104], "content_span": [105, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0008-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts\nOn the night of 16th November [sic], 1811, an earthquake occurred, that produced great consternation amongst the people. The centre of the violence was in New Madrid, Missouri, but the whole valley of the Mississippi was violently agitated. Our family all were sleeping in a log cabin, and my father leaped out of bed crying aloud \"the Indians are on the house\"\u00a0... We laughed at the mistake of my father, but soon found out it was worse than the Indians. Not one in the family knew at the time that it was an earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 104], "content_span": [105, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0008-0001", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts\nThe next morning another shock made us acquainted with it, so we decided it was an earthquake. The cattle came running home bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly alarmed on the occasion. Our house cracked and quivered, so we were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the American Bottom many chimneys were thrown down, and the church bell in Cahokia sounded by the agitation of the building. It is said the shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskaskia in 1804, but I did not perceive it. The shocks continued for years in Illinois, and some have experienced it this year, 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 104], "content_span": [105, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0009-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, The three earthquakes and their major aftershocks, Eyewitness accounts\nThe Shaker diarist Samuel Swan McClelland described the effects of the earthquake on the Shaker settlement at West Union (Busro), Indiana, where the earthquakes contributed to the temporary abandonment of the westernmost Shaker community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 104], "content_span": [105, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0010-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, Geologic setting\nThe underlying cause of the earthquakes is not well understood, but modern faulting seems to be related to an ancient geologic feature buried under the Mississippi River alluvial plain, known as the Reelfoot Rift. The New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) is made up of reactivated faults that formed when what is now North America began to split or rift apart during the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic era (about 750 million years ago). Faults were created along the rift and igneous rocks formed from magma that was being pushed towards the surface. The resulting rift system failed, but has remained as an aulacogen (a scar or zone of weakness) deep underground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0011-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, Geologic setting\nIn recent decades, minor earthquakes have continued. The epicenters of over 4,000 earthquakes can be identified from seismic measurements taken since 1974. They originate from the seismic activity of the Reelfoot Rift. The zone, colored red on the map, is called the New Madrid Seismic Zone. New forecasts estimate a 7 to 10 percent chance, in the next 50 years, of a repeat of a major earthquake like those that occurred in 1811\u20131812, which likely had magnitudes  between 7.6 and 8.0. A 25 to 40% chance exists, in a 50-year time span, of a magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0012-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, Geologic setting\nIn a report filed in November 2008, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency warned that a serious earthquake in the New Madrid Seismic Zone could result in \"the highest economic losses due to a natural disaster in the United States\", further predicting \"widespread and catastrophic\" damage across Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and particularly Tennessee, where a 7.7 magnitude quake or greater would cause damage to tens of thousands of structures affecting water distribution, transportation systems, and other vital infrastructure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020303-0013-0000", "contents": "1811\u20131812 New Madrid earthquakes, Gallery\nDamage-range comparison between a moderate New Madrid zone earthquake (1895, magnitude 6.8), and a similar Los Angeles event (1994, magnitude 6.7).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020304-0000-0000", "contents": "1812\n1812 (MDCCCXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1812th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 812th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 12th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1812, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020305-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 (1912 film)\n1812, (Russian: 1812 \u0433\u043e\u0434) is a 1912 Russian film directed by Vasili Goncharov, Kai Hansen and Aleksandr Uralsky, described as a \"blockbuster\" in the Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020305-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 (1912 film), Plot\nThe film in four parts illustrates the events Patriotic War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots\nThe Baltimore riots of 1812 were a series of violent riots that occurred in the months of June and July of 1812 in Baltimore, Maryland. The riots were in response to a series of anti-war articles written in a Federalist newspaper by federalist statesman Alexander Contee Hanson after the United States had declared war on United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland  during the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Origins\nAt the 1808 United States presidential election the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison won his first term as the President of the United States. Madison won the vast majority of his vote outside of the Federalist stronghold of New England. In Maryland, the vote was split with nine votes for Madison and two votes for the Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Origins\nOn 18 June 1812, Madison signed off a declaration of war upon the United Kingdom, thus starting the War of 1812. Every Federalist member of congress voted against declaring war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Origins\nA Federalist statesman in the Maryland House of Delegates named Alexander Contee Hanson launched the Federal Republican & Commercial Gazette newspaper in 1808. It became known as one of the nations most extreme federalist newspapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 22 June\nOn the night of 22 June 1812, just four days after war had been declared, an angry mob gathered outside the office of the Federal Republican newspaper. Angered by the paper's criticism of the Republican administration, the entire office was leveled to its foundations and printing apparatus' were destroyed by the mob. One of the editors narrowly escaped with his life. One of the attackers was killed as he attempted to knock out a window on the upper floor and fell with it on to the street below. The papers editor, Alexander Contee Hanson, vowed to recommence the paper to assert his rights and resist oppression. The mobs continued for several more weeks and anyone with Federalist or Pro-British views were attacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 27 July\nBy 27 July, Alexander Hanson had re-established the Federal Republican in the house of one of its proprietors, Mr. Wagner, and occupied it with around fifteen to twenty other men including James Lingan and Henry Lee III. Fearing that another mob may form, the men were prepared to defend the house and armed themselves with muskets, pistols and swords. Shortly after eight o' clock in the evening a mob formed outside and threw stones at the house which broke the windows and burst open the shutters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0005-0001", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 27 July\nHenry Lee fired warning shots over the heads of the mob to try and frighten them away, but to no avail. The mob broke open the lower door and were fired upon, hitting and killing a man named Dr. Gale, forcing him to be dragged off by the mob. The violence continued throughout the night in which resulted in several men being wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0006-0000", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 28 July\nAround sunrise the next day, the mob brought an artillery field piece and placed it in front of the house, but they were prevented from firing it by the arrival of mayor Edward Johnson and other officials. The men were eventually persuaded to vacate the house and taken to the Baltimore Prison under armed guard. The men were marched through the streets on the one mile journey, protected by two lines of around fifty infantry and twenty Dragoons. Some of the men were injured as protesters who lined the streets threw stones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0007-0000", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 28 July\nThe men were placed in the prison without armed guard, that despite the mayor promising one and stating that he would lose his own life before the men should be hurt. In the company of the mayor were three men, two named Mumma and Maxwell, one of which had a key in his hand. The men said they were acquaintances of the jailer, but the men suspected that they had bad intentions, having been seen as part of the mob before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0007-0001", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 28 July\nA mob said to number around 300 soon gathered outside the prison by nightfall and managed to break in to the prison almost instantly without exertion, making the men believe that it was opened by someone with a key, possibly Mumma or Maxwell. The men attempted to rush the mob to escape, but to no avail, and nine of them were beaten for a number of hours whilst others were not recognized by the mob and managed to escape unhurt. The men had penknives stuck in-to their faces and hands and had hot candle grease poured into their eyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0007-0002", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Riots, 28 July\nJames Lingan was killed and an attempt was made to cut off the nose of Henry Lee. Robert Thompson was tarred and feathered and paraded around town on the back of a cart. The men were eventually saved by a Dr. Hall, who encouraged the mob to retire until morning. Hall and four other doctors tended to the men's wounds and commandeered Carriages for the men to make their escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0008-0000", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Aftermath\nAlexander Hanson later moved to Georgetown where he continued to publish his newspaper unmolested. He also continued his political career, elected as a Federalist to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Congresses until his resignation in 1816. He was then elected to the United States senate in 1816 until his death on his estate in Elkridge, Maryland having never fully recovered from his injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0009-0000", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Aftermath\nHenry Lee suffered severe internal injuries during the violence and was in constant physical pain. He sought relief in the warmer climate of the West Indies but when his condition did not improve, he attempted to return home but died on the way on Cumberland Island in Georgia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020306-0010-0000", "contents": "1812 Baltimore riots, Aftermath\nJames Lingan was buried in Georgetown in a funeral procession that was headed by George Washington Parke Custis and attended by some of the men who survived the mob. Lingan's remains were moved many years after his death to Arlington National Cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020307-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 Caracas earthquake\nThe 1812 Caracas earthquake took place in Venezuela on March 26 (on Maundy Thursday) at 4:37\u00a0p.m. It measured 7.7 on the Richter magnitude scale. It caused extensive damage in Caracas, La Guaira, Barquisimeto, San Felipe, and M\u00e9rida. An estimated 15,000\u201320,000 people perished as a result, in addition to incalculable material damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020307-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 Caracas earthquake\nThe seismic movement was so significant that in a zone named Valecillo, a new lake was formed and the river Yurub\u00ed was dammed up. Numerous rivulets changed their course in the Caracas valley, which was flooded with dirty water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020307-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 Caracas earthquake\nBased on contemporary descriptions, the earthquake is believed to have consisted of two seismic shocks occurring within the span of 30 minutes. The first destroyed Caracas and the second M\u00e9rida, where it was raining when the shock occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020307-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 Caracas earthquake, Response\nThe destruction in Caracas was so widespread that the Gazeta de Caracas suggested founding a new capital city in \"the beautiful [...] Catia where pure air may be breathed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020307-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 Caracas earthquake, Response\nSince the earthquake occurred on Maundy Thursday while the Venezuelan War of Independence was raging, it was explained by royalist authorities as divine punishment for the rebellion against the Spanish Crown. The archbishop of Caracas, Narciso Coll y Prat, referred to the event as \"the terrifying but well-deserved earthquake\" which \"confirms in our days the prophecies revealed by God to men about the ancient impious and proud cities: Babylon, Jerusalem and the Tower of Babel\". This prompted the widely quoted answer of Simon Bolivar: \"If Nature is against us, we shall fight Nature and make it obey\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020307-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 Caracas earthquake, Response\nThe first international assistance received by Venezuela in response to the earthquake came from the United States, \"...when the congress convened in Washington decreed unanimously the sending of five ships loaded with flour, to the coasts of Venezuela to be distributed among the most indigent of its inhabitants.\" This $50,000 was the first-ever instance of U.S. foreign aid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020308-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 Chilean constitutional referendum\nA referendum on Chile's provisional constitution was held on 27 October 1812. The provisional constitution, which was successfully adopted, was written by dictator Jos\u00e9 Miguel Carrera's administration. In the document, Chile declared itself sovereign, but recognized Ferdinand VII of Spain. It prohibited the then-current junta government from performing foreign (i.e. Spanish) commands, established a Senate with seven members, permitted only Roman Catholicism as the public and private religion, but recognized a number of other personal rights and freedoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020309-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 FC Barrie\n1812 FC Barrie is a Canadian semi-professional soccer club based in Barrie, Ontario that plays in League1 Ontario, beginning in 2021. The team is temporarily playing matches at Terry Fox Stadium in Brampton in 2021, as Georgian College where their home matches were scheduled to be played is temporarily closed to outside groups due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020309-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 FC Barrie, History\nThe club's origins begin in late 2019, when local Barrie soccer fan Ronan Cordelle began campaigning to bring a professional soccer club to the city. Cordelle and fellow resident, Jacob Sanderson, began a petition to attract a club to city to play in the Canadian Premier League, which they tentatively nicknamed as the Kempenfelt Crew. The petition received widespread support including from figures such as former professional player Danny Dichio, Gambian national team coach Tom Saintfiet, Sunderland AFC chair Niall Quinn as well as several local politicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020309-0001-0001", "contents": "1812 FC Barrie, History\nCordelle reached out to Andrew Weilgus, the owner of New Jersey-based National Premier Soccer League club Atlantic City FC, over LinkedIn, who was interested in the project and familiar with the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020309-0001-0002", "contents": "1812 FC Barrie, History\nIn March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic shut down the NPSL season, which resulted in Weilgus taking a greater interest into establishing the project and he reached out to Peter Raco, a football advisor and player agent, to further discussions about forming a new club, with Weilgus handling the branding, marketing, and development for the new club, while Raco worked reached out to League1 Ontario to discuss what was needed for the club to be eligible. The club's formation was officially announced in June 2020. The club reached out to Georgian College with the aim of playing their matches out of Georgian's J.C. Massie Field, which has seating capacity of 474, as well standing room sections that accommodate approximately 1000 spectators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020309-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 FC Barrie, History\nThe club initially partnered with local youth team Barrie Soccer Club, who were to be responsible for technical side of 1812 FC, including hiring coaches, recruiting players, both at the senior and reserve team levels, and ultimately the on-field product. However, in early 2021, there was a reshuffling and Barrie SC left the partnership, and instead 1812 FC partnered with Innisfil Soccer Club. In June 2021, they formed a partnership with ANB Futbol, an Ontario-based soccer academy and former League1 Ontario team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020309-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 FC Barrie, History\nIn February 2021, it was announced that the club would officially join League1 Ontario for the 2021 season. The club plans to enter a women's team in League1 Ontario beginning in 2023 or 2024. They played their first match on August 1, 2021, on the road against Vaughan Azzurri, losing 3-0. Due to restrictions put in place at Georgian College not allowing non-students onto the campus grounds, the club was forced to relocate their home matches to Terry Fox Stadium in Brampton for 2021. They got their first win on August 14, defeating the Woodbridge Strikers by a score of 5-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020309-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 FC Barrie, Club name and crests\nThe club's name is a reference to the city of Barrie's founding in the year 1812, as a result of the War of 1812. Weilgus wanted the club to have a Canadian sense of independence and history, and the club name is not an attempt to glorify war. The club crest features a horseshoe as a reference to the Golden Horseshoe region in Ontario and the decision to use a golden leaf is a nod to the fall season beauty of Barrie rather than to use the traditional red maple leaf seen in plenty of Canadian sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020309-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 FC Barrie, Ownership and management\nThe club's ownership originally was set to consist of a partnership between a variety of groups including Andrew Weilgus, Peter Raco, the Barrie Soccer Club, former Canadian national team player Julian De Guzman, and the Kempenfelt Crew supporters group. The supporter's group ownership will be in the form of a Supporters' Trust, similar to many clubs in the United Kingdom, which will give community members a long-term voice in the management of the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020309-0005-0001", "contents": "1812 FC Barrie, Ownership and management\nThe trust will be written into the club's constitution to prevent it from being removed with Ronan Cordelle, the original fan who created the petition to bring a team to the city, being named as the trust's director. De Guzman was also to serve as the club's president, in addition to his role as co-owner. However, in January 2021, a major shift occurred with Raco, De Guzman and the Barrie Soccer Club departed the club to form a new club named FC Barrie. 1812 FC partnered with Innisfil Soccer Club as their new community partner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020309-0006-0000", "contents": "1812 FC Barrie, Ownership and management\nProfessional player Jeremy Hall will serve as an advisor to the club. Former Arsenal F.C. Director of scouting Francis Cagigao joined the club's board of directors and will be responsible for player development and oversee the club's international scouting and relationships. Former FC Edmonton head coach Jeff Paulus joined the club in a volunteer advisory role in 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020309-0007-0000", "contents": "1812 FC Barrie, Notable players\nThe following players have either played at the professional or international level, either before or after playing for the League1 Ontario team:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020310-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Georgia's at-large congressional district on October 5, 1812 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Howell Cobb (DR) to accept a commission as an army captain in the War of 1812 earlier that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020311-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 Homestead Farm and Museum\nThe 1812 Homestead Farm and Museum, sometimes known as the 1812 Homestead or the 1812 Homestead Inn, is a historic house located in Willsboro, New York, that currently operates as a living history museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020311-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 Homestead Farm and Museum\nOriginally constructed in 1813 as an inn, the homestead now offers tours and programming allowing the visitors to experience what life was like at that time and educates visitors on 19th-century heritage. It is also the current home of the Burt School, which was originally located in Essex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020312-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1812 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the first gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article 3 Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020313-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 Louisiana hurricane\nThe 1812 Louisiana Hurricane was a major hurricane that struck New Orleans, Louisiana, during the War of 1812. It was the worst storm of the early history of New Orleans and was very likely the hurricane which made the closest landfall known to affect the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020313-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 Louisiana hurricane\nIt was first observed in the eastern Caribbean Sea on August\u00a012 as a tropical disturbance, which later affected Jamaica as a tropical storm. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, it intensified into a hurricane, with winds estimated at over 115\u00a0mph (185\u00a0km/h). The circulation affected areas from the Florida Panhandle to Natchez in the Mississippi Territory, but the worst effects were in the New Orleans area. There were around 100\u00a0deaths, many of them due to drowning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020313-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history\nOn August\u00a012, a tropical disturbance entered the Caribbean Sea to the south of Antigua, believed to have been a strong tropical wave. Moving westward, it developed into a tropical storm by August\u00a015, based on ship observations in the region. That day, it passed to the south of Jamaica and later turned to the northwest. Due to the ongoing War of 1812, there was a British blockade of American ships, which caused a lack of observations in the region. As a result, the storm's track was uncertain, although it is believed that the system entered the Gulf of Mexico by August\u00a018; that day, a ship reported hurricane-force winds. After moving northward, the hurricane turned to the northwest off the coast of Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020313-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history\nAlthough meteorologist David Roth assessed the storm as making landfall on August\u00a019 at Isle Derni\u00e8re to the west of New Orleans, a research paper from the American Meteorological Society estimated that the hurricane moved ashore about 40\u00a0mi (60\u00a0km) southeast of New Orleans. Modern research suggests the storm was the equivalent of a major hurricane (a Category\u00a03 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale), or with winds of at least 115\u00a0mph (185\u00a0km/h), when it made landfall. It passed just southwest of the city, becoming the closest major hurricane to New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020313-0003-0001", "contents": "1812 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe wind diameter was average to slightly below-average, and the forward speed was normal. Due to its movement, the hurricane likely maintained much of its strength after making landfall and by the time it affected New Orleans. The hurricane gradually weakened over land, passing near Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Natchez, Mississippi on August\u00a020. Heavy rainfall was reported in eastern Ohio beginning on August\u00a021, potentially from the remnants of the storm merging with a cold front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020313-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 Louisiana hurricane, Effect\nWhen the storm was moving through the Caribbean Sea, it produced rough seas and heavy rainfall. In Jamaica, gusty winds damaged crops, including to corn and plantains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020313-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 Louisiana hurricane, Effect\nAs the storm moved ashore in Louisiana, outer rain bands produced gale-force winds and heavy damage at Pensacola, in Spanish West Florida. At Cat Island offshore of Bay St. Louis (claimed from Spain in the same year, as part of the Mississippi Territory), strong winds washed several boats ashore. Hurricane conditions began in New Orleans around 8 p.m. local time on August\u00a019. In southeastern Louisiana, Fort St. Philip sustained heavy damage, after it was flooded. Most soldiers in the fort drowned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020313-0005-0001", "contents": "1812 Louisiana hurricane, Effect\nThere was a rumor during the storm that the British took over Fort St. Philip, causing a panic in the midst of the War of 1812; however, the British fleet was scattered throughout the region, and many British ships were damaged. In New Orleans, the hurricane damaged 53\u00a0ships, and several boats were washed ashore along Lake Pontchartrain. The USS Louisiana, a cutter commissioned in 1804, was wrecked during the hurricane while at port in New Orleans, and the entire crew except for the captain was killed. Debris and bodies from the ships were dispersed along the lake's coastline. The USS Viper lost its mast while offshore during the storm. Ten people died on the ship Harlequin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020313-0006-0000", "contents": "1812 Louisiana hurricane, Effect\nThe storm produced heavy rainfall, along with a powerful storm surge. Flooding up to 15\u00a0ft (4.6\u00a0m) deep was reported in New Orleans and portions of Plaquemines Parish. In the Parish, 45\u00a0people drowned, and there was heavy damage to the sugar crops. The levee system in New Orleans was heavily damaged. The strong waves washed saltwater 75\u00a0mi (121\u00a0km) up the Mississippi River. High winds damaged most buildings in New Orleans, some of which were destroyed, and most trees were blown down. The city's market house was wrecked, despite being described as \"indestructible\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020313-0006-0001", "contents": "1812 Louisiana hurricane, Effect\nDamage was estimated at $6\u00a0million (1812\u00a0USD), and there were around 100\u00a0deaths. Further northwest near Natchez, Mississippi, the storm's winds were strong enough to knock down trees. The barometric pressure there was 986\u00a0mbar (29.1\u00a0inHg), although the observation was not calibrated and was later corrected to 995\u00a0mbar (29.4\u00a0inHg) to account for elevation and air temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020313-0007-0000", "contents": "1812 Louisiana hurricane, Effect\nIn the two centuries since the hurricane, the oceans rose about 0.5\u00a0ft (0.15\u00a0m), the wetlands around New Orleans have diminished, and the elevation has dropped due to subsidence. These have increased the threat to the city of a significant hurricane strike. The 1812 hurricane was not a worst-case scenario for New Orleans, as a stronger and larger hurricane would have caused more damage. If the storm struck in 2012, one researcher estimated the hurricane would have been among the costliest Louisiana hurricanes, comparable to Hurricane Betsy in 1965 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020314-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 Massachusetts's 17th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 17th congressional district on April 6, 1812 to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of Barzillai Gannett (DR) who resigned sometime in 1812 without having served.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020315-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 N Moore\n1812 North Moore is an office building in Arlington, Virginia, developed by Monday Properties. It was topped out in March 2013, surpassing the nearby Rosslyn Twin Towers as the tallest building in the Washington metropolitan area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020315-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 N Moore\nThe building was completed in late 2013. In January 2017 it was announced that Nestle USA will move its headquarters into the building, which had remained vacant until that time. It was the biggest speculative development in the region during the Great Recession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020315-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 N Moore, History\n1812 replaces the 11-story 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, once one of the tallest buildings in the region. The developer lobbied the county to have the address renamed 1812 after the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020315-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 N Moore, History\nThe building was originally proposed in 2005 with 39 floors and a height of 484 feet, and a tapering design quite resembling Atago Mori Tower in Tokyo. The design was eventually shortened and simplified to its current design, which resembles 3100 Clarendon Blvd in the nearby Clarendon neighborhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020315-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 N Moore, History\nIts height was controversial, due to its rivaling the nearby Washington Monument, as well as being in the flight path of Washington National Airport. While agencies such as the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital Planning Commission have raised objections to tall buildings in the Virginia and Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C., they have been unsuccessful in stopping construction of such buildings, as they do not have jurisdiction over those areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020316-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 New York's 6th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New York's 6th congressional district December 15\u201317, 1812 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Robert Le Roy Livingston (F) on May 6, 1812", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020316-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 New York's 6th congressional district special election, Election returns\nThere was no opposition to Grosvenor. Grosvenor took his seat on January 29, 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture\nThe Year 1812 Solemn Overture, Op. 49, popularly known as the 1812 Overture, is a concert overture in E\u266d major written in 1880 by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to commemorate the successful Russian defense against Napoleon's invading Grande Arm\u00e9e in 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture\nThe overture debuted in Moscow on 20 August 1882 (Julian date: 8 August 1882), conducted by Ippolit Al'tani under a tent near the then-almost-finished Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, which also memorialized the 1812 defense of Russia. Tchaikovsky himself conducted another performance at the dedication of Carnegie Hall in New York City. This was one of the first times a major European composer visited the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture\nThe 15-minute overture is best known for its climactic volley of cannon fire, ringing chimes, and a brass fanfare finale. It has also become a common accompaniment to fireworks displays on the United States' Independence Day. The 1812 Overture went on to become one of Tchaikovsky's most popular works, along with his ballet scores to The Nutcracker, The Sleeping Beauty, and Swan Lake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Instrumentation\nThe 1812 Overture is scored for an orchestra that consists of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Instrumentation\nThe carillon is sometimes replaced with tubular bells or recordings of carillons, or even church bells. In the sections that contain cannon shots, actual cannons are sometimes replaced by recorded cannons or played on a piece of staging, usually with a large wooden mallet or sledgehammer as in the Mahler 6th. The bass drum and gong/tam-tam are also regularly used as cannon substitutes or adjuncts in indoor performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Instrumentation\nIn his 1966 Deutsche Grammophon recording, Herbert von Karajan scored the first 02'43\" (or 36 bars) for voices instead of strings at the start and the subsequent dialogue between strings and woodwind, adding the Russian Orthodox plainchant God Preserve Thy People text to the melody and slightly rearranging the texture to suit voices a capella rather than instruments. The American conductor Igor Buketoff, son of a Russian Orthodox priest, went a stage further on his 1960s RCA Victrola recording with the New Philharmonia Orchestra. Not only did he deploy voices for the opening chant but he also had a children's chorus sing the folk tune By the Gates and brought the choir back to bolster the chant and the Russian Imperial national anthem God Save the Tsar!.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0006-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Composition, Historical background: Napoleon's invasion of Russia\nOn 7 September 1812, at Borodino, 120\u00a0km (75\u00a0mi) west of Moscow, Napoleon's forces met those of General Mikhail Kutuzov in a concerted stand made by Russia against the seemingly invincible French Army. The Battle of Borodino saw casualties estimated as high as 100,000 and the French were masters of the field. It was, however, ultimately a pyrrhic victory for the French invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 80], "content_span": [81, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0007-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Composition, Historical background: Napoleon's invasion of Russia\nWith resources depleted and supply lines overextended, Napoleon's weakened forces moved into Moscow, which they occupied with no delegation to receive the conquerors. Expecting capitulation from the displaced Tsar Alexander I, the French instead found themselves in a barren and desolate city. To make things worse, 48 hours after Napoleon's entry to the Russian capital, three quarters of Moscow were burned to the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 80], "content_span": [81, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0008-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Composition, Historical background: Napoleon's invasion of Russia\nDeprived of winter stores, Napoleon had to retreat. Beginning on 19 October and lasting well into December, the French Army faced several overwhelming obstacles on its long retreat: famine, typhus, frigid temperatures, harassing cossacks, and Russian forces barring the way out of the country. Abandoned by Napoleon in November, the Grande Arm\u00e9e was reduced to one-tenth of its original size by the time it reached Poland and relative safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 80], "content_span": [81, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0009-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Composition, Historical background: Napoleon's invasion of Russia\nIn 1869, the full edition of War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy was published. The novel reported a very accurate description of the Napoleonic invasion of 1812, reviving memories of the Russian resistance. This led to the commissioning of new monuments, paintings and also of new musical compositions, including Tchaikovsky's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 80], "content_span": [81, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0010-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Composition, Commission\nThe Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, commissioned in 1812 by Tsar Alexander I to commemorate the Russian victory, was nearing completion in Moscow in 1880; the 25th anniversary of the coronation of Alexander II would be at hand in 1881; and the 1882 All-Russia Arts and Industry Exhibition at Moscow was in the planning stage. Tchaikovsky's friend and mentor Nikolai Rubinstein suggested that he write a grand commemorative piece for use in related festivities. Tchaikovsky began work on the project on 12 October 1880, finishing it six weeks later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0011-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Composition, Commission\nOrganizers planned to have the overture performed in the square before the cathedral, with a brass band to reinforce the orchestra, the bells of the cathedral, and all the others in downtown Moscow playing \"zvons\" (pealing bells) on cue\u2014and cannons, fired from an electric switch panel to achieve the precision the musical score required. However, this performance did not take place, possibly due in part to the over-ambitious plan. Regardless, the assassination of Alexander II that March deflated much of the impetus for the project. In 1882, during the All-Russia Arts and Industry Exhibition, the Overture was performed in a tent next to the unfinished cathedral. The cathedral was completed on 26 May 1883.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0012-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Composition, Commission\nMeanwhile, Tchaikovsky complained to his patron Nadezhda von Meck that he was \"...\u00a0not a conductor of festival pieces,\" and that the Overture would be \"...\u00a0very loud and noisy, but [without] artistic merit, because I wrote it without warmth and without love.\" He put it together in six weeks. It is this work that would make the Tchaikovsky estate exceptionally wealthy, as it is one of the most performed and recorded works from his catalog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0013-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Composition, Commission\nIn Russia during the Communist era, the Tsar's anthem melody was replaced with the chorus \"Glory, Glory to you, holy Rus'!\" (\u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c!) from the finale of Mikhail Glinka's op\u00e9ra A Life for the Tsar; a historical drama about a patriotic commoner, Ivan Susanin. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of the Cold War, the original score returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0014-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Composition, Adaptation in other contexts\nAs a rousing patriotic hymn, the Overture has subsequently been adapted into and associated with other contexts than that of the Russian resistance to Napoleon's invasion. The 1812 Overture is popularly known in the United States as a symbol of the United States Independence Day, a tradition that dates to a 1974 choice made by Arthur Fiedler for a performance of 4 July of the Boston Pops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0015-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Composition, Adaptation in other contexts\nThe piece was parodied by composer Malcolm Arnold in A Grand, Grand Overture which features 4 rifles, three Hoover vacuum cleaners (two uprights in B\u266d and one horizontal with detachable sucker in C), and an electric floor polisher in E\u266d; it is dedicated to President Hoover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0016-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Structure\nThe piece begins with the simple, plaintive Russian melody of the Eastern Orthodox Troparion of the Holy Cross (also known as \"O Lord, Save Thy People\") played by four cellos and two violas. This represents the Russian people praying for a swift conclusion to the invasion. Then, the French National anthem, \"La Marseillaise\", is heard, representing the invading French army. Then, the melody of \"La Marseillaise\" is heard competing against Russian folk music, representing the two armies fighting each other as the French got closer and closer to Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0016-0001", "contents": "1812 Overture, Structure\nAt this point, five cannon shots are heard, representing the Battle of Borodino. This is where \"La Marseillaise\" is most prominent, and seems to be winning. After this, a long descending run represents the French army retreating out of Moscow as the freezing winter winds rage on. At the end of this run the hymn that the piece begins with is repeated. This can be interpreted as prayers being answered. The grand finale culminates with eleven more cannon shots and the melody of God Save the Tsar!.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0017-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Structure, Anachronism of nationalist motifs\nAlthough La Marseillaise was chosen as the French national anthem in 1795, it was banned by Napoleon in 1805 and would not have been played during the Russian campaign. It was reinstated as the French Anthem in 1879\u2014the year before the commission of the overture\u2014which can explain its use by Tchaikovsky in the overture. Veillons au salut de l'Empire, which served as the unofficial anthem of Napoleon I's regime, had been largely forgotten by 1882, while educated Russians of the time were likely to be familiar with the tune of La Marseillaise and recognize its significance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0018-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Structure, Anachronism of nationalist motifs\nAlthough God Save the Tsar! was the Russian national anthem in Tchaikovsky's time, it had not been written in 1812. There was no official Russian anthem until 1815, from which time until 1833 the anthem was Molitva russkikh, \"The Prayer of the Russians,\" sung to the tune of God Save the King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0019-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Structure, Themes\nO Lord, Save thy People represents the praying for deliverance from the invading army. A part of this hymn translates to \"Grant victory to all Orthodox Christians over their enemies.\" By including this hymn in the piece, Tchaikovsky is suggesting that God granted the Orthodox Russians victory over the French imperial troops. Later in the piece when La Marseillaise is played, it seems as though the Russians will lose the battle. Then O Lord, Save thy People, along with God Save the Tsar!, is played powerfully in the brass section with a strong display of chimes in the background. The ringing chimes are written to represent the bells of Moscow. The Bells of Moscow hold significance, because in the Russian Orthodox religion, the bells symbolize the voice of God.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0020-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Performance practice\nIn a live performance, the logistics of safety and precision in placement of the shots require either well-drilled military crews using modern cannon, or the use of sixteen pieces of muzzle-loading artillery, since any reloading schemes, to attain the sixteen shots, or even a semblance of them, in the two-minute time span involved, makes safety and precision impossible with 1800s artillery. Time lag alone precludes implementation of cues for the shots for fewer than sixteen 1812-era field pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0021-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history\nThe earliest traceable orchestral recording, which does not include the shots and features no percussion apart from bells, was by the Royal Albert Hall Orchestra conducted by Landon Ronald, and issued by His Master's Voice on three 12-inch 78-rpm sides in 1916. A Royal Opera Orchestra recording of about the same time similarly contains no shots at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0022-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history\nAntal Dor\u00e1ti's 1954 Mercury Records recording with the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra, partially recorded at West Point, and using the Yale Memorial Carillon in New Haven, Connecticut, uses a Napoleonic French single muzzleloading cannon shot dubbed in 16 times as written. On the first edition of the recording, one side played the Overture and the other side played a narrative by Deems Taylor about how the cannon and bell effects were accomplished. (Later editions placed the commentary after the performance on side 1 and the Capriccio Italien on side 2.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0022-0001", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history\nA stereophonic version was recorded on 5 April 1958, using the bells of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Carillon, at Riverside Church. On this Mercury Living Presence Stereo recording, the spoken commentary was also given by Deems Taylor and the 1812 was coupled with Tchaikovsky's Capriccio Italien. Later editions coupled the 1812 Overture with Dorati's recording of Beethoven's Wellington's Victory, which featured the London Symphony Orchestra and real cannon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0023-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history\nKenneth Alwyn's early stereo recording for Decca used a recording of slowed-down gunfire instead of cannon fire. Robert Sharples and the London Festival Orchestra released a recording in 1963, later remastered in quadrophony by Decca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0024-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history\nThe Black Dyke Band has recorded a brass band arrangement of the piece. This recording on their album Symphonic Brass includes the cannon shots as originally written.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0025-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history\nThe Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Herbert Von Karajan, and the Don Cossacks Choir recorded the piece in 1967 for Deutsche Grammophon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0026-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history\nIn 1971, CBS released a recording with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Eugene Ormandy, also featuring the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, the Valley Forge Military Academy band and real artillery shots. British rock drummer Cozy Powell sampled the overture at the end of the track \"Over The Top\" in his eponymous 1979 studio album. The first digital recording occurred in 1979 by Telarc of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. High-definition cannon shots using full-sized 19th century military cannons were also recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0026-0001", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history\nIn addition to becoming Telarc's best-selling record and establishing them as a company, the record soon became a popular and well-known method for testing hifi record-playing equipment and related setups. Only the best and most fine-tuned allowed the cannon shots to be played properly (an accompanying warning for users not to destroy their audio equipment was included with the record). In 1989, the Swingle Singers recorded an a cappella version of the overture as part of an album whose title is 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0027-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history\nIn 1990, during a worldwide celebration of the 150th anniversary of Tchaikovsky's birth, the Overture was recorded in the city of his youth by the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra using 16 muzzleloading cannons fired live as written in the 1880 score. That recording was done within earshot of the composer's grave. The festival was televised for the first time in the United States on 9 March 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0028-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history\nThe Texan band \"The Invincible Czars\" released a rock version of 1812 Overture for the bicentennial of the Battle of Borodino in September 2012. The band had already debuted their arrangement of the piece at the 20th annual OK Mozart classical music festival at Bartlesville, Oklahoma, with professional orchestra musicians, in June 2009, complete with fireworks at the finale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0029-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture\nThe piece is featured prominently in both the opening and ending scenes of the film V for Vendetta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0030-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture\nThe melody of Dan Fogelberg's top ten hit \"Same Old Lang Syne\" is drawn from the distinctive leitmotif that represents the Russian forces in the piece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0031-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture\nThe riff of The Move's 1966 hit single \"Night of Fear\" was adapted from 1812 Overture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0032-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture\nCanadian progressive rock band Rush adopted the famous brass theme of 1812 Overture in their suite 2112, from their album of the same name. Significantly, other than being included in a similarly titled piece of music, Tchaikovsky's theme is featured in the first section of the song, which is itself titled \"Overture\". Also, cannon shots are heard at the end of Rush's \"Overture\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0033-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture\nIn \"The Disappearance of Mr Davenheim\" (Episode 5, Series 2, of the British drama series, Agatha Christie's Poirot), the title character plays a record of the 1812 Overture so that the cannon fire will mask the sound of him breaking into his own safe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0034-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture\nA shortened version of the piece is featured as a sea shanty in the Xbox One game Sea of Thieves. It is playable by characters using any one of the game's four playable instruments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020317-0035-0000", "contents": "1812 Overture, Recording history, In popular culture\nEnglish slapstick comedian Charlie Drake performed part of the overture in a short film for television, with himself playing the conductor and all the musicians. In 1967 it won the Golden Rose at the Montreux Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020318-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 Rocket Regiment (India)\n1812 Rocket Regiment (SMERCH) is an artillery regiment which is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020318-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 Rocket Regiment (India), Formation\n1812 Rocket Regiment (SMERCH) was raised on 15 March 1965 as 181 Light Battery at Khoja Toll, Ranchi Cantt under the stewardship of Major P Banerji.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020318-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 Rocket Regiment (India), History\n181 Light Battery was under 4 Mountain Artillery Brigade of the 4 Mountain Division during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 in the Jhenaidah\u2013Kushtia sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020318-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 Rocket Regiment (India), History\nIn April 1972, 181 Light Battery was bifurcated into 1812 (1) and 1812 (2) Light Batteries. 1812(1) Light Battery earned a significant distinction when in 1975, it was commanded by Major S Padmananbhan who later went on to become the Chief of Army Staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020318-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 Rocket Regiment (India), History\nIn 2009, the regiment took a pivotal step in its evolution when it was given the honour of converting to a Rocket Regiment equipped with the Russian-built BM-30 Smerch at Nasirabad, Ajmer. The regiment had the privilege to participate in the Republic Day parade, in New Delhi, on January 26, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake\nThe 1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, also known as the Wrightwood earthquake, occurred on December 8 at 15:00 UTC in Alta California. At the time, this was a colonial territory of the Spanish Empire. Damage occurred at several of the missions in the region of Pueblo de Los \u00c1ngeles, including Mission San Gabriel Arc\u00e1ngel and Mission San Juan Capistrano, where 40 parishioners were killed during the collapse of a church at an early morning service. Tree ring and paleoseismic evidence show that there is a strong likelihood that the earthquake originated along the Mojave segment of the San Andreas Fault near Wrightwood, but other faults have been suggested as the cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake\nSeveral studies in the 1980s placed the shock along the southern Newport\u2013Inglewood Fault near the zone of highest reported intensity. This fault is near the coast and the most significant damage at the missions, but later work at trench sites along the San Andreas Fault excluded it for this large to very large shock. Dynamic rupture modelling made possible another proposal in the 2010s involving a dual rupture scenario with both the San Andreas and San Jacinto Fault Zones. Each of these studies worked with limited data, and the effects of the shock and various fault rupture details led to Mercalli intensities of VII (Very strong) to IX (Violent) being proposed. Magnitudes from 6.9 Mla on the low end to 7.5 Mw on the high end were also presented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe primary tectonic feature in California is the strike-slip San Andreas (SAF) system of faults that form part of the diffuse Pacific\u2013North American plate boundary. This transform fault trends south-southeast through much of northern and central California, but turns more southeasterly at the southern end of the California Coast Ranges at a prominent restraining bend. Southeast of this bend the SAF borders the Mojave Desert then bisects the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains at Cajon Pass, where the active San Jacinto Fault Zone diverges from the SAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0002-0001", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe San Jacinto Mountains and the Salton Sea lie between the two faults as they continue to the southeast towards the Mexico\u2013United States border. The Newport\u2013Inglewood Fault, a part of the San Andreas system that is positioned near the coast along the western extremity of the Los Angeles Basin, is a discontinuous strike-slip fault similar to the San Jacinto Fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault\nIn the 1980s several seismologists attributed the source of the event to the southern Newport\u2013Inglewood Fault due to its proximity to the zone of greatest damage at Mission San Juan Capistrano. The northern portion of the fault was excluded as a potential source due to a lack of damage at San Buenaventura. Other more distant sources have also been proposed, including the Mojave segment of the SAF to the north of San Juan Capistrano, substantiated by tree distress evidence preserved in tree rings along the fault zone and paleoseismic evidence in an investigative trench at Pallet Creek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0003-0001", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault\nAnother scenario was proposed after a researcher noted the great distance between the SAF and the zone of damage near the coast. After a paleoseismic investigation and simulations, it was proposed that a joint rupture of both the SAF and the San Jacinto Fault Zone to the southeast more closely matched the damage pattern than a SAF-only rupture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault, Newport\u2013Inglewood Fault\nIn support of the southern Newport\u2013Inglewood Fault as the source, Toppozada & Real 1981 presented a simple isoseismal map with one elongated ring oriented northwest\u2013southeast roughly parallel to the coastline and centered on the fault. The single isoseismal (a line depicting an area of equal intensity) shows the intensity VII (Very strong) boundary for the event, which is an ellipse that includes Mission San Juan Capistrano, Mission San Gabriel Arc\u00e1ngel, and Mission San Fernando Rey de Espa\u00f1a at the extreme northwest end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 86], "content_span": [87, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0004-0001", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault, Newport\u2013Inglewood Fault\nFrom a modern-day perspective, this intensity level covers all of Orange County, most of southern Los Angeles County, and insignificant portions of San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego Counties. After analyzing the intensity data that were derived from the mission's minimal reports and by modeling ground conditions and known faults, Evernden & Thompson 1985 also singled out the southern Newport\u2013Inglewood Fault as the source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 86], "content_span": [87, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault, San Andreas Fault\nInfluenced by the work of several dendrochronologists and a seismologist who examined trauma to trees near Wrightwood, Toppozada et al. 2002 came about in support of the SAF as the source. Jacoby, Sheppard, & Sieh 1988 gained a more thorough understanding of the most recent events and a potential rupture length of the SAF by investigating damage to trees, which been associated with intensity VIII (Severe) shaking within several kilometers of a source fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 80], "content_span": [81, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0005-0001", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault, San Andreas Fault\nSeventy trees were examined and nine of the trees along a 7.5\u00a0mi (12\u00a0km) section experienced some form of trauma beginning in 1813, including two with crown loss. All were within 66\u00a0ft (20\u00a0m) of the fault. Other sources for the damage were ruled out, including disease, lightning, wind, and fire. Severe shaking was also excluded because trees outside of this narrow zone would also have similar effects. The researchers' theory was that right-lateral displacement on the SAF had damaged their root systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 80], "content_span": [81, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0006-0000", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Source fault, San Andreas and San Jacinto Faults\nBy the 2010s, the shift of attention from the Newport\u2013Inglewood Fault to the SAF was cemented, with numerous other paleoseismic investigations validating that slip along the SAF, possibly as far north as Elizabeth Lake, was responsible for the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 97], "content_span": [98, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0007-0000", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Damage\nSeveral of the Roman Catholic missions in the area experienced heavy damage. The bell structure at Mission San Gabriel Arc\u00e1ngel collapsed and at Mission San Juan Capistrano the Great Stone Church was destroyed and forty Native Americans were killed as the earthquake happened during the first service. The service was being held on a Tuesday, for the Feast of the Immaculate Conception celebration, which is universally celebrated every December 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0008-0000", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity\nToppozada & Real 1981 shows the most conservative estimates for the intensity of the event, with Mission San Luis Rey and Mission San Diego both indicating that the shock was felt only, and no clarification of whether it was weak, light, or moderate. Well away from the proposed epicenter, the San Bernardino Valley may have experienced intensity VI (Strong) shaking, and a maximum intensity of VII was listed for Mission San Juan Capistrano, Mission San Gabriel Arc\u00e1ngel, and Mission San Fernando Rey de Espa\u00f1a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0008-0001", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity\nMission San Buenaventura lay outside the ring, but is annotated with possibly also having experienced intensity VII effects. Stover & Coffman 1993 and the National Geophysical Data Center's Significant Earthquake Database both show a maximum intensity of VIII (Severe), but neither correlate intensity to location. The NGDC's Earthquake Intensity Database indicates that a maximum of IX (Violent) was experienced at San Gabriel and San Juan Capistrano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020319-0009-0000", "contents": "1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake, Other events\nThirteen days later, the Lompoc earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 7.1 to 7.5 struck. It generated a 3.4-meter tsunami around the Santa Barbara coast. The damage from that was moderate and significantly less deadly. That quake may have been triggered by the Wrightwood earthquake however, the location of its epicenter remains uncertain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1812 United Kingdom general election was the fourth general election to be held after the Union of Great Britain and Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election\nThe fourth United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 29 September 1812. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 24 November 1812, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nFollowing the 1807 election the Pittite Tory ministry, led as Prime Minister by the Duke of Portland (who still claimed to be a Whig), continued to prosecute the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nAt the core of the opposition were the Foxite Whigs, led since the death of Fox in 1806 by Earl Grey (known by the courtesy title of Viscount Howick and a member of the House of Commons from 1806\u201307). However, as Foord observes: \"the affairs of the party during most of this period were in a state of uncertainty and confusion\". Grey was not the commanding leader Fox had been. After Grey inherited his peerage and went to the House of Lords in 1807, the party leadership in the House of Commons was extremely weak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Grenvillites, associated with the Whig Prime Minister before Portland, William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, were also in opposition but were of less significance than the Foxites. Despite this Grenville was recognised as the first Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nA relative of Grey's wife, George Ponsonby, was proposed to Whig MPs by Grey and Grenville as the Whig leader in the House of Commons. Ponsonby was the first person recognised as the official Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, as opposed to the leader of an opposition faction. He proved to be incompetent but could not be persuaded to resign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0006-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nUntil 1812 the Tory faction associated with another former Prime Minister, Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, and were also out of office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0007-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe smallest component of the opposition were the Radicals, who were a largely middle-class group of reformers. They had philosophical differences with the more aristocratic Whigs, but usually ended up voting with them in Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0008-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nIn 1809 Portland, whose health was failing, resigned. The new Tory Prime Minister was Spencer Perceval. In April 1812 he brought Sidmouth into the cabinet. A month later, on 11 May 1812, Perceval was assassinated. The premiership passed to the Earl of Liverpool, who failed to attract Grenville. This was a further stage in the development of a two-party system\u2014just about all Tories supported the government and all Whigs opposed it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0009-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe general election of 1812 returned the Tories to power for another term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0010-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nAt this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0011-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nAn example of what happened in the 1812 election was the Irish constituency of Westmeath. Walker confirms the date of election was 24 October 1812. Stooks Smith indicates that there were three days of polling, during which time 950 electors came to the hustings and voted. Longer contests were possible. The polling in the Berkshire election of 1812 went on for 15 days (with 1,992 electors voting).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0012-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nThe time between the first and last contests in the general election was 5 October to 10 November 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0013-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nMonmouthshire (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020320-0014-0000", "contents": "1812 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nTable 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020321-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut, Notes\nThis Connecticut elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 74], "content_span": [75, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020322-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nDelaware gained a seat after the 1810 Census, and chose to elect both seats on a general ticket. The ten years between 1813 and 1823 were the only time when Delaware was represented by more than one Representative, and is one of only three states (the other two being Alaska and Wyoming) that have never been divided into districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020324-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire gained one seat after the 1810 Census. Its elections were held August 31, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020325-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island's apportionment was unchanged. Its elections were held on August 25, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020326-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont\nVermont gained two seats after the 1810 Census. Rather than re-district, however, Vermont replaced its districts with a single at-large district. It would continue to use an at-large district in 1814, 1816, and 1818, then one more time in 1822 (with 5 seats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020327-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes\nThis Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020328-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana\nLouisiana held its first United States House of Representatives elections following its April 1812 admission to the Union on September 28\u201330, 1812. A special election for a seat in the 12th Congress (that convened in 1811) and a general election for a seat in the 13th Congress (to convene in 1813) were held at the same time, and had nearly-identical results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020329-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland\nMaryland's apportionment was unchanged. It elected its members October 12, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020329-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland, Notes\nThis Maryland elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from December 15 to 17, 1812, to elect 27 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 13th United States Congress. At the same time, a vacancy was filled in the 12th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n17 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1810 to a term in the 12th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1811. The representatives' term would end on March 3, 1813. Although the U.S. Census of 1810 showed that New York would be entitled to more seats in the House, the New York State Legislature adjourned on March 27, 1812 without re-apportioning the congressional districts. Congressional elections were held, as usual, together with the State elections from April 28 to 30, 1812, but these were subsequently declared void.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nOn May 6, 1812, Robert Le Roy Livingston resigned his seat to fight in the War of 1812, leaving a vacancy in the 6th District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nThe State Legislature reconvened on May 21, 1812, and re-apportioned the congressional district by an Act passed on June 10, 1812. The number of seats was increased to 27, and the date of the elections was set for December 15 to 17. At the same time the vacancy in the former 6th District was to be filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nDue to the increase in seats, the previously eliminated 16th and 17th D. were re-established, and four more districts were created. Six districts had two members, elected districtwide on a general ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0006-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n19 Federalists and 8 Democratic-Republicans were elected to the 13th Congress, and one Federalist to fill the vacancy in the 12th Congress. The incumbents Sage and Avery were re-elected; the incumbent Van Cortlandt was defeated. Grosvenor was elected to fill the vacancy, and to succeed himself in the next Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0007-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: The Anti- Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0008-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections\nThomas P. Grosvenor took his seat in the 12th United States Congress on January 29, 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 119], "content_span": [120, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0009-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections\nWilliam Dowse, elected in the 15th D., died on February 18, 1813, before the begin of the congressional term. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual State election from April 26 to 28, and John M. Bowers, of the same party, was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 119], "content_span": [120, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0010-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections\nNote: One vote was given for \"John M. Bowey\", and 17 votes were scattered among other people. At the time, in the State of New York ballots with the name written by hand, or printed and distributed by the party machine men, were put in a box marked with the office the vote was intended for, like \"Congress\" or \"Governor\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 119], "content_span": [120, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0011-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections\nThe House of Representatives of the 13th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on May 24, 1813, and Avery, Benson, Comstock, Denoyelles, Fisk, Geddes, Grosvenor, Kent, Lefferts, Lovett, Markell, Miller, Moffitt, Oakley, Post, Sage, Sherwood, Shiphard, Taylor, Thompson and Winter took their seats on this day. Boyd and Smith took their seats on May 25; Howell on May 26; Hopkins on June 4; Bowers on June 21; and Hasbrouck sometime before July 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 119], "content_span": [120, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0012-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections\nTwo days after Bowers had taken his seat, on June 23, Jonathan Fisk presented a petition on behalf of Isaac Williams, Jr., contesting the election of John M. Bowers to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Dowse. Williams, Jr., claimed that the votes returned for \"Isaac Williams\" were intended for him, since there were only two candidates - Bowers and Williams, Jr. - and although there were two other men named Isaac Williams living in this district, neither of them was running for Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 119], "content_span": [120, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0012-0001", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections\nOn July 2, the United States House Committee on Elections reported that it seemed the claim was justified, considering that in some towns apparently all votes were given for \"Williams\" and none for \"Williams, Jr.\" Nevertheless, the Committee were \"of the opinion that further evidence was necessary, to form a correct decision\" and postponed the matter \"until the first Wednesday of the next session.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 119], "content_span": [120, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0013-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections\nOn July 7, 1813, a petition on behalf of Peter A. Jay and Benjamin B. Blydenburgh was presented to the House, contesting the election of Ebenezer Sage and John Lefferts in the 1st D. On July 13, the Committee on Elections postponed this case also to the next session, but no further action was taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 119], "content_span": [120, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0014-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections\nEgbert Benson resigned his seat on August 2, 1813, at the end of the first session of the 13th Congress. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in the 2nd District from December 28 to 30, and was won by William Irving, of the opposing party. Irving took his seat on January 22, 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 119], "content_span": [120, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020330-0015-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested elections\nThe second session of the 13th Congress began on December 6, 1813, and on December 13, Fisk asked the Committee to submit its final report. On December 20, the Committee reported that in the towns of Exeter, Milford and Westford 322 votes were in fact given for \"Isaac Williams, Jr.\", but had been returned for \"Isaac Williams\" by the election inspectors \"by mistake.\" The House declared unanimously Williams, Jr., entitled to the seat instead of Bowers. Williams, Jr., took his seat on January 24, 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 119], "content_span": [120, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020331-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio\nThe 1810 Census revealed dramatic population growth in Ohio since 1800, resulting in its representation increasing from a single Representative to six, resulting in the State being broken up into 6 districts, abolishing the at-large district. Jeremiah Morrow (Democratic-Republican), who had served since Ohio achieved statehood in 1803, retired to run for U.S. Senator, so that all six seats were open. Its elections were held October 13, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020331-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, Notes\nThis Ohio elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 68], "content_span": [69, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020332-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nElections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania were held October 13, 1812 for the 13th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020332-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nIn the previous election, 17 Democratic-Republicans and 1 Federalist had been elected to represent Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020332-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nPennsylvania was divided at this time into 15 districts, 9 of which were single-member districts, five of which had two members, and one of which had four members. Following the 1810 Census, Pennsylvania underwent redistricting. Most of the new districts had little correspondence to the former districts, for example, the old 3rd district was divided between the new 2nd, 3rd, and 7th districts. The 1st, 9th and 10th districts were unaltered, except for renumbering of the old 9th and 10th to 13th and 12th respectively, and the addition of a 4th seat to the 1st district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020332-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results\nSixteen incumbents (all Democratic-Republicans) ran for re-election, of whom 14 were re-elected. The incumbents James Milnor (F) of the 1st district and Joseph Lefever (DR) of the old 3rd district did not run for re-election. The two incumbents who lost re-election lost to members of the same party, while six of the seven open seats were won by Democratic-Republicans, a net increase of 5 seats for the Democratic-Republicans and no change for the Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020332-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the first session\nThree of the re-elected Representatives did not serve in the 13th Congress, two of whom did not finish their term in the 12th Congress either. John Smilie (DR), re-elected to the 13th district, died on December 30, 1812 and Abner Lacock (DR), re-elected to the 15th district, resigned February 24, 1813 after being elected to the Senate. Smilie was replaced by Isaac Griffin in a special election held February 16, 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 129], "content_span": [130, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020332-0004-0001", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the first session\nThe only record of that election is a manuscript which indicates he won by a 779-vote majority, but does not record the name(s) of his opponent(s) nor the total number of votes cast. Robert Whitehill (DR) of the 5th district died April 8, 1813. The election in the 5th district was held May 11, 1813 and in the 15th on May 4, 1813", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 129], "content_span": [130, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020332-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the first session\nNeither seat changed political parties, and both took their seats at the beginning of the 1st session of the 13th Congress, which lasted May 24 - August 2, 1813", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 129], "content_span": [130, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020332-0006-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the 2nd session\nJohn Gloninger (F) of the 3rd district and John M. Hyneman (DR) of the 7th district both resigned August 2, 1813, at the end of the 1st session. They were replaced in special elections held on October 12, 1813", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 127], "content_span": [128, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020332-0007-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the 2nd session\nBoth took their seats December 6, 1813, at the start of the 2nd session. With Crouch's victory in the 3rd district, the sole Federalist-held seat in Pennsylvania changed to Democratic-Republican control, thus Pennsylvania's delegation was completely Democratic-Republican during the 2nd session, which lasted December 6, 1813 - April 18, 1814", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 127], "content_span": [128, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020332-0008-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the third session\nJonathan Roberts (DR) of the 2nd district resigned February 24, 1814 upon being elected to the Senate and James Whitehill (DR) of the 3rd district resigned September 1, 1814. Both were replaced in a special election held October 11, 1814, the same day as the 1814 congressional elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 129], "content_span": [130, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020332-0009-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections, Special elections for the third session\nBoth seats changed from Democratic-Republican to Federalist control, so that for the 3rd session, Pennsylvania's delegation was 21 Democratic-Republicans and 2 Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 129], "content_span": [130, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020333-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina gained one representative as a result of the 1810 Census, increasing from 8 seats to 9. Its elections were held October 12\u201313, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020334-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1812 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on December 8, 1812. Abner Lacock was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020334-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nIncumbent Democratic-Republican Andrew Gregg, who was elected in 1806, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 8, 1812, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1813. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020335-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States elections\nThe 1812 United States elections elected the members of the 13th United States Congress. The election took place during the First Party System, and shortly after the start of the War of 1812. The Federalist Party made a relatively strong showing, winning seats in both chambers while supporting a competitive challenge to the incumbent Democratic-Republican President. However, the Democratic-Republican Party continued its control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020335-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States elections\nIn the Presidential election, incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Madison defeated New York Lieutenant Governor and New York City Mayor DeWitt Clinton. Clinton was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, but his presidential bid received the support of both anti-Madison Democratic-Republicans and many Federalists. Although Madison won, the Presidential election was the closest since the 1800 election, as Clinton won New England and three mid-Atlantic states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020335-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 United States elections\nFollowing the 1810 census, 39 seats were added to the House. Federalists won major gains, but Democratic-Republicans continued to dominate the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020335-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Federalists picked up a small number of seats, but Democratic-Republicans retained a dominant majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020335-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 United States elections, Background\nMilitary conflict resulting from the Napoleonic Wars in Europe had been steadily worsening throughout James Madison's first term, and the British and French had been ignoring the neutrality of the United States at sea by seizing American ships to look for supposed deserters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020335-0004-0001", "contents": "1812 United States elections, Background\nThe British further provoked the Americans by impressing American seamen, maintaining forts within United States territory in the Northwest, and supporting Native Americans at war with the U.S. Meanwhile, expansionists in the south and west of the United States coveted British Canada and Spanish Florida and wanted to use British provocations as a pretext to seize both areas. The pressure continued to build, and as a result the United States declared war on the United Kingdom on June 12, 1812. This occurred after Madison had been nominated by the Democratic-Republicans, but before the Federalists had made their nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020335-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 United States elections, Background\nThe Federalist Party had dominated the American government from 1789 to 1801 under Alexander Hamilton whilst retaining a stronghold in New England. It made a brief resurgence in the 1812 election by opposing the war, and dissolved shortly after in 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election\nThe 1812 United States presidential election was the seventh quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, October 30, 1812 to Wednesday, December 2, 1812. Taking place in the shadow of the War of 1812, incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Madison defeated DeWitt Clinton, who drew support from dissident Democratic-Republicans in the North as well as Federalists. It was the first presidential election to be held during a major war involving the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election\nNorthern Democratic-Republicans had long been dissatisfied by the Southern dominance of their party, and DeWitt Clinton's uncle, Vice President George Clinton, had unsuccessfully challenged Madison for the party's 1808 presidential nomination. While the May 1812 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus re-nominated Madison, the party's New York caucus, also held in May, nominated Clinton for president. After the United States declared war on the United Kingdom in June 1812, Clinton sought to create a coalition of anti-war Democratic-Republicans and Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0001-0001", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election\nWith Clinton in the race, the Federalist Party declined to formally put forth a nominee, hoping its members would vote for Clinton, but they did not formally endorse him, fearing that an explicit endorsement of Clinton would hurt the party's fortunes in other races. Federalist Jared Ingersoll of Pennsylvania became Clinton's de facto running mate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election\nDespite Clinton's success at attracting Federalist support, Madison was re-elected with 50.4 percent of the popular vote to his opponent's 47.6%, making the 1812 election the closest election up to that point in the popular vote. Clinton won the Federalist bastion of New England as well as three Mid-Atlantic states, but Madison dominated the South and took Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, Background\nResidual military conflict resulting from the Napoleonic Wars in Europe had been steadily worsening throughout James Madison's first term, with the British and the French both ignoring the neutrality rights of the United States at sea by seizing American ships and looking for supposed British deserters in a practice known as impressment. The British provided additional provocations by impressing American seamen, maintaining forts within United States territory in the Northwest, and supporting American Indians at war with the United States in both the Northwest and Southwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, Background\nMeanwhile, expansionists in the south and west of the United States coveted British Canada and Spanish Florida and wanted to use British provocations as a pretext to seize both areas. The pressure steadily built, with the result that the United States declared war on the United Kingdom on June 12, 1812. This occurred after Madison had been nominated by the Democratic-Republicans, but before the Federalists had made their nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination\nMany Democratic-Republicans in the northern states were unhappy over the perceived dominance of the presidency by the state of Virginia (three of the last four Presidents had been Virginians), and they wished instead to nominate one of their own rather than re-nominate Madison. Initially, these hopes were pinned upon Vice President George Clinton, but his poor health and advanced age (72) eliminated his chances. Even before Clinton's death on April 20, 1812, his nephew DeWitt Clinton was considered the preferred candidate to move against Madison by the northern Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 93], "content_span": [94, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0006-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination\nHoping to forestall a serious movement against incumbent President James Madison and a division of the Democratic-Republican Party, some proposed making DeWitt Clinton the nominee for the Vice Presidency, taking over the same office his uncle now held. DeWitt was not opposed to the offer, but preferred to wait until after the conclusion of the New York caucus, which would not be held until after the Congressional Caucus had met, to finalize his decision. Early caucuses were held in the states of Virginia and Pennsylvania, both of which pledged their support to Madison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 93], "content_span": [94, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0006-0001", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination\nOn May 18 a Democratic-Republican Congressional nominating caucus was held, and James Madison was formally nominated as the candidate of his party, though divisions were quite apparent; only 86 of the 134 Democratic-Republican Senators and Congressmen participated in the caucus. Seeking a northerner for a running mate (and with DeWitt Clinton remaining aloof), the caucus chose New Hampshire Governor John Langdon to balance the ticket. However Langdon declined due to his own advanced age, at the time 70 years. A second caucus nominated Governor Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts for the Vice Presidency even though he was not much younger than Langdon at 68.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 93], "content_span": [94, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0007-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination\nWhen the New York caucus did meet on May 29, it was dominated by anti-war Democratic-Republicans, and nominated DeWitt Clinton for the presidency almost unanimously. Clinton's now open candidacy was opposed by many who, while not friends of James Madison, feared that Clinton was now apt to tear the Democratic-Republican party asunder. The matter of how to conduct his campaign also became a major problem for Clinton, especially with regards to the war with the British after June 12. Many of Clinton's supporters were war-hawks who advocated extreme measures to force the British into negotiations favorable to the United States, while Clinton knew he would have to appeal to Federalists to win, and they were almost wholly opposed to the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 93], "content_span": [94, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0008-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Federalist nomination\nBefore Clinton entered the race as an alternative to President Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall was a favorite for the Federalist nomination, a relatively popular figure who could carry much of the Northeast while potentially taking Virginia and North Carolina as well. But with Clinton in the race, the Federalists would no longer be able to count on the electoral votes of New York, possibly throwing the election into the House of Representatives, dominated by Democratic-Republicans, where Madison would almost certainly be elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0009-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Federalist nomination\nIn the face of these facts, the Federalist party considered endorsing Clinton's candidacy for a time, but at their caucus in September it was decided that the party simply would not field a candidate that year and did not endorse Clinton. Though there was much support among the Federalists for Clinton, it was felt that openly endorsing him as the party's choice for president would damage his chances in states where the Federalists remained unpopular and drive away Democratic-Republicans who would normally be supportive of his candidacy. A Federalist caucus in Pennsylvania chose to nominate Jared Ingersoll, the Attorney General of the state, as Clinton's running-mate, a move Clinton decided to support considering the importance of Pennsylvania's electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0010-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Straight-Federalist nomination\nWhile many Federalists were supportive of DeWitt Clinton's candidacy, others were not so keen, skeptical of Clinton's positions regarding the war and other matters. Rufus King, a former diplomat and Congressman, had led an effort at the September Caucus to nominate a Federalist ticket for the election that year, though he was ultimately unsuccessful. Still, some wished to enter King's name into the race under the Federalist label, and while very little came of it, it caused problems for the Clinton campaign in two states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 85], "content_span": [86, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0011-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, Nominations, Straight-Federalist nomination\nIn the case of Virginia, Clinton was rejected entirely by the state Federalist Party, which instead chose to nominate Rufus King for President and William Richardson Davie for vice president. The ticket would acquire about 27% of the vote in the state. In New York, with the Federalists having gained control of the state legislature that summer, it was planned that the Federalists would nominate a slate pledged to Rufus King now that they had the majority. However, a coalition of Democratic-Republicans and Federalists would defeat the motion and succeed in nominating a slate pledged to Clinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 85], "content_span": [86, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0012-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe war heavily overshadowed the campaign. Clinton continued his regional campaigning, adopting an anti-war stance in the Northeast (which was most harmed by the war), and a pro-war stance in the South and West. The election ultimately hinged on New York and Pennsylvania, and while Clinton took his home state, he failed to take Pennsylvania and thus lost the election. Though Clinton lost, the election was the best showing for the Federalists since that of Adams, as the party made gains in Congress and kept the presidential election reasonably close.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0012-0001", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nClintonite Democratic-Republicans in many states refused to work with their Federalist counterparts (notably in Pennsylvania) and Clinton was generally regarded by most as the Federalist candidate, though he was not formally nominated by them. Madison was the first of just four presidents in United States history to win re-election with a lower percentage of the electoral vote than in their prior elections, as Madison won 69.3% of the electoral vote in 1808, but only won 58.7% of the electoral vote in 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0012-0002", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe other three were Woodrow Wilson in 1916, Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944 and Barack Obama in 2012. Additionally, Madison was the first of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections, although in 1812, only 6 of the 18 states chose electors by popular vote. The other four are Andrew Jackson in 1832, Grover Cleveland in 1892, Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944 and Obama in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0013-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nSource (Popular Vote): . . (February 10, 2006). Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787\u20131825Source (Electoral Vote):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0014-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, General election, Results\n(a) Only 9 of the 18 states chose electors by popular vote. (b) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. (c) One Elector from Ohio did not vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0015-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, General election, Popular vote by state\nThe popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest total of votes. The vote totals of Kentucky appear to be incomplete, and those of Tennessee appear to be lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020336-0016-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election, Electoral college selection\nIn New Jersey, Federalists had just taken over the state legislature and decided to change the method of choosing electors from a general election to appointment by state legislature. Some towns, possibly too far away to get the news, or in open defiance of the switch, held elections anyway. These were not counted nor reported by the newspapers. In the unofficial elections, Madison received 1,672 votes while Clinton only received 2, suggesting these were protest votes (New Jersey was far more competitive than this at the time).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020337-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1812 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020337-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nDuring this election, Connecticut cast its nine electoral votes to Independent Democratic Republican and Federalist supported candidate DeWitt Clinton. Nationally, traditional Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Madison won by a narrow margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020338-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1812 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020338-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nLouisiana, which became the 18th state on April 30, 1812, cast its three electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Madison in the states first presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020339-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1812 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020339-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nDuring this election, New Jersey cast its eight electoral votes to Independent Democratic Republican and Federalist supported candidate DeWitt Clinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020340-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1812 United States presidential election in New York took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 29 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020340-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in New York\nDuring this election, New York cast its 29 electoral votes to Independent Democratic Republican and Federalist supported candidate DeWitt Clinton, who was then currently serving as the Mayor of New York City and the Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020340-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in New York\nThe election ultimately hinged on both New York and neighboring Pennsylvania, and while Clinton was able to take his home state, he failed to take Pennsylvania and thus lost the election to traditional Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Madison won by a narrow margin. This would be the first time New York would vote for a losing presidential candidate. It would also be the only time that happened until 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020341-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1812 United States presidential election in Ohio took place as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. Voters chose 8 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020341-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Ohio\nOhio re-elected incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Madison over Federalist candidate DeWitt Clinton. Madison won Ohio by a margin of 38.42%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020342-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1812 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. Voters chose 25 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020342-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate, James Madison, over the Federalist candidate, DeWitt Clinton. Madison won Pennsylvania by a margin of 25.2%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020342-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Results\nNote: Election results totals only include known numbers, as verified by . Vote totals from several counties are missing/unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020343-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1812 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020343-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nDuring this election, South Carolina cast its 11 electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Madison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020344-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1812 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020344-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Vermont\nDuring this election, Vermont cast its eight electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Madison. For the second time in the state's history, Vermont became the only state in New England to vote for Madison, as the other 4 New England states cast their electoral votes for Federalist supported candidate DeWitt Clinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020345-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1812 United States presidential election in Virginia took place between October 30 and December 2, 1812, as part of the 1812 United States presidential election. Voters chose 25 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020345-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate and incumbent president, James Madison. Madison won Virginia, his home state, by a margin of 46.2%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020345-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe race in the state was noteworthy for a dispute within the Federalist Party, who had formed an unofficial pact to support rebel Democratic-Republican candidate DeWitt Clinton nationwide, while putting up Federalist candidate Jared Ingersoll as Clinton's running-mate. The Virginia state Federalist Party rejected this pact, however, and instead nominated Rufus King, the party's vice-presidential candidate in the two previous elections, for president, while nominating William Richardson Davie as King's running-mate. Despite the state's substantial number of presidential electors and the closeness of the race nationally, the dispute did not have a major impact on the election's outcome, as Madison was never considered likely to lose his home state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake\nThe 1812 Ventura earthquake (also known as the Santa Barbara earthquake) occurred on the morning of December 21 at UTC 19:00 or 10:00 Pacific Standard Time (PST), on Monday. The 7.1\u20137.5 magnitude earthquake had a Mercalli intensity scale rating of VIII (Severe), and its resulting tsunami caused great implications to what was at the time a territory of the Spanish Empire, where Catholic missions were settling, present-day Santa Barbara and Ventura County, in California. One person was killed as a result of the earthquake while another from the aftershock. The earthquake occurred just as the region was recovering from another event on the 8th of December the same year. Both events are thought to have been related.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Geological setting\nThe San Andreas is the \"master fault\" of California, it is the main plate boundary in the San Andreas Fault System, consisting of other major active faults. This zone of interaction between the Pacific and North American Plates have resulted in hundreds of faults crisscrossing California. There are several strike-slip, reverse and thrust faults hidden under the Santa Barbara Channel that could produce devastating earthquakes and tsunamis, including a thrust fault that runs along the base of the Santa Monica Mountains. These faults are a result of the \"Big Bend\" in the San Andreas Fault when it meets with the Garlock Fault, exerting compression in the crust, forcing thrust and reverse faults to push crustal blocks upwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins\nStudies have placed the source of this earthquake on two faults. The location and source have not been agreed on, with some researchers providing the epicenter north of Wrightwood or in the Santa Barbara channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Andreas Fault\nBased on tree-ring sampling, forests were found to have suffered some form of trauma and was experiencing a slow growth rate dating back to 1812. They were found to have been missing rings and crowns. The trees took several years or decades to fully recover and return to their normal stage. Those affected trees however were found to be in close proximity to the San Andreas Fault, and not anywhere else; in an event of a strong quake, trees at a considerable distance should show signs of trauma. A plausible cause might be that during slippage, the roots of these trees were severed, thus reducing the intake of nutrients and water required for growth. The violent shaking might also knock branches and parts off the trees off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Andreas Fault\nIt is believed that the San Juan Capistrano earthquake on December 8 triggered the second rupture on December 21. The earthquake on December 21 began from the south and broke northwards to Fort Tejon. Both events ruptured a total length of 170 km on the fault. The northern end of the rupture is still uncertain because of the overlapping southern rupture end of the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, 44 years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Andreas Fault\nHowever, if the earthquake was sourced from the San Andreas Fault, the aftershocks should not be felt around the coastal regions of California. The documented aftershocks were felt locally, and there were reports of \"odd disturbances\" in the sea. Another challenge to the San Andreas source is the lack of damage at Santa Barbara during the much more powerful 1857 earthquake. The section involved in the 1857 quake was closer to Santa Barbara and Ventura but were not felt severely like in the 1812 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0006-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Andreas Fault\nAs for claims of a tsunami and odd disturbances in the sea, a quake triggered landslide may have generated the large waves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0007-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Cayetano Fault\nThe San Cayetano Fault is a 40 km long, north dipping reverse fault that extends from Ventura to the Sespe Mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0008-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Cayetano Fault\nThe Santa Barbara Channel epicenter is based on reports of the large tsunami that flooded the coastal communities. Trenching done in Ventura County along the San Cayetano Fault revealed evidence of a fresh slip dating between 1660 and 1813 and has been interpreted as a powerful earthquake that was generated by the fault. Two large slip events were found at the trench dating back to the past 350 years along the fault. The magnitude of these events was estimated at greater than Mw\u202f7.0 and likely ruptured the entire length of the fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0009-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Earthquake origins, San Cayetano Fault\nSanta Barbara would later be damaged by another earthquake in 1925, that earthquake triggered a moderate, non-destructive tsunami. That earthquake may have occurred along the Mesa Fault or the Santa Ynez Fault System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0010-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Impact and aftermath\nThe first earthquake which may have been a foreshock occurred at around 10:00 to 10:15 a.m. At Mission La Purisima, residents; padres, soldiers, and Indians ran out of buildings and never returned. Fifteen minutes later, the mainshock struck. This time, the shaking intensity was much more violent. Bells of the mission church started ringing and the adobe walls began to fracture and collapse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0011-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Impact and aftermath\nBells of the mission church started ringing and the adobe walls began to fracture and collapse. Damage was reported at Mission Santa Ines, Mission Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Presidio, Mission San Buenaventura (Ventura), and Mission San Fernando as well. One person was killed by a falling boulder at Agua Caliente. At the various missions, many houses, churches, chapels, and other structures totally collapsed. Three adobe buildings were destroyed by the advancing tsunami. At Mission San Buenaventura and Mission Santa Barbara, the destruction was great, and a native man died when a building collapsed on him because of an aftershock. At Mission La Purisima, a large fissure carved through the slopes of a hill erupted mud and water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0012-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Impact and aftermath\nThe low death toll for this large earthquake was attributed to a foreshock 15 minutes before the mainshock which had driven many people out of buildings that would collapse later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0013-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Impact and aftermath\nDevastation from this earthquake was comparable to the 1906 San Francisco and 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, but over a much smaller area. Frightened Chumash people on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands fled to the mainland in their canoes and relocated there. For fear of another tsunami and aftershocks persisting, the missions were abandoned until April of 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020346-0014-0000", "contents": "1812 Ventura earthquake, Impact and aftermath, Tsunami\nThe captain of the Thomas Newland, a ship that was in Refugio Bay, watched as the sea receded, and later returned in a wave that lifted the ship and dumped it at Refugio Canyon, before taking it back out to sea. Run-up heights of 3\u20134 meters were recorded at Gaviota, although eyewitness said the tsunami may have been up to 15.2 meters (50 feet). The tsunami was also recorded at San Francisco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020347-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1812 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020347-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 8. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee's examination showed that Jonas Galusha defeated Martin Chittenden to win election to a fourth one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020347-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, Paul Brigham defeated William Chamberlain to win his seventeenth one-year term. In this contest, one Vermont newspaper recorded the vote totals as: Brigham (Democratic-Republican), 17,887 (53.0%); Chamberlain (Federalist), 14,893 (44.2%); scattering, 952 (2.8%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020347-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his thirteenth, though the vote totals were not recorded. Swan, a Federalist was also endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and so was effectively unopposed for reelection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020347-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, a contemporary newspaper article reported the results as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 13th Congress were held at various dates in different states between April 1812 and August 1813 as James Madison was re-elected president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections\nFollowing the 1810 Census, Congress added 39 seats to the House. Most relative population growth was in the West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections\nAfter America's entry into the War of 1812 against Britain, the Democratic-Republican and Federalist parties maintained pro-war and anti-war positions, respectively. Democratic-Republican representatives supported by voters in agrarian regions and Southern and Western states promoted war, asserting that Britain had violated American sovereignty and that despite Britain's strength, war was a manageable risk. Federalists and their supporters in New England and more densely populated Eastern districts opposed the war, citing likely damage to American trade and infrastructure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections\nThis election saw significant voter support shift to the declining Federalists for the last time, almost entirely in New England, New York, and New Jersey. Despite this shift, Federalists did not approach national political recovery, House control, or meaningful policy influence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nFollowing the 1810 Census, the House was reapportioned, adding 39 new seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1812 and 1813 to the 12th United States Congress and 13th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0006-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members September 21, 1812. Its apportionment was unchanged after the 1810 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0007-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Delaware\nDelaware gained a seat after the 1810 Census, and chose to elect both seats on a general ticket. The ten years between 1813 and 1823 were the only time when Delaware was represented by more than one Representative, and is one of only three states (the other two being Alaska and Wyoming) that have never been divided into districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0008-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana\nLouisiana held its election for the 13th Congress September 28\u201330, 1812, at the same time as the election for the 12th Congress, with nearly-identical results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0009-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nMaryland's apportionment was unchanged. It elected its members October 12, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0010-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts gained three seats after the 1810 Census, all of which were added to the District of Maine. Its elections were held November 5, 1812, but since Massachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in the 19th district, a second ballot was held there January 6, 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0011-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire gained one seat after the 1810 Census. Its elections were held August 31, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0012-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nNew Jersey kept its delegation at six seats but changed from electing its Representatives on a statewide general ticket to using three plural districts of two seats each. These districts were used only for the 1812 election, and   These districts were used only for the 1812 electionThese districts were used only for the 1812 electionthe state returned to using a single at-large district in 1814. This was only the second time that New Jersey used districts (the first being in 1798).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0013-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nThere was a statewide at-large election held in November 1812, that was invalidated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0014-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nIn October 1812, when the Federalists captured the State Legislature, both parties had already nominated their tickets for Presidential Electors and Congress. That election was scheduled for November 1812. However, \u2026 the Federalist[s], now controlling the legislature, changed the method of selecting Presidential Electors, from popular vote, to a choice by the Legislature and as a result the election for Presidential Electors was invalidated. In addition to changing the method of choosing Presidential electors, the Federalist also decided to alter the election of congressmen from state wide At-Large to Districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0014-0001", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nThe scheduled November elections were postponed and three separate Districts were created, each electing two Congressmen. This election was held January 12th and 13th 1813. Some towns, either because word of these changes did not reach them in time, or most likely in defiance, went ahead and held elections. The Republican ticket received almost all of the votes cast, with the Federalist getting only a single votes in two towns, which suggests they were protesting the changes made by the Legislature. These returns were never reported in the newspapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0015-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nTen seats were added after the 1810 Census, bringing New York's representation to 27, the largest of any state at the time. New York would remain the state with the most members until surpassed by California in the 1970 Census. There were two separate House of Representatives elections in 1812. The first was held in April 1812 for an un-reapportioned 17 representatives. This election was subsequently declared void and a new election was held on December 15\u201317, 1812, in which only three incumbents ran and two of whom were re-elected. New York thereby lost 4 Democratic-Republicans and gained 14 Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0016-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina gained one representative as a result of the Census of 1810. Its elections were held April 30, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0017-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Ohio\nThe 1810 Census revealed dramatic population growth in Ohio since 1800, resulting in its representation increasing from a single Representative to six, resulting in the State being broken up into 6 districts, abolishing the at-large district. Jeremiah Morrow (Democratic-Republican), who had served since Ohio achieved statehood in 1803, retired to run for U.S. Senator, so that all six seats were open. Its elections were held October 13, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 68], "content_span": [69, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0018-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Ohio\nThere was aspecial election in the 6th district, held due to the death of Representative-elect John S. Edward before Congress met. That election was won by Reasin Beall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 68], "content_span": [69, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0019-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania gained five seats in the House of Representatives as a result of the Census of 1810, which awarded it a total of 23 seats. Pennsylvania was re-districted into 15 districts, one with 4 seats, five with 2, and the remaining nine with 1 seat each. There were seven open seats for this election, five resulting from the increase in apportionment, and two resulting from the retirement of incumbents. Its elections were held October 13, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0020-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island's apportionment was unchanged. Its elections were held August 25, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0021-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina\nSouth Carolina gained one representative as a result of the 1810 Census, increasing from 8 seats to 9. Its elections were held October 12\u201313, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0022-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee's representation increased from 3 seats to 6 as a result of the 1810 Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0023-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nIts elections were held April 1\u20132, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0024-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont gained two seats after the 1810 Census. Rather than re-district, however, Vermont replaced its districts with a single at-large district. It would continue to use an at-large district in 1814, 1816, and 1818, then one more time in 1822 (with 5 seats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0025-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia gained one seat after the 1810 Census, bringing its representation in the House of Representatives to 23 seats, the largest number Virginia would ever have. Virginia went from having the most representatives to having the second-most tied with Pennsylvania. New York, with its 27 seats, surpassed Virginia and remained the most populous state until the late 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0026-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nIts elections were held in April 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020348-0027-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nFour territories had delegates in the 13th Congress: Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, and Missouri. Illinois Territory and Missouri Territory elected their delegates in 1812 for both the end of the 12th and the start of the 13th Congresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020349-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1812 and 1813 were elections that, coinciding with President James Madison's re-election, had the Democratic-Republican Party lose two seats but still retain an overwhelming majority in the United States Senate. As in recent elections, the minority Federalists had gone into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats (6 out of 36, or 16.7%) that if they had won every one of the elections, they would still not have controlled a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020349-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020349-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Before the elections\nComposition after September 1812 elections in the new state of Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020349-0003-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 12th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1812 or before March 4, 1813; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020349-0004-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 13th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1813 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020349-0005-0000", "contents": "1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 13th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated in 1813 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020350-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1812 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020352-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1812 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020352-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 in Chile, Incumbents\nRoyal Governor of Chile (in opposition): Jos\u00e9 Antonio Pareja (12 December-)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020352-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of the Provisional Government Junta:  Jos\u00e9 Miguel Carrera (January 8-April 8), Patriot, Jos\u00e9 Santiago Portales (April 8-August 6), Patriot, Pedro Jos\u00e9 Prado Jaraquemada (August 6-December 6), Patriot, Jos\u00e9 Miguel Carrera Verdugo (December 6-), Patriot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020357-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in New Zealand\nWith the outbreak of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain American whalers are forced to avoid Port Jackson. However they still operate at various points around New Zealand including the Kermadec Islands as do the colonial vessels. Sealers are still operating mainly at Macquarie and Campbell Islands. Occasionally there are M\u0101ori in the crew. Timber ships are also visiting New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020361-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1812 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020363-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1812 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020366-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in birding and ornithology\nThis article about ornithology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020367-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020369-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020369-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 in paleontology, Plesiosaurs, Newly named plesiosaurs\nPlesiosaurs (sensu Plesiosauroidea) appeared at the start of the Jurassic Period, and thrived until the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, at the end of the Cretaceous Period. While they were Mesozoic diapsid reptiles that lived at the same time as dinosaurs, they were not dinosaurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020370-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020370-0001-0000", "contents": "1812 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020370-0002-0000", "contents": "1812 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020371-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020372-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in science\nThe year 1812 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020373-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in sports\n1812 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020374-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in the United Kingdom\nEvents from the year 1812 in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is still involved in the Napoleonic Wars with France and its attempts to stop French trade lead to the War of 1812 with the United States. Lord Wellington is active in the Peninsular War in Spain. This year also marks the only assassination of a British prime minister when Spencer Perceval is shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020375-0000-0000", "contents": "1812 in the United States\nThe following is a partial list of events from the year 1812 in the United States. After years of increasing tensions, the United States declares war on the British Empire, starting the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020376-0000-0000", "contents": "1812: The Rivers of War\n1812: The Rivers of War is a 2005 alternate history novel by American writer Eric Flint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020376-0001-0000", "contents": "1812: The Rivers of War\nThe book was originally published in hardcover as simply The Rivers of War. In 2006, the text was made available at the Baen Free Library.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020376-0002-0000", "contents": "1812: The Rivers of War, Plot introduction\nThe story, which takes place in 1814\u201315, centers around an alternate historical version of the War of 1812. The point of divergence occurs at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814, where Sam Houston, who was seriously injured in real history, sustains only a minor injury and is able to continue fighting. This leads to many changes down the line, culminating in the formation of the Confederacy of the Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020376-0003-0000", "contents": "1812: The Rivers of War, Major themes\nMuch of the novel, like many of Eric Flint's novels, focuses on the motivations of those involved in warfare. British general Robert Ross is a viewpoint character in the novel, and much time is devoted to his place as a \"gentleman soldier\" leading the British forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020376-0004-0000", "contents": "1812: The Rivers of War, Major themes\nAnother strong theme in the book is that of Indian rights. During the early part of the 19th century, westward expansion was squeezing the Cherokee and other Indian tribes out of lands they occupied east of the Mississippi River, which culminated in the infamous Trail of Tears, as the forced relocation of the Cherokee in 1838 came to be called. In the novel, the characters all seem to have a sense of inevitability about the whole affair, and know the time to preserve what they have is limited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020376-0004-0001", "contents": "1812: The Rivers of War, Major themes\nIn fact, Flint himself acknowledges that the intent of the novel (and its sequels) was to create a viable, alternate historical scenario in which the Trail of Tears did not occur, and he could envision no such scenario except one in which the Cherokee leave the East willingly and decades ahead of the actual historical timeline while still in full possession of their wealth and power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020376-0005-0000", "contents": "1812: The Rivers of War, Reception\nPublishers Weekly gave the book a positive review, stating, \"Flint (1632) offers historical figures rarely seen in fiction, such as James Monroe, in pre-Doctrine days, and the British general Robert Ross (not killed outside Baltimore); thorough scholarship in Napoleonic-era warfare; and strong, credible women. Fans will cheer even louder if this outstanding start turns out to be the first of a long saga.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020377-0000-0000", "contents": "1812\u20131813 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 33rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1812 and 1813 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. Samuel Dana served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020378-0000-0000", "contents": "1812\u20131813 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts gained three seats after the 1810 Census, all of which were added to the District of Maine. Its elections were held November 5, 1812, but since Massachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in the 19th district, a second ballot was held there January 6, 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020379-0000-0000", "contents": "1812\u20131819 Ottoman plague epidemic\nThe 1812\u20131819 Ottoman plague epidemic was one of the last major epidemics of plague in the Ottoman Empire. This particular epidemic would cost the lives of at least 300,000 individuals. Plague epidemics occurred frequently in the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020379-0001-0000", "contents": "1812\u20131819 Ottoman plague epidemic, History\nThe disease broke out in the capital Constantinople in July 1812. It was initially mild, but by late August the situation had become critical. By September, around 2000 people were dying each day. In December the epidemic subsided, but it later reappeared. By the end of the epidemic, the Sublime Porte estimated that there were 320,955 deaths, which included 220,000 Turks, 40,800 Armenians, 32,000 Jews, 28,000 Greeks, 50 Aleppines, 80 islanders and 25 Franks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020379-0002-0000", "contents": "1812\u20131819 Ottoman plague epidemic, History\nThe outbreak spread throughout most of the empire's territory, including Alexandria in Egypt. In 1813, the plague reached the Ottoman vassal state of Wallachia where it became known as Caragea's plague after the country's ruler at the time. The epidemic killed about 25,000 to 30,000 people in Bucharest alone. Around the same time, the plague was also present in Bosnia, reaching Dalmatia in 1815. In 1814\u201315 it reappeared in Egypt, Bosnia and Albania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020379-0003-0000", "contents": "1812\u20131819 Ottoman plague epidemic, History\nThe plague also spread beyond the borders of the empire. In May 1812 there was an outbreak in Poti, Georgia; in September the Crimea was hit. It had reached Odessa in August, where churches, the theatre and the Exchange were closed. The duke of Richelieu played an important role. On November 22, 1812, all 32,000 residents of Odessa were forcibly imprisoned in their homes. On 7 January 1813 no more cases were reported from Odessa and the town was reopened after 66 days, but no one was allowed to leave the city. The epidemic killed 2656 people in 1812; 24 people died in 1813. Counties in Moldavia (Tiraspol) and the southern of the Ukraine (Novomirgorod) had to deal with the plague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020379-0004-0000", "contents": "1812\u20131819 Ottoman plague epidemic, History\nIn March 1813, it was introduced to the British-held island of Malta, causing an epidemic which lasted until January 1814 and which killed around 4500 people. The epidemic spread from Malta to the nearby island of Gozo, where the outbreak killed around 100 people between March and September 1814. The epidemic also broke out on the island of Corfu in 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020379-0005-0000", "contents": "1812\u20131819 Ottoman plague epidemic, History\nA small plague outbreak which occurred in Noja, Italy in 1815 might have also originated from the epidemic in Dalmatia, but its exact source is not known and it is possible that the outbreak was endemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020379-0006-0000", "contents": "1812\u20131819 Ottoman plague epidemic, History\nThe next major plague epidemic in the Ottoman Empire occurred between 1835 and 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020380-0000-0000", "contents": "1813\n1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1813th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 813th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 13th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1813, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020381-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1813 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 5, 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020381-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 Delaware gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Joseph Haslet was not eligible for re-election under the Delaware Constitution of 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020381-0002-0000", "contents": "1813 Delaware gubernatorial election\nFederalist nominee Daniel Rodney defeated Democratic-Republican nominee James Riddle with 55.20% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020381-0003-0000", "contents": "1813 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020382-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Georgia's at-large congressional district on December 13, 1813 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of William W. Bibb (DR) on November 6, 1813 after being elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020383-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1813 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1813 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020383-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic-Republican Party nominated incumbent Daniel D. Tompkins. They nominated former state senator (and former briefly acting Lieutenant Governor) John Tayler for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020383-0002-0000", "contents": "1813 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Federalist Party nominated former Lieutenant Governor Stephen Van Rensselaer. They nominated George Huntington for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020384-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 New York's 15th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New York's 15th congressional district to fill a vacancy left by the death of Representative-elect William Dowse (F) on February 18, 1813, before the beginning of the 13th Congress. The election was held April 27\u201329, 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020384-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 New York's 15th congressional district special election, Election challenge\nWilliams subsequently challenged Bowers' election on the ground that the votes for \"Isaac Williams\" were intended for himself. The House Committee on Elections investigated this election and found that there were three individuals in the 15th district with the name Isaac Williams, one of whom used the suffix \"Jr.\". Both contestants admitted that the only candidates in the election were Isaac Williams, Jr. and John M. Bowers. On July 2, The Committee ruled that Williams appeared to be entitled to the seat, but that further investigation was required, and postponed further discussion to the first Wednesday of the 2nd session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 80], "content_span": [81, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020384-0002-0000", "contents": "1813 New York's 15th congressional district special election, Election challenge\nOn December 16, 1813, the Committee made a final report determining that in the towns of Exeter, Milford, and Westford, 322 votes which were, in fact, cast for Isaac Williams, Jr. were mistakenly reported as Isaac Williams. The Committee ruled that those 322 votes were thus to be added to Isaac Williams, Jr.'s votes, creating a final tally as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 80], "content_span": [81, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020384-0003-0000", "contents": "1813 New York's 15th congressional district special election, Election challenge\nWilliams was thus ruled by the Committee to be the legitimate occupant of that seat. The House accepted their ruling unanimously, and Williams took his seat January 24, 1814", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 80], "content_span": [81, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020385-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 New York's 2nd congressional district special election\nOn August 2, 1813, at the end of the 1st session of the 13th Congress, Egbert Benson (F) of New York's 2nd district resigned. A special election was held for his replacement December 28\u201330, 1813", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020386-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 North Carolina's 3rd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in North Carolina's 3rd congressional district on January 11, 1813 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Thomas Blount (DR) on February 7, 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020387-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 Ohio's 3rd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Ohio's 3rd congressional district on May 10, 1813 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Duncan McArthur (DR) on April 5, 1813 before Congress assembled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020388-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Abner Lacock (DR) before the 13th Congress assembled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020389-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district special election\nOn August 2, 1813, Representative John Gloninger (F) of Pennsylvania's 3rd district resigned his seat. A special election to fill this vacancy was held on October 12, 1813. This was the first of two special elections held in the 3rd district in the 13th Congress (the 3rd district was a plural district with two seats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020389-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district special election, Election results\nCrouch took his seat on December 6, 1813. With Gloninger's resignation, Pennsylvania had no Federalist representatives in Congress until the special elections in 1814 in the 2nd and 3rd districts both replaced Democratic-Republicans by Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020390-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district special election\nOn April 8, 1813, Representative Robert Whitehill (DR) of Pennsylvania's 5th district died in office. A special election was held on May 11, 1813 to fill the vacancy left by his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020391-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district on October 12, 1813 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of John M. Hyneman (DR) on August 2, 1813", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020392-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 Spanish general election\nGeneral elections to the Cortes Generales were held in Spain in 1820. At stake were all 149 seats in the Congress of Deputies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020392-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 Spanish general election, History\nThe 1813  elections were the first ones held since the approval of  the 1812 C\u00e1diz Constitution. Vote was secret for the first time. All males over 21 years old, a total of 3,216,460 people, had the right to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020393-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey\nNew Jersey kept its delegation at six seats but changed from electing its Representatives on a statewide general ticket to using three plural districts of two seats each. These districts were used only for the 1812 election, and the state returned to using a single at-large district in 1814. This was only the second time that New Jersey used districts (the first being in 1798).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020393-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey\nThere was a statewide at-large election held in November 1812, that was invalidated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020393-0002-0000", "contents": "1813 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey\nIn October 1812, when the Federalists captured the State Legislature, both parties had already nominated their tickets for Presidential Electors and Congress. That election was scheduled for November 1812. However, \u2026 the Federalist[s], now controlling the legislature, changed the method of selecting Presidential Electors, from popular vote, to a choice by the Legislature and as a result the election for Presidential Electors was invalidated. In addition to changing the method of choosing Presidential electors, the Federalist also decided to alter the election of congressmen from state wide At-Large to Districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020393-0002-0001", "contents": "1813 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey\nThe scheduled November elections were postponed and three separate Districts were created, each electing two Congressmen. This election was held January 12th and 13th 1813. Some towns, either because word of these changes did not reach them in time, or most likely in defiance, went ahead and held elections. The Republican ticket received almost all of the votes cast, with the Federalist getting only a single votes in two towns, which suggests they were protesting the changes made by the Legislature. These returns were never reported in the newspapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020394-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina gained one representative as a result of the Census of 1810. Its elections were held April 30, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020394-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020395-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee\nTennessee's representation increased from 3 seats to 6 as a result of the 1810 Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020395-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee\nIts elections were held April 1\u20132, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020395-0002-0000", "contents": "1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee, Notes\nThis Tennessee elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 73], "content_span": [74, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020396-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia\nVirginia gained one seat after the 1810 Census, bringing its representation in the House of Representatives to 23 seats, the largest number Virginia would ever have. Virginia went from having the most representatives to having the second-most tied with Pennsylvania. New York, with its 27 seats, surpassed Virginia and remained the most populous state until the late 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020396-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia\nIts elections were held in April 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020396-0002-0000", "contents": "1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes\nThis Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020397-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1813 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 2, 1813, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020397-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nJohn Smith had been re-elected in 1807 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020397-0002-0000", "contents": "1813 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in April 1812, a Federalist majority was elected to the Assembly, but five of the eight State Senators up for renewal were Democratic-Republicans. Due to the public indignation after the prorogation of the State Legislature by Governor Daniel D. Tompkins,  the Federalists managed to overturn the Democratic-Republican majority of the sitting legislature. The 36th New York State Legislature met from November 3 to 11, 1812; and from January 12 to April 13, 1813, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020397-0002-0001", "contents": "1813 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nThe party strength in the Assembly as shown by the vote for Speaker was: 58 for Jacob R. Van Rensselaer and 46 for William Ross. The Democratic-Republican Party was split in two factions: the \"Clintonians\" (allies of Lieutenant Governor DeWitt Clinton), and the \"Madisonians\" (adversaries of Clinton who preferred the re-election of President James Madison). The November meeting of the State Legislature was held to choose presidential electors, and showed in the Senate 19 Clintonians, 9 Federalists and 4 Madisonians; and in the Assembly 58 Federalists, 29 Clintonians and 22 Madisonians, a Democratic-Republican majority of 7 votes on joint ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020397-0002-0002", "contents": "1813 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nThe Federalists nominated their ticket of electors in the Assembly, the Clintonians nominated their ticket in the Senate. On joint ballot, the Clintonian electors were chosen by a vote of 74 to 45, with 28 blank votes. Thus DeWitt Clinton received the electoral vote of New York supported by the Clintonians and roughly one third of the Federalists, with the Madisonians abstaining. However, for the election of a U.S. Senator at the regular meeting in February, 1813, both factions united to support Wilkin, but were surprisingly outvoted by the Federalists on joint ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020397-0003-0000", "contents": "1813 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nEx-U.S. Senator Rufus King (in office 1789-1796) was the candidate of the Federalist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020397-0004-0000", "contents": "1813 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nState Senator James W. Wilkin, a Clintonian, was the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020397-0005-0000", "contents": "1813 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe incumbent U.S. Senator John Smith received three scattering votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020397-0006-0000", "contents": "1813 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nRufus King was nominated by the Assembly, James W. Wilkin by the Senate. The houses of the State Legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot and King was elected with a small majority. In theory, the Democratic-Republicans had a majority of 7 votes on joint ballot, but the absence of 4 senators and 8 assemblymen became significant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020397-0006-0001", "contents": "1813 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nIn 1817, Wilkin stated, in a letter to DeWitt Clinton, his belief that his defeat in 1813 was due to a bargain which connected the Federalists vote for the incorporation of the Bank of America in June 1812 to the help by some interested Democratic-Republicans to elect the next U.S. Senator. (see Hammond, pg. 344)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020397-0007-0000", "contents": "1813 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nObs. : Three blank votes were cast in the joint ballot, and four Senators were absent. Besides, the numbers of the cast votes indicate that 10 assemblymen did not vote in the Assembly, and 5 in the joint ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020398-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1813 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Martin Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020398-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 14. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee disallowed several hundred votes for Jonas Galusha, and the result was that neither Galusha nor Martin Chittenden attained the majority required by the Vermont Constitution. In such cases, the governor is chosen by the combined vote of the Vermont General Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020398-0002-0000", "contents": "1813 Vermont gubernatorial election\nOn October 21, the General Assembly met to select the governor. In secret balloting, Chittenden was elected by a vote of 112 to 111. Supporters of Galusha argued that 112 members of the Assembly had voted for Galusha, which would have resulted in a tie, so a ballot must have been lost or intentionally not counted. They proposed to place all 112 Galusha supporters under oath to affirm that they had voted for Galusha. Chittenden supporters claimed that one supposed Galusha supporter (not named) had promised to withhold his vote in order to give Chittenden an advantage. While the House debated the question, Chittenden took the oath of office from Nathaniel Chipman, the chief judge of the Vermont Supreme Court, and notified the House that he was ready to deliver his inaugural speech. Chittenden was allowed to proceed, effectively ending the controversy over his election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020398-0003-0000", "contents": "1813 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, after the legislature's canvassing committee disallowed ballots for Brigham, contemporary newspaper articles reported the popular vote results as William Chamberlain (Federalist) 15,557 (48.8%); Paul Brigham (Democratic-Republican) 15,393 (48.2%); scattering 958 (3.0%). Because neither Chamberlain nor Brigham attained a majority, the contest was decided by the General Assembly. In the Assembly vote, Chamberlain was declared the winner by the same 112 to 111 margin by which Chittenden defeated Galusha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020398-0004-0000", "contents": "1813 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his fourteenth, though the vote totals were not recorded. Swan, a Federalist was also endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and so was effectively unopposed for reelection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020398-0005-0000", "contents": "1813 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, a contemporary newspaper article reported the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains\nThe 1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains was the expedition led by Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth, which became the first successful crossing of the Blue Mountains in New South Wales by European settlers. The crossing enabled the settlers to access and use the land west of the mountains for farming, and made possible the establishment of Australia's first inland settlement at Bathurst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background\nThe European settlement at Sydney Cove, established in 1788 after the arrival of the First Fleet, grew rapidly. By the early 19th century, the Blue Mountains had become a barrier to the expansion of the colony, which required more farming land to meet its needs, particularly after the droughts of 1812 and 1813. The local indigenous people knew at least two routes by which to cross the mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0001-0001", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background\nThe first was along Bilpin Ridge, later followed by Archibald Bell with the assistance of the local Darug people (now the location of Bells Line of Road), and the second was along Coxs River. Until 1813 however, the settlers remained unaware of how to cross the mountains despite several attempts, including two by Blaxland himself. Early in 1813 Blaxland, who wanted more grazing land, obtained the approval of Governor Lachlan Macquarie and approached Lawson and Wentworth to secure their participation in a new exploratory expedition following the mountain ridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0002-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background, Gregory Blaxland\nGregory Blaxland was born Sunday, 17 June 1778 in Kent, England. He sailed for Australia on Wednesday, 1 September 1805 with his wife, three children, two servants, an overseer, a few sheep, seed, tools, groceries and clothing. When he reached Sydney he sold many of these items and made a profit which enabled him to buy eighty head of cattle so that he could breed cattle and sell the meat. He located 1,600 hectares of land that the government had promised to new settlers as well as forty convict servants and established his farm. He was also one of the first people to plant grapes in Australia and make wine, for which he was awarded a silver medal and later a gold one from the Royal Society of Arts, London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0003-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background, Gregory Blaxland\nThe town of Blaxland in the Blue Mountains is named after this man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0004-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background, William Lawson\nWilliam Lawson was born in England where he later trained to become a surveyor. He then migrated to Sydney, Australia, arriving in year 1800. He was an officer in the New South Wales Corp and owned land where he then raised many cattle and sheep. He was invited to join the 1813 expedition with Gregory Blaxland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0005-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background, William Lawson\nThe town of Lawson in the Blue Mountains is also named after him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0006-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Background, William Charles Wentworth\nWilliam Charles Wentworth was born in Australia to Irish parents. In 1802 he was sent to school in England and returned to Sydney in 1810, where he worked for the governor, Lachlan Macquarie, and was given a land grant of 708.2 hectares (1,750 acres) on the Nepean River. The town of Wentworth Falls in the Blue Mountains is named after him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0007-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Departure and crossing of the Blue Mountains\nOn the presumed date of May 11, 1813, Mr. Gregory Blaxland, Mr. William Wentworth, and Lieutenant Lawson, attended by four servants, with five dogs, and four horses laden with provisions, ammunition, and other necessities, left Mr. Blaxland's farm at South Creek, for the purpose of endeavouring to effect a passage over the Blue Mountains, between the Western River, and the River Grose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0008-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Departure and crossing of the Blue Mountains\nBlaxland, Wentworth and Lawson led an expedition party, which included four servants, four pack horses and five dogs. Two of the four men who assisted the party have been identified as James Burne (or Burnes), a guide and kangaroo hunter, and Samuel Fairs, a convict who arrived in Australia in 1810. The two others, also thought to be convicts, remain unidentified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0009-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Departure and crossing of the Blue Mountains\nThe party left from Blaxland's South Creek farm near the modern suburb of St Marys in western Sydney, on 11 May 1813 and crossed the Nepean River later that day. They made their way over the mountains, following the ridges, and completed the crossing in 21 days. The explorers' success has been attributed to their methodical approach and decision to travel on the ridges instead of through the valleys. The three explorers and two of their servants would set out each day, leaving the other two men at their campsite, and mark out a trail, before turning back later in the day to cut a path for the horses and allow the rest of the party to progress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0010-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Departure and crossing of the Blue Mountains\nThe group first saw the plains beyond the mountains from Mount York. They continued on to Mount Blaxland 25\u00a0km south of the site of Lithgow, on the western side of the mountains. From this point Blaxland declared there was enough forest or grassland \"to support the stock of the colony for thirty years\", while Lawson called it \"the best watered Country of any I have seen in the Colony\". The party then turned back, making the return journey in just six days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0011-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Journals of the party\nAll three explorers wrote an account of their expedition. Blaxland was the only one to publish his account, Journal of a Tour of Discovery Across the Blue Mountains, which he did in 1823 during a return visit to England. His journal, written in the third person, records their progress in detail, including their reasons for believing they had achieved their goals and deciding to turn back:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0012-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Journals of the party\nThey now conceived that they had sufficiently accomplished the design of their undertaking, having surmounted all the difficulties which had prevented hitherto the interior of the country from being explored, and the colony from being extended. ... Their provisions were nearly expended, their clothes and shoes were in very bad condition, and the whole party were ill with bowel complaints. These considerations determine them, therefore, to return home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0013-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Journals of the party\nA country of so singular a description could in my opinion only have been produced by some Mighty convulsion in Nature \u2013 Those immense unconnected perpendicular Masses of Mountain which are to be seen towards its Eastern Extremity towering above the Country around, seem to indicate that the whole of this tract has been formed out of the Materials of the primitive mountains of which these masses are the only parts that have withstood the violence of the concussion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0014-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Journals of the party\nLawson, as a trained surveyor, kept detailed notes about the route itself including the distances covered each day, as well as his impressions of the landscape. He recorded on 22 May:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0015-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Journals of the party\nReached the summit of the Highest land we have yet been, ... and Encamped by a fine stream of water. Here we had a fine view of all our Settlements, our progress was here stoped by an impassable Clift from going either South or West- Mr. Blaxland Wentworth and Self left our Camp with a determination to get down some parts of this broken land. But found it impracticable in some places 500 feet perpendicular here we saw the course of the Western River and that broken Country at Natai the back of the Cow pasters. No doubt this is the Remnant of some dreadful Earthquake", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0016-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Aftermath\nIn recognition of the successful crossing, all three explorers were rewarded by Macquarie with a grant of 1000 acres of land west of the mountains. Blaxland later claimed to have led the expedition, however records from the time of the crossing imply that they were joint leaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0017-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Aftermath\nSurveyor-General George William Evans was dispatched by Macquarie in November 1813 to follow the path taken and travel further to determine the best route to access the arable farmland. Evans continued past Mount Blaxland to the Macquarie and Lachlan Rivers and the site of modern Bathurst. Upon his return, he was rewarded with 1000 acres of land in Tasmania. Macquarie then commissioned William Cox in July 1814 to construct a road, following the path taken by the three explorers and extended by Evans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0017-0001", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Aftermath\nCox's team of convict workers completed the job in six months and Cox was rewarded by Macquarie with a grant of 2000 acres of land near the site chosen by Macquarie for Bathurst. Macquarie travelled along the new road, naming it the Great Western Road, in 1815. Artist John Lewin accompanied Macquarie on the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0018-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Aftermath\nThe colonial expansion into the lands of the Wiradjuri nation, west of the Blue Mountains, led to the Bathurst war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0019-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Commemorations\nThe crossing and the three explorers have been commemorated in a number of ways, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020399-0020-0000", "contents": "1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains, Commemorations\nIt has been claimed that Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson may have carved their initials into the tree now referred to as the Explorers tree, located about 5 kilometres west of Katoomba. This claim is not universally supported and the tree is not specifically mentioned in the journals kept by the explorers, although they did mark trees to record their route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020400-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 in Australia\n1813 in Australia featured a number of important developments. Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains which opened up the interior of New South Wales for European settlement. John and Elizabeth Macarthur sent the first wool exports from their properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020402-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1813 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020402-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 in Chile, Incumbents\nRoyal Governor of Chile (in opposition): Jos\u00e9 Antonio Pareja (-21 May), Juan Francisco S\u00e1nchez (21 May-)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020402-0002-0000", "contents": "1813 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of the Provisional Government Junta: Jos\u00e9 Miguel Carrera Verdugo (-8 April), PatriotPresident of the Superior Junta: Francisco Antonio P\u00e9rez (12 April-23 August), Patriot, Jos\u00e9 Miguel Infante (23 August-), Patriot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020407-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1813 in the Sublime State of Persia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020410-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 in New Zealand\nBy the end of the year reports from London regarding Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, and from the Bay of Islands regarding the hospitality of the M\u0101ori, encourage Samuel Marsden into thinking the time for the establishment of a Christian mission to New Zealand is now imminent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020410-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 in New Zealand\nWhaling ships are a regular occurrence off the coasts of New Zealand, usually calling into the Bay of Islands. A number have M\u0101ori among their crew. Sealing ships operate in both Bass Strait and Macquarie Island, occasionally calling into New Zealand. A few have M\u0101ori among their crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020414-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1813 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020416-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1813 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020419-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020420-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020421-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020421-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020421-0002-0000", "contents": "1813 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020422-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020422-0001-0000", "contents": "1813 in rail transport, Deaths\n1813, February \u2013 United Kingdom \u2013 A 13-year-old boy named Jeff Bruce was killed whilst running alongside the Middleton Railway tracks. The Leeds Mercury reported that this would \"operate as a warning to others\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020423-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 in science\nThe year 1813 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020424-0000-0000", "contents": "1813 in sports\n1813 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0000-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic\nThe 1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic (Maltese: il-pandemija tal-pesta tal-1813\u20131814) was the last major outbreak of plague on the islands of Malta and Gozo. It occurred between March 1813 and January 1814 on Malta and between February and May 1814 on Gozo, and the epidemic was officially declared to be over in September 1814. It resulted in approximately 4500 deaths, which was about 5% of the islands' population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0001-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic\nThe plague outbreak had begun in Constantinople in 1812 and it spread to other parts of the Ottoman Empire including Egypt. The disease was imported to Malta from Alexandria on board the brigantine San Nicola in late March 1813. Some of its crew members had contracted the disease and died, and although the vessel and crew were quarantined, the disease spread to the local population since infected cargo from the vessel was stolen and sold in Valletta. The disease appeared in the city in mid-April, and the outbreak was severe by mid-May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0002-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic\nThe British colonial government took strict measures in order to contain the plague, although this was done too late to prevent the outbreak from spreading in its early stages. The urban area around the Grand Harbour was isolated from the rest of the island, and settlements with high mortality rates were cordoned off. Violations of these regulations were met with harsh penalties including death, and several people were executed for concealing their infection. The outbreak was particularly severe in the capital Valletta and its suburb Floriana, and in the villages of Birkirkara, Qormi and \u017bebbu\u0121.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0003-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic\nThe epidemic began to subside by late 1813 and it was believed to be over by January 1814. However, the disease was inadvertently introduced to Gozo through contaminated clothes in February, and another outbreak occurred in the village of Xag\u0127ra. Containment measures were imposed immediately, limiting the spread and resulting in a much lower mortality rate in Gozo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0004-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Background\nThe second plague pandemic began with the Black Death in the 14th century, and it continued to recur until the 19th century. Bubonic plague outbreaks had occurred in Malta in 1592\u20131593, 1623, 1655 and 1675\u20131676. The latter was the most severe, having killed some 11,300 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0005-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Background\nIn 1813 Malta was a British protectorate and it was undergoing a financial and demographic boom due to the war economy and the presence of the Royal Navy, the relocation of British factories from Palermo, Naples and Livorno to the islands, and the free port status which meant that Malta was well-connected with other Mediterranean harbours. During the plague outbreak, the islands underwent a political change from a protectorate to a crown colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0006-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Background\nThe source of 1813\u20131814 epidemic is believed to have been an outbreak that began in Constantinople in 1812. The plague had spread to Alexandria in Egypt, and by January 1813 the authorities in Malta had been aware of this outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0007-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Origin\nThe plague arrived in the Maltese Islands by infected crew members on board ships sailing from Alexandria to Malta. The San Nicola (or St. Nicholas), a Maltese brigantine flying the British flag, had left Alexandria on 17 March 1813, and two of its crew members became sick a week after the vessel left port. The vessel arrived in Malta on 28 March, and it was quarantined in Marsamxett Harbour for two weeks. Health guards were sent to ensure that there was no communication between the ship and the shore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0007-0001", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Origin\nTwo other ships which also arrived in Malta from Alexandria on 28 March, the British brigantine Nancy and the Spanish polacca Bella Maria, also had cases of the plague on board. Two crew members from the Nancy were infected, while one crew member on the Bella Maria had died of the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0008-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Origin\nThe crew of the San Nicola were taken to the Lazzaretto on nearby Manoel Island on 29 March, after they had taken standard precautions. On 1 April, the ship's captain Antonio Maria Mescara became sick, and a day later so did a servant who had looked after the two infected crew members on board the vessel. Mescara and the servant died on 7 April, and their corpses were examined, confirming suspicions that they died of the plague. The San Nicola was sent back to Alexandria on 10 April, under the escort of HMS Badger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0009-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout Valletta\nIt was initially believed that the disease was contained without coming into contact with the population, but while the San Nicola was in quarantine, some of its guards had stolen linen from its cargo which was infected. This was stored in a wine shop in Sliema before being sold to Salvatore Borg, a shoemaker, fence and smuggler who lived at 227, Strada San Paolo in Valletta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0010-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout Valletta\nOn 16 April, Salvatore Borg's 8-year-old daughter Anna Maria became sick, and she died three days later. It was not immediately realised that the cause of her death was the plague, and she was given a customary funeral at the church of Ta' \u0120ie\u017cu and was buried in the church's crypt. Soon after the girl died, her mother also developed a fever, causing alarm among physicians who informed the authorities of the case. The woman died on 3 May, and her husband Salvatore also became sick and eventually died. On 4 May, the Committee of Health issued a warning that the public health was in danger, and confirmed the disease to be the plague a day later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0011-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout Valletta\nPanic spread throughout Valletta, and many people left the city and went to the countryside or boarded ships to leave the islands. Most of the British and some Maltese isolated themselves within their homes. At the time, the only person known to have the disease was Borg, and he was transferred to the Lazzaretto, By 7 May there were a number of suspected cases, but the disease initially spread slowly, such that people began to doubt its existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0011-0001", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout Valletta\nThe outbreak increased by 16 May, as Borg's father became ill and died and many new cases were reported around Valletta, especially in Strada Reale, Strada San Cristoforo, Strada San Giuseppe, Strada Pozzi and Strada San Giovanni. By 17 May, the disease had spread throughout the entire city. The guards who stole the linen, as well as those who stored and purchased the stolen goods, were among the first people to contract the plague and die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0012-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout the rest of Malta\nThe first cases of the plague outside Valletta was detected on 21 May in Mdina, when five cases were reported. Within days, it spread to other towns and villages in the country, with some being more severely affected than others. The outbreak was particularly severe in Birkirkara, one of the largest settlements outside the harbour area, whose population had increased by about 3000 refugees fleeing the plague from Valletta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 87], "content_span": [88, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0013-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout the rest of Malta\nBy the end of July 1813, the death toll had reached 1602 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 87], "content_span": [88, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0014-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Spread throughout the rest of Malta\nTowns and villages which were severely affected by the plague included Qormi and \u017bebbu\u0121. In Qormi, the long duration of the disease was attributed to residents' resistance to government countermeasures attempting to control the outbreak. Some towns and villages were not affected at all by the plague, including G\u0127arg\u0127ur, Balzan, Kirkop, Safi, G\u0127axaq, Qrendi and Senglea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 87], "content_span": [88, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0015-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures\nThe authorities introduced measures in an attempt to contain the outbreak, but these were initially ineffective. The spread was aggravated since the causes of the disease were unknown at the time, containment measures were not introduced immediately, and some people resisted by refusing to transfer the infected to government-designated depots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0016-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures\nTrade stopped immediately after the outbreak was identified as the plague. On 5 May, public buildings including the law courts and the theatre were closed down. The urban settlements in the harbour area: Valletta and its suburb Floriana, and the Three Cities of Birgu, Cospicua and Senglea were placed under medical observation. Direct and indirect contact between people was discouraged, especially at markets. On 7 May, any communication between ships and the shore was forbidden, and Bishop Ferdinando Mattei ordered all churches to be closed on 9 May. The government published an account of the 1743 plague in Messina to inform the public of the consequences of an outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0017-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures\nOn 17 May, Civil Commissioner Sir Hildebrand Oakes ordered that any suspected case was to be reported to the Board of Health, and anyone concealing the existence of the disease was liable to the death penalty. The sentence was first carried out to Anthony Borg, who had concealed his infection from the authorities, and he was publicly executed by firing squad in Valletta on 17 August. Houses of people who had been infected were closed but initially no attempts were made to purify them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0017-0001", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures\nSome infected animals from these buildings might have escaped and contributed to the spread of the plague. Eventually, domestic animals were restrained in homes or placed in cages while stray animals began to be killed in order to prevent further spread. Many people hid contaminated goods in order to prevent them from being destroyed by the authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0018-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures\nOn 19 June, various barriere were set up in and around Valletta, Floriana and the Tree Cities. These were railings which were spaced such that they allowed people on opposite sides to be able to talk without coming in contact with each another. This was done in order to ensure supply of food from the countryside to the cities. Valletta was subdivided into eight districts and movement of people was restricted under the death penalty. Similar restrictions were also imposed on the Three Cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0018-0001", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures\nOakes established a Corps of Civic Guards to watch houses of the infected and enforce regulations, and he appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Francesco Rivarola to the temporary post of Inspector General, who had power over the Civic Guards as well as the police. Shops selling food were only allowed to open for four hours a day. Throughout the epidemic, the postal service continued to function and it was the only means of communication between individuals in the quarantined cities of the Grand Harbour and the rest of the islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0019-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures\nThe soldiers deployed to enforce the containment measures included the Maltese Veterans and the Maltese Provincial Battalion, and their duties also included assisting the police and civil authorities. Prisoners were forced to carry the dead from their homes to burial sites in specially-made carts, and they were known as beccamorti. Many prisoners became infected themselves and died in the process, and the authorities brought prisoners from Sicily to continue the work, but these also died. The Maltese population were scared of these prisoners, who at times might have committed rape and robbery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0020-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Containment measures\nBy mid-September, there were fewer new cases of the plague and the disease seemed to be diminishing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0021-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Hospitals and isolation centres\nInfected people were taken to the Lazzaretto of Manoel Island, a hospital and quarantine facility which had been built to deal with outbreaks of infectious diseases. Fort Manoel, which is located adjacent to the Lazzaretto, was converted into a depot where suspected cases of the plague were isolated. By late June 1813, the Lazzaretto had reached its capacity and it became crowded with patients, so no distinction was made between confirmed and suspected cases gathered close together in Fort Manoel. The fort therefore became one of the main focal points of the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 83], "content_span": [84, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0022-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Hospitals and isolation centres\nTemporary hospitals were set up at other locations, including Villa Bighi in Kalkara (later the site of a naval hospital) and St Dominic's Convent in Rabat. Huts known as barracche (Maltese: barrakki) were built in various locations, mostly as shelters for people evacuated from their homes or as hospitals. Others were used as guard rooms, market stalls and shops, an abattoir, offices (including a post office), stores and privies. The huts became very hot in the summer causing discomfort to their occupants, and on one occasion some of them collapsed in a thunderstorm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 83], "content_span": [84, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0023-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Hospitals and isolation centres\nMany barracche were built in the ditches of fortifications, including the main ditch of the Valletta land front, and the Floriana Lines ditches near Porta Sant'Anna and Porte des Bombes. Others were also built within Valletta and Floriana and at Ta' Xbiex, Fort Manoel, Bighi, Birkirkara, Qormi, \u017bebbu\u0121 and outside the Cottonera Lines near Birgu. A temporary hospital consisting of 59 huts was built at Santa Venera in September 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 83], "content_span": [84, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0024-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Change of governor\nIn 1813, the British changed Malta's status from a protectorate to a crown colony, and the office of Civil Commissioner was replaced by that of a Governor. Oakes was offered the new position, but he declined on the grounds of his own poor health. There have been suggestions that Oakes' resignation was due to the plague outbreak, but a letter he wrote before the disease broke out already expressed his wishes to resign. The office of Governor was given to Sir Thomas Maitland, who arrived in the islands on 3 October and assumed office two days later. Maitland took strict actions in order to eliminate the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0025-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Change of governor\nRestrictive measures were also imposed in the villages in order to prevent the disease from spreading. The population was not allowed to go to the countryside or to the ports, and cotton fields were abandoned. On 10 September, movement from settlements with high mortality rates was restricted, and soldiers surrounded and cordoned off Qormi, \u017bebbu\u0121 and Birkirkara to prevent any inhabitants from leaving. Violations of this restriction were liable to the death penalty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0026-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Change of governor\nThe mortality rate had decreased to 196 people in October, and by then the epidemic was on the decline. On 13 November, Maitland ordered houses and shops in Valletta and Floriana to be purified under the supervision of doctors and the police for a period of 15 days. People who had concealed potentially infected objects were pardoned if they revealed their items to the police within 10 days. In December, the number of districts in Valletta was increased to 24, while Floriana was divided into 7 districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0027-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Malta, Change of governor\nThe situation had improved greatly by December 1813, and on 7 January 1814 the restrictions on Valletta were lifted. Restrictions on other towns and villages were removed in the following days, except in Qormi which remained isolated until early March. The outbreak was said to be over by the end of January. On 27 January, the barracche were dismantled and burnt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0028-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo\nWhile parts of Malta were devastated by the plague, there was no outbreak of the plague on the island of Gozo in 1813. Communication with mainland Malta was restricted when the outbreak occurred in Valletta, which initially prevented the disease from reaching Gozo. However, when restrictions were lifted upon the end of the epidemic in Malta, an outbreak in Gozo occurred, although it was much smaller than the one in Malta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0029-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo\nIt is believed that the disease was imported to the island through infected clothing which had been concealed during the Malta epidemic. Angelo Galea, a Gozitan who was in Qormi at the time out the outbreak, hid a box of clothes (including an g\u0127onnella) from the authorities and took them with him when he returned to Gozo in late February 1814. He died in his house in Xag\u0127ra on 22 February 1814, a couple of days after his arrival. Like the first case in Malta, it was not believed that he died of the plague and his funeral was held at the village's parish church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0030-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo\nOn 28 February, Galea's daughter Rosa became ill and died soon afterwards at the hospital at Rabat. There were fears that the plague had reached Gozo, and within a few days a number of Xag\u0127ra residents died of the disease. An outbreak of fever was reported on 2 March 1814, and it was confirmed to be plague five days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0031-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo, Containment measures\nOn 8 March, Maitland cut off all communication between the islands, and the military was sent to cordon off Xag\u0127ra to prevent the spread of the plague to the rest of Gozo. The disease was successfully contained within the village, resulting in Gozo having a much lower death toll than Malta. On 13 March, Joseph Said wandered out of his house in a state of delirium after being infected, and he was shot dead by the police. Another man was executed by firing squad for concealing the disease on 31 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0032-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo, Containment measures\nA farmhouse known as tal-Qassam located south of the village was requisitioned and converted into a hospital by 19 March. Known as the Tal-Fewdu plague hospital, it was led by the military doctor George McAdam. The dead were buried in a nearby field so as to limit the possibility of infection while transporting corpses. On 31 March, people who lived in houses where others had been infected were moved into a tented camp. The outbreak was already in decline by mid-April, but McAdam contracted the disease and died on 5 or 6 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0033-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo, Containment measures\nThe last death from the plague on Gozo was on 28 May. On 12 June, family members of plague victims were taken to Ramla Bay and were told to bathe in the sea three times a day under police supervision. This was believed to disinfect them from traces of the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0034-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Outbreak in Gozo, Containment measures\nThe Maltese Islands were officially declared to be free from the disease on 8 September 1814, and communication between the islands was restored on 14 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0035-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Transmission\nPlague is caused by microbes in rats, which spread to humans through infected fleas from the rats. At the time of the outbreak, this cause was not known, and this hampered containment efforts and led to speculation on the cause and spread of the disease. At the time, the miasma theory which believed that the disease was caused by \"bad air\" was popular, and those who believed that it was contagious traced it to unusual sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0036-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Transmission\nHair, paper, feathers and straw were believed to be easily infected, so care was taken when these items were handled. Mail was disinfected at the Lazzaretto by slitting letters open and soaking them in vinegar or exposing them to fumes of a mixture of substances. During the outbreak, some wrote on wooden tablets instead of paper, and in January 1814 the registers of the Monte di Piet\u00e0 were unbound, disinfected and rebound to ensure that they were not contaminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0037-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Transmission\nIn the Valletta outbreak, it was observed that families of victims were more likely to contract the disease than neighbours, such that the disease spread whenever there was contact between people, but not between people who lived close but did not make contact with each other. This led to the realisation that the disease was not airborne. The fact that the plague devastated Valletta but did not seriously affect the nearby Three Cities was also cited as proof of this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0038-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll and demographic impact\nThe death toll of the plague outbreak on Malta has been variously reported as being either 4487, 4549, 4572 or 4668. About 740 of the deaths were in the town of Qormi. The death tolls in the Three Cities were 33 in Birgu and 12 in Cospicua; there were no deaths from the plague in Senglea. Despite the high death toll of civilians, the British garrison of around 3700 men only lost 20 men to the plague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0039-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll and demographic impact\nThe death toll in Gozo was reported to either 96 or 104, out of a population of over 15,000. Notable victims of the plague include Xag\u0127ra's parish priest Vincenzo Cauchi, and George McAdam, the army surgeon who had volunteered to help set up the hospital in Xag\u0127ra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0040-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Death toll and demographic impact\nAt the time, the islands' population was about 97,000, so the plague is estimated to have killed approximately 5% of the population. In the 1820s, an author wrote that the disease \"swept away more than one-twentieth of the inhabitants of one of the most populous islands under the British crown\". The death toll played a role in reducing population pressure in the densely populated islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0041-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Cemeteries\nDue to the high death toll, a number of special cemeteries known as clausure were established for the victims. These were extramural cemeteries located outside settlements, contrasting with the usual practice of burying the dead within churches. Dedicated cemeteries had been created for earlier epidemics such as the plagues of 1592 and 1675\u20131676, and they were also created for outbreaks of cholera and smallpox later on in the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0042-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Cemeteries\nSome of these cemeteries were dedicated to Saint Roch due to the devotion to the saint in instances of plague, while others did not have a specific dedication. Many of the 1813 cemeteries bore this date on the outside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0043-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Cemeteries\nSome of these cemeteries were later used for other burials, such that they became the main cemetery for a particular town or village. Examples of these include the cemeteries of Qormi and Lija. Other cemeteries, such as that of ta' Gadaf near Naxxar, were left in a state of abandonment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0044-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Cemeteries\nSome victims were also buried in abandoned churches (such as the old Parish Church of St Mary in Birkirkara), in fields or in sealed tombs in crypts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0045-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Economic impact\nThe plague outbreak caused severe economic disruption as trade links and communication were cut off, both internally and with neighbouring countries. Ties between Malta and Gozo were cut off for a long period of time, although there were instances where limited trade between the islands were allowed. Fearing the disease, a number of foreign business people had left the island by August 1813. Government expenditure also increased during the outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0046-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Economic impact\nThe plague contributed to an economic depression which lasted until well after the disease was eradicated from the islands. Some ports imposed quarantines on Maltese ships until 1826, negatively impacting trade in the process. Other factors such as the Greek War of Independence, growing popularity of Egyptian cotton and the French conquest of Algeria also contributed to the poor state of Malta's economy in the 1820s and 1830s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0047-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Religious and superstitious beliefs\nSome regarded the plague as a form of divine punishment, and many who survived attributed this to grace. When the epidemic ended, a pilgrimage was held from Valletta to the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Mellie\u0127a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0048-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Impact, Religious and superstitious beliefs\nDuring the plague, some linked the year 1813 with the superstition that the number 13 is unlucky, regarding the 13th year of a century as an annus horribilis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0049-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy\nA hand-drawn hearse which was used in the 1813 plague outbreak still survives. It was rediscovered in 1992 in the crypt of the \u017babbar parish church, and it is now exhibited at the \u017babbar Sanctuary Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0050-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Ex voto and other commemorations\nA number of ex-votos were offered to churches by people who survived the outbreak. These are often examples of folk art which are not necessarily of a high artistic quality, but they have historical significance since they are primary sources which portray life during the course of the epidemic. Churches which contain ex voto paintings include the Church of Saint Barbara in Valletta and the Mensija sanctuary at San \u0120wann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0051-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Ex voto and other commemorations\nA statue of Saint Sebastian, a patron saint of the plague-stricken, was erected on the outskirts of Qormi (facing Marsa and the harbour) after the outbreak. The statue was sculpted by \u010aikku and Girolamo Fabri (although it sometimes attributed to Vincenzo Dimech), and an inscription commemorates that it was given an indulgence in 1816. In the 1880s, a church dedicated to the same saint was built near the statue, and it became a separate parish in 1935. A much larger parish church was built nearby later on in the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0052-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Ex voto and other commemorations\nIn Senglea, a statue of Our Lady was commissioned to commemorate deliverance of the city's inhabitants from the plague. Salvatore Debarro paid for the statue, which was sculpted out of marble by Vincenzo Dimech. It was erected in the city and it was blessed on 19 May 1816. The statue was relocated in 1955 and it still exists today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0053-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Ex voto and other commemorations\nIn 1991, a street in Xag\u0127ra was named Triq George McAdam after the military doctor who died in the plague. A street in Qormi is named Triq il-Barrakki after the huts built to house the infected in the epidemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0054-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Literary works\nA number of accounts of the plague were written, such as G. M. de Piro's Ragguaglio storico della pestilenza che afflisse le isole di Malta e Gozo negli anni 1813 e 1814 which was published in Livorno in 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020427-0055-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Malta plague epidemic, Legacy, Literary works\nGioacchino Ermolao Barbaro, who had lost three children in the plague, wrote three sonnets and a poem in Italian about the epidemic. They are all entitled Per la peste di Malta nell'anno 1813 and they were published in 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020428-0000-0000", "contents": "1813\u20131814 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 34th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1813 and 1814 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020429-0000-0000", "contents": "1814\n1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1814th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 814th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 14th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1814, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020430-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 (band), History\nThe band began in 2004 as a three-piece act formed by Patu Colbert and his sons Shaun and Jimmy. Five other members joined the band over the next five years as the original members felt they needed more musicians to produce the sound they wanted. The band's lead singer is Darren Katene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020430-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 (band), History\nThe name 1814 was taken from the year that missionary Samuel Marsden held the first sermon in the Bay of Islands. The band have played alongside several Kiwi favourites including Ardijah, Katchafire, Cornerstone Roots, Unity Pacific, Che Fu, and Moana and the Tribe and many more", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020430-0002-0000", "contents": "1814 (band), History\nTheir first album, Jah Rydem, was released in 2008. It was produced by Wiremu Karaitiana and recorded at the Muscle Music Studios in the north of New Zealand. With positive reviews. In 2011 The Covers Album was released in New Zealand by producer Hayden Taylor of Yorkstreet Recording Studios and mastered by Chris Winchcombe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020430-0003-0000", "contents": "1814 (band), History\nThe band's second album, Relax, was released in 2012. A new feel and direction for the summer reggae sounds like \"Sunshine\", written by saxophonist Chris Pierce and \"Unite\" cowritten by female vocalist Kalani Marsters sung by Neihana Mackey Harrison. The Relax album was produced and mastered by band founder Patu Colbert and producer Hayden Taylor at Yorkstreet Recording Studios in Auckland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020431-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 Kentucky's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Kentucky's 2nd congressional district in 1814 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Henry Clay (DR) on January 19, 1814 to accept a diplomatic position to the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020431-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 Kentucky's 2nd congressional district special election, Election results\nHawkins took his seat March 29, 1814, during the 2nd (of 3) Session of the 13th Congress. Hawkins did not run for re-election in the 14th Congress and was succeeded by Henry Clay again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020432-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 Massachusetts's 12th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 12th congressional district on August 4, 1814 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Daniel Dewey (F) on February 24, 1814, having been appointed justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020433-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by GoldRingChip (talk | contribs) at 18:06, 19 December 2019 (\u2192\u200eReferences:  Categories and templates). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020433-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 4th congressional district on May 23, 1814 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of William M. Richardson (DR) on April 18, 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020433-0002-0000", "contents": "1814 Massachusetts's 4th congressional district special election, Election returns\nDana took his seat September 22, 1814. His opponent in this election would go on to defeat him in the general elections later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020434-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 New Jersey's 3rd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New Jersey's at-large congressional district October 10\u201311, 1814 to fill a vacancy left by the death of Jacob Hufty (F) on May 20, 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020435-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 Ohio's 6th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Ohio's 6th congressional district on June 7, 1814, to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Reasin Beall (DR) to accept an appointment to the Federal Land Office in Wooster, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020436-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1814 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 11, 1814. After contemplating retirement, incumbent Democratic-Republican governor Simon Snyder instead chose to run for reelection. He earned a third term as the state's executive after defeating Federalist candidate Isaac Wayne, a former member of the Pennsylvania State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020436-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Results\n*Note: Although Latimer ran as a Federalist, Wayne was the only Federalist to carry any counties, as shown on the map.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020437-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district on October 11, 1814 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Jonathan Roberts (DR) upon being elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020438-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district on October 11, 1814 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of James Whitehill (DR) on September 1, 1814. This was the second resignation from the 3rd district in the 13th congress, the previous resignation having been in the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020439-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 State of the Union Address\nThe 1814 State of the Union Address was given by the fourth president of the United States, James Madison, to the 13th United States Congress. It was given on Tuesday, September 20, 1814, during the height of the War of 1812. It was given during President Madison's turbulent second term. One month after he gave the speech, the British burning of Washington occurred on August 24, and President Madison fled and lived in The Octagon House. Madison lived there until 1816, until the White House could be rebuilt. The three key points are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020440-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 Tennessee's 5th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Tennessee's 5th congressional district September 15\u201316, 1814 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Felix Grundy (DR) earlier that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020442-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware, Notes\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 71], "content_span": [72, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020443-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia, Notes\nThis Georgia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020444-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives election in Louisiana, Notes\nThis Louisiana elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020446-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey held its election October 10\u201311, 1814. The state returned to an at-large basis for electing its representatives, abolishing the short-lived districts of the previous election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020448-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont\nVermont held its elections September 6, 1814. Voters swung from one party to the other. The margins were close, actually, but to toss the entire six-member delegation out of office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020450-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland, Notes\nThis Maryland elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 26 to 28, 1814, to elect 27 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 14th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n27 U.S. Representatives had been elected in December 1812 to a term in the 13th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1813. Representative-elect William Dowse died in February 1813, and John M. Bowers was declared elected in a special election, and seated. Isaac Williams, Jr. contested Bowers's election, and succeeded to the seat in January 1814. Egbert Benson resigned his seat in August 1812, and William Irving was elected to fill the vacancy. The representatives' term would end on March 3, 1815. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1814, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1815, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on December 4, 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0002-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nThe districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1812, only one new county was created: in the 12th D., Warren Co. was split from Washington Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0003-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0004-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n19 Democratic-Republicans and 8 Federalists were declared elected to the 14th Congress. The incumbents Irving, Grosvenor, Lovett, Moffitt, Taylor, Kent and Comstock were re-elected; the incumbents Winter, Shipherd and Geddes were defeated. Adams and Smith, both Federalists, had credentials issued but their Democratic-Republican opponents successfully contested the elections, so that New York was represented by 21 Democratic-Republicans and 6 Federalists in the 14th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0005-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: The Anti- Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0006-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election\nBenjamin Pond, elected in the 12th District, died on October 6, 1814, before the congressional term began. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual State election in April 1815, and was won by Asa Adgate, of the same party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 118], "content_span": [119, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0007-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election\nJonathan Fisk, elected in the 6th District, accepted in March 1815 an appointment as United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, and resigned his seat. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual State election in April 1815, and was won by James W. Wilkin, of the same party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 118], "content_span": [119, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0008-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election\nThe House of Representatives of the 14th United States Congress met for the first time at the Old Brick Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 4, 1815, and Betts, Birdsall, Brooks, Comstock, Crocheron, Gold, Hammond, Lovett, Moffitt, Savage, Schenck, Taylor, Throop, Townsend, Ward and Wilkin took their seats on this day. Adgate took his seat on December 7; Porter on December 11; Cady on December 12; Kent on December 13; Grosvenor and Yates on December 18; Birdseye on December 20; Wendover on December 21; and Irving on January 22, 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 118], "content_span": [119, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0009-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election\nWestel Willoughby, Jr. contested the election of William S. Smith in the 17th District. The Committee on Elections found that the election inspectors in the towns of German Flatts and Litchfield had returned 299 votes for \"Westel Willoughby\" although all these votes had in fact been given for \"Westel Willoughby, Jr.\" The Secretary of State of New York, receiving the abovementioned result, issued credentials for Smith. On February 23, 1815, Willoughby, Jr., gave notice to Smith, informing that he would claim the seat, and appointed a time and place to take testimony. Smith did not appear in Congress to claim the seat, and on December 13, 1815, the House declared Willoughby, Jr., entitled to the seat instead of Smith, and Willoughby, Jr., took his seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 118], "content_span": [119, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0010-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election\nErastus Root contested the election of John Adams in the 8th District. The Committee on Elections found that a deputy county clerk of Greene Co. had mistakenly written Root's name as \"Rott\" when transcribing the returns from the towns of Catskill, New Baltimore, Coxsackie, Durham and Greenville. The Secretary of State of New York, receiving the abovementioned result, issued credentials for Adams, but Adams did not appear to claim the seat. A total of 576 votes had been given for Root in these towns and, added to the correctly transcribed returns, gave him a majority of 246 in the district. On December 26, 1815, the House declared Root entitled to the seat instead of Adams, and Root took his seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 118], "content_span": [119, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0011-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election\nPeter B. Porter had been appointed a Commissioner under the Treaty of Ghent. Article I, Section 6, of the United States Constitution says that \"...no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.\" Porter was determined to keep his seat, but after some debate, resigned on January 23, 1816. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual State election in April 1816, and was won by Archibald S. Clarke, of the same party. Clarke took his seat on December 2, 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 118], "content_span": [119, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020451-0012-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election\nAfter being defeated for re-election, Enos T. Throop resigned his seat on June 4, 1816. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in September 1816, and was won by Daniel Avery, of the same party. Avery took his seat on December 3, 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 118], "content_span": [119, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020452-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, Notes\nThis Ohio elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 68], "content_span": [69, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020454-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes\nThis South Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020455-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1814 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on December 10, 1814. Incumbent Jonathan Roberts was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020455-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Background\nAfter the resignation of Democratic-Republican Sen. Michael Leib in February 1814, fellow Democratic-Republican Jonathan Roberts was elected by the General Assembly in a special election to fill the vacancy and serve out the term ending on March 4, 1815. This election, held in December 1814, was the regularly scheduled election to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning upon the expiration of the previous term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020455-0002-0000", "contents": "1814 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 10, 1814, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1815. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020456-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1814 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held February 24, 1814. Jonathan Roberts was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020456-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Background\nThe Democratic-Republican Michael Leib was elected to the United States Senate by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in December 1808. Sen. Leib resigned on February 14, 1814, to become postmaster of Philadelphia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020456-0002-0000", "contents": "1814 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results\nFollowing the resignation of Sen. Michael Leib, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on February 24, 1814, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020457-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 United States elections\nThe 1814 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic-Republican President James Madison's second term, during the First Party System. Members of the 14th United States Congress were chosen in this election. During the 14th Congress, Indiana joined the union. The election took place during the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020457-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 United States elections\nDemocratic-Republicans continued to dominate both houses of Congress, and slightly increased their majority in the House. Federalists picked up a small number of seats in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020458-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1814 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Martin Chittenden to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020458-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 13. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that neither Jonas Galusha nor Martin Chittenden had attained the majority required by the Vermont Constitution. In such cases, the governor is chosen by the combined vote of the Vermont General Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020458-0002-0000", "contents": "1814 Vermont gubernatorial election\nOn October 14, the General Assembly met to select the governor. In secret balloting, Chittenden was elected to his second one-year term by a vote of 123 to 91, with one vote counted as scattering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020458-0003-0000", "contents": "1814 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the legislature's canvassing committee determined that neither William Chamberlain nor Paul Brigham had attained a majority. According to contemporary newspaper articles, the vote totals were: Chamberlain, 16,648 (49.1%); Brigham, 16,598 (49.0%); scattering, 655 (1.9%). The contest was decided by the General Assembly, which elected Chamberlain to a second one-year term by a vote of 118 to 91.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020458-0004-0000", "contents": "1814 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his fifteenth, though the vote totals were not recorded. Swan, a Federalist was also endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and so was effectively unopposed for reelection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020458-0005-0000", "contents": "1814 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020459-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 14th Congress were held at various dates in different states between April 1814 and August 1815 during President James Madison's second term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020459-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections\nThis election happened in the middle of the War of 1812. The war was extremely unpopular in certain regions, particularly New England. The failed American invasion of Upper Canada (Ontario) and the 1814 Burning of Washington were embarrassing military setbacks, but the Democratic-Republican Party remained dominant and the declining Federalist Party was unable to convert war opposition into political gain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020459-0002-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1814 and 1815 to the 13th United States Congress and 14th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020459-0003-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts held its elections November 7, 1814. State law required a majority vote for election which was not met in two districts, leading to a second election January 6, 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020459-0004-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nDistrict numbers differed between source used and elsewhere on Wikipedia; district numbers used elsewhere on Wikipedia used here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020459-0005-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nNew Jersey held its election October 10\u201311, 1814. The state returned to an at-large basis for electing its representatives, abolishing the short-lived districts of the previous election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020459-0006-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont held its elections September 6, 1814. Voters swung from one party to the other. The margins were close, actually, but to toss the entire six-member delegation out of office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020459-0007-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nFour territories sent delegates to the 14th Congress. There was no election held in Illinois Territory", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020459-0008-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nThis was the last election for Indiana Territory, as it was admitted to the Union as a state in 1816. In Missouri Territory, Hempstead resigned and Easton also filled his seat for the remainder of the 13th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020460-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1814 and 1815 were elections that had the Democratic-Republican Party lose a seat but still retain an overwhelming majority in the United States Senate. Unlike in recent elections, the minority Federalists had gone into the elections with a chance of regaining their long-lost majority had they swept almost all the seats. However, only one seat switched parties. Two seats held by Democratic-Republicans were left unfilled until long after the next Congress began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020460-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020460-0002-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections, Race summaries\nExcept when noted, number following candidates is whole number votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020460-0003-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the preceding Congress\nIn these special elections, the winner was elected during 1814 or before March 4, 1815; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 109], "content_span": [110, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020460-0004-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the next Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1815; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020460-0005-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the next Congress\nIn this special election, the winner was elected in 1815 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020460-0006-0000", "contents": "1814 and 1815 United States Senate elections, Kentucky (Special)\nThere were two special elections in Kentucky: one in 1814 and the other in 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020461-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1814 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020469-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 in New Zealand\nWith the purchase of a vessel by Samuel Marsden for use by the Church Missionary Society at the beginning of the year the establishment of a mission in New Zealand is at last possible. After a preliminary scouting trip Marsden and the missionaries arrive at the end of the year and the first mission is begun at Rangihoua Bay in the Bay of Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020469-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 in New Zealand\nA small number of sealing vessels are operating/visiting Campbell, Macquarie and Auckland Islands. At least one visits the Bay of Islands while other also make provisioning stops in Foveaux Strait. Whaling ships and ships collecting timber from Tahiti and other islands in the Pacific also visit the Bay of Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020470-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 in Norway, Overview\n1814 has historically been considered the most important year in the history of Norway. Sovereignty was transferred from the King of Denmark to the King of Sweden. The Constitution of Norway was signed at Eidsvoll on May 17, later to be designated and celebrated as Norwegian Constitution Day. For a detailed account of the events surrounding the re-formation of the country in modern times, see the article Kingdom of Norway (1814).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020473-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1814 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020475-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1814 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020478-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 in birding and ornithology\nThis article about ornithology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020479-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020480-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020480-0001-0000", "contents": "1814 in poetry, Events\n\u2014last stanza of Francis Scott Key's \"The Battle of Fort McHenry\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020480-0002-0000", "contents": "1814 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020480-0003-0000", "contents": "1814 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020481-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020482-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 in science\nThe year 1814 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020483-0000-0000", "contents": "1814 in sports\n1814 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020486-0000-0000", "contents": "1814\u20131815 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 35th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1814 and 1815 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020487-0000-0000", "contents": "1814\u20131815 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts held its elections November 7, 1814. State law required a majority vote for election, which was not met in two districts, leading to a second election January 6, 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020487-0001-0000", "contents": "1814\u20131815 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 82], "content_span": [83, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020488-0000-0000", "contents": "1815\n1815 (MDCCCXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1815th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 815th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 15th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1815, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020489-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 Beethoven\n1815 Beethoven, provisional designation 1932 CE1, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 27 January 1932, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory. The uncommon F-type asteroid seems to have a long rotation period of 54 hours (tentative). It was named after Ludwig van Beethoven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020489-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 Beethoven, Orbit and classification\nBeethoven is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements and in previous analysis by Zappal\u00e0, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24\u00a0Themis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020489-0002-0000", "contents": "1815 Beethoven, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,043 days; semi-major axis of 3.15\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in January 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020489-0003-0000", "contents": "1815 Beethoven, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3935).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020489-0004-0000", "contents": "1815 Beethoven, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Beethoven is an uncommon, carbonaceous F-type asteroid, while in the Barucci taxonomy, it is a C0 type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020489-0005-0000", "contents": "1815 Beethoven, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2005, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Beethoven was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at his Santana Observatory (646) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 54\u00b11 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.2 magnitude (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020489-0006-0000", "contents": "1815 Beethoven, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and several publications by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Beethoven measures between 23.7 and 33.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020489-0007-0000", "contents": "1815 Beethoven, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0548 and a diameter of 30.36 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020490-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 French constitutional referendum\nA constitutional referendum on the constitution of the First French Empire, with Napoleon I restored to power in place of Louis XVIII, was held on 22 April 1815. As in all previous French referendums, the officially announced result was nearly unanimous. Out of seven million eligible voters, 77.46% abstained that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020491-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district special election\nAlthough elected in the 1814\u20131815 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Daniel A. White (Federalist) of the 3rd district was offered, and accepted, the position of probate judge in Essex County before taking his seat in Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020491-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district special election, Special election\nA special election was held July 17, 1815, electing Jeremiah Nelson (Federalist) to fill the vacated seat. and he was seated with the rest of the House at the beginning of the 14th United States Congress December 4, 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020491-0002-0000", "contents": "1815 Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district special election, White's \"lost\" election\nFor unknown reasons, some records credit Nelson with White's votes as if Nelson were elected during the regular cycle without regard for White's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 89], "content_span": [90, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane\nThe Great September Gale of 1815 (the word \"hurricane\" was not yet current in American English) is one of five \"major hurricanes\" (Category\u00a03 on the Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane scale) to strike New England since 1635. At the time it struck, the Great September Gale was the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane\nAfter striking on Long Island, the hurricane caused major damages in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island. Rhode Island suffered the worst damage, as the storm surge flooded towns along Narragansett Bay up to and including Providence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0002-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane, Origin\nThe hurricane first struck the Turks Islands near the Bahamas on September 20, with a strength estimated to have been equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0003-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane, Impact, New York\nThe storm struck Long Island on September 23, 1815, probably coming ashore near Center Moriches (Ludlum) around 7:00 A.M. On the south shore of Long Island it broke through the barrier beach and created the inlet that still isolates Long Beach, which had previously been an eastward extension of The Rockaways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0004-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Connecticut\nAround 9:00 A.M. the storm came ashore at Saybrook, Connecticut with the force of what would now be considered a Category 3 hurricane. Waves of up to six feet were reported in New London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0005-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island\nThe \"Great Storm\" (or \"Great Gale\"), as it was known there, hit Providence, Rhode Island on the morning of September 23. From about 10:00 A.M. to noon, the storm delivered a storm surge that funneled up Narragansett Bay where it destroyed some 500 houses and 35 ships. Dozens of ships were deposited on the streets of Providence. The bowsprit of the ship \"Ganges\" was smashed into the third story of the Washington Insurance Company building. The Second Baptist Meeting House was destroyed. Most of the buildings on the east side from south of the Market House to India Point were destroyed. At India Point, houses and wharves were destroyed. Both the Washington Bridge and the Central (Red) Bridge were uprooted from their piers and destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0006-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island\nThe rain appears to have been saturated with salt. The leaves on trees which were not blown away were covered with a white salt coating that resembled a light frost. Even houses turned white.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0007-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island\nA line on the Old Market Building marks the 11-foot (3.4\u00a0m) storm surge that was unsurpassed in the city until the 1938 New England hurricane, which brought a 17.6-foot (5.4\u00a0m) storm surge. There is still a worn plaque on the Rhode Island Hospital Trust building (built in 1917), along with a newer plaque showing the higher 1938 hurricane water level. At Matunuck, Rhode Island, sediment studies have identified the overwash fan of sediments in Succotash Marsh, where the 1815 hurricane storm surge overtopped the barrier beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0008-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island\nThe financial loss was estimated at one and a half million dollars, one-quarter the total valuation of the city. Fortunately, only two lives were lost, both in India Point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0009-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island\nAfter the storm, much of the Narragansett Bay area was rebuilt with higher riverbanks, raised wharves, and more durable building practices, to help protect against future storms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0010-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane, Impact, Massachusetts\nIn Dorchester, Massachusetts, just south of Boston, local historian William Dana Orcutt wrote in the late 19th century of the hurricane's impact: \"In 1815 there was a great gale which destroyed the arch of the bridge over the Neponset River. This arch was erected over the bridge at the dividing line of the towns [Dorchester and Milton] in 1798.\" Dorchester's First Parish Meeting House was too badly damaged to repair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0011-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane, Impact, New Hampshire\nThe eye passed into New Hampshire near Jaffrey and Hillsborough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020492-0012-0000", "contents": "1815 New England hurricane, Meteorology\nIn the aftermath of the Great Gale, the concept of a hurricane as a \"moving vortex\" was presented by John Farrar, Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Harvard University. In an 1819 paper he concluded that the storm \"appears to have been a moving vortex and not the rushing forward of a great body of the atmosphere\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020493-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 New York's 12th congressional district special election\nOn October 6, 1814, prior to the beginning of the Fourteenth Congress, Representative-elect Benjamin Pond (DR), who'd been elected to New York's 12th district, died. A special election to fill this vacancy was held in April, 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020493-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 New York's 12th congressional district special election, Election results\nAdgate took his seat at the beginning of the 14th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 78], "content_span": [79, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020494-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 New York's 6th congressional district special election\nIn March 1815, Jonathan Fisk (DR), who'd been re-elected to New York's 6th district, resigned to accept an appointment as United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York. A special election was held in April of that year to fill the vacancy left by his resignation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020494-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 New York's 6th congressional district special election, Election results\nWilkin took his seat at the start of the 14th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020495-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 North Carolina hurricane\nThe 1815 North Carolina hurricane caused the most severe flooding in New Bern, North Carolina since 1795. First detected east of the Lesser Antilles on 26\u00a0August, the disturbance drifted toward the northwestern Leeward Islands, arriving by 29\u00a0August. The hurricane soon approached Charleston, South Carolina, on 1\u00a0September, and subsequently made landfall near Cape Lookout in North Carolina on 3\u00a0September. The gale reached New England by 5\u00a0September, departing the region on 6\u00a0September. The hurricane caused significant impact even before coming ashore: many vessels were damaged, grounded, capsized, or destroyed offshore throughout the course of the storm. Extensive damage to corn, cotton, and rice crops was also noted. Flood waters brought rivers as much as 8\u00a0ft (2.4\u00a0m) above normal, inundating streets and structures. Overall, the hurricane inflicted at least 15\u00a0deaths throughout its existence, and more than $60,000 (1815\u00a0USD) in property damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 988]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020495-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 North Carolina hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe 1815\u00a0North Carolina hurricane was first detected far east of the Lesser Antilles on 26\u00a0August. The disturbance was next sighted at Saint Barth\u00e9lemy on 29\u00a0August, where it produced severe winds. Eventually, it approached Charleston, South Carolina by 1\u00a0September, before making landfall near Cape Lookout, North Carolina on 3\u00a0September, where the hurricane's effects lasted for three days. The storm then swept inland, curving east of Wilmington and nearing New Bern soon thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020495-0001-0001", "contents": "1815 North Carolina hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe hurricane subsequently veered northeastward at Edenton, its deviation in track coinciding with a shift in winds toward the northeast west of the system's trajectory. Tracking northeast, the system entered the Chesapeake Bay and passed into the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean after transiting over Norfolk, Virginia on 5\u00a0September, and continued to parallel the East Coast of the United States. Gales were observed on Long Island and in portions of New England, with heavy rain and strong winds noted. The disturbance remained offshore, however, and the system eventually departed the region on the morning of 6\u00a0September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020495-0002-0000", "contents": "1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact\nMaritime losses as a result of the hurricane were considerable. On the evening of 31\u00a0August, the 140-ton British vessel Spring, which originated from Liverpool, was beached near Cape Romain within the vicinity of the Raccoon Keys. Massive waves caused the boat to disintegrate, and the crew fled on a longboat toward Charleston, South Carolina, surviving but losing the ship's cargo. The craft Brutus, meanwhile, overturned while en route toward Charleston from New York City, suffering the loss of its rigging and main boom. Despite experiencing damage to its cargo of cheese and potatoes, the ship arrived in Charleston safely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020495-0002-0001", "contents": "1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact\nMeanwhile, off of Savannah, Georgia, the storm dismasted the clipper Richmond Packet which was delivering Spanish wine. Along the coast of Charleston, high waves prevented ships from docking at port, and boats did not remain with their moorings, with one breaking free and washing aground at James Island. Moving up the coast, the storm leveled fields of cotton, pushed salt water upstream, and destroyed dams protecting rice fields on the Cooper River, destroying the year's harvest. An editor of the newspaper Savannah Republican composed a poem reflecting upon and lamenting the plight of seamen who died in the storm. At Sullivan's Island near Charleston, the hurricane beached several vessels, and from Charleston to Georgetown, intense gusts and copious rainfall ruined cotton and rice fields in low-lying regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020495-0003-0000", "contents": "1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact\nThe hurricane destroyed ships from Cape Fear to Currituck, North Carolina, ruined crops, uprooted forests, displaced gristmills, and demolished roads inland. At Wilmington, the storm inflicted damage to numerous buildings, among them the Cape Fear Bank, which suffered the loss of its chimneys. The city's wharves also experienced moderate damage, with a sloop from Bermuda capsizing and a brig separating from port, drifting toward a nearby plantation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020495-0003-0001", "contents": "1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact\nA saltworks at Masonboro Island and several other offshore barrier islands endured severe damage, with the hurricane producing a 14\u00a0ft (4.3\u00a0m)-high storm surge in some regions, driving thousands of pounds of salt to sea. In all, the salterns at Masonboro Island suffered approximately $60,000 (1815\u00a0USD) in losses. Damage was similarly severe near Bear Island and locations along the White Oak River. At Swansboro, meanwhile, two schooners struck a sand bar and another two were grounded nearby, and three other vessels later washed into a nearby forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020495-0003-0002", "contents": "1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact\nA second saltworks was completely obliterated, and on a nearby beach, a residence was destroyed, with five family members drowned. A second house was also swept away, with four individuals inside killed. Majestic shade trees throughout the state were uprooted, and doors of houses near Cape Lookout burst open despite being firmly locked shut. At Edenton, the hurricane was believed to have been worse than the 1806 Great Coastal hurricane. Winds uprooted numerous trees at Fayetteville, obstructing roads, with similar impacts at Raleigh. Significant crop damage was also noted at Winston-Salem, where fences were toppled, and fields of corn, orchards, and forests ruined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020495-0004-0000", "contents": "1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact\nThe remnants of a small unidentified vessel were discovered, abandoned, near the origin of the New River, likely delivering cheese from New England. At Beaufort on the Outer Banks, several structures along the shoreline experienced damage, and several under construction ships were wrecked. Nearby at the Shackleford and Bogue Banks, several watercraft were destroyed. On the eastern sector of the latter, Fort Hampton was nearly washed away by the high storm surge generated by the hurricane. The barracks of the fort were lifted afloat for some time, with survivors clinging to its roof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020495-0004-0001", "contents": "1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact\nTo the north, another 30\u00a0boats were found destroyed near Ocracoke. Six men were killed after being knocked overboard upon the Julia, which was washed aground between Hatteras and Ocracoke. Additionally, a number of vessels were grounded near Cape Hatteras. Inland, thousands of trees and many structures were toppled, and fields of crops were flooded, disrupting the impending harvests. New Bern suffered especially acutely, with the waters of the Neuse River breaking their banks and inundating the town with 6\u00a0ft (1.8\u00a0m) of water; there, the flood was considered to be the worst since 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020495-0004-0002", "contents": "1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact\nBuildings disintegrated under the force of high winds and flood waters, and many people attempted to escape their residences. Meanwhile, at Washington, the storm caused the neighboring Pamlico River to rise at a speed of 15\u00a0in (38\u00a0cm) per hour before peaking at a height 8\u00a0ft (2.4\u00a0m) above normal. Massive amounts of lumber and naval goods were swept away by the high waters, and numerous ships broke free of their moorings, of which two were beached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020495-0005-0000", "contents": "1815 North Carolina hurricane, Impact\nFour British ships were forced to dock at Norfolk, Virginia after experiencing damage on 5\u00a0September, and at Long Island, similarly severe gales were endured by ships at Long Island. Heavy rain occurred in sections of New England on 5\u00a0and 6\u00a0September, though no significant damage occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020496-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1815. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020497-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election\nOn May 16, 1815, Representative-Elect Jonathan Williams (DR) who'd been elected for Pennsylvania's 1st district, died before the start of the 14th Congress. A special election was held on October 10 of that year to fill the vacancy left by his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020497-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election, Election results\nWilliams had been the sole Democratic-Republican elected to Pennsylvania's 1st district (a plural district with 4 seats), and so with Sergeant's win, all four of the 1st district's seats were held by Federalists. Sergeant took his seat in the Congress on December 6, 1815", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020498-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district special election\nOn July 2, 1815, Representative-elect Amos Ellmaker (DR) of Pennsylvania's 3rd district resigned after being appointed and commissioned president judge of the Twelfth Judicial District of Pennsylvania, composed of the counties of Dauphin, Lebanon, and Schuylkill, and before the 14th Congress' first session began. A special election was held on October 10, 1815 to fill the vacancy left by his resignation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020498-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district special election, Election results\nWallace took his seat on December 4, 1815 at the start of the 1st session of the 14th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020499-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election\nOn March 12, 1815, a few days after the legal start of the 14th Congress, but long before the first meeting of that Congress, David Bard (DR), who'd been re-elected to the 9th district, died. A special election was held on October 10 to fill the vacancy left by his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020499-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election, Election results\nThe 9th district did not change parties with this election. On December 11, Burnside took his seat in the 14th Congress. He would subsequently resign, in April, 1816, to accept a judicial position, resulting in a second special election. He thus served for only a few months as Representative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020500-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 Philadelphia train accident\nThe 1815 Philadelphia train accident occurred on 31 July 1815, in Philadelphia, County Durham, England, when an early experimental railway locomotive, Brunton's Mechanical Traveller, suffered a boiler explosion. This engine, also known as the Steam Horse, ran on four wheels but was pushed by mechanical feet. This was both the first recorded boiler explosion and the first railway accident causing major loss of life with 13 people were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020500-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 Philadelphia train accident\nThe accident is not included in many texts because it was on an industrial waggonway or plateway, rather than a public railway. Nevertheless, it predated William Huskisson's fatal accident at Parkside by 15 years, and the death toll was not exceeded by any railway accident until 1842 worldwide (see Versailles train crash), and 1861 in the UK (Clayton Tunnel). It also killed more people than any other railway boiler explosion of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020500-0002-0000", "contents": "1815 Philadelphia train accident\nMost boiler explosions caused severe mechanical damage but often only the locomotive crew suffered physically; however, Brunton's locomotive was surrounded at the time by a crowd of curious sightseers, who formed the majority of the victims. The first high-pressure steam locomotive, Trevithick's Penydarren engine, had only appeared 11 years earlier in 1804, and engineering understanding of the forces and safety risks involved was still primitive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020501-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 State of the Union Address\nThe 1815 State of the Union Address was given by the fourth president of the United States, James Madison. It was given to the 14th United States Congress on Tuesday, December 5, 1815, but not verbally by the president. The War of 1812 was over, and he said, \"It is another source of satisfaction that the treaty of peace with Great Britain has been succeeded by a convention on the subject of commerce concluded by the plenipotentiaries of the two countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020501-0000-0001", "contents": "1815 State of the Union Address\nIn this result a disposition is manifested on the part of that nation corresponding with the disposition of the United States, which it may be hoped will be improved into liberal arrangements on other subjects on which the parties have mutual interests, or which might endanger their future harmony.\" He concluded with, \"As fruits of this experience and of the reputation acquired by the American arms on the land and on the water, the nation finds itself possessed of a growing respect abroad and of a just confidence in itself, which are among the best pledges for its peaceful career.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020502-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 Tennessee's 2nd congressional district special election\nOn September 24, 1815, John Sevier (DR), representative for Tennessee's 2nd district, died in office. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy December 7\u20138, 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020503-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020505-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia\nThe United States state of Virginia held elections in April 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020505-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes\nThis Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020506-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1815 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 7, 1815, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020506-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nObadiah German had been elected in 1809 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020506-0002-0000", "contents": "1815 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in April 1814, a Democratic-Republican majority was elected to the Assembly, and eight of the nine State Senators up for election were Democratic-Republicans. The 38th New York State Legislature met from September 26 to October 24, 1814; and from January 31 to April 18, 1815, at Albany, New York. The party strength in the Assembly as shown by the vote for Speaker was: 61 for Samuel Young and 35 for James Emott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020506-0003-0000", "contents": "1815 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nState Senator Nathan Sanford was the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020506-0004-0000", "contents": "1815 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nAssemblyman James Emott, the Speaker of the previous Assembly session, was the candidate of the Federalist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020506-0005-0000", "contents": "1815 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nState Senator Philetus Swift received a \"complimentary vote\" from Sanford, traditionally the candidates did not vote for themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020506-0006-0000", "contents": "1815 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nNathan Sanford was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020507-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1815 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020507-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 12. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that former governor Jonas Galusha had defeated incumbent Martin Chittenden to win a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020507-0002-0000", "contents": "1815 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the legislature's canvassing committee determined that former lieutenant governor Paul Brigham had attained a majority over incumbent William Chamberlain to win election to a one-year term. According to a contemporary newspaper article, the vote totals were: Brigham, 16,942 (50.4%); Chamberlain 15,841 (47.2%); scattering, 807 (2.4%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020507-0003-0000", "contents": "1815 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his sixteenth, though the vote totals were not recorded. Swan, a Federalist was also endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and so was effectively unopposed for reelection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020507-0004-0000", "contents": "1815 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020508-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 Virginia's 15th congressional district special election\nOn May 27, 1815, Representative Matthew Clay (DR) of Virginia's 15th district died in office before the start of the 1st session of the 14th Congress. A special election was held in October of that year to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020508-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 Virginia's 15th congressional district special election, Election results\nKerr had been defeated for re-election in the regular 1815 elections and took his seat December 5, 1815, at the start of the 1st session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 78], "content_span": [79, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora\nThe 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was the most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded human history, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7. The eruption ejected 160\u2013213 cubic kilometres (38\u201351\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of material into the atmosphere. It is the most recently known VEI-7 event and the most recent confirmed VEI-7 eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora\nMount Tambora is on the island of Sumbawa in present-day Indonesia, then part of the Dutch East Indies. Although its eruption reached a violent climax on 10 April 1815, increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions occurred during the next six months to three years. The ash from the eruption column dispersed around the world and lowered global temperatures in an event sometimes known as the Year Without a Summer in 1816. This brief period of significant climate change triggered extreme weather and harvest failures in many areas around the world. Several climate forcings coincided and interacted in a systematic manner that has not been observed after any other large volcanic eruption since the early Stone Age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0002-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Chronology of the eruption\nMount Tambora experienced several centuries of dormancy before 1815, caused by the gradual cooling of hydrous magma in its closed magma chamber. Inside the chamber at depths between 1.5 and 4.5 kilometres (5,000 and 15,000\u00a0ft), the exsolution of a high-pressure fluid magma formed during cooling and crystallisation of the magma. An over-pressurization of the chamber of about 4,000\u20135,000 bars (400\u2013500\u00a0MPa; 58,000\u201373,000\u00a0psi) was generated, with the temperature ranging from 700\u2013850\u00a0\u00b0C (1,290\u20131,560\u00a0\u00b0F). In 1812, the volcano began to rumble and generated a dark cloud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0002-0001", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Chronology of the eruption\nOn 5 April 1815, a giant eruption occurred, followed by thunderous detonation sounds heard in Makassar on Sulawesi 380 kilometres (240\u00a0mi) away, Batavia (now Jakarta) on Java 1,260 kilometres (780\u00a0mi) away, and Ternate on the Molucca Islands 1,400 kilometres (870\u00a0mi) away. On the morning of 6 April, volcanic ash began to fall in East Java with faint detonation sounds lasting until 10 April. What was first thought to be the sound of firing guns was heard on 10 April on Sumatra, more than 2,600 kilometres (1,600\u00a0mi) away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0003-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Chronology of the eruption\nAt about 19:00 on 10 April, the eruptions intensified. Three plumes rose up and merged. The whole mountain was turned into a flowing mass of \"liquid fire\". Pumice stones of up to 20 centimetres (8\u00a0in) in diameter started to rain down around 20:00, followed by ash at around 21:00\u201322:00. Pyroclastic flows cascaded down the mountain to the sea on all sides of the peninsula, wiping out the village of Tambora. Loud explosions were heard until the next evening, 11 April. The ash veil spread as far as West Java and South Sulawesi. A nitrous odor was noticeable in Batavia, and heavy tephra-tinged rain fell, finally receding between 11 and 17 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0004-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Chronology of the eruption\nThe first explosions were heard on this Island in the evening of 5 April, they were noticed in every quarter, and continued at intervals until the following day. The noise was, in the first instance, almost universally attributed to distant cannon; so much so, that a detachment of troops was marched from Djocjocarta, in the belief that a neighboring post was being attacked, and along with the coast, boats were in two instances dispatched in quest of a supposed ship in distress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0005-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Chronology of the eruption\nThe explosion had an estimated VEI of 7. An estimated 41 cubic kilometres (10\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of pyroclastic trachyandesite were ejected, weighing about 10 billion tonnes. This left a caldera measuring 6\u20137 kilometres (3+1\u20442\u20134+1\u20442\u00a0mi) across and 600\u2013700\u00a0m (2,000\u20132,300\u00a0ft) deep. The density of fallen ash in Makassar was 636\u00a0kg/m3 (39.7\u00a0lb/cu\u00a0ft). Before the explosion, Mount Tambora's peak elevation was about 4,300\u00a0m (14,100\u00a0ft), making it one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago. After the explosion, its peak elevation had dropped to only 2,851\u00a0m (9,354\u00a0ft), about two-thirds of its previous height.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0006-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Chronology of the eruption\nThe 1815 Tambora eruption is the largest observed eruption in recorded history, as shown in Table 1. The explosion was heard 2,600 kilometres (1,600\u00a0mi) away, and ash fell at least 1,300 kilometres (810\u00a0mi) away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0007-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Aftermath\nOn my trip towards the western part of the island, I passed through nearly the whole of Dompo and a considerable part of Bima. The extreme misery to which the inhabitants have been reduced is shocking to behold. There were still on the road side the remains of several corpses, and the marks of where many others had been interred: the villages almost entirely deserted and the houses fallen down, the surviving inhabitants having dispersed in search of food. ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0007-0001", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Aftermath\nSince the eruption, a violent diarrhoea has prevailed in Bima, Dompo, and Sang'ir, which has carried off a great number of people. It is supposed by the natives to have been caused by drinking water which has been impregnated with ashes; and horses have also died, in great numbers, from a similar complaint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0008-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Aftermath\n\u2014Lt. Philips, ordered by Sir Stamford Raffles to go to Sumbawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0009-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Aftermath\nAll vegetation on the island was destroyed. Uprooted trees, mixed with pumice ash, washed into the sea and formed rafts up to five kilometres (three miles) across. Between 1 and 3 October the British ships Fairlie and James Sibbald encountered extensive pumice rafts about 3,600 kilometres (2,200\u00a0mi) west of Tambora. Clouds of thick ash still covered the summit on 23 April. Explosions ceased on 15 July, although smoke emissions were observed as late as 23 August. Flames and rumbling aftershocks were reported in August 1819, four years after the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0010-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Aftermath\nA moderate-sized tsunami struck the shores of various islands in the Indonesian archipelago on 10 April, with a height of up to 4\u00a0m (13\u00a0ft) in Sanggar around 22:00. A tsunami of 1\u20132\u00a0m (3\u20137\u00a0ft) in height was reported in Besuki, East Java, before midnight, and one of 2\u00a0m (7\u00a0ft) in height in the Molucca Islands. The total death toll has been estimated to be around 4,600.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0011-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Aftermath\nThe eruption column reached the stratosphere at an altitude of more than 43 kilometres (141,000\u00a0ft). The coarser ash particles settled out one to two weeks after the eruptions, but the finer ash particles stayed in the atmosphere from a few months to a few years at altitudes of 10\u201330 kilometres (33,000\u201398,000\u00a0ft). Longitudinal winds spread these fine particles around the globe, creating optical phenomena. Prolonged and brilliantly coloured sunsets and twilights were seen frequently in London between 28 June and 2 July 1815 and 3 September and 7 October 1815. The glow of the twilight sky typically appeared orange or red near the horizon and purple or pink above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0012-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Aftermath\nThe estimated number of deaths varies depending on the source. Zollinger (1855) puts the number of direct deaths at 10,000, probably caused by pyroclastic flows. On Sumbawa, 18,000 starved to death or died of disease. About 10,000 people on Lombok died from disease and hunger. Petroeschevsky (1949) estimated that about 48,000 people were killed on Sumbawa and 44,000 on Lombok. Stothers in 1984 and several other authors have accepted Petroeschevsky's claim of 88,000 deaths in total. However, a 1998 journal article authored by J. Tanguy and others claimed that Petroeschevsky's figures were unfounded and based on untraceable references.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0012-0001", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Aftermath\nTanguy's revision of the death toll was based on Zollinger's work on Sumbawa for several months after the eruption and on Thomas Raffles's notes. Tanguy pointed out that there may have been additional victims on Bali and East Java because of famine and disease. Their estimate was 11,000 deaths from direct volcanic effects and 49,000 by post-eruption famine and epidemic diseases. Oppenheimer wrote that there were at least 71,000 deaths in total. Reid has estimated that 100,000 people on Sumbawa, Bali, and other locations died from the direct and indirect effects of the eruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0013-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Disruption of global temperatures\nDuring the northern hemisphere summer of 1816, global temperatures cooled by 0.53\u00a0\u00b0C (0.95\u00a0\u00b0F). This very significant cooling directly or indirectly caused 90,000 deaths. The eruption of Mount Tambora was the most significant cause of this climate anomaly. While there were other eruptions in 1815, Tambora is classified as a VEI-7 eruption with a column 45\u00a0km (148,000\u00a0ft) tall, eclipsing all others by at least one order of magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0014-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Disruption of global temperatures\nThe VEI is used to quantify the amount of ejected material, with a VEI-7 being 100 cubic kilometres (24\u00a0cu\u00a0mi). Every index value below that is one order of magnitude (meaning, ten times) less. Furthermore, the 1815 eruption occurred during a Dalton Minimum, a period of unusually low solar radiation. Volcanism plays a large role in climate shifts, both locally and globally. This was not always understood and did not enter scientific circles as fact until Krakatoa erupted in 1883 and tinted the skies orange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0015-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Disruption of global temperatures\nThe scale of the volcanic eruption will determine the significance of the impact on climate and other chemical processes, but a change will be measured even in the most local of environments. When volcanoes erupt, they eject carbon dioxide (CO2), water, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and many other gases. (Meronen et al. 2012) CO2 and water are greenhouse gases, comprising 0.0394 percent and 0.4 percent of the atmosphere, respectively. Their small proportion disguises their significant role in trapping solar insolation and reradiating it back to Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0016-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Disruption of global temperatures, Global effects\nThe 1815 eruption released SO2 into the stratosphere, causing a global climate anomaly. Different methods have estimated the ejected sulphur mass during the eruption: the petrological method; an optical depth measurement based on anatomical observations; and the polar ice core sulfate concentration method, using cores from Greenland and Antarctica. The figures vary depending on the method, ranging from 10 to 120 million tonnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0017-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Disruption of global temperatures, Global effects\nIn the spring and summer of 1815, a persistent \"dry fog\" was observed in the northeastern United States. The fog reddened and dimmed the sunlight, such that sunspots were visible to the naked eye. Neither wind nor rainfall dispersed the \"fog\". It was identified as a stratospheric sulfate aerosol veil. In summer 1816, countries in the Northern Hemisphere suffered extreme weather conditions, dubbed the \"Year Without a Summer\". Average global temperatures decreased by about 0.4 to 0.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.7 to 1.3\u00a0\u00b0F), enough to cause significant agricultural problems around the globe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0017-0001", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Disruption of global temperatures, Global effects\nOn 4 June 1816, frosts were reported in the upper elevations of New Hampshire, Maine, Vermont, and northern New York. On 6 June 1816, snow fell in Albany, New York and Dennysville, Maine. On 8 June 1816, the snow cover in Cabot, Vermont was reported still to be 46\u00a0cm (18\u00a0in)  deep. Such conditions occurred for at least three months and ruined most agricultural crops in North America. Canada experienced extreme cold during that summer. Snow 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) deep accumulated near Quebec City from 6 to 10 June 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0018-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Disruption of global temperatures, Global effects\nThe second-coldest year in the Northern Hemisphere since around 1400 was 1816, and the 1810s are the coldest decade on record. That was the consequence of Tambora's 1815 eruption and possibly another VEI-6 eruption in late 1808. The surface temperature anomalies during the summer of 1816, 1817, and 1818 were \u22120.51\u00a0\u00b0C (\u22120.92\u00a0\u00b0F), \u22120.44\u00a0\u00b0C (\u22120.79\u00a0\u00b0F), and \u22120.29\u00a0\u00b0C (\u22120.52\u00a0\u00b0F), respectively. Parts of Europe also experienced a stormier winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0019-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Disruption of global temperatures, Global effects\nThis climate anomaly has been blamed for the severity of typhus epidemics in southeast Europe and along the eastern Mediterranean Sea between 1816 and 1819. The climate changes disrupted the Indian monsoons, caused three failed harvests and famine, and contributed to the spread of a new strain of cholera that originated in Bengal in 1816. Many livestock died in New England during the winter of 1816\u20131817. Cool temperatures and heavy rains resulted in failed harvests in Britain and Ireland. Families in Wales travelled long distances as refugees, begging for food.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0019-0001", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Disruption of global temperatures, Global effects\nFamine was prevalent in north and southwest Ireland, following the failure of wheat, oat, and potato harvests. The crisis was severe in Germany, where food prices rose sharply, and demonstrations in front of grain markets and bakeries, followed by riots, arson, and looting, took place in many European cities. It was the worst famine of the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0020-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Effects of volcanism\nVolcanism affects the atmosphere in two distinct ways: short-term cooling caused by reflected insolation and long-term warming from increased CO2 levels. Most of the water vapor and CO2 is collected in clouds within a few weeks to months because both are already present in large quantities, so the effects are limited. It has been suggested that a volcanic eruption in 1809 may also have contributed to a reduction in global temperatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0021-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Impact of the eruption\nBy most calculations, the eruption of Tambora was at least a full order of magnitude (10 times) as large as that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991. (Graft et al. 1993) An estimated 1,220\u00a0m (4,000\u00a0ft) of the top of the mountain collapsed to form a caldera, reducing the height of the summit by a third. Around 100 cubic kilometres (24\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of rock was blasted into the air. (Williams 2012). Toxic gases also were pumped into the atmosphere, including sulfur that caused lung infections. (Cole-Dai et al. 2009)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0021-0001", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Impact of the eruption\nVolcanic ash was over 100\u00a0cm (40\u00a0in) deep within 75\u00a0km (45\u00a0mi) of the eruption, while areas within a 500\u00a0km (300\u00a0mi) radius saw a 5\u00a0cm (2\u00a0in) ash fall, and ash could be found as far away as 1,300 kilometres (810\u00a0mi). The ash burned and smothered crops, creating an immediate shortage of food in Indonesia. (Cole-Dai et al. 2009) The ejection of these gases, especially hydrogen chloride, caused the precipitation to be extremely acidic, killing much of the crops that survived or were rebudding during the spring. The food shortages were compounded by the Napoleonic wars, floods, and cholera. Its energy release was equivalent to about 33 gigatons of TNT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0022-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Impact of the eruption\nThe ash in the atmosphere for several months after the eruption reflected significant amounts of solar radiation, causing unseasonably cool summers that contributed to food shortages. China, Europe, and North America had well-documented below normal temperatures, which devastated their harvests. The monsoon season in China and India was altered, causing flooding in the Yangtze Valley and forcing thousands of Chinese to flee coastal areas. (Granados et al. 2012) The gases also reflected some of the already-decreased incoming solar radiation, causing a 0.4 to 0.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.7 to 1.3\u00a0\u00b0F) decrease in global temperatures throughout the decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0022-0001", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Impact of the eruption\nAn ice dam formed in Switzerland during the summers of 1816 and 1817, earning 1816 the title \"Year without a Summer\". The winter months of 1816 were not much different from previous years, but the spring and summer maintained the cool-to-freezing temperatures. The winter of 1817, however, was radically different, with temperatures below \u221234\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221230\u00a0\u00b0F) in central and northern New York, which were cold enough to freeze lakes and rivers that were normally used to transport supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0022-0002", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Impact of the eruption\nBoth Europe and North America suffered from freezes lasting well into June, with snow accumulating to 32\u00a0cm (13\u00a0in) in August, which killed recently planted crops and crippled the food industry. The length of the growing seasons in parts of Massachusetts and New Hampshire were less than 80 days in 1816, resulting in harvest failures. (Oppenheimer 2003) Visually unique sunsets were observed in western Europe, and red fog was observed along the eastern coast of the U.S. These unique atmospheric conditions persisted for the better part of 2.5 years. (Robock 2000)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0023-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Impact of the eruption\nScientists have used ice cores to monitor atmospheric gases during the cold decade (1810\u20131819), and the results have been puzzling. The sulfate concentrations found in both Siple Station, Antarctica and central Greenland bounced from 5.0 in January 1816 to 1.1 in August 1818. This means that 25\u201330 teragrams of sulfur were ejected into the atmosphere, most of which came from Tambora, followed by a rapid decrease through natural processes. Tambora caused the largest shift in sulfur concentrations in ice cores for the past 5,000 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0023-0001", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Impact of the eruption\nEstimates of the sulfur yield vary from 10 teragrams (Black et al. 2012) to 120 teragrams (Stothers 2000), with the average of the estimates being 25\u201330 teragrams. The high concentrations of sulfur could have caused a four-year stratospheric warming of around 15\u00a0\u00b0C (27\u00a0\u00b0F), resulting in a delayed cooling of surface temperatures that lasted for nine years. (Cole-Dai et al. 2009) This has been dubbed a \"volcanic winter\", similar to a nuclear winter because of the overall decrease in temperatures and abysmal farming conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0024-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Impact of the eruption\nClimate data have shown that the variance between daily lows and highs may have played a role in the lower average temperature because the fluctuations were much more subdued. Generally, the mornings were warmer because of nightly cloud cover and the evenings were cooler because the clouds had dissipated. There were documented fluctuations of cloud cover for various locations that suggested it was a nightly occurrence and the sun killed them off, much like a fog. The class boundaries between 1810\u20131830 without volcanically perturbed years was around 7.9\u00a0\u00b0C (14.2\u00a0\u00b0F).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0024-0001", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Impact of the eruption\nIn contrast, the volcanically perturbed years (1815\u20131817) had a change of only around 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C (4.1\u00a0\u00b0F). This meant that the mean annual cycle in 1816 was more linear than bell shaped and 1817 endured cooling across the board. Southeastern England, northern France, and the Netherlands experienced the greatest amount of cooling in Europe, accompanied by New York, New Hampshire, Delaware, and Rhode Island in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0025-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Impact of the eruption\nThe documented rainfall was as much as 80 percent more than the calculated normal with regards to 1816, with unusually high amounts of snow in Switzerland, France, Germany, and Poland. This is again contrasted by the unusually low precipitations in 1818, which caused droughts throughout most of Europe and Asia. (Auchmann et al. 2012) Russia had already experienced unseasonably warm and dry summers since 1815 and this continued for the next three years. There are also documented reductions in ocean temperature near the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0025-0001", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Impact of the eruption\nThis seems to have been an indicator of shifted oceanic circulation patterns and possibly changed wind direction and speed. (Meronen et al. 2012)Taking into account the Dalton Minimum and the presence of famine and droughts predating the eruption, the Tambora eruption accelerated or exacerbated the extreme climate conditions of 1815. While other eruptions and other climatological events would have led to a global cooling of about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C (0.4\u00a0\u00b0F), Tambora increased on that benchmark substantially.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020509-0026-0000", "contents": "1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Comparison of selected volcanic eruptions\nSource: Oppenheimer (2003), and Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program for VEI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020510-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1815 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020513-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1815 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020513-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 in Chile, Incumbents\nRoyal Governor of Chile: Mariano Osorio (-26 December), Francisco Marc\u00f3 del Pont (26 December)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020518-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in New Zealand\nThe first Christian mission is established at Rangihoua. The Hansen family, the first non-missionary family also settles there. Samuel Marsden explores the Hauraki Gulf and travels to within sight of Tauranga Harbour. The first book in M\u0101ori is published in Sydney. The first European is born in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020518-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 in New Zealand\nVisits by sealing ships begin to decline; they are now sealing almost exclusively at the Macquarie and Campbell Islands and travel either via the east coast of New Zealand (calling at the Bay of Islands en route for refreshments) or via the southern fjords/Foveaux Strait/Stewart Island (stopping for refreshments in either/both directions).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020523-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1815 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020524-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in Sri Lanka\n1815 in Sri Lanka marks the turn from the Kandyan period to the British Ceylon period, when the Kingdom of Kandy was disestablished and the creation of British Ceylon as the sole polity on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020526-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1815 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020529-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020530-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020531-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020531-0001-0000", "contents": "1815 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020531-0002-0000", "contents": "1815 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020532-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020533-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in science\nThe year 1815 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020534-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in sports\n1815 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020535-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in the United Kingdom\nEvents from the year 1815 in the United Kingdom. 1815 marks the end of years of war between the United Kingdom and France when the Duke of Wellington wins a decisive victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. Fighting in the War of 1812 between the UK and the United States also ceases, peace terms having been agreed at the end of 1814. The year also sees the introduction of the Corn Laws which protect British land owners from cheaper foreign imports of corn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020536-0000-0000", "contents": "1815 in the United States\nEvents from the year 1815 in the United States. As news slowly spread of the Treaty of Ghent (1814) ending the War of 1812, battles between American and British forces continued in the early months of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020537-0000-0000", "contents": "1815\u20131816 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 36th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1815 and 1816 during the governorship of Caleb Strong. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020538-0000-0000", "contents": "1816\n1816 (MDCCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1816th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 816th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 16th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1816, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020538-0001-0000", "contents": "1816\nThis year was known as the Year Without a Summer, because of low temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly the result of the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption in Indonesia in 1815, causing severe global cooling, catastrophic in some locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020539-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1816 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 1, 1816. Incumbent Federalist Governor Daniel Rodney was unable to seek re-election due to term limits. Former State Representative John Clark ran as the Federalist nominee, and narrowly defeated Democratic-Republican nominee Manaen Bull to hold the office for his party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020539-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020540-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 French legislative election\nThe 1816 French general election organized the first legislature of the Second Restoration. The election was held on 25 September and 4 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020540-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 French legislative election\nAll electors elected three-fifths of all deputies in the first round. In the second round, the most heavily taxed voted again to elect the remaining two-fifths of deputies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020541-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election\nIn December 1816, a special election was held in Georgia's at-large district to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Alfred Cuthbert (DR) on November 9. Cuthbert himself had been elected in a special election in 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020541-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nCook took his seat in Congress on January 23, 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020542-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Guatemala earthquake\nThe 1816 Guatemala earthquake occurred at 15:30 UTC on 22 July. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 to 7.75 on the Mw and a maximum perceived intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It was caused by movement on the Chixoy-Polochic Fault. The area affected by shaking up to intensity VII (Very strong) was at least 13,000\u00a0km2. At least 23 deaths were reported. The discovery of this earthquake 175 years after it occurred was based on study of historical documents, and is notable for showing that this portion of Guatemala, previously believed by many planners to be of low seismic risk, has experienced, and is at further risk of, very large earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020543-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Indiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1816 Indiana gubernatorial election took place on August 5, 1816, under the provisions of the recently ratified Constitution of Indiana. It was the first gubernatorial election in the State of Indiana. Jonathan Jennings, the longtime U.S. territorial delegate from Indiana and president of the state's constitutional convention, defeated Thomas Posey, the incumbent territorial governor, with 56.9% of the vote. The election was held concurrently with elections for lieutenant governor and members of the Indiana General Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020543-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 Indiana gubernatorial election\nAt the time of the election, the Democratic-Republican Party was dominant nationally following the War of 1812, and the politics of the new state were conducted on a nonpartisan basis. Geographic factionalism and the personal reputation of the candidates provided the ammunition with which the campaign would be fought. In spite of this, the campaign was spirited: of the barely more than 12,000 eligible voters, more than 9,000 cast ballots in the gubernatorial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020543-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 Indiana gubernatorial election\nJennings was well known to the voting public, having represented the Indiana Territory in the United States Congress for more than half a decade. A resident of Clark County, he was associated with the Eastern faction in territorial politics and a leading opponent of slavery. In a campaign typical of the era, he presented his visits with voters as personal in nature in order to avoid the appearance of electioneering. Posey, the incumbent, was unpopular and, due to his absence from the territorial capital in Corydon, lacked the necessary political connections to wage an effective campaign. On election day, Jennings defeated Posey handily by a margin of well over 1,000 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020543-0003-0000", "contents": "1816 Indiana gubernatorial election, Results, Results by county\nThe official election returns appear to have been lost. The Vincennes Western Sun in its editions of August 17 and 24, 1816 gives the returns of four of the state's fifteen counties as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020544-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Kentucky's 1st congressional district special election\nIn April 1816, James Clark (DR), of Kentucky's 1st district, resigned his seat to accept a position as circuit court judge. A special election was held for his replacement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020544-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 Kentucky's 1st congressional district special election, Election results\nFletcher took his seat on December 2, at the start of the second session of the 14th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020545-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1816 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the second gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article III Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020546-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Maryland's 3rd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 3rd congressional district in 1816 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Alexander C. Hanson (F) upon being elected to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020547-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Maryland's 5th congressional district special elections\nThe 1816 special elections for Maryland's 5th congressional district were to fill two separate vacancies. The 5th district was a plural district, with two seats. Both seats were vacated, the first by Representative Nicholas R. Moore (DR) in 1815, before the 14th Congress even met, and the second by Rep. William Pinkney (DR) on April 18, 1816 after being named Minister to Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020547-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 Maryland's 5th congressional district special elections, Election results, January election\nThe first special election was held on January 27, 1816 to replace Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 96], "content_span": [97, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020547-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 Maryland's 5th congressional district special elections, Election results, January election\nSmith took his seat in the 14th Congress on February 4, 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 96], "content_span": [97, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020547-0003-0000", "contents": "1816 Maryland's 5th congressional district special elections, Election results, September election\nThe second election was held on September 3 to fill the vacancy left by Pickney's resignation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 98], "content_span": [99, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020547-0004-0000", "contents": "1816 Maryland's 5th congressional district special elections, Election results, September election\nLittle took his seat on December 2, 1816, at the start of the Second Session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 98], "content_span": [99, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020548-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Massachusetts's 11th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 11th congressional district on August 26, 1816, to fill a vacancy left by the death of Elijah Brigham (F) on February 22, 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020548-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 Massachusetts's 11th congressional district special election, Election results\nAdams took his seat December 2, 1816 and was also elected in the November elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020549-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1816 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1816 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York. Governor Tompkins had received the nomination of the Congressional Caucus for Vice President as James Monroe's running-mate. Senator King would receive the votes for President of those Federalist Electors chosen that fall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020549-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic-Republican Party nominated incumbent Daniel D. Tompkins. They nominated incumbent John Tayler for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020549-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Federalist Party nominated U.S. senator Rufus King. They nominated state senator George Tibbits for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020550-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 New York's 20th congressional district special election\nOn June 4, 1816, after being defeated for re-election, Enos T. Throop (DR) of New York's 20th district resigned his seat. A special election was held in September of that year to fill the vacancy left for the remainder of the 14th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020551-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 New York's 21st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New York's 21st congressional district April 30-May 2, 1816 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Peter B. Porter (DR) on January 23, 1816 after being appointed a Commissioner under the Treaty of Ghent. The special election was held at the same time as the general elections to the 15th Congress in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020552-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 North Carolina's 6th congressional district special election\nOn December 15, 1815, having been elected to the Senate, Nathaniel Macon (DR) of North Carolina's 6th district resigned. To fill the vacancy left in North Carolina's representation for the 14th Congress, a special election was held on January 22, 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020552-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 North Carolina's 6th congressional district special election, Election results\nEdwards took his seat on February 7, 1816, during the First Session of the 14th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020553-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 North Carolina's 8th congressional district special election\nOn April 16, 1816, Richard Stanford (DR) of North Carolina's 8th district died in office. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020553-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 North Carolina's 8th congressional district special election, Election results\nDickens took his seat December 2, 1816, at the start of the Second Session of the 14th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020554-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Ohio's 1st congressional district special election\nIn April, 1816, John McLean (DR) of Ohio's 1st district resigned. A special election was called to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020555-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election\nOn October 8, 1816, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 9th district, the second special election in that district in the 14th Congress. The reason for the special election was Thomas Burnside (DR)'s resignation to accept a judicial appointment in April of that year. Burnside himself had been elected to the seat in the previous special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020555-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election, Election results\nMaclay took his seat December 3, 1816, at the start of the 2nd session of the 14th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address\nThe 1816 State of the Union Address was the last annual address given by President James Madison, the fourth president of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, History\nIt was given on Tuesday, December 3, 1816. It was read in Washington, D.C, addressed to both houses of Congress. It was the 26th address given, given to the 14th United States Congress. The United States House of Representatives and Senate were addressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description\nTo open the speech, Madison acknowledges the recent agricultural shortfall brought on by the Year Without a Summer:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0003-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description\nIn reviewing the present state of our country, our attention cannot be withheld from the effect produced by peculiar seasons; which have very generally impaired the annual gifts of the Earth, and threaten scarcity in particular districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0004-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, International affairs\nMadison then sets the stage with the recent conclusion of two wars, and the attendant \"invigoration of industry.\" First, the \"peace in Europe,\" referring to the downfall of Napoleon in 1815 and the beginning of what would be called the Pax Britannica. Second, the conclusion of the War of 1812, ushering in the period in the United States that would be called the Era of Good Feelings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0005-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, International affairs\nDespite the peaceful era, Madison regrets the weakness of American industry and international trade, noting that a \"depression is experienced by particular branches of our manufactures, and by a portion of our navigation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0006-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, International affairs\nNevertheless, Madison asserts that \"we remain in amity with foreign powers,\" albeit with the qualification that an American ship was attacked by a Spanish one in the Gulf of Mexico, and that the state of affairs with Algiers is \"not known.\" (But the relations with the other Barbary states have \"undergone no change.\")", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0007-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, International affairs\nAs to the North American continent, Madison sees overall \"tranquillity\" in the affairs with Indians, happily promoting \"civilization.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0008-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, International affairs\nI am happy to add, that the tranquillity which has been restored among the Tribes themselves, as well as between them and our own population, favor the resumption of the work of civilization, which had made an encouraging progress among some Tribes; and that the facility is encreasing, for extending that divided and individual ownership, which exists now in moveable property only, to the soil itself, and of thus establishing in the culture and improvement of it; the true foundation for a transit from the habits of the Savage; to the arts and comforts of social life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0009-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, Domestic affairs\nMadison then recommends reorganization of the militia, and urges progress on other domestic matters, including a standardization of weights and measures, establishing a university in Washington, DC, reform of the criminal justice system, enforcement against importing slaves, and reform of the executive branch bureaucracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0010-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, Domestic affairs\nMadison next addresses finances, noting a surplus of some nine million dollars in the treasury for 1816\u2014that is, the difference between $47 million in revenue, and $38 million in expenditure. (The national nevertheless had over $100 million in debt.) Madison encourages reform of the monetary system to smooth the handling of the government's finances:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0011-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, Domestic affairs\nfor the interests of the community at large, as well as for the purposes of the Treasury, it is essential that the nation should possess a currency of equal value, credit, and use, wherever it may circulate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0012-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, Peroration\nFinally, Madison takes the opportunity to reflect on his years of service in government, thanking the citizens for their \"support\" and asserting that he is leaving the nation in a prosperous and peaceful state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0013-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, Peroration\nI can indulge the proud reflection, that the American people have reached in safety and success their fortieth year, as an independent nation; that for nearly an entire generation, they have had experience of their present constitution, the offspring of their undisturbed deliberations and of their free choice; that they have found it to bear the trials of adverse as well as prosperous circumstances; to contain in its combination of the federate and elective principles, a reconcilement of public strength with individual liberty, of national power for the defence of national rights, with a security against wars of injustice, of ambition or of vain glory, in the fundamental provision which subjects all questions of war to the will of the nation itself, which is to pay its costs, and feel its calamities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0014-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, Peroration\nFurthermore, Madison notes that the young nation has room to grow across the continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0015-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, Peroration\nAt the end of the speech, focusing on world peace, Madison hopes for a government that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020556-0016-0000", "contents": "1816 State of the Union Address, Description, Peroration\nseeks, by appeals to reason, and by its liberal examples, to infuse into the law which governs the civilised world, a spirit which may diminish the frequency or circumscribe the calamities of war, and meliorate the social and beneficent relations of peace: A Government, in a word, whose conduct within and without, may bespeak the most noble of all ambitions, that of promoting peace on Earth, and good will to man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020558-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware, Notes\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 71], "content_span": [72, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020560-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives election in Indiana\nThe newly created state of Indiana elected its sole member of the U.S. House of Representatives in August 1816, in advance of statehood, to represent Indiana's at-large congressional district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020560-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives election in Indiana\nDemocratic-Republican William Hendricks was elected with 80.2% of the vote over Allen Thom who received 19.7% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020560-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives election in Indiana\nThe state was admitted December 11, 1816 and the new member was admitted on that day to the 14th Congress which would end March 3, 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020560-0003-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives election in Indiana\nHendricks was re-elected August 4, 1817 to the 15th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020562-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire, Notes\nThis New Hampshire elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 76], "content_span": [77, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020565-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont\nVermont elected its members September 3, 1816, replacing its six Federalists with six Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020566-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes\nThis Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020568-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 23 to 25, 1816, to elect 27 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 15th United States Congress. At the same time, a vacancy was filled in the 14th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020568-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n27 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1814 to a term in the 14th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1815. Representative-elect Benjamin Pond died on October 6, 1814, and Asa Adgate was elected in April 1815 to fill the vacancy. Jonathan Fisk resigned his seat in March 1815, and James W. Wilkin was elected in April 1815 to fill the vacancy. John Adams and William S. Smith had been declared elected, and credentials issued by the Secretary of State of New York, but did not take or claim their seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020568-0001-0001", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nIn December 1815, Erastus Root and Westel Willoughby, Jr. contested the former's elections, and were seated. Peter B. Porter resigned his seat on January 23, 1816, leaving a vacancy in the 21st District. The other 26 representatives' term would end on March 3, 1817. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1816, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1817, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on December 1, 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020568-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nThe districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020568-0003-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020568-0004-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n22 Democratic-Republicans and 5 Federalists were elected to the 15th Congress; and one Democratic-Republican to fill the vacancy in the 14th Congress. The incumbents Townsend, Irving, Wendover, Wilkin, Taylor, Savage and Comstock were re-elected; the incumbents Lovett, Throop and Brooks were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020568-0005-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: The Anti- Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020568-0006-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nAfter being defeated for re-election, Enos T. Throop resigned his seat on June 4, 1816. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in September 1816, and was won by Daniel Avery, of the same party. Avery took his seat in the 14th United States Congress on December 3, 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020568-0007-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nArchibald S. Clarke took his seat in the 14th Congress on December 2, 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020568-0008-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nHenry B. Lee, elected in the 4th District, died on February 18, 1817, before his congressional term began. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual State election in April 1817, and was won by James Tallmadge, Jr., of the same party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020568-0009-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nThe House of Representatives of the 15th United States Congress met for the first time at the Old Brick Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 1, 1817, and 26 representatives took their seats. Only David A. Ogden arrived later, and took his seat on January 8, 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020571-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes\nThis South Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020572-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States elections\nThe 1816 United States elections elected the members of the 15th United States Congress. Mississippi and Illinois were admitted as states during the 15th Congress. The election took place during the First Party System. The Democratic-Republican Party controlled the Presidency and both houses of Congress, while the Federalist Party provided only limited opposition. The election marked the start of the Era of Good Feelings, as the Federalist Party became nearly irrelevant in national politics after the War of 1812 and the Hartford Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020572-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States elections\nIn the Presidential election, Democratic-Republican Secretary of State James Monroe easily defeated Federalist Senator Rufus King of New York. Monroe faced a more difficult challenge in securing his party's nomination, but was able to defeat Secretary of War William H. Crawford in the Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus. The Federalists never again fielded a presidential candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020572-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 United States elections\nIn the House, Democratic-Republicans won major gains, and continued to dominate the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020572-0003-0000", "contents": "1816 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democratic-Republicans picked up a moderate number of seats, increasing their already-dominant majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election\nThe 1816 United States presidential election was the eighth quadrennial presidential election. It was held from November 1 to December 4, 1816. In the first election following the end of the War of 1812, Democratic-Republican candidate James Monroe defeated Federalist Rufus King. The election was the last in which the Federalist Party fielded a presidential candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election\nAs President James Madison chose to retire after serving two terms, the Democratic-Republicans held a congressional nominating caucus in March 1816. With the support of Madison and former President Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State Monroe defeated Secretary of War William H. Crawford to win his party's presidential nomination. Governor Daniel D. Tompkins of New York won the Democratic-Republican vice presidential nomination, continuing the party's tradition of balancing a presidential nominee from Virginia with a vice presidential nominee from either New York or New England. The Federalists did not formally nominate a ticket, but Senator King of New York emerged as the de facto Federalist candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election\nThe previous four years of American politics were dominated by the effects of the War of 1812. Its drawn outcome and the peace concluded in 1815 were satisfactory to the American people, and the Democratic-Republicans received credit for the results. Federalists were discredited by having opposed the war and by radical rhetoric from New England Federalists at the Hartford Convention. Also, President Madison had adopted certain measures favored by Federalists, including a national bank and protective tariffs. The Federalists had little to campaign on, and Monroe easily won the Electoral College, carrying 16 of the 19 states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0003-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination, Declined to run\nJames Monroe was the favorite candidate of both former President Jefferson and retiring President Madison. However, Monroe faced stiff competition from Secretary of War William H. Crawford of Georgia. Also, there was widespread sentiment, especially in New York, that it was time to end the Virginia dynasty of presidents, resulting in Daniel D. Tompkins and Simon Snyder, the governors of New York and Pennsylvania respectively, briefly considering running for the nomination. But Monroe's long record of service at home and abroad made him a fitting candidate to succeed Madison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 110], "content_span": [111, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0003-0001", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination, Declined to run\nCrawford never formally declared himself a candidate, because he believed that he had little chance against Monroe and feared such a contest might deny him a place in the new cabinet. Tompkins and Snyder realized they had even less chance of beating Monroe to the nomination, and instead positioned themselves to run for the vice-presidency. Still, Crawford's supporters posed a significant challenge to Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 110], "content_span": [111, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0004-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination, Declined to run\nIn March 1816, Democratic-Republican congressmen in caucus nominated Monroe for President and Tompkins for Vice President. Monroe defeated Crawford for the nomination by a vote of 65 to 54, while Tompkins defeated Snyder by a wider margin of 85 votes to 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 110], "content_span": [111, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0005-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, Nominations, Federalist Party candidates\nIn hopes of uniting with disaffected Democratic-Republicans, as they had in the previous election, the Federalists initially planned to hold their own congressional nominating caucus after that of the Democratic-Republicans. With the end of the war and the nomination of Monroe, the Federalists abandoned their hopes of another fusion ticket, and the demoralized party failed to formally nominate a candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0005-0001", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, Nominations, Federalist Party candidates\nSenator Rufus King of New York, who had been the party's 1804 and 1808 vice presidential nominee, and who had been nominated for president by a dissident faction of the party in 1812, eventually emerged as the de facto Federalist candidate. Several Federalists would receive electoral votes for vice president, with former Senator John Eager Howard of Maryland receiving the most votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0006-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, General election, Dispute about Indiana\nOn February 12, 1817, the House and Senate met in joint session to count the electoral votes for president and vice president. The count proceeded without incident until the roll came to the last state to be counted, Indiana. At that point, Representative John W. Taylor of New York objected to the counting of Indiana's votes. He argued that Congress had acknowledged the statehood of Indiana in a joint resolution on December 11, 1816, whereas the ballots of the Electoral College had been cast on December 4, 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0006-0001", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, General election, Dispute about Indiana\nHe claimed that at the time of the balloting, there had been merely a Territory of Indiana, not a State of Indiana. Other representatives contradicted Taylor, asserting that the joint resolution merely recognized that Indiana had already joined the Union by forming a state constitution and government on June 29, 1816. These representatives pointed out that both the House and Senate had seated members from Indiana who had been elected prior to the joint resolution, which would have been unconstitutional had Indiana not been a state at the time of their election. Representative Samuel D. Ingham then moved that the question be postponed indefinitely. The House agreed almost unanimously, and the Senate was brought back in to count the electoral votes from Indiana. The issue had no bearing on the final result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0007-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nWhen the votes were counted, Monroe had won all but three of the nineteen states. King thought that a Monroe victory was inevitable, and did not seriously contest the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0008-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nEach of the three states that were won by King voted for a different person for vice president. Massachusetts electors voted for former United States Senator (and future Governor) John Eager Howard of Maryland. Delaware chose a different Marylander, sitting United States Senator Robert Goodloe Harper. Connecticut split its vote between James Ross of Pennsylvania and Chief Justice John Marshall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0009-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nMaryland did not choose its electors as a slate; rather, it divided itself into electoral districts, with each district choosing one elector. Three of Maryland's eleven districts were won by Federalist electors. However, these electors did not vote for King or for a Federalist vice president, instead casting blank votes as a protest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0010-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nSource (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0011-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, General election, Results\n(a) Only 10 of the 19 states chose electors by popular vote. (b) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. (c) One Elector from Delaware and three Electors from Maryland did not vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0012-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, Results by state\nElections in this period were vastly different from modern day Presidential elections. The actual Presidential candidates were rarely mentioned on tickets and voters were voting for particular electors who were pledged to a particular candidate. There was sometimes confusion as to who the particular elector was actually pledged to. Results are reported as the highest result for an elector for any given candidate. For example, if three Monroe electors received 100, 50, and 25 votes, Monroe would be recorded as having 100 votes. Confusion surrounding the way results are reported may lead to discrepancies between the sum of all state results and national results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0013-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, Results by state\nThe Federalist parties of New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Virginia did not provide a slate of electors, and as such Monroe was virtually unopposed in these states (though trivial Federalist electors received a handful of votes in New Jersey and Virginia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020573-0014-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election, Results by state\nTennessee cast votes but they have been lost to time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020574-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1816 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between November 1 to December 4, 1816, as part of the 1816 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020574-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nDuring this election, Connecticut cast its nine electoral votes to Federalist Party candidate Rufus King of New York. Nevertheless, Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Monroe won the election nationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020574-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nWith King's victory in the state, Connecticut became one of the only three states to vote for the Federalists, with the other two being neighboring Massachusetts and Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020574-0003-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nAlthough John Eager Howard was selected as King's running mate, Connecticut split its votes for Vice President between James Ross of Pennsylvania and Chief Justice John Marshall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020575-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThe 1816 United States presidential election in Indiana took place between November 1 to December 4, 1816, as part of the 1816 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020575-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Indiana\nDuring this election, Indiana voted in its first presidential election and cast its three electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020575-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Indiana\nWhen the House and Senate met in joint session to count the electoral votes for President and Vice President on February 12, 1817. The count proceeded without incident until the roll came to the last state to be counted, which happened to be Indiana. At that point, Representative John W. Taylor of New York objected to the counting of Indiana's votes. He argued that Congress had acknowledged the statehood of Indiana in a joint resolution on December 11, 1816, whereas the ballots of the Electoral College had been cast on December 4, 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020575-0002-0001", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Indiana\nHe claimed that at the time of the balloting, there had been merely the Indiana Territory, not a State of Indiana. Other representatives contradicted Taylor, asserting that the joint resolution merely recognized that Indiana had already joined the Union by forming a state constitution and government on June 29, 1816. These representatives pointed out that both the House and Senate had seated members from Indiana who had been elected prior to the joint resolution, which would have been unconstitutional had Indiana not been a state at the time of their election. Representative Samuel D. Ingham then moved that the question be postponed indefinitely. The House agreed almost unanimously, and the Senate was brought back in to count the electoral votes from Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020576-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1816 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place between November 1 to December 4, 1816, as part of the 1816 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020576-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nDuring this election, Louisiana cast its three electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020577-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1816 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between November 1 to December 4, 1816, as part of the 1816 United States presidential election. The state chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020577-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nDuring this election, New Jersey cast its eight electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020578-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1816 United States presidential election in New York took place between November 1 to December 4, 1816, as part of the 1816 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 29 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020578-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in New York\nDuring this election, New York cast its 29 electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020579-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in Ohio took place between November 1 and December 4, 1816, as part of the 1816 United States presidential election. Voters chose 8 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020579-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Ohio\nOhio elected Democratic-Republican candidate James Monroe over Federalist candidate Rufus King. Monroe won Ohio by a margin of 69.74%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020580-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1816 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place as part of the 1816 United States presidential election. Voters chose 25 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020580-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate, James Monroe, over the Federalist candidate, Rufus King. Monroe won Pennsylvania by a margin of 18.66%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020581-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1816 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between November 1 to December 4, 1816, as part of the 1816 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020581-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nDuring this election, South Carolina cast its 11 electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020582-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nThe 1816 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place as part of the 1816 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020582-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nTennessee voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate, James Monroe, over the Federalist candidate, Rufus King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020583-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1816 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between November 1 to December 4, 1816, as part of the 1816 United States presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020583-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 United States presidential election in Vermont\nDuring this election, Vermont's state legislature chose eight members of the Electoral College who would all vote for Democratic-Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Monroe for President and Governor Daniel D. Tompkins of New York for Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020584-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1816 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020584-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 10. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that incumbent Jonas Galusha had defeated Samuel Strong, a major general of the state militia and a former member of the Vermont House to win a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020584-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the legislature's canvassing committee determined that incumbent Paul Brigham had attained a majority over former lieutenant governor William Chamberlain to win election to a one-year term. According to a contemporary newspaper article, the vote totals were: Brigham, 17,124 (55.1%); Chamberlain 13,934 (44.9%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020584-0003-0000", "contents": "1816 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his seventeenth. Swan, a Federalist was also endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and so was effectively unopposed for reelection. According to a contemporary newspaper account, he received 27,248 votes (99.8%), with 44 (0.2%) scattering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020584-0004-0000", "contents": "1816 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020585-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 Virginia's 18th congressional district special election\nOn July 4, 1816, Representative Thomas Gholson, Jr. (DR) of Virginia's 18th district died in office. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy on October 10, 21\u201323, and 28, 1816 (each of the three districts within the 18th district held their election on a different day).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020585-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 Virginia's 18th congressional district special election, Election results\nNelson took his seat on December 4, 1816, at the start of the 2nd session of the 14th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 78], "content_span": [79, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 15th Congress were held at various dates in different states between April 1816 and August 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe Democratic-Republican Party entered the election with a large majority, yet made sizable gains, helping trigger the virtually nonpartisan Era of Good Feelings under new President James Monroe, elected in 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections\nTwo major events combined to help eliminate the declining Federalist Party from meaningful contention. First, the War of 1812 had concluded in 1815 with a feeling of national pride and relief, with the small American military fighting the much more powerful British forces to a draw punctuated by General Andrew Jackson's dramatic victory at the Battle of New Orleans. Federalists had opposed the risky but ultimately successful war, with some New England Federalists advocating radical measures at the Hartford Convention. Second, the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in present-day Indonesia, itself the most powerful in recorded history and following other major eruptions, temporarily disrupted global climate. The effects severely damaged the agricultural economy of New England, where Federalist support was strongest, causing privation, popular discontent, and mass emigration westward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 954]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0003-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nMississippi was admitted as a state in 1817 during the 15th Congress, adding one seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0004-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1816 and 1817 to the 14th United States Congress and 15th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0005-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections, Indiana\nIndiana elected its member August 4, 1817, having just elected him just the year before to the new seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0006-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts's electoral law required a majority for election. In five districts this was not met on the first election, requiring additional trials to be held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0007-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nDistrict numbers differed between source used and elsewhere on Wikipedia; district numbers used elsewhere on Wikipedia used here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0008-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nMississippi was admitted as a state on December 10, 1817 from the western half of the former Mississippi Territory (the eastern half became Alabama Territory) It elected its first representative to Congress August 4\u20135, 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0009-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York elected its members April 23 to 25, 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0010-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont elected its members September 3, 1816, replacing its six Federalists with six Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0011-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nThere were three territories with the right to send delegates during at least part of the 15th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0012-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nIllinois Territory also only existed during the 1st Session, as it was admitted to the Union as the State of Illinois on December 3, 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0013-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nMississippi Territory only existed during the first few months of the 15th Congress, but did not elect a delegate, since it was admitted to the Union as a state a few days into the 1st Session of the 15th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020586-0014-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nThere were two elections held for the delegate from Missouri Territory. The first was contested by Rufus Easton on the grounds of electoral fraud. This election was declared void, and a second election was held on August 4, 1817. It was won without controversy by John Scott, who took his seat on December 8, 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020587-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1816 and 1817 were elections for the United States Senate that had the Democratic-Republican Party gain a net of two seats from the admission of a new state, and which coincided with the presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020587-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020587-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the preceding Congress\nIn these special and general elections, the winners were seated during 1816 or before March 4, 1817; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 101], "content_span": [102, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020587-0003-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the next Congress\nIn these general elections, the winners were seated March 4, 1817; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020587-0004-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the next Congress\nIn three special elections and two general elections, the winners were elected in 1817 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020587-0005-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States Senate elections, Indiana\nThe new state of Indiana elected its first two senators, both Democratic-Republicans, James Noble and Waller Taylor. The election was held November 8, 1816 in advance of Indiana's December 11, 1816 admission as a state. In the election legislators cast a single ballot and the first and second place candidates were deemed elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020587-0006-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States Senate elections, Mississippi\nThe new state of Mississippi elected its first two senators, both Democratic-Republicans, Walter Leake and Thomas H. Williams. Two separate elections were held in which each senator was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020587-0007-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States Senate elections, Mississippi\nFirst Senator (Class 1)(5th ballot, date and previous ballots unknown)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020587-0008-0000", "contents": "1816 and 1817 United States Senate elections, Mississippi\nSecond Senator (Class 2)(4th ballot, date and previous ballots unknown)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020588-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1816 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020591-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1816 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020596-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1816 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020599-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1816 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020601-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1816 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020603-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 in architecture\nThe year 1816 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020604-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020606-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020607-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020607-0001-0000", "contents": "1816 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020607-0002-0000", "contents": "1816 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020608-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020609-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 in science\nThe year 1816 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020610-0000-0000", "contents": "1816 in sports\n1816 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020613-0000-0000", "contents": "1816\u20131817 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 37th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1816 and 1817 during the governorship of John Brooks. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020614-0000-0000", "contents": "1816\u20131817 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts's electoral law required a majority for election. In five districts this was not met on the first election, requiring additional trials to be held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020614-0001-0000", "contents": "1816\u20131817 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 82], "content_span": [83, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020615-0000-0000", "contents": "1817\n1817 (MDCCCXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1817th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 817th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 17th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1817, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020616-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 Chilean independence referendum\nA referendum on Chile's independence was held on 15 November 1817. After the Battle of Chacabuco, Bernardo O'Higgins was appointed director supremo. He held a plebiscite to test the popular will. This independence proposal passed with a large majority. His political program confirmed, O'Higgins's administration declared independence on 16 February 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020617-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Connecticut's at-large district in 1817 to fill two vacancies in the 15th Congress, both of which had occurred before the start of that Congress. The vacancies were left by the death of members-elect Sylvanus Backus (F) on February 15, 1817 and Charles Dennison (F) who declined the seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020617-0001-0000", "contents": "1817 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nAs there were two vacancies in an at-large district, the top two candidates were elected to represent Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 85], "content_span": [86, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020617-0002-0000", "contents": "1817 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nHuntington and Terry took their seats with the rest of the 15th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 85], "content_span": [86, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020618-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 French legislative election\nThe 1817 French partial election took place on 20 September 1817, during the Second Restoration, to choose delegates to the Chamber of Deputies. It was the first of three elections (the others coming in 1818 and 1819) under a new law that called for legislative elections to be held annually in one-fifth of the nation's departments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020618-0001-0000", "contents": "1817 French legislative election\nThe election was a clear defeat for the Ultras, who lost all their seats. Until then confined to a few individuals, the liberals, led by the banker Jacques Laffitte, constituted a second opposition group at the left of the Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020619-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 Katanga\n1817 Katanga, provisional designation 1939 MB, is a stony Phocaea asteroid in from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 June 1939, by English-born South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It is named for the Katanga Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020619-0001-0000", "contents": "1817 Katanga, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family, a smaller population of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics named after their largest member, 25\u00a0Phocaea. Katanga orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,334 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 26\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Katanga's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1939, as its first observation made at Heidelberg Observatory in 1928, remained unused (1928 KD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020619-0002-0000", "contents": "1817 Katanga, Lightcurves\nIn April 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Katanga was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian D. Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. It gave a rotation period of 8.481 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 magnitude (U=3). The quality of this result supersedes two periods previously obtained by astronomers Stefano Sposetti and Glenn Malcolm in May and June 2001, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020619-0003-0000", "contents": "1817 Katanga, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Katanga measures between 9.76 and 15.90 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.133 and 0.353. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.242 and a diameter of 16.28 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020619-0004-0000", "contents": "1817 Katanga, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Katanga Province, a rich mining region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 February 1980 (M.P.C. 5183).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020620-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held August 26, 1817 in Massachusetts's 1st congressional district to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Representative-elect James Lloyd (F) before the beginning of the 15th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020621-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1817 New York gubernatorial election was held in April/May 1817 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020621-0001-0000", "contents": "1817 New York gubernatorial election, History\nGovernor Daniel D. Tompkins was elected Vice President of the United States in November 1816; he resigned in February 1817. Article XVII of the New York State Constitution of 1777 said that \"...as often as the seat of government shall become vacant, a wise and descreet freeholder of this State shall be, by ballot, elected governor,...,which elections shall be always held at the times and places of choosing representatives in assembly...\" This meant that, whenever a vacancy occurred, the Lieutenant Governor did not succeed to the governor's office but administrated the state only until the end of the yearly term of the New York State Assembly on June 30, the successor being elected in April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020621-0002-0000", "contents": "1817 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic-Republican Party nominated former Lieutenant Governor DeWitt Clinton. They nominated acting Governor John Tayler for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020621-0003-0000", "contents": "1817 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThough he did not run, the Tammany organization, which opposed Clinton, distributed ballots in New York City with the name of former Secretary of State of New York Peter Buell Porter, and a few were cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020622-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 New York's 4th congressional district special election\nOn September 16, 1816, Representative-elect Henry B. Lee (DR) of New York's 4th district died before the start of the 15th Congress, to which he'd been elected. A special election was held prior to the beginning of the first session of Congress to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020622-0001-0000", "contents": "1817 New York's 4th congressional district special election, Special election\nTallmadge took his seat on December 1, at the start of the First Session of the 15th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020623-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1817. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020624-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1817 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 14, 1817. Incumbent Democratic-Republican governor Simon Snyder was not a candidate for re-election. Simon's preferred successor, State Treasurer William Findlay, was nominated as the Democratic Republican candidate by a caucus of legislative leaders. Conversely, U.S. Representative Joseph Hiester was chosen as a candidate by the Democratic Republicans' first popular nominating convention; he additionally gained the endorsement of the declining Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020624-0001-0000", "contents": "1817 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe two men ran starkly different campaigns. Findlay sought to continue aggressive policies of infrastructural investment and economic intervention while maintaining the patronage system for governmental employment. Hiester, a former Revolutionary War captain, called for a reduction in spending, an expansion in liberal economic policies, and an investigation into corruption in state government. Findlay was ultimately victorious by an approximately six point margin, as his dominance in the state's rural counties counteracted support for Hiester in the cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020625-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district special election\nIn the 1816 elections in Pennsylvania, David Scott (DR) won one of the two seats in the 10th district, but resigned before the 15th Congress began, having been appointed judge of the court of common pleas. A special election was held on October 14, 1817 to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020625-0001-0000", "contents": "1817 Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district special election, Election results\nMurray took his seat on December 1, 1817, at the start of the 1st session of the 15th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020626-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 Santiago del Estero earthquake\nThe 1817 Santiago del Estero earthquake took place in the province of Santiago del Estero, Argentina, on 4 July at about 05:30 PM. It was estimated to be 7.0 on the Richter magnitude scale. Its epicenter was at , at a depth of 30\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020626-0001-0000", "contents": "1817 Santiago del Estero earthquake\nThe earthquake was felt with grade VIII in the Mercalli intensity scale in the provincial capital Santiago del Estero, where it caused grave damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020627-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe 1817 election of the Speaker of the House of Commons occurred on 2 June 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020627-0001-0000", "contents": "1817 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe incumbent Speaker Charles Abbot had resigned due to ill health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020627-0002-0000", "contents": "1817 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nCharles Manners-Sutton was proposed by Sir John Nicholl and seconded by E. J. Littleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020627-0003-0000", "contents": "1817 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nCharles Williams-Wynn was proposed by William Dickinson and seconded by Sir Matthew White Ridley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020627-0004-0000", "contents": "1817 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nOn the motion \"That the Right Honourable Charles Manners Sutton do take the chair of this House as Speaker,\" Manners-Sutton was elected by 312 votes to 152 (Hansard gives the votes against as 150).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020629-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 United States House of Representatives election in Mississippi\nMississippi was admitted as a state on December 10, 1817 from the western half of the former Mississippi Territory (the eastern half became Alabama Territory). It elected its first representative to Congress August 4\u20135, 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020630-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020631-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee, Notes\nThis Tennessee elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 73], "content_span": [74, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020632-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes\nThis Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020633-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1817 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020633-0001-0000", "contents": "1817 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 9. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that incumbent Jonas Galusha had defeated U.S. Senator Isaac Tichenor to win a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020633-0002-0000", "contents": "1817 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the legislature's canvassing committee determined that incumbent Paul Brigham had attained a majority over former lieutenant governor William Chamberlain to win election to a one-year term. According to a contemporary newspaper article, the vote totals were: Brigham, 13,307 (63.2%); Chamberlain 7,748 (36.8%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020633-0003-0000", "contents": "1817 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his eighteenth. Swan, a Federalist was also endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and so was effectively unopposed for reelection. According to contemporary newspaper articles, Swan received 16,962 votes, and no votes were recorded for any other candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020633-0004-0000", "contents": "1817 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020634-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1817 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020637-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1817 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020637-0001-0000", "contents": "1817 in Chile, Incumbents\nRoyal Governor of Chile: Francisco Marc\u00f3 del Pont (-February 12)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020642-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 in Ireland\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 17:47, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020643-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1817 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020647-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1817 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020649-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1817 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020652-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020654-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020654-0001-0000", "contents": "1817 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020654-0002-0000", "contents": "1817 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020655-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020656-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 in science\nThe year 1817 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020657-0000-0000", "contents": "1817 in sports\n1817 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020660-0000-0000", "contents": "1817\u20131818 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 38th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1817 and 1818 during the governorship of John Brooks. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House. On February 10, 1818, the General Court issued the corporate charter for the Suffolk Bank to a group of the Boston Associates (including Patrick Tracy Jackson and Daniel Pinckney Parker).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0000-0000", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic\nThe first cholera pandemic (1817\u20131824), also known as the first Asiatic cholera pandemic or Asiatic cholera, began near the city of Calcutta and spread throughout South and Southeast Asia to the Middle East, eastern Africa and the Mediterranean coast. While cholera had spread across India many times previously, this outbreak went further; it reached as far as China and the Mediterranean Sea before subsiding. Millions of people died as a result of this pandemic, including many British soldiers, which attracted European attention. This was the first of several cholera pandemics to sweep through Asia and Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. This first pandemic spread over an unprecedented range of territory, affecting almost every country in Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0001-0000", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Origin and initial spread\nThe name cholera had been used in previous centuries to describe illnesses involving nausea and vomiting. Today, cholera specifically describes illness caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. There are numerous examples of epidemics prior to 1817 which are suspected as being cholera. In the sixth century BCE cholera-like symptoms were described by an Indian text. Indeed, descriptions of a disease in India from as far back as 2,500 years ago describe an illness reminiscent of cholera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0001-0001", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Origin and initial spread\nGreek physician Hippocrates wrote about an illness resembling cholera about 2,400 years ago, as did Roman physician Galen roughly 500 years later in the 2nd century. In the 16th century, an outbreak of acute diarrhea was reported to have occurred in the East Indies by the Dutch. A similar outbreak was recorded in 1669 in China. However, there is not evidence of \"true Asiatic Cholera\" prior to 1781, in which the first well-documented epidemic occurred. Having begun in southern India, it would later spread to eastern India and eventually Sri Lanka. Cholera was endemic to the lower Ganges River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0001-0002", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Origin and initial spread\nAt festival times, pilgrims frequently contracted the disease there and carried it back to other parts of India on their returns, where it would spread, then subside. The first cholera pandemic started similarly, as an outbreak that was suspected to have begun in 1817 in the town of Jessore. Some epidemiologists and medical historians have suggested that it spread globally through a Hindu pilgrimage, the Kumbh Mela, on the upper Ganges River. Earlier outbreaks of cholera had occurred near Purnia in Bihar, but scholars think these were independent events. In 1817, cholera began spreading outside the Ganges Delta. By September 1817, the disease had reached Calcutta on the Bay of Bengal and quickly spread to the rest of the subcontinent. By 1818 the disease broke out in Bombay, on the west coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0002-0000", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Spread beyond India\nAfter spreading beyond India, the first cholera pandemic hit other parts of Asia and the African coast the hardest. It would not be until later epidemics of cholera that it would ravage Europe and the Americas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0002-0001", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Spread beyond India\nIn March 1820, the disease was identified in Siam, in May 1820 it had spread as far as Bangkok and Manila; in July the outbreak torched Vietnam; in spring of 1821 it reached Java, Oman, and Anhai in China; in 1822 it was found in Japan, in the Persian Gulf, in Baghdad, in Syria, and in the Transcaucasus; and in 1823 cholera reached Astrakhan, Zanzibar, and Mauritius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0003-0000", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Spread beyond India\nWhen the epidemic reached Russia and specifically Astrakhan, their response was to formulate an anti-Cholera program in 1823. This program was headed by a German physician by the name of Dr. Rehmann. The Anti- Cholera program inspired the creation of a medical-administration board by Tsar Alexander I that inspired similar medical administration across Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0004-0000", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Spread beyond India\nIn 1824, transmission of the disease ended. Some researchers believe that may have been due to the cold winter of 1823\u20131824, which would have killed the bacteria in the water supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0005-0000", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Spread beyond India\nThe spread of the first cholera pandemic was closely linked to warfare and trade. According to economic history professor Donato G\u00f3mez-Diaz, \"[advances] in commercial exchange and navigation contributed to cholera\u2019s dispersion.\" Navy and merchant ships carried people with the disease to the shores of the Indian Ocean, from Africa to Indonesia, and north to China and Japan. During the Ottoman-Persian War of 1821\u20131823, cholera would affect both armies in what is modern-day Armenia. Hindu pilgrims spread cholera within the subcontinent, as had happened many times previously, and British troops carried it overland to Nepal and Afghanistan. In 1821, British troops spread cholera to Oman after becoming infected with it in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0006-0000", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Total deaths\nThe total deaths from the epidemic remain unknown. Scholars of particular areas have estimated death tolls. For instance, some estimate that Bangkok might have suffered 30,000 deaths from the disease. In Semarang, Central Java, 1,225 people died in eleven days in April 1821. In total, over 100,000 people died as a result of cholera on Java during the first pandemic. Also in 1821, Basra, Iraq saw 18,000 deaths in less than a month's time. In the same year, it is estimated that up to 100,000 deaths occurred in Korea. Vietnamese royal archives recorded 206,835 people died from the disease. In the southwest of the Mekong Delta, the outbreak swept through the constructing V\u0129nh T\u1ebf Canal, killing thousand of workers (most of them Cambodians) and triggered a Cambodian uprising in later that year. The well-known novelist Nguy\u1ec5n Du died contracting the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0007-0000", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Total deaths\nAs for India, the initially reported mortality rate was estimated to be 1.25 million per year, placing the death toll at around 8,750,000. However, this report was certainly an overestimation as David Arnold writes: \"The death toll in 1817\u201321 was undoubtedly great, but there is no evidence to suggest that it was as uniformly high as Moreau de Jonn\u00e8s presumed. [ ...] Statistics collected by James Jameson for the Bengal Medical Board showed mortality in excess of 10,000 in several districts. [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0007-0001", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Total deaths\n...] Although reporting was sketchy, for the Madras districts as a whole the mortality during the height of the epidemic appears to have been around 11 to 12 per 1,000. If this figure were applied to the whole of India, with a population of some 120\u2013150 million, the total number of deaths would have been no more than one or two million.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0008-0000", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Racism and xenophobia\nAccording to historian Samuel Kohn, epidemics in antiquity often brought people of a society together. However, some diseases such as cholera produced rather the opposite, triggering blame and even violence against those perceived as being from regions infected with the disease. Often times, fear of cholera outbreaks would lead to increased racial tensions. The cholera pandemic's origin in India led to a rise in anti-Asian sentiment, especially towards Indian people and culture, in the West during the initial outbreak and following more outbreaks decades later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0008-0001", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Racism and xenophobia\nThe disease was subsequently associated with Asia and South Asia, in particular, was seen as in some way to blame for cholera. Derision towards Indian cultural practices, especially Hindu pilgrimages, and hygiene following the initial outbreak were reported. Speaking about the anti-Asian sentiment that rose after the outbreak, British historian David Arnold wrote that \"the Indian origins of cholera and its almost global dissemination from Bengal made the disease a convenient symbol for much that the west feared or despised about a society so different from its own\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0008-0002", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, Racism and xenophobia\nMedical professionals of the time were also noted for relying on moral judgments and generalizations of Indian people on pilgrimages. The sanitary commissioner of Bengal, David Smith, wrote that \"the human mind can scarcely sink lower than it has done in connection with the appalling degeneration of idol-worship at Pooree\". During the outbreak, the colonial authorities launched inquiries into the medical conditions of South Asian people on pilgrimages and eventually classified pilgrims as a \"dangerous class\" due their belief that many pilgrims were infected with cholera, placing them under surveillance. Historian Christopher Hamlin noted that European physicians attempted to distinguish the \"new\" strain of Asiatic cholera from the \"old\" strain, and that evidence for a Bengali origin of the pandemic were often based on 19th-century accounts which were \"steeped in biases\" against Hindu and Indian culture in general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 977]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0009-0000", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, The Years After 1824\nIn the years after the pandemic subsided in many areas of the world, there were still small outbreaks, and pockets of cholera remained. In the period from 1823 to 1829, the first cholera outbreak remained outside of much of Europe. Its spread into Europe in the years after the initial outbreak started with the spread of the bacterium to the Russian empire yet again. Historians theorize that the spread back into Europe was largely to due to its movement in the Russian river system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0009-0001", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, The Years After 1824\nThis movement of the virus in the rivers of Russia allowed cholera to reach England by 1832, and the Americas shortly afterword. The bacterium also was theorized to have spread into England from British soldiers returning home after tours of duty in India, many of them serving in the Bombay Army which was stationed where the pandemic broke out. Special deputations from the west traveled to Russia to observe the Russian response and formulate a plan to deal with these pocketed outbreaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020661-0009-0002", "contents": "1817\u20131824 cholera pandemic, The Years After 1824\nReports from this committee of scientists were bleak, with a Dr. Rauch proclaiming that, \"the cholera will not be cured by nature's powers alone without the help of art...\". The conclusion of Dr. Rauch's findings was that no one standardized method was the key to controlling an outbreak. By 1835, these pockets of the bacterium claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. This timeline from 1826 to 1837 is widely described as the second cholera pandemic. One of the seven main cholera pandemics in history, extending into the modern day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020662-0000-0000", "contents": "1818\n1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1818th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 818th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 18th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1818, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020663-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Brahms\n1818 Brahms, provisional designation 1939 PE, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 August 1939, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. The asteroid was named after composer Johannes Brahms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020663-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 Brahms, Orbit and classification\nBrahms orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 2 months (1,163 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Brahms was first identified as A904 RE at the discovering observatory in 1904, extending the body's observation arc by 35 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020663-0002-0000", "contents": "1818 Brahms, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2017, Brahms effective size, albedo and spectral type, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown. Based on a magnitude-to-diameter conversion, its generic diameter is between 5 and 11 kilometer for an absolute magnitude of 13.8, and an assumed albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. Since asteroids in the inner main-belt are typically of stony rather than carbonaceous composition, with albedos of 0.20 or higher, Brahms's diameter can be estimate to measure around 6 kilometers, as the higher its albedo (reflectivity), the lower the body's diameter at a constant absolute magnitude (brightness).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020663-0003-0000", "contents": "1818 Brahms, Naming\nThis minor planet is named for the German composer Johannes Brahms (1833\u20131897). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3935).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020664-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Chilean constitutional referendum\nA referendum on Chile's provisional constitution was held on 23 October 1818. The provisional constitution, which was successfully adopted, was written by the legislative council at  Bernardo O'Higgins's request. The resulting document included 141 articles. It established a Director Supremo with an unlimited term of office who would appoint all judges, governors, offices and secretaries. The Director Supremo could also appoint five members and five alternate members in the senate. The Senate was granted some limited power to veto actions of the Director Supremo. This provisional constitution also established three provinces with governors, and specified that Catholicism was the only legal religion. This provisional document was approved, but was replaced with a permanent constitution in 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020665-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1818 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 9, 1818. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. was re-elected, defeating congressman and Federalist Party candidate Timothy Pitkin with 86.32% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020666-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election\nIn 1818, Uriel Holmes (F) of Connecticut's at-large district resigned from the House. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020666-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nGilbert took his seat November 16, 1818 at the start of the Second Session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 85], "content_span": [86, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020667-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1818 Illinois gubernatorial election was the first election for governor in Illinois history. Shadrach Bond was the only serious candidate and won almost unanimously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020667-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 Illinois gubernatorial election, Results\nThis Illinois elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020668-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Louisiana's at-large congressional district special election\nOn April 20, 1818, Thomas B. Robertson (DR) of Louisiana's at-large district resigned. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020668-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 Louisiana's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nIn addition, Robertson himself received 16 votes, presumably unsolicited. Butler took office on November 16", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020669-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Market Street\n1818 Market Street (also known as 1818 WSFS Bank Place) is a 40-story skyscraper in downtown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The building was designed by the firm Ewing Cole Cherry Brott (now EwingCole). Construction began on the property in 1972. The developer, Walters Associates, which also developed the Holiday Inn at 1800 Market (now the Sonesta Philadelphia), planned a construction budget of $50 million for the property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020669-0000-0001", "contents": "1818 Market Street\nIt was the tallest building erected in Philadelphia between the completion of City Hall in 1901 and the completion of One Liberty Place in 1987, during the period of the \"gentlemen's agreement\", the observation of an unofficial height restriction of the top of the hat of the statue of William Penn atop City Hall that stood for 86 years. The building is the eleventh-tallest in Philadelphia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020669-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 Market Street\nThe building contains over 981,000 square feet (91,100\u00a0m2) of office space over 37 floors with six levels of parking. Its major tenants include ABN Amro,  the American College of Radiology, WSFS Bank, Booz Allen Hamilton, eResearch Technology, Five Below, Merrill Lynch, Mitchell & Titus, Metrocorp, Northwestern Mutual, Swiss Re, and STV Incorporated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020669-0002-0000", "contents": "1818 Market Street\nThe building, currently the tallest reinforced-concrete structure in the city, underwent major renovations in 2003, more than a decade after its facade was treated resulting in its signature white color. In May 2015, the building was purchased by Shorenstein Properties for $184.8 million. In August 2019, WSFS Bank added their logo to the top of the building after completion of their acquisition and rebranding of Beneficial Bank, which had previously been headquartered in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020670-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Massachusetts's 20th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 20th congressional district (in the District of Maine) on March 16, 1818 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Albion K. Parris (DR) on February 3, 1818 after being named a judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020670-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 Massachusetts's 20th congressional district special election, Electoral results\nLincoln took his seat on November 16, 1818 and would continue to serve in the 16th, 17th (for Maine's 7th district after the separation of Maine), the 18th and part of the 19th Congress (the later two Congresses for Maine's 5th district after redistricting)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 84], "content_span": [85, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020671-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum\nThe 1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum was held in the Territory of Michigan to determine whether a majority of the territory's freeholders favored the creation of a general legislative assembly to replace the system of governors and judges in effect at the time, as provided for by the Northwest Ordinance. The election was called by Territorial Governor Lewis Cass, and results showed a majority opposed changing the system of government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020671-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum, Background\nThe Northwest Ordinance outlined three stages of government for the Northwest Territory. The first stage consisted of a governor, a secretary, and three judges; the governor and judges together formed the legislative branch of government. The second stage called for a general assembly comprising the territorial governor, an elected house of representatives, and a five-person legislative council; this stage was to be instituted when the territory contained 5000 \"free male inhabitants of full age\" and \"satisfactory evidence [had been] given to the Governor thereof, that such is the wish of a majority of the freeholders\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020671-0001-0001", "contents": "1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum, Background\nThe third stage was full statehood. The Northwest Territory reached the second stage in 1798. When the Territory of Indiana was split from it in 1800, the new territory reverted to the first stage, but advanced again to the second stage in 1804. Michigan Territory reverted again to the first stage when it was created from part of Indiana Territory in 1805, and the governor and judges still constituted its legislative branch in 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020671-0002-0000", "contents": "1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum, Background\nNominally, the governor and judges formed a four-person legislative body. In practice, Judge Augustus Woodward wielded much of the power, since another of the judges, John Griffin, almost always deferred to him, so Woodward could do no worse than tie in most legislative matters and needed only one additional ally for a majority. Some residents and fellow officials found Woodward pompous and pedantic, but others, especially the French and British settlers, appreciated him as a counterbalance to the influence of newer settlers from the east coast. Governor Cass believed that advancing to the second stage would both move Michigan Territory closer to statehood and help reduce Woodward's influence, since he would remain a judge but no longer control the legislative process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020671-0003-0000", "contents": "1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum, Election\nlaGovernor Cass issued a proclamation on January 5, 1818, calling for a vote to determine whether a majority of freeholders supported creating a general assembly. He cited his authority under the Northwest Ordinance and the successive acts of Congress that created Michigan Territory, as well as petitions signed by 145 residents asking him to take the step. For most of the territory, Cass set the election date as February 16, 1818. For the district of Michilimackinac, then part of Wayne County, the justices of the peace were to choose a date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020671-0004-0000", "contents": "1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum, Election\nThe proposal to move to the general assembly form of government failed. The primary argument against it involved cost. While the governor and judges were paid for by the federal government, the territory would have been responsible for the cost of the new government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020671-0005-0000", "contents": "1818 Michigan Territory general assembly referendum, Election\nDissatisfaction with the system of government continued to grow after the failed referendum, and in 1822 hundreds of citizens petitioned Congress for a change. In 1823, Congress authorized the creation of the Michigan Territorial Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020672-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 North Carolina's 11th congressional district special election\nOn November 7, 1818, a special election was held in North Carolina's 11th district to fill a vacancy caused by Daniel M. Forney (DR)'s resignation earlier that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020672-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 North Carolina's 11th congressional district special election, Election results\nThis seat changed parties after the special election. Davidson took his seat on December 2 during the Second Session of the 15th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 84], "content_span": [85, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020673-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 North Carolina's 7th congressional district special election\nOn January 1, 1818, a special election was held in North Carolina's 7th district to fill a vacancy left by the death of Representative-elect Alexander McMillan (F) before the 15th Congress had assembled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020674-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district special election\nOn April 20, 1818, Jacob Spangler (DR) resigned from Congress, where he'd represented Pennsylvania's 4th district. A special election was held that year to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020674-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district special election, Election results\nHostetter took his seat on November 16 at the start of the Second Session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020675-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district special elections\nDuring the 15th Congress, there were two special elections in the 6th district of Pennsylvania, both held in the year 1818. The 6th district at that time was a plural district with two seats, both of which became vacant at different times in 1818. The first vacancy was caused by John Ross (DR) resigning on February 24, 1818 and the second was caused by Samuel D. Ingham (DR) resigning July 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020675-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district special elections, March election\nThe first election, to fill the vacancy left by Ross' resignation, was held March 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 80], "content_span": [81, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020675-0002-0000", "contents": "1818 Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district special elections, March election\nRogers took his seat March 24, during the First Session", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 80], "content_span": [81, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020675-0003-0000", "contents": "1818 Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district special elections, October election\nThe second election, to fill the vacancy left by Ingham's resignation, was held October 13, the same time as the elections for the 16th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020675-0004-0000", "contents": "1818 Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district special elections, October election\nMoore ran unopposed and took his seat November 16, at the start of the Second Session of the 15th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020676-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1818 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an election held on April 1, 1818 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. Nehemiah Rice Knight, the incumbent Governor and Democratic-Republican nominee, beat Elisha Reynolds Potter, the Federalist candidate with 53.60% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020677-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 South Carolina's 6th congressional district special election\nOn November 3, 1817, John C. Calhoun (DR) of South Carolina's 6th district resigned upon being appointed Secretary of War. A special election was held for his replacement", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020678-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1818 United Kingdom general election saw the Whigs gain a few seats, but the Tories under the Earl of Liverpool retained a majority of around 90 seats. The Whigs were divided over their response to growing social unrest and the introduction of the Corn Laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020678-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 United Kingdom general election\nThe result of the election was known on 4 August 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020678-0002-0000", "contents": "1818 United Kingdom general election\nThe fifth United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 10 June 1818. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 4 August 1818, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired. The sixth Parliament lasted only about a year and a half, as King George III's death on 29 January 1820 triggered a dissolution of Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020678-0003-0000", "contents": "1818 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Tory leader was the Earl of Liverpool, who had been Prime Minister since his predecessor's assassination in 1812. The Tory Leader of the House of Commons was Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020678-0004-0000", "contents": "1818 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Whig Party had long suffered from weak leadership, particularly in the House of Commons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020678-0005-0000", "contents": "1818 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nAt the time of the general election, the Earl Grey was the leading figure amongst the Whig peers. The last Whig Prime Minister, the Lord Grenville, had retired from active politics in 1817. It was likely that Earl Grey would have been invited to form a government, had the Whigs come to power, although in this era the monarch rather than the governing party decided which individual would be Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020678-0006-0000", "contents": "1818 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, until his death in 1817, was George Ponsonby, Lady Grey's uncle. About a year after Ponsonby's death, George Tierney reluctantly became the recognised Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons. However, after 1819 he did not carry out the functions of leader although he retained the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020678-0007-0000", "contents": "1818 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nMonmouthshire (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020678-0008-0000", "contents": "1818 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nTable 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020679-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members September 21, 1818. The delegation changed from seven Federalists to seven Democratic-Republicans due to the retirement of six incumbents and the party-change of the seventh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020679-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut, Notes\nThis Connecticut elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 74], "content_span": [75, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020680-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware, Notes\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 71], "content_span": [72, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020682-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives election in Illinois\nIllinois elected its new member sometime in 1818, after gaining statehood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020684-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives election in Louisiana\nLouisiana held an election for the 16th Congress at the same time that it held a special election to finish the 15th Congress. Data were only available for the special election, but the general election would presumably have had very similar results, and so the results for the special election are duplicated here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020685-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey, Notes\nThis New Jersey elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 73], "content_span": [74, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020688-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes\nThis Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020689-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland, Notes\nThis Maryland elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020690-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 28 to 30, 1818, to elect 27 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 16th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020690-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n27 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1816 to a term in the 15th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1817. Representative-elect Henry B. Lee died on February 18, 1817, and James Tallmadge, Jr. was elected in April 1817 to fill the vacancy. The representatives' term would end on March 3, 1819. The congressional elections were held together with the State elections in late April 1818, about ten months before the term would start on March 4, 1819, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met on December 6, 1819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020690-0002-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nThe geographical area of the districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1816. Two new counties were created: Tompkins inside the 20th District; and Cattaraugus inside the 21st District. In 1817, the Town of Danube was separated from the Town of Minden in Montgomery County, and transferred to Herkimer County, but Danube remained in the 14th District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020690-0003-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020690-0004-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n19 Democratic-Republicans, 6 Clintonian-Federalists and 2 Federalists were elected to the 16th Congress. The incumbents Wendover, Tompkins, Taylor and Storrs were re-elected, the incumbent Ellicott was defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020690-0005-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: It is difficult to ascertain the party affiliation of these candidates: At this time began the split of the Democratic-Republican Party into two opposing factions: on one side, the supporters of DeWitt Clinton and his Erie Canal project; on the other side, the Bucktails (including the Tammany Hall organization in New York City), led by Martin Van Buren. At the same time, the Federalist Party had already begun to disintegrate. In the Southern districts the Federalists and Clintonians combined to vote for joint nominees, running against the Bucktails; in the Western districts, where the Erie Canal was under construction, the Democratic-Republican nominees were Clintonians who were elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020690-0006-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and contested election\nThe House of Representatives of the 16th United States Congress met for the first time at the reconstructed United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 6, 1819, and 26 of the representatives took their seats. Only Ebenezer Sage did not appear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 99], "content_span": [100, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020690-0007-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and contested election\nOn December 10, Nathaniel Allen presented a petition on behalf of James Guyon, Jr. to contest the election of Ebenezer Sage in the 1st District. On January 12, 1820, the Committee on Elections submitted its report. They found that the election inspectors in the towns of Northfield (on Staten Island), Brooklyn, Hempstead and Oyster Bay had returned 391 votes for \"James Guyon\" although all these votes had in fact been given for \"James Guyon, Jr.\" The Secretary of State of New York, receiving the abovementioned result, issued credentials for Sage who never took or claimed the seat. On January 14, the House declared Guyon, Jr., entitled to the seat, and Guyon took it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 99], "content_span": [100, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020691-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, Notes\nThis Ohio elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 68], "content_span": [69, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020693-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes\nThis South Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020694-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1818 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on December 8, 1818. Walter Lowrie was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020694-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nIncumbent Democratic-Republican Abner Lacock, who was elected in 1812, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 8, 1818, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1819. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020695-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 United States elections\nThe 1818 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic-Republican President James Monroe's first term, during the First Party System and the Era of Good Feelings. Members of the 16th United States Congress were chosen in this election. During the 16th Congress, Alabama and Maine joined the union. Democratic-Republicans continued to dominate both chambers of Congress, and slightly increased their majority in both houses of Congress in this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020696-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1818 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020696-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 8. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The Federalist Party was largely defunct by 1818, and did not nominate candidates for statewide office, though a \"People's Ticket\" nominated incumbents Galusha, Paul Brigham, and Benjamin Swan for governor, lieutenant governor, and treasurer while endorsing a mix of Democratic-Republicans and Federalists for lesser offices. As a result of the Federalist Party's demise, the committee determined that incumbent Jonas Galusha had won a one-year term with only a scattering of votes for other candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020696-0002-0000", "contents": "1818 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the legislature's canvassing committee determined that Brigham had also won election to a one-year term. With no Federalist opponent, Brigham won with a scattering of votes for other candidates. According to a contemporary newspaper article, the vote totals were: Brigham, 14,609 (96.3%); scattering, 563 (3.7%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020696-0003-0000", "contents": "1818 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his nineteenth. Though nominally a Federalist, Swan was endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans, and was unopposed for reelection. A contemporary newspaper article recorded the vote totals in the treasurer's race as 10,461 (99.9%) for Swan and 6 (.01%) scattering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020696-0004-0000", "contents": "1818 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020697-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 Virginia's 19th congressional district special election\nOn February 21, 1818, Representative Peterson Goodwyn (DR) of Virginia's 19th district died in office. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020697-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 Virginia's 19th congressional district special election, Election results\nPegram took his seat on November 16, at the start of the Second Session of the 15th Congress. Pegram would only serve for that single session, as he would be defeated for re-election in 1819 against James Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 78], "content_span": [79, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 16th Congress were held at various dates in different states between April 1818 and August 1819 during President James Monroe's first term. Also, newly admitted Alabama elected its first representatives in September 1819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections\nThis election occurred in a politically uneventful period marked by exceptionally low levels of partisan rivalry known as the Era of Good Feelings. The weak Federalist Party, with limited influence in few states, no longer effectively opposed the Democratic-Republican Party, which increased its large majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0002-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nAlabama and Maine were admitted during the 16th Congress. One new seat was added for Alabama, while Maine, splitting from Massachusetts, simply retained its Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0003-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1818 and 1819 to the 15th United States Congress and 16th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0004-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members September 21, 1818. The delegation changed from seven Federalists to seven Democratic-Republicans then the retirement of six incumbents and the party-change of the seventh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0005-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Illinois\nIllinois elected its member August 2, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened. The incumbent had just been elected to the new seat in late 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0006-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana\nLouisiana held an election for the 16th Congress at the same time that it held a special election to finish the 15th Congress. Data were only available for the special election, but the general election would presumably have had very similar results, and so the results for the special election are duplicated here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0007-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts elected its members November 2, 1818. Massachusetts's electoral law required a majority for election, n  Massachusetts's electoral law required a majority for electionMassachusetts's electoral law required a majority for electionecessitating additional elections in five districts on April 5, 1819 and July 26, 1819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0008-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nThis was the last election in which the District of Maine \u2014 comprising congressional districts 14 through 20 \u2014 was part of Massachusetts. The District became the State of Maine during the 16th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0009-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nDistrict numbers differed between source used and elsewhere on Wikipedia; district numbers used elsewhere on Wikipedia used here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0010-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nMississippi elected its member August 2\u20133, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0011-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire elected its members March 9, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0012-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York elected its members April 28\u201330, 1818, the earliest of any state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0013-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nAt this time, the Democratic-Republicans in New York were divided into two factions, the \"Bucktails\" who were opposed to Governor Dewitt Clinton's Erie Canal project, led by Martin Van Buren, and on the other side, Clinton's supporters, known as Clintonians. In many districts, the remaining Federalists allied with the Clintonians, with candidates running on a joint ticket. Several candidates who ran under that joint ticket cannot be clearly categorized, and are marked C/F. Others who ran under the joint ticket are marked by their party with a footnote indicating that they ran under the joint ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0014-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected its members August 12, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0015-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 5\u20136, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0016-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia elected its members in April 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020698-0017-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nThere were four territories with the right to send non-voting delegates to at least part of the 16th Congress, two of which, Michigan Territory and Arkansas Territory were new to this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020699-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1818 and 1819 were elections for the United States Senate that had the Democratic-Republican Party gain two seats. The Federalists had only three seats being contested, of which they lost two and the third was left vacant due to a failure to elect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020699-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020699-0002-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 15th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1818 or before March 4, 1819; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020699-0003-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 16th Congress\nIn these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1819 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020699-0004-0000", "contents": "1818 and 1819 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 16th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated in 1819 after March 4; ordered by election date. The new Congress was seated December 6, 1819, so some of these late-elected senators were seated after that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020700-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1818 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020703-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1818 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020707-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 in India, Events\nThis year in India article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020709-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1818 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020713-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 in South Africa\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 17:49, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020713-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1818 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020715-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1818 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020718-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020719-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 in music, Classical music\nAll of the following items are found in the IMSLP/Ptrucci Music Library.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020720-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020720-0001-0000", "contents": "1818 in poetry, Works published, United Kingdom\nI met a traveller from an antique landWho said: Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert. Near them, on the sand,Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frownAnd wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed. And on the pedestal these words appear:\"My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!\" Nothing beside remains. Round the decayOf that colossal wreck, boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020720-0002-0000", "contents": "1818 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020720-0003-0000", "contents": "1818 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020721-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 in science\nThe year 1818 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020722-0000-0000", "contents": "1818 in sports\n1818 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020725-0000-0000", "contents": "1818\u20131819 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 39th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1818 and 1819 during the governorship of John Brooks. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020726-0000-0000", "contents": "1818\u20131819 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts elected its members November 2, 1818. Massachusetts's electoral law required a majority for election, necessitating additional elections in five districts on April 5, 1819 and July 26, 1819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020726-0001-0000", "contents": "1818\u20131819 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nThis was the last election in which the District of Maine was part of Massachusetts. The District became the State of Maine during the 16th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020727-0000-0000", "contents": "1819\n1819 (MDCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1819th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 819th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 19th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1819, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020728-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1819 Alabama gubernatorial election was held on September 20\u201321, 1819, to elect the first Governor of Alabama. Democratic-Republican candidate William Wyatt Bibb defeated fellow Democratic-Republican candidate Marmaduke Williams with 53.82% of the vote. The debate over where Alabama's permanent capital should be was reportedly an important issue in the race - Williams supported Tuscaloosa while Bibb proposed Cahawba. After the election, Cahawba was made capital, but it was moved to Tuscaloosa in 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020729-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1819 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 8, 1819. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. was re-elected, winning with 86.85% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020730-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1819 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 5, 1819. Incumbent Federalist Governor John Clark was unable to seek re-election due to term limits. State Senator Henry Molleston ran as Clark's successor, winning the Federalist nomination. He faced Manaen Bull, Clark's 1816 opponent, and the Democratic-Republican nominee. Molleston won by a fairly wide margin, but died on November 11, 1819, prior to assuming office. State Senate President Jacob Stout became Governor and a special election was held in 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020730-0001-0000", "contents": "1819 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020731-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 French legislative election\nThe 1819 French partial election took place on 11 September 1819, during the Second Restoration, to choose delegates to the French Chamber of Deputies. It was the third of three elections (the others coming in 1817 and 1818) under a new law that called for legislative elections to be held annually in one-fifth of the nation's departments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020731-0001-0000", "contents": "1819 French legislative election\nA total of 53 seats were contested. For the third straight election, the Liberals (left-opposition) made a strong showing, picking up 35 seats. The election of Gr\u00e9goire caused a scandal, as he was a famous member of the Convention, which forced the government of Decazes to cancel this election. Nevertheless, the liberal group represented nearly one-third of the Lower House after this partial election, whereas the Ultras were reduced to 30 MPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020732-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election\nGeorgia's at-large congressional district special election, 1819 was called to fill a vacancy created when the former congressman was elected to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020732-0001-0000", "contents": "1819 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election, Vacancy\nA special election was held in Georgia's at-large congressional district on January 4, 1819 to fill vacancies left in both the 15th and 16th Congresses by the resignation of John Forsyth (DR) upon being elected to the Senate, after having been re-elected the previous year to the House. At the time, Congressional terms began March 4, his resignation thus created a vacancy in the remainder of the 15th Congress as well as in the upcoming 16th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020732-0002-0000", "contents": "1819 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election, Election\nElection results reported at the time appear to indicate that a single election was held for both vacancies in most counties of Georgia. One newspaper reports two sets of returns for Richmond County, suggesting that that county may have been the only one that held separate ballots for both vacancies", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020732-0003-0000", "contents": "1819 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election, Election result\nReid took his seat on February 18, 1819, near the end of the Second Session of the 15th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 80], "content_span": [81, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020733-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 Indiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1819 Indiana gubernatorial election took place August 2, 1819, under the provisions of the Constitution of Indiana. It was the second gubernatorial election in the State of Indiana. Jonathan Jennings, the incumbent governor, was reelected with 81.5% of the vote to 17.8% for his nearest competitor, Lieutenant Governor Christopher Harrison. The election was held concurrently with elections for lieutenant governor and members of the Indiana General Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020733-0001-0000", "contents": "1819 Indiana gubernatorial election\nJennings had been elected governor in 1816 following ratification of the state's first constitution. His administration pursued policies to promote internal improvements and the development of a state banking system, creation of a state university, and adoption of a personal liberty law to protect free people of color living in Indiana. In 1818 he became embroiled in a controversy surrounding his acceptance of a federal commission to negotiate the Treaty of St. Mary's. The Indiana constitution specified that no person \"holding any office under the United States ... shall exercise the office of governor.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020733-0001-0001", "contents": "1819 Indiana gubernatorial election\nJennings' political enemies interpreted this to mean he had vacated the governorship by accepting the federal commission. Harrison accepted this interpretation, and declaring himself the rightful governor, appealed to the General Assembly for support. The legislature, however, declined to pursue impeachment proceedings against Jennings, and Jennings forcefully denied that he had relinquished his position as governor. In the general election, Jennings handily defeated Harrison and two other challengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020733-0002-0000", "contents": "1819 Indiana gubernatorial election\nAt the time of the election, the Democratic-Republican Party was dominant nationally and politics in the new state operated on a nonpartisan basis. The geographic factionalism of the territorial period had mostly dissipated. Campaigns were conducted through the circulation of handbills and other print materials and public appearances at militia musters, log rollings, and other community events. As it was considered untoward to advocate directly for one's own election, candidates usually disguised their visits with voters as being personal in nature, claiming private business had brought them to the vicinity en route to some other destination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020733-0003-0000", "contents": "1819 Indiana gubernatorial election, Results, Results by county\nThe official returns appear to have been lost. Unofficial results published in various newspapers in the weeks following the election include figures from most, but not all, counties. Significantly, the sum of the votes for Harrison in the surviving unofficial results is greater than the total recorded in the journal of the Indiana House of Representatives by a factor of 970 votes. The returns from Crawford and Lawrence were rejected by the General Assembly on technical grounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020733-0004-0000", "contents": "1819 Indiana gubernatorial election, Results, Results by county\nThe surviving results, as compiled in A New Nation Votes, are as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020734-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake\nThe 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake occurred at about 18:45 to 18:50 local time on 16 June. It had an estimated magnitude ranging from 7.7 to 8.2 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It triggered a tsunami and caused at least 1,543 deaths. The earthquake caused an area of subsidence that formed the Sindri Lake and a local zone of uplift to the north about 80\u00a0km long, 6\u00a0km wide and 6 m high that dammed the Koree / Kori / Puran / Nara river. This natural dam was known as the Allah Bund (\"Dam of God\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020734-0001-0000", "contents": "1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Kutch District of modern-day Gujarat lies 3\u2013400\u00a0km from the plate boundary between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, but the current tectonics is still governed by the effects of the continuing continental collision along this boundary. During the break-up of Gondwana in the Jurassic period, this area was affected by rifting with a roughly west\u2013east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the area has undergone shortening, involving both reactivation of the original rift faults and development of new low-angle thrust faults. The related folding has formed a series of ranges, particularly in central Kutch. The focal mechanism of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse faulting on reactivated rift faults. The 2001 Gujarat earthquake was caused by movement on a previously unknown south-dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift structures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020734-0002-0000", "contents": "1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake lasted for two to three minutes. It was felt over an enormous area, from Chennai to Kolkata in the east, as far north as Kathmandu and as far west as Balochistan. The mainshock was followed by prolonged aftershock activity, with major earthquakes continuing for at least 50 years, including one with estimated magnitude of more than 6.5 in 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020734-0003-0000", "contents": "1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake\nMaximum displacement during the earthquake is estimated at 12 m, based on the height of the bund and the amount of subsidence to the south. Combined with a lateral extent of at least 80\u00a0km, this gives an estimated magnitude of 7.7\u00b1.2. This matches well with magnitudes estimated using both the total felt area and the area of VIII intensity. Other estimates based on intensity measurements give magnitudes as high as 8.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020734-0004-0000", "contents": "1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake\nModelling of the surface deformation indicates that the fault that slipped during the earthquake dipped to the north at between about 50\u201367\u00b0. As faults that dip in excess of 50\u00b0 are normally unfavourable for slip, it has been suggested that there was relatively high pore-fluid pressure developed at depth to allow this displacement to occur. There is evidence that the Indus river shifted westwards after this earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020734-0005-0000", "contents": "1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake, Allah Bund\nThe most obvious topographic effect of this earthquake was the formation of a ridge about 6 m high, extending for 80\u00a0km (possibly as much as 150\u00a0km) that formed a natural dam across the Puran river. To distinguish it from the man-made dams that were common in the region, the uplifted area became known as the Allah Bund, or Dam of God. The mound produced had a markedly asymmetric geometry, with a shorter and steeper south-dipping margin, about 600 m wide and a dip of 0.65\u00b0, and a broader north-dipping margin over 5\u00a0km wide with a dip of only about 0.05\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020734-0006-0000", "contents": "1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake, Sindri Lake\nSindri Lake, with a surface area of more than 1,000\u00a0km2, was formed due to subsidence of up to 3 m south of the Allah Bund. Initially, the lake was cut off from the river (damming further upstream had stopped the flow) and was filled with seawater. On the western margin of the lake a small delta built out from the eastern part of the larger Indus Delta. After 1826 the river broke through the artificial dam and eventually broke through the bund itself, causing the lake to become freshwater again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020734-0007-0000", "contents": "1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake, 1956 Anjar earthquake\nThe 1956 Anjar earthquake was  due to reverse faulting, similar in type to that which is thought to have caused the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020734-0008-0000", "contents": "1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Earthquake, 2001 Bhuj earthquake\nChanges in stress caused by coulomb stress transfer due to the 1819 earthquake may have been sufficient to trigger the 2001 Bhuj earthquake and other historic earthquakes that occurred in the region during the intervening period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020734-0009-0000", "contents": "1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Tsunami\nThere was a local tsunami that flooded the area known as the Great Rann immediately after the earthquake. The fort at Sindri was destroyed by the earthquake and then partly submerged by the tsunami, \"forcing survivors to climb to the top of the ruins\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020734-0010-0000", "contents": "1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, Damage\nThe towns of Kothari, Mothala, Naliya and Vinzan suffered particularly heavy damage. Anjar, Bhuj, Lakhpat, Mandvi and Tera were also severely affected. At least 1,543 people were killed in the larger towns; the number of casualties in smaller towns and villages is unknown. There was some degree of damage to buildings over most of Gujarat, including the destruction of the \"shaking minarets\" of the Jama Masjid in Ahmedabad. At Jaisalmer in Rajasthan, \"at least 500 guests were smothered at a wedding feast\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020735-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1819 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 7, 1819 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. Nehemiah Rice Knight, the incumbent Governor and Democratic-Republican nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020736-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 United States House of Representatives election in Illinois\nIllinois elected its member August 2, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened. The incumbent had just been elected to the new seat in late 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020736-0001-0000", "contents": "1819 United States House of Representatives election in Illinois, Notes\nThis Illinois elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 71], "content_span": [72, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020737-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 United States House of Representatives election in Mississippi\nMississippi elected its member August 2\u20133, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020738-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire elected its members March 9, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020739-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected its members August 12, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020739-0001-0000", "contents": "1819 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020740-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 5\u20136, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020741-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia\nVirginia elected its members in April 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020741-0001-0000", "contents": "1819 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes\nThis Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020742-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 United States Senate elections in Maryland\nOn April 23, 1819, incumbent Federalist senator Alexander Contee Hanson died. The other incumbent Senator, Robert Henry Goldsborough, ran for re-election to hold his seat. The Maryland legislature elected a successor to finish Hanson's term, as well as a Senator for the term for the other class. The two top vote-getters (both Democratic-Republicans) were declared the winners, with the first place winner, Edward Lloyd taking the Class 3 seat, which ran March 4, 1819 to March 3, 1825. The second place winner, William Pinkney, took the Class 1 seat, finishing Hanson's term which ran March 4, 1817 to March 3, 1823.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020743-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1819 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Jonas Galusha to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020743-0001-0000", "contents": "1819 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 14. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. With the Federalist Party no longer a force in Vermont politics, the committee determined that incumbent Jonas Galusha had won a one-year term, defeating fellow Democratic-Republicans William Czar Bradley and Dudley Chase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020743-0002-0000", "contents": "1819 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the legislature's canvassing committee determined that Paul Brigham had won election to a one-year term by defeating former lieutenant governor William Chamberlain and James D. Butler. According to a contemporary newspaper article, the vote totals were: Brigham 12,348 (85.0%); Chamberlain, 1,150 (7.9%); Butler, 265 (1.8%); scattering, 765 (5.3%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020743-0003-0000", "contents": "1819 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his twentieth. Nominally a Federalist, Swan was usually unopposed; in 1819 he received 11,652 votes, with no votes recorded for any other candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020743-0004-0000", "contents": "1819 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020744-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1819 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020744-0001-0000", "contents": "1819 in Australia, Events\nJohn Thomas Bigge was appointed a special commissioner to examine the government of the Colony of New South Wales by Lord Bathurst. His brief was to determine how far the expanding colony of New South Wales could be \"made adequate to the Objects of its original Institution\", which were understood to be purely to be a penal colony. He was to come to Australia to investigate all aspects of the colonial government, then under the governorship of Lachlan Macquarie, including finances, the church and the judiciary, and the convict system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020747-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1819 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020752-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1819 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020756-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1819 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020758-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1819 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020760-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 in architecture\nThe year 1819 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020762-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020764-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020764-0001-0000", "contents": "1819 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020764-0002-0000", "contents": "1819 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020765-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020766-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 in science\nThe year 1819 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020767-0000-0000", "contents": "1819 in sports\n1819 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020770-0000-0000", "contents": "181920\n181920 (pronounced: \u201cone-eight-one-nine-two-zero\u201d) is the first greatest hits album by Japanese musician Namie Amuro, released under the Avex Trax label on January 28, 1998. The album commemorates Amuro\u2019s marriage and pregnancy, and covers twelve singles which were released prior to her maternal hiatus in 1998, three of which had been originally released under her previous label, Toshiba-EMI. The title of the album derives from the fact that its material spans those three ages in which she recorded and performed these songs. Her 9th single, \"Dreaming I was Dreaming\" is exclusive to the album not appearing on any of her original studio recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020770-0001-0000", "contents": "181920\nIt was reissued as a DVD-audio version on January 28, 2004. On March 31, 2004 it was reissued again as a limited edition CD+DVD combo with the title 181920 & films. The DVD is Namie Amuro's first music video compilation. The 181920 & films CD has a Copy Control specification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020770-0002-0000", "contents": "181920, Information\n181920 contains one single from Namie Amuro with Super Monkey's (\"Try Me (Watashi o Shinjite)\") and her first two solo singles (\"SEASON of the Sun\" and \"STOP THE MUSIC\"), the three of which are her only singles from the Toshiba-EMI record label. Dance Tracks Vol.1, the album these singles first appeared on, is actually a Super Monkey's remix album which the singer was still a member of. The rest of the singles are from her first two original studio albums, Sweet 19 Blues and Concentration 20, both from the avex trax record label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020770-0002-0001", "contents": "181920, Information\nAlthough 181920 didn't match the success of her previous albums it was successful. It took the top spot of the album chart with 857,100 units sold in its first week. It stayed at #1 with 326,270 copies sold in its second week. The album stayed in the top 20 for 7 weeks and on the Oricon charts for a total of 27 weeks. 181920 has sold over 1.6 million copies during its original chart run and over 2 million in total. 181920 is also the 108th best selling album of all time in Japan and is Namie's 4th best selling album. Because Namie Amuro's first three singles are from a different record label they are missing from 181920 on iTunes. Instead this album is listed as \"Partial Album\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020770-0003-0000", "contents": "181920, Information\nThe album was certified for two million copies shipped to stores in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020771-0000-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 40th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1819 and 1820 during the governorship of John Brooks. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0000-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1819/1820 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 2, 1819, and January 8, 1820, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0001-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nFederalist Rufus King had been elected in 1813 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0002-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in April 1818, a Democratic-Republican majority was elected to the Assembly, and all of the eight State Senators up for renewal were Democratic-Republicans. The 42nd New York State Legislature met from January 5 to April 3, 1819, at Albany, New York. The Democratic-Republican Party was split in two factions: the \"Clintonians\" (allies of Governor DeWitt Clinton), and the \"Bucktails\" (a combine of the Tammany members from New York City and the upstate adversaries of Clinton led by Attorney General and State Senator Martin Van Buren).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0003-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nThe strength of the factions in the Assembly is shown by the difficult proceedings to elect a Speaker: At the Democratic-Republican caucus on the eve of the opening of the Assembly session, January 4, there were 75 members present. All the Bucktail members attended, having been secretly informed of the plan to elect a Bucktail Speaker, but 10 to 15 Clintonians had not arrived yet. 42 voted for Bucktail William Thompson, of Seneca Co.; and 33 for Clintonian Obadiah German. The Clintonians refused to \"make the choice unanimous.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0003-0001", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nOn January 5, the Assembly convened and took four ballots for Speaker, no candidate receiving a majority, and then adjourned. On January 6, a fifth ballot was taken. The vote stood 55 for German, 38 for Thompson, and 20 for Federalist William A. Duer. Seeing that by vote for candidates no choice could be made, Erastus Root offered a resolution that William Thompson be declared elected Speaker which was rejected by 73 to 41. Another resolution in favor of William A. Duer was rejected by 84 to 31. A resolution was then offered to declare Obadiah German elected which was carried by 67 to 48. Thus German was chosen Speaker, evidently with the votes of the Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0004-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nSome days before the date set for the election, the Democratic-Republican Assemblymen and Senators met in caucus to nominate a candidate, but the meeting broke up soon after the Bucktails attacked severely both the personal character and political stance of Governor Clinton and Speaker German because of their non-adherence to the caucus nominee for Speaker. This was the last time the Clintonians and the Bucktails caucused together. Henceforth, although nominally in the same party, they appeared as political opponents, and mostly ran separate tickets at elections. Eventually this situation led to a re-alignment of party lines during the 1820s when the Second Party System emerged, with the Bucktails becoming the Jacksonians and later Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0005-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nA few days later, the Clintonian State legislators met in caucus and nominated unanimously Congressman John C. Spencer, the son of the leader of the Clintonians, New York Supreme Court Justice Ambrose Spencer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0006-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nCanal Commissioner and State Senator Samuel Young was the Bucktails candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0007-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe incumbent Federalist U.S. Senator Rufus King ran for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0008-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nSecretary of State of New York John Van Ness Yates received one vote, cast by Samuel Young; traditionally a candidate did not vote for himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0009-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1819, no choice\nOn February 2, 1819, the State Legislature attempted to elect a U.S. Senator. No candidate received a majority in the Senate. Samuel Young had 13 votes out of 28 cast. A resolution was offered to declare Spencer nominated, but was rejected by 17 to 10. A resolution in favor of Young was rejected by 14 to 13; one for Rufus King by 22 to 5; and the Senate adjourned. No candidate received a majority in the Assembly either. John C. Spencer had 51 votes out of 122 cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0009-0001", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1819, no choice\nEzekiel Bacon offered a resolution to declare Spencer nominated, which was rejected by 72 to 54. Erastus Root offered a resolution to declare Young nominated, which was rejected by 82 to 44. Thomas J. Oakley offered a resolution to declare King nominated which was rejected by 90 to 34. Erastus Root then offered a resolution in favor of Philetus Swift, and Oakley moved to amend the resolution by striking out Swift's name, which was carried.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0009-0002", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1819, no choice\nOakley then offered to insert the name of John Wells, of New York City, which was rejected by 96 to 29, and the Assembly adjourned too. The State Legislature took no more action in this matter, and the Class 3 seat in the U.S. Senate became vacant on March 4, 1819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0010-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Election, 1820\nAt the State election in April 1819, a Clintonian majority was elected to the Assembly, and five of the nine State Senators up for renewal were Clintonians. Most of the Federalist Party had joined the Clintonians by now. The 43rd New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 14, 1820, at Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0011-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Election, 1820\nThe strength of the factions in the Assembly was shown by the vote for Speaker: 64 for Clintonian John C. Spencer and 50 for Bucktail Peter Sharpe, 4 for George Huntington and 1 for George Tibbits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0012-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Election, 1820\nIn December 1819, the Bucktails circulated a pamphlet, written by  Martin Van Buren and William L. Marcy, among the State legislators, now advocating the re-election of Federalist Rufus King. It was assumed that this was a move to get a large part of the disbanding Federalist Party to vote for the Bucktails' candidate for Governor in 1820, to oust the incumbent Governor DeWitt Clinton. (see Hammond, page 516)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020772-0013-0000", "contents": "1819\u20131820 United States Senate election in New York, Election, 1820\nThus, with the support of the Clintonians, the Bucktails and the few remaining Federalists, on January 8, 1820, the State Legislature re-elected Rufus King unanimously. King took his seat on January 25, 1820, and remained in office until March 3, 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020773-0000-0000", "contents": "181st (2/6th London) Brigade\nThe 181st (2/6th London) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was assigned to the 60th (2/2nd London) Division and served in the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020773-0001-0000", "contents": "181st (2/6th London) Brigade, Formation\nIn June 1918 three battalions (2/21st, 2/23rd and 2/24th) were replaced by", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0000-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance\nThe 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance was a Royal Army Medical Corps unit of the British airborne forces during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0001-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance\nThe Field Ambulance was assigned to the 1st Airlanding Brigade, the glider borne element of the 1st Airborne Division. Some men of the unit took part in the first parachute raid on the French coast in 1942. The unit then moved to Tunisia for operations in the Mediterranean theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0002-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance\nDuring Operation Ladbroke, part of the Allied invasion of Sicily, a shortage of gliders resulted in only six, instead of the required thirty, being allocate to the Field Ambulance. Of those six, only one reached land the others crashed into the sea. They were next deployed during the Allied invasion of Italy in Operation Slapstick. Soon afterwards the FieldAmbulance returned to the United Kingdom, then in September 1944, they landed by glider in the Netherlands. In the battle of Arnhem the Field Ambulance remained behind with the wounded, and he majority of its men became prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0003-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance\nThe 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance was reformed after Arnhem, and were sent to Norway at the end of the war to assist in the repatriation of the German forces. The 1st Airborne Division including the 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance were disbanded after serving in Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0004-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Background\nImpressed by the success of German airborne operations, during the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. In September 1941 the 1st Parachute Brigade began forming, soon after followed by the glider borne 1st Airlanding Brigade and the 1st Airborne Division. In keeping with British Army practice at the same time as the infantry battalions were forming, airborne supporting arms were formed including Royal Army Medical Corps units. Of the seven airborne field ambulances formed during the Second World War, two were glider borne the 181st and the 195th. While the other five were parachute trained the 16th, 127th, 133rd, 224th and the 225th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0005-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance\nThe 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance was the first Royal Army Medical Corps airborne unit formed on 14 November 1941. It was raised from a cadre of the 132nd Field Ambulance and originally based in Llandysul but in December moved to Hungerford, and in May 1942 to Carter Barracks in Bulford. Once formed the 181st were assigned to the 1st Airlanding Brigade, part of the 1st Airborne Division. Airborne infantry platoons were required to march a distance of 50 miles (80\u00a0km) in 24 hours, and battalions 32 miles (51\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0005-0001", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance\nThe same stamina was expected of the Field Ambulance and in October 1942, they covered 31 miles (50\u00a0km) in eight and a half hours. The first commander was Lieutenant-Colonel Norman Gray Hill who was soon succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Graeme Matthew Warrack, and by January 1942, the 181st had an establishment of 234 all ranks. These were formed into two surgical teams and five sections. Together they were expected to deal with 330 patients in twenty-four hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0005-0002", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance\nWith the surgical teams completing 1.8 operations an hour, but if they were required to operate the following day, the team had to be relieved after twelve hours. A non-medical part of the field ambulance establishment was the Royal Army Service Corps detachment, commanded by a Captain, with seventy other ranks, the detachment provided the transport for the field ambulance and was composed of a combination of drivers, motorcyclists and vehicle mechanics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0006-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, France\nThe first parachute raid on the coast of France Operation Biting, was carried out by 'C' Company, 2nd Parachute Battalion commanded by Major John Frost. The raid entailed the parachute company being landed near Bruneval, secure and dismantle a German radar station, then be evacuated by sea. A section from 181st were selected to go on the raid, however they would travel across the English channel by boat and not by air. The raid was of necessity a secret and the one officer and twenty men involved were told they were going on a training course in Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0006-0001", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, France\nThe 181st section were accommodated on HMS Prins Albert, and practised for the mission on Loch Fyne in Assault landing craft (ALC). The operation took place over the night of 27\u201328 February 1942, it had been planned that the men of 181st would be landed to treat casualties, but this was not needed. The parachute company had six wounded men that were evacuated by the ALCs and treated by the 181st section. The wounds treated were all bullet wounds; two abdominal, one thigh, one foot, one scalp and one leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0007-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily\nOn 5 March 1943, 181st were informed they would be moving overseas. After returning from embarkation leave on 15 May, the unit was sent to Tunisia for operations in the Mediterranean. On arrival they were billeted just outside Oran. But on 9 June moved to join the rest of 1st Airlanding Brigade at Froha. On 9 July 1943, only 2,075 men of the 1st Airlanding Brigade along with seven jeeps, six anti-tank guns and ten mortars, boarded their gliders in Tunisia and took off at 18:00 bound for Sicily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0007-0001", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily\nEn route they encountered strong winds, poor visibility and at times were subjected to anti-aircraft fire. To avoid gunfire and searchlights, pilots of the towing aircraft climbed higher or took evasive action. In the confusion surrounding these manoeuvres, some gliders were released too early and sixty-five of them crashed into the sea, drowning around 252 men. The 181st required thirty-two Waco gliders for the mission, but with the overall shortage, they were only allocated six, and five of their gliders were amongst those that failed to reach Sicily and crashed into the sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0008-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily\nThe allocation of gliders does not correspond with the expected casualties for the mission of thirty per cent, suggested by the planners before they left Tunisia. The six gliders of the 181st, were loaded with two jeeps, a two stretcher trailer, two handcarts and three folding airborne bicycles and what medical stores they could take was in 25 pounds (11\u00a0kg) man portable packs. With the No. 1 Surgical Team and No. 5 Section s divided between the gliders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0008-0001", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily\nSpace was found on the infantry battalions gliders for some of 181st units; No. 1 Section went in with the 1st Battalion, Border Regiment, While No. 2 Section went with the 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment. The commanding officer Lieutenant-Colonel Warrack, the Regimental Sergeant Major and an orderly were able to go with brigade headquarters. In total only seventy-two from their establishment of 234 men were to go on the mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0009-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily\nThe only 181st glider to reach Sicily was the one carrying the majority of No. 1 Surgical Team, a surgeon, nine men with a handcart loaded with Don and Sugar packs. The glider had landed on the South Staffords landing zone south of their objective the Ponte Grande Bridge. The South Staffords had suffered the same fate as the 181st and instead of a battalion less than a company on troops landed and secured the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0009-0001", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily\nThe surgical team set out for the location designated their Main Dressing Station (MDS), a small village around 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km) away, en route picking up some wounded from the landings. On arrival at the village the surgical team started work, while a group of mixed troops from the brigade formed a road block, capturing forty Italian troops. Later around 15:00 the MDS was attacked by the Italians in about company strength and the men from the 181st had to assist in its defence using captured Italian weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0009-0002", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Sicily\nAfter the attack was fought off, the medics then had to treat the casualties from both sides. The next day Lieutenant-Colonel Warrack (who's glider had also landed in the sea) arrived at the MDS with transport from the landing beaches to evacuate the wounded, the surgical team had by then conducted twenty-six surgeries in twenty-four hours. On 13 July the 181st left Sicily for Tunisia. The 181st losses during Operation Ladbroke were one officer and sixteen men who were all drowned when their gliders had crashed into the sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0010-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Italy\nAfter Sicily the 1st Airlanding and 1st Parachute Brigade's casualties relegated them to the reserve for the initial landings in Operation Slapstick, the 1st Airborne Divisions part in the Allied invasion of Italy. The leading elements were drawn for the 2nd and 4th Parachute Brigades. They had to carry out an amphibious landing at the Italian port of Taranto. The landings on 9 September 1943, were unopposed, not least because the Italian Government had on the same day surrendered and the Germans did not have the forces in place to defend all the coastline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 77], "content_span": [78, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0011-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Italy\nThe 1st Airlanding Brigade and the 181st did not come ashore at Taranto until 21 September and the next day took over the 200 bed Maritime Hospital, dealing with the divisions wounded for the next forty-eight hours, when they were relieved by an Indian unit. The airlanding brigade now moved into the front line and the 181st followed opening a MDS at Canossa and Cerignola on 25 and 26 September respectively. The unit was then separated during the advance with sections being attached to the 4th Armoured Brigade and the 78th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 77], "content_span": [78, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0011-0001", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Italy\nBut by 30 September the division was withdrawn from the front line. During this time the 181st took over two small hospitals, one with thirty-nine beds at Putignano and the other with forty beds at Brindisi. The division was withdrawn back to England over the following months, the 181st leaving Taranto on 20 November 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 77], "content_span": [78, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0012-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem\nThe 1st Airborne Division, was not involved in the Normandy landings and was next in action in Operation Market Garden and the Battle of Arnhem. The 181st would be on the first of three lifts spread over three days. Not everyone would be flying into Arnhem, some including most of the vehicles would come by land. The airborne party included the new commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Marrable, another nine officers and 104 other ranks, however No. 5 Section with one officer and twenty-three men were the divisional reserve section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0012-0001", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem\nThe divisions three field ambulances carried enough medical stores for forty-eight hours, and all the gliders were equipped with two folding airborne stretchers and extra blankets. As the airlanding brigade was the first unit to arrive, the 181st would establish a Main Dressing Station (MDS) at Wolfheze to treat any casualties from the landings. They would then move into Arnhem, to take over the municipal hospital. The reserve section was under control of division and was on standby to open an Air Casualty Evacuation Centre at Deelen airfield once that had been secured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0013-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem\nOn 17 September on the first day of the operation, the 1st Airlanding Brigade, arrived in the Netherlands between 13:15 and 14:00 a full thirty minutes before the parachute troops. By 16:00 the 181st had established their MDS at Wolfheze and were taking in casualties from the landings. Overnight they conducted eight surgical operations and were treating another sixty men who had been wounded. Casualties in the division were mounting and by 08:00 the following morning the MDS had admitted 180 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0013-0001", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem\nAt 17:00 the unit received orders to move closer to Arnhem, and moved into the Hotel Schoonhord on the main road at Oosterbeek. A second position at the Hotel Taffelberg, around 200 yards (180\u00a0m) away was fitted out for the surgical teams. Casualties were mounting and as the only firmly established MDS most of them arrived at Oosterbeek to be treated by the 181st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0013-0002", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem\nThe situation was becoming serious and more buildings were taken over by the MDS including a large house belonging to Kate ter Horst, and the local school Having remained at Wolfheze with the wounded unable to be moved, the reserve No, 5 Section left to join the rest of the 181st at 20:30 19 September with the casualties that were able to be moved. By this time the 16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance in Arnhem had been captured by the Germans and the 1st Parachute Brigade units trying to fight through to the bridge, were sending their casualties to the 181st at Oosterbeek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0014-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem\nBy 20 September day four of the operation, the divisions medical services at Oosterbeek consisted of the 181st, and around forty men including the two surgical teams from the 133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance of the 4th Parachute Brigade. However, during a German assault at 10:00 one of the outlying dressing stations with around 400 wounded, manned by the survivors of 133rd was captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0014-0001", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem\nThe walking wounded and most of the medics, excepting the surgical teams were taken away as prisoners of war At the Hotel Schoonhord the MDS was subjected to mortaring and some of the 300 casualties there were wounded for a second time, and the hotel was also captured. The surgical teams at the Taffelberg had continued to operate through the bombardment. But by 15:00 the surgical teams and No. 5 Section which were the only part of the MDS that had not been captured by the advancing Germans. That evening a counter-attack by the 4th Parachute Brigade liberated the Hotel Schoonhord and some of the remaining wounded were moved further inside the divisional perimeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0015-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem\nThe following day 21 September No. 5 Sections dressing station with around 100 lightly wounded, was caught in a cross-fire killing the section commander and five medics, as soon as the shooting died down, they evacuated the station and set up in the grounds of the Horst house. By that evening the dwindling medical services around the MDS were dealing with over 1,000 casualties. At 17:00 having completed sixty operations, the two surgical teams from the 181st were forced to stop, when the ceilings in the operating rooms collapsed during an artillery bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0016-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem\nThe MDS at the Schoonhord was again captured by the Germans in the early hours of 22 September. The other nine buildings being used by the medics were by now, almost constantly under fire, and unable to be evacuated many of the wounded were killed in their beds. Orders were issued that the wounded would have to remain at battalion aid posts, as moving them to the MDS was impossible in the circumstances. By now food and water supplies were running out, to solve the water shortage, central heating systems were drained and the Dental Officer shot two sheep with a borrowed sten gun to help feed the wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0017-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem\nOn 24 September a truce was arranged with the Germans and hundreds of the divisions wounded were evacuated by the Germans to Arnhem. The Germans took the opportunity to move their troops into the area of the Schoonhord, and in an attack after the truce many of the wounded and medics at the Taffelberg were killed or wounded again, including some German troops who were sheltering in the grounds. By 18:00 that evening the Schoonhord which had had all the wounded evacuated was once more filled with the divisions wounded. The stretcher bearers of the 181st moved the remaining wounded into the building, in preparation for the divisions withdrawal south of the River Rhine that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0018-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Arnhem\nOn 25 September the Germans moved into Oosterbeek and at 18:00 the remaining wounded had been evacuated to Arnhem or Apeldoorn, together with the survivors from the 181st. Altogether twenty-five doctors and 400 RAMC other ranks from the 1st Airborne Division, stayed with their patients and became prisoners of war. Of the men of the 181st who had landed in the Netherlands, only ten of them were evacuated south of the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0019-0000", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Norway\nUsing the few men that returned from the battle of Arnhem, the rear party of the seaborne tail and volunteers from other units, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance was reformed on 1 March 1945, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel I.C. Gilliland. However, by this stage in the war the 1st Airborne Division still reforming was not used in combat again. Instead following the surrender of the German occupation troops in Norway the division was sent there on 9 May 1945. The 181st left England on 11 May and landed at Oslo that evening, establishing a hospital at Nordstrand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020774-0019-0001", "contents": "181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance, Norway\nAs well as supervising the German surrender the medics were also responsible for treating the numerous ex Russian prisoners of war. Some of the 181st accompanied the Russians to their homeland, becoming the first British Army troops to set foot in northern Russia since 1919. On 3 September 1945, the 181st left Oslo and on their arrival in England were quartered near Tidworth Camp, until 14 November 1945, 181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron\nThe 181st Airlift Squadron is a unit of the 136th Airlift Wing of the Texas Air National Guard stationed at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, Texas. The 181st is equipped with the Lockheed C-130J Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron\nThe squadron was first activated during World War II as the 395th Fighter Squadron. It served in the European Theater of Operations as a fighter bomber unit, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation and the Belgian Fourrag\u00e8re. After the war it became part of the occupation forces in Germany until it was inactivated in August 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron\nThe squadron was allotted to the United States National Guard as the 181st Fighter Squadron and was activated in 1947. It served in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex as a fighter squadron until the early 1960s, when it assumed an air refueling mission, which continued until 1978, and has been an airlift unit since then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated in June 1943 as the 395th Fighter Squadron, a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter squadron. It trained under I Fighter Command on Long Island, New York and in Massachusetts. The 395th moved to England, arriving in January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0004-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe unit began operations with IX Fighter Command on 14 March and flew a fighter sweep over the English Channel coast of France. it made strafing and bombing attacks on airfields, rail and highway bridges, trains, vehicles, flak positions, and V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket launch sites to help prepare for Operation Overlord, the invasion of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0005-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nIt supported the landings in Normandy in June 1944 and began operations from the Continent later the same month. It aided in the taking of Cherbourg, participated in the air operations that prepared the way for Operation Cobra, the Allied breakthrough at St Lo on 25 July, and supported ground forces during their drive across France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0006-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 395th continued to support ground forces, participated in the assault against the Siegfried Line, and took part in the Battle of the Bulge from December 1944 to January 1945 by attacking rail lines and trains, marshalling yards, roads and vehicles, armored columns, and gun positions. It operated with the Allied forces that pushed across the Rhine and into Germany. During its operations the squadron earned a Distinguished Unit Citation and was cited twice in the Order of the day of the Belgian Army, earning the Belgian Fourrag\u00e8re.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0007-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter V-E Day, the squadron served with the occupation forces. It was inactivated in Germany on 20 August 1946 and its personnel and equipment were transferred to the 82d Fighter Squadron, which was activated the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0008-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard\nThe wartime 395th Fighter Squadron was redesignated the 181st Fighter Squadron and allotted to the National Guard the day after it was inactivated in Germany. It was organized at Love Field, Dallas, Texas and was extended federal recognition on 27 February 1947. The squadron was assigned to its World War II headquarters, which had also been assigned to the National Guard as the 136th Fighter Group, and was equipped with North American P-51D Mustangs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0009-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense\nThe mission of the squadron was to train for air defense. During the postwar years, the 181st primarily trained over the northern part of the state, while the other two squadrons of the 136th Group, the 111th Fighter Squadron, at Ellington Air Force Base and the 182d Fighter Squadron, at Brooks Air Force Base, near San Antonio, trained in southeastern Texas and the Texas Hill Country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0010-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense\nWith the breakout of the Korean War in October 1950, the 136th Fighter Group was one of the first Guard units to be federalized and went on active duty, along with the 111th and 182d Fighter Squadrons and moved to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. The 181st Fighter Squadron remained in the Texas Air National Guard and was assigned directly to its headquarters. The 181st was re-equipped with the Very Long Range F-51H Mustang, which had been developed to escort Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers in the Pacific Theater. The F-51H would allow the squadron to intercept any unidentified aircraft over any part of Texas. In September 1952, the squadron became the 181st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0011-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense\nWith the 136th Fighter-Bomber Group's release from active duty in July 1952, the squadron was again assigned to it. It became the 181st Fighter-Bomber Squadron the following January. Despite this name change, the squadron remained focused on the air defense mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0012-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense\nIt wasn't until January 1955 that the squadron received its first jets, Lockheed F-80C Shooting Stars. In July it was redesignated the 181st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. On 1 July 1957 the 136th Fighter-Interceptor Wing was reorganized along Air Defense Command's (ADC) regional model, becoming the 136th Air Defense Wing, while the 136th Group became the 136th Fighter Group (Air Defense), and new fighter groups were activated for the wing's other squadrons. The 181st was selected by ADC to man an alert program on an around the clock basis, with armed fighters ready to scramble at a moment's notice. This brought the squadron into the daily combat operational program of the Air Force alongside regular air defense fighter squadrons. The squadron's obsolescent F-80 fighters were upgraded to the radar equipped and Mighty Mouse rocket armed North American F-86D Sabre by the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 968]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0013-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nIn August 1961, the 181st became the 181st Air Refueling Squadron as Tactical Air Command (TAC) replaced ADC as the unit's mobilization gaining command. The 181st was equipped with Boeing KC-97L Stratotankers, its mission becoming air refueling, primarily of TAC fighter aircraft. The 181st moved from Love Field to Hensley Field, which relieved Love Field from supporting airliners and military aircraft from a field near the downtown area of a major city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0014-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nWith the transfer of the interceptors and no previously qualified aircrew or maintenance personnel assigned, the 181st went through a year of transition to its new mission. The squadron achieved operational status in the KC-97 in eight months. The previous \"normal\" time for similar conversions was two years. In 1966 the squadron began a rotational deployment to Ramstein Air Base in support of Operation Creek Party, which provided United States Air Forces Europe an air refueling capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0014-0001", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nThe Creek Party deployment rotations lasted until 1976, and over the decade the squadron saw millions of pounds of jet fuel off-loaded and millions of miles flown, all accident free. In 1976 the squadron's gaining command became Strategic Air Command, the Air Force's single manager of refueling assets. However, the Air National Guard had begun retiring its KC-97s and by 1978 all had left the inventory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0015-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nOn 1 April 1978, the 181st became the 181st Tactical Airlift Squadron and its gaining command became Military Airlift Command (MAC), re-equipping with Lockheed C-130B Hercules transports. The new mission was airlift of troops, military equipment, cargo and aeromedical support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0016-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nThe squadron participated in numerous Cold War military exercises such as Team Spirit, Volant Oak, Red Flag, and Reforger. Other Joint Chief of Staff exercises included Ember Dawn IV in Alaska and Brave Shield in Europe. In 1979, the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve assumed full responsibility for airlift operations in Panama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0017-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn mid-December 1989, squadron aircraft, aircrews, and support personnel deployed for Exercise Volant Oak at Howard Air Force Base, in the Panama Canal Zone It flew combat airlift missions for United States Southern Command during Operation Just Cause, the replacement of Manuel Noriega as the ruler of Panama. More than 100 combat sorties were flown, with no casualties or damage to aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0018-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn August 1986 the Wing received the new C-130H aircraft. By late January 1991, the squadron provided voluntarily and involuntarily activated, to participate in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. Aircraft and air crews from the squadron flew two-month-long tours of duty in Operation Volant Pine, a backfill of airlift aircraft to Europe by Air National Guard C-130s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0019-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn 1997, wing members deployed supporting state and federal missions. During the period the unit supported Department of Defense missions deploying to Oman and Saudi Arabia in support of Operation Southern Watch, and in humanitarian airlift. On 1 October 1998 with the closure of Hensley Field, the squadron moved to the former Carswell Air Force Base, now designated as Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0020-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nAs part of the Global War on Terrorism, the unit has deployed numerous times in support of Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation New Horizons, with an average of six deployments per unit member. When the squadron is the primary force provider for an expeditionary unit, that unit is designated the 181st Expeditionary Airlift Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020775-0021-0000", "contents": "181st Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020776-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division\nThe 181st Armed Police Mobile Division is a military formation of the People's Armed Police of the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020776-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division\nThe 181st Division (Chinese: \u7b2c2\u5e08) was created on January 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948. The division's predecessor was the Yuxi Anti- Japanese Independence Detachment of the Eighth Route Army, which was formed by the 3rd and 35th Regiments of the Taihang Military Region on September 6, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020776-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division\nIn March 1951, the 181st Division transferred to the 60th Corps and served in the Korean War. It returned to China in September 1953. In 1954 it served as an exercise and demonstration formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020776-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division\nFrom December 1969 to January 1985, it was numbered the 180th Division. It was transferred to the 1st Army in September 1985, and became part of the People's Armed Police in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 181st Division (Chinese: \u7b2c181\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 37th Brigade, 13th Column of the Huabei Military Region Field Force. Its history could be traced to the Independent Anti- Japanese Detachment of the Eighth Route Army in Western Anhui, activated in September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nDuring the Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, the unit was made famous for its commander, Pi Dingjun(Chinese: \u76ae\u5b9a\u5747) and obtained the nickname of \"Pi's Brigade\"(Chinese: \u76ae\u65c5). It was the only unit that was combat effective after the obliteration of the Central Plains Liberated Area in late 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was part of 61st Corps. Under the flag of the 181st division, it took part in many major battles in the Chinese Civil War, including the Menglianggu Campaign, Linfen Campaign, Jinzhong Campaign, and Taiyuan Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of the 541st, 542nd, and 543rd regiments as of its formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0004-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn November 1950, the division was transferred to 60th Corps's control following the 61st Corps' disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0005-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn March 1951, the division was deployed into Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army along with the 60th Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0006-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1953, the division left Korea. During its deployment, it allegedly inflicted 16,754 casualties on the confronting UN Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0007-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was then garrisoned in Chu County, Anhui Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0008-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn November 1953, the 587th Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0009-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1955, the 283rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was attached to the division from the 78th Infantry Division, now reconstituted into a coastal defense unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0010-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom April 1960, the division was renamed as the 181st Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c181\u5e08) and became a showcase unit for foreign delegations. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0011-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1961, the 283rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment detached from the division to join the 179th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0012-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn December 1964, 538th Regiment was attached to the division from the disbanding 180th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0013-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom May 1967 to January 1968, Anti- Aircraft Artillery Battalion, 181st Army Division was deployed to the North Vietnam to defend against US air campaigns. The battalion participated in 12 engagements with no alleged kills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0014-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1967, 538th Regiment detached from the division to join the newly activated 178th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0015-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn August 1969, 587th Artillery Regiment was renamed the Artillery Regiment, Army 181st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0016-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nOn October 10, 1969, 105th Regiment detached from the division to join the 1st Independent Division of Jiangsu Provincial Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0017-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nOn December 8, 1969, the division was redesignated as the 180th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c180\u5e08). All its regiments were then redesignated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0018-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1985, the division was redesignated as the 181st Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c181\u5e08). All its regiments were then redesignated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0019-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1985, the division was redesignated as the 181st Infantry Division(Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c181\u5e08) and reconstituted as a northern infantry division, category B. The division was transferred to the 1st Army following 60th Army Corps' disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0020-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1996 the division was transferred to the People's Armed Police' control and reconstituted as the 181st Armed Police Mobile Division(Chinese: \u6b66\u8b66\u673a\u52a8\u7b2c181\u5e08). The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020777-0021-0000", "contents": "181st Armed Police Mobile Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 2017, the division was deactivated along with other PAP mobile divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020778-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Battalion (Brandon), CEF\nThe 181st Battalion (Brandon), CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020778-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Battalion (Brandon), CEF\nBased in Brandon, Manitoba, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915, 1916 and 1917 in that city and the surrounding district. The 181st CEF Battalion embarked on the H.M.T Grampian in Halifax on 16 April, 1917. After sailing to Liverpool in England on 29 April 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 18th Reserve Battalion on 29 April 1917 and was stationed in Dibgate Camp, Shorncliffe, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020778-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Battalion (Brandon), CEF\nThe 181st Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. David Wilson Beaubier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020778-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Battalion (Brandon), CEF\nThe 181st Battalion is perpetuated by the 26th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery ('The Shropshire Gunners') was a unit of the Royal Artillery, raised by the British Army during World War II. First raised as infantry of the 6th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry from the Welsh Borders, it was converted to the field artillery role, serving in a Scottish formation in the North West Europe campaign in which it was the first British field artillery regiment to cross the Rhine and Elbe rivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 6th King's Shropshire Light Infantry\nIn June 1940, shortly after the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk, the King's Shropshire Light Infantry (KSLI) began forming a new 6th Battalion at its regimental depot at Shrewsbury. A previous 6th (Service) Battalion had been raised as part of Kitchener's Army during the Great War of 1914\u201318, and the men of the new unit were conscious of its heritage. The bulk of the men (95 per cent) were recent conscripts, mostly from Shropshire, Herefordshire, Staffordshire, and other parts of the Welsh Borders and the English Midlands. The battalion's four rifle companies were designated W, X, Y and Z and the Commanding Officer of the battalion was Lt-Col Robert Munn, who had served with the KSLI in the First World War and was awarded a Military Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 6th King's Shropshire Light Infantry\nThe new battalion was officially formed by 4 July 1940 and moved to the Dukeries area of Nottinghamshire to commence basic training. Battalion Headquarters was established first at Thoresby Park and then a short distance away at Welbeck Abbey. On 12 October the 6th KSLI became part of the new 204th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), which had been formed by No 4 Infantry Training Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 6th King's Shropshire Light Infantry\nAfter six months' training, the 6th KSLI and the rest of 204 Bde were sent at the beginning of January 1941 to man coastal defences in Lincolnshire as part of Lincolnshire County Division, which became operational on 27 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0004-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA\nIn January 1942, when the battalion was stationed at Melton Mowbray, orders were received to convert 6th KSLI into a field regiment of the Royal Artillery (RA). The change was officially carried out on 28 February, when the battalion became 181st Field Regiment. Officers were given the choice of transferring to the RA or to another infantry unit; 484 Other Ranks continued with the regiment after suitability tests, while 140 transferred to other battalions of the KSLI and the Herefordshire Light Infantry and a similar number went to the Pioneer Corps. Specialists and signallers were drafted in from the RA, bringing the strength up to 672 all ranks. Lieutenant-Colonel E.O. Herbert, DSO, RA, was appointed to command the new regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0005-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Training\n181 Field Regiment transferred to Northern Command to begin artillery training on ranges in North Yorkshire. It was organised into three batteries: 'Q' training drivers, 'R' training gunners, and 'S' training signallers; these were redsignated P, Q and R respectively on 11 March 1942. Later, the training batteries exchanged Troops to give three equal batteries, designated 177, 178 and 179 on 1 January 1943. Each battery was to be equipped with eight 25-pounder guns, though at first there were only two on which to train, and still only four in April 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0006-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Training\nOn 7 November 1942, 181 Field Regiment was assigned to 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division (replacing a Scottish artillery unit), and began training with 44th (Lowland) Brigade, with whose units it would operate in action:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0007-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Normandy\nOn 22 April 1944, 181 Fd Regt moved south to the Worthing area as part of the concentration for Operation Overlord. Then on 10 June it was moved close to Tilbury Docks ready for embarkation in two Liberty ships, which sailed on 12 and 13 June, arriving off Arromanches-les-Bains on the evening of 15 June (D + 9). Disembarkation was disrupted by a storm: 178 and 179 Btys were landed by 19 June, but RHQ and 177 Bty could not get ashore, at another beach, until 21 June, and then without guns and most of their equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0008-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Normandy\nThe regiment was shelled on 25 June and took its first battle casualties, one gun being hit with three of its crew killed and three wounded. The following day 181 Fd Regt fired its guns in action for the first time as 15th (Scottish) Division commenced Operation Epsom (the Battle of the Odon, or 'Scottish Corridor') behind a moving artillery barrage. At one point there was a threat of German tanks breaking through and 181 Fd Regt prepared to fire in the anti-tank role over open sights. The fighting was intense, but on the second day the Scots captured the vital bridge over the Odon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0009-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Normandy\nOperation Bluecoat, the attack on Caumont-sur-Orne, began on 30 July. 15th (Scottish) Division's artillery including 181 Fd Regt were tasked with firing in support of the attacking troops. The division's objective was Point 309 ('Quarry Hill') to protect the flank of the attack. Heavy fighting ensued for several days, but by 11 August 181 Fd Regt had reached  Monchamp near Caen when it was withdrawn for its first rest since the landings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0010-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Belgium\nAfter its rest, the regiment was engaged in rapid movements as 21st Army Group advanced across the Seine towards Belgium. 181 Field Regt crossed the Belgian border on 6 September. The following day, guided by Belgian Resistance fighters, the regiment fired all day at columns of retreating Germans and pockets that required clearing. The regiment reached the Albert Canal on 12 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0011-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Belgium\n15th (Scottish) Division established a small bridgehead across the canal near Geel on 14 September, but it attracted no less than 13 German counter-attacks over the next eight days that reduced it to  an area less than 440 yards square. Despite the artillery Observation Posts being shelled and disrupted, 181's CO, Lt-Col Dick Bethell, organised fire plans that beat off the attacks. Eventually, the position was abandoned and the division shifted to another sector. The regiment's forward observation officers won high praise during this action, and afterward the 181st was awarded three Military Crosses, three Military Medals and a Distinguished Service Order  (to Bethell) for this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0012-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Netherlands\nAfter another short rest, 181 Fd Regt went into action in support of 51st (Highland) Division, which was attacking 's-Hertogenbosch, and finally took it on 27 October. After 15th (Scottish) liberated Tilburg on the same day, the Germans put in a heavy counter-attack against US forces at Asten and 181 Fd Regt was engaged for six days under bomb and shell fire before this was suppressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0013-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Netherlands\nOn 4 December the Division was engaged in a textbook attack on Blerick to eliminate the remaining German bridgehead on the River Maas. The following day the regiment lost one of its best-known members, Gunner Frederick 'Paddy' Mills, a pre-war professional footballer for Leeds United, who dismounted from a vehicle while it was halted in a taped route through a minefield. It was unclear whether he stepped on a mine or tried to retrieve a booby-trapped box, but he was killed instantly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0014-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Rhineland\nOn 17 January 1945, the divisional artillery shot in support of an attack by 7th Armoured Division on Roermond, and during Operation Veritable in February, the guns were in almost constant action, supporting one division or another. During the attack on the Siegfried Line on 9 February, Capt A.D.G. Shaw of D Troop, 178 Battery, took command of an infantry company that had lost all its officers and led it to its objective, while continuing to direct the fire of his guns from his Forward Observation Post. (He had trained as an infantryman with 6th KSLI). Shaw was awarded a DSO for this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0015-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, Rhine crossing\nOn 1 March 1945, 181 Fd Regt was withdrawn to Belgium to begin training for the assault crossing of the River Rhine (Operation Plunder). 15th (Scottish) Division's role was to establish a bridgehead at Xanten, and 181 Fd Regt was to cross to support 44 (Lowland) Bde. Covered by an intense artillery bombardment, the assault crossing on the night of 23/24 March went according to plan. 181 Field Regt was rafted over in the afternoon, the first field artillery to cross the Rhine, and went into action with 44 Bde as German resistance stiffened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0016-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, To the Elbe\nThe division was pulled out of action on 29 March and went into billets in German houses. Three days later it was on the move again, to catch up with the fighting. 181 Field Regt harboured in M\u00fcnster. By 14 April the regiment was back in action, supporting the four-day attack on Uelzen, and then on 20 April it reached the River Elbe. Here it halted for nine days to prepare for the assault crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0016-0001", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, To the Elbe\nAfter firing in support of the crossing, 181 Fd Regt itself crossed the river on 30 April, once again being the first field regiment to do so. As the division continued to advance rapidly, the regiment's batteries were in constant demand in the final days of the war. 178 Battery was the last subunit in action, on 4 May 1945, the day of the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0017-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 181st Field Regiment, RA, To the Elbe\nAfter some months of occupation duties in Germany, 181 Field Regiment was formally disbanded on 9 January 1946. Many of the remaining personnel who had not already been demobilised or sent to South East Asia Command were posted to 121st (The Leicestershire Regiment) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0018-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Uniform\nWhile part of 204 Bde, the battalion wore that formation's badge on the upper sleeve. This comprised a triangle composed of three smaller conjoined triangles in the Facing colours of its three senior units: buff (South Lancashire Regiment), pearl grey (Leicestershire Regiment) and Lincoln green (Sherwood Foresters), the whole being edged in blue (KSLI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0019-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Uniform\nWhen converted to the RA, there was a shortage of insignia, so on 27 March 1942 the troops were ordered to cut off the 'KING'S' and 'L.I.' from the ends of their cloth shoulder titles, leaving 'SHROPSHIRE', which led to the regiment's nickname 'the Shropshire Gunners'. They were allowed to keep their light infantry green Field service caps instead of the RA's red and blue, and officers could retain their green lanyards and KSLI buttons. All ranks exchanged their KSLI cap badges for RA 'gun' or 'bomb' badges. Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert devised a distinctive embroidered arm badge for the regiment, of a light infantry bugle-horn embroidered in gold on a green background. This was worn throughout the unit's service in the RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0020-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Uniform\nWhile in Northern Command the regiment wore that formation's green apple badge, but on joining the 15th Scottish Division it adopted the divisional shoulder badge of the rampant lion. The men were issued with the Scottish Tam o' Shanter head-dress (the smaller Balmoral bonnet for officers) on which RA 'bomb' badges were worn on a red and blue cloth strip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020779-0021-0000", "contents": "181st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded 6th Bn KSLI/181 Fd Regt RA:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 181st Infantry Brigade is an infantry brigade of the United States Army based at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. As a First Army brigade, the unit serves primarily in a partnering and training role for Reserve Units. The brigade is subordinate to the First United States Army, headquartered at Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois. It has ten subordinate battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe unit is responsible for training selected United States Army Reserve and Army National Guard units in the Central-Northern United States. The unit was formerly designated as 2nd Brigade, 63rd Infantry Division. The brigade was redesignated and re-missioned several times: such as in 1999, when the 181st was merged with the 2nd Brigade, 85th Division and carried that name and lineage from October 1993 until December 2006. The 181st Infantry Brigade currently falls under the 1st Army's Division West, headquartered at Fort Hood, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization, World War I\nDuring World War I, infantry brigades were purely tactical formations. Administrative and logistical functions were conducted by the division headquarters. The brigade headquarters was composed of the commander (a brigadier general), his three aides, a brigade adjutant, and eighteen enlisted men who furnished mess, transportation, and communications services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization, World War II\nWith the demise of the Square Division in favor of the Triangular division, the now surplus brigade headquarters were converted into either the divisional headquarters company or the division's reconnaissance troop. The 181st was selected to transform into the 91st Infantry Division's reconnaissance troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0004-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization, 1963-1965\nOn 1 April 1963, the brigade was reactivated as a subordinate to the 63rd Infantry Division in Pasadena, California. The division and subordinate elements were inactivated on 31 December 1965 as part of the elimination of the Army Reserve divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0005-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization, 2006-2016\nThe 181st Infantry Brigade was reactivated at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin in December 2006. The Brigade was constituted from the 12th Readiness Brigade and the 2nd Brigade, 85th Training Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0006-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nDuring World War I, the 181st Infantry Brigade was constituted 5 August 1917 in the National Army at Camp Lewis, Washington as a subordinate unit of the 91st Infantry Division. The Brigade was composed of 8,134 personnel organized in a Headquarters Detachment with 5 Officers and 18 Enlisted Soldiers, the 361st and 362nd Infantry Regiments each with 3,755 Officers and Enlisted Soldiers, and the 347th Machine Gun Battalion with 581 Officers and Enlisted Soldiers. The 181st Infantry Brigade trained for 10 months at Camp Lewis prior to being deployed to France in August 1918  under the command of Brig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0006-0001", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nGen. John McDonald. After the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and the liberation of France, the Brigade was sent to assist the British during the battle of Ypres-Lys until the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918, which ended World War I. After four months of peacekeeping operations in liberated Belgium, the Brigade returned to the United States and arrived at the port of New York on 2 April 1919 on the U.S.S. Orizaba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0007-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Inter War Period\nThe Brigade was transferred on 2 April 1919 to Camp Merritt, New Jersey. It proceeded to Camp Kearny, California, where it was demobilized on 19 April 1919. The Brigade was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, still assigned to the 91st Division, and allotted to the Ninth Corps Area. The Brigade was redesignated Headquarters & Headquarters Company (HHC), 181st Brigade on 23 March 1925 and again redesignated HHC, 181st Infantry Brigade on 24 August 1936. The unit conducted summer training most years at Del Monte, California, from 1922\u201340. Subordinate regiments conducted training for the Citizens Military Training Camp (CMTC) at the Presidio of San Francisco, the Presidio of Monterey and at Del Monte; often with assistance from the 30th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0008-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe 91st Reconnaissance Troop participated in the Rome-Arno (22 Jan 44 \u2013 9 Sep 44), North Apennines (10 Sep 44 \u2013 4 April 45), and Po Valley (5 Apr 45 \u2013 8 May 45) campaigns. In July 1944, during the Arno Campaign of the Second World War, the 91st Reconnaissance Troop spearheaded Task Force Williamson under the command of Brigadier General E.S. Williamson, Assistant Division Commander for the 91st Division. The 2nd Platoon of the 91st Reconnaissance Troop and the 1st Battalion, 363rd Infantry were the first to enter Leghorn (Livorno) on its way to liberating Pisa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0009-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Post-War\nAfter VE day, the Brigade was deactivated and reconstituted several times through 1945 as a headquarters and headquarters company and a reconnaissance troop. It was reactivated in 1947 as a mechanized cavalry reconnaissance troop; redesignated in 1949 as the 91st Reconnaissance Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0010-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Post-War\nThe unit was active from April 1963 until December 1965 as the Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Brigade, 63rd Infantry Division. The 181st was stationed in Pasadena, California. This was in keeping with the plan to reorganize the Army Reserve to the new Reorganization Objective Army Division (ROAD) structures. The 63d was selected for retention and the reorganization was completed by the end of April 1963. The Brigade was composed of the Headquarters and Headquarters Company, the 3rd Battalion, 15th Infantry and the 4th Battalion, 27th Infantry. In November 1965 the last Army Reserve combat divisions were inactivated. From January 1966 through December 2006, the unit was inactive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0011-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operations as a Training Brigade\nThe 181st Infantry Brigade was reactivated at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin in December 2006. The Brigade trains soldiers, sailors and airmen to support contingency operations in the Global War on Terror. The 181st facilitates the Army Reserve's Combat Support Training Program (CSTP). The CSTP is composed of two exercises:the WAREXs (Warrior Exercise) focused on platoon level training, and the CSTXs (Combat Support Training Exercise) exercise that focus on Company level training in cooperation with the 86th Training Division and the 84th Training Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0011-0001", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operations as a Training Brigade\nAnnually, the 181st provides its Battalions to serve as Observer/Controllers to the NTC and JRTC to evaluate Regular Army, Army Reserve and Army National Guard Combat Sustainment Support Battalions. Most years, the 181st provides Observer/Controllers to the Mission Command Training Program during their Warfighter exercises. The Brigade also provided Master Gunners and other subject matter experts to support Operation Cold Steel, a major initiative to improve the Army Reserve's gunnery training, from February through May 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0012-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operations as a Training Brigade\n1-338th training deploying soldiers from the 101st Engineer Battalion September 2009", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0013-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operations as a Training Brigade\n3-340th training the 824th Quartermaster Company (Heavy Airdrop Supply) during CSTX August 2015", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0014-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Operations as a Training Brigade\n1-337th BSB Observer/Controller-Trainer conducts an After-action review at Camp Ripley during CSTX 86-17-03", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0015-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), Shoulder sleeve insignia\n* Description: On a background equally divided horizontally white and red, 3\u00bc inches high and 2\u00bd inches wide at base and 2\u215b inches wide at top, a black block letter \"A\", 2\u00be inches high, 2\u00a0inches wide at base and 1\u215d inches wide at top, all members 7/16\u00a0inch wide, all enclosed within a 1/8\u00a0inch Army Green border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020780-0016-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Brigade (United States), Distinctive Unit Insignia\n* Description/Blazon: A Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall blazoned as follows: Per bend Argent and Azure, in chief a clevis (key) bendwise Or, wards upward and inward and on a base of the first, a rifle, muzzle upward and a saber, grip to base in saltire of the third. Attached below the device a red scroll inscribed \"DOCERE BELLUM ET PAX PACIS\" in Silver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020781-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 181st Infantry Division (German: 181. Infanterie-Division) was a German division in World War II. It was formed on  1 December 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 181st Infantry Regiment shares the distinction of being the oldest combat regiment currently organized in the United States Army. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812. The regiment traces its history to 13 December 1636, when it was one of four colonial regiments of foot of the British Crown in Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0000-0001", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States)\nIt later served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, with Union forces in the American Civil War, and as a federalized Massachusetts National Guard regiment with the U.S. Army during War with Spain, Mexican Border Campaign, World War I and World War II. In 2006 Company A (Agawam) of the Battalion deployed as a member of KFOR8 to Kosovo in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. Most recently the 1st Battalion, 181st Infantry has served in Iraq, in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina, and in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0000-0002", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe only active element of the regiment is the 1st Battalion, 181st Infantry Regiment, which returned from a year of service in Afghanistan in July 2011. The 1st Battalion was mobilized in March 2017 for one year of service with the Multinational Force & Observers in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. Currently, the 1st Battalion is a part of the 44th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, a major formation of the New Jersey National Guard. It was reflagged from the 50th Infantry Brigade Combat Team in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Formation and colonial operations\nThe 181st Infantry Regiment was organized 13 December 1636 in the Massachusetts Militia from existing train bands (i.e. local militia companies) as the North Regiment. Redesignated 7 September 1643 as the Middlesex Regiment. Expanded 13 October 1680 to form the 1st (or Lower) Middlesex Regiment and the 2nd (or Upper) Middlesex Regiment (consisting of companies from Concord, Bedford, Sudbury, Marlborough, Chelmsford, Billerica, Groton, Acton, Lancaster, and Dunstable) (1st Middlesex Regiment \u2013 hereafter separate lineage (see 182nd Infantry Regiment (United States)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Massachusetts Army and the American Revolution\nThe soldiers of the 2nd Middlesex Regiment fought at the Battle of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775. The regiment was reorganized and entered the Massachusetts Army as elements of Prescott's Regiment, Thomas' Regiment, Bridges' Regiment, Nixon's Regiment and Johnathan Brewer's Regiment of the Massachusetts Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Massachusetts Army and the American Revolution\nThe unit were redesignated on 1 January 1776 as the 6th Continental Regiment, the 13th Massachusetts Regiment, and the 23rd Continental Regiment of the Continental Line, Fought in the following campaigns: Battle of Lexington and Concord, Siege of Boston(Bunker Hill), Battle of Long Island, Battle of Trenton, Battle of Princeton, Battle of Saratoga, Battle of Monmouth, and in New Jersey 1776, New York 1776, and Rhode Island 1778.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0004-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Massachusetts Army and the American Revolution\n(The regiment additionally is entitled to battle honors through the 104th Infantry (Hampshire Regiment) for Battle of Quebec 1775 and Rhode Island 1780.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0005-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War of 1812\nThe 181st Infantry is one of only nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812. The Massachusetts militia was one of the largest, best equipped and best trained of any of the state militias, but support for the war in New England was lukewarm at best. As a consequence, no Massachusetts units were federalized until 1814, although as state units they were active in guarding the state's coastline. Only after Great Britain burned Washington and generally increased its naval pressure on the East Coast did Massachusetts allow its militias to be mustered into federal service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0006-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nWith the start of the Civil War the 6th Massachusetts (Militia) was ordered into active service for the defense of Washington in April 1861. As it marched to the relief of the capitol, it was attacked by a pro-southern mob in Baltimore (Pratt Street Riot). The regiment fought its way through, leaving four of its own dead on the streets of the city. On their arrival in Washington, they were greeted by President Lincoln, who shook Colonel Jones's hand and said, \"Thank God, you have come.\" They slept that night in the Capitol building. The 6th Massachusetts was the first armed and trained regiment to arrive in Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0007-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nIt was mustered into federal service on 22 April 1861 at Washington, D.C., for three months service, and served in the defenses of Washington before being mustered out on 2 August 1861 at Boston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0008-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nOn 26 August 1861, veterans of the 6th Mass. formed the 26th Mass. Infantry in Cambridge. This regiment served four years and was mustered out of service on 26 August 1865 in Savannah, GA. Fought in the following campaigns: Mississippi River Campaign, Battle of Petersburg, Shenandoah Valley Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0009-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nIn 1862, the 6th Mass. (Militia) recruited back up to strength and were again mustered into federal service between 31 August - 8 September 1862. The regiment was stationed at Fort Monroe, Virginia and served at Deserted House, VA on 30 Jan. 1863 and the siege of Suffolk, VA in May 1863. Private Joseph S.G. Sweatt of Company C was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Carsville, VA on 15 May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0009-0001", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nThe citation reads: \"When ordered to retreat this soldier turned and rushed back to the front, in the face of heavy fire of the enemy, in an endeavor to rescue his wounded comrades, remaining by them until overpowered and taken prisoner.\" Mustered out on 3 June 1863 at Lowell. In July 1863 Company F was ordered to state service to suppress the Boston Draft Riots. Campaigns: Virginia 1862, Virginia 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0010-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nThe 6th Mass. (Militia) was again mustered into federal service, in July 1864 for 100 days service and did guard duty at Arlington Heights and at Fort Delaware before being mustered out on 27 October 1864 at Readville, Massachusetts and resumed state status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0011-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\n(The regiment additionally is entitled to battle honors through the 104th Infantry (10th Massachusetts) for the Peninsula Campaign, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania and Battle of Cold Harbor.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0012-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nDuring the War with Spain, the unit mustered into federal service on 6 May 1896 at Framingham, Massachusetts. The 6th Massachusetts Regiment (Spanish\u2013American War) served with the Expeditionary Force in Puerto Rico. Mustered out on 21 January 1899. (The regiment additionally is entitled battle honors through the 104th Infantry (2nd Massachusetts) for Santiago Campaign Battle of El Caney.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0013-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nThe land forces of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia were redesignated as the Massachusetts National Guard on 15 November 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0014-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nThe 6th Massachusetts was mustered into federal service on 25 June 1916 at Framingham for Mexican Border Campaign and stationed at El Paso, Texas. It was mustered out of Federal service between 10\u201315 November 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0015-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nMore than 140,000 National Guard troops were called up to serve in the campaign, but only two regiments, the 1st New Mexico Infantry and the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry, were assigned to the Punitive Expeditionary Force, and those were to guard the base at Columbus. Historian Clarence C. Clendenen asserts that although no Guard units officially crossed into Mexico at any time, soldiers from the two National Guard regiments at Columbus did enter Mexico to perform various tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0016-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe regiment was mustered again into federal service on 30 March 1917 for World War I. Soldiers from the 6th Massachusetts were transferred to form the regiments of the 26th \"Yankee\" Division. The majority of the soldiers helped form the 104th Infantry Regiment. After the deployment of the Yankee Division the remaining soldiers of the 6th Mass. (15 officers and 279 enlisted men) trained at Camp Wadsworth and formed the 4th Pioneer Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Holton B. Perkins and filled to wartime strength with draftees. The pioneer regiments included such specialists as mechanics, carpenters, farriers and masons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0016-0001", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThey were supposed to work under the direction of the engineers to build roads, bridges, gun emplacements and camps \"within the sound of the guns.\" They received standard infantry training so that they could defend themselves, but there are very few documented instances of any pioneer troops unslinging their rifles. Once in France, the regiment was selected to be re-trained to form the 382nd Infantry Regiment. Before that transition could be executed the Fall Offensives of 1918 pushed the 4th Pioneer Infantry into service as engineer support and labor troops. The regiment was demobilized in February 1919 at Camp A.P. Hill, VA. Served in the following campaigns: Battle of Saint Mihiel, Meuse Argonne Offensive, and Battle of Lorraine 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0017-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe regiment additionally is entitled to World War I battle honors through the 104th Infantry (2nd Massachusetts) for Isle de France, Lorraine 1918, and Champagne-Marne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0018-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe unit reorganized on 31 August 1921 as the 3rd Infantry Massachusetts National Guard. It was redesignated as the 181st Infantry and assigned to the 26th Division on 30 November 1921 with headquarters at Worcester, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0019-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe unit was inducted into federal service on 16 January 1941. The 181st Infantry conducted training at Camp Edwards and took part in the Carolina Maneuvers from 28 September to 6 December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0020-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nWith the United States entry into World War II, the 181st was relieved from the 26th Division and assigned to the Eastern Defense Command (EDC) on 27 January 1942. (The 181st Infantry was replaced as part of the 26th Division by the 328th Infantry Regiment). The 211th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm howitzers) was attached to form a regimental combat team. The 181st Infantry was assigned to the EDC conducting coastal patrols from Higgins Beach, Maine to Watch Hill, RI to prevent the landing of German agents from U-Boats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0020-0001", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nFrom May 1942 through November 1943 the 3rd Battalion HQ with companies I and M were posted at the South Hingham Camp, along with B company, 132nd Combat Engineer Battalion, while Company L and Battery B, 211th Field Artillery Battalion were at the Ipswich Camp. Company K of the 181st and Battery D of the 211th FA were at the Plymouth Camp. The regimental headquarters and other units were at Camp Framingham. The 181st Infantry moved to Fort Dix, NJ on 5 December 1943 and was deactivated on 8 February 1944; the soldiers were sent to Italy as infantry replacements in the 3rd, 34th and 36th Infantry Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0021-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe 328th Infantry regiment fought across Europe with the 26th (Yankee) Infantry Division. Technical Sergeant Alfred L. Wilson was posthumously presented with the Medal of Honor for lifesaving care conducted under fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0022-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment is entitled to World War II battle honors through the 104th Infantry Regiment (United States) (2nd Massachusetts) and the 328th Infantry Regiment for Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes (Battle of the Bulge), Central Europe and in the Army of Occupation in Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0023-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nIn 1947 the 181st Infantry was re-formed with headquarters at Worcester. The war record of the 328th Infantry was assigned to the 181st Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0024-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent service and the Global War on Terror\nIn September 2003 the 1-181st Infantry Regiment deployed to Cuba in support of Joint Task Force Guantanamo. The unit was stationed at Camp America located on the United States Naval Station, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The battalion's mission was to conduct security and presence patrols in and around Camp Delta, the maximum security detention facility housing over 700 high value detainees from the Global War on Terror.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 93], "content_span": [94, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0025-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent service and the Global War on Terror\nSeptember, 2005, 1-181st Infantry mobilized as the lead element of Joint Task Force Yankee for rescue and security operations in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 93], "content_span": [94, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0026-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent service and the Global War on Terror\nOn 1 December 2005, the 1st Battalion, 104th Infantry was deactivated and the remaining units were consolidated with the 1st Battalion, 181st Infantry Regiment. Prior to the deactivation of the 104th, they were mobilized in support of Operation Noble Eagle II at various locations throughout the Northeast (Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, Fort Monmouth New Jersey, Tobyhanna Army Depot Pennsylvania, and Westover Air Reserve Base Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 93], "content_span": [94, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0027-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent service and the Global War on Terror\nIn 2007, elements of the 1-181 Infantry were mobilized for one year duty at the various locations in Iraq. Companies served as a rear area operations center, as well as providing security for facilities and personal protection for designated individuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 93], "content_span": [94, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0028-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent service and the Global War on Terror\nThe 1-181st Infantry mobilized on 31 July 2010 for a year service at various sites throughout Afghanistan, providing security to Provincial Reconstruction Teams and bases throughout Kabul, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Afghanistan. Campaign credit for Afghanistan Consolidation III (2010\u201311) and Transition I (2011)The 1st Battalion, 181st Infantry was awarded the Army Meritorious Unit Commendation for distinctly meritorious performance in counterinsurgency, support and combat operations in Afghanistan from October 2010 to July 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 93], "content_span": [94, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020782-0029-0000", "contents": "181st Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Recent service and the Global War on Terror\nMobilized in March 2017 for one year of service as the U.S. Battalion (USBATT) in the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) on the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. The MFO is an international peacekeeping force overseeing the terms of the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 93], "content_span": [94, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing\nThe 181st Intelligence Wing (181 IW) is a unit of the Indiana Air National Guard, stationed at Terre Haute Air National Guard Base, Indiana. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing\nThe Wing's 113th Air Support Operations Squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 113th Aero Squadron, established on 26 August 1917. It was reformed on 1 August 1921, as the 113th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, Overview\nThe 181st Intelligence Wing is one of three Air National Guard Wings that work with the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency; being equipped with the AN/GSQ-272 Sentinel Distributed Common Ground System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, Overview\nIntelligence Analysts of the 181st Intelligence Wing monitor data from manned and unmanned assets throughout the world producing actionable intelligence in support of worldwide contingency operation and senior government officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0004-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History\nOn 1 October 1962, the Indiana Air National Guard 113th Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 181st Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 113th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 181st Headquarters, 181st Material Squadron (Maintenance), 181st Combat Support Squadron, and the 181st USAF Dispensary. The 113th TFS was temporarily equipped with RF-84F Thunderstreaks photo-reconnaissance aircraft to allow its pilots to maintain proficiency. In 1964, the squadron received F-84F Thunderstreak tactical fighter-bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0005-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nRe -equipped with F-84Fs, in 1965, the 181st TFG deployed to Hickam AFB, Hawaii for Tropic Lighting I, an exercise designed to assist in the training of Army ground units prior to their deployment to South Vietnam. This deployment required two over-water air refuelings in either direction. In addition, the 113th deployed to Vincent AFB, Arizona for extensive gunnery, rocketry and special weapons delivery training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0006-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nThe F-84F remained with the 181st until December 1971, when they were retired to AMARC and replaced by North American F-100C/D Super Sabres following their withdrawal from the Vietnam War. The F-100 remained with the squadron until 1979 and participated in numerous deployments and exercises. In April 1976, the squadron deployed to RAF Lakenheath, England as part of Cornet Prize, and was awarded an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period October 1975 to May 1976. The unit had the honor to fly the last active United States Military F-100 mission when it flew F-100D 56-2979 to MASDC (now AMARC), Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona, in November 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0007-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nIn the summer of 1979 the unit had begun conversion to the F-4C Phantom II (actual aircraft were Vietnam War EF-4C Wild Weasel aircraft which had been de-modified). By 1 April 1988 the unit had completed its conversion to more the advanced F-4E version of the Phantom II. However, the squadron was not assigned the specialized Wild Weasel mission, and it operated its F-4Cs in the conventional strike role. With the receipt of the Phantoms in 1979, the 113th began using Tactical Air Command Tail Code \"HF\" on their aircraft (Hulman Field).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0007-0001", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nThe 113th initially operated the F-4Cs in a  tactical role. In addition, they served in the air defense role as part of the Air National Guard taking over the mission of the inactivated Aerospace Defense Command for continental air defense. In the air defense role, the squadron operated under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), a named unit that operated at the numbered air force level of TAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0008-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nBeginning in April 1991 the unit started its conversion to ex USAFE 50th Tactical Fighter Wing Block 25 F-16C/Ds (the last Phantoms left in October 1991) and completed this on 1 July 1992 when the last F-16 left Hahn Air Base prior to its closure. With the changeover to the F-16, the squadron changed its Tail Code to \"TH\" (Terre Haute).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0009-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn 1992, the unit designation changed to 113th Fighter Squadron, 181st Fighter Group (15 March 1992) and in June its gaining command changed from Tactical Air Command to Air Combat Command (1 June 1992). On 1 October 1995 the 181st Fighter Group was changed in status to a Wing, this being part of the Air Force's One-Base, One-Wing requirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0010-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0011-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nSince equipping with F-16s the Racers (The 113th's nickname coming from the proximity of Terre Haute to the Indianapolis 500 racetrack) have participated in a humanitarian deployment to Romania, provided security for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games and have deployed in support of Operation Southern Watch (operating from Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait) and Operation Northern Watch (from Incirlik Air Base, Turkey). Additionally, the Unit received exceptional ratings on a number of higher headquarters evaluations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0012-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nThe 113th swapped their Block 25 F-16C/Ds for Block 30s in July/August 1995 and flew those aircraft until 2008. The unit's \"vipers\" were equipped with the LITENING targeting pod, a precision targeting pod system designed for Air Force Reserve's and Air National Guard's F-16 Block 25/30/32 Fighting Falcons. This precision targeting system significantly increases the combat effectiveness of the F-16 during day, night and under-the-weather conditions in the attack of ground targets with a variety of standoff weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0013-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 11 September 2001, the 181st Fighter Wing wasted no time in joining the War on Terrorism as it responded after the attack on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon in less than four hours to the task of flying Combat Air Patrols over the Midwest as part of Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0014-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 181st Fighter Wing drastically increased its operations tempo during the early 2000s to guard America's skies and protect freedom. The 181st deployed members and equipment to 19 countries to simultaneously support seven different military operations, including: Operation Southern Watch, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Joint Forge, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Deep Freeze, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0015-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Air Support Operations\nIn 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure commission mandated the end of the flying era for the 181st. On 8 September 2007, the 181st Fighter Wing flew their last training mission out of Hulman Field International Airport. The Block 30 F-16 aircraft were reassigned to the 177th Fighter Wing, New Jersey Air National Guard at Atlantic City Air National Guard Base in September 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0016-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Air Support Operations\nA realignment was directed with two new Air Force missions: a Distributive Ground Station (DGS) and an Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS). On 3 May 2008 the 181st Fighter Wing was re-designated as the 181st Intelligence Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0017-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Air Support Operations\nThe DGS is an intelligence based mission, monitoring near real time video feed from Predators, Global Hawks and other unmanned aerial vehicles hovering the skies over any military area of operation. The servicemembers will process, exploit, and disseminate the video feed, providing actionable intelligence to the ground commanders and war-fighting forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020783-0018-0000", "contents": "181st Intelligence Wing, History, Air Support Operations\nThe ASOS will bring unity to joint forces fighting in the Global War on Terrorism. Their mission is to advise the ground commanders on the best way to utilize U.S. and NATO assets for close air support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020784-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Mixed Brigade\nThe 181st Mixed Brigade (Spanish: 181.\u00aa Brigada Mixta), was a mixed brigade of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020784-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Mixed Brigade\nData are lacking regarding the names of the commanders of this unit, but the names of some soldiers are known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020784-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Mixed Brigade, History, Northern Army unit\nA 181st Mixed Brigade had been planned by the Spanish Republican Army Chief of Staff formed by battalions belonging to the Infanter\u00eda de Marina Corps. It would have been placed under the 56th Division of the IX Army Corps of the Northern Army (Ej\u00e9rcito del Norte), but the Republic was defeated by the rebel faction in the War in the North and the projected unit could not be established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020784-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit\nOn 30 April 1938 a new unit named '181st Mixed Brigade' was established in Andalusia. It was placed under the 54th Division of the IX Army Corps of the Andalusian Army (Ej\u00e9rcito de Andaluc\u00eda) and had four battalions, the 721, 722, 723 and 724.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020784-0004-0000", "contents": "181st Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit\nOn 12 June 1938, in the face of the dire situation at the Levantine Front owing to the Levante Offensive the whole 54th Division was made part of the XIII Army Corps of the Levantine Army (Ej\u00e9rcito de Levante) and moved towards Castell\u00f3n. The 181st Mixed Brigade arrived to the front line on 21 July \u2014although other sources claim that it took part in the 20 July combats, and after a few days the Levante Offensive drew to a close.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020784-0005-0000", "contents": "181st Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit\nThis unit then withdrew to the XYZ Line seeking the protection it afforded and stayed in that inactive front stretch until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0000-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature\nThe 181st New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 8, 1975, to August 5, 1976, during the first and second years of Hugh Carey's governorship in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0001-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Background\nThe U.S. Department of Justice found fault with the congressional, senatorial and Assembly districts in Manhattan and Brooklyn under the apportionment of 1971, and ordered a revision to safeguard the rights of minorities. The Legislature enacted an amendment to the 1971 apportionment, remapping the legislative districts in Manhattan and Brooklyn, during a special session on May 29 and 30, 1974. On July 1, the U.S. Department of Justice accepted the revised districts as passed by the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0002-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Background\nThus, under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938 and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1971, and amended in 1974, by the Legislature, 60 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned without restrictions regarding county boundaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0003-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, the Courage Party, the Free Libertarian Party, the Socialist Workers Party, the Communist Party, the Socialist Labor Party and the Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0004-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1974, was held on November 5. Congressman Hugh Carey and State Senator Mary Anne Krupsak were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor, both Democrats. Carey defeated the incumbent Governor Malcolm Wilson. The elections to the other five statewide elective offices resulted in a Republican Attorney General with Liberal endorsement; a Democratic State Comptroller with Liberal endorsement; a Republican U.S. Senator with Liberal endorsement; and two Democratic judges of the Court of Appeals, one of them with Liberal endorsement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0004-0001", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats/Liberals 3,029,000; Republicans/Conservatives 2,220,000; Courage 12,500; Free Libertarians 10,500; Socialist Workers 9,000; Communists 5,000; Socialist Labor 4,500; and Labor 3,000. Gathering from the results for the other offices, the strength of the Liberals was about 400,000 votes, and the Conservatives about 250,000. However, Conservative Barbara A. Keating polled more than 800,000 votes for U.S. Senator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0005-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Elections\nOf the seven women members of the previous legislature, State Senator Mary Anne Krupsak (Dem. ), a lawyer of Amsterdam, was elected Lieutenant Governor of New York, and became ex officio President of the State Senate; and five of the other six\u2014State Senators Karen Burstein, a lawyer of Lawrence, and Carol Bellamy, a lawyer of Brooklyn; and Assemblywomen Elizabeth Connelly (Dem. ), of Staten Island; Estella B. Diggs, of the Bronx; and Rosemary R. Gunning (Cons. ), a lawyer of Ridgewood, Queens\u2014were re-elected. Linda Winikow, of Spring Valley, was also elected to the State Senate. Jean Amatucci (Dem. ), a registered nurse of White Lake; Mary B. Goodhue (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Kisco; and Marie M. Runyon (Dem. ), of Manhattan, were also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0006-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1975, was held on November 4. No statewide elective offices were up for election. One vacancy was filled in the Legislature: Jeannette Gadson, of Brooklyn, was elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0007-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Elections\nOn February 10, 1976, Gerdi E. Lipschutz (Dem. ), of Queens, was elected to fill a vacancy in the Assembly, making her the eleventh woman member of the Legislature of 1976, surpassing the previous record of eight in the 166th New York State Legislature (1947\u20131948).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0008-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 198th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1975; and adjourned sine die in the morning of July 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0009-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWarren M. Anderson (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0010-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany on September 4, 1975; and adjourned sine die in the early morning of September 9. This session was called to take measures concerning the financial crisis of New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0011-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for another special session at the State Capitol in Albany on November 13, 1975. On November 25, a help package worth $200 million was enacted to avert the financial breakdown of New York City. They adjourned sine die on December 20, after enacting an increase of $600 million in state taxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0012-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 199th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1976; and adjourned sine die in the morning of June 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0013-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for yet another special session at the State Capitol in Albany on August 4, 1976; and adjourned sine die on the next day. This session was called to consider Governor Carey's proposed court reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0014-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Franz S. Leichter changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of the session. Assemblyman Anthony V. Gazzara was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0015-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0016-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020785-0017-0000", "contents": "181st New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020786-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 181st Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 181st Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 181st OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020786-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 181st Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in for one year service on October 10, 1864, under the command of Colonel John O'Dowd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020786-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Northern Alabama October 1864. 1st Brigade, Defenses Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio and Department of North Carolina, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020786-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 181st Ohio Infantry mustered out of service July 29, 1865, at Salisbury, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020786-0004-0000", "contents": "181st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Huntsville, Ala., October 24. Duty at Huntsville and Decatur, Ala., until November 1864. Moved to Murfreesboro, Tenn., November 30. Siege of Murfreesboro December 5\u201312. Wilkinson's Pike, near Murfreesboro, December 7 and December 13\u201314. Duty at Murfreesboro until December 24. Moved to Columbia, Tenn., December 24. Movement to Washington, D.C., then to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 15 to February 9, 1865. Operations against Hoke February 11\u201314. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh, Greensboro and Salisbury until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020786-0005-0000", "contents": "181st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 33 men during service; 5 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 27 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020787-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Rifle Division\nThe 181st Rifle Division was a division of the Red Army, active from 1940 to at least 1945, formed from the remnants of the Latvian Army after the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020787-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Rifle Division, First Formation\nIt was formed in August\u2013September 1940, after the forced annexation of Latvia to the USSR, based on the Kurzeme and Vidzeme Divisions of the Latvian Army. The division wore the old uniforms of the Latvian Army with Soviet insignia and were also equipped with weaponry of the former army, which made them stand out from other units of the Red Army. It became part of the 24th Rifle Corps. It was stationed in Riga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020787-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Rifle Division, First Formation\nIt was part of the 'operational army' during World War II from 22 June 1941 to 16 October 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020787-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Rifle Division, First Formation\nOn June 22, 1941, it was stationed at summer camps in the Gulbene area in an abbreviated format. Here until July 29, the division was expanded to full wartime strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020787-0004-0000", "contents": "181st Rifle Division, First Formation\nFrom the beginning of the war desertion of Latvians began, and from June 29, 1941, according to some sources, they began their demobilization. More precisely, Latvians were simply released from house to house, previously disarmed - all more than 2,000 people (mostly from old time required). The division was completed with personnel of the interior regions of the USSR. The main body (about 30% of the total force) came from the central and southern areas of the current Pskov Oblast. However, the core personnel were Latvian. The combat training level of the Latvian Riflemen was quite high - many of them received awards and honors from the commanders in the war, including for their period of stay in the 181st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020787-0005-0000", "contents": "181st Rifle Division, First Formation\nThe division was wiped out at Staraya Russa in September 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020787-0006-0000", "contents": "181st Rifle Division, First Formation\nThe division was formally disbanded after defeats during Operation Barbarossa on 16 October 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020787-0007-0000", "contents": "181st Rifle Division, Second Formation\nIt was briefly recreated at Stalingrad, wiped out at Kalach in August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020787-0008-0000", "contents": "181st Rifle Division, Third Formation\nCreated again at Chelyabinsk from the 10th Rifle Division NKVD in February 1943, fought at Demyansk, Korosten, and in Poland and Germany. Later the division was assigned to the 6th Army of the 1st Ukrainian Front in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)\n181st Street (also known as 181st Street\u2013Fort Washington Avenue) is a station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. It is located beneath Fort Washington Avenue in the Hudson Heights section of the Washington Heights neighborhood, between 181st and 184th Streets. The station is served by the A train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)\nThe 181st Street station opened in 1932 and has two tracks and two side platforms. It is located near Bennett Park, the highest natural point in Manhattan. The station has two exits to Fort Washington Avenue: one at 181st Street and another across from Bennett Park. A third entrance is at 184th Street and Overlook Terrace at the bottom of the hill; elevators connect the Bennett Park and Overlook Terrace entrances. The station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History\nThe New York City Board of Transportation began constructing a station at 181st Street in 1928 as part of a subway expansion. Squire J. Vickers, the chief architect of the Dual System, helped design the 181st Street station. He was responsible for most stations on the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND), and, being a painter, he did tile work for the station. Robert Ridgway was hired as the chief engineer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History\nThe station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the IND's initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. Construction of the whole line cost $191.2 million. Service at this station was provided with express service from its onset. While the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line already provided service to Washington Heights, the new subway via Fort Washington Avenue made subway service more readily accessible. Soon after the station opened, a bus route running over the George Washington Bridge began connecting this station to Fort Lee, New Jersey, for a fare of five cents. The construction of the station spurred development in the surrounding area. Its opening resulted in the development of residential apartment buildings around the station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0004-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History\nIn December 1950, the New York City Board of Transportation issued a report concerning the construction of bomb shelters in the subway system in the midst of the Cold War. Five deep stations in Washington Heights, including the 181st Street station, were considered to be ideal for being used as bomb-proof shelters. The program was expected to cost $104 million. These shelters were expected to provide limited protection against conventional bombs, while providing protection against shock waves and air blast, as well as from the heat and radiation from an atomic bomb. To become suitable as shelters, the stations would require water-supply facilities, first-aid rooms, and additional bathrooms. However, the program, which required federal funding, was never completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0005-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History\nThe 181st Street station is mostly unchanged from its original design, although it has deteriorated over time, with some water damage. On March 30, 2005, the 181st Street station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The station was considered historically and architecturally significant as an early IND station that retained many of its original features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0006-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History, Elevator modifications\nFrom 1932 until 1957, pedestrians had to pay a fare to use the elevators. Though the elevators were intended for subway riders, local residents paid the subway fare to avoid climbing about eight stories up Fort Washington Hill. On September 5, 1957, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) began allowing free public access to the elevators at the 181st and 190th Street stations. Bills were proposed in the New York State Legislature to put the elevators out of fare control, but these failed in committee. The NYCTA agreed once Joseph Zaretzki, the local State Senator, requested the change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0007-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History, Elevator modifications\nDuring the 1970s, the NYCTA attempted to eliminate the elevator attendants at this station once the elevators become automatic, but was not able to do so as a state law was passed by the urging of local politicians that required them to stay on the job. For four months during 1999, the station was closed while repairs were made to the elevators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0008-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History, Elevator modifications\nIn July 2003, to reduce costs, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) announced that as part of its 2004 budget it would eliminate 22 elevator operator positions at this station and four others in Washington Heights, leaving one full-time operator per station. The agency had intended removing all the attendants at these stops, but kept one in each station after many riders protested. The change took effect on January 20, 2004 and saved $1.2\u00a0million a year. In November 2007, the MTA proposed savings cuts to help reduce the agency's deficit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0008-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History, Elevator modifications\nAs part of the plan, all elevator operators at 168th Street, along with those in four other stations in Washington Heights, would have been cut. MTA employees had joined riders in worrying about an increase in crime as a result of the cuts after an elevator operator at 181st Street on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line helped save a stabbed passenger. The move was intended to save $1.7 million a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0008-0002", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History, Elevator modifications\nHowever, on December 7, 2007, the MTA announced that it would not remove the remaining elevator operators at these stations, due to pushback from elected officials and residents from the area. In October 2018, the MTA once again proposed removing the elevator operators at the five stations, but this was reversed after dissent from the Transport Workers' Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0009-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History, Elevator modifications\nThe elevator attendants serve as a way to reassure passengers as the elevators are the only entrance to the platforms, and passengers often wait for the elevators with an attendant. The attendants at the five stations are primarily maintenance and cleaning workers who suffered injuries that made it hard for them to continue doing their original jobs. Riders of the 181st Street station have connected with the station's elevator attendants. For instance, in 2000, one elevator attendant put up images of popular jazz musicians while playing jazz music. The MTA ordered the posters removed, but 300 residents protested their removal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0009-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History, Elevator modifications\nThe elevator attendants have been known to attempt to cheer up commuters by playing music. A 2003 New York Times article stated that one operator played calypso music and merengue music from a portable CD player, and that \"on occasion a dour-faced occupant will execute a brief tap or samba step on the way out\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0010-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History, Elevator modifications\nThe station's elevators closed for replacement on August 3, 2019, and reopened almost exactly a year later on August 2, 2020. The elevators that were replaced had been in service since the early 1930s, while the new elevators contained wider doors to allow for faster passenger entry and exit. During the replacement, the station remained open via the exits to 181st Street and Overlook Terrace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0011-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History, Elevator modifications\nAs part of the MTA's 2020\u20132024 Capital Program, the 181st Street station was selected to receive elevators as part of a process to expand the New York City Subway system's accessibility. As of February 2021, funding had been committed to accessibility renovations at the 181st Street station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0012-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis underground station has two tracks and two side platforms. The station's platforms are 660 feet (200\u00a0m) long, a typical length of station platforms built by the Independent Subway System, and the vault containing the station is 50 feet (15\u00a0m) wide. The platform level contains a single barrel-vaulted ceiling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0013-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe outer walls of the platform level consist of tiled alcoves, slightly recessed within concrete arches. The station's tiles are colored maroon to help riders identify their station more easily, part of a color-coded tile system for the entire Independent Subway System. Small maroon, black, and white mosaics with the number \"181\" are located within some of the alcoves. Within the alcoves that do not contain the \"181\" mosaic, there are black tiles with white numerals reading \"181\". The uptown platform has black-and-white signs for Yeshiva University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0014-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nA pedestrian concourse is located above the platforms along the station's entire length, supported from the cemented barrel-vaulted ceiling by steel \"Y\"-shaped struts. This concourse connects the two mezzanines at the north and south ends of the station and has four steel-and-concrete stairs to each platform. There are metal railings along the concourse, from which the platforms can be seen. The southern mezzanine has a station agent booth and storage rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0015-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Entrances and exits\nThe 181st Street station has three entrances. Two of them are located at the top of a hill along Fort Washington Avenue: one between West 183rd and 185th Streets, across from Bennett Park, and the other at 181st Street. The third, at Overlook Avenue and 184th Street, is located at the bottom of a hill. The entrances at the 181st Street station were designed so as to not be sidewalk obstructions like those constructed by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn\u2013Manhattan Transit Corporation, the two other subway operators in the city. To accomplish this goal, the entrance at Overlook Terrace was placed on city-owned property near the station, and the entrance at Fort Washington Avenue between 183rd and 185th Streets was placed in a building. The entrances at Fort Washington Avenue at 181st Street could not be erected within buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 82], "content_span": [83, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0016-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Entrances and exits\nThe entrance at Overlook Terrace leads to a 240-foot (73\u00a0m) passageway to the northern mezzanine. This entrance is accessed from a single-story head house with a stepped roof and a facade of stone and ashlar. This headhouse contains two arches surrounded by interlacing diamond motifs; there are wooden doors within each arch. A backlit, Art Deco \"Subway\" sign is located above and in between the archways, atop a stone pedestal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 82], "content_span": [83, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0017-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Entrances and exits\nThe entrance on Fort Washington Avenue between 183rd and 185th Streets leads to three elevators that descend 100 feet (30\u00a0m) to mezzanine level. It is entered from a single-story stone vestibule with an arch surrounded by an interlacing diamond motif. There is a backlit Art Deco \"Subway\" sign above this arch, as well as four wooden doors recessed within the entrance vestibule. The vestibule leads to a slightly recessed masonry structure that rises two stories above the height of Fort Washington Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 82], "content_span": [83, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0017-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Entrances and exits\nThe masonry structure forms the top of a seven-story mechanical structure with an emergency staircase, the three elevators, and the station's ventilation system. The station is currently not ADA accessible as there are no elevators leading from the fare control area to the platforms. However, unlike at 190th Street, patrons with wheelchairs are able to traverse from this entrance to the passageway out to Overlook Terrace, as the elevators provide direct access to both the mezzanine and street level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 82], "content_span": [83, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0018-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Entrances and exits\nThe entrance at Fort Washington Avenue and 181st Street consists of four stairs, two to each southern corner of the intersection. These stairs lead to a small landing immediately below the intersection, which in turn leads to the escalators that descend to the southern mezzanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 82], "content_span": [83, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0019-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Elevators\nThe highest natural point on Manhattan Island is in Bennett Park, adjacent to the station exit on Fort Washington Avenue between West 183rd and 185th Streets (along the axis of where West 184th Street would be located). Because of the station's depth, long escalators lead to 181st Street at the south end, and elevators at the north end of the station carry passengers to the Bennett Park exit. The elevators were formerly only open during the daytime and required the payment of a fare to use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0019-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Elevators\nSince 1957, the elevators have not required the payment of a fare, so pedestrians traveling between Overlook Terrace and Fort Washington Avenue are allowed to use the elevators for free. There are also free elevators for pedestrians at 190th Street, the next station uptown, as well as at 191st Street on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0020-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Elevators\nThe elevators at the 181st Street station are not ADA-accessible as of 2019. In December 2019, the MTA announced that this station would become ADA-accessible as part of the agency's 2020\u20132024 Capital Program. There is a staircase available in case of an emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0021-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Bus service\nThe station and the nearby George Washington Bridge Bus Station are served by ten local MTA Regional Bus Operations routes and various interstate bus routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0022-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), In popular culture\nThe station is mentioned in the title song of the Broadway musical In the Heights by Lin-Manuel Miranda, where Usnavi says to take the A train \"even farther than Harlem to Northern Manhattan and maintain, get off at 181st and take the escalator. I hope you're writing this down I'm gonna test ya later\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020788-0023-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), In popular culture\nOn September 13, 1980, aspiring pianist Eric Kaminsky was robbed and stabbed to death in the station. His murder became the basis for his mother's book The Victim's Song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line)\n181st Street is a temporarily closed station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of St. Nicholas Avenue and 181st Street in Washington Heights, Manhattan, it is typically served by the 1 train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line)\nBuilt by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), the station opened on May 30, 1906, as part of the first subway, although the line had opened two months earlier and trains were skipping the station. Due to the station's depth, the tunnel was blasted through the hillside; during the station's construction, a 300-ton boulder had killed 10 miners. The station's platforms were lengthened in 1948. The station is closed from December 2020 to December 2021 for elevator replacement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line)\nThe 181st Street station contains two side platforms and two tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations as well as a ceiling vault. The platforms contain exits to 181st Street and Broadway; the only access to and from the station is via a set of four elevators, though the station is not compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening, Construction\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 104], "content_span": [105, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0004-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening, Construction\nThe Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 104], "content_span": [105, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0005-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening, Construction\nThe 181st Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line) from 133rd Street to a point 100 feet (30\u00a0m) north of 182nd Street. Work on this section was conducted by L. B. McCabe & Brother, who started building the tunnel segment on May 14, 1900. The 168th Street, 181st Street, and 191st Street stations were built as part of the Washington Heights Mine Tunnel (also known as the Fort George Tunnel), which stretches for over 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 104], "content_span": [105, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0005-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening, Construction\nThe tunnel was dug through the hard rock under Washington Heights, with work proceeding from either end as well as from construction shafts. Construction shafts were excavated at 168th and 181st Streets, and elevators were installed inside these construction shafts after the tunnel was completed. The tunnel was mined in the early morning to minimize disruption. Much of the rock was crushed for concrete, including the concrete floor. The rails and arched roof were laid using travelers that proceeded the length of the tunnel. During construction, on October 24, 1903, a 300-ton boulder weakened by an explosive gave way, killing 10 miners (six instantly) and injuring eight more. The dead miners consisted of nine Italian immigrants (including the foreman) as well as an electrician from Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 104], "content_span": [105, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0006-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening, Opening\nThe original New York City Subway line from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch opened in 1904, with the line being extended to 157th Street that year. The West Side Branch was extended northward from 157th Street to a temporary terminus at 221st Street, near the Harlem River Ship Canal, on March 12, 1906, with the station at 181st Street not yet open. The 181st Street station opened on May 30, 1906, when express trains began running through to 221st Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 99], "content_span": [100, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0006-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening, Opening\nOn the following day, new feeder streetcar lines operated by the Interborough Railway Company began running from the Bronx, over the Washington Bridge, and along 181st Street, to the station to provide transfers with the subway at the new station. These routes ran along Aqueduct Avenue, Fordham Road, 189th Street, Southern Boulevard, and 180th Street in the Bronx, connecting the West Bronx with the new subway line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 99], "content_span": [100, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0007-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening, Opening\nThe opening of the first subway line, and particularly the 181st Street station, in conjunction with the streetcar routes over the Washington Bridge, helped contribute to a development boom in the direct vicinity of the station and the development of Washington Heights. Within five years, five- and six-story apartment buildings occupied most of the area around the station. The opening of the subway transformed the sparsely populated area into a growing neighborhood with apartment buildings and thriving business district along 181st Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 99], "content_span": [100, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0008-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening, Opening\nAfter the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 99], "content_span": [100, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0009-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening, Opening\nDue to the draftiness of the 181st Street and 168th Street stations, many women's petticoats would fly about. In February 1908, engineers at the New York Public Service Commission (PSC) were almost done devising a solution to the problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 99], "content_span": [100, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0010-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1910s to 1930s\nThe station was originally built with two elevators on the southern end of the uptown platform. In fiscal year 1909, work was done to increase the carrying load of the elevators. On June 25, 1909, the New York City Board of Estimate approved an appropriation of $160,000 for the installation of four additional elevators on the northern end of the uptown platform. These elevators measured 8.75 by 11.5 feet (2.67 by 3.51\u00a0m) each and could carry up to 8,000 pounds (3,628.7\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0010-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1910s to 1930s\nIn June 1910, work on the additional elevators was about 50 percent complete and was on track to be completed by March 1, 1911, although some of the elevators were to be placed in service before then. Work to install the elevators was nearly complete in 1911, and the final finishes were installed by January and February 1912. On February 3, 1913, the PSC was informed that the IRT had let a contract to construct an additional elevator at the station, which would be completed in April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0010-0002", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1910s to 1930s\nThe elevator would supplement the four elevators already in service at the station and would make use of the space provided in the elevator shaft for two additional elevators. The PSC had ordered that the IRT install two additional elevators in the station a few months prior. On May 19, 1915, residents of Washington Heights requested that the PSC install additional elevators at the 181st Street and 168th Street stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0011-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1910s to 1930s\nTo address overcrowding, in 1909, the PSC proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,888,000 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0011-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1910s to 1930s\nThe northbound platform at the 181st Street station was extended 176 feet (54\u00a0m) to the north; timbering was used to support the arched ceiling during the extension work, thereby allowing it to retain structural integrity. The southbound platform was not lengthened. On January 24, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0012-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1910s to 1930s\nIn 1918, the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. The original West Side Line thus became part of the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0013-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1910s to 1930s\nOn March 10, 1925, members of a committee of the Cheskchamay Democratic Club of the 23rd Assembly District requested that the New York City Board of Transportation (NYCBOT) construct additional elevators at 180th Street and 182nd Street on the west side of St. Nicholas Avenue to reduce congestion at the station's six elevators. Transit Commissioner John O'Ryan said he would look into the issue and said that having the four north elevators run to the northbound platform instead of running only to the mezzanine level as a short-term measure could help address some of the congestion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0014-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1940s to 1990s\nPlatforms at IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line stations between 103rd Street and 238th Street, including those at 181st Street, were lengthened to 514 feet (157\u00a0m) between 1946 and 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at 181st Street and eight other stations on the line was awarded to Spencer, White & Prentis Inc. in October 1946. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension at 181st Street opened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0014-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1940s to 1990s\nSimultaneously, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1. In 1959, all 1 trains became local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0015-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1940s to 1990s\nOn December 28, 1950, the NYCBOT issued a report concerning the construction of bomb shelters in the subway system. Five deep stations in Washington Heights, including the 181st Street station, were considered to be ideal for being used as bomb-proof shelters. The program was expected to cost $104 million (equivalent to $1,118.7 million in 2020). These shelters were expected to provide limited protection against conventional bombs while protecting against shock waves and air blast, as well as from the heat and radiation from an atomic bomb. To become suitable as shelters, the stations would require water-supply facilities, first-aid rooms, and additional bathrooms. However, the program, which required federal funding, was never completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0016-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1940s to 1990s\nOn July 28, 1959, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) released an invitation to contractors to bid on a project to remove a entrance kiosk at street level and replace it with an underpass under 181st Street to the street's northern building line. Work on the project was to be completed within eight months of the letting of the contract. Additionally, in Fiscal Year 1959, two elevators in the station were replaced with automatic ones that could travel at higher speeds. In Fiscal Year 1961, the installation of fluorescent lighting at the station was completed. In 1963, one of the elevators at the station was replaced, while work replacing two more was underway. In June 1964, it was expected that the replacement of another elevator would be completed in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0017-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1940s to 1990s\nThe mezzanine to the southern elevators was closed in 1981. The station was closed for the installation of new elevators in the late 1990s and reopened on November 22, 1999, upon the completion of the installation. The entrance at the southeast corner of 181st Street and St. Nicholas Avenue was to remain closed until early 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0018-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 1940s to 1990s\nIn April 1988, the NYCTA unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of a skip-stop service: the 9 train. When skip-stop service started in 1989, it was only implemented north of 137th Street\u2013City College on weekdays, and 181st Street was served by both the 1 and the 9. Skip-stop service ended on May 27, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 121], "content_span": [122, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0019-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nIn July 2003, to reduce costs, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) announced that as part of its 2004 budget it would eliminate 22 elevator operator positions at this station and four others in Washington Heights, leaving one full-time operator per station. The agency had intended removing all the attendants at these stops, but kept one in each station after many riders protested. The change took effect on January 20, 2004 and saved $1.2\u00a0million a year. In November 2007, the MTA proposed savings cuts to help reduce the agency's deficit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0019-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nAs part of the plan, all elevator operators at 181st Street, along with those in four other stations in Washington Heights, would have been cut. MTA employees had joined riders in worrying about an increase in crime as a result of the cuts after an elevator operator at 181st Street helped save a stabbed passenger. The move was intended to save $1.7 million a year. However, on December 7, 2007, the MTA announced that it would not remove the remaining elevator operators at these stations, due to pushback from elected officials and residents from the area. In October 2018, the MTA once again proposed removing the elevator operators at the five stations, but this was reversed after dissent from the Transport Workers' Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0020-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nThe elevator attendants serve as a way to reassure passengers as the elevators are the only entrance to the platforms, and passengers often wait for the elevators with an attendant. The attendants at the five stations are primarily maintenance and cleaning workers who suffered injuries that made it hard for them to continue doing their original jobs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0021-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nThe station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. There was a partial ceiling collapse at the station in 2007. After that collapse, protective scaffolding was erected, and officials devised a master plan for ceiling repairs. However, funds for the ceiling repairs were not approved by the New York State Legislature until August 14, 2009. Two days later, on August 16 at around 10:30\u00a0pm, a 25-foot section of the bricks collapsed onto both tracks and platforms. Nobody was injured in the incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0021-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nThis caused suspension of 1 service between 168th Street and Dyckman Street stations in both directions for eight days with free shuttle buses providing replacement. End-to-end service on the 1 was restored on August 24, and the 181st Street station reopened one week later. An internal MTA audit found that the ceiling had been allowed to decay for a decade prior to the collapse. A $30 million repair of the 168th and 181st Street stations was to start in early 2012, but was delayed by several months due to scheduling conflicts. The renovation, which started in late 2012, was scheduled to take two and a half years. The project received the 2018 Design Award of Excellence from the Society of American Registered Architects' New York chapter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0022-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nThis station is closed from December 5, 2020, to December 2021 for elevator repair, accelerated from the original date of March 2021 to February 2022. It is unclear whether the elevator operators will keep their jobs after the elevators' replacement. As part of the reconstruction, the elevators are also being extended to directly serve the northbound platform. During construction, the frequency of M3 bus service between 191st and 168th Streets was increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0023-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe 181st Street station, which has two tracks and two side platforms, is served by the 1 train at all times. The station is a deep-level station 120 feet (37\u00a0m) below the surface. It is one of three in the Fort George Mine Tunnel, along with the 168th Street station to the south and the 191st Street station to the north; the tunnel allows the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line to travel under the high terrain of Washington Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 71], "content_span": [72, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0023-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe 181st Street station is one of three stations in the New York City Subway system that can be accessed solely by elevators. The other two, also located on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, are 168th Street, as well as Clark Street on the 2 and \u200b3 trains in Brooklyn. However, this station is not ADA-accessible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 71], "content_span": [72, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0024-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout\nNear the northern end of the station, there are four elevators adjacent to the northbound platform, which lead from the fare control level to one level above the platforms. On this level, a footbridge connects the side platforms. There is a second footbridge near the center of the station. It leads to a shaft next to the northbound platform, which formerly contained two elevators leading to the fare control area. The footbridge and southern elevator bank were closed in 1981; the shaft is used for ventilation and contains a staircase. There was also a third footbridge in the station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 71], "content_span": [72, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0025-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nMuch of the station is contained within a vault that measures 50 feet (15\u00a0m) wide. The lowest 6 feet (1.8\u00a0m) of the vault walls are wainscoted with rust-colored brick. Atop the brick wainscoting are a belt course made of marble and a multicolored mosaic frieze measuring about 16 inches (410\u00a0mm) thick. The tops of the walls contain tan brick. Tile name tablets are placed above the frieze at regular intervals, with white letters on a dark background surrounded by floral designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0025-0001", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nSome of these plaques consist of a single mosaic tablet with the words \"181st Street\u00a0/ George Washington Bridge\" on two lines of text, in reference to the nearby George Washington Bridge. Others contain a primary plaque with the words \"181st Street\", a secondary plaque with the words \"George Washington Bridge\" beneath it, and a mosaic flower atop the primary plaque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0026-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe top of the vault ceiling is approximately three stories above the platform level. The center of the vault ceiling has six multicolored terracotta medallions at regular intervals; these formerly held lighting fixtures. The medallions contain foliate rings surrounded by egg-and-dart moldings, followed by guilloche moldings. Similar, smaller rosettes are on the side walls of the vault. The modern lighting fixtures are fluorescent tubes on the vault walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0027-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe station's platform extensions have ceilings that are 10 to 12 feet (3.0 to 3.7\u00a0m) above the platform level. At the portals between the original vault and the much lower ceilings of the platform extensions, there is a wide arch over the tracks flanked by narrow arches over each platform. These transitions are clad with tan brick. The arch over the tracks has a volute with a laurel wreath. The walls of the platform extensions have white ceramic tiles with mosaic friezes as well as plaques with the words \"181st Street\u00a0/ George Washington Bridge\". The walls are divided every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m) by multicolored tile pilasters that are 16 inches (410\u00a0mm) wide. Columns near the platform edge, clad with white tile, support the jack-arched concrete station roof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0028-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe northern elevator mezzanine is the only one that is open to the public, as the southern mezzanine was shuttered in 1981 when that elevator bank closed. The walls of the mezzanine and connecting passageways are clad with white ceramic tiles, while the tops of the walls contain multicolored friezes similar to at platform level. The mezzanine and passageway ceilings are made of concrete. The fare control area contains two retail spaces and is clad with ceramic and glazed tile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020789-0029-0000", "contents": "181st Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThere are two exits to this station, one at either eastern corner of St. Nicholas Avenue and 181st Street. The northeast-corner entrance is inside a building and the southeast-corner entrance is on the street. The station serves Yeshiva University and the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 78], "content_span": [79, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020790-0000-0000", "contents": "181st Tunnelling Company\nThe 181st Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020790-0001-0000", "contents": "181st Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020790-0002-0000", "contents": "181st Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020790-0002-0001", "contents": "181st Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020790-0002-0002", "contents": "181st Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020790-0003-0000", "contents": "181st Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020790-0004-0000", "contents": "181st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation\nFormed at Steenwerck in August 1915, and moved into the Rue du Bois sector, where it followed in the footsteps of the 174th Tunnelling Company and was itself relieved by 172nd Tunnelling Company in March 1916. From its formation until the end of the war the company served under Third Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020790-0005-0000", "contents": "181st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy\n181st Tunnelling Company moved south in March 1916 to face Vimy Ridge with Company HQ in Berles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020790-0006-0000", "contents": "181st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Arras\nBy the time of the Battle of Vimy Ridge in spring 1917, the company were in Ronville near Arras, working in the caves and tunnels in that area. Before the Battle of Arras (9 April \u2013 16 May 1917), the British forces controlling Arras had decided to re-use the ancient underground quarries in the town to aid a planned offensive against the Germans, whose trenches ran through what are now the eastern suburbs of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020790-0006-0001", "contents": "181st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Arras\nThe underground quarries were to be linked up by tunnels so that they could be used both as shelters from the incessant German shelling and as a means of conveying troops to the front in secrecy and safety. From October 1916, the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers had been constructing tunnels for the troops, focusing on Carri\u00e8re Wellington, a former underground quarry in Ronville near Arras. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company had carried out a first exploration of the underground quarries in the Ronville and Saint-Sauveur districts of Arras on 5 November 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020790-0006-0002", "contents": "181st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Arras\nWhile the New Zealanders were moving into place, the 184th Tunnelling Company began work on connection tunnels at Saint-Sauveur on 25 November 1916. The scale of this undertaking was enormous: in one sector alone four Tunnelling Companies (of 500 men each) worked around the clock in 18-hour shifts for two months. By the end of January 1917, the Royal Engineers had constructed 20\u00a0kilometres of tunnels linking the ancient underground quarries of Arras. The tunnel system could accommodate 24,000 men and was equipped with running water, electric light, kitchens, latrines, a small power station and a medical centre with a fully equipped operating theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020790-0007-0000", "contents": "181st Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme\n181st Tunnelling Company also saw action at the Somme. Other tunnelling units involved in preparing the Battle of the Somme were the 174th, 178th, 179th, 183rd, 185th and 252nd companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020791-0000-0000", "contents": "182\nYear 182 (CLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sura and Rufus (or, less frequently, year 935 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 182 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020792-0000-0000", "contents": "182 (number)\n182 (one hundred [and] eighty-two) is the natural number following 181 and preceding 183.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020793-0000-0000", "contents": "182 BC\nYear 182 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tamphilus and Macedonicus (or, less frequently, year 572 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 182 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0000-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks\n182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed retail building and residence located at 182 Cumberland Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Walter Liberty Vernon with the assistance of E. L. Drew and built from 1911 to 1912. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0001-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, History\nEarly maps of the area show a rectangular building located at the corner of Cumberland and Essex Streets as early as 1832. Rate books for the Council of the City of Sydney list a two-roomed, stone building with a shingled roof. The building was described as a house in rate books in 1852 but in 1853 was described as a shop with a \"bake house at the back\". The land was transferred to the Surveyor-General on 9 May 1834 and granted on 30 June 1834 to Aaron Byrne and Joseph Moss. On 13 February 1852 the property was sold to Samuel Watson, a grocer of Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0002-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, History\nAt some time after the resumption of the property in 1902 by the NSW Government and prior to the construction of the present building in 1911/1912 the existing stone shop and house was demolished. This most likely occurred just prior to the construction of the present building as confectioner, Anders P Johnson is listed as the occupant of the building in 1907 and also from 1913 to 1918. The existing shop and dwelling at 182 Cumberland Street was designed in 1911 and possibly being completed in 1912. The original working drawings of the proposed scheme located in the Archives Office of NSW were signed by W. L. Vernon, Government Architect on 2 March 1911 and by E. L. Drew, Assistant Architect on 3 March 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0003-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, History\nThe building remained little changed until 1966, when some changes were proposed by the then owner, the Maritime Services Board. Prior to the conservation works undertaken in 1995-96, the building became derelict and was boarded up for some time. The building is now used as a shop and residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0004-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, History\nArchaeology Notes: granted as Lot 1, Section 64 to Aaron Byrne and Joseph Moss, executors of the will of Elizabeth Moss, 6 September 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0005-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Description\nThe two storey building at the corner of Cumberland and Essex Streets has brick parapet walls, with a slate roof behind. The part of the building on the corner is grander, with stepped sandstone lintels above the shop entry and windows and sandstone keystones above the first floor arched windows. The lower part of the building facing Essex Street features an arched brick entry doorway and does not have a parapet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0006-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Description\nStyle: Classic Free Style Edwardian; Facade: Brick; Internal Walls: Plastered brick walls; Roof Cladding: Slate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0007-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nAs at 27 April 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Terraced into hill slope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0008-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 26 June 2002, this shop and residence and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right (see item no. 4500458).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0009-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building is part of the Rocks Conservation Area and, as such, contributes to the overall character and interpretation of the area. It is one of the few remaining corner shops and residences within the area. It is representative of government-designed worker housing from the pre-World War I period. It is an example of the work of a well-known architect Walter Liberty Vernon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0009-0001", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nIt is an excellent example of small-scale Classic Free Style Edwardian architecture and one of the most intact of such buildings in The Rocks (the others being the former morgue in George Street, the facade of the Brooklyn Hotel and the facade of the former Chamber of Commerce building on the corner of George and Grosvenor Streets).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0010-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nHigh Significance Fabric: Brick walls; shop fronts; windows and doors; former shop and former store; former sitting room; WC; ceiling, floor boards and brick wall of enclosed verandah; former three bedrooms; bathroom; linen room; stair hall; former laundry; former entry hall (except door). Medium Significance Fabric: Small flight of stairs to staircase landing (former shop & former store); timber shelves (former laundry); concrete floor, plastered brick walls, ceiling, cornice and window of part of former back porch; new gutters, new downpipe at east elevation. Low Significance Fabric: Copper downpipes; new slate roof and metal roof; WC pan; wall basin (part of former back", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0011-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nShop and Residence was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0012-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0013-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThis shop and residence and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0014-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building is part of the Rocks Conservation Area and, as such, contributes to the overall character and interpretation of the area. It is one of the few remaining corner shops and residences within the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0015-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0016-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nIt is an example of the work of a well-known architect Walter Liberty Vernon. It is an excellent example of small-scale Classic Free Style Edwardian architecture and one of the most intact of such buildings in The Rocks (the others being the former morgue in George Street, the facade of the Brooklyn Hotel and the facade of the former Chamber of Commerce building on the corner of George and Grosvenor Streets).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0017-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nHigh Significance Fabric: Brick walls; shop fronts; windows and doors; former shop and former store; former sitting room; WC (except smashed WC pan); ceiling, floor boards and brick wall of enclosed verandah; former three bedrooms; bathroom; linen room; stair hall; former laundry; former entry hall (except door). Medium Significance Fabric: Small flight of stairs to staircase landing (former shop & former store); timber shelves (former laundry); concrete floor, plastered brick walls, ceiling, cornice and window of part of former back porch; new gutters, new downpipe at east elevation. Low Significance Fabric: Copper downpipes; new slate roof and metal roof; WC pan; wall basin (part of former back).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0018-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0019-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nIt is representative of government-designed worker housing from the pre-World War I period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020794-0020-0000", "contents": "182 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1581 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020795-0000-0000", "contents": "182 Elsa\nElsa (/\u02c8\u025blz\u0259/; minor planet designation: 182 Elsa) is a Massalia or background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 44 kilometers (27 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 7 February 1878, by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Austrian Naval Observatory in today's Croatia. The S-type asteroid has a very long rotation period of 80 hours and likely an elongated shape. The origin of its name is uncertain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020795-0001-0000", "contents": "182 Elsa, Orbit and classification\nElsa is a member of the Massalia family (404), a very large inner belt asteroid family consisting of stony asteroids. In a different HCM-study, however, it has been found to be a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020795-0002-0000", "contents": "182 Elsa, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,371 days; semi-major axis of 2.42\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020795-0003-0000", "contents": "182 Elsa, Naming\nThe origin of this minor planet's name is uncertain. Originally, the asteroid was named \"Elsbeth\" \u2013 the Austrian variant of \"Elisabeth\" \u2013 and only later changed into a more lyrical \"Elsa\" with the consent of the discoverer, Johann Palisa. It may have been named after the character in the legend of Lohengrin perpetuated by Richard Wagner's opera of the same name. It may also refer to the Empress Elisabeth of Austria (1854\u20131898), or to a relative of Admiral Bourgignon, who requested the naming, as he was the military superior of the discoverer at the Naval Observatory at Pola. Finally, the name \"Elsbeth\" just might have been chosen generically as it is one of the most common feminine Christian names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020795-0004-0000", "contents": "182 Elsa, Physical characteristics\nElsa has been characterized as a common, stony S-type asteroid in both the Tholen and SMASS classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020795-0005-0000", "contents": "182 Elsa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe asteroid is a relatively slow rotator. In 1980, its rotation period was estimated to be about 3.3 Earth days. In 2008, a collaborative effort from three different sites under the lead of Frederick Pilcher was used to build a complete lightcurve for the asteroid, which showed a period of 80.088\u00b10.002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30\u00b10.03 in magnitude. A possible companion has been proposed to explain the slow rotation. Other period determinations gave similar results between 80.166 and 80.23 hours with an outlier by the Palomar Transient Factory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 51], "content_span": [52, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020795-0006-0000", "contents": "182 Elsa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nElsa has very amplified lightcurve indicating an elongated or irregular body. It was one of five minor planets included in the 1993 study, Transition Comets -- UV Search for OH Emissions in Asteroids, which was research involving amateur astronomers who were permitted to make use of the Hubble Space Telescope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 51], "content_span": [52, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020795-0007-0000", "contents": "182 Elsa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Elsa measures between 36 and 45.72 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.196 and 0.2106.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020795-0008-0000", "contents": "182 Elsa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nDuring 2002, Elsa was also observed by radar from the Arecibo Observatory. The return signal matched an effective diameter of 44\u00b110\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0000-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks\n182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks are a series of heritage-listed terrace houses located at 182.5-188 Cumberland Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built during 1890 by William John Finneran. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0001-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, History\nIn the area of study the houses on allotment 7, Nos. 169-171 Gloucester Street, were demolished between 1880 and 1882 and the land was still vacant when it was consolidated in a single title with the adjoining land in Cumberland Street in 1898. On the Cumberland Street frontage the houses on allotments 4 & 5, Nos. 184 & 186 Cumberland Street were demolished in 1889. By 1891 all of the area was owned by Herbert Salway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0001-0001", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, History\nWith a trend for the construction of large commercial premises in the area it is possible that Salway hoped to build on a large scale but any such plans were delayed by the depression of the 1890s. By 1898 the whole area was sold to James Channon. A month later Channon subdivided the land and sold that part of it to William John Finnegan, a builder of Rouse Hill. Four new houses had been built on the Cumberland Street frontage by 1900 and two on the Gloucester Street frontage by c.\u20091901-1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0001-0002", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, History\nIt is most likely that Finnegan was the builder of all of these dwellings. Rate assessment books and entries in the Sands Directories suggest that the Cumberland Street terraces were completed and occupied by 1900. The terraces continued to be used as residences to the late 1970s, despite the building of the southern approach to the bridge and the gradual change of buildings in this area to a commercial use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0002-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, History\nThe buildings then were derelict for a number of years and prior to their restoration were occupied by squatters. Work on the terraces to restore them to residential use for leasehold was completed in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0003-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, History\nArchaeological History - Partially covered by grants (all Section 64): Lot 4 to William Long of 22 June 1839; Lot 5 to William Davis of 14 May 1836; Lot 6 Government Land claimed by T. Galbraith; Lot 7 claimed by Thomas Hancy. The Conservation Plan for the site revealed it had been occupied by two dwellings since at least the 1820s, the current terraces being constructed in 1898. Elements from an earlier structure (c.\u20091820s) were identified in the foundations and first floor wall of the terrace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0004-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Description\nThe terraces are typical examples of Victorian Terrace Houses built as an investment. The planning of the four terraces is similar with the basement containing the laundry and an external toilet; the ground floor containing the parlour, dining room and kitchen; the upper floor containing one large bedroom and two smaller bedrooms and a bathroom. Typical elevational details include some fine cast iron balustrade panels (largely intact), evidence of a cast iron frieze and brackets to the upper balcony beam and surviving examples of the cast iron fringe, brackets and frieze drop fixed below the balcony floor beam. Internally, the main rooms have or show evidence of moulded timber surrounds to fireplaces, four-panelled timber doors, decorative ceiling roses but no cornices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0005-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Description\nStyle: Victorian Terrace Houses; Facade: Painted brickwork; Ceilings: Original lath & plaster. Terraced houses including vacant lot. ; Built By: 1820s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0006-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nAs at 27 April 2001, Archaeological Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: A decision had been made with this site that ground disturbance would be minimal and limited to areas already disturbed by services. During conservation works however, part of the rear wall of the terraces collapsed due to an inadequate foundation, requiring urgent underpinning along the length of this wall. Subsequent excavation indicated that the two-storey rear wing was founded on demolition material from the earlier structure, which in some places was up to one metre in depth indicating that the site has a very high archaeological potential. Investigation: Watching Brief", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0007-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Description, Further information\nThe conservation policies should be modified in the light of the conservation work undertaken in 1995-96.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0008-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 1 April 2011, this terrace and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0009-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe terraces have streetscape significance and provide a humanising aspect to this area of The Rocks. The historic significance of the terraces is reasonable, particularly due to their survival through the 1900s and the 1920s. These terraces are amongst the last examples of speculative housing to be constructed in this area. The architectural significance of the terraces is not particularly unique, but nonetheless they are a representative example of a building form common throughout Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0009-0001", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nFew examples of terraces of this type remain in this area, and they provide a valuable record of the variety of nineteenth century housing forms once common in the Rocks and Millers Point. The site is significant as an archaeological resource (both above and below ground) spanning 180 years of residential use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0010-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nTerraces was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0011-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0012-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe site is situated within one of the earliest areas of settlement in Australia. The terraces reflect the original mainly residential use of this area from at least 1802 until the present. The early stone remnants incorporated in the present buildings have considerable historic significance, dating from the 1820s or earlier, and if so, may be amongst the earliest remnants of buildings in The Rocks. The site and its associated buildings were unaffected by the clearance activities initiated by the outbreak of bubonic plague due to their recent construction at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0012-0001", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nIn the 1920s the site and its buildings again survived a major construction project in the area, namely the building of the Harbour Bridge, and stand in dramatic contrast to the ambition and style of the 1920s-1930s as shown in the bridge and its approaches. The Cumberland Street allotments have a minor associational significance with William Davis and William Long and although not occupied by them, reflect the vigorous early 19th century economic life in The Rocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0013-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0014-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe terraces are now an isolated example of the original residential nature of this quarter of The Rocks. The terraces display excellent cast iron and decorative plaster elements to the street frontage. The terraces contain examples of good late 19th century craftsmanship, in particular the joinery elements. The terrace No. 186 contains an early intact kitchen fireplace and cast iron hob. The restored terraces will reinforce The Rocks character of this area and provide a humanising aspect to the streetscape. The retention of these characteristic low scale traditional terraces will promote the increased residential and tourism uses of this area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0015-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0016-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe site has considerably rarity value being situated in one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia. The site has evidence of permanent residential usage from c.1802 to the present day and has the potential to demonstrate the way of life in a residential area of Sydney over almost two centuries. The site provides and accessible resource for archaeological investigation and historical, social and architectural interpretation, public access and education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020796-0017-0000", "contents": "182.5-188 Cumberland Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1607 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020797-0000-0000", "contents": "1820\n1820 (MDCCCXX) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1820th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 820th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 20th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1820, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020798-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1820 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 13, 1820. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. was re-elected, defeating Federalist Party candidates former delegate Nathan Smith and former congressman and state legislator Timothy Pitkin with 76.14% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020799-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Delaware gubernatorial special election\nThe 1820 Delaware gubernatorial special election was held on October 3, 1820. The winner of the 1819 gubernatorial election, Henry Molleston, died before assuming office, elevating State Senate Speaker Jacob Stout to the governorship and triggering an election in 1820. However, the election was not just for the remainder of Molleston's term, but instead for a full three-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020799-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 Delaware gubernatorial special election\nJesse Green was the Federalist nominee to succeed Stout and ran against Democratic-Republican nominee John Collins. Collins defeated Green by a slim margin, becoming the first Democratic-Republican Governor of Delaware since 1810. However, Collins died in office on April 16, 1822, triggering another special election in 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020799-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 Delaware gubernatorial special election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020800-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 French legislative election\nThe 1820 general election organized the second legislature of the Second Restoration. The election was held on 4 and 13 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020800-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 French legislative election, Process\nOnly citizens paying taxes were eligible to vote. All electors elected three-fifths of all deputies in the first round. In the second round, the most heavily taxed voted again to elect the remaining two-fifths of deputies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020801-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1820 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the third gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article III Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020802-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1820 Maine gubernatorial election took place on April 3, 1820. It was the first election for Governor of Maine, taking place after Maine separated from Massachusetts and was recognized as a state on March 15, 1820. Maine's separation from Massachusetts came as a result of The Missouri Compromise. This election saw the virtually unanimous election of William King, the man most chiefly responsible for the push for Maine statehood. He had no opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020803-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Maine's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maine's at-large congressional district on November 7, 1820 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of John Holmes. Holmes had been elected under the authority of the State of Massachusetts to that state's former 14th district, part of the District of Maine. When, on March 15, 1820, the former District was granted statehood as the State of Maine, Holmes was elected one of its first two Senators. Under the act admitting Maine as a state, seven seats were moved from Massachusetts to Maine for the 17th Congress, and any vacancies in the 16th Congress that arose in seats held by residents of Maine were to be filled by residents of the new state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020803-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 Maine's at-large congressional district special election\nThe special election was held on the same date as the general elections for the 17th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020804-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Massachusetts's 13th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in 1820 in Massachusetts's 13th congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Edward Dowse (DR) on May 26, 1820", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020805-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 1st congressional district on October 23, 1820 to fill a vacancy created by the resignation of Jonathan Mason (F) on May 15, 1820. As a majority was not achieved on the first ballot, a second ballot was held November 6, 1820", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020806-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Massachusetts's 8th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 8th congressional district on October 16, 1820 and November 24, 1820 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Zabdiel Sampson (DR) on July 26, 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020806-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 Massachusetts's 8th congressional district special election, Election results\nAlthough a majority was achieved on the first ballot, a second election was ordered because elections had not been held in the town of Hanson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020807-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Michigan Territory's at-large congressional district special election\nOn August 9, 1820, William Woodbridge, the first delegate for Michigan Territory, resigned, after having served since March 2, 1820. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [74, 74], "content_span": [75, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020808-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 1820 Missouri gubernatorial election was Missouri's first gubernatorial election due to it becoming a state. In the election, which was held on August 28, 1820, territorial governor William Clark was defeated by Alexander McNair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020809-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Naval Air Squadron\n1820 Naval Air Squadron (1820 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020809-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 Naval Air Squadron\nIt formed at Brunswick (Maine) 1 April 1944 and embarked on HMS Arbiter in July. However its aircraft were judged unsatisfactory for their intended role and the squadron disbanded on 16 December 1944 at RNAS Burscough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020809-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 Naval Air Squadron\nThe squadron only flew one type of aircraft, the Curtiss Helldiver I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020810-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election\nJohn Condit (Democratic-Republican) of New Jersey's at-large congressional district resigned to become assistant collector of the Port of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020810-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election\nCharles Kinsey (also Democratic-Republican) was elected February 2, 1820 to replace him. Kinsey had previously served as a member from New Jersey but had lost re-election to Condit in 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020811-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1820 New York gubernatorial election was held in April 1820 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York. Governor Clinton was the incumbent. U.S. Vice President Tompkins had been governor from 1807 to 1817. Tompkins would be re-elected vice president, in November 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020811-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Clintonian faction of the Democratic-Republican Party nominated incumbent DeWitt Clinton. For Lieutenant Governor they nominated incumbent John Tayler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020811-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe anti-Clintonian faction of the Democratic-Republican Party nominated Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020812-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1820. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020813-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1820 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 10, 1820. Incumbent Democratic-Republican governor William Findlay sought re-election but was defeated by U.S. Representative Joseph Hiester. Findlay entered the race with significantly reduced popularity. He had been renounced in the press as an opponent of democracy due to his nomination during the 1817 campaign by a group of party insiders. He additionally faced allegations of corruption over the misappropriation of funds during his tenure as State Treasurer, although all charges were dismissed during impeachment proceedings before the State Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020813-0000-0001", "contents": "1820 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nFor this campaign, Findlay was chosen for a slot on the ballot at a popular convention of Democratic Republicans; Hiester was selected at a separate convention of Federalists and \"Old School Democrats\" (i.e. allies of former governor Thomas McKean). The sour state of the economy was a key factor in the defeat of the incumbent, as Pennsylvania was reeling from the effects of the Panic of 1819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020814-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district special election\nOn May 15, 1820, David Fullerton (DR) of Pennsylvania's 5th district resigned from his seat in the House of Representatives. A special election was held on October 10, 1820 to fill the resulting vacancy. This election was held on the same day as the election for the 17th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020815-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Portuguese legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Portugal between 10 and 27 December. They followed the Liberal Revolution on 24 August. These were the first parliamentary elections in Portugal. This election aimed to form assemblies in three levels: parochial, provincial, and the Constituent Cortes of 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020815-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 Portuguese legislative election, Background\nPortugal was ruled as an absolute monarchy since 1698, the last time Portugal had any sort of representative assembly prior to 1820. The Liberal Revolution had as its main political objective the creation of a democratically elected parliament, but there were three approaches to what sort of parliamentary government should be established:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020815-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 Portuguese legislative election, Background\nWhile the latter option initially won, the aftermath of the Martinhada (11 November 1820) would lead to the Spanish Constitution of 1812 option being implemented in the 1820 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020815-0003-0000", "contents": "1820 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe new electoral law was introduced on 22 November and had been directly translated from 1812 Spanish constitution, which had a wide electoral franchise but indirect electoral system. All literate men had the right to vote except monks, servants, and some other groups. Otherwise eligible men in Portuguese colonies were also allowed to vote. In a three-stage process, the electorate directly elected members of parochial assemblies, who then elected provincial assemblies whose members then elected the members of the legislature (i.e., the Constituent Cortes of 1820). There were a total of six provinces in mainland Portugal: Alentejo, Beira, Estremadura, Minho, Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes, and Algarve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020815-0004-0000", "contents": "1820 Portuguese legislative election, Results\nThe 110 elected members included 43 jurists and magistrates, 20 academics, 15 members of the church, 11 military personnel, five property owners, three physicians and three tradespeople. The vast majority were members of masonic societies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020815-0005-0000", "contents": "1820 Portuguese legislative election, Aftermath\nThis election would form the Constituent Cortes of 1820, which would nominate a new government (the Reg\u00eancia which replaced the provisional government Junta Provisional do Governo Supremo do Reino), create the Portuguese Constitution of 1822 and order John VI of Portugal to return from Brazil to swear the 1822 Constitution. A second legislative election was held in 1822, the only to be held under the Constitution of 1822. The Vilafrancada (27 May 1823) would bring an end to the 1822 Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020816-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1820 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 5, 1820 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. Nehemiah Rice Knight, the incumbent Governor and Democratic-Republican nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020817-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Settlers\nThe 1820 Settlers were several groups of British colonists from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. settled by the government of the United Kingdom and the Cape Colony authorities in the Eastern Cape of South Africa in 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020817-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 Settlers, Origins\nAfter the Napoleonic Wars, Britain experienced a serious unemployment problem. Many of the 1820 Settlers were poor and the Cape government encouraged them to settle in the Eastern Cape in an attempt to strengthen the eastern frontier against the neighbouring Xhosa peoples, and to provide a boost to the English-speaking population of South Africa. The settlement policy led to the establishment of Albany, South Africa, a centre of the British diaspora in Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020817-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 Settlers, Colonisation\nOf the 90,000 applicants, about 4,000 were approved. Many 1820 Settlers initially arrived in the Cape in about 60 different parties between April and June 1820. They were granted farms near the village of Bathurst, Eastern Cape and supplied equipment and food against their deposits, but their lack of agricultural experience led many of them to abandon agriculture and withdraw to Bathurst and other settlements like Grahamstown, East London and Port Elizabeth, where they typically reverted to their trades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020817-0003-0000", "contents": "1820 Settlers, Colonisation\nA group of the 1820 Settlers continued on to Natal, then a part of Zululand, home of the Zulu people. At the time, King Shaka ruled the territory with highly trained warriors. Leaders of the Natal settlers requested permission from Shaka to stay on the land. When the king witnessed the settlers' technological advances, permission was granted in return for access to firearm technology. According to genealogist Shelagh O'Byrne Spencer, among 1820 Settlers who moved to Natal were \"John Bailie, the founder of East London, and Charles Kestell, after whose son, the Revd John Daniel Kestell of Anglo-Boer War fame, the Free State town of Kestell is named\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020817-0004-0000", "contents": "1820 Settlers, Memorial\nThey are commemorated in Grahamstown by the 1820 Settlers National Monument, which opened in 1974. A living monument, it hosts plays, musical performances and cultural events, and is supported by the 1820 Settlers Association which was founded in 1920 by Sir Walter Stanford and other descendants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020818-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Settlers National Monument\nThe 1820 Settlers National Monument, which honours the contribution to South African society made by the British 1820 Settlers, overlooks Makhanda in the Eastern Cape. It commemorates the Anglo-African folk, as well as the English language as much as the Settlers themselves. The building was designed by John Sturrock, Sturrock was inspired by the work of Louis Kahn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020818-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 Settlers National Monument, National Arts Festival\nThe Monument is closely linked with the National Arts Festival, often known simply as the Grahamstown Festival. Ever since the monument's opening on 13 July 1974, the festival has been held there every year, except for in 1975. Virtually all possible venues in Grahamstown are used during the festival, but the Monument is the anchor of the event and the biggest venue too. The main theatre in the monument complex is named after Guy Butler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020818-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 Settlers National Monument, Fire in 1994\nThe monument was devastated by a fire in 1994 and rebuilt and was officially re-dedicated by Nelson Mandela in May 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020819-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Spanish general election\nGeneral elections to the Cortes Generales were held in Spain in 1820. At stake were all 203 seats in the Congress of Deputies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020819-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 Spanish general election, History\nThe 1820 elections were the first ones since the 1820 revolution. The elections were held under the Spanish Constitution of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020819-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 Spanish general election, Constituencies\nA majority voting system was used for the election, with 33 multi-member constituencies and various single-member ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020819-0003-0000", "contents": "1820 Spanish general election, Results\nMost MPs were liberals, mainly from the moderate (or docea\u00f1ista) faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020820-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1820 United Kingdom general election was triggered by the death of King George III and produced the first parliament of the reign of his successor, George IV. It was held shortly after the Radical War in Scotland and the Cato Street Conspiracy. In this atmosphere, the Tories under the Earl of Liverpool were able to win a substantial majority over the Whigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020820-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United Kingdom general election\nThe sixth United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 29 February 1820. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 21 April 1820, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament before its term expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020820-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Tory leader was the Earl of Liverpool, who had been Prime Minister since his predecessor's assassination in 1812. Liverpool had led his party to two general election victories before that of 1820. The Tory Leader of the House of Commons was Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020820-0003-0000", "contents": "1820 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Whig Party continued to suffer from weak leadership, particularly in the House of Commons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020820-0004-0000", "contents": "1820 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nAt the time of the general election, the Earl Grey was the leading figure amongst the Whig peers. It was likely that Grey would have been invited to form a government, had the Whigs come to power, although in this era the monarch rather than the governing party decided which individual would be Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020820-0005-0000", "contents": "1820 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, George Tierney, was successful at first after the Whig gains at the 1818 general election. However, on 18 May 1819, Tierney moved a motion in the House of Commons for a committee on the state of the nation. This motion was defeated by 357 to 178. Foord comments that \"this defeat put an effective end to Tierney's leadership\". However he continued to be the nominal leader at the time of the 1820 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020820-0006-0000", "contents": "1820 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nAt this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days. It was triggered by the death of King George III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020820-0007-0000", "contents": "1820 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nThe general election took place between the first contest on 6 March and the last contest on 14 April 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020820-0008-0000", "contents": "1820 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nMonmouthshire (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020820-0009-0000", "contents": "1820 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nTable 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020827-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States House of Representatives election in Missouri\nMissouri was admitted to the union on August 10, 1821, but elections had been held August 28, 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020829-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey elected its members November 7, 1820. There were an unusually large number of candidates, 119 candidates according to one contemporary newspaper. Some candidates ran under an \"Anti-Caucus\" ticket. Only 1 of the 6 six incumbents would serve in the next term, as 4 retired and 1 died after re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020831-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes\nThis Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020833-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, Notes\nThis Ohio elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 68], "content_span": [69, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020835-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes\nThis South Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020836-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States census\nThe United States census of 1820 was the fourth census conducted in the United States. It was conducted on August 7, 1820. The 1820 census included six new states: Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama and Maine. There has been a district wide loss of 1820 census records for Arkansas Territory, Missouri Territory and New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020836-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States census\nThe total population was determined to be 9,638,453, of which 1,538,022 were slaves. The center of population was about 120 miles (193\u00a0km) west-northwest of Washington in Hardy County, Virginia (now in West Virginia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020836-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United States census\nThis was the first census in which any states recorded a population of over one million\u2014New York, Virginia, and Pennsylvania\u2014as well as the first in which a city recorded a population of over 100,000\u2014New York. It was also the first census in which Baltimore was ranked as the country's second-most populous city. Thirdly, in this census and the 14 subsequent ones, New York is the most populous state until it is superseded by California in the 1970 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020836-0003-0000", "contents": "1820 United States census, Census questions\nThe 1820 census contains a great deal more information than previous censuses. Enumerators listed the following data in columns, left to right:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020836-0004-0000", "contents": "1820 United States census, Census questions\nSeveral of these columns were for special counts, and not to be included in the aggregate total. Doing so would have resulted in counting some individuals twice. Census takers were asked to use double lines, red ink or some other method of distinguishing these columns so that double counting would not occur. For example, the count of free white males between 16 and 18 was a special count, because these individuals were also supposed to be tabulated in the column for free white males of age 16 and under 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020836-0005-0000", "contents": "1820 United States census, Census questions\nThe other special counts were foreigners not naturalized, persons engaged in agriculture, persons engaged in commerce, and persons engaged in manufacture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020836-0006-0000", "contents": "1820 United States census, Census questions\nCensus takers were also instructed to count each individual in only one of the occupational columns. For example, if an individual was engaged in agriculture, commerce, and manufacture, the census taker had to judge which one the individual was primarily engaged in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020836-0007-0000", "contents": "1820 United States census, Note to researchers\nCensustaking was not yet an exact science. Before 1830, enumerators lacked pre-printed forms, and drew up their own, sometimes resulting in pages without headings, line tallies, or column totals. As a result, census records for many towns before 1830 are idiosyncratic. This is not to suggest that they are less reliable than subsequent censuses, but that they may require more work on the part of the researcher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020837-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States elections\nThe 1820 United States elections elected the members of the 17th United States Congress. The election took place during Era of Good Feelings and the First Party System. Despite the Panic of 1819, the Democratic-Republican Party maintained control of the presidency and both houses of Congress, while the Federalist Party provided only limited opposition. Missouri joined the union during the 17th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020837-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States elections\nIn the presidential election, incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Monroe received no major opposition, although fellow Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams received one electoral vote. The Federalists did not nominate a presidential candidate, although four Federalists received a scattering of electoral votes for vice president. Monroe joined George Washington as the only presidential candidates who won election without any serious opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020837-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United States elections\nIn the House, Federalists picked up a small number of seats, but Democratic-Republicans continued to dominate the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020837-0003-0000", "contents": "1820 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democratic-Republicans picked up a moderate number of seats, increasing their already-dominant majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election\nThe 1820 United States presidential election was the ninth quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Wednesday, November 1, to Wednesday, December 6, 1820. Taking place at the height of the Era of Good Feelings, the election saw incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Monroe win re-election without a major opponent. It was the third and last United States presidential election in which a presidential candidate ran effectively unopposed. It was also the last election of a president from the revolutionary generation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election\nMonroe and Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins faced no opposition from other Democratic-Republicans in their quest for a second term. The Federalist Party had fielded a presidential candidate in each election since 1796, but the party's already-waning popularity had declined further following the War of 1812. Although able to field a nominee for vice president, the Federalists could not put forward a presidential candidate, leaving Monroe without organized opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election\nMonroe won every state and received all but one of the electoral votes. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams received the only other electoral vote, which came from faithless elector William Plumer. Nine different Federalists received electoral votes for vice president, but Tompkins won re-election by a large margin. No other post-Twelfth Amendment presidential candidate has matched Monroe's share of the electoral vote. Monroe and George Washington remain the only presidential candidates to run without any major opposition. Monroe's victory was the last of six straight victories by Virginians in presidential elections (Jefferson twice, Madison twice, and Monroe twice). Monroe was the first presidential candidate to receive at least 200 electoral votes in a victorious campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0003-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Background\nDespite the continuation of single party politics (known in this case as the Era of Good Feelings), serious issues emerged during the election in 1820. The nation had endured a widespread depression following the Panic of 1819 and momentous disagreement about the extension of slavery into the territories was taking center stage. Nevertheless, James Monroe faced no opposition party or candidate in his re-election bid, although he did not receive  all of the electoral votes (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0004-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Background\nMassachusetts was entitled to 22 electoral votes in 1816, but cast only 15 in 1820 by reason of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which made the region of Maine, long part of Massachusetts, a free state to balance the pending admission of slave state Missouri. In addition, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Mississippi also cast one fewer electoral vote than they were entitled to, as one elector from each state died before the electoral meeting. Consequently, this meant that Mississippi cast only two votes, when any state is always entitled to a minimum of three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0004-0001", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Background\nThis is one of only three times a state or district has cast under the minimum of three electoral votes, the others being Nevada in 1864 and the District of Columbia in 2000. In the case of the former, an elector was snowbound and there was no law to replace him (Nevada had only become a state that year). In that of the latter, a faithless elector abstained from voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0005-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Background\nMississippi, Illinois, Alabama and Missouri participated in their first presidential election in 1820, Missouri with controversy, since it was not yet officially a state (see below). No new states would participate in American presidential elections until 1836, after the admission to the Union of Arkansas in 1836 and Michigan in 1837 (after the main voting, but before the counting of the electoral vote in Congress).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0006-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination\nSince President Monroe's re-nomination was never in doubt, few Republicans bothered to attend the nominating caucus in April 1820. Only 40 delegates attended, with few or no delegates from the large states of Virginia, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. Rather than name the president with only a handful of votes, the caucus declined to make a formal nomination. Richard M. Johnson offered the following resolution: \"It is inexpedient, at this time, to proceed to the nomination of persons for the offices of President and Vice President of the United States.\" After debate, the resolution was unanimously adopted, and the meeting adjourned. President Monroe and Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins thus became de facto candidates for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 93], "content_span": [94, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0007-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic-Republican Party nomination\nIn the run-up to the caucus, Tompkins made another run for his former post of Governor of New York, leading to potential replacements being informally discussed among the party leadership. The matter was ultimately rendered moot when Tompkins lost the election shortly before the nominating caucus took place, and though some within the party remained dissatisfied with Tompkins' performance as vice president, the role was not considered important enough to be worth a formal nomination process after his ability to continue in the office was confirmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 93], "content_span": [94, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0008-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nEffectively there was no campaign, since there was no serious opposition to Monroe and Tompkins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0009-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, General election, Disputes\nOn March 9, 1820, Congress had passed a law directing Missouri to hold a convention to form a constitution and a state government. This law stated that \"the said state, when formed, shall be admitted into the Union, upon an equal footing with the original states, in all respects whatsoever.\" However, when Congress reconvened in November 1820, the admission of Missouri became an issue of contention. Proponents claimed that Missouri had fulfilled the conditions of the law and therefore was a state; detractors contended that certain provisions of the Missouri Constitution violated the United States Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0010-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, General election, Disputes\nBy the time Congress was due to meet to count the electoral votes from the election, this dispute had lasted over two months. The counting raised a ticklish problem: if Congress counted Missouri's votes, that would count as recognition that Missouri was a state; on the other hand, if Congress failed to count Missouri's vote, it would count as recognition that Missouri was not a state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0010-0001", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, General election, Disputes\nKnowing ahead of time that Monroe had won in a landslide and that Missouri's vote would therefore make no difference in the final result, the Senate passed a resolution on February 13, 1821 stating that if a protest were made, there would be no consideration of the matter unless the vote of Missouri would change who would become president. Instead, the President of the Senate would announce the final tally twice, once with Missouri included and once with it excluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0011-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, General election, Disputes\nThe next day this resolution was introduced in the full House. After a lively debate, it was passed. Nonetheless, during the counting of the electoral votes on February 14, 1821, an objection was raised to the votes from Missouri by Representative Arthur Livermore of New Hampshire. He argued that since Missouri had not yet officially become a state, it had no right to cast any electoral votes. Immediately, Representative John Floyd of Virginia argued that Missouri's votes must be counted. Chaos ensued, and order was restored only with the counting of the vote as per the resolution and then adjournment for the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0012-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Results, Popular vote\nThe Federalists received a small amount of the popular vote despite having no electoral candidates. Even in Massachusetts, where the Federalist slate of electors was victorious, the electors cast all of their votes for Monroe. This was the first election in which the Democratic-Republicans won in Connecticut and Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0013-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Results, Popular vote\nSource (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0014-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Results, Popular vote\n(a) Only 15 of the 24 states chose electors by popular vote. (b) Adams received his vote from a faithless elector. (c) There was a dispute as to whether Missouri's electoral votes were valid, due to the timing of its assumption of statehood. The first figure excludes Missouri's votes and the second figure includes them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0015-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Results, Electoral vote\nThe sole electoral vote against Monroe came from William Plumer, an elector from New Hampshire and former United States senator and New Hampshire governor. Plumer cast his electoral ballot for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. While legend has it this was to ensure that George Washington would remain the only American president unanimously chosen by the Electoral College, that was not Plumer's goal. In fact, Plumer simply thought that Monroe was a mediocre president and that Adams would be a better one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0015-0001", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Results, Electoral vote\nPlumer also refused to vote for Tompkins for Vice President as \"grossly intemperate\", not having \"that weight of character which his office requires,\" and \"because he grossly neglected his duty\" in his \"only\" official role as President of the Senate by being \"absent nearly three-fourths of the time\"; Plumer instead voted for Richard Rush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0016-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Results, Electoral vote\nEven though every member of the Electoral College was pledged to Monroe, there were still a number of Federalist electors who voted for a Federalist vice president rather than Monroe's running mate Daniel D. Tompkins: those for Richard Stockton came from Massachusetts, while the entire Delaware delegation voted for Daniel Rodney for vice president, and Robert Goodloe Harper's vice presidential vote was cast by an elector from his home state of Maryland. In any case, these breaks in ranks were not enough to deny Tompkins a substantial electoral college victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0017-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Results, Electoral vote\nMonroe's share of the share of the electoral vote has not been exceeded by any candidate since, with the closest competition coming from Franklin D. Roosevelt's landslide 1936 victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0018-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Results, Electoral vote\nOnly Washington, who won the vote of each presidential elector in the 1789 and 1792 presidential elections, can claim to have swept the Electoral College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0019-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Results, Electoral vote\n(a) There was a dispute over the validity of Missouri's electoral votes, due to the timing of its assumption of statehood. The first figure excludes Missouri's votes and the second figure includes them. (b) These votes are from electors who voted for a Federalist vice president rather than Monroe's running mate Daniel D. Tompkins; combined, these votes represent only 5.6% of the electoral vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 65], "content_span": [66, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0020-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Results by state\nElections in this period were vastly different from modern day Presidential elections. The actual Presidential candidates were rarely mentioned on tickets and voters were voting for particular electors who were pledged to a particular candidate. There was sometimes confusion as to who the particular elector was actually pledged to. Results are reported as the highest result for an elector for any given candidate. For example, if three Monroe electors received 100, 50, and 25 votes, Monroe would be recorded as having 100 votes. Confusion surrounding the way results are reported may lead to discrepancies between the sum of all state results and national results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020838-0021-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election, Results by state\nIn Massachusetts, Federalist electors won 62.06% of the vote. However, only 7,902 of these votes went to Federalist electors who did not cast their votes for Monroe (this being most likely because these Federalist electors lost). Similarly, In Kentucky, 1,941 ballots were cast for an elector labelled as Federalist who proceeded to vote for Monroe. All of the Federalist Monroe votes have been placed in the Federalist column, as the Federalist party fielded no presidential candidate and therefore it is likely these electors simply cast their votes for Monroe because the overwhelming majority he achieved made their votes irrelevant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020839-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Alabama\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in Alabama took place between November 1 and December 6, 1820, as part of the nationwide presidential election. The state legislature chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020839-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Alabama\nAlabama, along with eight other states, had its electors chosen not by the people, but by the State House and Senate. George W. Philips, Henry Minor and John Scott were selected by the legislature and all three men voted for James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020840-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between November 1 to December 6, 1820, as part of the 1820 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020840-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nDuring this election, Connecticut cast its nine electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020840-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nEffectively, the 1820 presidential election was an election with no campaign, since there was no serious opposition to Monroe and Tompkins. In fact, they won all the electoral votes barring 1 from New Hampshire, which was cast for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020841-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in Indiana took place between November 1 to December 6, 1820, as part of the 1820 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020841-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Indiana\nDuring this election, Indiana cast its three electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020841-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Indiana\nEffectively, the 1820 presidential election was an election with no campaign, since there was no serious opposition to Monroe and Tompkins. In fact, they won all the electoral votes barring one from New Hampshire, which was cast for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020842-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place between November 1 to December 6, 1820, as part of the 1820 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020842-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nDuring this election, Louisiana cast its three electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020842-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nEffectively, the 1820 presidential election was an election with no campaign, since there was no serious opposition to Monroe and Tompkins. In fact, they won all the electoral votes barring one from New Hampshire, which was cast for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020843-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place between November 6 and December 1, 1820, as part of the 1820 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020843-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, but the Federalist Party (which had no candidate) won the popular vote in Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020844-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Missouri\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in Missouri took place between November 1 to December 6, 1820. The state\u2019s electors were pledged to the eventual winner, James Monroe, by the state legislature. It was the first year Missouri cast ballots for the electoral college.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020844-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Missouri, Statehood and electoral vote dispute\nOn March 6, 1820, Congress had passed a law directing Missouri to hold a convention to form a constitution and a state government. This law stated that \"\u2026the said state, when formed, shall be admitted into the Union, upon an equal footing with the original states, in all respects whatsoever.\" However, when Congress reconvened in November 1820, the admission of Missouri became an issue of contention. Proponents claimed that Missouri had fulfilled the conditions of the law and therefore it was a state; detractors contended that certain provisions of the Missouri constitution violated the United States Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 90], "content_span": [91, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020844-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Missouri, Statehood and electoral vote dispute\nBy the time Congress was due to meet to count the electoral votes from the election, this dispute had lasted over two months. The counting raised a ticklish problem: if Congress counted Missouri's votes, that would count as recognition that Missouri was a state; on the other hand, if Congress failed to count Missouri's vote, that would count as recognition that Missouri was not a state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 90], "content_span": [91, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020844-0002-0001", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Missouri, Statehood and electoral vote dispute\nKnowing ahead of time that Monroe had won in a landslide and that Missouri's vote would therefore make no difference in the final result, the Senate passed a resolution on February 13, 1821 stating that if a protest was made, there would be no consideration of the matter unless the vote of Missouri would change who would become President. Instead, the President of the Senate would announce the final tally twice, once with Missouri included and once with it excluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 90], "content_span": [91, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020844-0003-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Missouri, Statehood and electoral vote dispute\nThe next day this resolution was introduced in the full House. After a lively debate, it was passed. Nonetheless, during the counting of the electoral votes on February 14, 1821, an objection was raised to the votes from Missouri by Representative Arthur Livermore of New Hampshire. He argued that since Missouri had not yet officially become a state that Missouri had no right to cast any electoral votes. Immediately, Representative John Floyd of Virginia argued that Missouri's votes must be counted. Chaos ensued, and order was only restored with the counting of the vote as per the resolution and then adjournment for the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 90], "content_span": [91, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020845-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place between November 1 and December 6, 1820, as part of the 1820 United States presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020845-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and its candidate of choice was James Monroe, the current president. New Hampshire's eight electors were chosen by voters statewide, and all of them voted for James Monroe and his running mate, Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins, except for one who gave his electoral votes to John Quincy Adams and Richard Rush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020846-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between November 1 to December 6, 1820, as part of the 1820 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020846-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nDuring this election, New Jersey cast its eight electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020846-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nEffectively, the 1820 presidential election was an election with no campaign, since there was no serious opposition to Monroe and Tompkins. In fact, they won all the electoral votes barring one from New Hampshire, which was cast for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020847-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in New York took place between November 1 to December 6, 1820, as part of the 1820 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 29 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020847-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in New York\nDuring this election, New York cast its 29 electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020847-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in New York\nEffectively, the 1820 presidential election was an election with no campaign, since there was no serious opposition to Monroe and Tompkins. In fact, they won all the electoral votes barring one from New Hampshire, which was cast for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020848-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in Ohio took place between November 1 and December 6, 1820, as part of the 1820 United States presidential election. Voters chose 8 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020848-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Ohio\nOhio re-elected incumbent Democratic-Republican Party President James Monroe by a large margin. Although Monroe ran unopposed, John Quincy Adams received a minority of the vote as an opposition candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020849-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place as part of the 1820 United States presidential election. Voters chose 25 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President. Only 24 electoral votes were cast from Pennsylvania, however, one of the electors having died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020849-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nDuring this election, James Monroe was re-elected by a large margin. Pennsylvania voted for Monroe over opposition candidate DeWitt Clinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020849-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Results\nNote: Election results totals only include known numbers, as verified by . Vote totals from several counties are missing/unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020850-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between November 1 to December 6, 1820, as part of the 1820 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020850-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nDuring this election, South Carolina cast its 11 electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020850-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nEffectively, the 1820 presidential election was an election with no campaign, since there was no serious opposition to Monroe and Tompkins. In fact, they won all the electoral votes barring one from New Hampshire, which was cast for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020851-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1820 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between November 1 to December 6, 1820, as part of the 1820 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020851-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Vermont\nDuring this election, Vermont cast its eight electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020851-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 United States presidential election in Vermont\nEffectively, the 1820 presidential election was an election with no campaign, since there was no serious opposition to Monroe and Tompkins. In fact, they won all the electoral votes barring one from neighboring New Hampshire, which was cast for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020852-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1820 Vermont gubernatorial election for Governor of Vermont took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Richard Skinner to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020852-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 12. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. With incumbent Jonas Galusha not a candidate for reelection, and the Federalist Party defunct, Democratic-Republican Richard Skinner was the only major candidate. The committee determined that Skinner had easily won a one-year term against only scattering opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020852-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, incumbent Paul Brigham was not a candidate for reelection and the committee determined that Democratic-Republican William Cahoon had been elected to a one-year term. Vote totals were not recorded, but a contemporary newspaper account indicated that only 1,007 votes were cast for scattering opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020852-0003-0000", "contents": "1820 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was elected to a one-year term as treasurer, his twenty-first. Though nominally a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and often ran unopposed. Vote totals for the 1820 election were not recorded, but an October 17 newspaper article indicated that Swan had been unanimously reelected, with no votes for any other candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020852-0004-0000", "contents": "1820 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020853-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Virginia's 10th congressional district special election\nOn February 10, 1820, George F. Strother (DR), Representative for Virginia's 10th district, resigned, having been appointed as receiver of public money in St. Louis, Missouri. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020854-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Virginia's 1st congressional district special election\nOn July 6, 1820, James Pindall (F) resigned from his position as Representative for Virginia's 1st district. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020855-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 Virginia's 20th congressional district special election\nOn February 1, 1820, James Johnson (DR) of Virginia's 20th district resigned from his position as Representative. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 17th Congress were held at various dates in different states between July 1820 and August 1821 as President James Monroe won reelection unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe virtually nonpartisan Era of Good Feelings, a period of national political dominance by the Democratic-Republican Party, continued. Despite small gains, the Federalist Party remained relegated to limited state and local influence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nOne seat was added during this Congress for the new State of Missouri", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0003-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1820 and 1821 to the 16th United States Congress and 17th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0004-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama\nAlabama elected its member August 5\u20136, 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0005-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members April 2, 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0006-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Maine\nThis was the first election in Maine since its separation from Massachusetts. In the previous election, Massachusetts had had 20 representatives. Seven seats (representing the 14th-20th districts) were reassigned from Massachusetts to Maine. In addition, under the terms of the law which admitted Maine to the union, any vacancies in the 16th Congress by Representatives elected to represent Massachusetts but residing in the new states of Maine would be filled by a resident of Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 69], "content_span": [70, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0006-0001", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Maine\nJohn Holmes, who had been elected to the House for the former 14th district of Massachusetts was elected as one of the first two senators for Maine. The vacancy was filled in a special election by Joseph Dane (Federalist). Dane was the only Representative officially considered as representing Maine in the 16th Congress. The Representatives from the 15th-20th districts were still classified as being from Massachusetts for the remainder of the 16th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 69], "content_span": [70, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0007-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Maine\nMaine elected its members on November 7, 1820. State law required a majority to win an election, necessitating additional ballots if a majority was not received. And, in fact, additional ballots were held on January 22, 1821 and September 10, 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 69], "content_span": [70, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0008-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nThis was the first election in Massachusetts after the separation of the former District of Maine as the new State of Maine, taking the old 14th \u2013 20th districts with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0009-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts elected its members November 6, 1820. Massachusetts had a majority requirement for election, which was not met in the 2nd district necessitating two additional elections on January 8, 1821 and April 16, 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0010-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nDistrict numbers differed between source used and elsewhere on Wikipedia; district numbers used elsewhere on Wikipedia used here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0011-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Missouri\nMissouri was admitted to the union on August 10, 1821, but elections had been held August 28, 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0012-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nNew Jersey elected its members November 7, 1820. There were an unusually large number of candidates, 119 candidates according to one contemporary newspaper. Some candidates ran under an \"Anti-Caucus\" ticket. Only 1 of the 6 six incumbents would serve in the next term, as 4 retired and 1 died after re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0013-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York elected its members April 24\u201326, 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened. The 21st district, previously a plural district with two seats, was divided into two single-member districts for the 17th Congress, the 21st and 22nd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0014-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nThe Democratic-Republican party in New York was divided between \"Bucktails\" and \"Clintonians\". The Clintonians ran on a joint ticket with the remaining Federalists. In a few cases, marked as \"Clintonian/Federalist\" below, it is unclear whether a candidate on the joint ticket was Democratic-Republican or Federalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0015-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nOnly five of the twenty-seven incumbents were re-elected to the next term. Sixteen incumbents retired and five lost re-election. Despite this high turnover of membership, there was only a one-seat net gain for the Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0016-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected its members August 9, 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0017-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 9\u201310, 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0018-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nIn 1820, Vermont returned to using districts. This would be the only election in which the 6th district would be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0019-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont elected its members September 5, 1820. A majority was required for election, which was not met in the 2nd or 3rd district, requiring additional ballots to achieve a majority. The 2nd district required 7 ballots. The 3rd district required two additional ballots. The additional ballots were held December 11, 1820, and February 19, May 1, July 2, September 4, and October 22, 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0020-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia elected its members in April 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020856-0021-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nThere were four territories that had the right to send a delegate to at least part of the 17th Congress, only three of which actually sent delegates. Missouri Territory's seat remained vacant, as the territory was admitted as the State of Missouri early in the 17th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020857-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1820 and 1821 were elections for the United States Senate that, corresponding with James Monroe's landslide re-election, had the Democratic-Republican Party gain one-to-five seats (in the general and special elections), assuming almost complete control of the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020857-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020857-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Before the elections\nComposition after the June 13 and 14, 1820 elections in Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020857-0003-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the preceding Congress\nIn these special elections, the winner was elected during 1820 or before March 4, 1821; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 109], "content_span": [110, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020857-0004-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the next Congress\nIn these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1821; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020857-0005-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the next Congress\nIn this special election, the winner was elected in 1821 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020857-0006-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States Senate elections, Maine\nJohn Holmes (Democratic-Republican) was elected as one of the new states first pair of senators whose terms began with June 13, 1820 statehood. He was elected to the class 1 seat's short term, which ended March 3, 1821, and was re-elected January 31, 1821 to the term starting March 4, 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020857-0007-0000", "contents": "1820 and 1821 United States Senate elections, Maine\nJohn Chandler (Democratic-Republican) as elected to the class 2 seat's long term, and his term would end March 3, 1823.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020858-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1820 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020861-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1820 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020867-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1820 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020867-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Regal and viceregal\nAny reference to New Zealand in a legal rather than geographic sense prior to 1840 is complex and unclear. When the British colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 it nominally included New Zealand as far as 43\u00b039'S (approximately halfway down the South Island).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020871-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1820 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020873-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1820 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020876-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in birding and ornithology\nThis article provides a summary of significant events in 1820 in birding and ornithology. Notable occurrences in 1820 include the first description of the yellow-legged tinamou, and the commencement of ornithologist William John Swainson's Zoological Illustrations, a work including illustrations of many birds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020877-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020879-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020880-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020880-0001-0000", "contents": "1820 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020880-0002-0000", "contents": "1820 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020881-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020882-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in science\nThe year 1820 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020883-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in sports\n1820 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020884-0000-0000", "contents": "1820 in the United Kingdom\nEvents from the year 1820 in the United Kingdom. This year sees a change of monarch after a nine-year Regency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0000-0000", "contents": "1820s\nThe 1820s (pronounced \"eighteen-twenties\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1820, and ended on December 31, 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0001-0000", "contents": "1820s\nIt saw the rise of the First Industrial Revolution. Photography, rail transport, and the textile industry were among those that largely developed and grew prominent over the decade, as technology advanced significantly. European colonialism began gaining ground in Africa and Asia, and trade between the Qing Dynasty began to open up more towards foreign traders, particularly those from Europe. As European imperialism gained momentum, opposition from affected/exploited societies resulted, with wars such as the Java War and the Greek War of Independence. Resistance in the form of separatism and nationalism (particularly in the Spanish American wars of independence) led to the independence of many countries around the world, such as Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0002-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars\nThe Greek War of Independence and the Russo-Turkish War were two of the decade's more important conflicts. Meanwhile, colonialism in Africa had just begun to accelerate, and global trade between Asian powers (e.g. the Qing Dynasty) with European powers (mainly the British and French empires) increased substantially. In South America, states such as Bolivia, Peru, and Brazil gained independence from the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0003-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, East Asia, Indonesia\nThe Java War (also known as the \"Diponegoro War\") was fought in Java between 1825 and 1830. It started as a rebellion led by Prince Diponegoro after the Dutch decided to build a road across a piece of his property that contained his parents' tomb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0004-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, East Asia, Indonesia\nThe troops of Prince Diponegoro were very successful in the beginning, controlling the middle of Java and besieging Yogyakarta. Furthermore, the Javanese population was supportive of Prince Diponegoro's cause, whereas the Dutch colonial authorities were initially very indecisive. As the Java war prolonged, Prince Diponegoro had difficulties in maintaining the numbers of his troops. Prince Diponegoro started a fierce guerrilla war and it was not until 1827 that the Dutch army gained the upper hand. The Dutch colonial army was able to fill its ranks with troops from Sulawesi, and later on from the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0005-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, East Asia, Indonesia\nThe rebellion finally ended in 1830, after Prince Diponegoro was tricked into entering Dutch custody near Magelang, believing he was there for negotiations for a possible cease-fire. It is estimated that 200,000 died over the course of the conflict, 8,000 being Dutch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0006-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, Europe, Southern Europe\nAt the start of the decade, most of Greece was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, as it had been since 1453, despite frequent revolts. In early 1821, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria instigated several battles that, together with the blessing of a Greek flag and proclamation of uprising by Bishop Germanos of Patras on March 25, marked the beginning of the revolution. The uprising successfully established a foothold in the Peloponnese, seizing Tripolitsa in September 1821, and had some success in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 49], "content_span": [50, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0007-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, Europe, Southern Europe\nBetween 1821 and 1824, first and second national assemblies were held, and the constitutions of 1822 and of 1823 were established. However, revolutionary activity was fragmented, resulting in the civil wars of 1824\u20131825. The Greek side withstood the Turkish attacks because, during this period, the Ottoman military campaigns were periodic and uncoordinated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 49], "content_span": [50, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0008-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, Europe, Southern Europe\nThat changed when the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and secured most of the peninsula by the end of 1825. He then helped break the siege of Missolonghi. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 49], "content_span": [50, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0009-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, Europe, Southern Europe\nFollowing years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France had come to agree to the formation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, as stipulated in the Treaty of London. Ottoman refusal to accept these terms led to the Battle of Navarino, which effectively secured complete Greek independence. That year, the Third National Assembly at Troezen established the First Hellenic Republic. With the help of a French expeditionary force, the Greeks drove the Turks out of the Peloponnese and proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, Greece was finally recognized as an independent nation in May 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 49], "content_span": [50, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0010-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, Europe, Western Europe\nIn the 1820s, the British government was formally headed by King George IV, but in practice, was led by his Prime Ministers Lord Liverpool (1812\u20131827), George Canning (1827), Lord Goderich (1827\u20131828), and Duke of Wellington (1828\u20131830). This decade was largely peaceful for Britain, with some foreign intervention. The British supported the Portuguese liberals in the Liberal Wars, and supported Greek rebels in the war for independence. During this time, London became the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0011-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, Europe, Western Europe\nDomestic tensions ran high at the start of the decade, with the Peterloo Massacre (1819), the Cato Street Conspiracy (1820), and the Radical War (1820) in Scotland. However, by the end of the 1820s, many repressive laws were repealed. In 1822, Britain repealed the death penalty for over 100 crimes, and punishments such as drawing and quartering and flagellation fell out of use. Seditious Meetings prevention Act (barring large assemblies) and the Combination Act (banning trade unions) were repealed in 1824. The Catholic Relief Act by Parliament of the United Kingdom granted a substantial measure of Catholic Emancipation in Britain and Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0012-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nAt the beginning of the 1820s, the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean through to (roughly) the western edge of the Mississippi basin, though Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and all present-day states fully west of the Mississippi had yet to be granted statehood. Two states were admitted to the union during this decade: Maine in 1820, and Missouri in 1821. The Adams\u2013On\u00eds Treaty, signed in 1819 and ratified by Spain in 1821, ceded Florida to the United States, and established a boundary between New Spain and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0013-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nSlavery was widespread throughout the southern United States. According to the 1820 U.S. Census, the slave population at that time was 1,538,000. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36\u00b030\u2032 north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. By the 1830 U.S. Census, the slave population had risen to 2,009,043. With the coordination of the American Colonization Society, many freed African-Americans repatriated to Africa during this decade to the newly formed colony of Liberia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0014-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nThe political mood at the start of the 1820s was referred to as the Era of Good Feelings, following the collapse of the Federalist party. James Monroe, the sitting U.S president since 1817, was re-elected in 1820, virtually unopposed. In 1823, Monroe introduced the Monroe Doctrine in the State of the Union Address, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0015-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nThe feeling of unity during the Monroe administration was dispelled in the presidential election of 1824, which due to an Electoral College stalemate, was decided in the United States House of Representatives. John Quincy Adams was chosen as the sixth U.S. president, despite receiving only 30.9% of the popular vote to Andrew Jackson's 41.3%. This gave rise to Jacksonian Nationalism and the rise of the modern Democratic Party, with Andrew Jackson elected in the 1828 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0016-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico\nAfter ten years of civil war in Mexico (then called the \"Viceroyalty of New Spain\") and the death of two of its founders, by early 1820 the Mexican independence movement was stalemated and close to collapse. However, the Army of the Three Guarantees was formed under the command of Colonel Agust\u00edn de Iturbide with the support of patriots and loyalists to secure independence for Mexico and the protection of Roman Catholicism. Iturbide's army was joined by rebel forces from all over Mexico, and quickly gained control of Mexico. On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the Treaty of C\u00f3rdoba, which recognized the Mexican Empire under the terms of the Plan of Iguala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0017-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico\nOn September 27 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, and the following day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire. The newly formed Mexican congress eventually declared Iturbide emperor of Mexico on May 19, 1822. Later that year, Iturbide dissolved Congress and replaced it with a sympathetic junta. However, on March 19, 1823 Iturbide abdicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0018-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico\nThe First Federal Republic was established on October 4, 1824. In the new constitution, the republic took the name of United Mexican States, and was defined as a representative federal republic, with Catholicism as the official and unique religion. Guadalupe Victoria was the first President of Mexico from 1824 until 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0019-0000", "contents": "1820s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico\nAfter Manuel G\u00f3mez Pedraza won the election to succeed Victoria, Vicente Guerrero staged a coup d'\u00e9tat and took the presidency on April 1, 1829. Guerrero was deposed in a rebellion under Vice-President Anastasio Bustamante in December 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0020-0000", "contents": "1820s, Culture, Fashion\nDuring the 1820s in European and European-influenced countries, fashionable women's clothing styles transitioned away from the classically influenced \"Empire\"/\"Regency\" styles of ca. 1795\u20131820 (with their relatively unconfining empire silhouette) and re-adopted elements that had been characteristic of most of the 18th century (and were to be characteristic of the remainder of the 19th century), such as full skirts and clearly visible corseting of the natural waist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020886-0021-0000", "contents": "1820s, Culture, Fashion\nThe silhouette of men's fashion changed in similar ways: by the mid-1820s coats featured broad shoulders with puffed sleeves, a narrow waist, and full skirts. Trousers were worn for smart day wear, while breeches continued in use at court and in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0000-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons\nThe decade of the 1820s featured the 1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons. While data is not available for every storm that occurred, some parts of the coastline were populated enough to give data of hurricane occurrences. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0001-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1820 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) The Winyaw Hurricane of 1820 A minimal hurricane moved from Florida on September 8 northward to hit near the border of North Carolina and South Carolina on September 10. It caused only minor damage. Part of cluster of hurricanes struck Charleston area in 1804, 1811, 1813, 1820, and 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0002-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1820 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) A hurricane was sighted at Dominica on September 26 before moving west-northwest through Hispaniola, then across the southwest Atlantic to South Carolina on October 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0003-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1821 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A tropical storm moved westward across the Caribbean, from Guadeloupe on September 1 to western Cuba on September 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0004-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1821 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane was a deadly hurricane that rapidly moved up the Atlantic coast during the first few days of September. It included a hurricane landfall within the modern borders of New York City, the only recorded case of a hurricane eyewall moving directly over New York City to date. It caused 200 deaths, and is estimated to have been a Category 4 hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0005-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1821 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) The Middle Gulf Hurricane of 1821 Later in September, from the 15th\u201317th, a strong hurricane hit Mississippi. This was a very large storm, bringing storm surge flooding from Mobile to what is now Wakulla and Taylor Counties, Florida. 11 of the 13 vessels in the harbor at Pensacola Bay were lost, causing 35 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0006-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1821 Atlantic hurricane season\nIt was from the 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane that William C. Redfield published his account in the American Journal of Science presenting his first evidence that hurricanes had counter-clockwise rotation of destructive winds from area tree fall patterns he examined. This also corroborated John Farrar's published work a few years earlier in 1819 that a hurricane was a rotating counter-clockwise vortex. Redfield suggested that hurricanes form east of the Leeward Islands and then travel westwards at a moderate speed. William Reid of the Royal Engineers built off of Redfield's work by studying logs of ships affected by the Great Hurricane of 1780.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0007-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1822 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) The Early Tropical Storm of 1822 A hurricane struck the central Gulf coast between July 7 and July 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0008-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1822 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) The Carolina Hurricane of 1822 This hurricane moved north-northwest from the Bahamas on September 25 to hit Charleston, South Carolina on September 27. It claimed the lives of hundreds of slaves who found themselves trapped in the low-lying Santee Delta, miles from higher ground and with no shelter. It caused 300 (or more deaths), but managed to break a drought in the Richmond area. Part of cluster of hurricanes struck Charleston area in 1804, 1811, 1813, 1820, and 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0009-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1822 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) From October 20 to the 22, a hurricane hit Virginia, causing heavy damage and winds in the Richmond area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0010-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1822 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) A hurricane struck the River Mersey in England on December 5\u20136, as evidenced by the gravestone of Nelson Burt (nine-year-old son of Albin R. Burt) in the churchyard of St Lawrence's Church, Stoak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0011-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1822 Atlantic hurricane season\n5) A rare December hurricane moved through the eastern Caribbean Sea and eventually into Venezuela between December 13 and December 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0012-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1823 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A tropical storm moved from Cura\u00e7ao on July 8 to near Jamaica on July 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0013-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1823 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) A tropical storm moved south of Jamaica on August 2 and August 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0014-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1823 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) A hurricane which formed in the west-central Gulf of Mexico on September 11 moved slowly northeast, striking the central Gulf coast on September 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0015-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1824 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) The Georgia Coastal Hurricane of 1824 or Hurricane San Pedro of 1824. A severe hurricane was sighted at Guadeloupe on September 7 and moved across the northeast Lesser Antilles. It passed very near south coast of Puerto Rico on September 9 and the southwest Atlantic to hit Florida on September 13, passing inland near Cape Florida and returning to sea near Cape Canaveral. A ship carrying the contractor and supplies for building three lighthouses in Florida was lost, possibly sunk by this storm. The storm then went ashore in Georgia and South Carolina on September 14, causing 100 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0015-0001", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1824 Atlantic hurricane season\nIt washed out all bridges between Darien and Savannah. Moving northward, it hit Savannah and South Carolina before going out to sea. Because hurricanes were somewhat frequent, residents were used to evacuating the area. Those who did not evacuate saw the destruction caused by this strong hurricane. This is likely one of the strongest hurricanes to hit Georgia in its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0016-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1824 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) Between September 26 and September 27, a tropical storm moved south of Jamaica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0017-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1825 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) Charleston Hurricane of 1825. A tropical storm formed south of Santo Domingo on May 28. It moved across Cuba on the 1st, and while moving across Florida it caused heavy winds. When it reached the western Atlantic it rapidly strengthened, hitting Charleston as a hurricane, but it lost strength over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0018-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1825 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) On July 6, a moderate hurricane hit Puerto Rico, destroying 6 villages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0019-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1825 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) Hurricane Santa Ana of 1825. Two weeks later, on July 26, a powerful hurricane hit near Guadeloupe. It continued west-northwestward to hit Puerto Rico, causing 1,300 deaths, before tracking to the west of Bermuda by August 2. The Santa Ana hurricane may have been one of the most intense cyclones to strike Puerto Rico in the last few hundred years. No atmospheric pressure readings are available from Puerto Rico, however, a minimum pressure of 918\u00a0mbar (27.1\u00a0inHg) in Guadeloupe indicates that the storm was potentially a Category 5 strength hurricane (there are no officially observed Category 5 hurricanes before 1924). See List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0020-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1825 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) A hurricane struck Haiti on September 28 and moved northwestward into northeast Florida by October 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0021-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1825 Atlantic hurricane season\n5) On November 17\u201318, the schooner Harvest was wrecked on the North Carolina coast, probably near Nags Head, and five or more persons killed in what may have been a late season hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0022-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1826 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A hurricane hit the Cayman Islands and western Cuba on August 27, causing 33 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0023-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1826 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) A tropical storm spotted near Dominica on August 31 moved west-northwest to Jamaica before moving northward to the Grand Banks by September 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0024-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1826 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) Heavy cyclone devastated la Orotava valley, Tenerife, Canary Islands in November. About 500 \u2013 1000 victims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0025-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1827 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) Tropical Storm San Jacinto of 1827 A hurricane struck Antigua and Puerto Rico on August 17, and moved westward to Jamaica before continuing westward to Vera Cruz, Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0026-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1827 Atlantic hurricane season\nA hurricane formed over the Windward Islands on August 18. It moved northwest through the Bahamas on the 21st, and hit Cape Hatteras on August 24. It moved up the Chesapeake Bay, causing higher than normal tides, and eventually through New England by August 27. This is known as the St. Kitts Hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0027-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1827 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) A hurricane struck Belize City on August 19, 1827, and \u201cdrove all ships on shore at Belize.\u201d It has been identified as \u2018Event 5\u2019 in Belizean sedimentary records by McCloskey and Keller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0028-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1827 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) A tropical storm moved through the southwest Atlantic between the West Indies and Bermuda from August 29 to September 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0029-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1828 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A hurricane moved from the northern Lesser Antilles on September 15 northward by Bermuda on September 19, where it caused a \"severe gale\" and sank 3 ships, before moving into the north Atlantic shipping lanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0030-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1829 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A tropical storm moved through the Gulf of Mexico between July 9 and July 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0031-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1829 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) A strong tropical storm moved through South Carolina and the Outer Banks of North Carolina before moving northwest of Bermuda during the last week of August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0032-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1829 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) On September 10, a hurricane hit the mouth of the Rio Grande. Port Isabel and Brazos Santiago saw great destruction, while other towns had higher than normal tides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0033-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1829 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) A hurricane hit Saint Bartholomew on October 26, possibly sinking one ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020887-0034-0000", "contents": "1820s Atlantic hurricane seasons, References, Books\nTerry Tucker. Beware the Hurricane! The Story of the Gyratory Tropical Storms That Have Struck Bermuda. Bermuda: Hamilton Press, 1966, p.\u00a087\u201389.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020888-0000-0000", "contents": "1820s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1820\u20131829 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0000-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion\nDuring the 1820s in European and European-influenced countries, fashionable women's clothing styles transitioned away from the classically influenced \"Empire\"/\"Regency\" styles of c. 1795\u20131820 (with their relatively unconfining empire silhouette) and re-adopted elements that had been characteristic of most of the 18th century (and were to be characteristic of the remainder of the 19th century), such as full skirts and clearly visible corseting of the natural waist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0001-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion\nThe silhouette of men's fashion changed in similar ways: by the mid-1820s coats featured broad shoulders with puffed sleeves, a narrow waist, and full skirts. Trousers were worn for smart day wear, while breeches continued in use at court and in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0002-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Overview\nDuring the first half of the 1820s, there were slight gradual modifications of Regency styles, with the position of the waistline trending successively lower than the high waistline of the Regency (just below the breasts), and also further development of the trends of the late 1810s towards giving skirts a somewhat conical silhouette (as opposed to earlier more clinging and free-flowing styles), and in having various types of decoration (sometimes large and ornate) applied horizontally around the dress near the hem. Sleeves also began increasing in size, foreshadowing the styles of the 1830s. However, there was still no radical break with the Empire/Regency aesthetic. Skirts became even wider at the bottom during the 1820s, with more ornamentation and definition toward the bottom of the skirt such as tucks, pleats, ruffles, or loops of silk or fur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0003-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Overview\nDuring the second half of the 1820s, this neoclassical aesthetic was decisively repudiated, preparing the way for the main fashion features of the next ten to fifteen years (large sleeves, somewhat strict corseting of the natural waist, full skirts, elaborate large-circumference hats, and visual emphasis on wide sloping shoulders). Rich colors such as chrome yellow and Turkey red became popular, and fabrics with large bold checkerboard or plaid patterns became fashionable, (another contrast with the previous fashion period, which had favored small delicate pastel prints). A bustle was sometimes also worn. Belts accentuated the new defined waist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0004-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Overview\nDresses were often worn with a round ruffled linen collar similar to a soft Elizabethan ruff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0005-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nEarly in the decade, hair was parted in the center front and styled into tight curls over the temples. As the decade progressed, these curls became more elaborate and expansive. The bun on the back became a looped knot worn high on top of the head. Wide-brimmed hats and hat-like bonnets with masses of feathers and ribbon trims were worn by mid-decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0006-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nConservative married or older women wore indoor caps of fine linen descended from the earlier mob cap; these had a pleated or gathered caul on the back to cover the hair, and a narrow brim at the front that widened to cover the ears and often tied under the chin. These caps were worn under bonnets for street-wear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0007-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nWomen also began to wear caps known as a cornette around 1816. These caps were tied under the chin and worn indoors. They also tended to be greatly adorned with plumes, ribbons, flowers, and jewels. Another alternative to the cornette was the turban, also often bejeweled and adorned, which shows the great interest in exotic cultures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0008-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Outerwear\nShawls remained popular. Cloaks and full-length coats were worn in cold or wet weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0009-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Shoes\nThe fashionable shoe was a flat slipper. In the late 1820s, the first high shoe appeared and became vogue for both men and women. The shoe typically consisted of a three-inch high cloth top that laced on the inner side and a leather vamp that supported a long, narrow, and squared toe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0010-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Men's wear, Overview\nBy the mid-1820s, men's fashion plates show a shapely ideal silhouette with broad shoulders emphasized with puffs at the sleevehead, a narrow waist, and very curvy hips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0011-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Men's wear, Overview\nA corset was required to achieve the tiny waistline shown in fashion plates. Already de rigueur in the wardrobes of military officers, men of all middle and upper classes began wearing them, out of the necessity to fit in with the fashionable gentry. Usually referred to as \"girdles\", \"belts\" or \"vests\" (as \"corsets\" and \"stays\" were considered feminine terms) they were used to cinch the waist to sometimes tiny proportions, although sometimes they were simply whalebone-stiffened waistcoats with lacing in the back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0011-0001", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Men's wear, Overview\nMany contemporary cartoonists of the time poked fun at the repressed nature of the tightlaced gentlemen, although the style grew in popularity nonetheless. This was the case especially amidst middle-class men, who often used their wardrobe to promote themselves, at least  in their minds, to a higher class \u2014 hence the dandy was born.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0012-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Men's wear, Overview\nThe emergence of wool as a primary fabric choice for men's outer garments led to a revolution in tailoring that allowed fit and finish to be of the utmost importance as opposed to ornamentation. This revolution allowed for an idealized classical silhouette to be materialized in men's fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0013-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Men's wear, Shirts and cravats\nShirts of linen or cotton featured tall standing collars and were worn with wide cravats tied in a soft bow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0014-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Men's wear, Coats and waistcoats\nAround 1820, coats began to be made in an entirely new way. The tails and lapels were cut separately and subsequently attached to the coat. This ensured a better fit, a greater following of the body's contours, and more consistent positioning, even when the coat was unbuttoned. The tails themselves were narrow, pointed, and fell just below the knee. The shoulders were broad and the coat stood off the chest, yet was snug at the waist. Coats also were padded at the chest and waist. The collars and lapels were also padded in order to stiffen them. The collars were high and shawl-like in order to frame the face. Coats were cut straight across the waist. Waistcoats were buttoned high on the chest. Cutaway coats were worn as in the previous period for formal daywear, but the skirts might almost meet at the front waist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0015-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Men's wear, Coats and waistcoats\nFrock coats had the same nipped-in waist and full skirts. Very fashionable sleeves were gathered or pleated into a slightly puffed \"leg of mutton\" shape. Coats could be made of wool or velvet, and jewel colors like bottle green and midnight blue were high style. Double-breasted coats were very much in fashion throughout the decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0016-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Men's wear, Trousers and breeches\nTrousers underwent a notable change in the 1820s. The new fit was a product of the French Revolution as it was considered uncouth to wear attire that looked wealthy. The length of the pant changed from below the knee to below the ankle and the fit of the pant loosened slightly from the first decade of the 19th century. The pants featured a small waistline and flared out slightly at the hip with small pleats, creating the image of fullness in the hip region. The introduction of straps that went under the foot, known as stirrup pants, also changed the shape and fit of these trousers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0017-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Men's wear, Trousers and breeches\nFull -length light-colored trousers were worn for day; these were cut full through the hips and thighs, tapering to the ankles. They were held smoothly in place by straps fastened under the square-toed shoes. Dark trousers were worn for evening wear, and breeches were worn for formal functions at the British court (as they would be throughout the century). Breeches were also worn for horseback riding and other country pursuits, especially in Britain, with tall fitted boots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0018-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Men's wear, Hats and hairstyles\nTall, silk hats again came into style. They were seen as a comfortable and light way to protect against sun and rain and were adequate for travelling and hunting. The crowns of tall hats also became curvy in keeping with the new style, and began to flare from the headband to the top. Curled hair and sideburns were fashionable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0019-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Men's wear, Shoes\nRubber was introduced to Europe and America and created a shift in shoes from the pattens and clogs to the galosh. The galosh was soft and gummy in warm weather and hard and stiff in the cold. The style of men's shoes closely mirrored that of women's, as they were narrow, heelless slippers with low-cut vamps. They were very flimsy looking, as though they were held on by suction cups, for the leather barely covered the toes and hardly gripped the heel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020889-0020-0000", "contents": "1820s in Western fashion, Children's fashion\nPortrait of Alwine and Robert Uellenberg by Heinrich Christoph Kolbe, Germany, 1825", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020890-0000-0000", "contents": "1820s in association football\nThe following are events in the 1820s decade which are relevant to the development of association football. All events happened in English football unless specified otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020890-0001-0000", "contents": "1820s in association football, Bibliography\nThis association football article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020891-0000-0000", "contents": "1820s in sociology\nThe following events related to sociology occurred in the 1820s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020892-0000-0000", "contents": "1820\u20131821 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 41st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1820 and 1821 during the governorship of John Brooks. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Elijah H. Mills served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020893-0000-0000", "contents": "1820\u20131821 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine\nThis was the first election in Maine since its separation from Massachusetts. In the previous election, Massachusetts had had 20 representatives. Seven seats (representing the 14th-20th districts) were reassigned from Massachusetts to Maine. In addition, under the terms of the law which admitted Maine to the union, any vacancies in the 16th Congress by Representatives elected to represent Massachusetts but residing in the new states of Maine would be filled by a resident of Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020893-0000-0001", "contents": "1820\u20131821 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine\nJohn Holmes, who had been elected to the House for the former 14th district of Massachusetts was elected as one of the first two senators for Maine. The vacancy was filled in a special election by Joseph Dane (Federalist). Dane was the only Representative officially considered as representing Maine in the 16th Congress. The Representatives from the 15th-20th districts were still classified as being from Massachusetts for the remainder of the 16th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020893-0001-0000", "contents": "1820\u20131821 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine\nMaine elected its members November 7, 1820. Maine law required a majority to win election necessitating additional ballots if a majority was not received so additional ballots were held January 22, 1821 and September 10, 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020894-0000-0000", "contents": "1820\u20131821 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nThis was the first election in Massachusetts after the separation of the former District of Maine as the new State of Maine, taking the old 14th \u2013 20th districts with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020894-0001-0000", "contents": "1820\u20131821 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts elected its members November 6, 1820. Massachusetts had a majority requirement for election, which was not met in the 2nd district necessitating two additional elections on January 8, 1821 and April 16, 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020894-0002-0000", "contents": "1820\u20131821 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 82], "content_span": [83, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020895-0000-0000", "contents": "1820\u20131821 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nIn 1820, Vermont returned to using districts. This would be the only election in which the 6th district would be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020895-0001-0000", "contents": "1820\u20131821 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nVermont elected its members September 5, 1820. A majority was required for election, which was not met in the 2nd or 3rd district, requiring additional ballots to achieve a majority. The 2nd district required 7 ballots. The 3rd district required two additional ballots. The additional ballots were held December 11, 1820, and February 19, May 1, July 2, September 4, and October 22, 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020896-0000-0000", "contents": "1820\u20131821 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1820\u20131821 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on three separate dates from December 1820 to December 1821. On December 10, 1821, William Findlay was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020896-0001-0000", "contents": "1820\u20131821 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 12, 1820, for the regularly scheduled Senate election for the term beginning on March 4, 1821. Two ballots were recorded on December 12. The election convention re-convened on January 16, 1821, when three ballots were recorded with no result, after which the convention adjourned sine die. Upon the expiration of incumbent Jonathan Roberts's term on March 4, 1821, the seat was vacated. It was vacant until the nomination convention of the General Assembly re-convened on December 10, 1821, and elected Democratic-Republican William Findlay to the seat. The results of the sixth and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 64], "content_span": [65, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020897-0000-0000", "contents": "1821\n1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1821st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 821st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 21st  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1821, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020898-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1821 Alabama gubernatorial election was held on August 6, 1821, to elect the third Governor of Alabama. Democratic-Republican candidate Israel Pickens defeated fellow Democratic-Republican candidate Henry H. Chambers with 57.43% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020899-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1821 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 12, 1821. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. was re-elected, winning with 86.91% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020900-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 Coronation Honours\nThe 1821 Coronation Honours were appointments by King George IV to various orders and honours on the occasion of his coronation on 19 July 1821. The honours were published in The London Gazette on 14, 24 and 28 July 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020900-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 Coronation Honours\nThe recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020901-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 Kentucky's 8th congressional district special election\nOn October 13, 1821, before the first meeting of the 17th Congress, Wingfield Bullock (DR) of Kentucky's 8th district died. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020901-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 Kentucky's 8th congressional district special election, Election result\nBreckinridge took his seat on January 2, 1822, a month into the 1st Session of the 17th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020902-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 Light Regiment (India)\n1821 Light Regiment is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020902-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 Light Regiment (India), Formation\n1821 Light Regiment was raised at Siliguri on 15 September 1965 as 182 Light Regiment (Pack). The nucleus of the regiment was the 142 Mountain Battery \u2013 which itself was raised on 1 March 1962 as part of 51 Mountain Regiment (Pack) at Harchura (Rangapara North), Assam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020902-0002-0000", "contents": "1821 Light Regiment (India), Formation\nIn 1973, 182 Light Regiment (Pack), was split into 1821 (Independent) Light Battery and 1822 (Independent) Light Battery. The class composition was changed from a single class (Sikhs) to \u2018All India, All Classes\u2019. On 4 August 1984, the 1821 (Independent) Light Battery was redesignated as 1821 Light Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020902-0003-0000", "contents": "1821 Light Regiment (India), History\n142 Mountain Battery took part in the operations in NEFA in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020902-0004-0000", "contents": "1821 Light Regiment (India), History\nDuring the Nathu La operation in 1967, 182 Light Regiment provided timely and effective fire support. Captain NS Burns was awarded the Sena Medal for his courageous action. It lost Gunner Sukhdev Singh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020902-0005-0000", "contents": "1821 Light Regiment (India), History\nThe unit was part of the 104 Infantry Brigade under 19 Infantry Division in Tithwal Sub-sector. It proved its mettle in Lipa Valley at Tangdhar. It played a stellar role in providing fire support for the capture of Wanjal, when field and medium guns were crested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020902-0006-0000", "contents": "1821 Light Regiment (India), History\nThe regiment has also participated in Operation Rakshak between 1993 and 1996 at Gund, during Operation Vijay in 1999 at RS Pura and in Operation Parakram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020902-0007-0000", "contents": "1821 Light Regiment (India), Honours and Awards\nThe regiment has won one Sena Medal, one Mentioned in dispatches, four COAS Commendation Cards and six Army Commander Commendation Cards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020903-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1821 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 10, 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020903-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 Maine gubernatorial election\nIncumbent acting Democratic-Republican Governor William D. Williamson became Governor in May 1821 when Governor William King resigned. Williamson did not stand for re-election but successfully stood for election to the U.S. House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020903-0002-0000", "contents": "1821 Maine gubernatorial election\nDemocratic-Republican candidate Albion Parris defeated Federalist candidate Ezekiel Whitman and Democratic-Republican Joshua Wingate, Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020903-0003-0000", "contents": "1821 Maine gubernatorial election\nWilliamson would resign as Governor in December 1821 and be followed in office as acting Governor by Benjamin Ames and Daniel Rose before Parris took office in January 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020904-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New Jersey's at-large congressional district on October 8, 1821 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of John Linn (DR) on January 5, 1821, prior to the start of the 17th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020904-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nCondict took his seat with the rest of New Jersey's delegation at the start of the 1st session of the 17th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 84], "content_span": [85, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020905-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 New York's 6th congressional district special election\nOn September 7, 1821, Representative-elect Selah Tuthill (DR) of New York's 6th district died before the first meeting of the 17th Congress. A special election was held November 6\u20138, 1821 to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020905-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 New York's 6th congressional district special election, Election results\nBorland took his seat December 3, 1821, at the start of the First Session o the 17th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 77], "content_span": [78, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane\nThe 1821 Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane was one of four known tropical cyclones that have made landfall in New York City. Another, even more intense hurricane in pre-Columbian times (sometime between 1278 and 1438) left evidence that was detected in southern New Jersey by paleotempestological research. The third was the 1893 New York hurricane, and the fourth was Hurricane Irene in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane\nThe first of three recorded tropical cyclones recorded in the 1821 Atlantic hurricane season, the storm that would eventually strike New York was first observed off the southeast United States coast on September 1, with winds estimated in excess of 135\u00a0mph (215\u00a0km/h). It moved ashore near Wilmington, North Carolina, and passed near Norfolk, Virginia before moving through the Delmarva Peninsula and New Jersey just inland. On September 3, the hurricane struck approximately near Jamaica Bay, which later became part of New York City, and on September 4 it was observed over New England. This was just 6\u00a0years after the destructive Great September Gale of 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0002-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Meteorological history\nA tropical cyclone was first observed on September 1 off the southeast coast of the United States. Initially, it was believed to be the same storm that struck Guadeloupe on the same day, though subsequent research indicated there were two separate storms. The hurricane tracked by the Bahamas while tracking generally northward, and it attained major hurricane status over the western Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0002-0001", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Meteorological history\nAs it approached the United States coastline, the hurricane was very intense, with winds estimated at over 135\u00a0mph (215\u00a0km/h) and potentially as strong as 160\u00a0mph (255\u00a0km/h), or a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane scale. Late on September 2, the hurricane made landfall near Wilmington, North Carolina and later turned to the northeast to cross the Pamlico Sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0003-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe hurricane accelerated northeastward, and passed over the Hampton Roads area early on September 3. After crossing the Chesapeake Bay, the cyclone traversed the Delmarva Peninsula near the Atlantic coastline, and at around 1500\u00a0UTC the eye passed directly over Cape Henlopen, Delaware; a thirty-minute period of calm was reported. It continued across the Delaware Bay and later passed over Cape May, New Jersey, where a fifteen-minute calm was reported. Modern researchers estimate it was a Category\u00a03 or Category\u00a04 hurricane upon striking New Jersey, one of the few hurricanes to hit the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0003-0001", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Meteorological history\nMoving ashore at very low tide, it paralleled the state's coastline just inland, and after exiting into Lower New York Bay the hurricane made landfall on New York City at around 1930\u00a0UTC on September 3; this makes it the only major hurricane to directly hit the city. A minimal hurricane in 1893 also made landfall on what later became part of New York City. One modern researcher estimates the hurricane was moving at a forward speed of 35\u00a0mph (55\u00a0km/h), and upon moving ashore had a pressure of 965\u00a0mbar. The hurricane continued northeastward through New England, and after entering Massachusetts on September 4 its exact path was unknown; one researcher estimated the cyclone tracked northeastward until losing its identity over southeastern Maine, while another assessed the storm as passing far to the west of Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0004-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Meteorological history\nBased on the arrangement of effects in New England, meteorologist William C. Redfield deduced that the wind field and center of tropical cyclones are circular; previously the winds were believed to be in a straight line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0005-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Impact\nThe continuous cataracts of rain swept impetuously along, darkening the expanse of vision and apparently confounding the heaven, earth and seas in a general chaos", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0006-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Impact\nIn North Carolina, a powerful storm surge flooded large portions of Portsmouth Island; residents estimated the island would have been completely under water had the worst of the storm lasted for two more hours. Strong winds occurred across eastern North Carolina, resulting in at least 76\u00a0destroyed houses. Numerous people were killed in Currituck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0007-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Impact\nThe strongest winds of the hurricane lasted for about an hour in southeastern Virginia, after which the storm rapidly abated. Several houses were completely destroyed, with many others receiving moderate to severe damage. The winds destroyed most of the roof of the courthouse, and uprooted trees across the region; fallen tree limbs damaged a stone bridge in Norfolk. The hurricane produced a strong storm surge along the Virginia coastline, which reached 10\u00a0feet (3\u00a0m) at Pungoteague on the Delmarva Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0007-0001", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Impact\nThe storm surge, which reached several hundred yards inland, destroyed two bridges and flooded many warehouses along the Elizabeth River. Rough waves grounded the USS\u00a0Guerriere and the USS\u00a0Congress, and also destroyed several schooners and brigs. Along the eastern shore, the storm surge flooded barrier islands along the Atlantic coastline, causing severe crop damage and downing many trees. Several houses were destroyed, and at Pungoteague the impact of the hurricane was described as \"unexampled destruction\"; five people drowned in Chincoteague. Considered one of the most violent hurricanes on record in the Mid-Atlantic, the hurricane caused $200,000 in damage in Virginia (1821\u00a0USD, $3.1\u00a0million 2007\u00a0USD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0008-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Impact\nGale-force winds affected the Delmarva Peninsula; on Poplar Island in Talbot County, Maryland, winds peaked at 1600\u00a0UTC on September 3. The strongest winds were confined to the Atlantic coastline, with outer rainbands producing heavy rainfall in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore. Fierce winds were observed in Cape Henlopen, Delaware, with the strongest gales occurring after the eye passed over the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0009-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Impact\nUpon making landfall on Cape May, New Jersey, the cyclone produced a 5-foot (1.5\u00a0m) storm surge on the Delaware Bay side of the city. Lasting for several hours, the hurricane-force winds were described as \"[blowing] with great violence\", causing widespread devastation across the region. Wind gusts in Cape May County reached over 110\u00a0mph (180\u00a0km/h), and around 130\u00a0mph (210\u00a0km/h) in Atlantic County. In Little Egg Harbor, the hurricane damaged to the port.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0009-0001", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Impact\nStrong winds reached as far inland as Philadelphia, where winds of over 40\u00a0mph (65\u00a0km/h) downed trees and chimneys; in the city, precipitation accrued to 3.92\u00a0inches (99.6\u00a0mm). Further to the north, the hurricane destroyed a windmill at Bergen Point, New Jersey. Though the hurricane struck at low tide, it produced a storm surge of over 29\u00a0feet (9\u00a0m) along several portions of the New Jersey coastline, causing significant overwash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0010-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Impact\nThe hurricane produced a storm surge of 13\u00a0feet (4\u00a0m) in only one hour at Battery Park, a record only broken 191 years later by Hurricane Sandy. Manhattan Island was completely flooded to Canal Street; one hurricane researcher remarked that the storm surge flooding would have been much worse, had the hurricane not struck at low tide. However, few deaths were reported in the city, since the flooding affected neighborhoods much less populated than today. The hurricane brought light rainfall as it passed New York City, though strong winds left severe damage across the city. High tides occurred along the Hudson River. Strong waves and winds blew many ships ashore along Long Island. One ship sank, killing 17\u00a0people. Along Long Island, the winds destroyed several buildings and left crops destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0011-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Impact\nIn New England, the hurricane produced widespread gale-force winds, with damage greatest in Connecticut. The Black Rock Harbor Light in Black Rock, Connecticut, was destroyed on September 21. Elsewhere in the state, the winds damaged or destroyed churches, houses and small buildings. Moderate crop damage to fruit was reported as well. Strong winds extended into eastern Massachusetts, though little damage was reported in the Boston area. Hurricane-force winds reached as far north as Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020906-0012-0000", "contents": "1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, Historical context\nThe Swiss Re insurance company estimates that a hurricane with the exact track of the 1821 storm would cause $107\u00a0billion in direct property damage in 2014. Damage would reach over $1\u00a0billion in Atlantic and Ocean counties in New Jersey and New Haven, and Hartford counties in Connecticut. Damage would reach over $2\u00a0billion in Nassau and Suffolk counties on Long Island, as well as Fairfield County, Connecticut. Indirect losses, including lost tax revenue and lower real estate, would reach nearly $250\u00a0billion nationwide for a similar storm. The damage would be far greater than what occurred during Hurricane Sandy in 2012, which caused $65\u00a0billion in damage in the country when it struck New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020907-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 North Carolina's 4th congressional district special election\nOn December 20, 1820, Jesse Slocumb (DR) of North Carolina's 4th district died. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020907-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 North Carolina's 4th congressional district special election, Election results\nBlackledge took office on February 7, 1821, near the end of the 16th Congress. He was also elected to the 17th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020908-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district special election\nOn July 20, 1821, William Cox Ellis (F) from Pennsylvania's 10th district resigned. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy on October 9, 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020909-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district special election\nIn April, 1821, prior to the first meeting of the 17th Congress, Representative-elect James Duncan (DR) from Pennsylvania's 5th district resigned. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy on October 9, 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020910-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1821 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an election held on April 4, 1821 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. William C. Gibbs, the Democratic-Republican nominee, beat Samuel W. Bridgham, the Federalist candidate, with 56.97% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020911-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 South Carolina's 9th congressional district special election\nIn 1821, Representative-elect John S. Richards (DR), who'd been elected to represent South Carolina's 9th district, declined to serve. A special election was held to fill the resulting, the first of two special elections in the 9th district for the 17th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020911-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 South Carolina's 9th congressional district special election, Election results\nBlair took his seat at the start of the 17th Congress. Blair himself subsequently resigned May 8, 1822, resulting in a second special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020914-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from April 24 to 26, 1821, to elect 27 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 17th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020914-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n27 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1818 to a term in the 16th United States Congress beginning on March 4, 1819, and ending on March 3, 1821. The previous congressional elections were held usually in even-numbered years, about ten months before the term would start on March 4 of the next year, and about a year and a half before Congress actually met in the following December. This time the congressional elections were moved a year forward, and were held together with the State elections in late April 1821, after the congressional term already had begun, but about half a year before Congress actually met on December 3, 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020914-0002-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nExcept for the split of the 21st District, the geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1818. Five new counties had been created. Hamilton Co. was split from Montgomery Co. inside the 14th District. Oswego Co. was created from parts of Oneida and Onondaga counties, but the parts remained in their previous congressional districts. On March 9, 1821, the New York State Legislature divided the 21st District in two districts: Ontario Co. and the newly created Monroe Co. remained as the 21st District; the remainder became the new 22nd District, including the new counties of Erie and Livingston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020914-0003-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020914-0004-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n15 Bucktails and 12 Clintonian/Federalists were declared elected. Cadwallader D. Colden (Fed.) successfully contested the election of Peter Sharpe (Buckt. ), so that New York was represented by 19 Democratic-Republicans and 8 Federalists in the 17th Congress. The incumbents Wood, Van Rensselaer, Dickinson, Taylor, Pitcher and Tracy were re-elected; the incumbents Gross, Monell, Hall, Richmond and Allen (all Clintonians) were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020914-0005-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: It is difficult to ascertain the party affiliation of some of the fusion candidates: At this time the Democratic-Republican Party was already split into two opposing factions: on one side, the supporters of DeWitt Clinton and his Erie Canal project; on the other side, the Bucktails (including the Tammany Hall organization in New York City), led by Martin Van Buren. At the same time, the Federalist Party had already begun to disintegrate, and many of its former members joined either the Bucktails or the Clintonians. However, in Congress both Bucktails and Clintonians aligned with the Democratic-Republicans from the other States. Wood, Colden, Patterson, Ruggles, Van Rensselaer, Dickinson, Kirkland and Sterling were Federalists; Wilkin, McCarty, Taylor, Gross, Gebhard, Monell, Hall, Richmond, Camp, Allen and Tracy were Clintonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020914-0006-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election\nSelah Tuthill, elected in the 6th District, died on September 7, 1821, before Congress met. A special election to fill the vacancy was held from November 6 to 8, and was won by Charles Borland, Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 118], "content_span": [119, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020914-0007-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election\nThe House of Representatives of the 17th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 3, 1821, and 24 of the representatives took their seats. Ruggles and Sterling took their seats later, and Peter Sharpe did not appear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 118], "content_span": [119, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020914-0008-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election\nOn December 6, 1821, a petition on behalf of Cadwallader D. Colden was presented to contest the election of Peter Sharpe in the 1st District. On December 11, the Committee on Elections submitted its report. They found that in the town of Brookhaven 220 votes had been returned for Cadwallader D. Colden, but the final letter of the name \"n\" had been misread as an \"r\" when the election certificate was viewed in the office of the Secretary of State of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 118], "content_span": [119, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020914-0008-0001", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election\nThey also found that in the town of Hempstead 395 votes were returned for \"Cadwallader Colden\" by mistake, the Queens County Clerk having omitted the middle initial although all these votes had in fact been given for \"Cadwallader D. Colden\". The Secretary of State of New York, receiving the abovementioned result, issued credentials for Sharpe who never took or claimed the seat. On December 12, the House declared Colden entitled to the seat, and he took it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 118], "content_span": [119, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020914-0009-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special elections and contested election\nOn January 14, 1822, Solomon Van Rensselaer resigned his seat to accept an appointment as Postmaster of Albany to replace Solomon Southwick whose financial affairs were in such a messy state that he had defaulted the post-office monies. To fill the vacancy, a special election was held from February 25 to 27, and was won by Stephen Van Rensselaer defeating Ex-Postmaster Southwick. Stephen Van Renssealaer took his seat on March 12, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 118], "content_span": [119, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020915-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected its members August 9, 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020915-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020916-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 9\u201310, 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020917-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia\nVirginia elected its members in April 1821, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020917-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes\nThis Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020918-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1821 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 6, 1821, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020918-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nNathan Sanford had been elected in 1815 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020918-0002-0000", "contents": "1821 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAlthough nominally in the same party, the Democratic-Republicans were split into two fiercely opposing factions: the \"Clintonians\" (allies of Governor DeWitt Clinton), and \"Bucktails\" (a combine of the Tammany members from New York City and Clinton's upstate adversaries led by Martin Van Buren). The Federalist Party had disbanded, the larger part joining the Clintonians, the others the Bucktails. At the State election in April 1820, although Clinton was re-elected Governor, a Bucktails majority was elected to the Assembly, and five of the eight State Senators up for renewal were Bucktails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020918-0002-0001", "contents": "1821 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nThe 44th New York State Legislature met from November 7 to 20, 1820; and from January 9 to April 3, 1821, at Albany, New York. The party strength in the Assembly as shown by the vote for Speaker was: 69 for Bucktail Peter Sharpe and 52 for Clintonian John C. Spencer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020918-0003-0000", "contents": "1821 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nBefore the election, a caucus of Democratic-Republican State legislators was held with 82 members present. 58 voted for Van Buren, 24 for Sanford, and Martin Van Buren was declared nominated. In the election, he received the votes of the Bucktails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020918-0004-0000", "contents": "1821 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nDisregarding the caucus nominee, a practice now already established, the incumbent U.S. Senator Nathan Sanford received the votes of the Clintonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020918-0005-0000", "contents": "1821 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nMartin Van Buren was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020919-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1821 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Richard Skinner to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020919-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 11. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. With the Federalist Party defunct, Democratic-Republican Richard Skinner was the only major candidate. The committee determined that Skinner had easily won a second one-year term against only scattering opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020919-0002-0000", "contents": "1821 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican William Cahoon, who was unopposed, had won election to a second one-year term. The vote totals were recorded as 11,817 (98.8%) for Cahoon, with 146 (1.2%) scattering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020919-0003-0000", "contents": "1821 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was unopposed for election to a one-year term as treasurer, his twenty-second. Though nominally a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and often ran unopposed. Vote totals for the 1821 election were recorded as 10,637 (99.6%) for Swan and 41 (0.04%) scattering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020919-0004-0000", "contents": "1821 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020920-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1821 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020923-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1821 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020930-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1821 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020935-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1821 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020937-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1821 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020941-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020943-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020944-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 in poetry\n\u2014 words chiselled onto the tombstone of John Keats, at his request", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020944-0001-0000", "contents": "1821 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020944-0002-0000", "contents": "1821 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020944-0003-0000", "contents": "1821 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020945-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020946-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 in science\nThe year 1821 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020947-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 in sports\n1821 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020948-0000-0000", "contents": "1821 in the United Kingdom\nEvents from the year 1821 in the United Kingdom. This is a census year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020950-0000-0000", "contents": "1821: The Struggle for Freedom\n1821: The Struggle for Freedom (Greek: 1821: \u0391\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1) is a turn-based strategy video game developed and published by Greek game developer Icehole Games (at the time known as Metal Fin) in 2001. In 1821, the player is tasked with leading the scattered Greek forces over the course of the Greek War of Independence, and liberate Greek territories from Ottoman rule by controlling both the economic and military aspects of the revolutionary effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020950-0001-0000", "contents": "1821: The Struggle for Freedom, Gameplay\n1821 is a 2D turn-based statistical management game. The game map, which provides an isometric representation of Greece, including the Peloponnese, Central Greece, Thessaly, Epirus, Crete and the Aegean islands, is divided into territories where the players can move their armies. Each territory contains a city, which generates revenue (counted in grosha) on a monthly basis for its owner. All cities have citizens and a garrison, with some cities having a castle or a port (if that city is coastal). Furthermore, each city is characterized by a revolutionary fervor stat, which indicates how easy it is for the player to liberate that territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020950-0002-0000", "contents": "1821: The Struggle for Freedom, Gameplay\nEach game round corresponds to one month of in-game time, with the final round taking place in 1829. Each unit has 30 in-game days to perform its designated actions during the course of a single round. Hence, each action (i.e. troop movement), costs a specific number of days to complete. Each unit may contain up to four different combat arms, namely irregular soldiers (klephts), regular troops, cavalry and artillery, and is led by at least one Hero, each one corresponding to a prominent figure in Greece's War of Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020950-0002-0001", "contents": "1821: The Struggle for Freedom, Gameplay\nHeroes are characterized by stats affecting various aspects of the game, including Combat prowess, Persuasion, Popularity, Ambition and Greed. Heroes with high ambition or greed stats may cause infighting or even defect to the Ottoman Empire. Armies are further characterized by Training and Morale, which are affected by various elements, such as the staging of training exercises, battle outcome, and Hero leadership. Players are also required to resupply their forces at regular intervals, as any army left without supplies for three consecutive rounds is immediately disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020950-0002-0002", "contents": "1821: The Struggle for Freedom, Gameplay\nPlayers may bolster their ranks at a city they occupy by means of conscription, which costs both grosha and at the same time reduces the local population, while ships can be built in the ports of Hydra, Spetses and Psara for a monetary fee. From 1826 onward, players can also appeal for help to the three Great Powers\u2014Russia, Britain and France\u2014and receive a one-time free allied army or fleet unit, or a significant monetary loan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020950-0003-0000", "contents": "1821: The Struggle for Freedom, Gameplay\nBattles in 1821 take place whenever two opposing armies are moved into the same territory. If the city in that territory does not have a castle, the winner of the battle takes control of the city. If there is a castle, and the attacking army emerges victorious, the defending forces will fortify themselves, and a siege will ensue. A siege causes the defending army to gradually consume the castle's resources. When these run out, the city and consequently, the entire territory is handed over to the attacking force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020950-0004-0000", "contents": "1821: The Struggle for Freedom, Gameplay\nThe outcome of battles is largely affected by the terrain types of the territory on which the battle takes place. There are a total of four terrain types (mountain, forest, hill and plain) and each territory may be characterized by two to four different terrain types. Before each battle, the player will have to choose in which terrain they prefer the battle to take place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020950-0005-0000", "contents": "1821: The Struggle for Freedom, Development and release\nDevelopment on 1821 lasted two years, with the game's developers reportedly completing 95% of the work working from their homes. The game is entirely presented in the Greek language and therefore saw a release only in its home country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020951-0000-0000", "contents": "1821\u20131822 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 42nd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1821 and 1822 during the governorship of John Brooks. John Phillips served as president of the Senate. Josiah Quincy III and Luther Lawrence served as speakers of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020952-0000-0000", "contents": "1822\n1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1822nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 822nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 22nd  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1822, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020953-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 (book)\n1822, subtitled How a wise man, a sad princess and a money crazy Scotsman helped D. Pedro to create Brazil, a country that had everything to go wrong (in Portuguese: Como um homem s\u00e1bio, uma princesa triste e um escoc\u00eas louco por dinheiro ajudaram D. Pedro a criar o Brasil, um pa\u00eds que tinha tudo para dar errado), is a non-fiction historical book written by Laurentino Gomes, the author of 1808, and edited by Nova Fronteira.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020953-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 (book)\nThe name of the book refers to the year in which Prince Pedro declared the independence of Brazil with the well-remembered \"Cry of Ipiranga\". It is a comprehensive study of the beginnings of independent life in a giant country in the New World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020953-0002-0000", "contents": "1822 (book)\nIn 2011, the book earned Gomes his third and fourth Jabuti Prizes, in the categories \"best reportage-book\" and \"non-fiction book of the year\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020954-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1822 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 11, 1822. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. defeated former congressman and Federalist Party candidate Zephaniah Swift, winning with 86.59% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020955-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Delaware gubernatorial special election\nThe 1822 Delaware gubernatorial special election was held on October 1, 1822. A little more than a year into his three-year term, Democratic-Republican Governor John Collins died in office, elevating State Senate Speaker Caleb Rodney, a Federalist, to the governorship and triggering a special election for a three-year term in 1822. Former Governor Joseph Haslet ran as the Democratic-Republican nominee against James Booth, the Federalist nominee. Haslet won a narrow victory over Booth, receiving just 22 more votes than his opponent. However, for the third time in four years, a vacancy occurred; Haslet died on June 20, 1823, and State Senate Speaker Charles Thomas became Governor until the 1823 special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020955-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 Delaware gubernatorial special election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020956-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Delaware's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Delaware's at-large congressional district on October 1, 1822 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Caesar A. Rodney (DR) on January 24, 1822, having been elected to the Senate. This election was held on the same day as the general elections for Congress in Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020956-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 Delaware's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nRodney took his seat December 2, 1822, at the start of the 2nd session of the 17th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020957-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1822 Illinois gubernatorial election was Illinois's second gubernatorial election and its first competitive election. All candidates in the election represented the Democratic-Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020958-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Indiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1822 Indiana gubernatorial election took place on August 5, 1822, under the provisions of the Constitution of Indiana. It was the third gubernatorial election in the State of Indiana. William Hendricks, the outgoing United States representative for Indiana's At-large congressional district, was elected without opposition, taking 100% of the vote. This remains the only uncontested gubernatorial election in the history of Indiana. The election took place concurrently with elections for lieutenant governor and members of the Indiana General Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020958-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 Indiana gubernatorial election\nHendricks had represented Indiana in the United States Congress since the state's admission to the Union in 1816. The outgoing governor, Jonathan Jennings, had been reelected by an overwhelming margin in 1819 only to be sharply criticized for the poor condition of the state's finances following the Panic of 1819. Despite extremely modest expenditures, the state's expenses had exceeded its total revenue in every year since 1816; the insolvency of the state banking system, resulting in the depreciation of paper currency, further exacerbated a difficult situation. By 1822, a series of new taxes had yielded an increase in revenue, and the state's finances appeared to be improving.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020958-0002-0000", "contents": "1822 Indiana gubernatorial election\nHendricks resigned his congressional seat in May, signaling his willingness to become a candidate for governor. By this time his name had already been for some months before the public. No other candidates were nominated in opposition. In the early years of statehood, the Democratic-Republican Party was dominant nationally, and the state's politics were conducted on a nonpartisan basis. Hendricks' candidacy was supported by public meetings and newspaper endorsements lauding his \"able, faithful, and energetic services\" to the state. The equal enthusiasm with which editors from eastern and western counties regarded his candidacy signaled the end of the geographic factionalism which had typified politics of the territorial era. On election day, Hendricks was elected without a single dissenting vote recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020958-0003-0000", "contents": "1822 Indiana gubernatorial election\nShortly after the election, Governor Jennings resigned to seek the congressional seat vacated by Hendricks, briefly elevating Lieutenant Governor Ratliff Boon to the governorship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020958-0004-0000", "contents": "1822 Indiana gubernatorial election, Results, Results by county\nThe official returns appear to have been lost. In light of the unanimity of Hendricks' election, many newspapers felt it unnecessary to publish the full results of the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020958-0005-0000", "contents": "1822 Indiana gubernatorial election, Results, Results by county\nThe surviving results, as compiled in A New Nation Votes, are as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020959-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Indiana's at-large congressional district special election\nOn July 25, 1822, William Hendricks (DR) of Indiana's at-large district resigned to run for Governor of Indiana. Hendricks had represented the state since it was first admitted to the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020959-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 Indiana's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nJennings had previously served as delegate for Indiana Territory in the 11th through 14th Congresses. Jennings took his seat December 2", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020960-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1822 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 9, 1822. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Albion Parris won re-election to a second term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020961-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Maine's 2nd congressional district special election\nThe 1822 special election for Maine's 2nd congressional district was to select the successor for Representative Ezekiel Whitman (F), who resigned from his position on June 1, 1822. Mark Harris won the election, and took his seat on December 2, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020962-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1822 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020962-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nFederalist Governor John Brooks was re-elected to a sixth term in office over Republican William Eustis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020963-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1822 New York state election was held from November 4 to 6, 1822, to elect the governor and the lieutenant governor, as well as all members of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020963-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic-Republican Party nominated State Supreme Court Justice Joseph C. Yates. The anti-Clintonian faction nominated former U.S. representative and state assemblyman Erastus Root for Lieutenant Governor. The Clintonian faction nominated Henry Huntington for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020964-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 New York's 9th congressional district special election\nOn January 14, 1822, Solomon Van Rensselaer (DR) of New York's 9th district resigned to accept a position as Postmaster of Albany. A special election was held February 25\u201327, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020965-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Ohio gubernatorial election\nThe 1822 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 8, 1822. Incumbent Democratic Governor of Ohio William Medill became governor after the resignation of Reuben Wood to accept a Senate seat, leaving Speaker of the Senate Allen Trimble to act as governor. Former Senator, and 1820 gubernatorial challenger Jeremiah Morrow narrowly beat Trimble and former Ohio Supreme Court Justice William Irvin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020966-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district special election\nOn May 8, 1822, the last day of the First Session of the 17th Congress, Henry Baldwin (DR) of Pennsylvania's 14th district resigned from Congress. A special election was held on October 1, 1822 to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020967-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election\nOn May 8, 1822, the last day of the First Session of the 17th Congress, William Milnor (F) of Pennsylvania's 1st district resigned. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy on October 1, 1822, a week before the general elections for the 18th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020968-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district special election\nOn May 20, 1822, Samuel Moore (DR) of Pennsylvania's 6th district resigned. A special election was held on October 1, 1822 to fill the resulting vacancy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020969-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district special election\nOn October 17, 1822, Ludwig Worman (F) of Pennsylvania's 7th district died in office. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy on December 10, 1822", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020970-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Portuguese legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 22 November 1822. The elections were the only vote held under the 1822 constitution, which provided for a unicameral legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020970-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 Portuguese legislative election, Background\nThe Liberal Revolution of 1820 would lead to the 1820 Portuguese elections and to the Constituent Cortes of 1820. The Constituent Cortes would approve the Portuguese Constitution of 1822, along with alterations to the electoral system that would be implemented in 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020970-0002-0000", "contents": "1822 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nUnlike in 1820, when an indirect system was used, members of the new 118-seat legislature were elected directly by secret vote according to the electoral law passed on 11 July 1822; 111 were elected from multi-member constituencies (102 on the mainland and 9 on islands) with between three and six seats, with an additional seven single-member constituencies representing overseas colonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020970-0003-0000", "contents": "1822 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nA two-round system was used, with candidates needing to receive at least 50% of the vote in the first round to be elected; in the second round only a plurality was required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020970-0004-0000", "contents": "1822 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nAll men over the age of 25 were enfranchised except members of religious orders, servants, vagabonds and those still dependent on their parents. Men who were married, serving in the military, had graduated from university or were part of the secular clergy were allowed to vote if they were aged 20 or over. In comparison with the previous election of 1820, this election would also restrict voting rights to the literate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020970-0005-0000", "contents": "1822 Portuguese legislative election, Aftermath\nThe Vilafrancada (27 May 1823) would mark the beginning of the end of the 1822 constitution and a return to absolutism. The parliament held its last session on 2 June 1823, when it approved a declaration against any change to the 1822 constitution. Two days later, John VI of Portugal signs a letter declaring that the constitution needs reform and later summons the Portuguese Cortes. The Septembrism movement would reinstate the 1822 constitution (12 September 1836 - 4 April 1838).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020971-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1822 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 3, 1822 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. William C. Gibbs, the Democratic-Republican nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020972-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 South Carolina's 2nd congressional district special election\nOn May 8, 1822, William Lowndes (DR) of South Carolina's 2nd district resigned. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020973-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 South Carolina's 9th congressional district special election\nOn May 8, 1822, James Blair (DR) of South Carolina's 9th district resigned. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy. Blair himself had been elected in a special election earlier in the same Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020974-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Spanish general election\nGeneral elections to the Cortes Generales were held in Spain in 1822. At stake were all 203 seats in the Congress of Deputies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020974-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 Spanish general election, History\nThe 1822 elections were the second ones since the 1820 revolution. The elections were held under the Spanish Constitution of 1812. 3,215,460 people were eligible to vote (universal male suffrage), out of a population of 11,661,865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020974-0002-0000", "contents": "1822 Spanish general election, Constituencies\nA majority voting system was used for the election, with 33 multi-member constituencies and various single-member ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020974-0003-0000", "contents": "1822 Spanish general election, Results\nAlmost all MPs were liberals, mainly from the radical veintea\u00f1ista/exaltada faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020975-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware\nDelaware was reduced once more from two back to one seat after the Fourth Census, which number has remained constant to the present day. At the time of the 1822 election, the second seat in Delaware's at-large district was vacant, so there was only one incumbent going into the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020976-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia\nGeorgia gained one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020982-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont\nVermont lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. For the 1822 election, Vermont switched back to using a single at-large district. This would be the last year that Vermont would use an at-large district until 1932, when its representation was reduced to a single seat. Vermont elected its members September 3, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020983-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana\nIndiana gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census, and elected its members August 5, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020983-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana\nIndiana's single at-large seat in the 17th Congress was empty at the time of the election, previous incumbent William Hendricks (Democratic-Republican) having resigned to run for Governor of Indiana. Jonathan Jennings (Jackson Democratic-Republican), elected to the new 2nd district, was elected in the ensuing special election to fill the at-large district for the remainder of the 17th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020984-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky\nKentucky gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Kentucky elected its members August 5, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020984-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes\nThis Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020985-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana\nLouisiana gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Louisiana elected its members July 1\u20133, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020985-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana, Notes\nThis Louisiana elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 73], "content_span": [74, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from November 4 to 6, 1822, to elect 34 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 18th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n27 U.S. Representatives had been elected in April 1821 to a term in the 17th United States Congress which had begun on March 4, 1821. Selah Tuthill died on September 7, 1821, before Congress met, and Charles Borland, Jr. had been elected to fill the vacancy. Solomon Van Rensselaer resigned his seat in January 1822, and Stephen Van Rensselaer had been elected to fill the vacancy. The representatives' term would end on March 3, 1823.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0001-0001", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nMost previous congressional elections in New York had been held together with the annual State elections in late April, but under the New York Constitution of 1821, the elections were moved permanently to November: about four months before the congressional term began, and a little more than a year before Congress actually met on December 1, 1823.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0002-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nAt this time the Democratic-Republican Party in New York was split into two opposing factions: on one side, the supporters of DeWitt Clinton and his Erie Canal project; on the other side, the Bucktails (including the Tammany Hall organization in New York City), led by Martin Van Buren. At the same time, the Federalist Party had already disbanded, and most of its former members had joined the Clintonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0003-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nOn April 17, 1822, the New York State Legislature re-apportioned the congressional districts according to the figures of the 1820 United States census. The number of district was increased to 30, creating eight new districts; the number of seats was increased to 34, creating for the first time a triple-seat district, and keeping two double-seat districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0004-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0005-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n23 Bucktails and 11 Clintonian/Federalists were declared elected. The incumbents Wood, Morgan, Cambreleng, Van Wyck, Van Rensselaer, Taylor, Litchfield, Rochester and Tracy were re-elected; the incumbents Ruggles, Dickinson, Campbell and Woodcock were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0006-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: In Congress both Bucktails and Clintonians aligned with the Democratic-Republicans from the other States. Of the Anti- Bucktails Wood, Ruggles, Strong, Dickinson, Van Rensselaer, Storrs and Russell were old Federalists; Stockholm, Craig, Beck, Cady, Taylor, Gross, Richmond, Lawrence, Marvin, Thompson, Hayden, Adams and Tracy were Clintonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0007-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special election and contested election\nWilliam B. Rochester, re-elected in the 28th District, was appointed Judge of the Eighth Circuit Court on April 21, 1823, and resigned his seat before Congress met. A special election to fill the vacancy was held, and was won by William Woods, of the same faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 117], "content_span": [118, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0008-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special election and contested election\nThe House of Representatives of the 18th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 1, 1823, and 30 of the representatives, among them Isaac Wilson and William Woods, took their seats on this day. Lawrence took his seat on December 5; Herkimer on December 8; Tracy on December 16; and Morgan on December 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 117], "content_span": [118, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0009-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special election and contested election\nA petition on behalf of Parmenio Adams was presented to contest the election of Isaac Wilson in the 29th District. On December 30, 1823, the Committee on Elections submitted its report. They found that in the town of China by mistake 67 votes had been returned for Wilson, although he had polled only 45. They also found that in the town of Attica by mistake 98 votes had been returned for Adams, although he had polled only 93.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 117], "content_span": [118, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0009-0001", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special election and contested election\nThe Secretary of State of New York, receiving the abovementioned result, issued credentials for Wilson who took his seat when Congress met on December 1. Correcting the mistakes in the China and Attica returns, Adams had 2,072 and Wilson 2,071 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 117], "content_span": [118, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0009-0002", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special election and contested election\nWilson also claimed that he had received 1 vote in Middlebury which was counted as a \"blank vote\" by the election inspectors because the name printed on the ballot was \"partially erased with the stroke of a pen,\" and that he had received 2 votes in the Town of Stafford and 4 votes in the Town of Byron which were not counted by the election inspectors because the ballots were folded together in pairs. The committee upheld the decision of the election inspectors in both cases, and declared Adams entitled to the seat, winning the election by a single vote. On January 7, 1824, after much debate, the House declared Parmenio Adams entitled to the seat instead of Wilson, and Adams took it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 117], "content_span": [118, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0010-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special election and contested election\nDuring this congressional term party lines broke down while four candidates lined up to succeed President James Monroe. At the 1824 United States presidential election, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay and William H. Crawford received electoral votes, but no candidate received a majority. Thus the election was referred to the House of Representatives, to choose among the three most voted candidates: Adams, Jackson and Crawford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 117], "content_span": [118, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020987-0010-0001", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, special election and contested election\nHenry Clay supported Adams, so that after the election on February 9, 1825, one month before the end of the term, the members were back-labeled (according to their actual vote) as \"Adams-Clay Democratic-Republicans\" (Sharpe, Van Wyck, Williams, Herkimer, Cady, Taylor, Martindale, Lawrence, Marvin, Rose, Hayden, Woods, Adams and Tracy), \"Jackson Democratic-Republicans\" (Morgan and Craig), \"Crawford Democratic-Republicans\" (Tyson, Cambreleng, Frost, Jenkins, Hoogeboom, Foote, Eaton, Richards, Ten Eyck, Collins, Clark, Dwinell, Litchfield, Day) and \"Adams-Clay Federalists\" (Wood, Strong, Van Rensselaer, Storrs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 117], "content_span": [118, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020988-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio\nOhio gained eight seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Ohio elected its members October 8, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020988-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, Notes\nThis Ohio elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 68], "content_span": [69, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020989-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania gained three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Pennsylvania elected its members October 8, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020990-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 United States elections\nThe 1822 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic-Republican President James Monroe's second term, and was the last election of the First Party System. Members of the 18th United States Congress were chosen in this election. The 1820 census added 26 seats to the House. Democratic-Republicans continued to dominate both chambers of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake\nThe 1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake was a major earthquake that occurred in Valpara\u00edso, Chile on November 19, 1822. The earthquake has an estimated surface wave magnitude of 8.5. It triggered a moderate tsunami measuring up to 12 feet or 3.6 meters along the Chilean coast. The earthquake and tsunami killed 72 to as much as 300 people and left a further 200 injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Earthquake\nBased on the historical accounts from Maria Graham, a British travel writer who documented her experience in the earthquake, seismologists concluded that the event was likely a result of thrust faulting. A deep section of the Peru-Chile subduction zone ruptured at a plausible depth of around 40 km. This depth is similar to the 2007 Tocopilla and 1906 Valpara\u00edso earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0002-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake was felt for as much as five minutes. In Conc\u00f3n, three distinct jolts were felt with the second being the most intense and lasting two minutes. A loud rumbling noise which seemed to be emanating from the ground was heard. Luminous activity was also seen in the sky during the quake. A canal connected to the Aconcagua River was buried and suffered cracks by collapsing debris when the riverbank failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0003-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Earthquake, Damage\nIn Quintero, palm trees were permanently deformed when the earthquake caused them to lean to one side. Nearly every home in the city was so badly damaged by the earthquake and resulting fire that residing in them was impossible. Near the Aconcagua River, the city Quillota also saw the destruction of many homes. Is it said that only 20 homes and a church survived the shocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0004-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Earthquake, Damage\nNear Valpara\u00edso, the city of Vi\u00f1a del Mar was near totally destroyed. Nearby cities including Limache and La Ligua were also damaged. In Valpara\u00edso, the earthquake razed at least 700 private homes and countless public homes to the ground. The port area of the city suffered extensive damage because it was situated on loose alluvium. Many mud homes crumbled as a result. Most of the damaged structures were those constructed with bricks. Wooden and stone homes were either undamaged or lightly affected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0005-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Earthquake, Damage\nThe violent shocks caused active mines to cave-in and collapse, killing many workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0006-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Earthquake, Damage\nIllapel and San Felipe also suffered severe damage. In Santiago, the earthquake was felt VII on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing damage to 30 buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0007-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Quote\n\u2018At a quarter past ten [in the evening], the house received a violent shock, with a noise like the explosion of a mine. I sat still.. until, the vibration still increasing, the chimneys fell, and I saw the walls of the house open.. We jumped down to the ground, and were scarcely there when the motion of the earth changed from a quick vibration to a rolling like that of a ship at sea. The shock lasted three minutes. Never shall I forget the horrible sensation of that night. [ Back in the house] I observed that the furniture in the different rooms .. Had all been moved in the same direction, and found that direction to be north-west and south-east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0008-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Quote\nMr Cruikshank has ridden over from old Quintero: he tells us that there are large rents along the sea shore; and during the night the sea seems to have receded in an extraordinary manner, and especially in Quintero Bay. I see from the hill, rocks above the water that never were exposed before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0009-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Quote\nOn the night of the nineteenth, during the first great shock, the sea in Valparaiso bay rose suddenly, and as suddenly retired in an extraordinary manner, and in about a quarter of an hour seemed to recover its equilibrium; but the whole shore is more exposed and the rocks are about four feet higher out of the water than before.\u2018", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0010-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Quote\n\u2018in the evening I had a pleasant walk to the beach with Lord Cochrane; we went chiefly for the purpose of tracing the effects of the earthquake along the rocks. On the beach, though it is high water, many rocks with beds of muscles remain dry, and the fish are dead; which proves that the beach is raised about four feet at the Herradura. Above these recent shells, beds of older ones may be traced at various heights along the shore; and such are found near the summits of some of the loftiest hills in Chile.\u2018", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0011-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Quote\nIn her journal accounts, Graham went on to speculate that repeated earthquakes could be responsible for the general elevation of land, and the building of mountains, in places like the Andes; themes that were later taken up by Charles Lyell, and then Charles Darwin \u2013 who was in Chile 13 years later, where he experienced the 1835 Concepcion earthquake firsthand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020991-0012-0000", "contents": "1822 Valpara\u00edso earthquake, Tsunami\nThree distinct waves struck the coast after the earthquake. A flagship used in rescue and recovery of the earthquake was carried by the first tsunami wave and stranded near the gates of a customs office. The surge retreated, leaving many vessels stranded on the seafloor. After a few minutes, two additional but weaker waves struck the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020992-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1822 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Richard Skinner to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020992-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 10. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Democratic-Republican Richard Skinner was the only major candidate. The committee determined that Skinner had easily won a third one-year term against only scattering opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020992-0002-0000", "contents": "1822 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican Aaron Leland had won election to a one-year term. A contemporary newspaper article reported the results as: Leland, 6,792 (61.4%); Ezra Butler, 1,838 (16.6%); William Hunter, 1,785 (16.1%); William Strong, 48 (0.4%); scattering, 604 (5.5%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020992-0003-0000", "contents": "1822 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was unopposed for election to a one-year term as treasurer, his twenty-third. Though nominally a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalists Swan often ran unopposed. Newspaper accounts of the election reported that Swan had received 7,986 votes (99.6%), with 34 votes (0.4%) scattering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020992-0004-0000", "contents": "1822 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020993-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 Waterman\n1822 Waterman, provisional designation 1950 OO, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020993-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 Waterman\nIt was discovered on 25 July 1950, by Indiana University's Indiana Asteroid Program at its Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American physicist Alan T. Waterman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020993-0002-0000", "contents": "1822 Waterman, Orbit and classification\nWaterman is a S-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 2 months (1,168 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as its first identification, 1943 EB, made at the German Sonneberg Observatory in 1943, remained unused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020993-0003-0000", "contents": "1822 Waterman, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Waterman was obtained from photometric observation taken at the U.S Etscorn Observatory in New Mexico. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.581 hours with a brightness variation of 0.51 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020993-0004-0000", "contents": "1822 Waterman, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Waterman measures between 6.06 and 6.52 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.264 and 0.325. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.46 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020993-0005-0000", "contents": "1822 Waterman, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of American physicist Alan Tower Waterman (1892\u20131967), who was the first director of the U.S. National Science Foundation. He went to Washington to serve with OSRD (1941\u201345), ONR (1946\u201351), and NSF (1951\u201363), after being an academic physicist for 25 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020993-0006-0000", "contents": "1822 Waterman, Naming\nWaterman was awarded the Karl Taylor Compton Gold Medal for distinguished statesmanship in science, the Public Welfare Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3825).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 18th Congress were held at various dates in different states between July 1822 and August 1823 during President James Monroe's second term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections\nFollowing the 1820 Census, Congress added 26 seats to the House. Most relative population growth was in the West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0002-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections\nThis was the last House election during the virtually nonpartisan Era of Good Feelings and the largest midterm gain of seats by a President's party. The Democratic-Republican Party remained nationally dominant, and the Federalist Party limited to state and local influence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0003-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections\nThis election heralded key change not apparent until the end of the 18th Congress. The four-way 1824 presidential election, in which all candidates ran as Democratic-Republicans, would result in no candidate winning an Electoral College majority. Representatives elected to the 18th Congress are often classified by how they voted in the 1825 contingent election, which after a controversial, unanticipated political deal chose John Quincy Adams President, triggering a new, rancorous, abruptly realigned period of partisanship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0004-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nFollowing the 1820 Census, 26 new seats were apportioned, with 4 States losing 1 seat each, 9 States gaining between 1 and 8 seats, and the remaining 11 States having no change in apportionment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0005-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1822 and 1823 to the 17th United States Congress and 18th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0006-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama\nAlabama increased from one to three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. The state then changed from a single at-large district to three geographic districts. Alabama elected its members August 3, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0007-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Connecticut elected its members April 7, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0008-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Delaware\nDelaware was reduced once more from two back to one seat after the Fourth Census, which number has remained constant to the present day. At the time of the October 1, 1822 election, the second seat in Delaware's at-large district was vacant, so there was only one incumbent going into the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0009-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia\nGeorgia gained one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Georgia elected its members October 7, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0010-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Indiana\nIndiana gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census, and elected its members August 5, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0011-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Indiana\nIndiana's single at-large seat in the 17th Congress was empty at the time of the election, previous incumbent William Hendricks (Democratic-Republican) having resigned to run for Governor of Indiana. Jonathan Jennings (Jackson Democratic-Republican), elected to the new 2nd district, was elected in the ensuing special election to fill the at-large district for the remainder of the 17th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0012-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nKentucky gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Kentucky elected its members August 5, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0013-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana\nLouisiana gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Louisiana elected its members July 1\u20133, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0014-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Maine\nAlthough Maine neither gained nor lost seats after the 1820 United States Census, redistricting placed two incumbents into the 3rd district. Maine elected its members April 7, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened. Maine law required a majority for election, with additional ballots taken if a majority were not achieved. This proved necessary in 1822 in the 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 6th districts, but all members were still chosen before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 69], "content_span": [70, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0015-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts elected its members November 4, 1822. Massachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in 3 districts, necessitating additional elections on March 3, 1823 and May 12, 1823; nevertheless, all elections were complete before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0016-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nDistrict numbers differed between source used and elsewhere on Wikipedia; district numbers used elsewhere on Wikipedia used here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0017-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire elected its members August 26, 1822. New Hampshire law required a candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters for election, that is 1/12 of votes. Only five candidates received the requisite majority, and so a May 11, 1823 run-off election was held for the sixth seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0018-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York's representation increased after the 1820 United States Census from 27 to 34 seats, elected from 30 districts, two with two members each, and one with three members. New York elected its members November 4\u20136, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0019-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nAs in the previous election, the Democratic-Republican Party in New York was divided into two factions, the \"Bucktails\" and the Clintonians, which distinction is not marked here. The Clintonians and the Federalists ran on a joint ticket in 1822 as in 1821, in some cases, it's unclear which party a candidate belonged to, those are marked Crawford Federalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0020-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina's delegation remained unchanged after the census, at thirteen seats. North Carolina elected its members August 14, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0021-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Ohio\nOhio gained eight seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Ohio elected its members October 8, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 68], "content_span": [69, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0022-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania gained three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Pennsylvania elected its members October 8, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0023-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee gained three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Tennessee elected its members August 7\u20138, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0024-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. For the 1822 election, Vermont switched back to using a single at-large district. This would be the last year that Vermont would use an at-large district until 1932, when its representation was reduced to a single seat. Vermont elected its members September 3, 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0025-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Nineteen incumbents ran for re-election leaving three open seats. Virginia elected its members in April 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020994-0026-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nThere were three territories with the right to send delegates to the 18th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020995-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1822 and 1823 were elections for the United States Senate that had the Democratic-Republican Party continue almost complete control of the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020995-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020995-0002-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States Senate elections, Factions\nAt the very end of the next Congress, the 1824 United States presidential election led to a contingency election, decided by the Congress. In that election, Senators split into factions in support of William H. Crawford, Andrew Jackson, or John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. Even though that election wasn't held until more than two years after the Senate elections in this article, those factions are noted below as \"Crawford,\" \"Jackson,\" or \"Adams-Clay.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020995-0003-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the preceding Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1822 or before March 4, 1823; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 109], "content_span": [110, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020995-0004-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the next Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1823; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020995-0005-0000", "contents": "1822 and 1823 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the next Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were elected in 1823 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020996-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1822 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00020999-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1822 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021006-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1822 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021010-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1822 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021012-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1822 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021016-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021018-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021019-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021019-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021019-0002-0000", "contents": "1822 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021020-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021021-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 in science\nThe year 1822 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021022-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 in sports\n1822 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021025-0000-0000", "contents": "1822 territorial division of Spain\nThe 1822 territorial division of Spain was a rearrangement of the territory of Spain into various provinces, enacted briefly during the Trienio Liberal of 1820\u20131823. It is remembered today largely as a precursor to the similar 1833 territorial division of Spain; the provinces established in the latter remain, by and large, the basis for the present-day division of Spain into provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021025-0001-0000", "contents": "1822 territorial division of Spain, Background\nAfter the uprising led by liberal general Rafael del Riego of 1820 led to the Trienio Liberal (three years of government by the Spanish liberals), that government proposed a new division of Spain in its entirety, for administrative, governmental, judicial and economic purposes, according to criteria of legal equality, unity and efficiency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021025-0002-0000", "contents": "1822 territorial division of Spain, The provinces\nOn 27 January 1822 the government approved a provisional division of Spain into 52 provinces. The 1833 statute would follow this pattern closely, although it eliminated three of the provinces and renamed five others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021025-0003-0000", "contents": "1822 territorial division of Spain, The provinces\nThe following table groups provinces by the \"historic regions\" that were introduced in 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021025-0004-0000", "contents": "1822 territorial division of Spain, The provinces\nSome of these provinces were entities created for the first time, such as Almer\u00eda and M\u00e1laga (carved out of the traditional Kingdom of Granada), Huelva (Kingdom of Seville), Calatayud, and Logro\u00f1o; others were given new names, such as Murcia or the Basque provinces (Spanish: provincias Vascongadas).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021025-0005-0000", "contents": "1822 territorial division of Spain, The provinces\nThis proposal made few concessions to history, sticking closely to criteria of population, geographical area, and geographic coherence. Historic regional names were generally ignored, with provinces named after their respective capitals. Nor were traditional provincial borders respected by the new map. Most enclaves of one province within another were eliminated. The precise number of provinces and their capitals was the subject of intense debate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021025-0006-0000", "contents": "1822 territorial division of Spain, The provinces\n1822 saw the restoration of the institution of provincial intendants as delegates of the Ministry of the Treasury (Hacienda), but the fall of the liberal government and restoration of absolutism in 1823 brought an end to the project. The old provincial arrangement of Spain was restored, as was the division into kingdoms; these would remain in effect until 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021026-0000-0000", "contents": "1822\u20131823 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 43rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1822 and 1823 during the governorship of John Brooks. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Levi Lincoln, Jr. served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021027-0000-0000", "contents": "1822\u20131823 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire elected its members August 26, 1822. New Hampshire law required a candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters for election, that is 1/12 of votes. Only five candidates received the requisite majority, and so a May 11, 1823 run-off election was held for the sixth seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [74, 74], "content_span": [75, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021028-0000-0000", "contents": "1822\u20131823 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts elected its members November 4, 1822. Massachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in 3 districts, necessitating additional elections on March 3, 1823 and May 12, 1823; nevertheless, all elections were complete before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021028-0001-0000", "contents": "1822\u20131823 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 82], "content_span": [83, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021029-0000-0000", "contents": "1823\n1823 (MDCCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1823rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 823rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 23rd  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1823, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021030-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1823 Alabama gubernatorial election was held on August 4, 1823, to elect the Governor of Alabama. National Republican incumbent Israel Pickens defeated Democratic-Republican candidate Henry H. Chambers with 55.85% of the vote. Pickens and Chambers had both contested the 1821 election as Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021031-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Call Centre\n1823 is a 24x7 one-stop hotline services operated by the Government of Hong Kong. It answers public enquiries on behalf of more than 20 participating departments and receives public complaints against the Government. It also act as a platform for resolving cross-departmental complaints. For enquiries regarding Departments not covered by 1823, the Call Centre can provide relevant contact information. Public enquiries or complaints can be made by phone, fax, SMS, email, online, or post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021031-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 Call Centre, History\n1823 was launched by the Efficiency Unit of the Government Secretariat in July 2001 and became fully operational in October 2002. It aims as a replacement of telephone hotlines, fax numbers, email and other addresses operated by various government departments. In 2009, the Centre answered over 2.4 million calls. Over 16.5 million calls have been answered in ten years' time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021032-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1823 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 10, 1823. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. won re-election with 88.96% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021033-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Delaware gubernatorial special election\nThe 1823 Delaware gubernatorial special election was held on October 7, 1823. A few months into his three-year term, Democratic-Republican Governor Joseph Haslet died in office, elevating State Senate Speaker Charles Thomas to the governorship and triggering a special election in 1823. Justice of the Peace David Hazzard ran as the Democratic-Republican nominee to succeed Thomas and faced State Senator Samuel Paynter, the Federalist nominee. Paynter narrowly defeated Hazzard, regaining the office for the Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021033-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 Delaware gubernatorial special election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021034-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Gliese\n1823 Gliese, provisional designation 1951 RD, is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 September 1951, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. The asteroid was named after German astronomer Wilhelm Gliese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021034-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 Gliese, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,213 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first unused observations date back to 1944 at Johannesburg Observatory, when it was identified as 1944 MC. The first used precovery was taken at the discovering Heidelberg observatory in 1950, extending the asteroid's observation arc by one year prior to its official discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021034-0002-0000", "contents": "1823 Gliese, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations made by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at the Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in August 2014. The lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.4864\u00b10.0006 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 in magnitude (U=3). One month later, in September 2014, a second lightcurve by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, gave a concurring period of 4.488\u00b10.003 hours with an amplitude of 0.23 in magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021034-0003-0000", "contents": "1823 Gliese, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 8.4 and 9.5 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.189 and 0.135, respectively, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this asteroid's orbital family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 8.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021034-0004-0000", "contents": "1823 Gliese, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German astronomer Wilhelm Gliese (1915\u20131993) at the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut. Gliese is widely known for having compiled about 1,000 stars located within 25 parsecs of Earth into the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (M.P.C. 4156). A large number of Exoplanets derive their names form this star catalogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021035-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1823 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 8, 1823. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Albion Parris won re-election to a third term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021036-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Maryland's 5th congressional district special elections\nSpecial elections were held in Maryland's 5th congressional district on January 1, 1823 to fill vacancies in the 17th and 18th Congresses caused by the resignation of Samuel Smith (DR) after being elected to the Senate. Smith had been re-elected to the House in October. His resignation therefore created vacancies both in the remainder of the 17th Congress and in the 18th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021037-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1823 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021037-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nFederalist Governor John Brooks did not run for a seventh term in office. William Eustis, a Republican, was elected to succeed him over U.S. Senator Harrison Gray Otis. Eustis was the first Republican elected Governor since Elbridge Gerry in 1811; no Federalist would ever win a gubernatorial election again, and the state party rapidly collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021038-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Massachusetts's 10th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district on September 8, 1823 to fill a vacancy created by the resignation of William Eustis (DR) prior to the start of the 18th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021038-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 Massachusetts's 10th congressional district special election, Election results\nBailey was subsequently declared not eligible for his seat, vacating his seat on March 18, 1824. Another special election was held  which re-elected Bailey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 83], "content_span": [84, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021039-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Michigan Territorial Council election\nThe 1823 Michigan Territorial Council election was held in the Territory of Michigan to elect the members of the territory's newly-formed legislative council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021039-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 Michigan Territorial Council election, Background\nSince its creation from part of Indiana Territory in 1805, the government of Michigan Territory had consisted of a governor, a secretary, and three judges; the governor and judges together formed the legislative branch of government. This was the first stage of territorial government outlined in the Northwest Ordinance. An election called by Governor Cass in 1818 to decide whether to move to the second stage of government\u2014an elected legislature\u2014failed largely due to concerns over the cost that would be borne by the territory. Public discontent with the first stage government continued to mount, until in 1822 hundreds of residents petitioned Congress for reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021039-0002-0000", "contents": "1823 Michigan Territorial Council election, Background\nAn act of Congress on March 3, 1823, created a four-year term for the judges and transferred the powers of the territory to the governor and a legislative council of nine people serving terms of two years. Members of the council were to be appointed by the president of the United States, with the advice and consent of the Senate, from a slate of 18 people chosen in a general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021039-0003-0000", "contents": "1823 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election\nThe Act of March 3, 1823, specified that the 18 people should be chosen by the qualified electors of the territory at the next election of its delegate to Congress, following the same rules as that election. The date of that election had been set as the first Thursday in September of every odd-numbered year by a May 20, 1819, act of the governor and judges of the territory. The elections were to be held at the \"seat of justice\" in each county in the territory. The next election following the Act of March 3, 1823, was on September 4, 1823.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021039-0004-0000", "contents": "1823 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election\nTerritorial Governor Lewis Cass submitted the 18 names to John Quincy Adams, then the U.S. secretary of state, on October 30, 1823. Cass also included the vote totals and county of residence, saying, \"So far as the President in the selection may think fit to be guided by the wish of the people, as expressed by their votes, or by an apportionment of the representatives among the different parts of the Territory, these data may be important\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021039-0005-0000", "contents": "1823 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election\nIn a letter to General Alexander Macomb in November 1823, Cass asked Macomb to meet with the secretary of state to express his desire that the top nine vote-earners be appointed. Cass feared that if that anyone else were appointed, he would be accused of having influenced the decision, a charge which he felt would be \"seriously injurious\". Macomb had a conversation with Adams about it on November 20 and forwarded Cass's letter to him the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021039-0006-0000", "contents": "1823 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election\nPresident James Monroe issued a commission on February 4, 1824, appointing the top nine vote-earners to the council, as Cass had suggested. On April 15, Governor Cass issued a proclamation calling for the first Legislative Council of the Territory of Michigan to convene in Detroit on June 1, 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021040-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 New York's 28th congressional district special election\nOn April 21, 1823, William B. Rochester (DR) of New York's 28th district was appointed judge of the Eighth Circuit Court and resigned his seat in the House. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021040-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 New York's 28th congressional district special election, Election results\nWoods took his seat on December 1, 1823, at the start of the 1st Session of the 18th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 78], "content_span": [79, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021041-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1823. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021042-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1823 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 14, 1823. Incumbent Federalist governor, Joseph Hiester, did not seek re-election. The Democratic candidate, John Andrew Shulze, defeated Federalist candidate Andrew Gregg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021043-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1823 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 2, 1823 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. William C. Gibbs, the Democratic-Republican nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021044-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut\nConnecticut lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021045-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama\nAlabama increased from one to three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. The state then changed from a single at-large district to three geographic districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021046-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine\nAlthough Maine neither gained nor lost seats after the 1820 United States Census, redistricting placed two incumbents into the 3rd district. Maine elected its members April 7, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened. Maine law required a majority for election, with additional ballots taken if a majority were not achieved. This proved necessary in 1823 in the 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 6th districts, but all members were still chosen before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021047-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina's delegation remained unchanged after the census, at thirteen seats. North Carolina elected its members August 14, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021047-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021049-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee\nTennessee gained three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Tennessee elected its members August 7\u20138, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021050-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia\nVirginia lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States Census. Nineteen incumbents ran for re-election, leaving three open seats. Virginia elected its members in April 1823 after the term began, but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021050-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes\nThis Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021051-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1823 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Cornelius P. Van Ness to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021051-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 9. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Democratic-Republican Cornelius P. Van Ness was the only major candidate. The committee determined that Van Ness had easily won a one-year term against only token opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021051-0002-0000", "contents": "1823 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican Aaron Leland had won election to a second one-year term against only scattering opposition. A Vermont newspaper reported the results as: Leland, 11,758 (98.5%); scattering, 176 (1.5%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021051-0003-0000", "contents": "1823 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was unopposed for election to a one-year term as treasurer, his twenty-fourth. Though nominally a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalists Swan often ran unopposed. Vermont newspapers indicated that the results were: Swan, 10,141 (99.8%); scattering, 17 (0.2%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021051-0004-0000", "contents": "1823 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021052-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1823 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021055-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1823 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021055-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 in Chile, Incumbents\nSupreme Director of Chile: Bernardo O'Higgins (-28 January), Ram\u00f3n Freire (4 April-)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021055-0002-0000", "contents": "1823 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of the Government Junta of Chile (1823): Agust\u00edn Eyzaguirre (28 January-4 April)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021061-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1823 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021066-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1823 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021069-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1823 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021072-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1823.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021074-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021074-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021074-0002-0000", "contents": "1823 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021075-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1823.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021076-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 in science\nThe year 1823 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021077-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 in sports\n1823 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021080-0000-0000", "contents": "1823 papal conclave\nThe 1823 papal conclave was convoked following the death of Pope Pius VII on 20 August 1823. The conclave began on 2 September and ended 26 days later with the election of Cardinal Annibale Sermattei della Genga who became Pope Leo XII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021080-0001-0000", "contents": "1823 papal conclave\nPius VII, who had been elected in 1800, had reigned as Pope for what was considered a very long pontificate. During his reign as Pope, the Catholic Church had faced, in the French Revolution and its aftermath, a severe attack on its power and legitimacy. Pius himself had been a prisoner of Napoleon in France for six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021080-0002-0000", "contents": "1823 papal conclave, Description\nDuring Pius VII's papacy, the cardinals had tended to divide into two groups, the zelanti and the politicani. The zelanti were more radically reactionary than the politicani and wanted a highly centralised Church and vehement opposition to the secularising reforms that had resulted in France. The politicani, though anti-liberal, were much more moderate and favoured a conciliatory approach to dealing with the problems that new ideologies and the incipient Industrial Revolution were creating. The leader of this faction was Pius VII's Cardinal Secretary of State, Ercole Consalvi, but the zelanti wanted a much less moderate pontiff and they set fervently to this task from the time of Pius VII's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021080-0003-0000", "contents": "1823 papal conclave, Description\nThe length of Pius VII's papacy had a significant influence because of the forty-nine electors who participated in the conclave, only Giulio Maria della Somaglia and Fabrizio Dionigio Ruffo were already cardinals when Pius VII was elected in 1800. Forty-seven of the forty-nine electors had had no experience electing a pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021080-0004-0000", "contents": "1823 papal conclave, Description\nA number of cardinals were thought at the beginning of the conclave to be possible successors to Pius VII. Antonio Gabriele Severoli was at first seen as the most likely papabile, but the veto of Francis I, Emperor of Austria ruled him out when he looked to have a reasonable chance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021080-0005-0000", "contents": "1823 papal conclave, Description\nFrancesco Saverio Castiglioni then emerged as the most likely candidate. The deceased pope Pius VII had in fact seemingly endorsed Castiglioni by having referred to the latter as Pius VIII, and indeed the candidate who was eventually elected predicted during the conclave that Castiglioni would someday reign under that name (as he did, succeeding the elected Leo in 1829). Castiglioni lost support in the 1823 conclave when the zelanti Cardinals came to realize that he was quite close to Consalvi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021080-0006-0000", "contents": "1823 papal conclave, Description\nFollowing the decline of Castigioni's support in this conclave, the experienced Cardinal della Somaglia then had a turn as a possible candidate, but for some the mere fact that he had signed his letters \"Citizen Somaglia\" during the occupation of the Papal States by Napoleon I of France ruled him out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021080-0007-0000", "contents": "1823 papal conclave, Description\nIt was only then that the eventual winner, Vicar of Rome Annibale della Genga, who was being promoted by the zelanti, began to gather support. Whilst his tall, ascetic look and reactionary reputation was not an attraction for the politicani, the fact that he was seemingly at death's door seemed an attraction for those cardinals by now desperate for a resolution of the conclave. As a result, della Genga was elected on 28 September and took the regnal name Leo XII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021080-0008-0000", "contents": "1823 papal conclave, Description\nLeo XII was crowned as Pope on 5 October 1823.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021081-0000-0000", "contents": "1823\u20131824 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 44th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1823 and 1824 during the governorship of William Eustis. Nathaniel Silsbee served as president of the Senate and William C. Jarvis served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021082-0000-0000", "contents": "1824\n1824 (MDCCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1824th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 824th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 24th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1824, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021083-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Clackmannanshire by-election\nThe 1824 Clackmannanshire by-election was held on 13 July 1824 when the incumbent MP  Robert Bruce, who had been holding the seat as \"locum\" for the Abercrombie family, resigned. It was  won by George Abercromby who was unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021084-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1824 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 8, 1824. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. defeated former congressman and Federalist Party candidate Timothy Pitkin, winning with 88.81% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico\nThe Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 (Spanish: Constituci\u00f3n Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos de 1824) was enacted on October 4 of 1824, after the overthrow of the Mexican Empire of Agustin de Iturbide. In the new constitution, the republic took the name of United Mexican States, and was defined as a representative federal republic, with Catholicism as the official and unique religion. It was replaced by the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Background\nThe Mexican War of Independence (1810\u20131821) severed control that Spain had exercised on its North American territories, and the First Mexican Empire was formed from much of the individual territory that had comprised New Spain. The victorious rebels issued a provisional governing document, the Plan de Iguala. This plan reaffirmed many of the ideals of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and granted equal citizenship rights to all races. In the early days of the country, there was much disagreement over whether Mexico should be a federal republic or a constitutional monarchy. Agust\u00edn de Iturbide, who had drafted the Plan of Iguala, became the first monarch, Agustin I after no European royal blood sought to be emperor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Background\nDiscontent with the emperor's national government grew, Brigadier Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna initiated an insurrection. Generals issued the Plan of Casa Mata on 1 February 1823, which called for the removal of the emperor, but did not specify the form of government to follow. The plan won the support of the provinces because it included a provision granting local authority to the provincial deputations. The election of a new legislature constituted the plan's principal demand, because provincial leaders considered the composition of the first congress following independence to be flawed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0002-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Background\nFollowing the precedent of the Spanish Cortes (parliament), Mexican political leaders considered the executive to be subservient to the legislature. Thus, a new congress, which did not possess the liabilities of the old, could restore confidence even if the executive remained in place. Mexican politicians expected the new body to keep the emperor in check. Agustin abdicated in March 1823.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0003-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Background\nThe failure of Iturbide's short-lived empire ended any further talk of a monarchy, although Conservatives such as Lucas Alam\u00e1n harbored dreams of one, fulfilled in the 1860s to disastrous results of the Second Mexican Empire. The reconvened Mexican Cortes appointed a triumvirate called the Supreme Executive Power, which would alternate the presidency among its members on a monthly basis. But the question of how the nation was to be organized remained unresolved. The Mexican Cortes, following the C\u00e1diz model, maintained that it was sovereign since it represented the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0003-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Background\nThe provinces, however, believed that they possessed sovereignty, a portion of which they collectively ceded to form a national government. The Cortes insisted on writing the nation's constitution, but the provinces maintained that it could only convene a new constituent congress based on the electoral regulations of the Constitution of C\u00e1diz. Neither side was willing to cede to the other. In the months that followed, the provinces assumed control of their governments through their provincial deputations. Four provinces, Oaxaca, Yucat\u00e1n, Guadalajara, and Zacatecas, converted themselves into states. To avoid civil war, the Cortes acquiesced and elected a new constituent congress. Elections for a second constituent assembly, based on a convocatoria issued 26 June 1821 by the Cortes, were held throughout the nation in August and September. The executive branch was not restructured, because both the provinces and the new constituent congress considered it subservient to the legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 1037]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0004-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Second Constituent Congress\nThe new congress, which the provinces had insisted upon since March, finally met on 7 November 1823. The second Constituent Congress was quite different from the first. It represented the provinces more equitably, and some of its members possessed instructions to form only a federal republic. Oaxaca, Yucat\u00e1n, Jalisco, and Zacatecas, which had become states, elected state congresses, rather than provincial deputations, as the convocatoria required. The Mexico City-based national elite, which had been struggling for power since 1808, and which had taken control in 1821, lost it two years later to the provincial elites. Although some members of the national elite were elected to the new constituent congress, they formed a distinct minority. Indeed, only thirty-five of the one hundred-forty-four deputies and alternates elected to the new legislature had served in the earlier Mexican Cortes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 956]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0005-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Second Constituent Congress\nThe constituent congress, which convened on 7 November 1823, faced very different circumstances from its predecessor. Not only had the provinces declared their sovereignty, but they had also restricted the authority of their delegates. Valladolid, Michoac\u00e1n, for example, declared: \"This province in the federation does not wish to relinquish the major portion of its liberty and other rights; it only grants [its deputies] the authority absolutely necessary to keep the portion it retains.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0005-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Second Constituent Congress\nM\u00e9rida, Yucat\u00e1n, decreed that \"the elected deputies are granted only the power (...) to constitute the nation in a government that is republican, representative and federal\", and that: \"The federal constitution that they form and agree with the other deputies of the Constituent Congress will not have the force of law in the nation until the majority of the federated states ratify it.\" Zacatecas, Zacatecas, was even more explicit, asserting that \"The deputies to the future congress cannot constitute the nation as they deem convenient, but only as a federal republic.\" Guadalajara insisted that the pueblos of Jalisco wanted only a popular, representative and republican form of government. Other provinces made similar declarations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0006-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Second Constituent Congress\nThe new congress represented regional interests. Therefore, the debate in the legislature focused on the division of power between the national and the provincial governments, not on whether Mexico would be a federal or a central republic. The delegates were divided into a confederalist, two federalist, and one centralist faction. The confederalists, extreme defenders of local rights like Juan de Dios Ca\u00f1edo, argued that only the provinces possessed sovereignty, a portion of which they collectively ceded to the union to form a national government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0006-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Second Constituent Congress\nThis interpretation meant that the provinces, or states, as Oaxaca, Yucat\u00e1n, Jalisco and Zacatecas now called themselves, could subsequently reclaim the power they had relinquished. They were opposed by federalists like Servando Teresa de Mier who believed that only the nation was sovereign. In their view, although the country was organised into provinces, or states, for political purposes, the people, not the states, possessed sovereignty. The deputies, therefore, did not represent the states, but the people who constituted the nation. As the representative of the Mexican people, Congress possessed greater power and authority than the state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0006-0002", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Second Constituent Congress\nIn a sense, they were reasserting the position which had prevailed in C\u00e1diz in 1812. Midway between these extremes stood men like federalist Miguel Ramos Arizpe, who believed that the national government and the states shared sovereignty. Although they favoured states\u2019 rights, they nevertheless believed that the national government had to command sufficient power to function effectively. The confederalist/federalist factions were opposed by a tiny minority of centralists who argued that sovereignty was vested in the nation and that Mexico needed a strong national government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0007-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Drafting a constitution\nA committee consisting of Ramos Arizpe, Ca\u00f1edo, Miguel Arg\u00fcelles, Rafael Mangino, Tom\u00e1s Vargas, Jose de Jes\u00fas Huerta, and Manuel Crescencio Rej\u00f3n, submitted an Acta Constitutiva (draft of a constitution) on 20 November. The group completed the draft of the charter in a few days. This was possible because the document was based on the shared Hispanic political theory and practice that Mexicans, the former novohispanos, knew well, since they had played a significant role in shaping it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0007-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Drafting a constitution\nIn the years since Napoleon had invaded Spain in 1808, the political entities that formed the Mexican nation in 1821 had undergone a series of rapid political changes that politicised the majority of the population and led to a vibrant political discourse. The Directioners Constitution of 1812 and its institutions of government were well known; moreover, seven proposals for a Mexican constitution had been debated throughout the country in the previous months. The constituent congress, therefore, was filled with educated individuals with diverse ideas and extensive political experience at the local, state, national, and international levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0007-0002", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Drafting a constitution\nA few, like Ramos Arizpe and Guridi y Alcocer, had served in the Cortes in Spain and had participated in the discussions of the Constitution of 1812. In addition, Ramos Arizpe had been working on a federal constitution for some time. Lorenzo de Zavala was president of the congress that approved the constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0008-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Nature of the constitution\nThe Acta Constitutiva submitted by the committee was modelled on the Hispanic Constitution of 1812. Most of its articles were based on the Peninsular document; a few were adopted verbatim from that charter. For example, on the question of sovereignty the Hispanic Constitution stated: \"Sovereignty resides essentially in the nation and, therefore, it [the nation] possesses the exclusive right to adopt the form of government that seems most convenient for its conservation and prosperity\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0008-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Nature of the constitution\nArticle 3 of the Mexican Acta Constitutiva read: \"Sovereignty resides radically and essentially in the nation and, therefore, it [the nation] possesses the exclusive right to adopt by means of its representatives the form of government and other fundamental laws that seem most convenient for its conservation and greater prosperity\". Although the deputies relied on their first constitutional experience, the Constitution of 1812, they did not slavishly copy the Hispanic model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0008-0002", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Nature of the constitution\nGuridi y Alcocer, for example, explained that ever since he had served on the constitutional commission in the Hispanic Cortes he had maintained that sovereignty resided radically in the nation, by which he meant that the nation, as the institutional representative of el Pueblo, could not lose its sovereignty. His principal critics were radical federalists like Juan de Dios Ca\u00f1edo, deputy from Jalisco, who challenged the need for an article declaring national sovereignty. He asked: that the article be deleted because in a republican federal government each state is sovereign. (...)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0008-0003", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Nature of the constitution\nTherefore, it is impossible to conceive how sovereignty, which is the origin and source of authority and power, can be divided among the many states. [ T]hat is why the first constitution of the United States [the Articles of Confederation] (...) does not mention national sovereignty. And, therefore, (...) Article 1 which discusses the nation should not be approved because it is not appropriate in the system we now have.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0009-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Nature of the constitution\nThe Acta, unlike the Hispanic constitution, did not grant exclusive or even preponderant sovereignty to the nation, because the states also claimed sovereignty. Accordingly, Article 6 stated: \"Its integral parts are independent, free, and sovereign States in that which exclusively concerns their administration and interior government\". The issue of sovereignty remained at heart a question of the division of power between the national and the state governments. It was an issue that would be debated at length in the months to come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0010-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists\nThe proponents of state sovereignty\u2014the confederalists\u2014were challenged by some less radical federalist delegates who argued that only the nation could be sovereign. Because these men stressed the need to endow the national government with sufficient power to sustain national interests, they are often mistakenly considered centralists. Servando Teresa de Mier, their outstanding spokesman, argued that people wrongly considered him a centralist, an error that arose from an unnecessarily restrictive definition of federalism. He indicated that federalism existed in many forms: the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the United States were federations, yet each was different.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0010-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists\nMier advocated the establishment of a unique brand of federalism suited to Mexico. He believed that local realities precluded the adoption of the extreme form of federalism\u2014confederalism\u2014championed by states\u2019 righters. He declared: \"I have always been in favour of a federation, but a reasonable and moderate federation. (...) I have always believed in a medium between the lax federation of the United States, whose defects many writers have indicated, (\u2026) and the dangerous concentration [of executive power] in Colombia and Peru.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0010-0002", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists\nIn his view, Mexico needed a strong federal system because the country required an energetic and decisive national government to lead it during the crucial early years of nationhood, particularly since Spain refused to recognise Mexico's independence and the Holy Alliance threatened to intervene. For these reasons, Mier voted in favour of Article 5, which established a federal republic, while opposing Article 6, which granted sovereignty to the states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0011-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists\nNeither the advocates of states' rights, like Ca\u00f1edo, nor the proponents of national sovereignty, like Mier, triumphed. Instead, a compromise emerged: shared sovereignty, as advocated by moderate federalists such as Ramos Arizpe. Throughout the debates, he and others argued that although the nation was sovereign, the states should control their internal affairs. The group saw no conflict between Article 3, which declared that sovereignty resided in the nation, and Article 6, which granted sovereignty to the states on internal matters. The moderates were able to forge shifting coalitions to pass both articles. First, they brought Article 3 to a vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0011-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists\nA coalition of the proponents of national sovereignty, the advocates of shared sovereignty, and a few centralists passed the article by a wide margin. To secure passage of Article 6, those favouring approval succeeded in having the question brought to the floor in two parts. The first vote, on the section of Article 6 which indicated that the states were independent and free to manage their own affairs, passed by a wide margin, since the wording pleased all the confederalist/federalist groups, including the one led by Father Mier. Only seven centralist deputies opposed the measure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0011-0002", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists\nThen Congress examined the section of Article 6 which declared that the states were sovereign. The coalition divided on this issue: Father Mier and his supporters joined the centralists in voting against the measure. Nevertheless, the proponents of states' rights and those who believed in shared sovereignty possessed enough strength to pass the measure by a margin of 41 to 28 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0012-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Struggle among confederalists, federalists, and centralists\nThe states did not just share sovereignty with the national government; they obtained the financial means to enforce their authority. They gained considerable taxing power at the expense of the federal government, which lost approximately half the revenue formerly collected by the viceregal administration. To compensate for that loss, the states were to pay the national government a contingente assessed for each state according to its means. As a result, the nation would have to depend upon the goodwill of the states to finance or fulfil its responsibilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0013-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch\nThe constituent congress's decision to share sovereignty, moreover, did not settle the question of the division of power within the national government. Although all agreed on the traditional concept of separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, most congressmen believed that the legislature should be dominant. Recent Hispanic and Mexican experience had fostered a distrust of executive power. Therefore, the earlier Mexican Cortes had established a plural executive, the Supreme Executive Power. Since that body was perceived as subservient to the legislature, neither the provinces nor the Second Constituent Congress bothered to appoint a new executive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0013-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch\nThe authors of the Acta Constitutiva, however, proposed in Article 16 that executive power be conferred \"on an individual with the title of president of the Mexican Federation, who must be a citizen by birth of said federation and have attained at least thirty-five years of age\". The proposal led to a heated debate that transcended the former division between states\u2019 righters and strong nationalist coalitions. While Ca\u00f1edo supported Ramos Arizpe in favouring a single executive, others, including Rej\u00f3n and Guridi y Alcocer, insisted on the need to weaken executive power by establishing a plural executive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0014-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch\nRamos Arizpe proposed that the president govern with the aid of a council of government. But that was not sufficient to mollify the opposition, which had the majority in congress. The opponents of a single executive presented several counter-proposals. Demetrio Castillo of Oaxaca suggested that a president, a vice-president and an alternate, called designee, should govern. Each would have a vote, but the president would cast the deciding one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0014-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch\nRej\u00f3n, instead, recommended that three individuals form the Supreme Executive Power; their terms would be staggered so that one member would always possess seniority, but no individual would serve more than three years. Guridi y Alcocer proposed that the executive power be conferred on two persons. He argued that the best solution was to merge the experiences of ancient Rome, Spain, and the United States. Therefore, he urged that the two members of the executive power be backed by two alternates, who might resolve any differences that arose between the two members of the executive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0015-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch\nArticle 16 of the Acta Constitutiva was put to a vote on 2 January 1824 at an extraordinary session. It was defeated by a vote of 42 to 25. As a result, the congress did not address Article 17, which dealt with the vice-president. The proposal to establish a president and a vice-president was one of the few instances in which the second constitution of the United States served as a model. The majority did not agree with the proposal because it feared the possibility of one individual dominating Congress through military or popular forces, as Iturbide had done. The commission on the constitution revised the articles on the executive a number of times, but could not obtain support for its proposals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0016-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch\nThe fear of provincial disorder also influenced the debate. After Articles 5 and 6 of the Acta Constitutiva had been approved, several provinces decided to implement their right to form their own government. The national administration viewed their actions with concern, particularly because some movements were also anti-European Spaniards. The revolt of 12 December in Quer\u00e9taro, for example, demanded the expulsion of gachupines (Spaniards who had come to Mexico) from the country. A similar uprising occurred later in Cuernavaca. In both instances, the national government sent forces to restore order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0017-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch\nThen, on 23 December, Puebla declared itself a sovereign, free, and independent state. The authorities in Mexico City immediately concluded that the military commander of the province, General Jos\u00e9 Antonio de Ech\u00e1varri, was responsible for the \"revolt\". Therefore, the government dispatched an army under the command of Generals Manuel G\u00f3mez Pedraza and Vicente Guerrero to restore order. The forces of the national government approached the capital city of Puebla at the end of December 1823.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0017-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch\nAfter lengthy negotiations, General G\u00f3mez Pedraza proposed that, since Congress was about to issue the convocatoria for national and state elections, the leaders of Puebla renounce their earlier action and hold new elections. The Poblanos agreed. The convocatoria was received in Puebla on 12 January 1824. Elections were held throughout the province and a new state government was inaugurated on 22 March 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0018-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch\nAlthough the national government had maintained order in the nation, the revolt led by General Jose Mar\u00eda Lobato on 20 January 1824 demonstrated that the plural executive could not act with the unity of purpose and the speed necessary to quell a large scale uprising in the capital. The rebels demanded the dismissal of Spaniards from government jobs and their expulsion from the country. Lobato managed to win support of the garrisons in the capital and the government seemed on the verge of capitulation when the Supreme Executive Power convinced Congress to declare Lobato an outlaw and to grant the executive sufficient power to quell the rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0019-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch\nAs a result of the crisis, the majority in Congress eventually decided to establish an executive branch composed of a president and a vice-president. The creation of a single executive, however, did not mean that Congress had accepted a strong presidency. Most Mexicans continued to favour legislative supremacy. The Mexican charter, like the Hispanic constitution, severely restricted the power of the chief executive. The Constitution of 1824 created a quasi-parliamentary system in which the ministers of state answered to the congress. Consequently, the minister of interior and foreign relations acted as a quasi-prime minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0020-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch\nThe creation of a national government did not end the tensions between the provinces and Mexico City. The debate over the location of the country's capital sparked a new conflict. The national elite favoured making the \"Imperial City of Mexico\" the capital of the republic. The regional elites were divided. During 1823, while discussing the importance of local control, they also emphasised the need to maintain a \"centre of unity\", that is, a capital. However, a significant number pointedly refused to bestow that honour upon Mexico City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0020-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Weak executive branch\nThe special committee on the nation's capital recommended to the Constituent Congress on 31 May 1824 that another city, Quer\u00e9taro, become the capital, and that the territory around it become the federal district. After a heated debate, Congress rejected the proposal to move the capital from Mexico City. Thereafter, the discussion centred on whether or not a federal district should be created. The ayuntamiento and the provincial deputation of Mexico were vehemently against such action. Indeed, the provincial legislature threatened secession and civil war if Mexico City were federalised. Nevertheless, on 30 October Congress voted fifty-two to thirty-one to make Mexico City the nation's capital and to create a federal district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0021-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824\nAfter months of debate, Congress ratified the constitution, on 4 October 1824. The new charter affirmed that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0022-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824\nArticle 3: The religion of the Mexican nation is and will permanently be the Roman, Catholic, Apostolic [religion]. The nation protects her with wise and just laws and prohibits the exercise of any other [religion].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0023-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824\nArticle 4. The Mexican nation adopts for its government a representative, popular, federal republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0024-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824\nArticle 5. The parts of this federation are the following states and territories: the states of Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila and Texas, Durango, Guanajuato, M\u00e9xico, Michoac\u00e1n, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Oaxaca, Puebla de los \u00c1ngeles, Quer\u00e9taro, San Luis Potos\u00ed, Sonora and Sinaloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Xalisco, Yucat\u00e1n and Zacatecas; and the territories of: Alta California, Baja California, Colima Territory and Santa Fe de Nuevo M\u00e9xico Territory. A constitutional law will determine the status of Tlaxcala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0025-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824\nArticle 74. The supreme executive power of the federation is deposited in only one individual who shall be called President of the United States of Mexico (Estados Unidos Mexicanos).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0026-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824\nArticle 75. There will also be a vice president who, in case of the physical or moral incapacity of the president, will receive all his authority and prerogatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0027-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824\nLike the Acta Constitutiva, the Constitution of 1824 was modelled on the Hispanic Constitution of 1812, not, as is often asserted, on the US Constitution of 1787. Although superficially similar to the latter although it adopted a few practical applications from the U.S. Constitution, such as the executive, the Mexican document was based primarily on Hispanic constitutional and legal precedents. For example, although the Constitution of 1824 created a president, in Mexico the office was subordinate to the legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0028-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824\nSince Mexico was essentially confederalist, rather than federalist, the Mexican Charter was closer in spirit to the first US Constitution, the Articles of Confederation, than to the U.S. Constitution of 1787. Entire sections of the C\u00e1diz Charter were repeated verbatim in the Mexican document because Mexicans did not reject their Hispanic heritage, and because some of the individuals who drafted the new republican constitution had served in the Cortes of C\u00e1diz and had helped write the 1812 Constitution. Both the 1812 Constitution and the Mexican Constitution of 1824 established powerful legislatures and weak executives. However, the 1824 constitution was not a mere copy of that of 1812. Events in Mexico, particularly the assertion of states' rights by the former provinces, forced Congress to frame a constitution to meet the unique circumstances of the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0029-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824\nThe principal innovations (republicanism, federalism, and the presidency) were adopted to address Mexico's new reality. The monarchy was abolished because both Fernando VII and Agust\u00edn I had failed as political leaders, not because Mexicans imitated the US Constitution. Federalism arose naturally from Mexico's earlier political experience. The provincial deputations created by the Constitution of C\u00e1diz simply converted themselves into states. However, unlike the 1812 document, the Mexican charter gave the states significant taxing power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0030-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824\nAlthough modeled on the Hispanic Constitution of 1812, the new charter did not address a number of issues included in the earlier document because the new Mexican federation shared sovereignty between the national government and the states. Thus, unlike the Constitution of C\u00e1diz, which defined citizenship, the Mexican Constitution of 1824 remained silent on the subject. Similarly, it did not define who possessed the suffrage or the size of the population required to establish ayuntamientos, two significant factors in determining the popular nature of the Hispanic constitutional system. Those decisions were the prerogatives of the states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0031-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824\nThe constitutions of the states of the Mexican federation varied, but they generally followed the precedents of the Constitution of C\u00e1diz. Most state constitutions explicitly defined the people in their territory as being citizens of the state; they were chiapanecos, sonorenses, chihuahuenses, duranguenses, guanajuatenses, etc. Some states, such as Mexico and Puebla, simply referred to \"the natives and citizens of the estate.\" Following the C\u00e1diz model, all states established indirect elections. A few, however, introduced property qualifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0031-0001", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824\nMany also followed the constitution of 1812 in allowing ayuntamientos in towns with more than 1,000 persons, but some raised the population requirements to 2,000, 3,000 or 4,000. Tabasco permitted only the cabeceras of the partido (district head towns) to have ayuntamientos. Article 78 of Veracruz's constitution stated that the jefe of the department \"will arrange the number and function of the ayuntamientos.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0032-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Content\nThe 1824 Constitution was composed of 7 titles and 171 articles, and was based on the Constitution of C\u00e1diz for American issues, on the United States Constitution for the formula for federal representation and organization, and on the Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America of 1824, which abolished the monarchy. It introduced the system of federalism in a popular representative republic with Catholicism as official religion. The 1824 constitution does not expressly state the rights of citizens. The right to equality of citizens was restricted by the continuation of military and ecclesiastical courts. The most relevant articles were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0033-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Content\nAlthough this was not stipulated in the constitution, slavery was prohibited in the Republic. Miguel Hidalgo promulgated the abolition in Guadalajara on 6 December 1810. President Guadalupe Victoria declared slavery abolished too, but it was President Vicente Guerrero who made the decree of Abolition of Slavery on 15 September 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0034-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Federation\nAt the time of the promulgation of the Constitution, the nation was composed of 19 free states and 3 territories. That same year, two changes were made in the structure, resulting finally in 19 free states, 5 territories and the federal district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0035-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Reactions\nDue to the influence of Spanish liberal thought, the fragmentation that had been gradually consolidated by the Bourbon Reforms in New Spain, the newly won Independence of Mexico, the size of the territory\u2014almost 4,600,000\u00a0km2 (1,776,069 sq mi)\u2014and lack of easy communication across distances, there resulted a federal system with regional characteristics. The central states\u2014Mexico, Puebla, Quer\u00e9taro, Guanajuato, Veracruz and Michoac\u00e1n\u2014which were the most populated, worked as an administrative decentralization. The states of the periphery\u2014Zacatecas, Coahuila y Texas, Durango, Chihuahua, Jalisco, San Luis Potos\u00ed and Nuevo Le\u00f3n\u2014acquired a moderate confederalism. The states furthest from the center\u2014Yucat\u00e1n, Sonora y Sinaloa, Tamaulipas and Las Californias\u2014acquired a radical confederalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0036-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Reactions\nWithout the existence of established political parties, three political tendencies are distinguished. The first still supported the empire of Iturbide, but was a minority. The second was influenced by the Yorkist Lodge of freemasonry, whose philosophy was radical Federalism and also encouraged an anti-Spanish sentiment largely promoted by the American plenipotentiary Joel Roberts Poinsett. And the third was influenced by the Scottish Lodge of freemasonry, which had been introduced to Mexico by the Spaniards themselves, favored Centralism, and yearned for the recognition of the new nation by Spain and the Holy See.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0037-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Reactions\nWith the consummation of independence, the \"Royal Patronage\" was gone, the federal government and state governments now considered these rights to belong to the State. The way to manage church property was the point that most polarized the opinions of the political class. Members of the Yorkist Lodge intended to use church property to clean up the finances, the members of the Scottish Lodge considered the alternative anathema. According to the federal commitment, states should provide an amount of money and men for the army, or blood quota. The federal budget was insufficient to pay debt, defense, and surveillance of borders, and states resisted meeting the blood quota, sometimes meeting that debt with criminals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0038-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Reactions\nSome state constitutions were more radical and took supplies to practice patronage locally, under the banner of \"freedom and progress\". The constitutions of Jalisco and Tamaulipas decreed government funding of religion, the constitutions of Durango and the State of Mexico allowed the governor the practice of patronage, the constitution of Michoac\u00e1n gave the local legislature the power to regulate the enforcement of fees and discipline of clergy, and the constitution of Yucat\u00e1n, in a vanguardist way, decreed freedom of religion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0039-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Repeal and resettlement\nIn 1835, there was a drastic shift to the new Mexican Nation. The triumph of conservative forces in the elections unleashed a series of events that culminated on 23 October 1835, during the interim presidency of Miguel Barrag\u00e1n (the constitutional president was Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna, but he was out of office), when the \"Basis of Reorganization of the Mexican Nation\" was approved, which ended the federal system and established a provisional centralist system. On 30 December 1836, interim president Jos\u00e9 Justo Corro issued the Seven Constitutional Laws, which replaced the Constitution. Secondary laws were approved on 24 May 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0040-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Repeal and resettlement\nThe Seven Constitutional Laws, among other things, replaced the \"free states\" with French-style \"departments\", centralizing national power in Mexico City. This created an era of political instability, unleashing conflicts between the central government and the former states. Rebellions arose in various places, the most important of which were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0041-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Repeal and resettlement\nThe Texas annexation and the border conflict after the annexation led to the Mexican\u2013American War. As a result, the Constitution of 1824 was restored by interim President Jos\u00e9 Mariano Salas on 22 August 1846. In 1847, The Reform Act was published, which officially incorporated, with some changes, the Federal Constitution of 1824, to operate while the next constitution was drafted. This federalist phase culminated in 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021085-0042-0000", "contents": "1824 Constitution of Mexico, Repeal and resettlement\nThe Plan of Ayutla, which had a federalist orientation, was proclaimed on 1 March 1854. In 1855, Juan \u00c1lvarez, interim President of the Republic, issued the call for the Constituent Congress, which began its work on 17 February 1856 to produce the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021086-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 French legislative election\nThe 1824 general election organized the third legislature of the Second Restoration. The election was held on 25 February and 6 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021086-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 French legislative election\nOnly citizens paying taxes were eligible to vote. The election was an overwhelming victory for Vill\u00e8le and the ultras, as only 17 MPs of the opposition were re-elected (including Royer-Collard, C\u00e9cile Stanilas de Girardin, Benjamin Constant and Maximilien S\u00e9bastien Foy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021087-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Georgia's at-large congressional district in 1824 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Thomas W. Cobb (C-DR) upon his election to the Senate", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021088-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Haworth\n1824 Haworth (prov. designation: 1952 FM) is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 March 1952, by Indiana University's Indiana Asteroid Program at its Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and named after physicist Leland John Haworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021088-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 Haworth, Orbit and classification\nHaworth orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,789 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021088-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 Haworth, Orbit and classification\nIts first precovery was taken at Lowell Observatory in 1906, extending the body's observation arc by 46 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021088-0003-0000", "contents": "1824 Haworth, Naming\nIt was named in honor of American particle physicist Leland John Haworth (1904\u20131979), a graduate of Indiana University and second director of the National Science Foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021088-0004-0000", "contents": "1824 Haworth, Naming\nHis long and varied career included teaching and serving as member of the Atomic Energy Commission, as vice-president and president of Associated Universities, Inc., and as director of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. His negotiations were instrumental for the funding of a 4-meter telescope at the Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (M.P.C. 4156).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021088-0005-0000", "contents": "1824 Haworth, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Haworth measures 14.17 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.266. As of 2017, its composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021089-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Indiana's 1st congressional district special election\nOn September 8, 1824, William Prince (DR-Jackson), of Indiana's 1st district died. A special election was held to fill the vacancy left in Indiana's congressional representation by his death", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021089-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 Indiana's 1st congressional district special election, Election results\nCall took his seat on December 23, 1824, serving until the end of the 18th Congress on March 13, 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 76], "content_span": [77, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021090-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1824 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the fourth gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article III Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021091-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1824 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 13, 1824. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Albion Parris won re-election to a fourth term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021092-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts Senate election\nElections to the Massachusetts Senate were held during 1824 to elect State Senators. Candidates were elected at the county level, with some counties electing multiple Senators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021092-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts Senate election\nFor election, a candidate needed the support of a majority of those voting. If a seat remained vacant because no candidate received such majority, the Massachusetts General Court was empowered to fill it by a majority vote of its members. If more candidates received majorities than there were seats, the top finishers were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021092-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Berkshire\nResults from Egremont, Florida, and Mount Washington were excluded from the official totals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021092-0003-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Bristol and Dukes\nResults from Seekonk were rejected, \"it appearing by said return that the meeting was held in 1804.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021092-0004-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Franklin\nAlthough Grinnell received a majority of the votes received, 33 votes for Grinnell, 20 votes for Longley and 9 votes for Hoyt were rejected from Erving's Grant were rejected by the Governor's Council, \"it not being a town or district.\" Erving's Grant was unincorporated until 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021092-0005-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Hampden\nResults from Chester were rejected, \"there being two returns from the same town.\" The exact totals for Chester are not known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021092-0006-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Hampshire\nResults from Chester were rejected, \"there being two returns from the same town.\" The exact totals for Chester are not known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021092-0007-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Middlesex\nThe following men also received votes, though their exact totals are unknown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021092-0008-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Nantucket\nBurnell was a member of the Federalist Party but was also supported by the Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021092-0009-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Norfolk\nThe following men also received votes as Federalist candidates, though their exact totals are unknown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021092-0010-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Plymouth\nNathaniel Davis (Federalist), Charles Tuner (Republican), and William Davis (Republican) also received votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021092-0011-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts Senate election, Results, Worcester\nExact totals for the Republican ticket are unknown. Many other candidates received votes throughout the county, but their exact totals are unknown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021093-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1824 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021093-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nRepublican Governor William Eustis was re-elected to a second term in office over U.S. Representative Samuel Lathrop, a Federalist ally of John Quincy Adams. This was the last election in which the dying Federalist Party, which had already collapsed at the national level, was competitive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021094-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Massachusetts's 10th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by John Bailey (DR) being declared not eligible for the seat which he'd won the previous year on March 24, 1824. The election was held on August 30, 1824, with additional ballots held on November 1 and November 29 due to a majority not being achieved on the first or second ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021095-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 1824 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 2, 1824, Frederick Bates defeated Lt. Gov William Henry Ashley. Both candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. The death of Frederick Bates in August 1825, meant that the next election for governor of Missouri would be held little more than a year after this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021096-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1824 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 1 to 3, 1824, to elect the governor and the lieutenant governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021096-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Clintonian faction of the Democratic-Republican Party nominated incumbent DeWitt Clinton for Governor and state assemblyman and former U.S. representative James Tallmadge Jr. for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021096-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe anti-Clintonian faction of the Democratic-Republican Party nominated Erie Canal Commissioner Samuel Young for Governor and incumbent Erastus Root for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021096-0003-0000", "contents": "1824 New York gubernatorial election, Sources\nThis New York elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021097-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Ohio gubernatorial election\nThe 1824 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 12, 1824. The election was a rematch of 1822, with only the top two contenders returning. Incumbent Governor Morrow and Speaker of the Senate Trimble, who also served as acting Governor in 1822, both increased their vote share, lacking any other challengers. In this election, the two candidates agreed on the major issues, including support for a public school system and the development of internal improvements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021097-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 Ohio gubernatorial election\nThis was the last gubernatorial election that the Democratic-Republicans won in Ohio. About a month later, Henry Clay would win Ohio in the Presidential election over Jackson and Adams, with both Morrow and Trimble joining his Whig Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021098-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election\nIn June 1824, John Tod (DR) of Pennsylvania's 13th district resigned. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy on October 12, 1824, the same day as the elections to the 19th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021098-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election, Election results\nThomson ran unopposed. He also won the same seat in the 19th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021099-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district special election\nOn April 20, 1824, Thomas J. Rogers (DR) of Pennsylvania's 8th district resigned, leaving a vacancy which was filled by a special election on October 12, 1824, the same day as the general election for the 19th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021099-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district special election, Election results\nWolf ran unopposed. He also won the same seat in the 19th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021100-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1824 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an election held on April 7, 1824 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. James Fenner, the Jackson Republican nominee, beat Wheeler Marion, the Democratic Republican candidate, with 78.05% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021101-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 State of the Union Address\nThe 1824 State of the Union Address was written by James Monroe, the 5th president of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021101-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 State of the Union Address\nDelivered to the 18th United States Congress on Tuesday, December 7, 1824. James Monroe presided over the Era of Good Feelings. He began with, \"The view which I have now to present to you of our affairs, foreign and domestic, realizes the most sanguine anticipations which have been entertained of the public prosperity. If we look to the whole, our growth as a nation continues to be rapid beyond example;\"  He ended with, \"From the present prosperous and happy state I derive a gratification which I can not express. That these blessings may be preserved and perpetuated will be the object of my fervent and unceasing prayers to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021101-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 State of the Union Address\nIn the middle of the address, Mr. Monroe said, \"There is no object which as a people we can desire which we do not possess or which is not within our reach. Blessed with governments the happiest which the world ever knew, with no distinct orders in society or divided interests in any portion of the vast territory over which their dominion extends, we have every motive to cling together which can animate a virtuous and enlightened people.\" James Monroe, a founder of his country, predicts that his country will become a world power, and must animate with virtue and enlightenment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021103-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia\nGeorgia elected its members October 4, 1824. There were only 7 candidates who ran statewide in 1824. There were several other candidates who received votes in a small number of states, but vote totals were only available for the seven winning candidates. The minor candidates only received a few hundred votes each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021103-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia, Notes\nThis Georgia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 70], "content_span": [71, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021109-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes\nThis Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from November 1 to 3, 1824, to elect 34 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 19th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n34 U.S. Representatives had been elected in November 1822 to a term in the 18th United States Congress, beginning on March 4, 1823. William B. Rochester had resigned his seat in April 1823, and William Woods was elected to fill the vacancy. Parmenio Adams had contested the election of Isaac Wilson, and was seated in January 1824. The representatives' term would end on March 3, 1825. The elections were held with the annual State election on the first Monday in November and the two succeeding days, about four months before the congressional term began, and a little more than a year before Congress actually met on December 5, 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nAt this time the Democratic-Republican Party in New York was split into two opposing factions: on one side, the supporters of DeWitt Clinton and his Erie Canal project; on the other side, the Bucktails (including the Tammany Hall organization in New York City), led by Martin Van Buren. At the same time, the Federalist Party had already disbanded, and most of its former members had joined the Clintonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0003-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nAt the same time, party lines broke down concerning the 1824 United States presidential election. The Bucktails' leader Van Buren supported William H. Crawford, and most of the Clintonians supported John Quincy Adams. Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay also disputed the election, but found more support in other States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0003-0001", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nSince 1792, presidential electors had been elected by the New York State Legislature, but with a four-way race in the offing, a movement to change the mode of election was started: The \"People's Party\" advocated the election of presidential electors by popular ballot in districts, and nominated DeWitt Clinton for Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0004-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nThe geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1822. Two new counties were created within the 26th district: Wayne Co. and Yates Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0005-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0006-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n23 People's Party men and 11 Bucktails were declared elected. The incumbents Wood, Cambreleng, Strong, Van Rensselaer, Storrs, Taylor, Martindale, Ten Eyck, Marvin, Rose, Hayden and Adams were re-elected; the incumbents Sharpe, Craig, Herkimer, Clark, Litchfield, Day and Woods were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0007-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: Of the People's Party candidates, Wood, Sands, Strong, Van Rensselaer, Campbell and Storrs were old Federalists; Haines, Craig, Taylor, Marvin, Hayden and Adams were old Clintonians; and Sharpe, Herkimer, Martindale and Rose were elected as Bucktails in 1822.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0008-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election\nNo change in the mode of election of presidential electors was enacted this year. On November 11, 1824, the New York State Legislature chose 36 presidential electors of whom 26 voted for John Quincy Adams, 5 for William H. Crawford, 4 for Henry Clay and 1 for Andrew Jackson. No candidate received a majority in the electoral college vote at the 1824 United States presidential election, and the election was referred to the House of Representatives, to choose among the three most voted candidates: Adams, Jackson and Crawford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 122], "content_span": [123, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0008-0001", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election\nHenry Clay supported Adams, so that after the contingent election on February 9, 1825, one month before the end of the term of the 18th Congress, the members were back-labeled (according to their actual vote) as \"Adams-Clay Democratic-Republicans\" (Sharpe, Van Wyck, Williams, Herkimer, Cady, Taylor, Martindale, Lawrence, Marvin, Rose, Hayden, Woods, Adams and Tracy), \"Jackson Democratic-Republicans\" (Morgan and Craig), \"Crawford Democratic-Republicans\" (Tyson, Cambreleng, Frost, Jenkins, Hoogeboom, Foote, Eaton, Richards, Ten Eyck, Collins, Clark, Dwinell, Litchfield, Day) and \"Adams-Clay Federalists\" (Wood, Strong, Van Rensselaer, Storrs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 122], "content_span": [123, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0009-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election\nAfter this fiasco, Martin Van Buren abandoned Crawford, and re-organized his Bucktails supporting Andrew Jackson. In the 19th Congress the members were split into the supporters of President Adams (known as \"Adams men\", later becoming the \"Anti- Jacksonians\" and the National Republican Party) and the supporters of Andrew Jackson (known as \"Jacksonians\", later becoming the Democratic Party).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 122], "content_span": [123, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0010-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election\nThe House of Representatives of the 19th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 5, 1825, and 32 of the representatives, among them Egbert Ten Eyck took their seats on this day. Rose took his seat on December 7; and Whitmore on January 16, 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 122], "content_span": [123, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0011-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election\nOn December 9, 1825, Henry R. Storrs presented a petition on behalf of Daniel Hugunin, Jr. contesting the election of Egbert Ten Eyck in the 20th District. On December 15, the Committee on Elections submitted its report. They found that 142 votes in St. Lawrence County, and 53 votes in Lewis County had been returned for \"Daniel Hugunin\"; and 275 votes in Jefferson County had been returned for \"Daniel Hugunin, junior\"; all these listed among the \"scattering votes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 122], "content_span": [123, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0011-0001", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election\nThe Secretary of State of New York, receiving the abovementioned result, issued credentials for Ten Eyck who took his seat when Congress met on December 5. The petition included testimony by the election inspectors that 271 votes in Watertown, 93 votes in Madrid, and 48 votes in Louisville had been in fact given for \"Daniel Hugunin, jun.\" but had been certified mistakenly. Adding these votes to the 5,188 returned for \"Daniel Hugunin, jun. \", Hugunin had a recognized total of 5,600 votes, 116 more than Ten Eyck. The committee declared Hugunin, Jr., entitled to the seat instead of Ten Eyck. The House concurred without opposition, and Hugunin, Jr., took his seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 122], "content_span": [123, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021112-0012-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath, presidential election and contested election\nAfter Hugunin, Jr., was seated on December 15, 1825, of the 34 representatives from New York there were 25 Adams men and 9 Jacksonians: the People's Party men supported Adams; the Bucktails supported Jackson, except Porter who was described as an \"Adams Bucktail.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 122], "content_span": [123, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021115-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes\nThis South Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021116-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nVermont elected its members September 7, 1824. Congressional districts were re-established in Vermont for the 1824 election. Vermont had used an at-large district 1812-1818 and 1822. A majority was required for election, which was not met in the 1st district, necessitating a second election December 6, 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021117-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States elections\nThe 1824 United States elections elected the members of the 19th United States Congress. It marked the end of the Era of Good Feelings and the First Party System. Members of the Democratic-Republican Party continued to maintain a dominant role in federal politics, but the party became factionalized between supporters of Andrew Jackson and supporters of John Quincy Adams. The Federalist Party ceased to function as a national party, having fallen into irrelevance following a relatively strong performance in 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021117-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States elections\nIn the first close presidential election since the 1812 election, four major candidates ran, all of whom were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. The Democratic-Republicans had largely been successful in fielding only one presidential candidate in previous elections (except in 1812), but the breakdown of the congressional nominating caucus and a lack of meaningful opposition from the Federalists allowed for a multi-candidate field. Senator Andrew Jackson from Tennessee, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford, and Speaker of the House Henry Clay all received electoral votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021117-0001-0001", "contents": "1824 United States elections\nWith no candidate receiving a majority of the electoral vote, the House chose among the three candidates (Jackson, Adams, and Crawford) with the most electoral votes. Although Jackson won a plurality of electoral and popular votes, the House elected Adams as President. Despite the chaos in the presidential election, John C. Calhoun won the vice presidency with a majority of electoral votes. The 1824 presidential election was the only time that the House elected the president under the terms of the Twelfth Amendment, and the only time that the winner of the most electoral votes did not win the presidency. Adams's victory ended the Virginia dynasty of presidents, but continued the trend of the incumbent secretary of state winning election as president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021117-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 United States elections\nIn the House, Democratic-Republicans continued to command a dominant majority. Supporters of Adams narrowly outnumbered supporters of Jackson. John W. Taylor, who would later join Adams's National Republicans, was elected Speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021117-0003-0000", "contents": "1824 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democratic-Republicans continued to command a dominant majority. Supporters of Jackson narrowly outnumbered supporters of Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election\nThe 1824 United States presidential election was the tenth quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Tuesday, October 26 to Wednesday, December 1, 1824. Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and William Crawford were the primary contenders for the presidency. The result of the election was inconclusive, as no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote. In the election for vice president, John C. Calhoun was elected with a comfortable majority of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0000-0001", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election\nBecause none of the candidates for president garnered an electoral vote majority, the U.S. House of Representatives, under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment, held a contingent election. On February 9, 1825, John Quincy Adams was elected as president without getting the majority of the electoral vote or the popular vote, being the only president to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election\nThe Democratic-Republican Party had won six consecutive presidential elections and by 1824 was the only national political party. However, as the election approached, the presence of multiple viable candidates resulted in there being multiple nominations by the contending factions, signaling the splintering of the party and an end to the Era of Good Feelings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election\nAdams won New England, Jackson and Adams split the mid-Atlantic states, Jackson and Clay split the Western states, and Jackson and Crawford split the Southern states. Jackson finished with a plurality of the electoral and popular vote, while the other three candidates each finished with a significant share of the votes. Clay, who had finished fourth, was eliminated. Because he shared many of Adams's positions on the major issues, he lent him his support, allowing Adams to win the contingent election on the first ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0003-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election\nThis is one of two presidential elections (along with the 1800 election) that have been decided in the House. It is also one of five in which the winner did not achieve at least a plurality of the national popular vote, and the only U.S. election in which the candidate who had the plurality of votes in the Electoral College did not win the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0004-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, Background\nThe Era of Good Feelings associated with the administration of President James Monroe was a time of reduced emphasis on political party identity. With the Federalists discredited, Democratic-Republicans adopted some key Federalist economic programs and institutions. The economic nationalism of the Era of Good Feelings that would authorize the Tariff of 1816 and incorporate the Second Bank of the United States portended abandonment of the Jeffersonian political formula for strict construction of the Constitution, limited central government, and primacy of Southern slaveholding interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0005-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, Background\nAn unintended consequence of wide single-party identification was reduced party discipline. Rather than political harmony, factions arose within the party. Monroe attempted to improve discipline by appointing leading statesmen to his Cabinet, including Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford of Georgia, and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee led high-profile military missions. Only House Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky held political power independent of Monroe. He refused to join the cabinet and remained critical of the administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0006-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, Background\nTwo key events, the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri crisis of 1820, influenced and reshaped politics. The economic downturn broadly harmed workers, the sectional disputes over slavery expansion raised tensions, and both events plus other factors drove demand for increased democratic control. Social disaffection would help motivate revival of rivalrous political parties in the near future, though these had not yet formed at the time of the 1824 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0007-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, Nomination process\nThe previous competition between the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party collapsed after the War of 1812 due to the disintegration of the Federalists' popular appeal. President James Monroe of the Democratic-Republicans was able to run without opposition in the election of 1820. Like previous presidents who had been elected to two terms, Monroe declined to seek re-nomination for a third term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0007-0001", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, Nomination process\nVice President Daniel D. Tompkins had long-since been dismissed as a viable successor to Monroe due to a combination of health problems and a financial dispute with the federal government, and he formally ruled himself out of making a presidential run at the start of 1824. The presidential nomination was thus left wide open within the Democratic-Republican Party, the only major national political entity remaining in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0008-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, Nomination process\nThe Congressional caucus nominated Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice president, but it was sparsely attended and was widely attacked as undemocratic. Gallatin had not sought the nomination and soon withdrew at Crawford's request. Gallatin was also dissatisfied with repeated attacks on his credibility made by the other candidates. He was replaced by North Carolina Senator Nathaniel Macon. State legislatures also convened state caucuses to nominate candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0009-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, General election, Candidates\nAll four candidates were nominated by at least one state legislature. Andrew Jackson was recruited to run for the office of the president by the state legislature of Tennessee. Jackson did not seek the task of running for president. Instead, he wished to retire to his estate on the outskirts of Nashville called the Hermitage. However, Jackson was not one to decline such a request.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0010-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nCandidates drew voter support by different states and sections. Adams dominated the popular vote in New England and won some support elsewhere, Clay dominated his home state of Kentucky and won pluralities in two neighboring states, and Crawford won the Virginia vote overwhelmingly and polled well in North Carolina. Jackson had geographically the broadest support, though there were heavy vote concentrations in his home state of Tennessee and in Pennsylvania and populous areas where even he ran poorly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0011-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nPolicy played a reduced role in the election, though positions on tariffs and internal improvements did create significant disagreements. Both Adams and Jackson supporters backed Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina for vice president. He easily secured the majority of electoral votes for that office. In reality, Calhoun was vehemently opposed to nearly all of Adams's policies, but he did nothing to dissuade Adams supporters from voting for him for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0012-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe campaigning for presidential election of 1824 took many forms. Contrafacta, or well known songs and tunes whose lyrics have been altered, were used to promote political agendas and presidential candidates. Below can be found a sound clip featuring \"Hunters of Kentucky\", a tune written by Samuel Woodsworth in 1815 under the title \"The Unfortunate Miss Bailey\". Contrafacta such as this one, which promoted Andrew Jackson as a national hero, have been a long-standing tradition in presidential elections. Another form of campaigning during this election was through newsprint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0012-0001", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nPolitical cartoons and partisan writings were best circulated among the voting public through newspapers. Presidential candidate John C. Calhoun was one of the candidates most directly involved through his participation in the publishing of the newspaper The Patriot as a member of the editorial staff. This was a sure way to promote his own political agendas and campaign. In contrast, most candidates involved in early 19th century elections did not run their own political campaigns. Instead it was left to volunteer citizens and partisans to speak on their behalf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0013-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThe 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican-Federalist political framework. The electoral map confirmed the candidates' sectional support, with Adams winning in New England, Jackson having wide voter appeal, Clay attracting votes from the West, and Crawford attracting votes from the eastern South. Jackson earned only a plurality of electoral votes. Thus, the election was decided by the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams on the first ballot. John C. Calhoun, supported by Adams and Jackson, easily won the vice presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0014-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, 1825 contingent election\nAs no presidential candidate had won an absolute electoral vote majority, the responsibility for electing a new president devolved upon the U.S. House of Representatives, which held a contingent election on February 9, 1825. As prescribed by the Twelfth Amendment, the House was limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford; Henry Clay, who had finished fourth, was eliminated. Each state delegation, voting en bloc, had a single vote. There were 24 states at the time, thus an absolute majority of 13 votes was required for victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0015-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, 1825 contingent election\nClay detested Jackson and had said of him, \"I cannot believe that killing 2,500 Englishmen at New Orleans qualifies for the various, difficult, and complicated duties of the Chief Magistracy.\" Moreover, Clay's American System was closer to Adams's position on tariffs and internal improvements than Jackson's. Even if Clay had wished to align with Crawford over Jackson, which was highly unlikely in any event since Clay's policy differences with Crawford were even deeper, especially on matters of the tariff, and the fact Crawford had been in poor health, no path to victory was evident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0016-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, 1825 contingent election\nIgnoring the nonbinding directive of the Kentucky legislature that its House delegation choose Jackson, the delegation voted 8\u20134 for Adams instead. Clay used his political influence in the House to motivate House delegations in states where he had won at least a voting plurality to vote for Adams. Thus, Adams was elected president on the first ballot, with 13 states, followed by Jackson with seven, and Crawford with four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0017-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, 1825 contingent election, Balloting in the contingent election\nConnecticut\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a06\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0Illinois\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0Kentucky\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a08\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a04\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0Louisiana\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a02\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0Maine\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a07\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0Maryland\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a05\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a03\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0Massachusetts\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a012\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0Missouri\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0New Hampshire\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a06\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0New York\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a018\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a02\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a014\u00a0Ohio\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a010\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a02\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a02\u00a0\u00a0Rhode Island\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a02\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0Vermont\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a05\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0018-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, 1825 contingent election, Balloting in the contingent election\nAlabama\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a03\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0Indiana\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a03\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0Mississippi\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0New Jersey\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a05\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0Pennsylvania\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a025\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0South Carolina\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a09\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0Tennessee\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a09\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0019-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, 1825 contingent election, Balloting in the contingent election\nDelaware\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0Georgia\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a07\u00a0\u00a0North Carolina\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a02\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a010\u00a0Virginia\u00a0 \u2003 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a01\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a019", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0020-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, Aftermath\nAdams' victory shocked Jackson, who, as the winner of a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes, expected the House to choose him. Not long before the contingent House election, an anonymous statement appeared in a Philadelphia paper, called the Columbian Observer. The statement, said to be from a member of Congress, essentially accused Clay of selling Adams his support for the office of Secretary of State. No formal investigation was conducted, so the matter was neither confirmed nor denied. When Clay was indeed offered the position after Adams was victorious, he opted to accept and continue to support the administration he voted for, knowing that declining the position would not have helped to dispel the rumors brought against him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021118-0021-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election, Aftermath\nBy appointing Clay his Secretary of State, President Adams essentially declared him heir to the presidency, as Adams and his three predecessors had all served as Secretary of State. Jackson and his followers accused Adams and Clay of striking a \"corrupt bargain\", and the Jacksonians would campaign on this claim for the next four years, ultimately helping Jackson defeat Adams in 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021119-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Alabama\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Alabama took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021119-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Alabama\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Alabama voted for Andrew Jackson over John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford and Henry Clay. Jackson won Alabama by a margin of 51.52%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021120-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021120-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Connecticut voted for John Quincy Adams over William H. Crawford, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay. Adams won Connecticut by a margin of 51.93%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021121-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Delaware\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Delaware took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021121-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Delaware\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Delaware cast two electoral votes for William H. Crawford and one for John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021122-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Georgia\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Georgia took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 9 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021122-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Georgia\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and 4 different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Georgia cast 9 electoral votes for native William H. Crawford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021123-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Illinois\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Illinois took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021123-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Illinois\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Although Illinois voted for John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William H. Crawford, the district-based system used for choosing electors meant that only one of the state's electoral votes were assigned to Adams, while the remaining two were assigned to Jackson. Adams won Illinois by a margin of 5.23%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021124-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Indiana took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021124-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Indiana\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Indiana voted for Andrew Jackson over Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Indiana by a margin of 12.87%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021125-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose 14 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021125-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Kentucky voted for Henry Clay over Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William H. Crawford. Clay won Kentucky, his home state, by a wide margin of 45.54%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021126-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021126-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Louisiana cast three electoral votes for Andrew Jackson and two for John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021127-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Maine\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Maine took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021127-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Maine\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Maine voted for John Quincy Adams over William H. Crawford, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson. Adams won Maine by a margin of 63.0%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021128-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Maryland\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Maryland took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021128-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Maryland\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Although Maryland voted for John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford and Henry Clay, only three electoral votes were assigned to Adams, while Jackson received seven and Crawford received one. Adams won Maryland by a very narrow margin of 0.32%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021128-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Maryland\nThis was also the first time in which the winner of the election didn't carry the state of Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021129-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021129-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and 4 different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Massachusetts voted for native son John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021130-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021130-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Mississippi voted for Andrew Jackson over John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford and Henry Clay. Jackson won Mississippi by a margin of 29.97%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021131-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Missouri\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Missouri took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021131-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Missouri\nThe 1824 presidential election was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four main candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021131-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Missouri\nVoters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President. Missouri voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate, Henry Clay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021132-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021132-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. New Hampshire voted for John Quincy Adams over William H. Crawford, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay. Adams won New Hampshire by a margin of 87.18%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021133-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021133-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. New Jersey voted for Andrew Jackson over John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay. Jackson won New Jersey by over half of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021134-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in New York took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 36 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021134-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in New York\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and 4 different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. New York cast 26 electoral votes for John Quincy Adams, 5 for William H. Crawford, 4 for Henry Clay and 1 for Andrew Jackson. This election marks the last time the New York State Legislature chose the state's electors as opposed to using some form of popular vote method.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021135-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021135-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. North Carolina voted for Andrew Jackson over William H. Crawford, Henry Clay, and John Quincy Adams. Jackson won North Carolina by a margin of 12.77%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021136-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Ohio took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose 16 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021136-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Ohio\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Ohio voted for Henry Clay over Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William H. Crawford. Clay won Ohio by a narrow margin of 1.53%. This was the first time that Ohio voted for a losing presidential candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021137-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose 28 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021137-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and 4 different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Pennsylvania voted for Andrew Jackson over John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay. Jackson won Pennsylvania by a wide margin of 64.54%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021138-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021138-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and 4 different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Rhode Island voted for John Quincy Adams over William H. Crawford, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson. Adams won Rhode Island by a margin of 82.94%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021139-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place in 1824 as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021139-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina cast 11 eleven electoral votes for Andrew Jackson. These electors were elected by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021140-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021140-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Tennessee voted for Andrew Jackson over William H. Crawford, John Quincy Adams, and Henry Clay. Jackson won Tennessee, his home state, by a wide margin of 95.94%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021141-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose seven representatives, or electors (the last time they would do this in Vermont) to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021141-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Vermont\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and four different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Vermont cast seven electoral votes for New England native John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021142-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1824 United States presidential election in Virginia took place between October 26 and December 2, 1824, as part of the 1824 United States presidential election. Voters chose 24 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021142-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 United States presidential election in Virginia\nDuring this election, the Democratic-Republican Party was the only major national party, and 4 different candidates from this party sought the Presidency. Virginia voted for William H. Crawford over John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay. Crawford won Virginia by a margin of 33.44%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021143-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1824 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Cornelius P. Van Ness to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021143-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 14. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Democratic-Republican Cornelius P. Van Ness was the only major candidate. The committee determined that Van Ness had easily won a second one-year term against only token opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021143-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican Aaron Leland had won election to a third one-year term against only scattering opposition. A Vermont newspaper reported the results as: Leland, 14,166 (98.4%); scattering, 220 (1.6%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021143-0003-0000", "contents": "1824 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was unopposed for election to a one-year term as treasurer, his twenty-fifth. Though he had nominally been a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalists he was frequently unopposed. Vermont newspapers indicated that the results were: Swan, 12,743 (99.9%); scattering, 14 (0.1%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021143-0004-0000", "contents": "1824 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for governor, the results of the popular vote were reported as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021144-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Vermont's at-large congressional district special election\nOn October 15, 1824, Charles Rich of Vermont's at-large district died in office. A special election was held for his replacement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021144-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 Vermont's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nOlin took his seat in the 18th Congress on December 13, 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021145-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 Virginia's 13th congressional district special election\nOn February 29, 1824, Representative William Lee Ball (DR) of Virginia's 13th district died in office. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 19th Congress were held at various dates in different states between July 1824 and August 1825, coinciding with the contentious 1824 Presidential election. After no Presidential candidate won an electoral majority, in February 1825 the House of the outgoing 18th Congress chose the President in a contingent election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe approach of the 1824 Presidential election ended the virtually nonpartisan Era of Good Feelings and motivated major realignment. The weak Federalist Party collapsed and the Democratic-Republican Party abruptly, catastrophically split.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections\nThough Andrew Jackson lost the contingent election, public attitudes toward the charismatic, famous Jackson mainly determined the new alignment. Partisans of Jackson often were called Jacksonians, by 1828 adopting the Democratic Party label. Opponents of Jackson often were called Anti-Jacksonians, coalescing under the leadership of newly elected President John Quincy Adams and soon forming the National Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0003-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections\nThough both parties were new, and were not continuations of old parties, Jacksonians were more similar to the former Democratic-Republicans, while National Republicans were more similar to the former Federalists and also were political ancestors to the future Whig Party. Leadership of the National Republicans in opposition to Jackson later would transition to Henry Clay, whose support of Adams determined the contingent election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0004-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nRepresentatives regrouped into Jackson supporters and Adams supporters (comprising the Adams-Clay faction in the contingent election), while supporters of William Crawford, whose ill health and retirement had indirectly helped trigger the realignment, divided between the two factions with 33 going to the Adams-Clay faction and 22 going to the Jackson faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0005-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1824 and 1825 to the 18th United States Congress and 19th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0006-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama\nAlabama elected its members August 1\u20133, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0007-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members April 4, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0008-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia\nGeorgia elected its members October 4, 1824. There were only 7 candidates who ran statewide in 1824. There were several other candidates who received votes in a small number of states, but vote totals were only available for the seven winning candidates. The minor candidates only received a few hundred votes each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0009-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, Maine\nMaine elected its members September 13, 1824. Maine law required a majority vote for election, n Maine law required a majority vote for electionecessitating additional ballots in the 3rd and 4th districts on January 3, 1825, April 4, 1825, and September 12, 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 69], "content_span": [70, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0010-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts elected its members November 1, 1824. Massachusetts had a majority requirement for election, which necessitated additional elections held January 3, 1825, April 1, 1825, and August 1, 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0011-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire elected its members between November 1, 1824 and March 8, 1825. New Hampshire law required candidates to receive votes from a majority of voters for election. As only five candidates received votes from a majority of voters, a run-off election had to be held for the sixth seat on March 8, 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0012-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected its members August 11, 1825 after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0013-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island elected its members August 30, 1825 after the term began but before the new Congress convened. Rhode Island law required a candidate receive votes from a majority of voters for election, as only one candidate received a majority in this election, a  Rhode Island law required a candidate receive votes from a majority of voters for election, as only one candidate received a majority in this electionsecond election was held for the remaining seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0014-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 4\u20135, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0015-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont elected its members September 7, 1824. Congressional districts were re-established in Vermont for the 1824 election. Vermont had used an at-large district 1812-1818 and 1822. A majority was required for election, which was not met in the 1st district, necessitating a second election December 6, 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021146-0016-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia elected its members in April 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021147-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1824 and 1825 were elections for the United States Senate that saw the Jacksonians gain a majority over the Anti- Jacksonian National Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021147-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021147-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 18th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1824 or before March 4, 1825; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021147-0003-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 19th Congress\nIn these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1825 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021147-0004-0000", "contents": "1824 and 1825 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 19th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated in 1825 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021148-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1824 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021151-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1824 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021157-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1824 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021162-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 in South Africa\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 18:07, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021162-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1824 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021164-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1824 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021167-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021169-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021169-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 in paleontology, Plesiosaurs, New taxa\nCornybeare named the genus in 1821, following up with the type species P. dolichodeirus in 1824. The species was named on the basis of a complete skeleton discovered by Mary Anning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021170-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021170-0001-0000", "contents": "1824 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021170-0002-0000", "contents": "1824 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021171-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1824.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021172-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 in science\nThe year 1824 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021173-0000-0000", "contents": "1824 in sports\n1824 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021176-0000-0000", "contents": "1824: The Arkansas War\n1824: The Arkansas War is a 2006 alternate history novel by American writer Eric Flint. Lincon Jade loo stivie Farrell n Beyonce Knowles Blue eye 1824", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021176-0001-0000", "contents": "1824: The Arkansas War, Plot summary\nThe story takes place in 1824 and 1825, ten years after 1812: The Rivers of War. The United States, under the influence of Sam Houston, a Special Commissioner for Indian Affairs, has signed a treaty with the southern Indian tribes that establishes a confederacy of chiefdoms in the territory that in our timeline is composed of the state of Arkansas west of the Red River and the state of Oklahoma without the Panhandle, roughly the boundaries of the historical Arkansas Territory. As a result, the tribes of the Southern United States, particularly the Cherokee, have willingly left the Southeastern United States with their wealth and power intact, as opposed to their eventual and devastating forced removal in 1838 in our timeline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021176-0002-0000", "contents": "1824: The Arkansas War, Plot summary\nShortly thereafter, in Louisiana, Henry Crowell, a free black man and one of the officers of the Iron Battalion who won the Battle of the Mississippi, which in the novel was the battle that saved New Orleans from the British in January 1815, offended the local Creole leadership by courting a Creole woman. Slavecatchers waylaid Crowell and castrated him. In revenge, the Iron Battalion mobilized, destroyed the homes of the Creole leadership, and smashed the Louisiana militia who came after them to suppress \"servile rebellion\" that is later referred to as the \"Algiers incident\". Shortly afterwards, Crowell and the Iron Battalion moved to Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021176-0003-0000", "contents": "1824: The Arkansas War, Plot summary\nThe easternmost chiefdom, Arkansas, is ruled by Patrick Driscol, who is nicknamed the \"Laird of Arkansas\" and was once the brigade master sergeant under Winfield Scott during the Niagara Campaign. Arkansas banned slavery and quickly became a magnet for freedmen throughout the United States, who are forced to leave their home states by the influence of men like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, who make the states pass Freedmen Exclusion Acts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021176-0004-0000", "contents": "1824: The Arkansas War, Plot summary\nAs the book begins, one such family, the Parker family, leaves Baltimore, Maryland, after the head of the household is killed by a mob of whites. They are stopped on the Ohio River by slavecatchers, who plan to take them before a partial judge, have them declared runaway slaves, and sold into bondage. However, before the slavecatchers can haul the Parkers away, a party of abolitionists, led by John Brown and his brother Solomon Brown, intervenes, and the family is able to continue its journey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021176-0005-0000", "contents": "1824: The Arkansas War, Plot summary\nWhen the Parkers arrive in New Antrim, the capital of Arkansas, they learn that Crowell's bank will lend the family money to start again if the men join the Arkansas Army. Sheffield Parker and his uncle Jem enlist and undergo a rigorous training regimen. Meanwhile, Clay secretly finances an expedition, led by Robert Crittenden,, to attack Arkansas. The expedition fails, but Clay uses this failure as a lever to become the new President of the United States after James Monroe. Soon, Houston's wife, Maria, gets accidentally shot by an assassin from Georgia, who was aiming for Houston himself in retaliation for his liberal views on race. Houston and his son Andrew Jackson Houston leave for Arkansas to aid Driscol and Ross in coming war with the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021176-0006-0000", "contents": "1824: The Arkansas War, Plot summary\nThe novel ends in 1825, with the United States going to war against Arkansas (as an AU of the real American Civil War). Meanwhile, a varied group of politicians, led by the losers in the election of 1824, John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, meet to create a new political party that will both oppose and defeat Clay and work for an eventual end to slavery in all states after Clay's presidential term is finished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021177-0000-0000", "contents": "1824\u20131825 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 45th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1824 and 1825 during the governorship of William Eustis. Nathaniel Silsbee served as president of the Senate and William C. Jarvis served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021178-0000-0000", "contents": "1824\u20131825 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire elected its members between November 1, 1824 and March 8, 1825. New Hampshire law required candidates to receive votes from a majority of voters for election. As only five candidates received votes from a majority of voters, a run-off election had to be held for the sixth seat on March 8, 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [74, 74], "content_span": [75, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021179-0000-0000", "contents": "1824\u20131825 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine\nMaine elected its members September 13, 1824. Maine law required a majority vote for election, necessitating additional ballots in the 3rd and 4th districts on January 3, 1825, April 4, 1825, and September 12, 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021179-0001-0000", "contents": "1824\u20131825 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine, Notes\nThis Maine elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 74], "content_span": [75, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021180-0000-0000", "contents": "1824\u20131825 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts elected its members November 1, 1824. Massachusetts had a majority requirement for election, which necessitated additional elections held January 3, 1825, April 1, 1825, and August 1, 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021180-0001-0000", "contents": "1824\u20131825 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 82], "content_span": [83, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021181-0000-0000", "contents": "1824\u20131825 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1824\u20131825 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held between December 1824 and February 1825. William Marks was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021181-0001-0000", "contents": "1824\u20131825 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nIncumbent Democratic-Republican Walter Lowrie, who was elected in 1818, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 14, 1824, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1825. Thirty-two ballots were recorded between that date and February 14, 1825. The results of the thirty-second and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 64], "content_span": [65, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021182-0000-0000", "contents": "1824\u20131854 List of United States House of Representatives elections\nThe table below summarizes results of elections to the United States House of Representatives from 1824 to 1854, a period corresponding to the Second Party System. In the House of Representatives, \"Independent Democrats\" and \"Independent Whigs\" are counted with the Democrats and the Whigs, respectively, and as described in the accompanying 'Note'. For more detailed results, see the main page for that election. Parties with a House majority or a plurality are shown in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021183-0000-0000", "contents": "1825\n1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1825th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 825th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 25th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1825, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021184-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1825 Alabama gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on August 1, 1825, to elect the Governor of Alabama. Jacksonian candidate John Murphy ran unopposed and so won 100% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021185-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Central American federal election\nGeneral elections were held in the Federal Republic of Central America in 1825 to elect the President of Central America as the 1824 Central America Constitution established. The liberal-dominated Congress called upon the election which was held in all five member states; Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. The two main parties were the Liberals and the Conservatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021185-0001-0000", "contents": "1825 Central American federal election\nAfter the election conservative candidate Jos\u00e9 Cecilio del Valle obtained 41 electoral votes and his main rival, liberal Manuel Jos\u00e9 Arce, gained 34 of a total of 79 electoral votes cast. The total of electoral votes were supposed to be 82, so the liberal-lead Congress declared the election void arguing that no candidate obtained a majority and appointed Arce as president, much to the outrage of Valle and his supporters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021185-0002-0000", "contents": "1825 Central American federal election\nArce tried to appease Valle by offering him the Vice-Presidency, but Valle declined. He did retired from Congress without calling for an uprising. Nevertheless, civil war would happen anyway as Arce\u2019s centralism and authoritarian government would cause the uprising of the Liberals in El Salvador and Honduras that sprang after Arce dissolved the Parliament in Guatemala in 1826. Arce would eventually resign as president and the war would only end when rebel leader Francisco Moraz\u00e1n took over Guatemala in 1829, calling for new elections soon afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021186-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Colombian presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Gran Colombia in 1825, with Congress certifying the results the following year. The result was a victory for Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, who received 582 of the 608 votes. Francisco de Paula Santander was elected Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021186-0001-0000", "contents": "1825 Colombian presidential election, Electoral system\nThe 1821 constitution provided for a system where Provincial Assemblies elected the President and Vice President. If no candidate received a majority of the vote, an election would be held in the Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021187-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1825 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 14, 1825. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. defeated Federalist Party candidates former senator David Daggett, former delegate Nathan Smith and former congressman Timothy Pitkin, winning with 68.82% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021188-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Costa Rican Head of State election\nThe 1825 Costa Rican Head of State election was held in 20 May 1825 and was Costa Rica's first ever election for Head of State. In the election liberal Juan Mora Fern\u00e1ndez was re-elected as Head of State, a position that he occupied provisionally by mandate of the Congress. The elections in this period were held in two levels, first voted by citizens exercising their public vote who thus chose the electors who would formally elect the president. The representation by region was; 11 for San Jos\u00e9, 8 for Cartago, 8 for Heredia, 5 for Alajuela, 3 for Escaz\u00fa, 2 for Ujarr\u00e1s, 1 for T\u00e9rraba and 1 for Bagaces. Mora received the vote of all provinces except Alajuela who voted unanimously for his rival Mariano Montealegre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021189-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Indiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1825 Indiana gubernatorial election took place on August 1, 1825, under the provisions of the Constitution of Indiana. It was the fourth gubernatorial election in the State of Indiana. James B. Ray, the incumbent governor following the resignation of William Hendricks, was reelected to a full term, defeating Isaac Blackford, the chief justice of the Indiana Supreme Court. The election took place concurrently with elections for lieutenant governor and members of the Indiana General Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021189-0001-0000", "contents": "1825 Indiana gubernatorial election\nWilliam Hendricks won the 1822 Indiana gubernatorial election without facing any significant opposition and remains the only governor of Indiana to be elected unanimously. Rather than seek reelection to a second three-year term, Hendricks ran for the United States Senate and was elected on the fourth ballot of the General Assembly by a narrow majority of two votes. He formally resigned the governorship on February 12, 1825, the last day of the state legislative session. As the elected lieutenant governor, Ratliff Boon, had resigned his office the previous year following his election to the United States House of Representatives, the president pro tempore of the Indiana Senate, James B. Ray, became acting governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021189-0002-0000", "contents": "1825 Indiana gubernatorial election\nThere was some controversy as to whether Ray could lawfully continue as governor for the remainder of Hendricks' term, with some arguing he must forfeit the office following the end of his senatorial term in August. Others questioned whether Ray, who was a few days shy of thirty when Hendricks resigned, was constitutionally eligible to serve as governor. Article IV\u00a74 of the Indiana Constitution required the governor be \"at least thirty years of age, and shall have been a citizen of the united States ten years, and have resided in the State five years next preceding his Election.\" A Richmond paper asserted Ray was only twenty-eight years old and described his ascension as \"an usurpation, which should not be tolerated by the people of the state\". The issue of Ray's age and the legality of his governorship persisted as the 1825 gubernatorial campaign commenced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021189-0003-0000", "contents": "1825 Indiana gubernatorial election\nDespite the bitterly polarizing presidential election only the previous year, the campaign was conducted on a nonpartisan basis. Ray announced his candidacy in May and received the support of the Indianapolis Gazette and other newspapers, who praised his legislative experience, humility, and diligence. In addition to Ray, Chief Justice Blackford, Justices Jesse Lynch Holman and James Scott of the state supreme court, and State Representative David H. Maxwell were mentioned as potential candidates. By spring, Blackford has emerged as the main opposition to Ray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021189-0003-0001", "contents": "1825 Indiana gubernatorial election\nBoth campaigns praised their candidate's experience and moral attributes, while disparaging their opponent as a craven office-seeker. While Blackford was rebuked for seeking the governorship while serving on the state supreme court, Ray came under criticism for campaigning for a seat in Congress while still a member of the State Senate in 1824. Both campaigns likewise sought to portray their candidate as a man of the people, in contrast to the opponent's perceived elitism. Blackford was endorsed by the Indiana Journal, whose editor nevertheless conceded Ray had competently carried out his duties as acting governor, while there were few important policy differences between the candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021189-0004-0000", "contents": "1825 Indiana gubernatorial election, Results\nRay defeated Blackford decisively, polling strongest in the eastern counties. The county returns, provided below, are incomplete: in his inaugural message to the General Assembly, Ray noted that eleven communities had failed to make returns for the gubernatorial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021190-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Kentucky's 3rd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Kentucky's 3rd congressional district on August 1, 1825 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Henry Clay (A) on March 6, 1825 upon being named Secretary of State by President John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021191-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Klare\n1825 Klare (prov. designation: 1954 QH) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 August 1954, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. The asteroid was named after Heidelberg astronomer Gerhard Klare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021191-0001-0000", "contents": "1825 Klare, Orbit and classification\nThe presumably stony asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,600 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1934 CH at Uccle Observatory in 1934, Klare's observation arc begins 20 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021191-0002-0000", "contents": "1825 Klare, Naming\nKlare was named after Gerhard Klare (born 1932), an observing astronomer at Heidelberg Observatory since 1960, whose fields of interest include minor planets. He is also known for his numerous contributions in the yearbook series \"Reviews in Modern Astronomy\" of the Astronomische Gesellschaft. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (M.P.C. 4156).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021191-0003-0000", "contents": "1825 Klare, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nKlare has been the subject of multiple photometric lightcurve studies, which gave a well-determined rotation period between 4.741 and 4.744 hours with a brightness variation between 0.70 and 0.90 magnitude (U=3/n.a.). Measurements have also been used as the basis for generating a three-dimensional model of its shape. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) adopts a period 4.744 hours with an amplitude of 0.70 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021191-0004-0000", "contents": "1825 Klare, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, Klare measures 14.69 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.167, while CALL assumes an albedo of 0.10 \u2013 a compromise value for asteroids with a semi-major axis between 2.6 and 2.7\u00a0AU, for which neither a S (0.20) nor a C (0.057) type has been determined \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 19.21 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021192-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1825 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 12, 1825. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Albion Parris won re-election to a fifth term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021193-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1825 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021193-0001-0000", "contents": "1825 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nGovernor William Eustis died in February, leaving Lieutenant Governor Marcus Morton, a Jacksonian Republican, to fill the seat on an acting basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021193-0002-0000", "contents": "1825 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIn the general election, Levi Lincoln Jr., an Adams Republican, had no organized opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021194-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Michigan Territorial Council election\nThe 1825 Michigan Territorial Council election was held in the Territory of Michigan to elect the members of the territory's legislative council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021194-0001-0000", "contents": "1825 Michigan Territorial Council election, Background\nThe First Michigan Territorial Council had nine members, selected by the president of the United States from a slate of 18 people chosen in a general election. The council wrote a memorial to Congress complaining that \"much inconvenience is experienced from the small number that forms\" the council and that \"the duties imposed on the present members are extremely arduous\". They asked for an increase in size to 13, the same as the legislative council for Florida Territory. Congress expanded the size to 13 in an act of February 5, 1825, to be selected by the president from a slate of 26 people chosen in a general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021194-0002-0000", "contents": "1825 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election\nIn an act of April 13, 1825, the legislative council divided the territory into six districts and apportioned the 13 seats among them. It also set the date for the election of the next council as the \"last Tuesday of May next, ... and thereafter ... biennially\". The date for the election in the sixth district, comprising the more remote counties of Brown, Crawford, and Michilimackinac was set as \"the last Thursday of June next\". The election was thus held on May 31, 1825, for districts one through five, and on June 30, 1825, for the sixth district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021194-0003-0000", "contents": "1825 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election\nWhen certifying the results, the canvassers, William Woodbridge, the territory's secretary, and Robert Abbott, its treasurer, expressed uncertainty over how the results should be interpreted. They believed that the Act of Congress of February 5, 1825, gave the right to vote for all 26 positions \"to all, and to each of the qualified voters of the Territory\" and that the top 26 overall vote-earners, regardless of district, ought to be certified as elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021194-0003-0001", "contents": "1825 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election\nThey felt that the legislative council may have overstepped its power to \"regulate the manner of election\" by restricting voting to a subset of the 26 positions in each district. Concluding that they were not obligated to resolve the question, they certified two separate sets of results, which they termed the \"General Ticket System\" and the \"District System\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021194-0004-0000", "contents": "1825 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election\nTerritorial Governor Lewis Cass submitted the District System results to Secretary of State Henry Clay on December 2, 1825. In a later letter, he recommended to Clay that the tie vote in the fifth district be broken in favor of Zephaniah W. Bunce on the grounds that he was an incumbent member of the council. On March 9, 1826, President John Quincy Adams announced the appointment of Bunce, William A. Burt, Henry Connor, Sidney Dole, Laurent Durocher, Abraham Edwards, Robert A. Forsyth, Robert Irwin Jr., Hubert Lacroix, Wolcott Lawrence, William F. Moseley, John Stockton, and Andrew G. Whitney to the second Michigan Territorial Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021194-0005-0000", "contents": "1825 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election, General ticket system results\nThe first set of results certified by the canvassers counted all votes cast for a person throughout the territory, irrespective of district. These results were not submitted to the secretary of state by Governor Cass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021194-0006-0000", "contents": "1825 Michigan Territorial Council election, Election, District system results\nThe second set of results certified by the canvassers included only votes cast within the district where a candidate resided. These are the results Governor Cass submitted to the secretary of state for use by the president when selecting the members of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021195-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Miramichi fire\nThe 1825 Dee, or Great Miramichi Fire, or Great Fire of Miramichi, as it came to be known, was a massive forest fire complex that devastated forests and communities throughout much of northern New Brunswick in October 1825. It ranks among the three largest forest fires ever recorded in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021195-0001-0000", "contents": "1825 Miramichi fire, History\nAbout 1/3 of the homes in Fredericton were destroyed, but the main devastation was 100 miles (160\u00a0km) to the northeast commencing from Bas Caraquet. The preceding summer was a particularity hot one, with bush fires common. On the evening of October 7, 1825, the firestorm roared through Newcastle, New Brunswick (now part of the City of Miramichi), and in less than 3 hours reduced the town of 1,000 people to ruins \u2013 of 260 original buildings, only 12 remained. Only 6 of 70 buildings survived in the adjacent village of Douglastown. The fire similarly destroyed other communities, including Moorefield, Napan, and Black River Bridge. Chatham, Nelson, and Doaktown escaped the fire. The cause of the blaze is not known, but it was likely by humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021195-0002-0000", "contents": "1825 Miramichi fire, History\nAbout 160 people died in and around Newcastle, including prisoners in the Newcastle Jail. Elsewhere, the totals were likely higher, given the number of lumbermen in the forests at the time (about 3000). To escape the blaze many residents took refuge with livestock and wildlife in the Miramichi River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021195-0003-0000", "contents": "1825 Miramichi fire, History\nIn total the fire(s) consumed almost 16,000\u00a0km2 (about 1/5 of New Brunswick's forests). The blaze has been partly attributed to unusually hot weather in the summer and fall of 1825, coupled with outdoor fires by settlers and loggers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021195-0004-0000", "contents": "1825 Miramichi fire, History\nThe communities were soon rebuilt, but many of those affected moved to communities bordering the Bay of Chaleur, including Campbellton, Dalhousie, Belledune, and the southern Gasp\u00e9 coast. It is also probable that some of the displaced persons established a community in the Ottawa Valley formerly known as Miramichi, now known as Pembroke, Ontario. Although the lumber industry recovered, the fire is considered responsible for the end of the mast-making industry on the Miramichi River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021195-0005-0000", "contents": "1825 Miramichi fire, In the media\nThe event is commemorated in the 1959 Folkways Records recording of Miramichi Fire, a traditional folksong included on the album  by Sandy Ives. The fire is also the plot of Valerie Sherrard's first historical novel Three Million Acres of Flame (2007). The fire is also referred to in the 2016 novel Barkskins by Annie Proulx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021196-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Missouri gubernatorial special election\nThe 1825 Missouri gubernatorial special election was held on December 8, 1825, to determine who would fill the remainder of the term of Frederick Bates who had died on August 4, 1825. Governor Abraham J. Williams (who succeeded Bates) did not stand for election and John Miller was elected over William Carr, David Todd, and Missouri Attorney General Rufus Easton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021197-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 New Hampshire's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New Hampshire's at-large congressional district on March 8, 1825 to fill a vacancy caused by Representative-elect James Miller declining to serve. The special election was held at the same time as the run-off election held to fill the 6th seat in New Hampshire's delegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021198-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 North Carolina's 2nd congressional district special election\nOn March 23, 1824, Hutchins G. Burton (DR), who had represented North Carolina's 2nd district, resigned upon being elected Governor. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy on January 6, 1825", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021199-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district special election\nOn August 26, 1825, before the first session of the 19th Congress began, James Allison, Jr. (J) of Pennsylvania's 16th district resigned. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021199-0001-0000", "contents": "1825 Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district special election, Election results\nOrr took his seat on December 5, 1825, at the start of the First Session of the 19th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021200-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1825 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 6, 1825 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. James Fenner, the incumbent governor and Jackson Republican nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote. Jackson Republicans were a faction of the Democratic-Republican Party which favoured Andrew Jackson over John Quincy Adams for president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021201-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 South Carolina's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in South Carolina's 1st congressional district on May 17, 1825 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Joel R. Poinsett (J) on March 7, 1825 to become Minister to Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021202-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 State of the Union Address\nThe 1825 State of the Union Address was given by John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States. It was given to the 19th United States Congress, on Tuesday, December 6, 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021202-0000-0001", "contents": "1825 State of the Union Address\nHe said, \"In taking a general survey of the concerns of our beloved country, with reference to subjects interesting to the common welfare, the first sentiment which impresses itself upon the mind is of gratitude to the Omnipotent Disposer of All Good for the continuance of the signal blessings of His providence, and especially for that health which to an unusual extent has prevailed within our borders, and for that abundance which in the vicissitudes of the seasons has been scattered with profusion over our land.\" He ended with, \"And may He who searches the hearts of the children of men prosper your exertions to secure the blessings of peace and promote the highest welfare of your country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021203-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members April 4 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021204-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island elected its members August 30, 1825 after the term began but before the new Congress convened. Rhode Island law required a candidate receive votes from a majority of voters for election, as only one candidate received a majority in this election, a second election was held for the remaining seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021205-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama\nAlabama elected its members August 1\u20133, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021206-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected its members August 11, 1825 after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021207-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 4\u20135, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021208-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia\nVirginia elected its members in April 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021208-0001-0000", "contents": "1825 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes\nThis Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021209-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1825 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Cornelius P. Van Ness to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021209-0001-0000", "contents": "1825 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 13. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. Democratic-Republican Cornelius P. Van Ness was the only candidate. The committee determined that Van Ness had easily won a third one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021209-0002-0000", "contents": "1825 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican Aaron Leland was unopposed and had won election to a fourth one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021209-0003-0000", "contents": "1825 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan was unopposed for election to a one-year term as treasurer, his twenty-sixth. Though he had nominally been a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalist Party he was frequently unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021209-0004-0000", "contents": "1825 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the races for governor, lieutenant governor, and treasurer, the results of the popular vote were not recorded by the General Assembly and were not reported in the news. Contemporary newspaper accounts indicated that Van Ness, Leland, and Swan had won their races \"nearly unanimously\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021210-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1825 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021211-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in Brazil\nThis is a list of events that occurred during the year 1825 in Brazil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021213-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1825 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021216-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in Germany, Births\n14 July \u2013 Adolf Cluss, German-born architect in Washington, D.C. (died 1905)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021218-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1825 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021223-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in Siam\nThe year 1825 was the 44th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam (now known as Thailand). It was the first year in the reign of King Rama III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021224-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1825 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021226-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1825 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021228-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in architecture\nThe year 1825 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021229-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021231-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021232-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021232-0001-0000", "contents": "1825 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021232-0002-0000", "contents": "1825 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021233-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021234-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in science\n1200The year 1825  science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021235-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in sports\n1825 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021237-0000-0000", "contents": "1825 in the United States\nThe following are events from the year 1825 in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021238-0000-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 46th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1825 and 1826 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. Nathaniel Silsbee served as president of the Senate and Timothy Fuller served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0000-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1825/1826 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 1, 1825, and January 14, 1826, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0001-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nRufus King had been elected in 1820 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1825. Because of his advanced age, he declined to run for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0002-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAlthough nominally in the same party, the Democratic-Republican Party was split into two fiercely opposing factions: the \"Clintonians\" (allies of Governor DeWitt Clinton), and \"Bucktails\" (a combine of the Tammany members from New York City and Clinton's upstate adversaries led by Martin Van Buren). The Bucktails had increased steadily in strength, but the presidential election of 1824 split the Bucktails into the supporters of William H. Crawford, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. Early in 1824, the Crawfordians were the largest faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0002-0001", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nIn opposition to them, a new electoral law was debated in the State Legislature, which would transfer the election of presidential electors to the people at the State election instead of choosing them by joint ballot of the State Legislature. No such law was enacted, the Crawfordians managing to postpone indefinitely the resolution offered during the special sessions of the Legislature in August and November 1824. To pursue their goal, the supporters of the popular ballot for presidential electors formed the \"People's Party\" which, despite the leaders being adversaries of Ex-Governor DeWitt Clinton, nominated the latter for Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0003-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1824, the combined forces of the People's Party and the Clintonians elected Clinton Governor, a large majority to the Assembly, and six of the eight State Senators up for renewal. The 48th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 21, 1825, at Albany, New York. In the Assembly, Clarkson Crolius, one of the Bucktails who had joined the People's Party and supported Adams for President, was elected Speaker with 109 votes of 122 members present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0004-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe People's Party-Clintonian State legislators met in caucus and almost unanimously nominated the longtime leader of the Clintonians, Mayor of Albany Ambrose Spencer. Spencer had been Chief Justice of the New York State Supreme Court until the end of 1822 when he was legislated out of office by the new State Constitution. His re-appointment early in 1823, on nomination by Bucktail Governor Joseph C. Yates, had been rejected by the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0005-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nEx-Gov. Joseph C. Yates; Lt. Gov. James Tallmadge, Jr.; Congressman John W. Taylor; Canal Commissioners Samuel Young and Henry Seymour; Mayor of New York City William Paulding, Jr.; First Judge of the New York County Court John T. Irving; U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of New York Samuel Beardsley; District Attorney of Onondaga County Victory Birdseye; U.S. Supreme Court Reporter Henry Wheaton; Ex-Congressman Isaac Wilson; Ex-State Senators Henry Huntington and Edward P. Livingston; Rufus Crane, of Herkimer County; and S. Suydam received scattering votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0006-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1825, no choice\nOn February 1, 1825, the State Legislature attempted to elect a U.S. Senator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0007-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1825, no choice\nThe Assembly nominated Ambrose Spencer by a vote of 77 to 45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0008-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1825, no choice\nKnowing that the large majority of assemblymen would outvote the Senators on joint ballot, the Anti- Spencer Senate majority took refuge to the only means to defeat Spencer: They did not nominate anybody, so that a joint ballot could not be held. On the first ballot, Spencer received 10 votes out of 31 cast. Then Samuel Wilkeson offered a resolution to declare Spencer nominated, which was rejected by 20 to 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0008-0001", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1825, no choice\nWilkeson then offered a resolution in favor of Lt. Gov. James Tallmadge, Jr. Heman J. Redfield moved that this resolution lie on the table, which was carried by 19 to 12. Wilkeson then offered a resolution in favor of Samuel Young. Silas Wright, Jr. moved that this resolution also lie on the table, which was carried by 20 to 11. At this point, a message from the Assembly was received, calling for a joint meeting to compare nominations. Thereupon Wilkeson proposed a second ballot which was taken, and Spencer received 8 votes out of 31 cast. Wilkeson then offered a resolution in favor of John W. Taylor, which was rejected by 22 to 9, and the Senate adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0009-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1825, no choice\nOn February 25, 1825, the State Senate adopted by a vote of 18 to 10 a \"joint resolution\" that Albert H. Tracy be declared elected a U.S. Senator. This meant that Tracy was not nominated by the Senate to proceed then to a joint ballot, but that the Senate asked the Assembly to concur in the election of the Senate's candidate. The Assembly refused to concur, on the grounds that the \"concurrent vote\" was contrary to State law which required a \"joint ballot,\" and the seat became vacant on March 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0009-0001", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1825, no choice\nOn March 25, another \"joint resolution\" was adopted in the Senate, this time in favor of Lt. Gov. James Tallmadge, Jr. This time, the Assembly voted that the resolution was tabled. On April 1, on motion of Samuel J. Wilkin, it was taken up and rejected by a vote of 61 to 21. No further action was taken by this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0010-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Election, 1826\nAt the State election in November 1825, Martin Van Buren managed to keep the presidential election issue out of view, and the Bucktail and Clintonian factions re-aligned. A Bucktail majority was elected to the Assembly, but five of the eight State Senators elected were Clintonians. The 49th New York State Legislature met from January 3 to April 18, 1826, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0011-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Election, 1826\nThe strength of the factions in the Assembly was shown by the vote for Speaker: 65 for Bucktail Samuel Young and 54 for Stephen Allen who was a Bucktail but had lost the caucus for Speaker to Young, and received the votes of the Clintonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021239-0012-0000", "contents": "1825\u20131826 United States Senate election in New York, Election, 1826\nThe Bucktail State legislators held a caucus for U.S. Senator and nominated Chancellor Nathan Sanford. Sanford had been a U.S. Senator from 1815 to 1821 and, when running for re-election as a Clintonian, had been defeated by the leader of the Bucktails, Martin Van Buren. Van Buren had by now abandoned Crawford, and maneuvered to get the Governor's and the Clintonians' support for Andrew Jackson at the next presidential election. Thus Chancellor Sanford appeared as a compromise candidate supported by both factions of the party. Upon his nomination, Sanford resigned from the bench, and on January 14, 1826, the State Legislature elected him nearly unanimously. He took his seat on January 31, 1826, and remained in office until March 3, 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021240-0000-0000", "contents": "1826\n1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1826th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 826th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 26th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1826, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021241-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Argentine presidential election\nThe first presidential election in Argentine history took place on February 7, 1826, to choose the first President of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, in the context of the Brazil War. The election was held indirectly, through the Congress of the United Provinces, which acted as an Electoral College and without representation of all provinces. Bernardino Rivadavia, from the Unitarian Party, was the only candidate, being elected with 35 votes in favor and 3 against, and sworn in the following day. His appointment, due to the fact that a national constitution had not yet been sanctioned or approved, was questioned and viewed with suspicion by several provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021242-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Canary Islands storm\nThe 1826 Canary Islands storm (also known as San Florencio Storm) was the worst weather-related disaster in the history of the Canary Islands, claiming at least 298 lives. It was likely either a tropical cyclone or a storm system derived from a tropical cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021242-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Canary Islands storm, Meteorological history\nThe November 1826 storm has been explained as a tropical storm that intensified after an interaction with a mid-latitude trough and moved close to the Canary Islands; atmospheric pressures dropped to 966\u2013947\u00a0hPa (28.5\u201328.0\u00a0inHg) at 500 metres (1,600\u00a0ft) elevation. Alternatively, the storm might have been an extratropical cyclone that formed from a tropical system. The French naturalist Sabin Berthelot explicitly called this storm a \"hurricane\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021242-0002-0000", "contents": "1826 Canary Islands storm, Impact\nThe storm impacted the entire Canary Islands, with some islands disproportionately hit. It is still the worst known weather-related disaster in the history of the Canary Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021242-0003-0000", "contents": "1826 Canary Islands storm, Impact\nTrees and plantations were flattened and winds with gusts probably exceeding 120\u2013150 kilometres per hour (75\u201393\u00a0mph) damaged houses (reportedly 603 in Tenerife alone) and ships in ports (of which six were reportedly lost); the death toll in Tenerife reached 298 and sources speak of \"floating cadavers\" and \"infinite number of dead\". Most of the destruction and death toll was caused by the precipitation; with some places seeing over 500\u00a0mm (20\u00a0in) of rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021242-0004-0000", "contents": "1826 Canary Islands storm, Impact\nGeomorphological changes also took place in the islands as a consequence of the storm, an alluvial fan on Teide and flood deposits on Lanzarote were most likely formed by it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021242-0005-0000", "contents": "1826 Canary Islands storm, Records\nResearch on past tropical cyclone activity in the Canary Islands has gained importance after Tropical Storm Delta passed through the islands in 2005, amid concerns of global warming. Other storm events with rainfall that affected the Canary Islands aside from Tropical Storm Delta occurred in December 1645, January 1713, October 1722, November 1922, January 1957 and December 1975; none, however, was as intense as the 1826 event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021243-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Chilean presidential election\nThe Chilean presidential election of 1826 took place on July 8, 1826. The National Congress of Chile voted to elect the first President of the Republic of Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021243-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Chilean presidential election\nThe election was called after the resignation of General Ram\u00f3n Freire from the post of supreme director on July 7, 1826. On the nights of the seventh and eighth, the Congress decided that the supreme chief of state would carry the title of President of the Republic, and that a vice president would be elected to replace him in case of illness, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021243-0002-0000", "contents": "1826 Chilean presidential election\nOn July 8, the Congress elected as President of the Republic, Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada, and as Vice President of Chile, Agust\u00edn Eyzaguirre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021244-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1826 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 13, 1826. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. defeated former senator and Federalist Party candidate David Daggett, winning with 56.77% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021245-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1826 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 3, 1826. Incumbent Federalist Governor Samuel Paynter was barred from seeking re-election to a second consecutive term. State Senator Charles Polk Jr. ran as the Federalist nominee to succeed Paynter, while 1823 Democratic-Republican nominee David Hazzard once again ran as his party's nominee. Polk ended up defeating Hazzard by a narrow margin, barely holding onto the governorship for the Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021245-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021246-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1826 Illinois gubernatorial election was the third quadrennial election for this office. former Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards was elected with a 49% plurality. State senator Thomas Sloo, Jr. came in second and Former Lieutenant Governor Adolphus Hubbard came in third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021247-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Kentucky's 12th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Kentucky's 12th congressional district on November 20, 1826 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Robert P. Henry (J) on August 25, 1826", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021247-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Kentucky's 12th congressional district special election, Election results\nHenry took office on December 11, 1826. With his victory, the 12th district changed from Jacksonian control to Anti- Jacksonian control, increasing the Anti- Jacksonian membership by one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 78], "content_span": [79, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021248-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Kentucky's 5th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Kentucky's 5th congressional district on November 6, 1826 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of James Johnson (Jacksonian) on August 14, 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021249-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1826 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 11, 1826. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Albion Parris did not run for re-election. Democratic-Republican candidate Enoch Lincoln won election virtually unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021250-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Maine's 5th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maine's 5th congressional district was held on September 11, 1826 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Enoch Lincoln (A) in January, having been elected Governor of Maine. As a majority was not achieved on the first ballot, a second election was held November 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021250-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Maine's 5th congressional district special election, Election results\nRipley took his seat December 4, 1826. With his election, the 5th district changed from Adams Party control to Jacksonian control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 74], "content_span": [75, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021251-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Maryland's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maryland's 2nd congressional district on February 1, 1826 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Joseph Kent (A), who had been elected Governor of Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021252-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1826 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021252-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nGovernor Levi Lincoln Jr., an Adams Republican, was re-elected to a second term over fractured opposition from the state's Federalists. This was the last party in which candidates stood as Federalists, as the party had been on the verge of collapse for years. The state soon coalesced into a dominant Adams Republican faction with a minority Jacksonian Republican group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021253-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Miller\n1826 Miller, provisional designation 1955 RC1, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021253-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Miller\nIt was discovered on 14 September 1955, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and named after American entrepreneur John Miller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021253-0002-0000", "contents": "1826 Miller, Orbit and classification\nMiller is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021253-0003-0000", "contents": "1826 Miller, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,894 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1929 RV at Simeis Observatory, Miller's first used observation was its identification as 1940 WF at Turku in 1940, which extends its observation arc by 15 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021253-0004-0000", "contents": "1826 Miller, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Miller was obtained from photometric observation taken at Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. It gave a longer-than average rotation period of 30.049 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude (U=2), superseding a previous result of 6.77 hours by amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy, who derived it from a fragmentary lightcurve obtained in December 2002 (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021253-0005-0000", "contents": "1826 Miller, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Milller measures between 19.74 and 26.34 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.111 and 0.196. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1085 and a diameter of 24.31 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.1. The asteroid was also involved in the asteroid occultation of a 10th magnitude star in the constellation Cancer in April 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021253-0006-0000", "contents": "1826 Miller, Naming\nIt was named in honor of American entrepreneur John A. Miller (1872\u20131941), founder of the Astronomy Department at Indiana University and first director of the Kirkwood Observatory, which he built and named for his former teacher. He also built the Sproul Observatory at Swarthmore College in the U.S state of Pennsylvania (also see 1578 Kirkwood). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021254-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Mississippi's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Mississippi's at-large congressional district on July 11, 1826 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Christopher Rankin (J) on March 14, 1826", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021255-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1826 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 6 to 8, 1826, to elect the governor and the lieutenant governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021255-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Clintonian faction of the Democratic-Republican Party nominated incumbent DeWitt Clinton for Governor and Henry Huntington for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021255-0002-0000", "contents": "1826 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe anti-Clintonian faction of the Democratic-Republican Party nominated former U.S. representative and Judge of the Eight Circuit Court William B. Rochester for Governor and former U.S. representative Nathaniel Pitcher for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021255-0003-0000", "contents": "1826 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nIncumbent Governor DeWitt Clinton was elected to a second term as Governor, and Nathaniel Pitcher, the candidate of the anti-Clintonian faction, was elected Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021255-0004-0000", "contents": "1826 New York gubernatorial election, Sources\nThis New York elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021256-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 North Carolina's 8th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in North Carolina's 8th congressional district on November 3, 1826 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Willie P. Mangum (J) on March 18, 1826", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021257-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1826. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021258-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Ohio's 10th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Ohio's 10th congressional district on October 10, 1826, the same day as the general elections for the 20th Congress, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of David Jennings (A) on May 25, 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021258-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Ohio's 10th congressional district special election, Election returns\nShannon took his seat on December 4, 1826, and served only for the remainder of the 19th Congress. He did not run in the general election for the 20th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 74], "content_span": [75, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021259-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1826 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 10, 1826. Incumbent governor, John Andrew Shulze, defeated Federalist candidate John Sergeant by a wide margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021260-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election\nOn May 1, 1826, Alexander Thomson (J) of Pennsylvania's 13th district resigned. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy on October 10, 1826, the same day as the general elections to the 20th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021260-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election, Election results\nForward took his seat on December 4, 1826, at the start of the Second Session of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021261-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district special election\nOn January 12, 1826, Patrick Farrelly (J) of Pennsylvania's 18th district died in office. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021261-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district special election, Election results\nSill took his seat April 3, 1826, during the First Session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021262-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district special election\nAt some point in 1826, Joseph Hemphill (J) of Pennsylvania's 2nd district resigned from Congress. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021262-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district special election, Election results\nKittera took his seat at the start of the Second Session of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021263-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district special election\nOn August 14, 1826, Henry Wilson (J) of Pennsylvania's 7th district died. A special election was held to fill the resulting vacancy on October 10, 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021263-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district special election, Election results\nKrebs took his seat at the start of the Second Session of the 19th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021264-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Portuguese legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 8 and 17 October 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021264-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe 1822 constitution, under which the elections that year were held, had been suspended by King John VI in 1823. In 1826 John promulgated a Constitutional Charter, which provided for a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Gerais, with an elected Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Most Worthy Peers whose members were appointed by the monarch or were members of the nobility. The Chamber of Deputies had 138  members; 120 from the mainland, 11 from islands and seven from overseas colonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021264-0002-0000", "contents": "1826 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nAn electoral law was enacted on 7 August 1826, under which members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected from eight multi-member constituencies in which voters had as many votes as there were seats, as well as seven single-member constituencies for the colonial seats. The elections used a four-round system, with candidates required to receive a majority of the vote in the first three rounds to be elected, before the fourth round was held using plurality voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021264-0003-0000", "contents": "1826 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe electoral franchise was more restrictive than in 1822, with new income and property requirements on top of the existing age limits, and the elections were held on an indirect basis, with voters electing provincial assemblies, who in turn elected members of the Chamber of Deputies. To vote for the provincial assemblies, the requirement was an income of 100,000 reals, but only those whose income was at least 200,000 could become members of the provincial assemblies. Membership of the Chamber of Deputies was restricted to those with an income of at least 400,000 reals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021264-0004-0000", "contents": "1826 Portuguese legislative election, Results\nThe result was a victory for the situationists, although the apostolic opposition boycotted the elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021264-0005-0000", "contents": "1826 Portuguese legislative election, Aftermath\nThe new Cortes Gerais was opened on 30 October 1826. Although it was due to have a four-year term, it was dissolved on 13 March 1828 by Dom Miguel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021265-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Red River flood\nThe 1826 Red River Flood was a devastating flood that took place along the Red River in Manitoba. The flood was the largest to impact the Winnipeg area (reaching a peak flow 40% above that of the 1997 Red River flood), and was exacerbated by high winds and ice jams. The flooding caused a redistribution of population in the Red River Valley, affected the placement of the Canadian Pacific Railway line, and greatly influenced future disaster planning in the province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021266-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1826 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 5, 1826 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. James Fenner, the incumbent governor and Jackson Republican nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote. Jackson Republicans were a faction of the Democratic-Republican Party which favoured Andrew Jackson over John Quincy Adams for president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1826 United Kingdom general election saw the Tories under the Earl of Liverpool win a substantial and increased majority over the Whigs. In Ireland, liberal Protestant candidates favouring Catholic emancipation, backed by the Catholic Association, achieved significant gains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election\nThe seventh United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 2 June 1826. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 25 July 1826, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired. As of 2021, the Earl of Liverpool remains the most recent Prime Minister to have won four successive elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0002-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Tory leader was the Earl of Liverpool, who had been Prime Minister since his predecessor's assassination in 1812. Liverpool had led his party to three general election victories before that of 1826. The Tory Leader of the House of Commons until 1822, when he committed suicide, was Robert Stewart. He was known by the courtesy title of Viscount Castlereagh, until he inherited his father's Irish peerage and became the 2nd Marquess of Londonderry in 1821. Londonderry was replaced as leader by George Canning, who remained Leader of the House of Commons in 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0003-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Whig Party continued to suffer from weak leadership, particularly in the House of Commons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0004-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nIn 1824 the Earl Grey gave up the formal Whig leadership in the Lords, although he remained the most prominent Whig peer. Grey asked his friends to look to the leadership of the Marquess of Lansdowne. Although Lansdowne performed the functions of leader, he did not accept the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0005-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nAt the time of the general election, Grey was still the leading figure amongst the Whig peers. It was likely that he would have been invited to form a government, had the Whigs come to power, although in this era the monarch rather than the governing party decided which individual would be Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0006-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons at the previous general election, George Tierney, disclaimed the leadership on 23 January 1821. No new Whig leader emerged during the rest of the Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0007-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThere had been significant developments in Irish politics since the 1820 general election. Whilst Catholics in Ireland\u2014who met the normal property qualifications\u2014had been permitted to vote since before the Union, they were still not eligible to sit in the United Kingdom Parliament. The right for Catholics to serve in Parliament was known as a measure of Catholic emancipation. In 1823, Daniel O'Connell started a campaign for repeal of the Act of Union, and took Catholic Emancipation as his rallying call, establishing the Catholic Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0008-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nFrom 1826, the Catholic Association began to support pro-emancipation candidates in elections. The Association used its money and manpower to campaign for candidates to be elected into Parliament, to pressure the government from within to pass Catholic emancipation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0009-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nAt this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0010-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nThe general election took place between the first contest on 7 June and the last contest on 12 July 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0011-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nIn 1821 the borough of Grampound in Cornwall was disenfranchised for corruption. Its two seats were transferred to the county of Yorkshire, which from this general election became a four-seat constituency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0012-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nMonmouthshire (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021267-0013-0000", "contents": "1826 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nTable 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021273-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia\nGeorgia elected its members October 2, 1826. Georgia switched to using districts for this election. Two incumbents, James Meriwether and George Cary, did not run for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021273-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, Notes\nThis Georgia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 71], "content_span": [72, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021275-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana, Notes\nThis Louisiana elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 73], "content_span": [74, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021277-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1826 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held from November 6 to 8, 1826, to elect 34 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 20th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021277-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n34 U.S. Representatives had been elected in November 1824 to a term in the 19th United States Congress, beginning on March 4, 1825. Daniel Hugunin, Jr. had contested the election of Egbert Ten Eyck, and was seated in December 1825. The representatives' term would end on March 3, 1827. The elections were held with the annual State election on the first Monday in November and the two succeeding days, about four months before the congressional term began, and a little more than a year before Congress actually met on December 3, 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021277-0002-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nAt this time the Democratic-Republican Party in New York was split into two opposing factions: on one side, the \"Clintonians\", the supporters of DeWitt Clinton and his Erie Canal project; on the other side, the Bucktails (including the Tammany Hall organization in New York City), led by Martin Van Buren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021277-0003-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\nIn federal politics, the Clintonians aligned with President John Quincy Adams, the Bucktails opposed Adams and supported Andrew Jackson; thus the Congressman were labeled either Adams men (later the National Republican Party) or Jacksonians (later the Democratic Party).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021277-0004-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nThe geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1824. Only one new county was created: in the 29th District, Orleans Co. was split from Genesee Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021277-0005-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021277-0006-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nThe incumbents Silas Wood, Cambreleng, Johnson, Verplanck, Ward, Hallock, Strong, Van Rensselaer, Storrs, Hoffman, Markell, Taylor, Martindale, Marvin and Garnsey were re-elected. The incumbents Fosdick, John Miller, Badger, Humphrey and Porter were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021277-0007-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nDavid E. Evans, elected as a Jacksonian in the 29th District, was appointed Resident Agent of the Holland Land Company at Batavia, and resigned his seat on May 2, 1827, before the 20th Congress convened. A special election to fill the vacancy was held at the time of the annual State election in November, and was won by Adams man Phineas L. Tracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021277-0008-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nThe House of Representatives of the 20th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 3, 1827, and 33 of the representatives, including Phineas L. Tracy, took their seats on this day. Only Thomas J. Oakley arrived later and took his seat on December 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021277-0009-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nShortly before the end of the first session, Thomas J. Oakley accepted an appointment as a judge of the Superior Court of New York City, and sent a letter of resignation which was read in the House on May 9, 1828. A special election to fill the vacancy was held, and was won by Thomas Taber II who took his seat on December 1, 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021277-0010-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath and special elections\nSilas Wright, Jr., was elected New York State Comptroller on January 27, 1829, and sent a letter of resignation which was read in the House on February 16. The seat remained vacant for the remaining two weeks of this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 98], "content_span": [99, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021278-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, Notes\nThis Ohio elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 68], "content_span": [69, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021280-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes\nThis South Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021281-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1826 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on December 12, 1826. Isaac D. Barnard was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021281-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 12, 1826, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1827. Two ballots were recorded. The results of the second and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021282-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 United States elections\nThe 1826 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic-Republican President John Quincy Adams's term. Members of the 20th United States Congress were chosen in this election. The election took place during a transitional period between the First Party System and the Second Party System. With the Federalist Party no longer active as a major political party, the major split in Congress was between supporters of Adams and supporters of Andrew Jackson, who Adams had defeated in the 1824 Presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021282-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 United States elections\nIn the House, Jackson supporters picked up several seats, taking the majority from the faction supporting Adams. Andrew Stevenson, a supporter of Jackson who would later join the Democratic Party, won election as Speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021282-0002-0000", "contents": "1826 United States elections\nIn the Senate, supporters of Jackson picked up one seat, retaining their majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021283-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1826 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Ezra Butler to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021283-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 12. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that Ezra Butler had won a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021283-0002-0000", "contents": "1826 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican Aaron Leland had won election to a fifth one-year term. Newspapers of the time reported the vote totals as: Leland, 7,749 (61.9%); Henry Olin, 4,331 (34.7%); Scattering, 431 (3.4%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021283-0003-0000", "contents": "1826 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan had no opposition for election to a one-year term as treasurer, his twenty-seventh. Though he had nominally been a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalist Party he was frequently unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021283-0004-0000", "contents": "1826 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe vote totals in the governor's race were reported as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021284-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 Virginia's 5th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Virginia's 5th congressional district on January 21, 1826 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of John Randolph (J) on December 26, 1825, after being elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 20th Congress were held at various dates in each state in 1826 and 1827 during John Quincy Adams's presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections\nIn these midterm campaigns, the aftershock of the contested 1824 presidential election remained a major issue. The former Democratic-Republican Party had split into two parties, the \"Jacksonians,\" supporting Andrew Jackson (which would later become the Democratic Party) and the \"Adams men\" or \"Anti-Jacksonians,\" supporters of President John Quincy Adams. Adams's supporters would later come to be known as the National Republican Party. The Jacksonians were able to pick up a slim majority in the House by painting an image of the Adams Men as elitist and of the Jacksonians as the party of the common farmer or artisan. This tactic helped them pick up a number of rural seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0002-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1826 and 1827 to the 19th United States Congress and 20th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0003-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama\nAlabama elected its members August 1\u20133, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0004-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members April 12, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0005-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia\nGeorgia elected its members October 2, 1826. Georgia switched to using districts for this election. Two incumbents, James Meriwether and George Cary, did not run for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0006-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nKentucky elected its members August 6, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0007-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Maine\nMaine elected its members September 8, 1826. It required a majority for election, which was not met in the 7th district, requiring additional elections December 18, 1826, April 2, and September 27, 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 69], "content_span": [70, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0008-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts elected its members November 6, 1826. It required a majority for election, which was not met on the first vote in 3 districts requiring additional elections held March 5 and May 14, 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0009-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire elected its members March 13, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0010-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected its members August 9, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0011-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nSoon after the election, Samuel P. Carson (Jacksonian), the winner of the race in the 12th district, challenged his opponent, Robert B. Vance (Anti-Jacksonian) to a duel over a comment made during the campaign about Carson's father. Vance was mortally wounded in the duel. Carson left immediately afterwards to go to Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0012-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island elected its members August 30, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0013-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 2\u20133, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0014-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont elected its members September 5, 1826. It required a majority for election, which was not met on the first vote in two districts, requiring additional elections held December 4, 1826 and February 5, 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021285-0015-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia elected its members April 30, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1826 and 1827 were elections that had the majority Jacksonians gain a seat in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections\nSenators who called themselves \"Anti- Jacksonian\" or \"National Republicans\" were also called \"Adams\" or \"Adams Men.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0002-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0003-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Result of the special elections\nBefore the March 4, 1827 beginning of the new Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 100], "content_span": [101, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0004-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 19th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1826 or before March 4, 1827; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0005-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 20th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1827; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0006-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 20th Congress\nIn this election, the winner was seated in 1827 after the new Congress began on March 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0007-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Delaware\nDelaware had two elections: A special for the class 2 seat and a regular election for the class 1 seat. The elections flipped both seats from Anti- Jacksonian to Jacksonian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0008-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Delaware, Delaware (Special)\nAnti - Jacksonian senator Nicholas Van Dyke died May 21, 1826 and Anti- Jacksonian Daniel Rodney was appointed to continue the class 2 term (ending March 3, 1829) until a special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0009-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Delaware, Delaware (Regular)\nAnti - Jacksonian Thomas Clayton had served since winning an 1824 special election. It is unknown if Clayton was a candidate for re-election in 1827, but that election was won by Jacksonian Louis McLane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0010-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Mississippi\nJacksonian interim appointee Powhatan Ellis had served in the class 1 seat since 1825 for the term ending March 3, 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0011-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Mississippi\nHe faced a special election to finish the term and a regular election to the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0012-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Mississippi, Mississippi (Special)\nJacksonian Thomas Buck Reed was elected January 27, 1826 to finish the term, but not to the next full term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021286-0013-0000", "contents": "1826 and 1827 United States Senate elections, Mississippi, Mississippi (Regular)\nJacksonian interim appointee Powhatan Ellis was elected sometime (date unknown) to the next term, and would go on to serve until 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021287-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1826 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021290-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1826 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021290-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of Chile: Manuel Blanco Encalada (9 July-9 September), Agust\u00edn Eyzaguirre (9 September-)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021294-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1826 in the Sublime State of Persia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021296-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1826 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021297-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in Norway\nThe following details notable events from the year 1826 in Norway. Norway is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Key domestic issues include maintaining the country's extensive social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness. See also: Norway", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021300-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1826 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021302-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1826 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021303-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in architecture\nThe year 1826 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021304-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021306-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021307-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021307-0001-0000", "contents": "1826 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021307-0002-0000", "contents": "1826 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021308-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021309-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in science\nThe year 1826 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021310-0000-0000", "contents": "1826 in sports\n1826 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021313-0000-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131827 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 47th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1826 and 1827 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. John Mills served as president of the Senate and William C. Jarvis served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021314-0000-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131827 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine\nMaine elected its members September 8, 1826. It required a majority for election, which was not met in the 7th district, requiring additional elections December 18, 1826, April 2, and September 27, 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021314-0001-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131827 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine, Notes\nThis Maine elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 74], "content_span": [75, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021315-0000-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131827 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts elected its members November 6, 1826. It required a majority for election, which was not met on the first vote in 3 districts requiring additional elections held March 5 and May 14, 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021315-0001-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131827 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 82], "content_span": [83, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021316-0000-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131827 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nVermont elected its members September 5, 1826. It required a majority for election, which was not met on the first vote in two districts, requiring additional elections held December 4, 1826 and February 5, 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0000-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic\nThe second cholera pandemic (1826\u20131837), also known as the Asiatic cholera pandemic, was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across western Asia to Europe, Great Britain, and the Americas, as well as east to China and Japan. Cholera caused more deaths, more quickly, than any other epidemic disease in the 19th century. The medical community now believes cholera to be exclusively a human disease, spread through many means of travel during the time, and transmitted through warm fecal-contaminated river waters and contaminated foods. During the second pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0001-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, First pandemic\nThe first cholera pandemic (1817\u201324) began near Calcutta and spread throughout Southeast Asia to the Middle East, eastern Africa, and the Mediterranean coast. While cholera had spread across India many times previously, this outbreak went further; it reached as far as China and the Mediterranean Sea before receding. Hundreds of thousands of people died as a result of this pandemic, including many British soldiers, which attracted European attention. This was the first of several cholera pandemics to sweep through Asia and Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. This first pandemic spread over an unprecedented range of territory, affecting almost every country in Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0002-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, Origins of the second pandemic\nHistorians believe that the first pandemic had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0003-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, Origins of the second pandemic\nAlthough not much is known about the journey of the cholera pandemic in east India, many believe that this pandemic began, like the first, with outbreaks along the Ganges Delta in India. From there, the disease spread along trade routes to cover most of India. By 1828, the disease had traveled to China. Cholera was also reported in China in 1826 and 1835, and in Japan in 1831. In 1829, Iran was apparently infected with cholera from Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0004-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, Origins of the second pandemic\nCholera reached the southern tips of the Ural Mountains in 1829. On 26 August 1829, the first cholera case was recorded in Orenburg with reports of outbreaks in Bugulma (7 November), Buguruslan (5 December), Menselinsk (2 January 1830), and Belebeevsk (6 January). With 3500 cases including 865 fatal ones in Orenburg province, the epidemic stopped by February 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0005-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s\nThe second cholera pandemic spread from Russia to the rest of Europe, claiming hundreds of thousands of lives. By 1831, the epidemic had infiltrated Russia's main cities and towns. Russian soldiers brought the disease to Poland in February 1831. There were reported to have been 250,000 cases of cholera and 100,000 deaths in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0006-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s\nThe cholera epidemic struck Warsaw during the Polish\u2013Russian War 1830\u201331 between 16 May and 20 August 1831; 4,734 people fell ill and 2,524 died. The epidemic of cholera brought to Poland and East Prussia by Russian soldiers forced Prussian authorities to close their borders to Russian transports. There were \"cholera riots\" in Russia, caused by the tsarist government's anticholera measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0007-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s\nBy early 1831, frequent reports of the spread of the pandemic in Russia prompted the British government to issue quarantine orders for ships sailing from Russia to British ports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0007-0001", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s\nBy late summer, with the disease appearing more likely to spread to Britain, its board of health, in accordance with the prevailing miasma theory, issued orders recommending as a preventive the burning of  \"decayed articles, such as rags, cordage, papers, old clothes, hangings...filth of every description removed, clothing and furniture should be submitted to copious effusions of water, and boiled in a strong ley (lye); drains and privies thoroughly cleansed by streams of water and chloride of lime...free and continued admission of fresh air to all parts of the house and furniture should be enjoined for at least a week\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0008-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s\nBased on the reports of two English doctors who had observed the epidemic in St. Petersburg, the board of health published a detailed description of the disease's symptoms and onset:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0009-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s\nGiddiness, sick stomach, nervous agitation, intermittent, slow, or small pulse, cramps beginning at the tops of the fingers and toes, and rapidly approaching the trunk, give the first warning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0009-0001", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s\nVomiting or purging, or both these evacuations of a liquid like rice-Water or whey, or barley-water, come on; the features become sharp and contracted, the eye sinks, the look is expressive of terror and wildness;  the lips, face, neck, hands, and feet, and soon after the thighs, arms, and whole surface assume a leaden, blue, purple, black, or deep brown tint according to the complexion of the individual, varying in shade with the intensity of the attack. The fingers and toes are reduced in size, the skin and soft parts covering them are wrinkled, shrivelled and folded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0009-0002", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s\nThe nails put on a bluish pearly white; the larger superficial veins are marked by flat lines of a deeper black; the pulse becomes either small as a thread, and scarcely vibrating, or else totally extinct. The skin is deadly cold and often damp, the tongue always moist, often white and loaded, but flabby and chilled like a piece of dead flesh. The voice is nearly gone; the respiration quick, irregular, and imperfectly performed. The patient speaks in a whisper. He struggles for breath, and often lays his hand on his heart to point out the seat of his distress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0009-0003", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s\nSometimes there are rigid spasms of the legs, thighs, and loins. The secretion of urine is totally suspended; vomiting and purgings, which are far from being the most important or dangerous symptoms, and which in a very great number of cases of the disease, have not been profuse, or have been arrested by medicine early in the attack, succeed. It is evident that the most urgent and peculiar symptom of this disease is the sudden depression of the vital powers: proved by the diminished action of the heart, the coldness of the surface and extremities, and the stagnant state of the whole circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0010-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s\nThe epidemic reached Great Britain in December 1831, appearing in Sunderland, where it was carried by passengers on a ship from the Baltic. It also appeared in Gateshead and Newcastle. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of a population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France. In 1832, the epidemic reached Quebec, Ontario, and Nova Scotia, Canada; and Detroit and New York City in the United States. It reached the Pacific Coast of North America between 1832 and 1834. The pandemic prompted the passage of the landmark Public Health Act and the Nuisances Removal Act in 1848 in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0011-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, History, 1830s\nIn mid-1832, 57 Irish immigrants died who had been laying a stretch of railroad called Duffy's Cut, 30 miles west of Philadelphia. They had all contracted cholera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0012-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, Causes\nDuring the second pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera. In France, doctors believed cholera was associated with the poverty of certain communities or poor environment. Russians believed the disease was contagious, although doctors did not understand how it spread. The United States believed that cholera was brought by recent immigrants, specifically the Irish, and epidemiologists understand they were carrying disease from British ports. Lastly, the British thought the disease might rise from divine intervention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0013-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, Legacy\nNorwegian poet Henrik Wergeland wrote a stage play inspired by the pandemic, which had reached Norway. In The Indian Cholera (Den indiske Cholera, 1835), he set his play in Colonial India, lambasting the poor response to the pandemic by authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021317-0014-0000", "contents": "1826\u20131837 cholera pandemic, Legacy\nAs a result of the epidemic, the medical community developed a major advance, the intravenous saline drip. It was developed from the work of Dr Thomas Latta of Leith, near Edinburgh. Latta established from blood studies that a saline drip greatly improved the condition of patients and saved many lives by preventing dehydration, but he was one of the many medical personnel who died in the epidemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021318-0000-0000", "contents": "1827\n1827 (MDCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1827th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 827th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 27th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1827, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021319-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1827 Alabama gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on August 6, 1827, to elect the Governor of Alabama. Jacksonian candidate John Murphy ran unopposed and won 99.25% of the vote. Various write-in candidates made up the other 0.75%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021320-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Atkinson\n1827 Atkinson, provisional designation 1962 RK, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1962, by IU's Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after British astronomer Robert d'Escourt Atkinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021320-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 Atkinson, Orbit and classification\nAtkinson is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,629 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021320-0002-0000", "contents": "1827 Atkinson, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1931 VC at Uccle Observatory in November 1931, almost 31 years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021320-0003-0000", "contents": "1827 Atkinson, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Atkinson is similar to a dark D-type asteroid, though with an unusual spectrum (DU). This strongly disagrees with the albedo obtained by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), which indicates that is rather a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021320-0004-0000", "contents": "1827 Atkinson, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Atkinson has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021320-0005-0000", "contents": "1827 Atkinson, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Atkinson measures 8.855 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.249.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021320-0006-0000", "contents": "1827 Atkinson, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after British astronomer, physicist and inventor, Robert d'Escourt Atkinson (1898\u20131982), noted for his contributions to fundamental astronomy. Atkinson pioneered in studying nuclear energy-generation in the Sun and stars. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021321-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Chilean presidential election\nThe Chilean presidential election of 1827 took place on February 13, 1827 after the National Congress of Chile decided by vote to elect a new President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021321-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 Chilean presidential election\nFollowing the coup d'\u00e9tat by Colonel Enrique Campino and the resignation of Vice President and acting President \u2014since Manuel Blanco Encalada's resignation\u2014 Agust\u00edn Eyzaguirre, Congress petitioned General Ram\u00f3n Freire to take the seat of President on January 30, 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021321-0002-0000", "contents": "1827 Chilean presidential election\nOn February 5, Freire presented his resignation before Congress, which decided to elect a new President of the Republic on February 13. The Congress elected Freire as the new President with 37 votes, and Francisco Antonio Pinto as Vice President with 27 votes, from a total of 48 deputies present. Congress knew Freire would resign after Pinto's arrival in Santiago, so the election was only a sign of appreciation towards him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021321-0003-0000", "contents": "1827 Chilean presidential election\nPinto's election, although won with a scant majority, signified a great victory for the liberals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021322-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1827 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 12, 1827. Former congressman, speaker and Democratic-Republican candidate Gideon Tomlinson defeated incumbent governor and Democratic-Republican candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr., winning with 56.71% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021322-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe Democratic-Republicans in Connecticut had grown tired of governor Wolcott, and wished to replace him. They nominated Tomlinson instead, and Tomlinson fended off a challenge from Wolcott and his supporters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021323-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Delaware's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held October 2, 1827 in Delaware's at-large congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Louis McLane (J) before the start of Congress, after being elected to the Senate", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021324-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 French legislative election\nThe 1827 legislative elections organized the third legislature of the Second Restoration. The election was held on 17 and 24 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021324-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 French legislative election\nOnly citizens paying taxes were eligible to vote, and despite this, the Ultra-royalists loyal to Charles X of France came in second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021324-0002-0000", "contents": "1827 French legislative election\nCharles X of France dissolved this Assembly in 1830 and sparked the 1830 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021325-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Georgia's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Georgia's 1st congressional district on October 1, 1827 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Edward F. Tattnall (J) prior to the start of the 20th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021325-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 Georgia's 1st congressional district special election, Background\nFrom 1792 until 1824, Georgia had elected its representatives at-large. In 1826, Georgia switched, for that election only, to using districts. In the new 1st district, Edward F. Tattnall (J) was re-elected to a 4th term, but resigned before the start of the 20th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021326-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Georgia's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Georgia's 2nd congressional district in 1827 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of John Forsyth (J).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021326-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 Georgia's 2nd congressional district special election, Background\nFrom 1792 to 1824, Georgia had elected its representatives at-large. In 1826, for that election only, Georgia switched to using districts. In the new 2nd district, John Forsyth was re-elected to a 3rd term. Some time after the election, Forsyth resigned, having been elected Governor, and a special election was held for his replacement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021327-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Honduran coup d'\u00e9tat\nDionisio de Herrera was appointed governor of the province of Tegucigalpa on 23 March 1823. The first Congress of Honduras, a constituent assembly convened on 16 September 1824, and effected the union of Comayagua and Tegucigalpa, declaring them alternate capitals of Honduras, and chose Dionisio de Herrera as First Chief of the State of Honduras, with Lieutenant General Jos\u00e9 Justo Milla as his deputy. At the time Honduras was part of the short-lived Federal Republic of Central America, established in 1823.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021327-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 Honduran coup d'\u00e9tat\nThe first constitution of Honduras, dated 11 December 1825, established four-year terms for the head of state, with Herrera's initial term to end on 16 September 1827. He was however unable to finish his term due to a coup d'\u00e9tat. The assembly took the position that his position was provisional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021327-0002-0000", "contents": "1827 Honduran coup d'\u00e9tat, Background\nThe president of the Federal Republic of Central America, Manuel Jos\u00e9 Arce, opposed Herrera and the Liberal Party of Honduras. In October 1826 Arce dissolved Congress and the Senate, trying establish a centralist or unitary system, allying himself with the conservatives, by which he lost the support of his own party, the liberals. This brought him into conflict with both the federal government and the states, denounced by Herrera and Mariano Prado, Chief of State of El Salvador. On 1 November 1826 Herrera was attacked in his house; hired men fired from the street into his bedroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021327-0003-0000", "contents": "1827 Honduran coup d'\u00e9tat, Background\nIn December of 1826 the conservative priest Jos\u00e9 Nicol\u00e1s Ir\u00edas Midence excommunicated Herrera, claiming that he was influenced by freemasons and heretics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021327-0004-0000", "contents": "1827 Honduran coup d'\u00e9tat, Coup d'\u00e9tat\nArce called on the Honduran army commanded by the deputy chief of state, Jos\u00e9 Justo Milla Pineda, to support Ir\u00edas. On 4 April 1827 the siege of Comayagua began. On 10 May, after 36 days, the square was surrendered by the military chief Fern\u00e1ndez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021327-0005-0000", "contents": "1827 Honduran coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath\nHerrera was taken prisoner May 9, and sent to Guatemala, where he remained in prison for two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021327-0006-0000", "contents": "1827 Honduran coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath\nOn 15 March 1829 General Francisco Moraz\u00e1n and his army were intercepted by the federal troops of Colonel Prado in Las Charcas. Moraz\u00e1n held a superior position and crushed Prado's army. Later, Moraz\u00e1n moved to recover his former positions in P\u00ednula and Aceytuno, putting him once more in control of Guatemala City, where he finally freed Herrera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021328-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Kentucky's 11th congressional district special elections\nTwo special elections were held in Kentucky's 11th congressional district in 1827 to fill a single vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021328-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 Kentucky's 11th congressional district special elections, Background\nIn the 1827 elections, William S. Young (A) was re-elected to a 2nd term, but died on September 20, 1827 before Congress assembled. A special election was called to fill the resultant vacancy, held on November 5, 1827", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 73], "content_span": [74, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021328-0002-0000", "contents": "1827 Kentucky's 11th congressional district special elections, November election\nThe vote of one county had been thrown out, giving the election to Calhoon. By mutual agreement of both candidates, Calhoon subsequently resigned, and both Calhoon and Chilton petitioned the Governor to call a new election, which was held on December 20, 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 80], "content_span": [81, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021329-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1827 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 10, 1827. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Enoch Lincoln won re-election to a second term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021330-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Maine's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Maine's 1st congressional district on September 27, 1827 to fill a vacancy left by the death of William Burleigh (A) on July 2, 1827", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021330-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 Maine's 1st congressional district special election, Election results\nMcIntire took his seat December 3, 1827. Holmes was subsequently elected to the Senate, taking his seat January 26, 1829", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 74], "content_span": [75, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021331-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1827 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021331-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nGovernor Levi Lincoln Jr., an Adams Republican, was re-elected to a third term in office over William Jarvis, nominated on a \"free bridge\" platform. Jarvis declined to actively run for the office and his support was effectively limited to Middlesex and Essex, where the bridge issue was salient; in most other counties, he received only a handful of votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021331-0002-0000", "contents": "1827 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background\nIn 1826, controversy arose over the Warren Bridge Company proposal to build a toll-free bridge over the Charles River, which would connect Boston to Charlestown and deprive the existing Charles River Bridge Company of business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021331-0003-0000", "contents": "1827 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background\nThe bill establishing the bridge passed both houses of the Massachusetts General Court, but was returned without signature by Governor Levi Lincoln Jr. Lincoln's decision drew criticism from populist elements opposed to the conservative Charles River Bridge Company and Middlesex County farmers who would have utilized the toll-free bridge to ship their produce into Boston. Middlesex residents who had backed Governor Lincoln in 1826 refused to renominate him and instead chose William Jarvis, who declined to actively run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021331-0004-0000", "contents": "1827 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nLincoln easily won re-election without an active opponent. Jarvis did win several towns in Middlesex and carried the county as a whole. In rural Southern and Western Massachusetts, some Old Republicans cast votes for Marcus Morton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021332-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Massachusetts's 1st congressional district on July 23, 1827 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Daniel Webster (A) on May 30, 1827 after being elected to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane\nThe 1827 North Carolina hurricane caused severe impacts along its track through the northeastern Caribbean Sea and up the East Coast of the United States in late August\u00a01827. First observed over the Leeward Islands on August\u00a017, the storm continued northwest, passing over Puerto Rico and the northern coastline of Hispaniola. It moved through the Turks and Caicos Islands and then the Bahamas by August\u00a021 and curved northward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0000-0001", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane\nAlthough there is some discrepancy in its track, the hurricane moved ashore somewhere along the North Carolina coastline on August\u00a025, perhaps at Category\u00a04 intensity on the modern-day Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale. The cyclone emerged back into the Atlantic Ocean around Norfolk, Virginia, and grazed the New England coastline before last being observed offshore Nova Scotia on August\u00a028. Along its track, numerous vessels were damaged, capsized, or run aground. The combination of heavy rainfall and ferocious winds caused severe crop damage, damaged or destroyed structures, and snapped and uprooted trees. Overall, the storm was responsible for more than six deaths and at least two injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Meteorological synopsis\nThe origin of the 1827 North Carolina hurricane is unclear in the absence of reliable data across the Atlantic Ocean, but it is surmised the storm began as a classic Cape Verde hurricane. On a west-northwest track, the hurricane moved through the Lesser Antilles on August\u00a017 and August\u00a018, grazing the coastline of Hispaniola the following day. It reached the Turks and Caicos Islands on August\u00a020 and the Bahamas on August\u00a021, subsequently curving northward east of Florida and South Carolina a few days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0001-0001", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Meteorological synopsis\nOn August\u00a025, the storm \u2013 thought to have been as strong as Category\u00a04 strength on the modern-day Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale \u2013 moved ashore along the North Carolina coastline. Its exact landfall point remains unclear, with one study suggesting a landfall along the Outer Banks, and a second study concluding a landfall along the Carolinas border on the basis of surface observations from Wilmington, North Carolina. Nonetheless, the storm then turned northeast and emerged into the Atlantic around Norfolk, Virginia. It grazed the New England coastline before being last documented around Sable Island offshore Nova Scotia on August\u00a028.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0002-0000", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nThe 1827 hurricane first made its presence known in Antigua and Saint Croix on August\u00a017, where on the latter island the wind was regarded as \"the worst in forty years\" and continued for up to ten hours. In nearby Saint Kitts, the storm was considered the most violent in half a century. Puerto Rico bore the brunt of the cyclone on August\u00a018, where severe crop damage was reported. Offshore the Southeastern United States, the ship Lavinia en route to New Orleans from New York City intercepted the powerful hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0002-0001", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nA combination of high waves and strong winds caused severe damage to the vessel, and it was saved only by the storm's passage. Almost simultaneously, the ship Brandt from Charleston, South Carolina bound for New York encountered winds that \"blew a perfect hurricane,\" with its sails torn apart and reduced to bare poles. Tumbled about by southwesterly winds and a strong current, the vessel soon found itself in 60 feet (18\u00a0m) waves, with up to 9 feet (2.7\u00a0m) of standing water in the hold. A 14-year-old boy was washed overboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0002-0002", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nAided by a French frigate, as well as a lessening of the tumultuous weather, the ship eventually found ground in Norfolk. In late August, passengers aboard the schooner Mary Ellen from Baltimore observed a second schooner partially disassembled. She soon also intercepted the system and was knocked on its side by a large wave. It was righted and continued on its course to Charleston, but not before sustaining substantial damage. Another schooner, the Solon from New Orleans, passed through the hurricane offshore the Georgia or South Carolina coastlines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0002-0003", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nMassive waves wrecked the ship, washing overboard all passengers except the captain and his crew member. Both men were rescued by the Mary Eleanor of Savannah, Georgia, but the captain died a day later from fatigue. Although the eye of the cyclone passed well east of Charleston, winds \"blew with great violence\" for six hours. Only minimal damage occurred in the city and surrounding areas as the storm passed by during low tide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0003-0000", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nThroughout North Carolina, the 1827 hurricane was considered more severe than a similar-tracked cyclone that impacted the region 12 years prior. In the city of Wilmington, a few buildings saw their chimneys destroyed, roofs ripped off, and fences flattened. One resident recounted that waves washed above garden fences up to 1.3 miles (2.1\u00a0km) inland, while other reports suggested that storm tides surpassed 10 feet (3.0\u00a0m) above normal levels. Less than a dozen vessels were driven ashore along the banks of the Cape Fear River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0003-0001", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nOutside the city, the hurricane widened the Masonboro Sound by at least 0.5 miles (0.80\u00a0km) and destroyed several of the accompanied saltworks. Fayetteville recorded a 30-hour period of gales and rain, where an abundant corn crop sustained insignificant loss. The cotton and tobacco crops did not fare so well, and many roads were rendered impassible by fallen trees or high water. Raleigh, meanwhile, saw many of its water courses flooded, mills and bridges carried off, and trees and chimneys downed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0003-0002", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nCorn and cotton crops were in some cases torn to pieces, and piles of wheat which had been stacked in fields were swept downstream. In Bethabara, or modern-day Winston-Salem, the hurricane's onslaught downed fences, tore off roofs, and damaged orchards and forests. Several bridges were swept away by floodwaters, and numerous washed-out roadways impeded travel for weeks following the storm's passage. In Washington, floodwaters rose to as much as 6 feet (1.8\u00a0m) in the first floor of houses along Water Street, while storm tides exceeded 12\u201315 feet (3.7\u20134.6\u00a0m). One schooner was driven aground causing damage to a wharf while several others combined to dislodge and carry away a bridge. Most crops were destroyed. In nearby New Bern, residents were forced to navigate the city by canoe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0004-0000", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nAcross Ocracoke, five out of the six vessels harbored in Wallace's Channel were driven aground, with the remaining craft being blown into the Pamlico Sound. Two packet boats from New York were pushed ashore and smashed to pieces. A newly placed lightship off Ocracoke Inlet broke loose and was pushed onto Ocracoke Island, where the captain, his wife, and their three daughters were rescued. At Cedar Hummock, a large ship en route from the Bay of Honduras to London ran aground during the height of the hurricane but was set back on its way after the storm passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0004-0001", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nThe ships Amphibious and Mary were both wrecked and pushed ashore near Portsmouth, and both captains drowned. The most well-known encounter with this hurricane came about 13.5 miles (21.7\u00a0km) offshore Cape Hatteras, where the Diamond Shoals lightship was positioned just four years prior. Rough seas created by the hurricane broke the ship from its moorings and drove it ashore on the Core Banks near Portsmouth, drowning the carpenter and the ship's mate in the process. No new lightship was replaced in this position for another half a century. Around the cape itself, only two out of twenty sails along Portsmouth Road were spared from running aground or being carried out to sea. Only one mill in 10 miles (16\u00a0km) remained standing after the hurricane's passage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0005-0000", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nAfter departing North Carolina, the hurricane tracked through southern Virginia, where it was described as \"a severe gale which continued for three days changed the climate here entirely\u00a0...\" Thanks to a subsiding tide, damage along the coastline of Virginia was not nearly as severe as the 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane, although winds were said to have been just as intense. Still, fodder was rendered useless, and many corn crops were damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0005-0001", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nA two-story building on Talbot Street in Norfolk had its second floor carried downwind, numerous cattle were swept away, and a mill dam was completely destroyed, with the bridge above it removed in the process. In Nansemond County, fruit trees were severely damaged. Along the James River, the low-grounds were completely submerged; crops along the waterway were also ruined. A brick building was destroyed, a team boat was sunk at its wharf, and some ships at the Navy Yard were ripped from their fasts but otherwise sustained no damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0005-0002", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nThe schooner Albion was gravely injured when nearly all of its sails were blown away, when it lost its main, jib-boom, and fore-top mast, and when all objects were swept off the ship's deck, including the caboose. Two crew members sustained injuries. Around Hampton, the pilot boats James Barron, Virginia and Mary Ann were both run aground. In Gloucester County, corn crops were damaged. The sloop Flag was capsized on the Middle Ground of the Chesapeake River with no survivors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0005-0003", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nThe brig Liberty from Boston ran aground on the south side of Portsmouth, while the schooner Mulberry sustained severe damage; passengers overthrew cargo to prevent the ship from sinking. As far north as Baltimore, it is said \"considerable mischief\" was inflicted by the hurricane. In New York City, two vessels were pushed ashore while two pleasure boats were overturned along the East River. Heavy rainfall and gale-force winds were recorded throughout Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Cape Cod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021333-0006-0000", "contents": "1827 North Carolina hurricane, Impact and aftermath\nAs president, John Quincy Adams had previously disallowed trade between the United States and West Indies during his tenure. However, following the passage of the 1827 hurricane, the politician allowed free trade for three months. Presidential candidate Andrew Jackson soon became outspoken against cutting ties between the two regions, and his support for free trade garnered support from shipping interests that helped him win the presidency a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021334-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district special election\nIn the 1826 elections in Pennsylvania, a tie vote occurred in the 2nd district. As a result, no candidate won in that district and a special election was held on October 9, 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021334-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district special election, Election results\nSergeant took his seat at the start of the First Session of the 20th Congress. His election was unsuccessfully contested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021335-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1827 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 4, 1827 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. James Fenner, the incumbent governor and Jackson Republican nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote. Jackson Republicans were a faction of the Democratic-Republican Party which favoured Andrew Jackson over John Quincy Adams for president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021336-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 State of the Union Address\nThe 1827 State of the Union Address was written by John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States. It was given on Tuesday, December 4, 1827, to the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate. Adams said, \"A revolution of the seasons has nearly been completed since the representatives of the people and States of this Union were last assembled at this place to deliberate and to act upon the common important interests of their constituents.\" It was given to the 20th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021337-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members April 12, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021338-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire elected its members March 13, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021339-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island elected its members August 30, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021340-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama\nAlabama elected its members August 1\u20133, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021341-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky\nKentucky elected its members August 6, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021341-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes\nThis Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021342-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected its members August 9, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021342-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021343-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 2\u20133, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021343-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee, Notes\nThis Tennessee elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 73], "content_span": [74, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021344-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia\nVirginia elected its members April 30, 1827, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021344-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia, Notes\nThis Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021345-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1827 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 6, 1827, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021345-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nMartin Van Buren had been elected in 1821 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021345-0002-0000", "contents": "1827 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAlthough nominally in the same party, the Democratic-Republicans were split into two fiercely opposing factions: the \"Clintonians\" (allies of Governor DeWitt Clinton), and \"Bucktails\" (a combine of the Tammany members from New York City and Clinton's upstate adversaries led by Martin Van Buren). Both factions were divided into supporters of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, the Clintonian majority for Adams, the Bucktail majority for Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021345-0003-0000", "contents": "1827 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1826, although Clinton was re-elected Governor, a Bucktails majority was elected to the Assembly, and eight of the ten State Senators elected were Bucktails. The 50th New York State Legislature met from January 2 to April 17, from June 27 to July 24 (Senate only), and from September 11 to December 4, 1827, at Albany, New York. The party strength in the Assembly as shown by the vote for Speaker was: 74 for Bucktail Erastus Root and 33 for Clintonian Francis Granger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021345-0004-0000", "contents": "1827 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe Adams-Clintonians called a caucus of all Adams supporting State legislators which was held on January 26, 1827, but was attended by only two Adams-Bucktails. Since the U.S. Senator would be active in federal politics, the Adams-Clintonians thought it possible to form an Adams majority in the State Legislature across Clintonian-Bucktail party lines, to outvote the Bucktail majority. However, the Bucktails were unwilling to cross the line, and the incumbent U.S. Senator Van Buren, although behind the scenes maneuvering on behalf of Jackson, had not made public his choice, contending that he was neither for nor against the Adams administration. The caucus nominated Congressman and Canal Commissioner Stephen van Rensselaer, the man who was said to have cast the deciding vote for Adams in the presidential election of 1824 which had been referred to a vote in the U.S. House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 963]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021345-0005-0000", "contents": "1827 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe incumbent U.S. Senator Martin Van Buren ran for re-election as the Bucktails candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021345-0006-0000", "contents": "1827 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nMartin Van Buren received large majorities, including votes from the Jackson-Clintonians, in both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021345-0007-0000", "contents": "1827 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nMartin Van Buren resigned his seat on December 20, 1828, after his election as Governor of New York. The State Legislature held a special election to fill the vacancy in January 1829, and elected Charles E. Dudley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021346-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1827 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Ezra Butler to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021346-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 11. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that Ezra Butler had won election to a second one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021346-0002-0000", "contents": "1827 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican Henry Olin had won election to a one-year term. Newspapers of the time reported the vote totals as: Olin, 9,411 (67.5%); Samuel C. Crafts, 2,667 (19.1%); Israel P. Dana, 1,865 (13.4%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021346-0003-0000", "contents": "1827 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan won election to a one-year term as treasurer, his twenty-eighth. Though he had nominally been a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalist Party he was frequently unopposed. According to a contemporary news account, Swan was chosen nearly unanimously, with no major opposition and only 17 votes scattering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021346-0004-0000", "contents": "1827 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe vote totals in the governor's race were reported as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021348-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1827 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021351-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1827 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021351-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of Chile: Agust\u00edn Eyzaguirre (-25 January), Ram\u00f3n Freire (25 January-8 May), Francisco Antonio Pinto (-8 May)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021359-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1827 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021363-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1827 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021364-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in Spain\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 18:17, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021366-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1827 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021367-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in archaeology\nThe year 1827 CE in archaeology included many events, some of which are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021368-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in architecture\nThe year 1827 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021369-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021369-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 in literature, New books, Children\nAgnes Strickland \u2013 The Juvenile Forget Me Not; Or, Cabinet of Entertainment and Instruction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021371-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021371-0001-0000", "contents": "1827 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021371-0002-0000", "contents": "1827 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021372-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021373-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in science\nThe year 1827 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021374-0000-0000", "contents": "1827 in sports\n1827 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021377-0000-0000", "contents": "1827\u20131828 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 48th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1827 and 1828 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. John Mills served as president of the Senate and William C. Jarvis served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021378-0000-0000", "contents": "1828\n1828 (MDCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1828th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 828th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 28th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1828, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021379-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Clare by-election\nThe Clare by-election of 1828 was notable as this was the first time since the reformation that an openly Roman Catholic MP, Daniel O'Connell was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021379-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 Clare by-election\nClare was held by William Vesey Fitzgerald when he became the President of the Board of Trade. As this was seen to be an office of profit, Vesey-FitzGerald had to stand in a by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021379-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 Clare by-election\nIt was not unusual for such ministerial by-elections to be uncontested. However the Catholic Association, a group campaigning for Catholic civil rights and the repeal of the Act of Union, had vowed to oppose every member of the current government, who had declined to allow for Catholic Emancipation. A number of candidates were approached but refused to stand, Vesey-FitzGerald was reasonably popular with Catholics in Clare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021379-0003-0000", "contents": "1828 Clare by-election\nDaniel O'Connell decided to exploit a loophole in the Act of Union. It stated that Catholics could not sit in Westminster as a Member of Parliament (MP), but there was nothing about them standing for an election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021379-0004-0000", "contents": "1828 Clare by-election\nLike all Parliamentary elections at the time, Clare was held as an open vote, which meant that all votes would be known. This meant that Protestant and pro-union landowners could influence their tenants, who were far more likely to be Catholic and anti-union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021379-0005-0000", "contents": "1828 Clare by-election, Result\nO'Connell won the by-election. Since he was a Catholic, he could not take the Oath of Supremacy, which was incompatible with Catholicism and so could not take his seat in parliament. This meant that his demand rose to allow him to become an MP for County Clare as it did not have representation. O'Connell hinted that he would get more Catholics elected to force the situation saying \"they must crush us or conciliate us\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021379-0006-0000", "contents": "1828 Clare by-election, Consequences\nThe Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington, and the Home Secretary, Sir Robert Peel, even though they opposed Catholic participation in Parliament, saw that denying O'Connell his seat would cause outrage and could lead to another rebellion or uprising in Ireland, which was about 85% Catholic. This led directly to the Catholic Relief Act 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021380-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1828 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 10, 1828. Incumbent governor and National Republican nominee Gideon Tomlinson ran essentially unopposed, winning with 97.73% of the vote amidst a scattering of votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021381-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Kentucky's 2nd congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Kentucky's 2nd congressional district on August 4, 1828 to fill a vacancy in Kentucky's representation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021381-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 Kentucky's 2nd congressional district special election, Background\nIn the 1827 elections, Thomas Metcalfe (A) was re-elected to a 5th term and served until June 1, 1828 when he resigned to run for governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021382-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1828 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the fifth gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article III Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021383-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1828 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 8, 1828. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Enoch Lincoln won re-election to a third term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021384-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1828 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021384-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nGovernor Levi Lincoln Jr., an Adams supporter, was re-elected to a fourth term in office over Democrat Marcus Morton, of the Jacksonian faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021384-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nMorton carried only eighteen towns, all of them rural with the exception of Charlestown. The others were Adams, Cheshire, New Ashford, Alford, Tyringham, Montgomery, Westfield, Southwick, Holland, Dana, Charlton, Oxford, Sutton, Seekonk, Berkley, Freetown, and Woburn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021385-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Mexican general election\nThe federal elections of Mexico of 1828 were held on September 1, 1828. In those the positions were elected through indirect election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021385-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 Mexican general election\nTwo weeks later Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna rose in rebellion against the election and at the end of November the rebels entered Mexico City. G\u00f3mez Pedraza abandoned his position and left the country. The Congress of the Union, pressured by the adherents of Guerrero, decided to cancel the elections and designated Vicente Guerrero as President of the Republic and Anastasio Bustamante as Vice-president from April 1, 1829. This arrangement proved unsustainable and on December 4 Bustamante rebelled against Guerrero, taking the presidency from January 1, 1830. A further rebellion in 1832 led to an agreement by which G\u00f3mez Pedraza would return to the presidency, at least until the elections of 1833 which Santa Anna (more interested in the title than the position) would win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021386-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Mississippi's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Mississippi's at-large congressional district on October 20, 1828 to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of William Haile (J) on September 12, 1828", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021386-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 Mississippi's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nHinds took his seat December 8, 1828. Hinds had earlier won the general election to the 21st Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 85], "content_span": [86, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021387-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 1828 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 4, 1828. Governor John Miller was elected unopposed to a full term as governor (having previously won the 1825 special election to succeed Abraham J. Williams, who succeeded the late Frederick Bates).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021388-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election was held in New Jersey's at-large congressional district to fill two vacancies caused by the deaths of George Holcombe (J) on January 14, 1828 and Hedge Thompson (A) on July 23, 1828. The elections were held at the same time as the election for the 21st Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021388-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 New Jersey's at-large congressional district special election, Election results\nSinnickson and Randolph took their seats on December 1, 1828. Randolph was also elected to the 21st Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 84], "content_span": [85, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021389-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 New South Wales census\nThe 1828 New South Wales census was the first population census held in the Crown Colony of New South Wales. The month used for the census, was taken in November 1828. The total population of the colony was counted as 36,598 and recorded all inhabitants, both convict and free. Only the European population were enumerated. Censuses were taken periodically in the colony thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021389-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 New South Wales census, History\nBefore 1828, the population count was originally gathered through surveys and musters, however they were largely undercounted. The first survey of the NSW settlement was made in 1795. The general musters were held annually from 1795 to 1825 with separate ones being taken, for example - musters of settlers, livestock, convicts, or ones that included only males, females or children. An act (9 Geo IV No. 4) was passed to allow the census. The incumbent Governor Sir Ralph Darling on 29 July 1828 transferred to the Rt. Hon. William Huskisson for King George IV's approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021389-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 New South Wales census, Results\nThe total population was counted as 36,598, 20,870 were free and 15,728 were convicts. There were 25,248 Protestants and 11,236 Catholics. The Indigenous population were not counted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021389-0003-0000", "contents": "1828 New South Wales census, Results\nA quote from the Sydney Gazette in December 1828 describes life as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021389-0004-0000", "contents": "1828 New South Wales census, Results\n\"At the end of 1828, Sydney had 1,409 houses, 176 cottages, 121 skillings and 67 wooden tenements, making a total of 1,773 dwellings. Its urban population was 10,815, and the town occupied a large space of ground; if it had been as well fitted with houses as a town of similar size in England, the population would have been eight or ten times as numerous\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021389-0005-0000", "contents": "1828 New South Wales census, Results, Religion\nThe following table is compiled from the actual religion given on the returns and from the Public Record Office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021389-0006-0000", "contents": "1828 New South Wales census, Copies\nOnly two copies of the census results were produced, all compiled within two years of the census. One comprising six-volumes was kept in New South Wales (NRS 1272), with a seven-volume draft copy sent to the Public Record Office (PRO) in London. Copies are available on microfilm from the State Archives and Records NSW and from The National Archives (TNA) at Kew. The copy in Sydney was handed over in 1901 to the Registrar General; kept in a locked case and highly guarded for over 60 years. In 2019 the  held by NSW State Archives and Records were inscribed on the UNESCO Australian Memory of the World Register.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021390-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1828 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 3 to 5, 1828, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021390-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 New York gubernatorial election\nUnited States Senator Martin Van Buren was elected Governor over United States Supreme Court Justice Smith Thompson and journalist Solomon Southwick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021390-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic Party nominated U.S. senator Martin Van Buren. They nominated former U.S. representative and Judge of the Seventh Circuit Enos T. Throop for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021390-0003-0000", "contents": "1828 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe National Republican Party nominated Supreme Court Justice Smith Thompson. They nominated state assemblyman Francis Granger for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021390-0004-0000", "contents": "1828 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Anti-Masonic Party nominated newspaper publisher Solomon Southwick. They nominated state senator John Crary for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021390-0005-0000", "contents": "1828 New York gubernatorial election, Results\nThe Democratic ticket of Van Buren and Throop was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021391-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Ohio's 6th congressional district special election\nIn Ohio's 6th district, incumbent William Creighton Jr. resigned before December 19, 1828 when he was given a recess appointment to be a United States District Judge. He was also nominated for the judgeship, but that appointment was not approved by the U.S. Senate by February 1829. Creighton was already elected to the next term and was reseated in his old position when the next Congress began in March 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021391-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 Ohio's 6th congressional district special election\nFrancis S. Muhlenberg was elected December 2, 1828 only to finish that short term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021392-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Portuguese legislative election, Background\nAfter Dom Miguel returned to the country in February, the electoral law of 7 August 1826 was annulled by a decree by Miguel on 3 March. The Constitutional Charter of 1826 was suspended, and the Cortes Gerais was subsequently dissolved on 13 March 1828, with the Three Estates was restored. Elections were called to the People's Branch of the Estates and held in May to elect 154 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021392-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 Portuguese legislative election, Aftermath\nThe Three Estates met in Ajuda on 23 May, although delegates from Braga, Guimar\u00e3es and Viseu were unable to attend due to the nascent civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021393-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Proclamation of Demarcation\nThe 1828 Proclamation of Demarcation was issued by George Arthur, governor of Tasmania, and ordered the white colonial populations and Tasmanian Aboriginal populations be temporarily separated from each other. Arthur clarified that the proclamation would not limit Aboriginals from traveling through Tasmania to shellfish hunting territories, provided a passport was coordinated with their leaders. The proclamation was justified as protecting Aboriginals from violence from colonists, and to protect the colonists from \"repeated and wanton barbarous murders and other crimes\" by the Aboriginals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021393-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 Proclamation of Demarcation\nThe proclamation established a line of military outposts separating the declared Aboriginal and colonial territories, which the Aboriginals were forbidden to pass. Tasmanian Aboriginals were pressed into remote areas of Tasmania, and eventually relocated to Flinders Island; scholar Rod Edmond notes that the pretext of \"protecting\" the Aboriginals served as a mechanism to clear desirable land for colonial use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021394-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1828 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 2, 1828 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. James Fenner, the incumbent governor and Jackson Republican nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote. Jackson Republicans were a faction of the Democratic-Republican Party which favoured Andrew Jackson over John Quincy Adams for president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021395-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Sanj\u014d earthquake\nThe 1828 Sanj\u014d earthquake (Japanese: \u4e09\u6761\u5730\u9707) occurred on December 18, 1828 at Sanjo, Niigata Prefecture (then Echigo Province) in Japan. According to the official confirmed report, 21,134 houses and buildings were damaged, and 1,204 of them burned down. There were around 1,450 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021396-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Siebold typhoon\nThe Siebold typhoon (Japanese: \u30b7\u30fc\u30dc\u30eb\u30c8\u53f0\u98a8) was a typhoon that struck Japan (northern Kyushu Island in particular) on September 17, 1828. There were 19,113 confirmed deaths, according to the official report.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021396-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 Siebold typhoon, Overview\nAccording to the official report, the typhoon's estimated central pressure was 935hPa, with a maximum wind speed of 198 kilometres (123 mi). A storm surge occurred in the Ariake Sea and in Hakata Bay. The official death toll was 19,113, and 18,625 were injured. The heaviest damage occurred at Saga, Omura, Yanagawa, and Fukuoka. This is the worst storm in Japanese history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021396-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 Siebold typhoon, Overview\nIt was discovered that the map of Japan was taken out of the country when the ship that Philipp Franz von Siebold was aboard ran aground due to this typhoon. The mapr was discovered when the contents of the cargo were examined while the ship was being repaired. This discovery led to the Siebold incident (Japanese: \u30b7\u30fc\u30dc\u30eb\u30c8\u4e8b\u4ef6). Therefore, this typhoon was named the \"Siebold typhoon\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021397-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 State of the Union Address\nThe 1828 State of the Union Address was written by John Quincy Adams, on Tuesday, December 2, 1828. It was read to both houses of the 20th United States Congress by a clerk on that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021397-0000-0001", "contents": "1828 State of the Union Address\nHe said, \"If the enjoyment in profusion of the bounties of Providence forms a suitable subject of mutual gratulation and grateful acknowledgment, we are admonished at this return of the season when the representatives of the nation are assembled to deliberate upon their concerns to offer up the tribute of fervent and grateful hearts for the never failing mercies of Him who ruleth over all.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021399-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia\nGeorgia returned to electing its members at-large for the 1828 election and elected its members October 6, 1828. Despite two retirements, the entire delegation remained Jacksonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021402-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives election in Missouri\nMissouri elected its representative to the United States House of Representatives for the 1828\u20131830 term on August 4, 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021402-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives election in Missouri, Bibliography\nThis Missouri elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 78], "content_span": [79, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021403-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey, Bibliography\nThis New Jersey elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 80], "content_span": [81, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021404-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana\nIndiana elected its members August 4, 1828, swapping a Jacksonian and Anti- Jacksonian but retaining its 2-1 Anti- Jacksonian majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021406-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts\nThe majority requirement for election was met in all 13 districts in 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021406-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, Notes\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 77], "content_span": [78, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021407-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Bibliography\nThis New York elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 79], "content_span": [80, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021408-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, Notes\nThis Ohio elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 68], "content_span": [69, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021409-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nElections to the United States House of Representatives in Pennsylvania for the 21st Congress were held October 14, 1828. Members of three different parties were elected to the 21st Congress, the first time in US history that a third party won seats. The new Anti-Masonic Party won a total of 5 seats, 1 of which was in Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021409-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Background\nIn the previous election, 20 Jacksonians and 5 Anti- Jacksonians had been elected with one vacancy, which was filled in a special election by an Anti-Jacksonian, for a total of 20 Jacksonians and 6 Anti-Jacksonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021409-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nPennsylvania was divided into 18 districts, 6 of which were plural districts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021409-0003-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Congressional districts\nNote: Several of these counties covered larger areas than today, having since been divided into smaller counties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 94], "content_span": [95, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021409-0004-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results\n20 incumbents (15 Jacksonians and 5 Anti-Jacksonians) ran for re-election, of whom 12 (all Jacksonians) were re-elected. The incumbents Charles Miner (AJ) of the 4th district, George Kremer (J), Espy Van Horne (J), and Samuel McKean (J) of the 9th district, John Mitchell (J) of the 12th district and Robert Orr, Jr. (J) of the 16th district did not run for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021409-0005-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Election results\nA total of 8 seats changed parties. One seat changed from Jacksonian control to Anti-Masonic control, one changed from Jacksonian to Anti-Jacksonian, and six changed from Anti- Jacksonian to Jacksonian, for a net change of five seats lost by the Anti-Jacksonians, four gained by the Jacksonians, and one gained by the Anti-Masonics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 87], "content_span": [88, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021409-0006-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, Special elections\nTwo special elections were held in 1829 for the 21st Congress. The first was held on October 13, 1829 in the 8th district to fill two vacancies caused by the resignations of Samuel D. Ingham (J) and George Wolf (J) before the first meeting of the 21st Congress. Wolf's resignation was due to his having been elected Governor of Pennsylvania. The second was held on December 15, 1829 in the 16th district, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of William Wilkins (AM) on November 9, 1829, before the first session of the 21st Congress began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 88], "content_span": [89, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021410-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Notes\nThis South Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021411-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States elections\nThe 1828 United States elections elected the members of the 21st United States Congress. It marked the beginning of the Second Party System, and the definitive split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the Democratic Party (organized around Andrew Jackson) and the National Republican Party (organized around John Quincy Adams and opponents of Jackson). While the Democrats cultivated strong local organizations, the National Republicans relied on a clear national platform of high tariffs and internal improvements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021411-0000-0001", "contents": "1828 United States elections\nPolitical scientists such as V.O. Key, Jr. consider this election to be a realigning election, while political scientists such as James Reichley instead see the election as a continuation of the Democratic-Republican tradition. Additionally, this election saw the Anti-Masonic Party win a small number of seats in the House, becoming the first third party to gain representation in Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021411-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States elections\nIn a re-match of the 1824 Presidential election, Democratic General Andrew Jackson won a large victory over incumbent National Republican President John Quincy Adams. Adams again won New England, but Jackson took most of the rest of the country. Jackson was the first successful presidential candidate who had not served as secretary of state or vice president in the preceding administration (aside from George Washington). Adams was the first President to lose re-election since his father, John Adams, lost re-election in 1800. John C. Calhoun was re-elected vice president, making him the second and last vice president to serve under two different presidents. Jackson's election as president marked the start of Jacksonian democracy, and an ongoing expansion in right to vote saw a dramatic increase in the size of the electorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021411-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 United States elections\nIn the House, Democrats won several seats, increasing their majority. The Anti-Masonic Party won a small number of seats, gaining representation in Congress for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021411-0003-0000", "contents": "1828 United States elections\nIn the Senate, opponents of Jackson won minor gains, but Democrats retained control of the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election\nThe 1828 United States presidential election was the 11th quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, October 31 to Tuesday, December 2, 1828. It featured a rematch of the 1824 election, as President John Quincy Adams of the National Republican Party faced Andrew Jackson of the Democratic Party. Both parties were new organizations, and this was the first presidential election their nominees contested. Jackson's victory over Adams marked the start of Democratic dominance in federal politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election\nWith the collapse of the Federalist Party, four members of the Democratic-Republican Party, including Jackson and Adams, had sought the presidency in the 1824 election. Jackson had won a plurality (but not majority) of both the electoral vote and popular vote in the 1824 election, but had lost the contingent election that was held in the House of Representatives. In the aftermath of the election, Jackson's supporters accused Adams and Henry Clay of having reached a \"corrupt bargain\" in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for the position of Secretary of State. After the 1824 election, Jackson's supporters immediately began plans for a rematch in 1828, and the Democratic-Republican Party fractured into the National Republican Party and the Democratic Party during Adams's presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election\nThe 1828 campaign was marked by large amounts of \"mudslinging\", as both parties attacked the personal qualities of the opposing party's candidate. Jackson dominated in the South and the West, aided in part by the passage of the Tariff of 1828. Adams swept New England but won only three other small states. With the ongoing expansion of the right to vote to most white men, the election marked a dramatic expansion of the electorate, with 9.5% of Americans casting a vote for president, compared with 3.4% in 1824. Several states transitioned to a popular vote for president, leaving South Carolina and Delaware as the only states in which the legislature chose presidential electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0003-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election\nThe election marked the rise of Jacksonian Democracy and the transition from the First Party System to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics by removing key barriers to voter participation and establishing a stable two-party system. Jackson became the first president whose home state was neither Massachusetts nor Virginia, while Adams was the second to lose re-election, following his father John Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0003-0001", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election\nAdams was also the first of three elected presidents to lose the popular vote in two consecutive elections, the next two being Benjamin Harrison in the late 19th century and Donald Trump in the early 21st century. Martin Van Buren also lost the popular vote twice in 1840 and 1848 after winning both the popular and electoral vote in the 1836 United States Presidential Election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0004-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, Background\nWhile Andrew Jackson won a plurality of electoral votes and the popular vote in the election of 1824, he lost to John Quincy Adams as the election was deferred to the House of Representatives (by the terms of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a presidential election in which no candidate wins a majority of the electoral vote is decided by a contingent election in the House of Representatives). Henry Clay, unsuccessful candidate and Speaker of the House at the time, despised Jackson, in part due to their fight for Western votes during the election, and he chose to support Adams, which led to Adams being elected president on the first ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0005-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, Background\nA few days after the election, Adams appointed Clay his Secretary of State, a position held by Adams and his three immediate predecessors prior to becoming president. Jackson and his followers promptly accused Clay and Adams of striking a \"corrupt bargain,\" and continued to lambaste the president until the 1828 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0006-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, Background\nIn the aftermath of the 1824 election, the national Democratic-Republican Party collapsed as national politics became increasingly polarized between supporters of Adams and supporters of Jackson. In a prelude to the presidential election, the Jacksonians bolstered their numbers in Congress in the 1826 Congressional elections, with Jackson ally Andrew Stevenson chosen as the new Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1827 over Adams ally Speaker, John W. Taylor).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0007-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, Nominations, Jacksonian Party nomination\nWithin months after the inauguration of John Quincy Adams in 1825, the Tennessee legislature re-nominated Jackson for president, thus setting the stage for a rematch between these two very different politicians three years thence. Congressional opponents of Adams, including former William H. Crawford supporter Martin Van Buren, rallied around Jackson's candidacy. Jackson's supporters called themselves Democrats, and would formally organize as the Democratic Party shortly after his election. In hopes of uniting those opposed to Adams, Jackson ran on a ticket with sitting Vice President John C. Calhoun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0007-0001", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, Nominations, Jacksonian Party nomination\nCalhoun would decline the invitation to join the Democratic Party, however, and instead formed the Nullifier Party after the election; the Nullifiers would remain largely aligned with the Democrats for the next few years, but ultimately broke with Jackson over the issue of states' rights during his first term. No congressional nominating caucus or national convention was held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0008-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, Nominations, Anti-Jacksonian Party nomination\nPresident Adams and his allies, including Secretary of State Clay and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, became known as the National Republicans. The National Republicans were significantly less organized than the Democrats, and many party leaders did not embrace the new era of popular campaigning. Adams was re-nominated on the endorsement of state legislatures and partisan rallies. As with the Democrats, no nominating caucus or national convention was held. Adams chose Secretary of the Treasury Richard Rush, a Pennsylvanian known for his protectionist views, as his running mate. Adams, who was personally popular in New England, hoped to assemble a coalition in which Clay attracted Western voters, Rush attracted voters in the middle states, and Webster won over former members of the Federalist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0009-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe campaign was marked by large amounts of nasty \"mudslinging.\" Jackson's marriage, for example, came in for vicious attack. When Jackson married his wife Rachel in 1791, the couple believed that she was divorced, however the divorce was not yet finalized, so he had to remarry her once the legal papers were complete. In the Adams campaign's hands, this became a scandal. Charles Hammond, in his Cincinnati Gazette, asked: \"Ought a convicted adulteress and her paramour husband be placed in the highest offices of this free and Christian land?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0009-0001", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nJackson also came under heavy attack as a slave trader who bought and sold slaves and moved them about in defiance of modern standards of morality (he was not attacked for merely owning slaves used in plantation work). The Coffin Handbills attacked Jackson for his courts-martial, execution of deserters and massacres of Indian villages, and also his habit of dueling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0010-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nJackson avoided articulating issue positions, instead campaigning on his personal qualities and his opposition to Adams. Adams avoided popular campaigning, instead emphasizing his support of specific issues. Adams's praise of internal improvements in Europe, such as \"lighthouses of the skies\" (observatories), in his first annual message to Congress, and his suggestion that Congress not be \"palsied by the will of our constituents\" were given attention in and out of the press. John Randolph stated on the floor of the Senate that he \"never will be palsied by any power save the constitution, and the will of my constituents.\" Jackson wrote that a lavish government combined with contempt of the constituents could lead to despotism, if not checked by the \"voice of the people.\" Modern campaigning was also introduced by Jackson. People kissed babies, had picnics, and started many other traditions during the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 990]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0011-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion\nThomas Jefferson wrote favorably in response to Jackson in December 1823 and extended an invitation to his estate of Monticello: \"I recall with pleasure the remembrance of our joint labors while in the Senate together in times of great trial and of hard battling, battles indeed of words, not of blood, as those you have since fought so much for your own glory & that of your country; with the assurance that my attempts continue undiminished, accept that of my great respect & consideration.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0012-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion\nJefferson wrote in joy at the outcome of the contingent election of 1825 to Congressional caucus nominee William H. Crawford, saying that he had hoped to congratulate Crawford but \"events had not been what we had wished.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0013-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion\nIn the next election, Jackson's and Adams's supporters saw value in establishing the opinion of Jefferson in regards to their respective candidates and against their opposition. Jefferson died on July 4, 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0014-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion\nA goal of the pro-Adams was to depict Jackson as a \"mere military chieftain.\" Edward Coles recounted that Jefferson told him in a conversation in August 1825 that he feared the popular enthusiasm for Jackson: \"It has caused me to doubt more than anything that has occurred since our Revolution.\" Coles used the opinion of Thomas Gilmer to back himself up; Gilmer said Jefferson told him at Monticello before the election of Adams in 1825, \"One might as well make a sailor of a cock, or a soldier of a goose, as a President of Andrew Jackson.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0014-0001", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion\nDaniel Webster, who was also at Monticello at the time, made the same report. Webster recorded that Jefferson told him in December 1824 that Jackson was a dangerous man unfit for the presidency. Historian Sean Wilentz described Webster's account of the meeting as \"not wholly reliable.\" Biographer Robert V. Remini said that Jefferson \"had no great love for Jackson.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0015-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion\nGilmer accused Coles of misrepresentation, in Jefferson's opinion had changed, Gilmer said. Jefferson's son-in-law, former Virginia Governor Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., said in 1826 that Jefferson had a \"strong repugnance\" to Henry Clay. Randolph publicly stated that Jefferson became friendly to Jackson's candidacy as early as the summer of 1825, perhaps because of the \"corrupt bargain\" charge, and thought of Jackson as \"an honest, sincere, clear-headed and strong-minded man; of the soundest political principles\" and \"the only hope left\" to reverse the increasing powers assumed by the federal government. Others said the same thing, but Coles could not believe Jefferson's opinion had changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0016-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion\nIn 1827, Virginia Governor William B. Giles released a letter from Jefferson meant to be kept private to Thomas Ritchie's Richmond Enquirer. It was written after Adams's first annual message to Congress and it contained an attack from Jefferson on the incumbent administration. Giles said Jefferson's alarm was with the usurpation of the rights of the states, not with a \"military chieftain.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0016-0001", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion\nJefferson wrote, \"take together the decisions of the federal court, the doctrines of the President, and the misconstructions of the constitutional compact acted on by the legislature of the federal bench, and it is but too evident, that the three ruling branches of that department are in combination to strip their colleagues, the State authorities, of the powers reserved by them, and to exercise themselves all functions foreign and domestic.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0016-0002", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Jefferson's opinion\nOf the Federalists, he continued, \"But this opens with a vast accession of strength from their younger recruits, who, having nothing in them of the feelings or principles of '76, now look to a single and splendid government of an aristocracy, founded on banking institutions, and moneyed incorporations under the guise and cloak of their favored branches of manufactures, commerce, and navigation, riding and ruling over the plundered plowman and beggared yeomanry.\" The Jacksonians and states' rights men heralded its publication; the Adams men felt it a symptom of senility. Giles omitted a prior letter of Jefferson's praise of Adams for his role in the embargo of 1808. Thomas Jefferson Randolph soon collected and published Jefferson's correspondence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0017-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThe selection of electors began on October 31 with elections in Ohio and Pennsylvania and ended on November 13 with elections in North Carolina. The Electoral College met on December 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0018-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nAdams won the same states that his father had won in the election of 1800 (the New England states, New Jersey, and Delaware) and Maryland, but Jackson won all other states and won the election in a landslide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0019-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThe Democratic Party in Georgia was hopelessly divided into two factions (Troup and Clark) at the time. Despite this, both factions nominated Jackson for President, with the election being primarily a test of the strength of these two factions - the Adams electors ran a very poor third, with just 3.21% of the vote. The winning slate, which received a 3,000 vote majority, was not pledged to any Vice-Presidential candidate; consequently, seven of the nine Presidential Electors who voted for Jackson for President chose William Smith for Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0020-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThis was the first election in American history in which the incumbent president lost re-election despite winning a greater share of the popular vote than they did the previous election. This would not happen again until 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0021-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThis was the last election in which the Democrats won Kentucky until 1856. It is also the only election where Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Vermont voted for the National Republicans, and the last time that New Hampshire voted against the Democrats until 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0022-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nIt was also the only election in which an electoral vote split occurred in Maine until the election of 2016, the first election in which the winning ticket did not have a north\u2013south balance, and the first election in which two northerners ran against two southerners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0023-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nSource (Popular Vote): Dubin, Michael J. United States Presidential Elections, 1788- 1860Source (Electoral Vote):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0024-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results\n(a) The popular vote figures exclude Delaware and South Carolina: both states' electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by a popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0025-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, General election, Results\n(b) The other vote was from Georgia where two slates pledged to Jackson, representing factions of the party, ran. The winning slate was Jackson with Smith - the Troup Faction - and the other was Jackson with Calhoun - the Clark faction. Many sources combine the vote when reporting the Georgia results, but this is legally incorrect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0026-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, Results by state, Close states\nJohn Quincy Adams received a similar number of electoral college votes in 1824 and 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 72], "content_span": [73, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0027-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, Aftermath\nRachel Jackson had been having chest pains throughout the campaign, and she was traumatized by the personal attacks on her marriage. She became ill and died on December 22, 1828. Jackson accused the Adams campaign, and Henry Clay even more so, of causing her death, saying, \"I can and do forgive all my enemies. But those vile wretches who have slandered her must look to God for mercy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021412-0028-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election, Aftermath\nAndrew Jackson was sworn in as president on March 4, 1829. After the inauguration, a mob entered the White House to shake the new president's hand, damaging the furniture and lights. Jackson escaped through the back, and large punch bowls were set up to lure the crowd outside. Conservatives were horrified at this event, and held it up as a portent of terrible things to come from the first Democratic president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021413-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Alabama\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Alabama took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021413-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Alabama\nAlabama voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Alabama by a margin of 79.80%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021414-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021414-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nConnecticut voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won Connecticut by a margin of 48.41%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021414-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nWith 71.36% of the popular vote, Connecticut would prove to be Adams' fourth strongest state in the 1828 election after Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021415-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Delaware\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Delaware took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021415-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Delaware\nDelaware cast three electoral votes for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. These electors were elected by the Delaware General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021416-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Georgia\nIn the 1828 United States presidential election, Georgia voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Georgia by a margin of 93.58%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021416-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Georgia\nSeven Georgian electors voted for William Smith for vice president, rather than Jackson's official running mate, John C. Calhoun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021417-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Illinois\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Illinois took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021417-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Illinois\nIllinois voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Illinois by a margin of 34.44%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021418-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Indiana took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021418-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Indiana\nIndiana voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Indiana by a margin of 13.24%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021419-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 14 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021419-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nKentucky voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Kentucky by a margin of 11.08%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021420-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021420-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nLouisiana voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Louisiana by a margin of 6.02%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021420-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nIn January 1828, Jackson had visited New Orleans to celebrate the 13th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans in response to an invitation from the Louisiana legislature; he and his supporters financed the visit, as the legislature rejected providing any money, and lingering anger against Jackson's conduct in 1815 prompted the legislature to disclaim any adherence to Jackson as a political candidate. The legislature remained dominated by Adams supporters. His supporters had a mixed record in the fall elections, winning the governor's mansion and the legislature but losing two seats in the federal House of Representatives. And while the presidential election ultimately saw Adams defeated in Louisiana, it was a slim defeat, in contrast to nearly unanimous support for Jackson throughout the other southern states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021421-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Maine\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Maine took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021421-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Maine\nMaine voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won Maine by a margin of 19.68%. Adams received eight electoral votes and Jackson received one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021421-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Maine\nWith 59.71% of the popular vote, Maine would prove to be Adams' fifth strongest state in the 1828 election after Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont and Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021421-0003-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Maine\nThis was the only time prior to the 2016 election (when Republican nominee Donald Trump received one of the state's four votes) that an electoral vote split occurred in Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021422-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Maryland\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Maryland took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021422-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Maryland\nMaryland voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won Maryland by a margin of 0.5%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021423-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021423-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts voted for the National Republican candidate, incumbent president John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won Massachusetts by a margin of 60.97%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021423-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nWith 76.36% of the popular vote, Adams' home state would prove to be his second strongest victory in the 1828 election after neighboring Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021424-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021424-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nMississippi voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Mississippi by a margin of 62.1%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021425-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Missouri\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Missouri took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021425-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Missouri\nMissouri voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Missouri by a margin of 41.28%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021426-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021426-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won New Hampshire by a margin of 8.2%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021427-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021427-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won New Jersey by a narrow margin of 4.26%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021428-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in New York took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 36 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President. For this election, New York used the Congressional District Method of choosing electors, with 34 of its electors being chosen by the winner in each of the state's congressional districts, and the remaining two being chosen by the first 34 electors. Jackson won 18 congressional districts while Adams won 16. This election marks the first time New York did not chose its electoral votes through its State Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021428-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in New York\nNew York voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won New York by a margin of 2.9%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021429-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021429-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won North Carolina by a margin of 46.17%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021430-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Ohio took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 16 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021430-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Ohio\nOhio voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Ohio by a narrow margin of 3.2%. This was the first election of the Second Party System, and as such the first election in which Ohio voted for a candidate of a party other than the Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021431-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 28 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021431-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Pennsylvania by a margin of 33.32%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021431-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nEven 193 years later, This was the Democratic Party's best performance in Pennsylvania as of 2021. It was also the last time Union County, Pennsylvania voted Democrat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021432-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021432-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won Rhode Island by a margin of 54.06%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021432-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nWith 77.03% of the popular vote, Adams' victory in Rhode Island made it his strongest state in the 1828 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021433-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021433-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina cast 11 eleven electoral votes for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. These electors were elected by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021434-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021434-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nTennessee voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Tennessee, his home state, by a wide margin of 90.38%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021435-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021435-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Vermont\nVermont voted for the National Republican candidate, John Quincy Adams, over the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson. Adams won Vermont by a margin of 50.46%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021435-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Vermont\nWith 75.23% of the popular vote, Adam's victory in Vermont was his third strongest state in the 1828 election after Rhode Island and Massachusetts. No Democrat was to win Vermont until Lyndon B. Johnson did so in 1964. This election marks the first time Vermont chose its electors by popular vote rather than appointment by the state legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021436-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1828 United States presidential election in Virginia took place between October 31 and December 2, 1828, as part of the 1828 United States presidential election. Voters chose 24 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021436-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, incumbent President John Quincy Adams. Jackson won Virginia by a margin of 37.98%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021437-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1828 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Samuel C. Crafts to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021437-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 9. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that Crafts had won election to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021437-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican Henry Olin had won election to a second one-year term. Contemporary newspaper articles reported the results as: Olin, 14,928 (95.8%); Lyman Fitch, 652 (4.2%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021437-0003-0000", "contents": "1828 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan won election to a one-year term as treasurer, his twenty-ninth. Though he had nominally been a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalist Party he was frequently unopposed. Newspapers of the time did not report vote totals, but did indicate that Swan had been reelected with no opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021437-0004-0000", "contents": "1828 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe vote totals in the governor's race were reported as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections\nIn the United States House of Representatives elections in 1828 and 1829, the Jacksonians soundly took control of the presidency, with Andrew Jackson's victory, and greatly increased their majority in Congress. Outgoing President John Quincy Adams's unpopularity played a major role in the Jacksonian pick-up, as did the perception of the Anti- Jacksonian Party as urban and elitist. Major increases in suffrage also heightened Jacksonian wins, as newly enfranchised voters tended to associate with Jacksonian principles. The Anti-Masonic Party, a single issue faction based on distrust of Freemasonry, became the first third party in American history to garner seats in the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1828 and 1829 to the 20th United States Congress and 21st United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama\nAlabama elected its members August 3, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0003-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members April 29, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0004-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia\nGeorgia returned to electing its members at-large for the 1828 election and elected its members October 6, 1828. Despite two retirements, the entire delegation remained Jacksonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0005-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nKentucky elected its members August 3, 1829, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0006-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Maine\nMaine elected its members September 8, 1828. Maine required a majority vote for election, so the 5th district district election was settled on the second ballot on December 22, 1828 and the 6th district district election was settled on the sixth ballot on April 5, 1830, near the end of the next Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 69], "content_span": [70, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0007-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nMaryland elected its members October 5, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0008-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nThe majority requirement for election was met on the first ballot in all of the 13 districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0009-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire elected its members March 10, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0010-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected its members August 13, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0011-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island elected its members August 27, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0012-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 6\u20137, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0013-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont elected its members September 2, 1828. Vermont required a majority vote for election, so the 3rd district district election was settled on the second ballot on November 11, 1828 and the 5th district district election was settled on the eighth ballot on November 2, 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021438-0014-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia elected its members in April 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021439-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections\nIn the United States Senate elections of 1828 and 1829, the Jacksonian coalition, despite its leader's victory in the presidential election, lost a seat in the Senate to the opposing Anti- Jacksonian coalition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021439-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections\nSenators who called themselves \"Anti- Jacksonian\" or \"National Republicans\" were also called \"Adams\" or \"Adams Men.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021439-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021439-0003-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections, Results summary\nSenate party division at the beginning of the 21st United States Congress (1829\u20131831)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021439-0004-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 20th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1828 or before March 4, 1829; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021439-0005-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 21st Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1829; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021439-0006-0000", "contents": "1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 21st Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were elected in 1829 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021440-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1828 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021440-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 in Australia, Census\nAustralia's first census was held in November 1828 in the colony of New South Wales. Previous government statistical reports had been taken from \"musters\" where inhabitants were brought together for counting. In 1828, the white population was 36,598 of whom 20,870 were free and 15,728 were convicts. 23.8% of the population were born in the colony. 24.5%  were women. There were 25,248 Protestants and 11,236 Catholics. Indigenous Australians were not counted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021440-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 in Australia, Census\nOf the 36,598, 638 were living in what is now Queensland. There were also 18,128 people in Tasmania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021443-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1828 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021448-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in India\nEvents in the year 1828 in India. Raja Rammoyan Roy founded Brahmo Sabha in 1828; it was later renamed Brahmo samaj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021449-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1828 in the Sublime State of Persia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021452-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1828 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021456-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1828 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021458-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1828 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021460-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021462-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021463-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021463-0001-0000", "contents": "1828 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021463-0002-0000", "contents": "1828 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021464-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021465-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in science\nThe year 1828 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021466-0000-0000", "contents": "1828 in sports\n1828 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021469-0000-0000", "contents": "1828\u20131829 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 50th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1829 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. Sherman Leland served as president of the Senate and William B. Calhoun served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021470-0000-0000", "contents": "1828\u20131829 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont\nVermont elected its members September 2, 1828. Vermont required a majority vote for election, so the 3rd district district election was settled on the second ballot on November 11, 1828 and the 5th district district election was settled on the eighth ballot on November 2, 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021471-0000-0000", "contents": "1828\u20131830 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine\nMaine elected its members September 8, 1828. Maine required a majority vote for election, so the 5th district district election was settled on the second ballot on December 22, 1828 and the 6th district district election was settled on the sixth ballot on April 5, 1830, near the end of the next Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021472-0000-0000", "contents": "1829\n1829 (MDCCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1829th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 829th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 29th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1829, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021473-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 (board game)\n1829 (South) is a railroad operations and share-trading board game in the 18xx series, first published by Hartland Trefoil Ltd (UK) in 1974 from an original design by Francis Tresham, but is now out of print. 1829 (South) is based on railroading in southern England and Wales and became the first game in the 18xx series, with the basic game design now licensed to companies such as Mayfair Games and Hans im Gl\u00fcck. The game is also the inspiration for Sid Meier's Railroad Tycoon series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021473-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 (board game), Game structure\n1829 (South) is a turn-based multiplayer game where the only element of luck involved is in determining the initial play order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021473-0002-0000", "contents": "1829 (board game), Second version\nA second version of the game known as 1829 (North) was published by Francis Tresham in 1981 and covers railroading in Northern England and Scotland. Since the second version was published, the original 1829 is referred to as 1829 (South). The two games are played at different maps but share the same game mechanics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021474-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1829 Alabama gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on August 3, 1829, to elect the Governor of Alabama. Jacksonian candidate Gabriel Moore ran unopposed and so won 100% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021475-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Chilean presidential election\nThe Chilean presidential election of 1829 took place on May 15 and 16, 1829, through a system of electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021475-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 Chilean presidential election, Description\nThe newly enacted Constitution of 1828 provided that the President was to be chosen by electors. Two hundred and sixteen electors, three for each congressman, were to be chosen. Each elector voted for two names, without specifying which vote was for President or Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021475-0002-0000", "contents": "1829 Chilean presidential election, Description\nThe election was subject to abuses, so electors gave their vote to Francisco Antonio Pinto and to Joaqu\u00edn Vicu\u00f1a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021475-0003-0000", "contents": "1829 Chilean presidential election, Description\nEven though Pinto was accepted as President, his resignation and replacement by Vice President Joaqu\u00edn Vicu\u00f1a triggered the Chilean Civil War of 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021476-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1829 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 9, 1829. Incumbent governor and National Republican nominee Gideon Tomlinson ran essentially unopposed, winning with 97.52% of the vote amidst a scattering of votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021477-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Costa Rican Head of State election\nIn the election for Head of State of Costa Rica held on 1 January 1829 Juan Mora Fern\u00e1ndez is reelected in his position by the majority of Electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021477-0000-0001", "contents": "1829 Costa Rican Head of State election\nThe elections in this period were conducted in two levels, first all Costa Ricans capable of voting according to the Constitution (men able to read and write, among other things) who cast a public vote chose the Electores according to the proportional representation of the population of each location; 11 for San Jos\u00e9, 9 for Alajuela, 8 for Cartago, 8 for Heredia, 3 for Escaz\u00fa, 3 for Ujarr\u00e1s and 3 for the recently annexed Nicoya. Mora received the unanimous vote of all the provinces except for 2 electoral votes in San Jos\u00e9, 1 in Alajuela and 2 in Heredia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021478-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1829 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 6, 1829. Incumbent Federalist Governor Charles Polk Jr. was barred from seeking re-election to a second consecutive term. David Hazzard, the two-time Democratic-Republican nominee for Governor, ran as the National Republican, or Anti-Jacksonian, candidate as the First Party System crumbled and new political parties were formed. He was opposed by Allan Thompson, the Jacksonian candidate. Hazzard ended up winning the governorship on his third try, narrowly beating out Thompson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021478-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021479-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1829 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 14, 1829. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Enoch Lincoln did not run for re-election. National Republican candidate Jonathan G. Hunton defeated Democratic candidate Samuel E. Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021479-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 Maine gubernatorial election\nLincoln died in Augusta, Maine, on October 8, 1829, after the election of his successor Jonathan G. Hunton before Lincoln's term expired. Two Presidents of the Maine Senate, Nathan Cutler and Joshua Hall, had to serve as lame-duck successors between the two men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021480-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1829 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021480-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nNational Republican Governor Levi Lincoln Jr. was re-elected to a fifth term in office over Democrat Marcus Morton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021480-0002-0000", "contents": "1829 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nJustice Morton once again refused his candidacy but was nonetheless promoted by David Henshaw against his wishes, for want of a willing candidate. Nevertheless, Morton privately took personal and political pride in the support he did receive, taking it as evidence the new Democratic Party could be a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021480-0003-0000", "contents": "1829 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nWith low turnout and Morton's refusal, the election was a landslide for Lincoln. Morton carried 35 towns, 17 more than he had carried in 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021481-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 North Carolina's 10th congressional district special election\nJohn Giles was elected August 13, 1829 to the term beginning March 4, 1829, but resigned from the seat without having served.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021481-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 North Carolina's 10th congressional district special election\nA special election was held December 2, 1829 to finish the term. Abraham Rencher (Jacksonian) won the election, defeated the previous incumbent, John Long, and was seated December 7, 1829 for the beginning of the 21st United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021482-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1829. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 79 to 81. Voter turnout was 45.3%, although only 5.5% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021483-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1829 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 13, 1829. U.S. Representative George Wolf, a Democrat, defeated Anti-Masonic candidate Joseph Ritner to win the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021484-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district special election\nOn December 15, 1829, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative-elect William Wilkins (AM) on November 9, 1829, prior to the start of the 21st Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021485-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district special election\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district on October 13, 1829 to fill two vacancies in Pennsylvania's congressional delegation before the first session of the 21st Congress. The vacancies had been caused by the resignations of Samuel D. Ingham (J) who was chosen as U.S. Treasury Secretary and George Wolf (J) who was elected Governor of Pennsylvania", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021485-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district special election, Election results\nAs the 8th district was a plural district with two seats, both empty, this election sent two people to Congress, bolded here for clarity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021485-0002-0000", "contents": "1829 Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district special election, Election results\nIhrie and Smith took their seats on December 7, 1829, the first day of the First Session of the 21st Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021486-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1829 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on April 1, 1829 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. James Fenner, the incumbent governor and Jacksonian Party nominee, was the only candidate and so won with 100% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021487-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 State of the Union Address\nThe 1829 State of the Union Address was given by Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States. He did not speak directly to the 21st United States Congress, but it was still important. Presented on Tuesday, December 8, 1829, in the United States House of Representatives chamber, it was his first address.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021487-0000-0001", "contents": "1829 State of the Union Address\nHe said, \"In communicating with you for the first time it is to me a source of unfeigned satisfaction, calling for mutual gratulation and devout thanks to a benign Providence, that we are at peace with all man-kind, and that our country exhibits the most cheering evidence of general welfare and progressive improvement.\" He addressed the Natives, There the benevolent may endeavor to teach them the arts of civilization, and, by promoting union and harmony among them, to raise up an interesting commonwealth, destined to perpetuate the race and to attest the humanity and justice of this Government.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021488-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Torrevieja earthquake\nThe 1829 Torrevieja earthquake occurred near the city of Torrevieja, Province of Alicante of southern Spain, and had an estimated magnitude of 6.6 Mw with a Mercalli intensity of IX (violent). It severely damaged numerous cities and it was known as the Torrevieja earthquake because this was the largest locality that suffered its effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021488-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 Torrevieja earthquake, Earthquake\nIn the southern province of Alicante, the period between 1820 and 1830 was the most seismically active, affecting the Bajo Segura seismotectonic line which has three major faults: the Benej\u00fazar-Benij\u00f3far, Guardamar del Segura and Torrevieja. In general, the Alicante coast sank about 10\u00a0m (33\u00a0ft) across the Torrevieja fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021488-0002-0000", "contents": "1829 Torrevieja earthquake, Earthquake\nFrom September 13, 1828 to March 21, 1829, there were a series of earthquakes in the area estimated at more than two hundred. At 18:10 on March 22, 1829 an earthquake occurred, 6.6 Mercalli intensity on the current seismological scale, Intensity of IX (Violent)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021488-0003-0000", "contents": "1829 Torrevieja earthquake, Damage and casualties\n2,965 house were totally destroyed and 2,396 were damaged, destruction of bridges over the Segura river in Almoradi, Benej\u00fazar, Dolores and Guardamar, and which extended the most serious effects, hundred of people were killed, half of them in Almorad\u00ed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021489-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members April 29, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021490-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire elected its members March 10, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021491-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island elected its members August 27, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021492-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama\nAlabama elected its members August 3, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021493-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky\nKentucky elected its members August 3, 1829, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021493-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, Notes\nThis Kentucky elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021494-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland\nMaryland elected its members October 5, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021495-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected its members August 13, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021495-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, Notes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021496-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 6\u20137, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021496-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee, Notes\nThis Tennessee elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 73], "content_span": [74, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021497-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia\nVirginia elected its members in April 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021498-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 United States Senate special election in New York\nThe 1829 United States Senate special election in New York was held on January 15, 1829, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021498-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 United States Senate special election in New York, Background\nMartin Van Buren had been re-elected in 1827 to this seat, but resigned his seat on December 20, 1828, after his election as Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021498-0002-0000", "contents": "1829 United States Senate special election in New York, Background\nGovernor DeWitt Clinton died on February 11, 1828, which led to a re-alignment of the two major parties in the State. The previously opposed \"Clintonians\" and \"Bucktails\" (Anti-Clintonians) had lost their reference point, and now became \"Jacksonians\" (supporters of Andrew Jackson, later known as the Democratic Party, led by Martin Van Buren), and \"Anti- Jacksonians\" or \"Adams men\" (supporting the re-election of John Quincy Adams, later known as the National Republican Party). Besides, the Anti-Masonic Party appeared as a strong third party in the western part of the State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021498-0003-0000", "contents": "1829 United States Senate special election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1828, Van Buren was elected Governor, a Jacksonian majority was elected to the Assembly, and of the nine State Senators elected, four were Jacksonians, four Anti-Masons, and one Adams man who joined the Jacksonians after Adams's defeat for the presidency. The 52nd New York State Legislature met from January 6 to May 5, 1829, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021498-0004-0000", "contents": "1829 United States Senate special election in New York, Candidates\nGovernor Van Buren chose one of his personal friends, and member of the Albany Regency, Mayor of Albany Charles E. Dudley to fill the vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021498-0005-0000", "contents": "1829 United States Senate special election in New York, Result\nCharles E. Dudley was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 62], "content_span": [63, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021498-0006-0000", "contents": "1829 United States Senate special election in New York, Aftermath\nDudley took his seat on January 29, 1829, and remained in office until March 3, 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 65], "content_span": [66, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021499-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1829 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Samuel C. Crafts to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021499-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 8. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that Crafts had won election to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021499-0002-0000", "contents": "1829 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the committee determined that Democratic-Republican Henry Olin had won election to a third one-year term. A contemporary newspaper account reported the vote totals as: Olin, 19,740 (81.5%); Lyman Fitch, 4,481 (18.5%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021499-0003-0000", "contents": "1829 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan won election to a one-year term as treasurer, his thirtieth. Though he had nominally been a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalist Party he was frequently unopposed. As reported in Vermont's newspapers, the vote totals were: Swan 15,631 (99.9%); scattering, 10 (0.1%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021499-0004-0000", "contents": "1829 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the governor's race, the new Anti-Masonic Party fielded a candidate for the first time, supporting Heman Allen (of Colchester) though Allen had not indicated whether he identified with the party or its platform. The vote totals in the governor's race were reported as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021500-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 braille\nLouis Braille's original publication, Procedure for Writing Words, Music, and Plainsong in Dots (1829), credits Barbier's night writing as being the basis for the braille script. It differed in a fundamental way from modern braille: It contained nine decades (series) of characters rather than the modern five, utilizing dashes as well as dots. Braille recognized, however, that the dashes were problematic, being difficult to distinguish from the dots in practice, and those characters were abandoned in the second edition of the book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021500-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 braille\nThe first four decades indicated the 40 letters of the alphabet (39 letters of the French alphabet, plus English w); the fifth the digits; the sixth punctuation; the seventh and part of the eighth mathematical symbols. The seventh decade was also used for musical notes. Most of the remaining characters were unassigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021500-0002-0000", "contents": "1829 braille, Script\nAs in modern braille, most of the higher decades were derived from the first:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021500-0003-0000", "contents": "1829 braille, Script\nThus the 1st and 5th decades occupied only the top half of the cell, while all characters in the other decades had a dot or dash in the bottom row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021500-0004-0000", "contents": "1829 braille, Script, Table\nThe supplemental signs were \u2804\u2824\u281c\u283c and a top dash with \u2820\u2830. Of the 125 (53) possible patterns, 97 were used. The modern 5th decade and other supplemental signs do not appear in the 1829 version of braille, apart from \u2810 and \u2812 in plainsong notation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021500-0005-0000", "contents": "1829 braille, Script, Table\nPunctuation differed slightly from today, even accounting for the shift downward when the dash was dropped from the bottom row of the cell. \u2836 was used for both parentheses, as in modern English braille. \u2826 was used for either quotation mark; \u2834 was a pipe. \u2822 was the question mark, as in modern French braille, while \u2814 was the asterisk, which is used doubled in English braille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021500-0006-0000", "contents": "1829 braille, Script, Substitutions for the dash\nAnticipating that the dashes might prove problematic, Braille provided that the supplemental sign \u283c (now known as the number sign) would shift the decade by four. That is, adding it to the first four decades would produce substitutes for the fifth through eighth. Only its use to replace the old fifth decade has been retained; the old sixth decade survives as the modern fifth, with the dash removed and the dots shifted down to replace it. The original proposal was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021500-0007-0000", "contents": "1829 braille, Musical notation\nThe book allots a great deal of space to the representation of music. Instrumental notation was largely a one-to-one transcription of the system already in use for the blind. The durations of the notes and the accidentals, however, had to be replaced; for these the 7th decade was used, as shown in the table above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021500-0008-0000", "contents": "1829 braille, Musical notation\nA simplified system for plainsong was provided. The twelve notes are the twelve characters of the upper half of the cell (the first and fifth decades) which do not have dashes. By themselves (1st decade), they indicate half notes. Quarter notes are 2nd decade, dotted quarter notes 3rd, and eighth notes 4th. Dotted half notes are indicated by a dash below (6th decade), whole notes by a dash above (7th decade), and dotted whole notes by a mid dash (8th decade). The alto, bass, treble, and tenor clefs were indicated by the 5th\u20138th characters of the fifth decade. \u2810 is the sharp-note prefix, \u2812 the bass-note prefix, and the equivalent with a dash the natural prefix. \u2804\u2824 are the repetition sign and 'star'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021500-0009-0000", "contents": "1829 braille, Shorthand\nThe book finishes with a proposal for braille shorthand, utilizing the first decade for vowels, and the fifth for consonants (without a voicing distinction). That is, Braille's shorthand used a 4-dot cell rather than the standard 6-dot cell, taking two-thirds the space of normal braille, and one-third the space of Barbier's night writing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021500-0010-0000", "contents": "1829 braille, Second edition\nIn the classroom, Braille's students found the characters with dashes to be impractical, as the dashes were not easily distinguishable from pairs of dots, and they were quickly abandoned. The second edition of the Proc\u00e9d\u00e9, published in 1837, sets out French Braille essentially as we know it today. According to Henri (1952), at right, the numerical sign was used with the new fifth decade, plus one of the supplementary characters, for mathematical notation:  \u283c\u2816 +, \u283c\u2824 \u2212, \u283c\u2826 \u00d7, \u283c\u2832 /, \u283c\u2836 =, \u283c\u281c \u221a. Several of these values continue today in Antoine notation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021500-0011-0000", "contents": "1829 braille, Computer encoding\nThe official Unicode encoding for Braille only specifies codepoints for modern dot-only patterns. An unofficial encoding for dash patterns can be found in the Under-ConScript Unicode Registry, and as such may be found in some fonts that cover characters from that agreement. Together, these two blocks can represent all cell definitions from the 1829 Braille specification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021501-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1829 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021504-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1829 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021504-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of Chile: Francisco Antonio Pinto (-2 November), Francisco Ram\u00f3n Vicu\u00f1a(2 November-7 December)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021512-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1829 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021516-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1829 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021518-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1829 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021520-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021522-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021522-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021522-0002-0000", "contents": "1829 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021523-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021524-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 in science\nThe year 1829 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021525-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 in sports\n1829 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021528-0000-0000", "contents": "1829 papal conclave\nThe 1829 papal conclave to elect a successor to Pope Leo XII after his death on 10 February 1829 began on 24 February 1829.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021528-0001-0000", "contents": "1829 papal conclave\nIt took a long time for the conclave to elect a new pope due to conflict between secular governments concerning who should be elected. Cardinal Emmanuele De Gregorio was the proposed candidate of the pro-French faction and the zelanti (conservative cardinals), whilst Bartolomeo Pacca was proposed by the more moderate cardinals but was not accepted by the French government of the Bourbon Restoration period. At the time, France was governed by Charles X and Prime Minister Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac. Pacca was also seen by many in the conclave as being too gentle to be an effective Pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021528-0002-0000", "contents": "1829 papal conclave, Description\nThe conclave did not move rapidly. The arrival of Giuseppe Albani caused the votes to center on Francesco Saverio Castiglioni. With the supporters of both De Gregorio and of Pacca unable to secure enough votes to elect their candidate to the papacy, Castiglioni came to be seen as a suitable compromise candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021528-0002-0001", "contents": "1829 papal conclave, Description\nCastiglioni had been close to election in the 1823 conclave as the representative of the politicanti (moderate cardinals) and had all the qualifications to become Pope, though he had the problem of being in very poor health, but was not elected at the last conclave when the zelanti Cardinals came to realize that he was quite close to Cardinal Ercole Consalvi. Consalvi however was already dead by the time of the 1829 conclave having died during the pontificate of Pope Leo XII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021528-0003-0000", "contents": "1829 papal conclave, Description\nOn 31 March Castiglioni was elected Pope. Given that Castiglioni had been called Pius VIII by Pope Pius VII even before his death in 1823, and that in the 1823 conclave Leo XII had said that Castiglioni \"some day was to be Pius VIII\", it was a foregone conclusion that he would take that regnal name upon becoming Pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021529-0000-0000", "contents": "1829\u20131830 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 50th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1829 and 1830 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. Samuel Lathrop served as president of the Senate and William B. Calhoun served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0000-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing\nThe 182d Airlift Wing (182 AW) is a unit of the Illinois Air National Guard, stationed at Peoria Air National Guard Base, Peoria, Illinois. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0001-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe 182nd Airlift Wing's C-130H3 Hercules mission is to perform the tactical portion of the airlift mission. The aircraft is capable of operating from rough, dirt strips and is the prime transport for air dropping troops and equipment into hostile areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0001-0001", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe 182nd Airlift Wing's mission is to provide the president of the United States, the governor of the state of Illinois and the adjutant general of Illinois Airmen capable of providing C-130 airland and airdrop; joint terminal attack control and support; command, control and communications; logistics; civil engineering; security; and support services for the nation, state of Illinois, and domestic community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0002-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History\nWhat is now the 169th Airlift Squadron originated during World War II as the 304th Fighter Squadron, which was activated on 23 July 1942. The 304th was assigned to the 337th Fighter Group at the Pinellas County Airport, Florida, and served as an operational training unit equipped with the P-39 Airacobra and the P-40 Warhawk. The 304th was disbanded 1 May 1944, and reconstituted 24 May 1946, re-designated the 169th Fighter Squadron and allocated to the Illinois National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0003-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History\nThe 169th Fighter Squadron held its first drill in December 1946 under the command of Lt. Col. Ralph Pickering, and it received federal recognition on 21 June 1947. The unit consisted of 40 officers and 215 Airmen by the end of its first year. The original base consisted of a shale runway and a single hangar for eight F-51 Mustang fighters, four AT- 6 Texan trainers and a B-26 Marauder tow target plane. The first annual training was held at Chicago Municipal Airport, now known as Chicago Midway International Airport, with flying done at Douglas Field, now known as O'Hare International Airport. In 1952, the 169th Fighter Squadron was re-designated the 169th Fighter Interceptor Squadron and then the 169th Fighter Bomber Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0004-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History\nA large construction project had expanded the base facilities by 1953, and in 1954 the 169th obtained the copyright for the Indian Chief, the cartoon character from Walt Disney's feature film \"Peter Pan\", to display as their emblem. The squadron received its first F-84F Thunderstreak in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0005-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History\nThe unit flew the first ever Air National Guard air- to-air refueling mission in 1961. On 15 October 1962, the Illinois Air National Guard authorized the 169th Tactical Fighter Squadron to expand to a group level, and the 182d Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau on 15 October 1962. The 169th TFS became the group's flying squadron, equipped with F-84F Thunderstreaks. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 182d Headquarters, 182d Material Squadron (Maintenance), 182d Combat Support Squadron, and the 182d USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0006-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History\nDuring the 1960s the squadron continued to operate its F-84F Thunderstreaks, and the unit was not activated during the Vietnam War. In May 1969, the F-84Fs were retired and 182d TFG was re-designated as the 182d Tactical Air Support Group (TASG); flying Forward Air Control (FAC) missions. The 169th was equipped with light observation U-3A/B Blue Canoe and in January 1970, the O-2A Skymaster aircraft. The group's mission being to perform visual reconnaissance, as the FAC flew light aircraft slowly over the rough terrain at low altitude to maintain constant aerial surveillance over a combat area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0006-0001", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History\nBy patrolling the same area constantly, the FACs grew very familiar with the terrain, and they learned to detect any changes that could indicate enemy forces hiding below. Members of the 182d TASG provided relief assistance during state active duty for the Canton tornado disaster in July 1975. In 1976, the 182d TASG was awarded its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0007-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History\nIn 1979, the squadron received OA-37B Dragonfly jet FAC aircraft from the New York and Maine Air National Guard, continuing the FAC mission. The 182d TASG received an \"Excellent\" rating on its first Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI) under the 12th Air Force, and the group was awarded its second Air Force Outstanding Unit award in 1985. In January 1991, 138 group personnel were called to active duty during the 1991 Gulf War and deployed to United States Central Command Air Forces (CENTAF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0008-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nIn March 1992 the A-37s were finally retired. and the group received the Block 15 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon Air Defense Fighter (ADF). It was re-designated as the 182d Fighter Group on 15 March. In June 1993, members served on state active duty in response to the Mississippi River flooding of southern Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0009-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nDue to government budget constraints and military restructuring after the Cold War, the 182d FG converted to the C-130E Hercules and was re-designated the 182d Airlift Wing (AW) effective 1 October 1995. In 1996, the wing began participation in ongoing flying missions for Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia. In 1997, the 182d AW celebrated its 50th anniversary and received an \"Excellent\" in its first Air Mobility Command (AMC) ORI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0010-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nAfter the September 11 attacks, members of the wing were called up to support the Air Force at various locations around the world. During a September 2002 deployment to Oman, wing aircraft flew combat supply missions into Afghanistan for Operation Enduring Freedom. On 29 March 2003, SSgt Jacob Frazier of the 169th Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS) was killed in action while serving with Army Special Forces in Afghanistan. He was the first member of the wing to die in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0011-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn March 2003, immediately following mobilization, six aircraft and over 350 personnel were deployed to Minhad, United Arab Emirates, for Operation Iraqi Freedom. These airmen returned in August after providing airlift support throughout the theater. Since that mobilization, smaller numbers of wing personnel and aircraft have continually supported Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. On 28 December 2003, a wing crew delivered earthquake relief supplies to Iran, becoming the first US aircraft to land there since 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0012-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nBeginning in January 2005, the wing converted from the C-130E to the newer H3 model. In October 2006, the wing received a rating of \"Excellent\" after serving as the lead wing during an AMC ORI. On 3 February 2007, the wing was awarded its third Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period from 1 August 2003 to 31 July 2005. Some personnel remain deployed to combat zones as part of Air and Space Expeditionary units while other members of the wing continue routine worldwide support to the Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0013-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2017, 182d deployed four C-130H3 aircraft together with maintenance and aircrew to an undisclosed location in Southwest Asia for a four-month Operation Inherent Resolve deployment, supporting U.S. and Iraqi forces in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021530-0014-0000", "contents": "182d Airlift Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nJuly 2019 saw 182d participate in the annual Exercise Northern Strike 19 in Northern Michigan. Crew undertook missions included simulated attacks from surface to air missiles and cargo air drops coordinated with ground JTACs. The wing's aircraft were operating from the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center in Alpena, Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0000-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron\nThe 182d Fighter Squadron (182 FS) is a unit of the Texas Air National Guard 149th Fighter Wing located at Kelly Field Annex, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas. The 149th is equipped with the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0001-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nEstablished in mid-1943 as a P-47 Thunderbolt fighter squadron, trained under I Fighter Command on Long Island and Massachusetts. Moved to England, arriving in January 1944. Began operations with IX Fighter Command on 14 March and flew a fighter sweep over the English Channel coast of France. Made strafing and bombing attacks on airfields, rail and highway bridges, trains, vehicles, anti-aircraft gun positions, and V-weapon sites to help prepare for the invasion of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0002-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nSupported the landings in Normandy early in June 1944 and began operations from the Continent later the same month. Aided in the taking of Cherbourg, participated in the air operations that prepared the way for the Allied breakthrough at St Lo on 25 July, and supported ground forces during their drive across France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0003-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nContinued to support ground forces, participated in the assault against the Siegfried Line, and took part in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 \u2013 January 1945) by attacking rail lines and trains, marshalling yards, roads and vehicles, armored columns, and gun positions. Operated with the Allied forces that pushed across the Rhine and into Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0004-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter V-E Day, served with the army of occupation, being assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe. Inactivated in Germany on 20 August 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0005-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard\nThe wartime 396th Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 182d Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Texas Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at the Brooks Army Airfield and was extended federal recognition on 27 January 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 182d Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 396th Fighter Squadron. The squadron was assigned to the Texas Air National Guard 136th Fighter Group and was equipped with F-51D Mustangs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0006-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard\nThe mission of the squadron was the air defense of Texas. During the postwar years, the 182d primarily trained the Hill Country and west Texas; the 181st Fighter Squadron, based at Love Field, Dallas, covered the north Texas, and the 111th Fighter Squadron, based at Houston Municipal Airport, covered east and southeast Texas to the Mexican Border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0007-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nAs a result of the Korean War, the Texas Air National Guard was federalized and placed on active-duty status on 10 October 1950, being assigned to Ninth Air Force, Tactical Air Command (TAC). TAC ordered the 136th Fighter Group to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, where the unit was re-designated to a Fighter-Bomber unit, and its status was changed to a Wing. At Langley, the 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0008-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nAt Langley AFB, the 136th trained with their F-51D Mustangs. Unfortunately losing two 111th FBS pilots in a training accident on 15 December. A third pilot was killed on 27 January 1951 in another accident. In February 1951, the aged F-51Ds that the unit had been flying since its activation in 1947 were replaced by F-84E Thunderjets, and the squadron began transition training on the jet fighter-bomber. Most of the training took place at Langley, although some pilots were sent to Shaw AFB, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0008-0001", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nMaintenance crews, all new to jet aircraft, were trained at Langley and engine specialists were sent to the Allison plant in Indianapolis. Assigned to the Arkansas ANG 154th FBS at the time was a Navy exchange pilot, future NASA astronaut Lieutenant Walter Schirra (who happened to be the only pilot assigned to the 136th at the time who was a qualified jet pilot).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0009-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nIn May 1951, less than seven months later, the wing was deployed to Japan, being attached to Far East Air Force and stationed at Itazuke Air Force Base, the first echelon of the 136th arriving on 18 May. The 136th replaced the Strategic Air Command 27th Fighter-Escort Wing, which had deployed to Far East Air Force in the early days of the Korean War. At Itazuke, the squadrons took over the F-84Es of the 27th FEW, which remained in place, its aircraft being reassigned from SAC to Far East Air Force inventory records. On 2 June, the final elements of the 136th arrived in Japan, the national guardsmen officially relieved the 27th Fighter Bomber Wing and the SAC airmen departed for the United States. The 136th was the first Air National Guard wing in history to enter combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0010-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nFrom Japan the wing engaged in combat operations over South Korea, however flying in the North Pacific area was a challenge to the wing, losing seven F-84Es in non-combat operations and three in combat. On 26 June, in one of the largest air-to-air battles in Korea, two 182d FBS pilots, Captain Harry Underwood and 1st Lt Arthur Olighter shot down an enemy MiG-15 that broke through an F-86 Sabre escort of four B-29s. Two other 111th FBS pilots, 1sts Lt John Morse and John Marlins scored probables in the same encounter. These were the first combat victories by Air National Guard pilots. On 3 July the 136th sent their aircraft to North Korea, attacking FLAK batteries in downtown Pyongyang while other aircraft attacked North Korean airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0011-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nHowever, the short-legged F-84 had limited combat time over Korea, therefore on 16 November 1951 the wing moved to Taegu Air Force Base (K-2) in South Korea for its combat operations. In 1952, the 136th was re-equipped with the F-84G Thunderjet, designed for tactical close air support of ground forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0012-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nDuring its time in combat, the 136th flew 15,515 combat sorties; was credited with 4 enemy aircraft destroyed; 7 probables and 72 others damaged. It was the first ANG unit to down a MiG-15; it dropped 23,749 (7,120 tons) of bombs and expended over 3 million rounds of .50 caliber ammunition; being awarded Five Korean Campaign Ribbons. The 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing was released from active duty and returned to the United States on 10 July 1952", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 79], "content_span": [80, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0013-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nWith the 182d's return from the Korean War, the squadron was re-equipped with the Very Long Range (VLR) F-51H Mustang, which had been developed to escort B-29 Superfortress bombers in the Pacific Theater from the Mariana Islands to the Japanese Home Islands. The F-51H would allow the squadron to intercept any unidentified aircraft over any part of Texas. The squadron became part of Air Defense Command (ADC) and resumed its postwar mission of Texas air defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 77], "content_span": [78, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0013-0001", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nOn 16 January 1955, four P-51s assigned to the 182d were sold to Costa Rica and sent immediately out of country to boost that small country's air arm in fighting a five-day old rebellion. The fighters were dispatched from Kelly AFB in a fully armed state. Fernando Fournier, the undersecretary of foreign affairs for Costa Rica, said it was his understanding that the Mustangs were sold for a dollar apiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 77], "content_span": [78, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0014-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nIt was not until August 1956 that the 182d received first-generation F-80C Shooting Star jets, replacing some of the last F-51H Mustangs in the USAF inventory. In 1957, the squadron was selected by the Air Defense Command to man a runway alert program on full 24-hour basis \u2013 with armed jet fighters ready to \"scramble\" at a moment's notice. This event brought the wing into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing them on \"the end of the runway\" alongside regular USAF-Air Defense Fighter Squadrons. The obsolescent F-80 day fighters were upgraded to the all-weather/day/night F-86D Sabre Interceptor by the end of the year. In June 1959 the squadron traded their F-86Ds for the upgraded F-86L Sabre Interceptor with uprated afterburning engines and new electronics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 77], "content_span": [78, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0015-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nIn July 1960 the unit became one of the first to transition to the F-102A Delta Dagger Mach 1.2 all-weather interceptor and began a 24-hour alert to guard the Texas Gulf coast. The 182d enjoyed the distinction of being the first F-102 \"Deuce\" squadron in the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 77], "content_span": [78, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0016-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nWhen flight operations ended at Brooks AFB in October 1960, the squadron was moved to nearby Kelly Air Force Base, beginning operations on 1 November 1960. In August 1961, as part of an Air Defense Command re-organization, the 182d Fighter Interceptor Squadron's assignment to 136th Air Defense Wing was terminated with 136th being transferred to Tactical Air Command. As a result, the 182d was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 149th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 182d Fighter Interceptor Squadron became the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 149th Headquarters, 149th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 149th Combat Support Squadron, and the 149th USAF Dispensary. The 149th was directly assigned to the Texas Air National Guard, being operationally gained by the Air Defense Command 33d Air Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 77], "content_span": [78, 978]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0017-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nAs with many other ANG squadrons, the 182d temporally operated two TF-102 twin-seat trainers for ANG F-102 pilots while remaining on runway alert status. Also, the squadron operated T-33A Shooting Star jet trainers and a Convair VT-29 transport for courier duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 77], "content_span": [78, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0018-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support\nIn 1968, the Air National Guard began to retire its F-102s and the 182d was ordered to send their aircraft to Davis-Monthan AFB for storage at AMARC. In July, as part of the drawdown of continental fighter air defense, the 149th FIG was transferred from Aerospace Defense Command to Tactical Air Command (TAC), with the Group and 182d being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Group and Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0019-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support\nAs an interim measure, the 182d Tactical Fighter Squadron was re-equipped with obsolescent F-84F Thunderjets by TAC. The squadron was the second-to-last ANG squadron to fly the F-84F. During the summer of 1971 the 182d began to receive F-100D/F Super Sabre tactical fighter bombers. The 182d was one of the first ANG squadrons to receive the Super Sabre, as most were being operated in South Vietnam at the time. The F-100s received by the squadron were aircraft being withdrawn from the 20th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Wethersfield and the 48th TFW at RAF Lakenheath, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0020-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support\nRAF Wethersfield was being closed for flight operations and the 20th TFW being re-equipped with the new General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark at their new base, RAF Upper Heyford. The 48th TFW \u2013 a permanent resident at RAF Lakenheath after moving aircraft and personnel from Chaumont AB in France \u2013 was also preparing for the arrival of the F-111, but had to initially convert to F-4D Phantom IIs before their ultimate F-111 version \u2013 the F-111F \u2013 came available during 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0021-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support\nThe Super Sabre was used as a dedicated fighter-bomber later in its career, once the air-superiority role had been taken over by more modern aircraft, and the squadron trained in using the fighter for ground support. Beginning in 1975, the 182d began a NATO commitment, with squadron aircraft and personnel deploying to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) for Autumn Forge/Cold Fire/Reforger exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0022-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support\nBy 1979, the Super Sabres were being retired, and were replaced by McDonnell F-4C Phantom IIs, largely Vietnam War veteran aircraft, that were made available to the Air National Guard. With the Phantom, the 182d continued their tactical fighter mission with the more capable aircraft. The squadron also continued its NATO deployments, exercising at USAFE bases in West Germany, England, the Netherlands and Denmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0023-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support\nIn 1986, the Phantoms were reaching the end of the operational service, and they were replaced by the F-16A Fighting Falcon. The F-16s were transferred from the 347th Tactical Fighter Wing, Moody AFB, Georgia. Initially the squadron began to receive Block 15 single-seat F-16As, and a few twin-seat F-16Bs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0024-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support\nThe Block 15 was the major production model of the F-16A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0025-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support\nHigher-performance Block 25 F-16C/D aircraft replaced the standard fighter-bomber Block 15 A/B model aircraft in 1996. Although similar in appearance to the earlier models, the Block 25 aircraft were a considerable advancement with the Westinghouse AN/APG-68(V) multi-mode radar with better range, sharper resolution, and expanded operating modes. The planar array in the nose provides numerous air-to-air modes, including range-while-search, uplook and velocity search, single target track, raid cluster resolution, and track-while-scan for up to 10 targets. The radar was capable of handling the guidance of the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile. Upgraded engines made the aircraft capable of Mach 2 performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0026-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support\nIn 1997, the squadron deployed aircraft and personnel to Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base, Kuwait, in support of Operation Southern Watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0027-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Texas Air National Guard, Tactical Air Support\nHowever, the Block 25 aircraft were all powered by the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-200 turbofan, which were prone to engine stalls. In 1998, the squadron received Block 30 aircraft, with wider intakes and the General Electric F-110 engine. However, by the mid-1990s and with the end of the Cold War, there appeared to be no longer any threat to America's homeland from bombers or cruise missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0028-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era\nIn 1999, the mission of the 149th Fighter Group was changed from Air Combat operations to becoming a Formal Training Unit (FTU) for Air National Guard F-16 pilots under Air Education and Training Command. The 182d provides combat training for active duty, Air National Guard, and Reserve F-16 pilots, including recent graduates from USAF Undergraduate Pilot Training making them combat ready upon graduation of a 9-month course. Almost all instructor pilots within the unit are former active duty F-16 pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0029-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era\nAlthough the squadron is not officially a combat unit, after the 9/11 attacks in 2001 and 2002, the squadron flew Operation Noble Eagle air defense missions in the United States in support of USNORTHCOM and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. It also deploys to other bases, flying Dissimilar air combat training missions against active-duty, reserve and ANG units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0030-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign the 178th Fighter Wing, Ohio Air National Guard to an MQ-1 Predator ISR mission and transfer six additional Block 30 F-16 aircraft to the 182d Fighter Squadron. DoD claimed that its recommendation was made because Lackland (Kelly Annex) (47) had higher military value than Springfield-Beckley AGB (128). This recommendation also would optimize the squadron size of the 182d, the only ANG F-16 Flying Training Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0031-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe squadron's Block 30 aircraft, manufactured between 1987 and 1989 are currently reaching the end of their service life. They have been certified by Boeing though at least 2015, however it is unclear what aircraft or what the mission of the unit will transition to in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021531-0032-0000", "contents": "182d Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021532-0000-0000", "contents": "182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade\nThe 182nd (2/1st Warwickshire) Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in the First World War with the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division. It remained in the United Kingdom throughout the Second World War, serving with the 61st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021532-0001-0000", "contents": "182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade was formed as a duplicate of the 143rd (1/1st Warwickshire) Brigade and consisted of those men in the Territorial Force who did not wish to serve overseas. The brigade was assigned to the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division. With the division, the brigade served on the Western Front from May 1916 onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021532-0002-0000", "contents": "182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade was disbanded after the war in 1919. It was, however, reformed again in 1939 in the Territorial Army, now as the 182nd Infantry Brigade, prior to the outbreak of the Second World War when war with Nazi Germany was becoming increasingly obvious. It was assigned to the 61st Infantry Division. However, the brigade never saw active service overseas and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021532-0003-0000", "contents": "182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\n182nd Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021532-0004-0000", "contents": "182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade, Second World War, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 182nd Infantry Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021532-0005-0000", "contents": "182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade, Bibliography\nThis article about a specific British military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0000-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\"\nThe 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\" (Italian: 182\u00b0 Reggimento fanteria corazzato \"Garibaldi\")  is an inactive unit of the Italian Army last based in Sacile in Friuli Venezia Giulia. The regiment was part of the Italian army's infantry and was last operationally assigned to the Infantry Division \"Folgore\". The regiment was an atypical unit of the Italian Army: formed without a sister regiment from partisan formations it was the only infantry regiment to be formed by the army after World War II and was the only unit, whose members wore a red tie with their formal uniform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0001-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History\nOn 25 April 1945 the Regiment \"Garibaldi\" was formed in Viterbo with repatriated survivors of the Italian Partisan Division \"Garibaldi\", which had been formed on 2 December 1943 in Montenegro from the remnants of two Italian divisions, which had refused to surrender to German forces after Italy had switched sides with the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0002-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, Partisan Division \"Garibaldi\"\nThe news of the armistice between Italy and the Allies reached the Italian XIV Army Corps in the evening of 8 September 1943 and due to the lack of any orders from Rome the four divisions of the corps reacted differently and individually to German demands to surrender: the 23rd Infantry Division \"Ferrara\" surrendered immediately. The 155th Infantry Division \"Emilia\" based around Kotor resisted the Germans until 16 September, but under heavy Luftwaffe air attacks chose evacuation by the Italian Regia Marina to Bari. The 19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\" based around Podgorica refused to surrender and allied with Yugoslav partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 83], "content_span": [84, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0002-0001", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, Partisan Division \"Garibaldi\"\nOn 10 October the division entered the 2nd Corps of Tito's National Liberation Army and on 13 October 1943 the division began an offensive against Wehrmacht forces in Brodarevo, Murina, Berane e Kola\u0161in. The 1st Alpine Division \"Taurinense\" based around Nik\u0161i\u0107 and Danilovgrad immediately attacked German positions and by sunrise of 9 September was fully engaged in combat with German forces. The division tried to reach Kotor to be evacuated, but in heavy combat lost about half its strength of 14,000 men. The division's Mountain Artillery Group \"Aosta\" of the 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment and Alpini Battalion \"Ivrea\" had ignored orders to move to Kotor and sided with Tito's forces right away. By early October the remnants of the Italian divisions, more than 20,000 men, retreated towards Pljevlja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 83], "content_span": [84, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0003-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, Partisan Division \"Garibaldi\"\nOn 2 December 1943 in Pljevlja the remaining Italian soldiers, approximately 16,000 men, were grouped together in the Partisan Division \"Garibaldi\", which as unit insignia chose a red neckerchief in referral to Giuseppe Garibaldi's redshirt volunteers. The division consisted of three brigades of 5,000 men each, with the remaining Italians, mostly artillery, signals, engineer, and medical specialists, becoming instructors. Integrated into the Partisan 2nd Corps the division fought in Yugoslavia until February 1945, when the remaining 3,800 troops were repatriated via the liberated Dubrovnik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 83], "content_span": [84, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0004-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, Partisan Division \"Garibaldi\"\nThe units, which entered the Partisan Division \"Garibaldi\" as coherent units, were awarded with Italy's highest military honor after their return:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 83], "content_span": [84, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0005-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, Regiment \"Garibaldi\"\nOn 25 April 1945 the Regiment \"Garibaldi\" was formed in Viterbo with the survivors of the Division \"Garibaldi\". The regiment consisted of three battalions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0006-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, Regiment \"Garibaldi\"\nThe Garibaldi regiment's troops wore the distinct Cappello Alpino of the Alpini infantry specialty. On 5 September 1945 the regiment joined the Combat Group \"Folgore\", which had participated on the allied side in the Italian Campaign. The Folgore had been formed on 25 September 1944 with troops from the 184th Paratroopers Division \"Nembo\", which had served with the Polish II Corps at the battles of Filottrano, Castelfidardo, and Ancona. The Combat Group \"Folgore\" consisted of two regiments with three battalions each: the Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\" and the navy's Regiment \"San Marco\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0006-0001", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, Regiment \"Garibaldi\"\nThe 183rd had been formed with the remnants of the six paratrooper battalions of the 184th Paratroopers Division \"Nembo\". The combat group also fielded the Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\". The same day the Garibaldi regiment entered the division the San Marco regiment left it and reverted to the navy. 15 October 1945 the Combat Group \"Folgore\" was elevated to Infantry Division \"Folgore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0007-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, 182nd Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\"\nOn 1 December 1948 the Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\" was renamed 182nd Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", the Paratroopers Infantry Regiment \"Nembo\" was renamed 183rd Infantry Regiment \"Nembo\", and the Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" was renamed 184th Artillery Regiment. With the renaming the 182nd Garibaldi ceded its Alpini troops to the Alpini regiments that were forming and received infantry fusiliers instead. At the same time the regiment ceased to wear the Cappello Alpino and began to wear a red tie with the formal uniform. The regiment's new structure was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0008-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, 182nd Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\"\nIn 1949 the regiment moved to Sacile and on 12 October 1953 the regiment was awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valour for its service during World War II in Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0009-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\"\nDuring 1958 the regiment disbanded its infantry battalions and received the I Bersaglieri Battalion and III Tank Battalion from the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment. On 1 November 1958 the regiment was officially renamed 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\" and the III Tank Battalion was renamed II Tank Battalion. The II Tank Battalion was renamed XXI Tank Battalion in 1959, and in 1961 XIII Tank Battalion. The same year the I Bersaglieri Battalion was renamed XXIII Bersaglieri Battalion, and in 1964 XI Bersaglieri Battalion. From 1969 onward regiment's structure was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0010-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\"\nWith the arrival of the XI Bersaglieri Battalion the three Silver Medals of Military Valour awarded during World War I to the battalion's predecessor unit, the XI Cyclists Battalion of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment, were temporarily affixed to the flag of the 182nd regiment and added to the regiment's coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0011-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\"\nWith the 1975 army reform the regimental level was abolished and battalions became independent units. The 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\" was the last infantry regiment to disband on 15 July 1976 and the next day its XI Bersaglieri Battalion became the 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\", while its XIII Tank Battalion became the 13th Tank Battalion \"M.O. Pascucci\". The war flag and traditions of the 182nd Regiment \"Garibaldi\" were assigned to the 11th Caprera, while the name of the regiment was transferred to the 8th Mechanized Brigade \"Garibaldi\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0011-0001", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\"\nThe 11th Bersaglieri Battalion was named for the island of Caprera, where Giuseppe Garibaldi had spent the last years of his life. The battalion inherited the right to wear a red tie, moved from Sacile to Orcenico Superiore and joined the 8th Mechanized Brigade \"Garibaldi\", while the 13th Pascucci moved to Cordenons and joined the Mechanized Brigade \"Brescia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0012-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\"\nThe Gold Medal of Military Valour awarded to the 182nd Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\" remained on the flag the 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\" inherited, and therefore the medal was temporarily assigned to the 11th Caprera, which added it to its coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0013-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\"\nFor its conduct and work after the 1976 Friuli earthquake the battalion was awarded a Bronze Medal of Army Valour, which was affixed to the battalion's war flag and added to the battalion's coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0014-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\"\nOn 30 September 1992 the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Jamiano\" in Aviano was reformed as 11th Bersaglieri Regiment. On 21 October of the same year the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Jamiano\" in Aviano disbanded and 11th Bersaglieri Regiment headquarters moved to Orcenico Superiore, where it took command of the troops of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment \"Caprera\", which was renamed on that day 27th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Jamiano\". In parallel the headquarters of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment \"Caprera\" moved to Bari and joined the Mechanized Brigade \"Pinerolo\" as core of the to-be-formed 7th Bersaglieri Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0014-0001", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\"\nAs the 10th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Bezzecca\", who had been assigned the flag of the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment in 1975, had entered the 6th Bersaglieri Regiment, the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment received its original flag and therefore the flag of the 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", which had been the flag of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment \"Caprera\", was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0015-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", History, 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\"\nOn 18 April 1997 the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Jamiano\" of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment was renamed 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\" and with this all the traditions of and all the awards bestowed on the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment and its battalions were reunited in one unit. Consequently, the three Silver Medals of Military Valour awarded to the XI Cyclists Battalion, which were affixed on the flag of the 182nd Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\" were transferred from the 182nd's flag to the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment's flag. With the entry of the 11th Bersaglieri Battalion \"Caprera\" the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment gained the right to wear a red tie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0016-0000", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", Regimental particularities\nThe 182nd regiment was a unique unit with many particularities shared with no other unit of the Italian Army. Italian infantry regiments have always been raised in pairs with consecutive numbers and sharing the same name, however as there never was a 181st Infantry Regiment, the 182nd Infantry Regiment is the only solitary infantry regiment of the Italian Army. The 182nd Regiment was also the only regiment named after a person.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021533-0016-0001", "contents": "182nd Armored Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\", Regimental particularities\nAll Italian infantry regiments received unique gorget patches they shared only with their sister regiment, with the 182nd being the only infantry regiment, which never received them: from its founding until 1 December 1948 the regiment wore the gorget patches of the Alpini corps, and after 1 December 1948 the gorget patches of the 183rd Infantry Regiment \"Nembo\" and 184th Infantry Regiment \"Nembo\". After it was reformed as armored infantry regiment the members of the regiment wore the gorget patches of the Bersaglieri and tank specialities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021534-0000-0000", "contents": "182nd Battalion (Ontario County), CEF\nThe 182nd Battalion (Ontario County), CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Whitby, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Ontario County, Ontario. After sailing to England in May 1917, the battalion was either absorbed into the 18th Reserve Battalion or into the 3rd Canadian Reserve Battalion (Central Ontario). The 182nd  Battalion (Ontario County), CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. A. A. Cockburn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021534-0001-0000", "contents": "182nd Battalion (Ontario County), CEF\nThe 182nd Battalion (Ontario County), CEF, is perpetuated by The Ontario Regiment (RCAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021535-0000-0000", "contents": "182nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 182nd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c182\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948,. basing on the 38th Brigade, 13th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced to the 1st Independent Brigade of Taihang Military District formed in October 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021535-0001-0000", "contents": "182nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 544th, 545th, and 546th Infantry Regiments. As a part of 61st Corps the division took part in the Chinese Civil War, including the Linfen Campaign, Taiyuan Campaign, Fumei Campaign and Chengdu Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021535-0002-0000", "contents": "182nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn March 1951, the division was transferred to 11th Corps following 61th Corps' disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021535-0003-0000", "contents": "182nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1951, Tank Regiment, 182nd Division was activated, which was later renamed as 387th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021535-0004-0000", "contents": "182nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1952 the division was reorganized as the 8th Railway Engineer Division(Chinese: \u94c1\u9053\u5de5\u7a0b\u7b2c8\u5e08)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021535-0005-0000", "contents": "182nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn May 1954, 387th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was detached and joined 191st Division as 396th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021535-0006-0000", "contents": "182nd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1954, the division was reorganized as 4th Engineer Bureau, General Bureau of Railway Construction, Ministry of Railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0000-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 182nd Infantry Division (German: 182. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II. The unit, at times designated Commander of Reserve Troops XII/II (German: Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen XII/II), 182nd Division (German: 182. Division),  Division No. 182 (German: Division Nr. 182), 182nd Replacement Division (German: 182. Ersatz-Division), Division Nancy (German: Division Nanzig), Division G\u00fcmbel, Division Karl, and 182nd Reserve Division (German: 182. Reserve-Division), was active between 1939 and 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0001-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division was destroyed in the Caen area in early August 1944, then deployed in Slovakia in November of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0002-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nA second command staff for Wehrkreis XII (Wiesbaden), designated Kommandeur der Ersatztruppen XII/II, was formed on 20 October 1939. This staff was redesignated 182. Division on 7 November 1939, then located in Litzmannstadt, and renamed again to become Division Nr. 182 on 23 December 1939. The division's initial commander was Friedrich Bayer, appointed on 19 October 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0003-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division Nr. 182\nThe division consisted of the following elements in March 1940:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0004-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division Nr. 182\nOn 24 April 1940, Bayer was replaced as divisional commander by Hans von Basse. On 10 August 1940, the division was deployed back to Koblenz in Wehrkreis XII. The divisional structure remained largely the same, with only one additional unit in the form of Marchine Gun Replacement Battalion 14 at Bitburg. Regiment 79 was moved to Koblenz, Regiment 246 to Trier, and Regiment 263 to Idar-Oberstein. The Artillery Replacement Regiment 34 and the Pioneer Replacement Battalion 34 were moved to Koblenz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0005-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division Nr. 182\nOn 30 May 1941, Basse was replaced as divisional commander by Franz Karl. On 15 July 1941, the division was moved from the Koblenz area to the vicinity Nancy in occupied France. Division No. 182 consisted of the following elements at that point:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0006-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division Nr. 182\nOn 5 June 1942, Karl was replaced as divisional commander by Karl G\u00fcmbel. On 13 June 1942, the division was joined by Infantry Replacement Regiment 112 (Battalions: 110, 256, 437, 438), which had been redeployed from Darmstadt to Chalons. In exchange, the division passed Regiment 246 in Luxembourg City to Division No. 172.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0007-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Replacement Division (Division Karl, Division G\u00fcmbel)\nOn 10 July 1942, the alert units of the 182nd Division were called up and moved towards Draveil starting on 13 July. The resulting force was still officially designated Division Nr. 182, but concurrently also carried the titles 182. Ersatz-Division, and was further nicknamed Division G\u00fcmbel or Division Karl after the divisional commander at that time. Franz Karl returned to once again replace Karl G\u00fcmbel as divisional commander on 3 August 1942. In August 1942, the 182nd Division was put under the supervision of the XXV Army Corps, which was in turn under the 7th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 105], "content_span": [106, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0008-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)\nThose parts of the division that had remained in the Nancy sector instead of deploying to Draveil were once again put under a staff titled Division No. 182 on 11 July 1942. That staff was renamed Division Nanzig on 1 September 1942 and again redesignated Division No. 462 on 15 October 1942. Paul Lettow took divisional command from Karl on 27 September 1942. Division No. 462 was split on 26 November 1942 as part of the reorganization of the Replacement Army, and the replacement units stayed with the 462nd, whereas the training units came to the 182nd Reserve Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0009-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)\nIn December 1942, the 182nd Division was put under the LXXXII Army Corps of the 15th Army. It remained there until February 1943, before moving to the reserves of Army Group D until January 1944. On 5 December 1942, Otto Schilling replaced Lettow as divisional commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0010-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)\nIn December 1943, the 182nd Reserve Division consisted of the following elements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0011-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)\nOn 20 January 1944, Reserve Grenadier Regiment 263 was disbanded and its three battalions were used for formations of various new units. Battalion 463 joined the 988th Regiment under the 276th Infantry Division, whereas Battalions 483 and 485 joined Regiments 981 and 982 respectively, both of which were part of the 272nd Infantry Division. Furthermore, Battalions 226 and 697 were taken out of Regiments 79 and 342 to be used for the formation of Division Wahn following an order of 28 January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0012-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)\nOn 23 January 1944, the 182nd Reserve Division was moved to the Pas-de-Calais area, with new headquarters set up at Helfaut. The division was taken out of the army group reserves and given to the reserves of the 15th Army instead. On 25 March 1944, Richard Baltzer took command of the division, a post he would hold until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0013-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)\nThe 182nd Reserve Division consisted of the following elements on 1 March 1944:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0014-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)\nFollowing an order from 30 July 1944 (in response to Operation Overlord), the 182nd Reserve Division was mobilized into the field army and subsequently destroyed by Allied forces in the Caen area. A reorganization into a Shadow Division of the 24th Aufstellungswelle that was ordered by Oberbefehlshaber West did not come to pass. Another planned reorganization into a 182nd Field Training Division, ordered by OKH on 20 August 1944, also failed to materialize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0015-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Reserve Division (Division Nancy)\nA full redeployment of the 182nd Division was scheduled to be conducted in Wehrkreis X (Hamburg) starting in October 1944, but the division was called to Slovakia ahead of the deployment's completion on 20 November 1944. Here, the division was to complete deployment in the Nitra area in Wehrkreis XVII (Vienna), using recruits from Wehrkreis XII (Wiesbaden). The division's structure in late 1944 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0016-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Infantry Division\nOn 1 April 1945, just over a month before German surrender, the 182nd Reserve Division became the 182nd Infantry Division. The Reserve Grenadier Regiments 79, 112, and 342 became the Grenadier Regiments 663, 664, and 665, respectively. Each of these regiments retained the strength of two battalions each. The Reserve Artillery Regiment 1082, at only one battalion, became the Artillery Regiment 1082.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021536-0017-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 182nd Infantry Division\nThe division was in Slovakia when the war ended, under the command of LXXII Army Corps of the 8th Army under Army Group South. Baltzer was still divisional commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0000-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 182d Infantry Regiment is the oldest regiment in the United States Army. The regiment traces its history more than 230 years, when it was a colonial regiment of foot of the British Crown in Massachusetts. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812. It later served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, with Union forces in the American Civil War, and as a federalized Massachusetts National Guard regiment with the U.S. Army during World War I and World War II. For many years the regiment was a mechanized unit, and in 2006 the regiment was converted into the 182d Cavalry Regiment, headquartered at Melrose Armory in Melrose, Massachusetts. Converted back into infantry in 2010, the only active element of the regiment is the 1st Battalion, 182d Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0001-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Formation and colonial operations\nThe 182d Infantry Regiment traces its origins to the North Regiment which was constituted and organized on 7 October 1636 from existing training bands at Charlestown, New Town, Watertown, Concord, and Dedham. The regiment was redesignated on 10 March 1643 as the Regiment of Middlesex. As a colonial regiment operating in the American wilderness, the regiment was quick to incorporate changes in tactical doctrine based on conditions encountered in fighting Native Americans in King Philip's War and other conflicts, requiring each militiaman to own a modern flintlock musket prior to 1675.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0001-0001", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Formation and colonial operations\nThe unit was divided into two regiments on 13 October 1680, one designated as the Lower Regiment of Middlesex, to include the town of Charlestown, Cambridge, Watertown, Woburn, Malden and Reading. It was redesignated prior to 1733 as the 1st Regiment of Militia of Middlesex. (The 2nd Middlesex Regiment, born of this division, has also survived as the 181st Infantry Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0002-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Massachusetts Army and the American Revolution\nAt the onset of the American Revolutionary War, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, meeting as a shadow government, ordered the activation of the 1st Middlesex County Regiment on 19 April 1775. It was reorganized and entered the Massachusetts Army as Gardner's Regiment on 23 April 1775 (elements of the regiment remained with the 1st Middlesex County Regiment for depot guards and for local defense). It was redesignated as Bond's Regiment upon the death of Colonel Gardner, on 3 July 1775. The unit was again redesignated on 1 January 1776 as the 25th Continental Regiment of the Continental Army, and on 1 January 1777 as the 7th Massachusetts Regiment, Continental Line. The regiment was mustered out of Continental service on 12 June 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0003-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, War of 1812\nThe 182d Infantry is one of only nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0004-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nThe unit was ordered into active service for the defense of Washington on 19 April 1861 with attached companies from the 1st and 7th Regiments of Infantry, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, and Major Cook's Light Artillery Company. It was mustered into federal service on 1 May 1861 at Washington, D.C., for three months service, and assigned to the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division. It participated in the First Battle of Bull Run before being mustered out on 1 August 1861 at Boston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0004-0001", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nThe unit was again mustered into federal service between 16 September \u2013 8 October 1862 at Wenham for nine months service; during which time it served in the Department of North Carolina and with the XVIII Corps. It was mustered out on 2 July 1863 at Wenham. It was mustered into federal service at Camp Meigs, Readville, Massachusetts, in July 1864 for 100 days service and served with the VIII Corps in the Middle Military Division (Baltimore and vicinity) before being mustered out on 16 November 1864 at Readville and resumed state militia status as the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0005-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nDuring the 1898 Spanish\u2013American War the 5th Massachusetts was mustered into federal service but did not go overseas. On 15 November 1907, the 5th Massachusetts, as part of the land forces of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, was redesignated as a regiment of the Massachusetts National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0006-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nThe 5th Massachusetts was mustered into federal service on 25 June 1916 at Framingham for duty on the Mexican Border while stationed at El Paso, Texas. The regiment mustered out between 10\u201315 November 1916. It was re-activated on 25 July 1917 and drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917 for service in World War I. The 5th Massachusetts was redesignated on 11 February 1918 as the 3rd Pioneer Infantry Regiment, and served in the U.S. First Army sector in France before being demobilized between 25\u201331 July 1919 at Camp Devens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0007-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nThe unit reorganized on 12 July 1920 as the 5th Infantry Regiment of the Massachusetts National Guard. On 21 March 1923, it was redesignated as the 182d Infantry Regiment, and assigned to the 51st Infantry Brigade along with the 101st Infantry Regiment. The 51st Infantry Brigade seems to have been assigned to the 26th Infantry Division. It was subsequently reorganized and federally recognized on 11 April 1923 with headquarters at Charlestown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0008-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe unit was inducted into federal service on 16 January 1941 at Charlestown for service in World War II. It was relieved from the 26th Division and assigned to the Task Force 6814, on 14 January 1942, which was sent to Melbourne, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0009-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nOn 6 March 1942 the men of the 182d broke camp outside Melbourne and boarded troop trains for the docks in Melbourne. With the rest of the Task Force, the 182d traveled to a classified destination which turned out to be New Caledonia, where they arrived on 12 March 1942. On 27 May 1942, Task Force 6814 was redesignated the Americal Division, one of only two American infantry divisions to be assigned a name instead of a number (Americal is a combination of the words American and Caledonia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0010-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAs part of a piecemeal transfer of the Americal Division, the 182d was deployed to combat in the Battle of Guadalcanal on 12 November 1942, where the regiment's 3rd Battalion participated in an operation to capture the Japanese defensive works atop the Sea Horse, a prominent terrain feature on the island. Maintaining contact with elements of other U.S. Army regiments in the assault, the 3rd Battalion began its ascent, and by 30 December was in action against Japanese forces atop the Sea Horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0010-0001", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe fighting was so intense that some of the Americans could not be removed after being killed, and were buried where they fell. In 2008, the remains of Lt. Raymond S. Woods of the 182nd Infantry Regiment, who was killed in action on 30 December 1942 in fighting atop the Sea Horse Ridge, were located and transferred to JPAC. The 182d later fought in the Bougainville campaign, the Northern Solomons, and later in the Battle of Leyte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0011-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nOn 26 March 1945, during Operation Victor II, the 182d landed at Talisay Beach, four miles (6.5\u00a0km) west of Cebu City, taking Cebu City the next day. Moving into the jungled hills of the interior, the 182nd fought the Battle of Go Chan Hill 28\u201329 March 1945 and then battled to clear the other hills in the area. They were heavily counterattacked by fanatical Japanese defenders on Bolo Ridge. After eliminating Japanese resistance on Cebu, the 182d rested and reequipped, later boarding ship from Cebu for occupation duty in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0012-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nNear the end of the war, the Americal Division was renamed the 23rd Infantry Division, though it retained its original designation in both official documents and informal usage throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0013-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Later service\nThe 2nd Battalion inactivated on 29 November 1945 at Fort Lewis, Washington. The regiment (less 2nd Battalion which inactivated on 2 December 1945 at Fort Lawton staging area, WA) was relieved from the Americal Division and assigned to the 182d Regimental Combat Team on 8 July 1946. It reorganized and was federally recognized on 5 December 1946 with headquarters at Charlestown. Its headquarters relocated to Melrose on 30 September 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0014-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Later service\nThe unit was relieved from the 182d Regimental Combat Team on 1 May 1959 and reorganized as the 182d Infantry (Mechanized) under the Combat Arms Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0015-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Later service\nIn 2004 Charlie Company was attached to Task Force 1-114th and deployed to Egypt with the Multinational Forces Of Observers. Upon their return 10 volunteers from Charlie (official designated Charlie Company Forward) was attached to 3-103rd AR under 2/28 BCT. They served in Ramadi Iraq until 2006", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0016-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Later service\nIn 2006, the regiment was reorganized and redesignated the 182nd Cavalry Regiment, ending 370 years of history as an infantry regiment. Thus as a Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition force, the 1st Squadron, 182nd Cavalry Regiment served as a fast-moving armored reconnaissance unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0017-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Later service\nFrom August 2006 to November 2007 the 1st Squadron 182d Cavalry served as Task Force Patriot in Kosovo. They were responsible for a large portion of southern Kosovo in the turbulent year that preceded final status and independence for Kosovo from Serbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0018-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Later service\nAs of 2007, the squadron had detached elements serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2008, the squadron completed a 15-month tour of active duty in Kosovo supporting the NATO efforts there as part of Task Force Patriot. One notable contribution of the Task Force was the collection of school supplies and textbooks for children in remote areas of the country through its civil affairs program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0019-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Back to infantry\nAn online article by the Massachusetts Army National Guard, dated 3 August 2009, stated that the unit would soon revert to an infantry configuration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0020-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Back to infantry\nEffective 13 December 2010, the 1\u2013182d Cavalry was yet again redesignated to the 1\u2013182d Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0021-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Back to infantry\nIn March 2011, the 1st Battalion 182d Infantry mobilized for service in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. In June 2011, the 182d Infantry relieved the 181st Infantry in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0022-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Back to infantry\nDelta company 2nd platoon was inserted into Assadabad Afghanistan at FOB WRIGHT in June 2011 and manned remotely positioned observation post Nevada upon a ridge line 8 kilometers from the Pakistan border over seeing the Sar Kani village and the Kunar valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0022-0001", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Back to infantry\nThey received many distinguished decorations to include the Purple Heart, the ARCOM; they conducted more than 75 combat missions in which they were either a gunner, driver or dismounted personnel, the NATO award was awarded for service in relation to ISAF operations, the over seas service ribbon (OSR), the global war on terrorism service medal (GWOTSM), Afghanistan campaign medal with 1st campaign star, certain members of the platoon were awarded the Combat Infantry Badge for direct participation in ground combat action for having been personally present and under hostile enemy fire in Afghanistan, Pech Valley, Kunar province while leaving Cop Honaker-Miracle the patrol was ambushed with IED explosion dividing the element in half they relied on their training and prevailed with no casualties, on 17 Aug 2011 while serving with PRT Kunar in direct support of operation enduring freedom, the NAVY achievement medal was awarded to the national guard soldiers that were attached with the Navy element  At the end of March 2012, having been relieved by the 143rd Infantry, the 182d Infantry was released from active duty, having completed its tour in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 1236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021537-0023-0000", "contents": "182nd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Back to infantry\nIn July 2015, the 1-182 IN conducted Annual Training with the New York Army National Guard's 27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) as part of the 'aligned for training' initiative. The 1-182 IN will be officially assigned to the 27th IBCT on 1 October 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021538-0000-0000", "contents": "182nd Mixed Brigade\nThe 182nd Mixed Brigade (Spanish: 182.\u00aa Brigada Mixta), was a mixed brigade of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. It was formed in the spring of 1938 in Andalusia and had four battalions, the 725, 726, 727 and 728.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021538-0001-0000", "contents": "182nd Mixed Brigade\nApparently this mixed brigade ended up in the last Republican zone behind the XYZ Line at the end of the conflict. But data are lacking regarding its final fate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021538-0002-0000", "contents": "182nd Mixed Brigade, History, Northern Army unit\nIn 1937 the Spanish Republican Army Chief of Staff had planned to form a 182nd Mixed Brigade made up from battalions belonging to the Carabineros Corps that would have been placed under the 56th Division of the XVI Army Corps as a reserve of the Northern Army (Ej\u00e9rcito del Norte). However, in the summer of 1937 the isolated Republican territory in Northern Spain fell to the rebel faction and this unit ended up not being established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021538-0003-0000", "contents": "182nd Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit\nOn 30 April 1938 a new unit named '182nd Mixed Brigade' was established in Andalusia. It was placed under the 54th Division of the IX Army Corps of the Andalusian Army (Ej\u00e9rcito de Andaluc\u00eda). The commander of the unit was Militia Major Pablo Careaga Odriozola. When the 54th Mixed Brigade was disbanded its troops and materiel were integrated into the newly formed 182nd Mixed Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021538-0004-0000", "contents": "182nd Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit\nOn 12 June 1938, in the face of the imminent takeover of Castell\u00f3n de la Plana by the Francoist armies, the 54th Division was transferred to this front in order to become part of the XIII Army Corps of the Levantine Army (Ej\u00e9rcito de Levante). But when the 182nd Mixed Brigade arrived to the front line on 21 July the city had already been lost to the rebel forces. Since the situation was irreversible the 182nd Mixed Brigade withdrew southwards, seeking the protection afforded by the XYZ Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021538-0005-0000", "contents": "182nd Mixed Brigade, History, Latter unit\nIt seems that this unit remained in this relatively less active area of the front, seeing little action until the end of the Civil War. Some members of the brigade managed to reach France, but the fate of many others is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021539-0000-0000", "contents": "182nd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 182nd New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021539-0001-0000", "contents": "182nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 182nd New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York in November 1862 and mustered in under the command of Colonel Mathew Murphy. Man of the men who enlisted were serving in the 69th New York State Militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021539-0002-0000", "contents": "182nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Newport News, Virginia, Department of Virginia, to December 1862. Corcoran's Brigade, Division at Suffolk, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to April 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps, to July 1863. Corcoran's Brigade, King's Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, Corcoran's Division, XXII Corps, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, Tyler's Division, XXII Corps, to May 1864. 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021539-0003-0000", "contents": "182nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 182nd New York Infantry mustered out of service July 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021539-0004-0000", "contents": "182nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Newport News, Virginia, November 10, 1862. Duty at Newport News, Va., until December 1862, and at Suffolk until May 1863. Action at Deserted House, Va., January 30, 1863. Siege of Suffolk April 12-May 4. Attack on Suffolk April 24. Nansemond River May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Operations on Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad May 12\u201326. Holland House, Carrsville, May 15\u201316. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 12, and duty in and about the defenses of that city and guard duty along Orange & Alexandria Railroad until May 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021539-0004-0001", "contents": "182nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to join the Army of the Potomac in the field May 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 17-June 15. Spotsylvania Court House May 17\u201321. North Anna River May 28-26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration north of the James July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Demonstration north of the James August 13\u201320. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Ream's Station August 25. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021539-0004-0002", "contents": "182nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Boydton and White Oak Road March 29\u201331. Crow's House March 31. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. At Burkesville until May 2. March to Washington, D.C., May 2\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23. Duty at Washington until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021539-0005-0000", "contents": "182nd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 126 men during service; 8 officers and 65 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 53 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0000-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature\nThe 182nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met in Albany from January 5, 1977, to December 31, 1978, during the third and fourth years of Hugh Carey's governorship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0001-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938 and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1971, and amended in 1974, by the Legislature, 60 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned contiguously without restrictions regarding county boundaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0002-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, the Communist Party, the Socialist Workers Party, the Libertarian Party and the Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0003-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1976, was held on November 2. The only statewide elective offices up for election was a U.S. Senator from New York. Democrat Daniel Patrick Moynihan, with Liberal endorsement, defeated the incumbent Conservative James L. Buckley who had Republican endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. Senator, was: Democrats 3,239,000; Republicans 2,525,000; Conservatives 311,000; Liberals 184,000; Communists 25,000; Socialist Workers 16,000; Libertarians 11,000; and Labor 7,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0004-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nEight of the eleven women members of the previous legislature\u2014State Senators Carol Bellamy (Dem. ), a lawyer of Brooklyn; Karen Burstein (Dem. ), a lawyer of Lawrence; and Linda Winikow (Dem. ), of Spring Valley; and Assemblywomen Jean Amatucci (Dem. ), a registered nurse of White Lake; Elizabeth Connelly (Dem. ), of Staten Island; Estella B. Diggs (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Mary B. Goodhue (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Kisco; and Gerdi E. Lipschutz (Dem. ), of Queens\u2014were re-elected. Mary Rose McGee (Dem. ), of Huntington, was also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0005-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1977, was held on November 8. No statewide elective offices were up for election. Two vacancies in the Assembly were filled. State Senator Carol Bellamy was elected President of the New York City Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0006-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nOn February 14, 1978, Pinny Cooke (Rep.) was elected to fill a vacancy in the Assembly; and on April 11, 1978, Olga A. M\u00e9ndez (Dem.) was elected to fill a vacancy in the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0007-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 200th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1977; and recessed indefinitely on July 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0008-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWarren M. Anderson (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0009-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 201st) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1978; and recessed indefinitely on June 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0010-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 14, 1978, Assemblywoman Jean Amatucci had a baby son, becoming the first New York state legislator to give birth during her elected term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0011-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0012-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0013-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021540-0014-0000", "contents": "182nd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021541-0000-0000", "contents": "182nd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 182nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 182nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 182nd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021541-0001-0000", "contents": "182nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 182nd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio August 4 through October 13, 1864, and mustered in for one year service on October 27, 1864, under the command of Colonel Lewis Butler. Five companies were first organized at Camp Toledo in Toledo, Ohio, before being sent to Camp Chase to complete organization of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021541-0002-0000", "contents": "182nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Post and Defenses of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to December 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XX Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1865. Garrison at Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021541-0003-0000", "contents": "182nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 182nd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service July 7, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee, and was discharged at Camp Chase on July 13, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021541-0004-0000", "contents": "182nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThis regiment was organized in the state at large from Aug. 4 to Oct. 27, 1864, to serve for one year. On Nov. 1 it was ordered to Nashville Tenn., and on the 6th joined Gen. Thomas' forces at that place. The regiment took part in the Battle of Nashville, where it remained performing guard and provost duty until July 7, 1865, when it was mustered out in accordance with orders from the war department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021541-0005-0000", "contents": "182nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 61 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0000-0000", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company\nThe 182nd Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0001-0000", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0002-0000", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0002-0001", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0002-0002", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0003-0000", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0004-0000", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history\n182nd Tunnelling Company was formed about October 1915, and from December 1915 until the end of the war the company served under Fourth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0005-0000", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Battle of Messines\nAfter its formation, the 182nd Tunnelling Company was deployed for work in positions near Bailleul in October 1915. The unit then took over the newly-begun Kruisstraat deep mines near Wytschaete. Preparations for digging deep mines at Kruisstraat were begun by 250th Tunnelling Company in December 1915, handed over to 182nd Tunnelling Company at the beginning of January 1916, and to 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company  at the end of the month. These activities formed part of the mines that were dug by the British 171st, 175th, 250th, 1st Canadian, 3rd Canadian and 1st Australian Tunnelling companies as part of the prelude to the Battle of Messines (7\u201314 June 1917), while the British 183rd, 2nd Canadian and 2nd Australian Tunnelling companies built deep dugouts (underground shelters) in the Second Army area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0006-0000", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Armenti\u00e8res\n182nd Tunnelling Company then moved to Armenti\u00e8res and was relieved there in March 1916 by 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0007-0000", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge\nSpring 1916 saw the 182nd Tunnelling Company move to Berthonval and the construction of subways in Zouave Valley on Vimy Ridge. Vimy was an area of busy underground activity for much of the war. British tunnellers had taken over mining in the area progressively from the French between February and May 1916. From spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge, and  during the first two months of their tenure in the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0007-0001", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge\nBetween October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this 7 kilometres (4.3\u00a0mi) sector of the Western Front. In May 1916, a German infantry attack, which forced the British back 640 metres (700\u00a0yd), was aimed at neutralising British mining activity by capturing the shaft entrances. From June 1916, however, the Germans withdrew many miners to work on the Hindenburg Line and also for work in coal mines in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0007-0002", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge\nIn the second half of 1916 the British constructed strong defensive underground positions, and from August 1916, the  Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme to support a large-scale infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was subsequently postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of 12 kilometres (7.5\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0008-0000", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge\nIn addition to 182nd Tunnelling Company, also 172nd, 175th, 176th, 184th and 185th Tunnelling Companies were active around Vimy, as was 255th Tunnelling Company. The Canadian Corps was posted to the northern part of Vimy Ridge in October 1916 and preparations for an attack were revived in February 1917. Prior to the Battle of Vimy Ridge (9\u201312 April 1917), the British tunnelling companies secretly laid a series of explosive charges under German positions in an effort to destroy surface fortifications before the assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0008-0001", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge\nThe original plan had called for 17 mines and 9 Wombat charges to support the infantry attack, of which 13 (possibly 14) mines and 8 Wombat charges were eventually laid. At the same time, 19 crater groups existed along this section of the Western Front, each with several large craters. In order to assess the consequences of infantry having to advance across cratered ground after a mining attack, officers from the Canadian Corps visited La Boisselle and Fricourt where the mines on the first day of the Somme had been blown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0008-0002", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge\nTheir reports and the experience of the Canadians at St Eloi in April 1916 \u2013 where mines had so altered and damaged the landscape as to render occupation of the mine craters by the infantry all but impossible \u2013, led to the decision to remove offensive mining from the central sector allocated to the Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0008-0003", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge\nFurther British mines in the area were vetoed following the blowing by the Germans on 23 March 1917 of nine craters along no man's land as it was probable that the Germans were aiming to restrict an Allied attack to predictable points. The three mines already laid by 172nd Tunnelling Company were also dropped from the British plans. They were left in place after the assault and were only removed in the 1990s. Another mine, prepared by 176th Tunnelling Company against the German strongpoint known as the Pimple, was not completed in time for the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0008-0004", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy Ridge\nThe gallery had been pushed silently through the clay, avoiding the sandy and chalky layers of the Vimy Ridge, but by 9 April 1917 was still 21 metres (70\u00a0ft) short of its target. In the end, two mines were blown before the attack, while three mines and two Wombat charges were fired to support the attack, including those forming a northern flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021542-0009-0000", "contents": "182nd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive\nAt the time of the German spring offensive in March 1918, when the enemy broke through the Lys positions, the 182nd Tunnelling Company was in the very southern area occupied by Fifth Army, scattered over a wide area. Gathered near Fargniers (near Tergnier on the St-Quentin canal), the Company was used as emergency infantry in the defence of Nos 1 and 2 Keeps. This was followed by a fighting withdrawal to Baboeuf and then Varesnes (near Noyon). When the tide turned, troops of the 182nd Tunnelling Company were involved in the capture of the Bellicourt canal tunnel, Landrecies and Le Cateau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021543-0000-0000", "contents": "182nd\u2013183rd Streets station\n182nd\u2013183rd Streets is a local station on the IND Concourse Line of the New York City Subway. It is served by D train at all times except rush hours in the peak direction and the B train during rush hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021543-0001-0000", "contents": "182nd\u2013183rd Streets station, History\nThis station was built as part of the IND Concourse Line, which was one of the original lines of the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND). The route of the Concourse Line was approved to Bedford Park Boulevard on June 12, 1925 by the New York City Board of Transportation. Construction of the line began in July 1928. The station opened on July 1, 1933, along with the rest of the Concourse subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021543-0002-0000", "contents": "182nd\u2013183rd Streets station, Station layout\nThis underground station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center track is used by the D express train during rush hours in the peak direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021543-0003-0000", "contents": "182nd\u2013183rd Streets station, Station layout\nBoth platforms have a Claret red trim line with a black border and mosaic name tablets reading \"182ND-183RD ST.\" in white sans-serif lettering on a black background with a Claret red border. Below the trim line are tile captions in white lettering on a black background showing \"182\" in the south half of the station and \"183\" in the north half, similar to the arrangement at the 174th\u2013175th Streets station. There are also directional tile captions below the name tablet mosaics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021543-0004-0000", "contents": "182nd\u2013183rd Streets station, Station layout\nHunter green i-beams run along the platforms at regular intervals with alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021543-0005-0000", "contents": "182nd\u2013183rd Streets station, Station layout, Exits\nThe mezzanine used to be full length, but has been reduced in size. Because of this, the station's name is a misnomer. Crossovers between the two directions are allowed only from the northernmost set of stairs. The only open exits are at all four corners of 182nd Street and Grand Concourse. A gated-off passageway on the north end of the mezzanine lead to a former booth and exits to all four corners of 183rd Street. The stairs have been sealed on street level as early as 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021543-0006-0000", "contents": "182nd\u2013183rd Streets station, Station layout, Exits\nThere were two additional exits at the south end that lead to both sides of the Grand Concourse and Anthony Avenue (between East 181st and 182nd Streets). At the request of the local community, these exits and the passageway leading to them were temporarily closed in January 1989 due to low usage, safety hazards and because vandals and criminals frequented the area. After the hearings took place in February and March the same year, these exits were completely shuttered after June 1989 and the stairs were also sealed on street level. However, the entrance structures remained on street level as early as June 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021544-0000-0000", "contents": "183\nYear 183 (CLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Victorinus (or, less frequently, year 936 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 183 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021545-0000-0000", "contents": "183 (number)\n183 (one hundred [and] eighty-three) is the natural number following 182 and preceding 184.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021546-0000-0000", "contents": "183 AM\nThe following radio station broadcasts on AM frequency 183 kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021547-0000-0000", "contents": "183 BC\nYear 183 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Labeo (or, less frequently, year 571 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 183 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021548-0000-0000", "contents": "183 Club\n183 Club is a Taiwanese boyband managed by Jungiery. In other words, 183 Club is part of J-Star. Originally they were called \"183 Yu Le Bu,\" meaning \"183 Entertainment Group,\" but it was later decided that the name should be shortened to what it is now: 183 Club. The average height of the original five members combined is roughly 183\u00a0cm, hence the group name 183 Club. However, it is true that only one member is actually 183\u00a0cm tall: Yen Hsing-su, the former leader of 183 Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021548-0001-0000", "contents": "183 Club\nThey have acted in various Taiwanese dramas such as Magicians of Love, The Prince Who Turns into a Frog and Le Robe de Mariage des Cieux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021548-0002-0000", "contents": "183 Club\nThe group's Magicians of Love Original Soundtrack won Best Original Soundtrack at the 2007 HITO Radio Music Awards, presented by Taiwanese radio station Hit FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021549-0000-0000", "contents": "183 Istria\nIstria (minor planet designation: 183 Istria) is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 33 kilometers (21 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 February 1878, by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Austrian Naval Observatory in Pola, in what is now Croatia. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 11.77 hours. It was named for the Istrian Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021549-0001-0000", "contents": "183 Istria, Orbit and classification\nIstria is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,703 days; semi-major axis of 2.79\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.35 and an inclination of 26\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021549-0002-0000", "contents": "183 Istria, Physical characteristics\nIstria has been characterized as a common, stony S-type asteroid in both the Tholen and SMASS classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021549-0003-0000", "contents": "183 Istria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 1979, a rotational lightcurve of Istria was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Alain Harris. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 11.77 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.31 magnitude (U=3). Observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a similar period of 11.6 hours (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021549-0004-0000", "contents": "183 Istria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Istria measures between 30.779 and 35.43 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1890 and 0.2582.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021549-0005-0000", "contents": "183 Istria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Istrian Peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, where the city of Pula (then Pola) with its discovering observatory is located. A the time the peninsula was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The asteroid's name was given by Vice-Admiral Bernhard von W\u00fcllerstorf-Urbair, who is known as the captain of the first Austrian circumnavigatory adventure with the sail frigate SMS Novara. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 183).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021550-0000-0000", "contents": "183 series\nThe 183 series (183\u7cfb, 183-kei) was a Japanese limited express electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1972 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and currently operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), and formerly also operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR-West). In terms of design, it is closely based on the late-model AC/DC 485 series, with minor cosmetic differences and DC-only drive. The last 189 series sets were withdrawn on March 29, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021550-0001-0000", "contents": "183 series\nThe trains were built by Hitachi, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kinki Sharyo, Nippon Sharyo, and Tokyu Car Corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021550-0002-0000", "contents": "183 series, Former operations, JR-West\nThe 183 series trains operated by JR-West were actually DC-only conversions of 485 series trainsets. They were used on limited-express services from Kyoto and Shin-Osaka to the northern coast of Kyoto and Hyogo prefectures, as part of the \"Kitakinki Big X Network\". These trainsets were gradually phased out from spring 2011 in favor of the new 287 series, and completely removed from regular scheduled services by the start of the revised timetable on 16 March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021551-0000-0000", "contents": "1830\n1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1830th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 830th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 30th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1830, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021551-0001-0000", "contents": "1830\nIt is known in European history as a rather tumultuous year with the Revolutions of 1830 in France, Belgium, Poland, Switzerland and Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021552-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Belgian general election\nElections to the temporary National Congress were held in Belgium on 3 November 1830, following the declaration of independence from the Netherlands. The elections were held using a modified form of the Dutch system, as defined by the Orders of the Provisional Government of 10 October and 12 October 1830. 200 members were elected by plurality in constituencies of varying sizes, and suffrage was restricted to taxpaying men over the age of 25, with a higher tax threshold in urban areas than rural ones. Although clergy and academics were exempt from the restrictions, only around 1% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021552-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 Belgian general election, Electoral system\nThe order of 12 October 1830 distributed the 200 seats among the 44 administrative districts of the nine Belgian provinces. Along with these deputies, an equal number of substitutes were elected in each district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021552-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 Belgian general election, Aftermath\nThe Constitution adopted in February 1831 instituted a bicameral parliament, the first elections for which were held a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021553-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Central American federal election\nAfter the victory of rebel liberal leader Francisco Moraz\u00e1n in 1829 by taking Guatemala City and thus ending the Central American Civil War, Moraz\u00e1n urged the Congress for new elections. This were held in 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021553-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 Central American federal election\nMain candidates were conservative leader Jos\u00e9 Cecilio del Valle and Moraz\u00e1n himself. After the election Moraz\u00e1n obtained 202 electoral votes and Valle 103, still less than required for both to win according to the Constitution (same that happened in the 1825 election) though this time the liberal-dominated Congress chose to respect the popular vote, which favoured Moraz\u00e1n, proclaiming him president for a four-year term. Valle accepted the results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021554-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Colombian presidential election\nIndirect presidential elections were held in Gran Colombia on 4 May 1830 following the resignation of incumbent President Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar. Joaqu\u00edn Mosquera was elected President, whilst Domingo Caycedo was elected Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021554-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 Colombian presidential election, Background\nSuffering from ill-health, President Bol\u00edvar resigned in January 1830 during a Constitutional Convention. He named Domingo Caycedo as his successor until a Congressional vote in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021554-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 Colombian presidential election, Aftermath\nMosquera and Caycedo were forced out of office on 4 September under pressure from the military. General Rafael Urdaneta was appointed interim president the following day whilst a response from Bol\u00edvar on whether he would return to the Presidency was awaited. However, he refused to accept the post, and gave his support to Urdaneta. Bol\u00edvar died in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021554-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 Colombian presidential election, Aftermath\nFollowing a brief civil war in early 1831, Urdaneta left office and elections were held for a Constituent Assembly. Presidential elections were held the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021555-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1830 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 8, 1830. Incumbent governor and National Republican nominee Gideon Tomlinson ran essentially unopposed, winning with 96.19% of the vote amidst a scattering of votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021555-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nTomlinson would resign on March 2, 1831, to take his seat in the United States Senate, making John Samuel Peters the acting governor for the remainder of his term until May 4, 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021556-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Constitution of Ecuador\nThe 1830 Constitution of Ecuador was the first constitution governing the Republic of Ecuador. It was written by the 1830 Constituent Congress that met in the city of Riobamba, which began their work on August 14 with the assistance of 20 deputies. The constitution was adopted on September 11, 1830, by the Constituent Congress, who in 45 days, in addition to the new constitution, also issued several new laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021556-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 Constitution of Ecuador, Background\nAfter the disintegration of Gran Colombia, May 12, 1830, the Distrito del Sur (Southern District) formed a new nation under the name Republic of Ecuador. Under the Act of Quito of May 13, 1830, General Juan Jos\u00e9 Flores was named interim leader, with broad powers to organize the new state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021556-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 Constitution of Ecuador, Background\nOn May 31, 1830, Flores in his capacity of Encargado del Mando Civil y Militar issued a decree convoking a Constituent Assembly, which was to meet on August 10, 1830, in Riobamba. However, because of organizational difficulties and problems with transport of deputies to Riobamba, the Constituent Congress began its work on August 14, with the assistance of 20 deputies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021556-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 Constitution of Ecuador, Contents\nThe constitution contains a preamble and 75 articles, of which 73 are divided into nine titles. The remaining two articles are \"transitory articles\". There is also a final provision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021557-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 French legislative election\nThe 1830 general election organized the first legislature of the July Monarchy but was meant to organize the sixth legislature of the Bourbon Restoration. The election was held on 5 and 13 July, with the second round held on 19 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021557-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 French legislative election\nOddly, the election was organized under the Restoration (the first round being held before the July Revolution), but the legislature was entirely under the new July Monarchy. A quarter of the seats (119) were submitted to by-elections in autumn 1830 (see Administrative epuration).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021557-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 French legislative election, Results\nThe legislature was immediately dissolved by Charles X of France, but continued its term under Louis-Philippe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021558-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1830 Illinois gubernatorial election was the fourth quadrennial election for this office. State Representative John Reynolds was elected comfortably, defeating Lt. Governor William Kinney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021559-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Louisiana gubernatorial special election\nThe 1830 Louisiana gubernatorial special election was the sixth gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article III Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor. This particular election was called after the death of Governor Pierre Derbigny", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021560-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1830 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 13, 1830. Incumbent National Republican Governor Jonathan G. Hunton was defeated for re-election by Democratic candidate Samuel E. Smith in a re-match of the previous year's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021561-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1830 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on April 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021561-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nNational Republican Governor Levi Lincoln Jr. was re-elected to a sixth term in office over Democrat Marcus Morton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021561-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nFor the first time, Justice Morton consented to his nomination. Privately, he expressed little hope of success and said that he did not hope to obtain more than one third of the votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021561-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nDavid Henshaw's Statesman campaigned vigorously for Morton, upbraiding Lincoln as a renegade Republican who had accepted support of the Essex Junto and lauding Morton's support for the Warren Bridge Company. Theodore Lyman II's rival Democratic Evening Bulletin made no effort on Morton's behalf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021561-0004-0000", "contents": "1830 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nLincoln took little interest in the election, focusing on new projects for railroads and Massachusetts's claim for war debts against the federal government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021561-0005-0000", "contents": "1830 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nLincoln was once again victorious, though by a dramatically reduced margin. Morton wrote to John C. Calhoun to express his view that the Jackson administration had cost him several thousand votes by dismissing Henshaw supporters from federal office to placate the aristocratic Lyman wing of the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021562-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Naval Air Squadron\n1830 Naval Air Squadron (1830 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021562-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 Naval Air Squadron\nFrom HMS Illustrious, 1830 NAS participated in Operation Robson over Sumatra in December 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021562-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 Naval Air Squadron, Naval Reserve\n1831 Squadron reformed at RNAS Abbotsinch (HMS Sanderling (now Glasgow Airport ) in Renfrewshire on 15 August 1947 as part of the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, equipped with Fairey Firefly fighters", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021562-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 Naval Air Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021563-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1830 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 1 to 3, 1830, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021563-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 New York gubernatorial election, Background\nMartin Van Buren, who was elected Governor in 1828, was appointed United States Secretary of State by President Andrew Jackson. Van Buren was succeeded in the governorship by his Lieutenant Governor, Enos T. Throop, a member of the regency. In 1830, Throop ran for a full term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021563-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic Party nominated incumbent Governor Enos T. Throop. They nominated former state senator Edward Philip Livingston for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021563-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe National Republican Party nominated former state assemblyman and 1828 Lieutenant Gubernatorial candidate Francis Granger. They nominated Samuel Stevens for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021563-0004-0000", "contents": "1830 New York gubernatorial election, Sources\nThis New York elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021564-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Pogson\n1830 Pogson, provisional designation 1968 HA, is a stony Florian asteroid and an asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 1968, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at the Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period 2.6 of hours. It was named for English astronomer Norman Pogson. The discovery of its 2.5-kilometer sized companion was announced in May 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021564-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 Pogson, Orbit and classification\nAccording to a HCM-analysis by David Nesvorn\u00fd, Pogson is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. It has also been grouped into the Augusta family (list) by Zappal\u00e0, while for Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107, who don't recognize the Florian clan as a family, Pogson is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021564-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 Pogson, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.3\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days; semi-major axis of 2.19\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1926 GW at Simeiz Observatory in April 1926. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1929 EE at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1929, or 39 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021564-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 Pogson, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after English astronomer Norman Pogson (1829\u20131891), inventor of the modern astronomical magnitude scale. At the Radcliffe and Madras observatories, he discovered eight asteroids, including 42\u00a0Isis and 67\u00a0Asia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236). The lunar crater Pogson was also named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021564-0004-0000", "contents": "1830 Pogson, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen and SMASS classification, Pogson is a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021564-0005-0000", "contents": "1830 Pogson, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Pogson was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaboration of Australian, European and American astronomers, namely, David Higgins\t, Petr Pravec, Peter Ku\u0161nir\u00e1k, Julian Oey and Donald Pray. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5702\u00b10.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). In the following month, a more refined period of 2.56990\u00b10.00004 hours with the same amplitude was measured by Petr Pravec (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021564-0006-0000", "contents": "1830 Pogson, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAdditional period determinations were made by Melissa Dykhuis and collaborators (2.5698\u00a0h) at the Calvin College Observatory (H62) during 2008 (U=2+), and by Pierre Antonini (2.5699\u00a0h) and Julian Oey (2.604\u00a0h) in March 2013 (U=3-/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021564-0007-0000", "contents": "1830 Pogson, Physical characteristics, Satellite\nDuring the photometric observation in 2007, it was also revealed, that Pogson is an asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The mutual eclipse and occultation events showed that the companion, provisionally designated S/2007 (1830) 1, orbits its primary every 24.24 hours. Based on a secondary-to-primary diameter ratio of 0.32 or larger, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter of 2.52 kilometers for the satellite, separated by 8 kilometers from its primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021564-0008-0000", "contents": "1830 Pogson, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pogson measures between 7.7 and 8.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2188 and 0.274. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the result from Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.2188 and a diameter of 8.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.659.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021565-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Rhode Island gubernatorial election\nThe 1830 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was an election held on April 7, 1830 to elect the Governor of Rhode Island. James Fenner, the incumbent governor and Jacksonian Party nominee, beat independent candidate Asa Messer with 61.87% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021566-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 State of the Union Address\nThe 1830 State of the Union Address was given by the seventh United States president, Andrew Jackson on Tuesday, December 6, 1830, to both houses of the United States Congress. He said, \"What good man would prefer a toe covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms, embellished with all the improvements which art can devise or industry execute, occupied by more than 12,000,000 happy people, and filled with all the blessings of liberty, civilization, and religion?\" He speaks of the Indian Removal Act, \"With a full understanding of the subject, the Choctaw and the Chickasaw tribes have with great unanimity determined to avail themselves of the liberal offers presented by the act of Congress, and have agreed to remove beyond the Mississippi River.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1830 United Kingdom general election was triggered by the death of King George IV and produced the first parliament of the reign of his successor, William IV. Fought in the aftermath of the Swing Riots, it saw electoral reform become a major election issue. Polling took place in July and August and the Tories won a plurality over the Whigs, but division among Tory MPs allowed Earl Grey to form an effective government and take the question of electoral reform to the country the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election\nThe eighth United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 24 July 1830. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 14 September 1830, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired. This election was the first since 1708 to cause the collapse of the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Tory leader, at the time of the 1830 election, was the Duke of Wellington. He had been Prime Minister since 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe previous Parliament had been unstable, with both principal parties fractured. During the 1826\u201330 Parliament, there had been four Tory prime ministers. The Earl of Liverpool, who had been Prime Minister since 1812, was forced by ill health to retire in 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0004-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nGeorge Canning, who had been Leader of the House of Commons under Liverpool, became Prime Minister in early 1827. The High Tories, led by the Duke of Wellington and Robert Peel, refused to serve in his government. Canning invited a section of the Whigs, including Lansdowne to join a coalition ministry with the Canningite faction of the Tories. Other Whigs, like Earl Grey, remained in opposition. Some Whigs like Viscount Althorp adopted a neutral attitude to the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0005-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nAfter Canning's death in August 1827, the premiership passed to Viscount Goderich for a few more months, until Wellington took over on 22 January 1828. Those Whigs who had been in both Canning's and Goderich's governments returned to the Opposition. For a short while a band of MPs and peers who had been supporters of Canning (hence the Canningites) were in included in Wellington's government but left on the issue of the re-distribution of seats from the corrupt parliamentary borough of East Retford in May 1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0006-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThere was a further split in the Tory administration in 1829 on the issue of Catholic emancipation when Daniel O'Connell and his Catholic Association won a parliamentary seat. Legally barred from taking his seat in the House of Commons because he was a Catholic, Wellington's government was forced to bring about a change but led to another split in their party\u2014this time with the creation of the 'Ultra-Tory' group led by Edward Knatchbull MP and supported by a number of influential peers in the House of Lords.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0007-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThere had not been a predominantly Whig administration since the Ministry of all the Talents in 1806\u201307. The Whig Party had had weak leadership, particularly in the House of Commons, for many years. However, during the 1826\u201330 Parliament the situation improved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0008-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nAt the time of the general election, the Earl Grey was the leading figure amongst the Whig peers. However Grey had given up the formal leadership in 1824. The Marquess of Lansdowne was acting as leader, but had not taken up the title. The animosity which King George IV had to Earl Grey had barred him from government, but in the new reign his chances of office had improved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0009-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThere had been no official Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons since 1821, but in 1830 the Whigs selected Viscount Althorp to fill the vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0010-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nIn Irish politics, Daniel O'Connell and his Catholic Association had succeeded in obtaining Catholic emancipation in 1829. However this measure was accompanied with an increase in the property qualification for Irish county voters, from a \u00a32 freehold to a \u00a320 one. For the first time since the penal laws were enacted in the seventeenth century Catholics in Ireland could serve in Parliament. With emancipation achieved, O'Connell was free to pursue his other aim with a campaign for repeal of the Act of Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0011-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nAt this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0012-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nThe general election took place between the first contest on 29 July and the last contest on 1 September 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0013-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nMonmouthshire  (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021567-0014-0000", "contents": "1830 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nTable 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021568-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1830 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on from December 14 to 16, 1830. William Wilkins was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021568-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nIncumbent National Republican William Marks, who was elected in 1825, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 14, 1830, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1831. Twenty-one ballots were recorded over the next three days. The results of the twenty-first and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021569-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 United States census\nThe United States census  of 1830, the fifth  census undertaken in the United States, was conducted on June 1, 1830. The only loss of census records for 1830 involved some countywide losses in Massachusetts, Maryland, and Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021569-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 United States census\nIt determined the population of the 24 states to be 12,866,020, of which 2,009,043 were slaves. The center of population was about 170 miles (274\u00a0km) west of Washington, D.C. in present-day Grant County, West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021569-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 United States census\nThis was the first census in which a city\u00a0\u2013 New York\u00a0\u2013 recorded a population of over 200,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021569-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 United States census, Data availability\nNo microdata from the 1830 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021570-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 United States elections\nThe 1830 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic President Andrew Jackson's first term, during the Second Party System. Members of the 22nd United States Congress were chosen in this election. The election saw Jackson's Democrats retain control of both chambers of Congress over the National Republicans and other members of the anti-Jackson faction, while the Nullifier Party won seats in Congress for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021570-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 United States elections\nIn the House, both major parties lost seats to the Anti-Masonic Party, but Democrats retained a commanding majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021570-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 United States elections\nIn the Senate, both parties lost one seat to the Nullifiers, leaving the Democrats with half of the seats in the Senate. No party had a clear majority because Vice President John C. Calhoun aligned with the Nullifiers, and eventually resigned before the end of the 22nd Congress. However, Democrats retained control of the chamber, electing three different President pro tempores: Samuel Smith, Littleton W. Tazewell, and Hugh Lawson White.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021571-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1830 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of Samuel C. Crafts to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021571-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the mid-1820s, the Democratic-Republicans, the only major party following the demise of the Federalists after the War of 1812, began to splinter into supporters and opponents of President Andrew Jackson. The opponents of Jackson were called National Republicans, and adopted the name Whig after the 1832 presidential election. The pro-Jackson party was still referred to as the Democratic-Republican Party, but adopted the name Democratic Party prior to the 1832 elections. The Anti-Masonic Party, which formed in the late 1820s, continued to gather supporters, and had more influence in Vermont than in most other states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021571-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe Vermont General Assembly met in Montpelier on October 14. The Vermont House of Representatives appointed a committee to review the votes of the freemen of Vermont for governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, and members of the governor's council. The committee determined that no candidate had won a majority for governor or lieutenant governor. In accordance with the Vermont Constitution, the General Assembly was required to choose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021571-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe popular vote for governor was reported as: Total votes, 30,721; Samuel C. Crafts (National Republican), 13,476 (43.9%); William A. Palmer (Anti-Masonic), 10,923 (35.6%); Ezra Meech (Democratic-Republican), 6,285 (20.4%); scattering, 37 (0.01%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021571-0004-0000", "contents": "1830 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the election for lieutenant governor, the popular vote totals were: Total votes, 29,847; Mark Richards (National Republican), 12,779 (42.8%); Lebbeus Egerton (Anti-Masonic), 10,594 (35.5%); John Roberts (Democratic-Republican), 6,405 (21.4%); scattering, 69 (0.02%). After numerous ballots over several days failed to produce winners, on Tuesday, October 19 the General Assembly chose Crafts for governor and Richards for lieutenant governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021571-0005-0000", "contents": "1830 Vermont gubernatorial election\nWith 224 legislators and councilors casting votes for governor on the 32nd ballot, 113 were required for a majority. Crafts received 115, Palmer received 72, and Democratic-Republican William Czar Bradley received 37. For lieutenant governor, 211 members of the General Assembly voted on the third ballot, so 106 were necessary for victory. Richards received 117, Egerton received 57, and Roberts 37.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021571-0006-0000", "contents": "1830 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan won election to a one-year term as treasurer, his thirty-first. Though he had nominally been a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalist Party he was frequently unopposed. In 1830, he was endorsed by the National Republicans and Democratic-Republicans, and opposed by Anti-Masonic candidate Augustine Clarke. In the treasurer's race, the popular vote was reported as: Total votes cast, 28,917; Swan, 18,544 (64.1%); Clarke, 10,325 (35.7%); scattering, 48 (0.02%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021572-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross\nIn 1833, following the end of the Belgian Revolution, the young kingdom of Belgium created the Iron Cross to recognise wounds received and bravery in battle. The award first class was bestowed to the wounded who elected to stay at their post and keep fighting, to the maimed and mutilated, as well as for acts of courage, the award second class was bestowed to all wounded combatants. In 1835, due to the discontent of most recipients, the award 2nd class was terminated and all received the first class. Over the years, recipients of the Iron Cross received ever increasing pensions, up to ten years of seniority when employed as civil servants and pensions for the widows and orphans of the deceased. The other combatants of 1830-1831 received no pension, and no commemorative medal was struck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021572-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross\nThese forgotten veterans' discontent grew over the years to the point of forming the \"Federation of Volunteer Combatants of 1830\" which openly and actively lobbied for recognition of their combat actions. It was not until over forty years later, in 1878, that King Leopold II signed the decree creating the 1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021572-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross, Award statute\nThe 1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross (French: Croix Comm\u00e9morative des Volontaires de 1830, Dutch: Herinneringskruis voor de Vrijwilligers van 1830) was a Belgian campaign medal established by royal decree on 20 April 1878 and awarded to all members of the Belgian Army and popular militias who served during the 1830-1831 Belgian Revolution who had not been awarded the Iron Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021572-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross, Award description\nThe 1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross was a white enamelled Maltese Cross with a gilt Burgundy Cross between its arms and a black enamelled central medallion, two arms converged upwards from between the tips of the upper cross arm to a pivot mounted royal crown. The black enamelled central medallion bore on the obverse the Belgian lion, an heraldic \"lion rampant\", the reverse bore the year \"1830\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021572-0004-0000", "contents": "1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross, Award description\nThe cross was suspended by a ring through a lateral hole in the royal crown's orb from a silk moir\u00e9 ribbon in the national colours of Belgium. The ribbon was black with narrow 2mm red edge stripes bordered by 2mm yellow stripes on the inside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021573-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections\nIn the United States House of Representatives elections of 1830 the supporters of President Andrew Jackson lost ten seats during his first term, but managed to maintain control of the chamber amidst the growth of two new opposition movements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021573-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe brash style of Congress during the administration of Andrew Jackson caused a number of Americans to become dissatisfied with the government and both of the major parties. Anger over the Tariff of 1828 also provided a major issue, particularly in the agricultural South. The Jacksonians remained firmly in control of the House, but lost several seats, as did the minority Anti-Jacksonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021573-0001-0001", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe Anti-Masonic Party, an aspiring third party which was based on a single issue (distrust of Freemasonry), was actually able to gain a dozen seats, and four South Carolina Congressman who called themselves Nullifiers (based on the principle of states' rights) were also elected. Thus, this was the first election in the House where both major parties lost seats at the same time; this would not occur again until the 1854 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021573-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its six at-large members on a general ticket on April 14, 1831, after the term began but before the Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021573-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia\nGeorgia elected its 7 at-large members on October 4, 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021573-0004-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nMaryland elected its nine members on October 3, 1831. In the fifth district, two members were elected on a general ticket. There was a net gain of 2 Anti- Jacksonians thereby increasing their ratio from 3-to-6 to 5-to-4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021573-0005-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nFormer U.S. President John Quincy Adams was elected in Massachusetts's\u00a011th district, becoming the first former president to re-enter public life after leaving the presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021573-0006-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nElections were held November 1, 1830, but at least one district went to so many ballots it failed to achieve a majority election until 1832, just before the next cycle began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021573-0007-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\n(District numbers differ between sources. District numbers below reflect Martis's references. Where noted, Congressional Quarterly's \"Guide to U.S. Elections\" and OurCampaigns.com have different district numbers.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021573-0008-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected its members August 11, 1831, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1830 and 1831 were elections that had Jacksonians gain one seat in the United States Senate from the Anti- Jacksonian coalition, but lose one seat to the short-lived Nullifier Party. By the time Congress first met in December 1831, however, the Jacksonians had a net loss of one seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 21st Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1830 or before March 4, 1831; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 22nd Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1831 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0004-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 22nd Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated in 1831 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0005-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections, Illinois\nIllinois had two elections in this cycle: one for each seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0006-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections, Illinois, Illinois (Regular)\nFor the Class 3 seat, one-term incumbent Jacksonian Elias Kane was re-elected in 1831 for the term beginning March 4, 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0007-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections, Illinois, Illinois (Special)\nFor the Class 2 seat, Jacksonian incumbent John McLean, who had been elected in 1828 or 1829, died October 14, 1830. Jacksonian David J. Baker was appointed November 12, 1830 to continue the term until a special election. On December 11, 1830, Jacksonian John McCracken Robinson was elected to finish the term and was seated January 4, 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0008-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections, Kentucky\nWhen Jacksonian John Rowan's term ended March 3, 1831, the legislature had not yet voted a replacement. When the legislature resumed for its session in November 1831, Anti- Jacksonian Henry Clay was elected, but still in time to participate when the 22nd Congress convened in December 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0009-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe Senate election in New York was held on February 1, 1831, by the New York State Legislature. Nathan Sanford had been elected in 1826 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1831. At the state election in November 1830, the Jacksonians managed to defeat the combined Anti- Masons and Anti-Jacksonians. Enos T. Throop was narrowly re-elected Governor, a large Jacksonian majority was elected to the Assembly, and five of the nine State Senators elected were Jacksonian Democrats. The 54th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 26, 1831, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0009-0001", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe Jacksonian State legislators held a caucus before the election, and n The Jacksonian State legislators held a caucus before the electionominated New York Supreme Court Justice William L. Marcy. The vote was 77 for Marcy, 15 for Erastus Root, 6 for the incumbent Nathan Sanford and 6 scattering votes. William L. Marcy was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0010-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections, Ohio\nThe two houses of the Ohio General Assembly met during the winter of 1830-1831 in joint assembly to elect a Senator (Class 3). After seven ballots, on various dates, Thomas Ewing was elected on a majority of the ballots. The balloting was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 50], "content_span": [51, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021574-0011-0000", "contents": "1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (Special)\nFollowing the December 6, 1831 resignation of Senator Isaac Barnard due to ill health, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 13, 1831, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. Eleven ballots were recorded. The results of the eleventh and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021576-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1830 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021576-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 in Australia, Events\nSmallpox spread among the Aboriginal groups. It was received from the British people when they arrived in Australia. Aboriginals were persuaded to go to captivity in order for the disease to steady.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021588-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1830 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021592-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1830 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021594-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1830 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021597-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021599-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021600-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021600-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021600-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021601-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021601-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 in rail transport, Miscellaneous\nThe board game 1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons and its video game adaptation has players lead railroad companies in the United States during the year 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021602-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 in science\nThe year 1830 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021603-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 in sports\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 18:26, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021603-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 in sports\n1830 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021604-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 in the United Kingdom\nEvents from the year 1830 in the United Kingdom. This year sees a change of monarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021606-0000-0000", "contents": "1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station\nThe 1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road, Manchester, is a 19th-century warehouse that forms part of the Liverpool Road railway station complex. It was built in five months between April and September 1830, \"almost certainly [to the designs of] the Liverpool architect Thomas Haigh\". The heritage listing report attributes the work to George Stephenson and his son, Robert. It has been listed Grade I on the National Heritage List for England since May 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021606-0001-0000", "contents": "1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station\nThe warehouse is of \"red brick in Flemish bond, with sandstone dressings and slate roofs\". It is three storeys high, though only two storeys present to the level of the railway to allow for direct loading and unloading. At the ground floor at street level, carts could also gain direct access. \"The internal structure is of timber, but with cast-iron columns in the basement.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021606-0002-0000", "contents": "1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station\nThe processing of goods within the warehouse was originally a manual operation but \"steam-powered hoists [were] installed within a year as the manual system could not cope with the volume of goods\". The steam system of 1831 was replaced with a hydraulic system between 1866 and 1880 to increase efficiency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021606-0003-0000", "contents": "1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station\nThe restoration of the warehouse was undertaken in 1992\u20136 by the Building Design Partnership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021607-0000-0000", "contents": "1830: Railroads & Robber Barons\n1830: Railroads & Robber Barons is a video game developed by Simtex and published by Avalon Hill in 1995 for MS-DOS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021607-0001-0000", "contents": "1830: Railroads & Robber Barons, Gameplay\n1830: Railroads & Robber Barons is a multiplayer computer game adaptation of the Avalon Hill board game, 1830. With default settings, the game is a very strict implementation of the board game. Starting with a relatively small amount of seed capital, players purchase shares in eight different railroad companies; ownership of a majority of a company's shares makes a player its president, letting them dictate how the company lays track on a map of the northeastern US, builds stations, buys trains, and runs them on routes to generate revenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021607-0001-0001", "contents": "1830: Railroads & Robber Barons, Gameplay\nThe game ends when the players have collectively earned a certain amount of money (\"breaking the bank\") or when a player or computer opponent goes bankrupt, at which point a player wins by having the highest total of stock valuation plus cash on hand. As in the board game, tactics such as looting companies of their assets, using buy/sell patterns to manipulate the stock market, and dumping unprofitable companies on other shareholders are prominent aspects of play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021607-0002-0000", "contents": "1830: Railroads & Robber Barons, Gameplay\nThe game has many options to alter game play, both minor (such as modifying the way trains become obsolete, or providing variable instead of fixed dividends per share) and major (adding a ninth railroad). Some variants, such as allowing random game maps or an unlimited number of the different types of track segment, are unique to the computer version, as they would be difficult to impossible to realize with a physical game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021607-0003-0000", "contents": "1830: Railroads & Robber Barons, Gameplay\nThe game can be played by a single player against one to five computer opponents, or multiplayer with hot seat play. There is no built-in facility for play over network, but modern players have done so by running a hot seat multiplayer game in a virtual desktop. Solo mode has four levels of computer opponent difficulty; at higher levels, the computer opponents collude so as to try to have any one of them defeat the player rather than having each maximize its own position (behavior that would not usually arise in a game among human players).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021607-0004-0000", "contents": "1830: Railroads & Robber Barons, Reception\nThe game sold less than 40,000 copies, at the time Avalon Hill's computer game sales record, set by Kingmaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021607-0005-0000", "contents": "1830: Railroads & Robber Barons, Reception\nComputer Gaming World's Bob Proctor wrote, \"1830 has made the transition from table to computer very well. If you like pure strategy games, this game will give you hundreds of hours of pleasure.\" T. Liam McDonald of PC Gamer US praised the game but found it overly limited by its faithfulness to the original board game. He summarized, \"Where MicroProse's Tycoon titles are large, sprawling canvases on which to paint an entire empire, 1830: Railroads and Robber Barons is a thumbnail sketch; interesting, but ultimately quite small.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021607-0006-0000", "contents": "1830: Railroads & Robber Barons, Reception\nThe game was reviewed in 1995 in Dragon #219 by Jay & Dee in the \"Eye of the Monitor\" column. Jay gave the game 3\u00bd out of 5 stars, while Dee gave the game 4 stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021607-0007-0000", "contents": "1830: Railroads & Robber Barons, Reception\nNext Generation reviewed the PC version of the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that \"SimTex created a faithful rendition of the classic boardgame, but it stopped right there. The result is a simulation that feels two-dimensional, at least in comparison to what PC gamers have come to expect.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021608-0000-0000", "contents": "1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons\n1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons is a railroad operations and share trading board game first published by Avalon Hill in 1986 based on an original design by Francis Tresham. The popularity of 1830 spawned an industry creating similar \"18XX\" games. 1830 was republished in 2011 through a partnership of Mayfair Games and Lookout Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021608-0001-0000", "contents": "1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons, Game Structure\n1830 is a strategy game where the only element of luck involved is in determining the initial play order. The game takes the basic mechanics from Francis Tresham\u2019s 1829, with players seeking to make the most money by buying and selling stock in various rail transport companies located on a stylised eastern United States map. Players also operate any companies of which they are the President (by virtue of being the dominant shareholder), in order to generate revenue and affect stock prices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021608-0002-0000", "contents": "1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons, Game Structure\nThe game is designed to represent the beginning of railroad operations in the eastern United States beginning in the year 1830, with stock companies in the game representing historical railroad companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021608-0003-0000", "contents": "1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons, Game Structure\nThe goal of the game is to maximise personal wealth before the game ends, whether by nurturing a railroad  company to increase its stock value, gutting it and running with the money, successful stock trading or arranging for another player to go bankrupt. Buying, trading and speculating on the stock market is often where 1830 is won or lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021608-0004-0000", "contents": "1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons, Game Structure\nA game is finished when the bank runs out of money or any player goes bankrupt, with the player with the greatest personal wealth winning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021608-0005-0000", "contents": "1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons, Computer Game\n1830 has been translated as a PC game of the same name by Simtex in 1993. This game has been praised for superior computer AI and, due to the lack of randomness in 1830 game play, the transparency of game play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021609-0000-0000", "contents": "1830m\n1830m (Sen Happyaku Sanj\u016b M\u0113toru, \"One Thousand Eight Hundred Thirty Meters\") is the fourth album by the Japanese female idol group AKB48. It is a double-album release and was released in Japan on August 15, 2012 by King Records. It sold 1,051,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021609-0001-0000", "contents": "1830m, Album information\nThe title 1830m reflects the distance from AKB48 Theater in Akihabara to Tokyo Dome, an indoor baseball stadium with over-50,000 capacity where AKB48 had performed for the first time, from August 24 to 26, 2012. It was released in two editions, a regular edition in a special box with a 48-page photobook, a bonus DVD, and a random photo, and a theater edition with 14 alternate covers, a handshake event ticket, and a photo of an AKB48/SKE48/NMB48/HKT48 member chosen at random.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021609-0002-0000", "contents": "1830m, Album information\nThis is the last album to feature Team A member and the group's ace Atsuko Maeda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021609-0003-0000", "contents": "1830m, Reception\nThe album debuted at number one in the Oricon weekly album charts. In August 2012, the album was certified Million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021609-0004-0000", "contents": "1830m, Track listing\nCD1 contains the following first-time studio recordings, which have all been performed on team stages: \"First Rabbit\", \"Miniskirt no Y\u014dsei\", \"Lemon no Toshigoro\", \"Ren'ai S\u014dsenkyo\", \"Romance Kakurenbo\" and B-sides which only appeared on theater editions of their singles which are  \"Jung ya Freud no Baai\" (from \"Give Me Five! \"), \"Hashire! Penguin\" (from \"Ue kara Mariko\"), \"Yasai Uranai\" (from \"Flying Get\"), Anti (from \"Everyday, Katyusha\"), \"\u014cgon Center\" (from \"Sakura no Ki ni Nar\u014d\") and \"Tsubomitachi\" (from \"Kaze wa Fuiteiru\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021609-0005-0000", "contents": "1830m, Track listing\nCD2 contains sixteen new songs, plus Atsuko Maeda's solo version of \"Sakura no Hanabiratachi\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021609-0006-0000", "contents": "1830m, Senbatsu (album), Regular Edition\nThe DVD contains a set of 2:30 choreography videos (different angles, etc.) for each of the 4 songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021609-0007-0000", "contents": "1830m, Senbatsu (album), Theater Edition\n13 tracks, same as on the Regular Edition minus 4 commercial tie-up tracks: \"Daiji na Jikan\", \"G\u016b G\u016b Onaka\", \"Yasashisa no Chizu\", and \"Itterasshai\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0000-0000", "contents": "1830s\nThe 1830s (pronounced \"eighteen-thirties\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1830, and ended on December 31, 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0001-0000", "contents": "1830s\nIn this decade, the world saw a rapid rise of imperialism and colonialism, particularly in Asia and Africa. Britain saw a surge of power and world dominance, as Queen Victoria took to the throne in 1837. Conquests took place all over the world, particularly around the expansion of Ottoman Empire and the British Raj. New outposts and settlements flourished in Oceania, as Europeans began to settle over Australia and New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0002-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, East Asia, China\nChina was ruled by the Daoguang Emperor of the Qing dynasty during the 1830s. The decade witnessed a rapid rise in the sale of opium in China, despite efforts by the Daoguang Emperor to end the trade. A turning point came in 1834, with the end of the monopoly of the British East India Company, leaving trade in the hands of private entrepreneurs. By 1838, opium sales climbed to 40,000 chests. In 1839, newly appointed imperial commissioner Lin Zexu banned the sale of opium and imposed several restrictions on all foreign traders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 33], "content_span": [34, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0002-0001", "contents": "1830s, Politics, East Asia, China\nLin also closed the channel to Guangzhou (Canton), leading to the seizure and destruction of 20,000 chests of opium. The British retaliated, seizing Hong Kong on August 23 of that year, starting what would be known as the First Opium War. It would end three years later with the signing of the Treaty of Nanking in 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 33], "content_span": [34, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0003-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Southeastern Asia, Dutch East Indies\nThe Padri War was fought from 1803 until 1837 in West Sumatra between the Padris and the Adats. The latter asked for the help of the Dutch, who intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. The conflict intensified in the 1830s, as the war soon centered on Bonjol, the fortified last stronghold of the Padris. It finally fell in 1837 after being besieged for three years, and along with the exile of Padri leader Tuanku Imam Bonjol, the conflict died out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 53], "content_span": [54, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0004-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Southern Asia, India\nThe British government appointed a series of administrative heads of British India in the 1830s (\"Governor-General of India\" starting in 1833): Lord William Bentinck (1828\u20131835), Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt (1835\u20131836), and The Lord Auckland (1836\u20131842). The Government of India Act 1833 was enacted to remove the East India Company's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions, renewing the company's political and administrative authority for another twenty years. It invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0005-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Southern Asia, India\nThe English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India. In 1837, the British East India company replaced Persian with local vernacular in various provinces as the official and court language. However, in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, Urdu instead of Hindi was chosen to replace Persian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0006-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Southern Asia, India\nIn 1835, William Henry Sleeman captured \"Feringhea\" in his efforts to suppress the Thuggee secret society. Sleeman's work led to his appointment as General Superintendent of the operations for the Suppression of Thuggee. In February 1839, he assumed charge of the office of Commissioner for the Suppression of Thuggee and Dacoity. During these operations, more than 1400 Thugs were hanged or transported for life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0007-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Northern Europe, United Kingdom\nIn 1830, William IV succeeded his brother George IV as King of the United Kingdom. Upon his death in 1837, his 18-year-old niece Queen Victoria acceded to the throne. where she would reign for more than 63 years. Under Salic law, the Kingdom of Hanover passed to William's brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, ending the personal union of Britain and Hanover which had persisted since 1714. Queen Victoria took up residence in Buckingham Palace, the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than St James's Palace, her London home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0008-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Northern Europe, United Kingdom\nBritain had four prime ministers during the 1830s. As the decade began, Tory Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington led parliament. Wellington's government fell in late 1830, failing to react to calls for reform. The Whigs selected Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey to succeed him, who led passage of many reforms, including the Reform Act 1832, the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (abolishing slavery throughout the British Empire), and the Factory Acts (limiting child labour).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0009-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Northern Europe, United Kingdom\nIn 1834 Grey retired from public life, leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor. Reforms continued under Lord Melbourne, with the  Poor Law Amendment Act in 1834, which stated that no able-bodied British man could receive assistance unless he entered a workhouse. King William IV's opposition to the Whigs' reforming ways led him to dismiss Melbourne in November and then appoint Sir Robert Peel to form a Tory government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0009-0001", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Northern Europe, United Kingdom\nPeel's failure to win a House of Commons majority in the resulting general election (January 1835) made it impossible for him to govern, and the Whigs returned to power under Melbourne in April 1835. The Marriage Act 1836 established civil marriage and registration systems that permit marriages in nonconformist chapels, and a Registrar General of Births, Marriages, and Deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0010-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Northern Europe, United Kingdom\nThere were protests and significant unrest during the decade. In May and June 1831 in Wales, coal miners and others rioted for improved working conditions in what was known as the Merthyr Rising. William Howley Archbishop of Canterbury has his coach attacked by an angry mob on his first official visit to Canterbury in 1832. In 1834, Robert Owen organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, an early attempt to form a national union confederation. In May 1838, the People's Charter was drawn up in the United Kingdom, demanding universal suffrage. Chartism continued to gain popularity, leading to the Newport Rising in 1839, the last large-scale armed rebellion against authority in mainland Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0011-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Northern Europe, United Kingdom\nIn 1835, James Pratt and John Smith were hanged outside Newgate Prison in London after a conviction of sodomy, the last deadly victims of the judicial persecution of homosexual men in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0012-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Western Europe, France\nThe French Revolution of 1830 was also known as the July Revolution, Second French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French. It saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans (who would in turn be overthrown in 1848). The revolution ended the Bourbon Restoration, shifting power to the July Monarchy (rule by the House of Orl\u00e9ans). Duc de Broglie briefly served as Prime Minister, with many successors over the course of the decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0013-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Western Europe, France\nThe first two Canut revolts occurred in the 1830s. They were among the first well-defined worker uprisings of the Industrial Revolution. The word Canut was a common term to describe to all Lyonnais silk workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0014-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Western Europe, France\nThe First Canut revolt in 1831 was provoked by a drop in workers' wages caused by a drop in silk prices. After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seize Lyon, France. The government sent Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred when owners attempted to impose a wage decrease. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0015-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, Africa, French conquest of Algeria\nIn 1830, France invaded and quickly seized Ottoman Regency of Algiers, and rapidly took control of other coastal communities. Fighting would continue throughout the decade, with the French pitted against forces under Ahmed Bey at Constantine, primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in Kabylie and the west. The French made treaties with the nationalists under 'Abd al-Q\u0101dir, enabling them to capture Constantine in 1837. Al-Q\u0101dir continued to give stiff resistance in the west, which lasted throughout the decade (and well into the 1840s, with Al-Q\u0101dir surrendering in 1847).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 51], "content_span": [52, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0016-0000", "contents": "1830s, Politics, North America, Mexico\nThe 1830s for Mexico saw the end of the First Mexican Republic and saw General Santa Anna move in and out of the presidency in a 30-year span now known as the \"Age of Santa Anna\". In 1834, President Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted the  Centralist Republic of Mexico by approving a new centralist constitution (\"Siete Leyes\"). From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven presidents (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including Mexican Texas, which declared independence in the Texas Revolution of 1836. During the 1840s, other provinces separated. The Republic of the Rio Grande in 1840, and the Republic of Yucat\u00e1n declared independence in 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0017-0000", "contents": "1830s, Science and technology, Electricity\nMany key discoveries about electricity were made in the 1830s. Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field. This discovery was essential to the invention of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors, generators and solenoids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0018-0000", "contents": "1830s, Science and technology, Electricity\nIn 1834, Michael Faraday's published his research regarding the quantitative relationships in electrochemical reactions, now known as Faraday's laws of electrolysis. Also in 1834, Jean C. A. Peltier  discovered the Peltier \"effect\", which is the presence of heating or cooling at an electrified junction of two different conductors. In 1836, John Daniell invented a primary cell in which hydrogen was eliminated in the generation of the electricity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0019-0000", "contents": "1830s, Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps, Cholera\nHistorians believe that the first cholera pandemic had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830. The second cholera pandemic spread from India to Russia and then to the rest of Europe claiming hundreds of thousands of lives. It reached Moscow in August 1830, and by 1831, the epidemic had infiltrated Russia's main cities and towns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 62], "content_span": [63, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0020-0000", "contents": "1830s, Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps, Cholera\nRussian soldiers brought the disease to Poland during the Polish\u2013Russian War 1830\u201331. \"Cholera Riots\" occurred in Russia, caused by the anti-cholera measures undertaken by the tsarist government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 62], "content_span": [63, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021610-0021-0000", "contents": "1830s, Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps, Cholera\nThe epidemic reached western Europe later in 1831. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of a population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France. In 1832 the epidemic reached Quebec, Ontario, and Nova Scotia, Canada; and Detroit and New York City in the United States. It reached the Pacific coast of North America between 1832 and 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 62], "content_span": [63, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0000-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons\nThe decade of the 1830s featured the 1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons. While data is not available for every storm that occurred, some parts of the coastline were populated enough to give data of hurricane occurrences. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0001-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1830 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A hurricane moved from Trinidad to western Cuba between August 3 and August 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0002-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1830 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) Twin Atlantic Coast Hurricanes of 1830. First noted in the Leeward Islands on August 11, a hurricane moved into the Caribbean in the middle of August. It moved west-northwestward, and approached the coast of Florida. It came close to present-day Daytona Beach on August 15, but recurved northeastward before landfall, although land was not spared from effects. It made landfall near Cape Fear North Carolina on the 16th and went out to sea that night, eventually well to the north of Bermuda just offshore the Canadian Maritimes. The hurricane broke a three-month drought, but caused heavy crop damage in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0003-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1830 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) Twin Atlantic Coast Hurricanes of 1830. A hurricane tracked north of the Leeward Islands on August 19, impacting Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on August 24\u201325, and went up the coastline eventually striking Cape Cod, Massachusetts on August 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0004-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1830 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) A hurricane moved from north of Puerto Rico on September 29 to well northeast of Bermuda on October 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0005-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1830 Atlantic hurricane season\n5) A tropical storm struck South Carolina on October 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0006-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1831 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A tropical storm made landfall in northeast Florida on June 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0007-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1831 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) A hurricane formed circa June 22 at an unusually low latitude and moved from south Barbados to the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula by June 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0008-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1831 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) The Great Barbados-Louisiana Hurricane of 1831 or The Great Caribbean Hurricane of 1831", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0009-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1831 Atlantic hurricane season\nOn August 10\u201317, an intense Category 4 hurricane left cataclysmic damage across the Caribbean. After striking Barbados on 10 August, the hurricane damaged Saint Vincent (island), Saint Lucia, and Martinique. The hurricane destroyed Bridgetown (the capital of Barbados) and left 1500\u20132500 people dead who mostly drowned in the reported 17 foot storm surge or were crushed by collapsed buildings as the island was left desolate after the storm. The storm completely destroyed every sugar plantation on the island of St. Vincent, Saint Johns Parish church and the town of Les Cayes, Haiti, and damaged Santiago de Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0009-0001", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1831 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe storm traveled across the entire length of Cuba and damaged much of Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. The hurricane impacted South Florida and Key West between August 14 and August 15. The hurricane then drove into Louisiana near Last Island on 17 August as a category 3 hurricane. It left at least 2,500 people dead and $7 million (1831 dollars) in damage. One of the great hurricanes of the century. See List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0010-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1831 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe damage from this storm was also surveyed by British engineer William Reid and was instrumental in confirming William C. Redfield's (see 1821 Atlantic hurricane season) and John Farrar's (see 1819 Atlantic hurricane season) hypothesis that hurricanes are a spinning vortex of wind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0011-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1831 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) A strong tropical storm or minimal hurricane struck western Louisiana between 27\u201330 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0012-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1831 Atlantic hurricane season\n5) A hurricane hit near the mouth of the Rio Bravo del Norte, causing heavy rain over Northern Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0013-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1832 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A hurricane moved through the Bahamas around 5 June, causing 52 deaths. At Bermuda, the gale began from the northeast at 8 pm on 6 June, with the center likely passing quite close to the island as the wind shifted to southwest at 10:30 pm. The storm lasted until 3 a.m. on 7 June. Two schooners were damaged during the system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0014-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1832 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) On August 7, a hurricane struck Jamaica. On 12 August, Key West noted a tropical cyclone. The cyclone moved across the eastern Gulf of Mexico, striking northwest Florida. It then recurved through the American South, moving through South Carolina by August 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0015-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1832 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) On August 21, someone witnessed a tropical storm west-southwest of Cape Verde in the eastern tropical Atlantic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0016-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1832 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) A hurricane on 23\u201327 August moved from the central Leeward Islands to the east of Jamaica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0017-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1832 Atlantic hurricane season\n5) On October 14, a tropical storm moved into South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0018-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1833 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A hurricane passed offshore of Norfolk, Virginia, in late August, keeping ships at harbor but causing no damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0019-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1833 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) A hurricane impacted Louisiana between September 4 and 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0020-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1833 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) A hurricane impacted the entire east coast in early October reaching NY on October 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0021-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1834 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) The South Carolina Hurricane of 1834 On September 4 a hurricane hit South Carolina, causing 37 deaths. It moved through North Carolina and Virginia, capsizing the ship E Pluribus Unum. The crew made it safely to shore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0022-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1834 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) The Padre Ruiz Hurricane of 1834 A hurricane struck the island of Dominica on September 20, bringing heavy winds and a 12 feet (3.7\u00a0m) storm surge that devastated the capital of Roseau; 230 people are believed to have been killed by the hurricane's onslaught. Then the hurricane made its second landfall at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic on the September 23. About 170 sailors died when their ships sank in the Ozama River. On land the hurricane disrupted the funeral service of Padre Ruiz, a Roman Catholic priest. A total of 400 people were killed from the hurricane. May have later impacted Louisiana on September 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0023-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1834 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) The Galveston Hurricane of 1834 Also in September, a hurricane hit Mexican Texas, causing heavy damage. This or another severe tropical cyclone visited Galveston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0024-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1835 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) The Antigua-Gulf of Mexico-Rio Grande Hurricane of 1835 or Hurricane San Hip\u00f3lito of 1835 A hurricane was first detected near Antigua on August 12. It crossed through Puerto Rico from southwest to north on August 13, damaging Fuerte de San Jos\u00e9, and north of the Dominican Republic, and Cuba, causing at least 3 casualties. It moved across the Florida Straits and the Gulf of Mexico, hitting near the mouth of the Rio Grande on August 18. There, it destroyed small villages, caused strong storm surge, and killed 18 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0025-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1835 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) Between September 12 to the 15th a hurricane smashed Cape Florida and Key Biscayne, creating the Norris Cut and knocking over the Ponce de Leon lighthouse. From there, the storm entered the Gulf of Mexico and took a hard northeast tack, damaging Fort Brooke in Tampa, then moving northward into Georgia and the Carolinas, making the trip \"all the way into New England.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0026-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1835 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) The South Florida or Key West Hurricane of 1835  First detected in the vicinity of Jamaica on the 12th and crossed central Cuba on the 14th. Hurricane struck Key West area on the 14th and 15th. First good account of hurricane activity near Key West island as the island was sparsely populated before 1830 (only becoming claimed for the United States in 1821). Account published in the Key West Inquirer which had only been in publication for a year at that point. Lightship Florida at Carysfort was severely damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0027-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1836 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) A hurricane swept through Woodstock, New Brunswick on July 27, 1836. Likely a Category 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0028-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1836 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) A hurricane struck eastern North Carolina between October 10 and 11 doing great damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0029-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\nLt . Col. William Red of the Royal Engineers was able to map eleven storms during the 1837 season in his book \"Law of Storms\" published in 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0030-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\n1)   On July 9 and 10, a tropical storm impacted Barbados.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0031-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) On July 26, a storm hit Martinique and Barbados. As a hurricane, the system moved ashore in southern Florida and then through the northeast Gulf of Mexico into Alabama by August 5. It caused 57 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0032-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) The Antigua-Florida Hurricane of 1837 or Hurricane Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de Los Angeles of 1837. A hurricane passed by Antigua on August 1. The storm then entered Humacao, Puerto Rico, around 5\u20136 pm 2 August, and left the island through Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, and Dorado, Puerto Rico, ten to twelve hours later (3\u20136 am 3 August). The eye passed very near San Juan, Puerto Rico, where the barometric pressure (available for the first time in Puerto Rico) registered 28.00 inches of mercury (94.8\u00a0kPa). The hurricane sunk all ships in the Bay of San Juan. The worst damages occurred in the northeastern part of the island. Thereafter, the tropical cyclone moved northwest to the Florida/Georgia border before recurving through the western Carolinas on August 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0033-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) The Calypso Hurricane A tropical system was observed east of the West Indies on August 13. It moved through the islands and passed the Bahamas on August 16. While recurving, it hit the North Carolina coast on August 18. It slowly moved over land, causing 48 hours of strong winds, and moved back offshore into the Atlantic on 20 August, bypassing southern New England by August 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0034-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\n5) A tropical storm moved east of Bermuda on 21\u201325 August 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0035-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\n6) The Apalachee Bay Storm A hurricane moved east-northeast from the Gulf of Mexico on 31 August, struck Apalachee Bay, and moved just offshore the Carolinas by 2 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0036-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\n7) The Bahamas Hurricane of 1837 A tropical storm formed near the northern Bahamas on 13 September. It moved northeast through the western Atlantic Ocean on 15 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0037-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\n8) A tropical storm moved across Saint Augustine, Florida, affecting northeast Florida between September 24 and the 26th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0038-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\n9) A hurricane was noted near Bermuda on October 1 to 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0039-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\nThis hurricane caused 105 deaths on a 2,000 mile track from the Caribbean to Texas to North Carolina. Racer's storm named for a British warship which encountered the storm in the northwest Caribbean, was one of the most destructive storms of the 19th century. The British ship Racer survived the hurricane and went into Havana for repairs and provided valuable information on hurricanes to William Reid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0040-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\nRacer's storm started as a tropical storm moved across the western Caribbean Sea in late September. It first formed near Jamaica on 26\u201327 September., moved across the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula, and struck the western Gulf of Mexico where it struck near Brownsville, Texas on October 2. It stalled near the coast for three days and then recurved to the east hitting Galveston, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Pensacola, Florida, and South and North Carolina. It ultimately moved into the Atlantic Ocean on October 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0040-0001", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe hurricane caused destruction all over the Gulf of Mexico including destroying the Mexican Navy and several U.S. ships. During the storm, a paddle boat named Home headed to Charleston ran into the hurricane off of Cape Hatteras. The boat sank with 90 people on board with only 40 surviving and there were only two life preservers on board the boat. As a result of this sinking, U.S. Congress passed a law from this storm mandating the every vessel in the future must have at least enough life preservers for every passenger on board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0041-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1837 Atlantic hurricane season\n11)   A tropical storm crossed central Cuba on October 26, moving north-northeast offshore the coast of the Southeast United States through October 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0042-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1838 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) On September 7, a hurricane hit near Cape Florida, causing 38 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0043-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1838 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) Two hurricanes hit Cayman Islands in this season or in the previous season on September 28 and October 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0044-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1838 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) A late season hurricane hit the east coast of Mexico on November 1, sinking two U.S. ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0045-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1839 Atlantic hurricane season\n1) The Atlantic Coast Hurricane of 1839. A hurricane hit Charleston, South Carolina on August 28. It passed over North Carolina and Virginia before going out to sea on the 30th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0046-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1839 Atlantic hurricane season\n2) Reid's Hurricane. The system moved from east of the West Indies into the southwest Atlantic. Swells were noted as early as September 9 at Bermuda. During late on the September 11 and early on September 12, this hurricane struck Bermuda. The storm tide was measured as 11\u00a0feet/3.3\u00a0meters. Thousands of trees were downed. The tower on Tower Hill was levelled. Damage done to private property totalled 8000 pounds sterling (1839 pounds). This was one of the first hurricanes to be studied by William Reid in person, in this case as governor of the island the year after his publication of \"The Law of Storms\" (from Beware the Hurricane).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0047-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1839 Atlantic hurricane season\n3) During the middle of September, a hurricane approached the coast of Louisiana. It struck near Lake Charles, then known as Charley's Lake, on September 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021611-0048-0000", "contents": "1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1839 Atlantic hurricane season\n4) A late season hurricane hit Galveston, Texas on November 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021612-0000-0000", "contents": "1830s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1830 - 1839 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0000-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion\n1830s fashion in Western and Western-influenced fashion is characterized by an emphasis on breadth, initially at the shoulder and later in the hips, in contrast to the narrower silhouettes that had predominated between 1800 and 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0001-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion\nWomen's costume featured larger sleeves than were worn in any period before or since, which were accompanied by elaborate hairstyles and large hats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0002-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion\nThe final months of the 1830s saw the proliferation of a revolutionary new technology\u2014photography. Hence, the infant industry of photographic portraiture preserved for history a few rare, but invaluable, first images of human beings\u2014and therefore also preserved our earliest, live peek into \"fashion in action\"\u2014and its impact on everyday life and society as a whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0003-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, General trends\nThe prevalent trend of Romanticism from the 1820s through the mid-1840s, with its emphasis on strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience and its recognition of the picturesque, was reflected in fashion as in other arts. Items of historical dress including neck ruffs, ferronni\u00e8res (jeweled headbands worn across the forehead), and sleeves based on styles of earlier periods were popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0004-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, General trends\nInnovations in roller printing on textiles introduced new dress fabrics. Rich colors such as the Turkey red of the 1820s were still found, but delicate floral prints on light backgrounds were increasingly popular. More precise printing eliminated the need for dark outlines on printed designs, and new green dyes appeared in patterns of grasses, ferns, and unusual florals. Combinations of florals and stripes were fashionable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0005-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, General trends\nOverall, both men's and women's fashion showed width at the shoulder above a tiny waist. Men's coats were padded in the shoulders and across the chest, while women's shoulders sloped to huge sleeves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0006-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Overview\nIn the 1830s, fashionable women's clothing styles had distinctive large 'leg of mutton' or gigot sleeves, above large full conical skirts, ideally with a narrow, low waist, achieved through a combination of corsetry to restrict the waist and full sleeves and skirts that made the waist appear smaller by comparison. Heavy stiff fabrics such as brocades were fashionable after the aesthetic simplicity of fashion from 1795 to 1820, and many 18th-century gowns were cut up into new garments. There was an emphasis on sloping shoulders and large, full sleeves over much of the arm, with a small cuff at the wrist, which are distinctive to day dresses of the 1830s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0007-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Overview\nPelerines, tippets, or lace coverings draped over the shoulders, were popular (one of several garments, along with full upper-arm sleeves and wide necklines, to emphasize the shoulders and their width).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0008-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nThe fashionable feminine figure, with its sloping shoulders, rounded bust, narrow waist and full hips, was emphasized in various ways with the cut and trim of gowns. To about 1835, the small waist was accentuated with a wide belt (a fashion continuing from the 1820s). Later the waist and midriff were unbelted but cut close to the body, and the bodice began to taper to a small point at the front waist. The fashionable corset now had gores to individually cup the breasts, and the bodice was styled to emphasize this shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0009-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nEvening gowns had very wide necklines and short, puffed sleeves reaching to the elbow from a dropped shoulder, and were worn with mid-length gloves. The width at the shoulder was often emphasized by gathered or pleated panels of fabric arranged horizontally over the bust and around the shoulders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0010-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nMorning dresses generally had high necklines, and shoulder width was emphasized with tippets or wide collars that rested on the gigot sleeves. Summer afternoon dresses might have wide, low necklines similar to evening gowns, but with long sleeves. Skirts were pleated into the waistband of the bodice, and held out with starched petticoats of linen or cotton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0011-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nPrior to 1835, fashionable skirts could be worn at ankle-length, but as the decade continued this fell out of fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0012-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and Headgear\nEarly 1830s hair was parted in the center and dressed in elaborate curls, loops and knots extending out to both sides and up from the crown of the head. Braids were fashionable, and were likewise looped over either ear and gathered into a topknot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0013-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and Headgear\nBonnets with wide semicircular brims framed the face for street wear, and were heavily decorated with trim, ribbons, and feathers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0014-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and Headgear\nMarried women wore a linen or cotton cap for daywear, trimmed with lace, ribbon, and frills, and tied under the chin. The cap was worn alone indoors and under the bonnet for street wear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0015-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and Headgear\nFor evening wear, hair ornaments including combs, ribbons, flowers, and jewels were worn; other options included berets and turbans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0016-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Undergarments\nWomen's undergarments consisted of a knee-length linen chemise with straight, elbow length sleeves. Corsets compressed the waist and skirts were held in shape by layers of starched petticoats, stiffened with tucks and cording. The full sleeves were supported by down-filled sleeve plumpers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0017-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Outerwear\nRiding habits consisted of a high-necked, tight-waisted jacket with the fashionable dropped shoulder and huge gigot sleeves, worn over a tall-collared shirt or chemisette, with a long matching petticoat or skirt. Tall top hats with veils were worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0018-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Outerwear\nShawls were worn with short-sleeved evening gowns early in the decade, but they were not suited to the wide gigot sleeves of the mid-1830s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0019-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Outerwear\nFull -length mantles were worn to about 1836, when mantles became shorter. A mantlet or shawl-mantlet was a shaped garment like a cross between a shawl and a mantle, with points hanging down in front. The burnous was a three-quarter length mantle with a hood, named after the similar garment of Arabia. The paletot was knee-length, with three cape-collars and slits for the arms, and the pardessus was half or three-quarter length coat with a defined waist and sleeves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0020-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Outerwear\nFor evening, voluminous mantles of velvet or satin, with fur trim or fur linings in cold climates, were worn with the evening gown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0021-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Footwear\nLow, square-toed slippers were made of fabric or leather for daytime and of satin for evening wear. Low boots with elastic insets appeared in this decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0022-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nIn this time, men's fashion plates continue to show an ideal silhouette with broad shoulders, and a narrow, tightly cinched waist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0023-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and waistcoats\nFrock coats (in French redingotes) increasingly replaced tail coats for informal day wear. They were calf length, and might be double-breasted. Shoulder emphasis fell lower on the arm; shoulders were sloped and puffed sleeve heads gradually shrank and then disappeared. Waistcoats or vests were single- or double-breasted, with rolled shawl or (later) notched collars, and extremely tight through the waist. Waistcoats were sometimes worn two at time, in contrasting colors. Corsets or corset-like garments were worn by many men to draw in the waistline. The most fashionable coats had padded shoulders and chests, a feature that disappeared after about 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0024-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Trousers\nFull -length trousers began to have the modern fly-front closure, replacing the earlier fall-front. Breeches remained a requirement for formal functions at the British court (as they would be throughout the century). Breeches continued to be worn for horseback riding and other country pursuits, especially in Britain, with tall fitted boots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0025-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Outerwear\nCloaks were worn with evening wear. Overcoats with wide sleeves were worn with day wear; these were often called greatcoats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0026-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hats and hairstyles\nThe crowns of tall hats were less curvy than in the previous period. Hair was generally parted to one side. Curled hair and sideburns remained fashionable, along with moustaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021613-0027-0000", "contents": "1830s in Western fashion, Children's fashion\nIn this period, small boys wore sashed tunics over trousers, sometimes with a round-collared shirt underneath. By the 1830s the skeleton suit had fallen out of fashion. Older boys wore short jackets and trousers with round-collared shirts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021614-0000-0000", "contents": "1830s in association football\nThe following are events in the 1830s decade which are relevant to the development of association football. All events happened in English football unless specified otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021614-0001-0000", "contents": "1830s in association football, Bibliography\nThis association football article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021615-0000-0000", "contents": "1830s in sociology\nThe following events related to sociology occurred in the 1830s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021616-0000-0000", "contents": "1830\u20131831 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 51st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1830 and 1831 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. James Fowler served as president of the Senate and William B. Calhoun served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021617-0000-0000", "contents": "1830\u20131831 papal conclave\nThe 1830\u201331 papal conclave, was held commencing 14 December 1830 after the death of Pope Pius VIII. It did not conclude until the 2 February 1831 election of Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari as Pope Gregory XVI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021617-0001-0000", "contents": "1830\u20131831 papal conclave, Context\nPope Pius VIII died on Thursday, November 30, 1830, at the age of sixty-nine. On December 11, the Governor of Rome, Msgr. Benedetto Cappelletti, informed the cardinals that there was a conspiracy in Rome involving the Bonaparte nephews of Cardinal Joseph Fesch. One in custody had been released to the Russian minister, since his mother was the Russian-born Catharina of W\u00fcrttemberg. Fesch refused to ask his nephews to leave Rome. A paper bomb exploded under the windows of the conclave. The conclave opened in an atmosphere of high tension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021617-0002-0000", "contents": "1830\u20131831 papal conclave, Description\nWhen the conclave convened on December 14, some 45 of the 54 living cardinals participated; eight of whom were not Italian. Bartolomeo Pacca presided as Dean of the Sacred College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021617-0003-0000", "contents": "1830\u20131831 papal conclave, Description\nInitially the chief candidates included Emmanuele De Gregorio and Bartolomeo Pacca, who had been papabili in the 1829 conclave, plus Giacomo Giustiniani, who was a long-serving papal diplomat but who was vetoed by King Ferdinand VII. Giustiniani had served as nuncio at Madrid and provoked the hostility of the Prime Minister in ecclesiastical matters, and Queen Christina regarding the succession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021617-0004-0000", "contents": "1830\u20131831 papal conclave, Description\nFrom the first day of the scrutiny, which was the 15th, up to the 27th, the votes were fairly evenly divided between De Gregorio and Pacca. However, it became clear eventually that neither of the unvetoed papabili could gain the support of two-thirds of the cardinals, and with Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich wanting a very strong Pope to hold firm against the flood of revolution haunting Europe at the time of the conclave, Giuseppe Albani, who led the Austrian faction and supported Pacca, intervened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021617-0004-0001", "contents": "1830\u20131831 papal conclave, Description\nHe proposed Vincenzo Macchi, former nuncio in Paris, as his candidate, but few of the other cardinals saw Macchi as suitable for the papacy. Cardinal Joachim-Jean-Xavier d'Isoard was instructed by King Louis-Philippe of France to place a veto against the election of Macchi if necessary. Cardinal Tommaso Bernetti, who vied with Albani for the position of Secretary of State, threw his support to De Gregorio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021617-0005-0000", "contents": "1830\u20131831 papal conclave, Description\nCappellari appeared as an alternative to both De Gregorio and Macchi only when the conclave was well-advanced, but even though Albani worked against him, Cappellari eventually took the lead and won the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021617-0006-0000", "contents": "1830\u20131831 papal conclave, Description\nNo conclave since has lasted as long as a week, but at the time no conclave since 1667 had lasted fewer than three weeks. The conclave took eighty-three ballots to deliver a two-thirds majority to a candidate, whereas no conclave since has taken more than fourteen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021617-0007-0000", "contents": "1830\u20131831 papal conclave, Description\nCappellari, then a Camaldolese priest and prefect of the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, was also the last Pope not a bishop when elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021618-0000-0000", "contents": "1831\n1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1831st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 831st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 31st  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1831, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021619-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1831 Alabama gubernatorial election was an election held on August 1, 1831, to elect the Governor of Alabama. Jacksonian candidate John Gayle beat the incumbent Jacksonian governor Samuel B. Moore and National Republican candidate Nicholas Davis with 55.01% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021620-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Barbados\u2013Louisiana hurricane\nThe Great Barbados hurricane was an intense Category 4 hurricane that left cataclysmic damage across the Caribbean and Louisiana in 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021620-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 Barbados\u2013Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history\nA possible Cape Verde hurricane, the storm slammed into Barbados, leveling the capital of Bridgetown on August 10. Some 1,500 people perished, either drowned by the 17-foot (5.2\u00a0m) storm surge that the hurricane brought or crushed beneath collapsed buildings (including the St. John's Parish Church, Barbados). It produced great damage in Saint Vincent and Saint Lucia, and slightly touched Martinique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021620-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 Barbados\u2013Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history\nOn August 12, it arrived in Puerto Rico. Moving past Haiti and Cuba, it nearly destroyed the town of Les Cayes and damaged Santiago de Cuba, and then crossed the entire length of Cuba, passing Havana on August 14 (Hurricane Georges of 1998 had a similar track). Its estimated Category 4 winds brought ships ashore at Guantanamo Bay, causing mudslides, and resulted in major structural damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021620-0003-0000", "contents": "1831 Barbados\u2013Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history\nIt turned to the northwest, where it made landfall near Last Island, Louisiana as a Category 3 hurricane on August 17. There it flooded parts of New Orleans from its 7-to-10-foot (2.1 to 3.0\u00a0m) storm surge in Lake Pontchartrain and also causing hail. The back part of the city of New Orleans was completely inundated. It was simultaneously felt at Pensacola, Florida and Mobile, Alabama, and extended to Natchez, Mississippi 300 miles (480\u00a0km) up the Mississippi river. Its duration was six days from the time it commenced in Barbados and its course cycloidal; the distance passed over by the storm from Barbados to New Orleans is 2,100 nautical miles (3,900\u00a0km), and the average rate of its progress fourteen miles (21\u00a0km) an hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021620-0004-0000", "contents": "1831 Barbados\u2013Louisiana hurricane, Impact\nThe Great Barbados Hurricane left 2,500 people dead and $7,000,000 (equivalent to $170,121,875 in 2020) in damage. Ludlum (1963) wrote: \u201cIt was one of the great hurricanes of the century, or any century.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021621-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Belgian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Belgium on 29 August 1831. They were the first elections to the new bicameral parliament created by the constitution adopted in February 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021621-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 Belgian general election\nIn the Senate elections Catholics won 31 seats and Liberals four. Voter turnout was 62.2%, although only 46,000 people (1.1% of the country's population) were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021621-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 Belgian general election\nOn 8 September 1831, King Leopold I of Belgium opened the 1831\u20131832 parliamentary session, the first ever of the Belgian Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021621-0003-0000", "contents": "1831 Belgian general election, Electoral system\nThe electoral system was defined in the 1831 constitution and the electoral law of 3 March 1831. The 102 members of the Chamber of Representatives and 51 members of the Senate were elected by absolute majority in 44 electoral districts. Each district had between one and seven Representatives and one to three Senators; some were elected by joint or alternating districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021621-0004-0000", "contents": "1831 Belgian general election, Electoral system\nEligibility vote was restricted to men aged 25 or older who held Belgian nationality either through birth or through grand naturalisation, and who paid a cens fixed by the electoral law. The cens differentiated depending on the place of residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021621-0005-0000", "contents": "1831 Belgian general election, Electoral system, Constituencies\nThe 44 constituencies elected 102 representatives and appointed 51 senators as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots\nThe 1831 Bristol riots took place on 29\u201331 October 1831 and were part of the 1831 reform riots in England. The riots arose after the second Reform Bill was voted down in the House of Lords, stalling efforts at electoral reform. The arrival of the anti-reform judge Charles Wetherell in the city on 29 October led to a protest, which degenerated into a riot. The civic and military authorities were poorly focused and uncoordinated and lost control of the city. Order was restored on the third day by a combination of a posse comitatus of the city's middle-class citizens and military forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots\nMuch of the city centre was burnt, up to \u00a3300,000 of damage caused and up to 250 casualties incurred. The city's mayor Charles Pinney was tried for failing to prevent the riot and acquitted. The military commander, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Brereton was court-martialled on a similar charge and committed suicide before he could be sentenced. A renewed third reform bill passed in 1832, as the Great Reform Act, introducing sweeping changes to the electoral system. Local government in Bristol was likewise reformed with the passing of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Background\nIn early 19th-century Britain there were large discrepancies in the size of constituencies of the lower house, the House of Commons. Some seats, so called rotten boroughs returned up to two Members of Parliament (MPs) from a small number of electors, while seats in new urban centres, such as Manchester, had no MPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0003-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Background\nIn March 1831 an attempt was made by the Whigs to introduce a Reform Bill to address the matter. This was defeated in parliament and the prime minister, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, resigned. Grey was returned to office with a majority in the subsequent general election and introduced a second Reform Bill. This passed in the House of Commons but was defeated in the Lords on 8 October 1831. Bristol, a city of 100,000 people, was represented by just two members of parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0004-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Background\nThe rejection of the bill and the second resignation of Grey resulted in a period of political upheaval which has since been characterised as \"the closest that Britain came to revolution\". Inhabitants of cities and towns were angry at the failure to pass the bill and there were serious disturbances in London, Derby, Leicester, Yeovil, Sherborne, Exeter, Bath, Worcester and Bristol. The disturbances in Birmingham were so severe that the British Army's Scots Greys cavalry regiment was deployed to the city. Full scale riots erupted in Bristol, Nottingham and Derby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0005-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Background\nThe Bristol Recorder (senior judge) Charles Wetherell was a noted opponent of the Reform Bill. Although he was given a hero's welcome in the city in 1829 for his opposition to Catholic emancipation, he sparked controversy in 1830 for stating in parliament that the people of Bristol opposed reform. The city had, in fact, sent a petition of 17,000 names to support reform and hosted large pro-reform public meetings in the first week of October. Wetherell himself was MP for the Yorkshire rotten borough of Boroughbridge. Boroughbridge, with just 48 electors, was set to be abolished by the Reform Bill. Wetherell was due to attend the court of assizes in Bristol at the end of October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0006-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Preceding days\nThe Mayor of Bristol and head of its local authority, the Bristol Corporation, was Charles Pinney, a Whig and a supporter of the Reform Bill. His election, in September, may have been arranged by the other aldermen of the city, who were mainly anti-reform Tories, to curry favour with pro-reform elements and to reduce the likelihood of unrest. Pinney, by virtue of his office, was responsible for leading the response of the civil authorities to the riots. The citizens were angered as they regarded Pinney, who had not publicly supported electoral reform since taking office, as having abandoned the cause to join the Establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0007-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Preceding days\nThe Bristol Political Union (BPU), under William Herapath, was a key organisation in the city supporting reform. On 18 October the BPU broke up a meeting of sailors who were discussing forming a bodyguard for Wetherell's arrival. On 24 October a riot was narrowly averted when pro-reform citizens protested the arrival of George Henry Law, Bishop of Bath and Wells for the consecration of a new church in Bedminster. Law had voted against the Reform Bill in the House of Lords.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0008-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Preceding days\nThe BPU met with the city magistrates in October and agreed to maintain neutrality during any civil disturbance, provided that troops were not used. Herapath called off the agreement on 25 October, when he learnt that the magistrates had requested troops be sent to the city. Herapath later stated that he was confident that he could have maintained order in the city, had the troops not been deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0009-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Preceding days\nThe Bristol under-sheriff had command of only 100 constables and estimated that at least 300 would be required to deal with the anticipated size of the protests against Wetherell. Herapath refused to allow BPU members to be enlisted as special constables and there were few volunteers from the middle class who were traditionally called upon to provide this service. The magistrates managed to enlist 119 volunteers, but many of these were of known violent tendencies. Despite having the power to do so the magistrates did not order the yeomanry or half-pay and retired army personnel to be called up. They did, however, clear weapons from the city's gun smiths in case of looting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0010-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Preceding days\nThe city magistrates requested British Army troops be sent to help with any disorder. The government was reluctant to send any, knowing that it would be unpopular with the public, but eventually the Home Secretary William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne authorised the deployment of a force of 93 soldiers to be only used in the case of an \"absolute emergency\". These were a mix of men from the 14th Light Dragoons and the 3rd Dragoon Guards. The 14th were unpopular in Bristol as they had recently been involved in the suppression of disorder in the West Country, where they had earned the nickname the \"Bloody Blues\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0011-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Preceding days\nDuring the course of the riots men of this regiment, recognisable in their distinctive blue uniforms, would be jeered by the crowd while those of the 3rd, a regiment based locally, were cheered. Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Brereton was commander of the 3rd Dragoon Guards and led the military response to the riots. He was a supporter of reform and, after the riots, would be accused of having sympathies with the mob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0012-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Preceding days\nWhen the troops arrived in the city the aldermen and magistrates refused to ride at the head of the troops as they crossed the city boundary, as tradition demanded. The officials were fearful that doing so would cause the mob to single out their businesses for looting and arson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0013-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, 29 October\nThe location of Wetherell's entrance into the city had been changed for security reasons but soon became common knowledge and he was met with a mob upon his arrival on 29 October. The carriage carrying Wetherell and Pinney was stoned and they sought refuge at the corporation's Mansion House. Violence escalated, particularly after the special constables carried out a number of charges into the crowd, one of which led to the death of a member of the public. There were disputes between the dragoons and the constables over the perceived heavy-handedness of the latter. Pinney twice spoke to the crowd to attempt to regain control, but felt he had no option but to read the Riot Act at dusk, by which time many of the special constables had abandoned their posts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0014-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, 29 October\nThe rioting continued into the night and the Mansion House was stormed, the 14th Light Dragoons attempted to halt the riot and shot one man dead whilst doing so. Wetherell fled the Mansion House via the rooftop to an adjacent building and Pinney escaped to seek refuge at a friend's house where he spent much of the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0015-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, 30 October\nThe looting of the Mansion House continued from 7 am on 30 October, a Sunday. Its wine cellar was emptied and the building set on fire. Efforts to control the riot were hampered by a crowd of middle-class onlookers, who encouraged the rioters. Pinney ordered a notice to be read out in the city's places of worship that morning that ordered a posse comitatus to be formed. However, fewer than 200 men answered the call and these mostly dispersed when the civic authorities failed to organise them effectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0015-0001", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, 30 October\nPart of the problem was that the civic authorities moved their headquarters between a number of different buildings. This meant that their leaders were hard to locate at key times, for example on 30 October a force of 57 men from the Dodington yeomanry arrived in the city but were withdrawn by their officer when no magistrate could be found to requisition lodgings. Herapath spoke to the mob but failed to halt the violence, he later offered to mobilise the BPU members as a peacekeeping force but was refused by Pinney who thought it would reflect badly upon the authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0016-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, 30 October\nThere was mistrust between the civic and military leaders and confusion over what actions to take. Pinney's orders to Brereton were vague and did not explicitly authorise the use of deadly force; at one point Brereton had to dissuade Pinney from issuing direct orders to fire into the crowd. Brereton had never served in a public order role before and behaved indecisively, he consistently overestimated the size of the rioting crowd and underestimated his ability to control it. Brereton may have been affected by the criticism the armed forces received for its actions in Manchester in 1819, in which 18 people were killed when cavalry charged a crowd in the so-called Peterloo Massacre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0017-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, 30 October\nA charge by the 14th Dragoons in Corn Street against a mob attacking the Council House resulted in the deaths of two men. Brereton believed an element in the 14th were provoking trouble with the crowd and, assured by the mob that they would disperse if the \"Bloody Blues\" were sent away, ordered them to withdraw. There was a short lull in the fighting, during which Wetherell escaped from the city disguised as a woman, but the mob afterwards attacked the town gaols. The few soldiers of the 3rd Dragoon Guards left on the scene were powerless to stop them; the Bridewell Jail, Lawford's Gate Prison and Gloucester County Prison were overrun and the prisoners freed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0018-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, 30 October\nFurther destruction was inflicted upon houses, warehouses, tollhouses and civic buildings, particularly on  Queen Square, Prince's Street and King Street. There was an attempt to attack the Bristol Corporation's dock company and the dock gates were burnt. Fires set at the Bishop's Palace, customs house, excise office and at other buildings were reportedly visible from Newport, Wales. Chants from the crowd included \"Oh! It's only Corporation property!\" to justify the destruction of civic buildings and \"Down with the churches and mend the roads with them\". It is known that a number of \"fireballs\" of flammable tow and pitch were manufactured for use by rioters; though otherwise they were armed only with improvised sticks, railings, and tools looted from blacksmiths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0019-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, 31 October\nThe destruction caused during the night of 30/31 October, in which many private houses were attacked, shocked the citizens of the city. The middle classes were provoked into action and some 3,000 men reported for duty in the posse comitatus on the following morning. An additional 100 soldiers from the 14th Light Dragoons arrived in the city later that day. Their officer, Major Beckwith, and a war office liaison officer, Major Mackworth, took control of the situation, without regard for Brereton's seniority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0019-0001", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, 31 October\nThey responded to a rush of rioters on the southern side of Queen Square with a charge by the 3rd Dragoon Guards that effectively quelled the riot. The posse comitatus had largely restored order across the city by the time General Sir Richard Downes Jackson arrived from London with several hundred soldiers to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0020-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Aftermath\nThe riots were the worst in an English city since the 1780 Gordon Riots in London. The total death toll is unknown but twelve citizens are known to have been killed in clashes with the authorities; many other corpses were recovered later from within burned buildings. Historian Mark Harrison in 1988 estimated between 120 and 250 casualties from all parties. A large part of the city centre was destroyed and up to \u00a3300,000 of damage caused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0021-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Aftermath\nBristol was governed by Jackson and his troops for four months. Many in parliament had no confidence in the local government under Pinney and set up a committee of enquiry to remove the Bristol magistrates from office, opposed by Melbourne, who claimed he lacked jurisdiction. Pinney was eventually brought to trial before the Court of King's Bench in October 1832 and acquitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0022-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Aftermath\nTrials of the rioters were held in January 1832, 102 were tried and 31 were sentenced to death. One of the men sentenced to hang was a retired tradesman whose only crime was to shout encouragement to the rioters. He was singled out by the court for particular punishment because of the respectable position he held in society. Clemency was granted to all bar four of those sentenced to death after a petition of 10,000 names was presented, which included the names of people whose houses had been destroyed in the riot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0022-0001", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Aftermath\nSome 22 people were transported to Australia and 43 imprisoned. Captain Warrington of the 3rd Dragoon Guards was court-martialled and cashiered for failing to pass on a message to Brereton during the riot. The colonel himself was arraigned before a court-martial in January 1832. During the proceedings he offered to plead guilty to charges of failing to control the riot if the court agreed not to call any more witnesses. The court refused this request and Brereton committed suicide before a sentence could be passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0023-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Aftermath\nBoth pro-reform and anti-reform activists blamed the other for the riots. Pro -reformers suspected the Tory aldermen of Bristol of wanting the riots to get out of hand to discredit the movement while the Tories blamed the Whig government of withholding troops from the city authorities. It was alleged that the riots were directed by an external party; allegations were made of French involvement (revolutionaries there had overthrown Charles X in July 1830) and of members of the Birmingham Political Union travelling to the city, but not substantiated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0023-0001", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Aftermath\nReform campaigners, eager to avoid any political connection to the riot, claimed the rioters were all youths, the unemployed and \"women of abandoned character\" from St Philips and Lawford's Gate areas of the city. However court records show the rioters seem to have largely been men aged 20\u201340 from the Temple and St James districts. Only one of those convicted of rioting was unemployed, for example.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0024-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Aftermath\nAnother common misconception of the time was that troublemakers had come from the  Kingswood collieries; though the pit owners stated that their men had largely remained at work throughout the riots. No defendant claimed a political motive in court and many pleaded drunkenness as mitigation for their behaviour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0025-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, Aftermath\nThe Third Reform Bill, known afterwards as the Great Reform Act, finally passed in 1832 after a political crisis known as the Days of May. The Royal Commission on Municipal Corporations of 1833 thought Bristol's local authority was jealous of its power and incapable of controlling the city; with many city officials viewing their positions as sinecures. The corporation was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Pinney returned to the corporation that year as an alderman, a position he held for 18 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0026-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, W. J. M\u00fcller's 1831 depictions of the riots\nThe artist William James M\u00fcller, an artist of the Bristol School, witnessed the rioting and recorded some of the scenes in a series of \"raw and brilliant oil and watercolour sketches\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021622-0027-0000", "contents": "1831 Bristol riots, W. J. M\u00fcller's 1831 depictions of the riots\nThe Burning of the New Gaol with St. Paul\u2019s Church, Bedminster", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021623-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Chilean presidential election\nThe Chilean presidential election of 1831 took place through a system of electors, and resulted in the election as President of General Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn Prieto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021623-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 Chilean presidential election\nFollowing the victory by the conservatives at the Battle of Lircay, which put an end to the Chilean Civil War of 1829\u201330, order was restored. A new Congress was elected, and a call for presidential elections was made. A restricted number of citizens voted for electors, who in turn voted to elect a new president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021623-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 Chilean presidential election\nOn June 2, the day following the first session of the new Congress, the vote recount took place. Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn Prieto was elected President, and Diego Portales Vice President. The position of Vice President was later abolished with the Constitution of 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021624-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 City Bank of New York theft\nThe 1831 City Bank of New York theft took place on March 19, 1831, in New York City, New York, United States, when burglars stole $245,000 (1831 values) from the City Bank (now Citibank) on Wall Street, using a set of copied keys. The theft is regarded as one of the first bank heists in U.S. history The amount stolen would come to over $52 million in 2013 currency. Initial reports variously reported the name of the culprits as Edward Smith, Edward Jones, James Honeyman and James Murray. A modern source, drawing on period newspapers, fingers James Honeyman and William J. Murray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021624-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 City Bank of New York theft\nMurray and Honeyman, who used both \"Smith\" and \"Jones\" as aliases, spent $60,000 before they were caught. Murray fled to Philadelphia while Honeyman remained in New York under an alias. Both were captured, convicted, and both sentenced to five years in Sing Sing prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021624-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 City Bank of New York theft\nThe Connecticut Courant reported that the suspect, Smith (Honeyman), was apprehended \"due to the acuteness and indefatigable vigilance of High Constable Hays.\" Perpetrator had been apprehended in the previous year for robbing \"Mr. Schenck's store\"  in Brooklyn. He was a \"Morocco (leather) dresser\" by trade who kept a small shoe store on the Bowery where he allowed \"dissipated profligates\" to gather. Constable Hays found nothing during his first search of the Division Street rooms where Honeyman lived with his wife and two children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021624-0002-0001", "contents": "1831 City Bank of New York theft\nTipped off by the keeper of the lodging house, who saw Honeyman carrying a trunk out of his rooms, the \"acute\" Constable Hays returned later in the week, and decided to search the trunks remaining in the apartment. This time he found most of the stolen money hidden under clothing in one of the trunks. Suspect was seized and taken to New York's colonial-era Bridewell prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021624-0002-0002", "contents": "1831 City Bank of New York theft\nAuthorities recovered:  $57,328 in City Bank Notes; $501,118 in \"various city notes;\" $44,000 in Lansingburgh Bank Notes (a bank in Lansingburgh, New York); $20,000 in notes issued by the \"Morris Canal\"; $8.272 recorded as \"uncurrent - belonging to S. & M. Allen\"; and $40 worth of counterfeit notes. $63,000 of stolen money was never recovered, a sum that included 398 doubloons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021625-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1831 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 8, 1831. Incumbent acting governor and National Republican nominee John S. Peters was elected to a term in his own right after the resignation of his predecessor Gideon Tomlinson, defeating Anti- Masonic nominee Zalmon Storrs with 68.75% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021625-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nAs the election took place during the early Second Party System, this was the last time a candidate for the governor's office would be listed under the Federalist banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021626-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Coronation Honours\nThe 1831 Coronation Honours were appointments by King William IV to various orders and honours on the occasion of his coronation on 8 September 1831. The honours were published in The London Gazette on 16 September and 27 September 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021626-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 Coronation Honours\nThe recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Commander, etc.) and then divisions as appropriate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021627-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 French legislative election\nThe 1831 general election organized the second legislature of the July Monarchy. The election was held on 5 July. Only tax paying citizens were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021628-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Londonderry City by-election\nA by-election was held in the Parliament of the United Kingdom constituency of Londonderry City between 28 March and 2 April 1831. It was held after the 1830 general election in the constituency was declared void by the House of Commons following an election petition. The grounds for the petition were that the election's winner Sir Robert Ferguson, 2nd Baronet, was also the constituency's returning officer by virtue of his position as mayor of the city. Ferguson and his 1830 opponent Captain John Richard James Hart both stood in the 1831 by-election. The result was similar to that of the preceding year and Ferguson was returned. Less than a month after the by-election, Parliament was dissolved and the 1831 United Kingdom general election was called, in which Ferguson also won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021628-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 Londonderry City by-election, Background\nSir Robert Ferguson, 2nd Baronet, a Whig politician with conservative leanings, had been elected to the House of Commons for the Londonderry City constituency at the 1830 United Kingdom general election. The 1830 election had been held in the city between 11 and 16 August and the declared result was 258 votes for Ferguson and 87 for his Tory opponent Captain John Richard James Hart. Ferguson was the sitting mayor of Londonderry and hence was also the constituency's returning officer. Three petitions were lodged against the election, on 15, 16 and 22 November 1830 by Hart and local electors. It was alleged that Ferguson had a conflict of interest, ignored a king's bench judgement against him and had ignored complaints about unfair conduct during the election. A committee of the House of Commons declared the election void on 14 March 1831 and issued warrants for a new election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021628-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 Londonderry City by-election, Background\nHart was a noted supporter of the First Reform Bill and Ferguson, to secure votes, also pledged to support the bill. Hart's campaign was damaged by his father's opposition to the bill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021628-0003-0000", "contents": "1831 Londonderry City by-election, Results\nThe election was held between 28 March and 2 April 1831 and resulted in 202 votes for Ferguson and 62 for Hart, a similar proportion to the 1830 results. Hart again alleged malpractice during the election and two further petitions were submitted on the basis that Ferguson was still legally mayor and returning officer. There were also complaints from the Catholic majority that the requirement to swear a test, repealed by the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, in order to become freemen and electors, deprived them of their vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021628-0004-0000", "contents": "1831 Londonderry City by-election, Results\nThe petitions became void upon when the Whig leader, Lord Grey, dissolved parliament on 23 April. Ferguson stood again for the constituency at the 1831 United Kingdom general election, held in Londonderry from 9 to 12 May and was again elected. Ferguson afterwards represented the Londonderry City constituency continuously until his death on 13 March 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021629-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1831 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 12, 1831. Incumbent Democratic Governor Samuel E. Smith defeated National Republican candidate Daniel Goodenow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021630-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 52nd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1831 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. Leverett Saltonstall served as president of the Senate and William B. Calhoun served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021630-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 Massachusetts legislature\nNotable legislation included \"a law to transfer state elections to the fall so as to coincide with national elections.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021631-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 National Republican National Convention\nThe 1831 National Republican National Convention was held to determine the presidential ticket of the National Republican Party in the 1832 United States presidential election. The convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland in December 1831. The party nominated Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky for president and former Representative John Sergeant of Pennsylvania for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021631-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 National Republican National Convention\nThe 1831 National Republican National Convention was the first U.S. presidential nominating convention held by major party, though a third party, the Anti-Masonic Party, had held a presidential nominating convention earlier in 1831. 155 delegates from 18 of the 24 states attended the convention. Clay was the unanimous choice for president of the party's delegates. He was the first sitting member of the United States Senate to be nominated for president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021631-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 National Republican National Convention\nIn the 1832 presidential election, Clay was defeated by President Andrew Jackson of the Democratic Party. After the 1832 election, the National Republican Party, the Anti-Masonic Party, and other opponents of Jackson coalesced into the Whig Party. Thus, the 1831 convention was the only national convention ever held by the National Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021632-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Naval Air Squadron\n1831 Naval Air Squadron (1831 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. The squadron was formed in 1943 in Rhode Island, before being disbanded after its return to Britain in 1946. It was reformed a year later, as part of the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve where in 1955 it became the first jet-equipped squadron of the Royal Navy Voulenteer Reserve, before being disbanded in 1957. It was later briefly reformed between 1980-81 to assist in training aircrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021632-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 Naval Air Squadron, Second World War\n1831 Naval Air Squadron initially formed on 1 July 1943 at NAS Quonset Point on Rhode Island, equipped with Lend-Lease supplied Vought Corsair fighters. It crossed the Atlantic to Britain in October, but was disbanded on 10 December 1943, when it was broken up to re-inforce 1830 and 1833 Naval Air Squadrons. It reformed on 1 November 1944, again as a Corsair-equipped squadron, at another American naval base, this time NAS Brunswick in Maine. The Squadron returned to Britain in February 1945, embarking on the aircraft carrier Glory which sailed to join the British Pacific Fleet in May 1945. By the time Glory reached the Pacific, the Second World War was almost over, and the ship's Naval Air Wing, including 1831 Squadron, saw no combat. The squadron, without its aircraft, returned to Britain and disbanded on arrival on 13 August 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021632-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 Naval Air Squadron, Naval Reserve\n1831 Squadron reformed at RNAS Stretton in Cheshire on 1 June 1947 as part of the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, equipped with Supermarine Seafire fighters and a single North American Harvard trainer. The squadron, which had its strength supplemented by single examples of the Hawker Sea Fury and Fairey Firefly in 1948, carried out a training deployment aboard Illustrious in September 1949 and again in August\u2013September 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021632-0002-0001", "contents": "1831 Naval Air Squadron, Naval Reserve\nThe Squadron re-equipped with the Sea Fury in August 1951 and in June 1952, became part of the newly established Northern Air Division of the RNVR, being joined by 1841 Squadron, equipped with Fireflies in the anti-submarine role, in July that year. On 15 June 1953, 1831 Squadron took part in the flypast for the Coronation Fleet Review marking the Coronation of Elizabeth II, and in July that year it carried out more deck landing training aboard Illustrious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021632-0003-0000", "contents": "1831 Naval Air Squadron, Naval Reserve\nIn August 1954, the Northern Air Division was deployed to Har Far, Malta for that year's 14-day continuous training period. That month it also replaced its Harvard trainers with Boulton Paul Sea Balliols, which were used both for training and communications duties. From May\u2013June 1955, the Squadron became the first jet-equipped squadron of the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, replacing its Sea Furys with seven Supermarine Attacker jet fighters and one de Havilland Vampire T22 trainer, while retaining its Sea Balliols. Later that year, the squadron formed a formation aerobatic team with its Attackers, displaying at five airshows that year. On 9 January 1957, it was announced that flying units of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force and the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve were to be disbanded, with operational training ending on 10 January. As a result, 1831 Naval Air Squadron disbanded on 10 March 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 940]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021632-0004-0000", "contents": "1831 Naval Air Squadron, Naval Reserve\nThe Squadron reformed on 3 April 1980 at RNAS Lee-on-Solent with the role of giving continuation training to aircrew in the Royal Navy Reserve. It had no aircraft of its own, borrowing aircraft from other squadrons as required. The Squadron moved to RNAS Yeovilton on 1 April 1981 but soon disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021633-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Nicholson\n1831 Nicholson, provisional designation 1968 HC, is a stony asteroid of the Baptistina family from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 1968, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at the Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 3.2 hours. It was named for American astronomer Seth B. Nicholson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021633-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 Nicholson, Orbit and classification\nAccording to a HCM-analysis by David Nesvorn\u00fd, Nicholson is a member of the Baptistina family (403), located within the greater Flora family a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. Conversely, and since the existence of a proper Flora family has been ruled out by other astronomers, Nicholson has also been classified as a background asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021633-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 Nicholson, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,224 days; semi-major axis of 2.24\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1948 GF at the Nice Observatory in April 1948. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1955 ML at the Goethe Link Observatory in June 1955, almost 13 years prior to its official discovery observation at Zimmerwald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021633-0003-0000", "contents": "1831 Nicholson, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer in memory of American astronomer Seth B. Nicholson (1891\u20131963), who pioneered in several branches of planetary research at Mount Wilson Observatory and who discovered four of Jupiter's numerous moons \u2013 namely, Sinope, Lysithea, Carme, and Ananke. The lunar crater Nicholson and the dark terrain of Nicholson Regio on Jupiter's moon Ganymede, as well as the impact crater Nicholson on Mars have also been named after him. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021633-0004-0000", "contents": "1831 Nicholson, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Nicholson is a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021633-0005-0000", "contents": "1831 Nicholson, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Nicholson was obtained from photometric observations by a group of Spanish astronomers from Valencia and Alicante at various observatories: (J08), (Z95), (J67), (Z98) and (I57). Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.228\u00b10.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude (U=3). At the same time, Serbian astronomer Vladimir Benishek at the Belgrade Observatory determined a concurring period of 3.25510\u00b10.00003 hours with an amplitude of 0.29 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021633-0006-0000", "contents": "1831 Nicholson, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Nicholson measures 7.1 and 8.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.39 and 0.296, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the namesake of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 8.58 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021634-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district special election\nOn November 22, 1831, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the death of William Ramsey (D) on September 29, 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021634-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district special election, Election results\nMcCoy took his seat December 5, 1831, at the start of the 1st session of the 22nd Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021635-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1831 United Kingdom general election saw a landslide win by supporters of electoral reform, which was the major election issue. As a result, it was the last unreformed election, as the Parliament which resulted ensured the passage of the Reform Act 1832. Polling was held from 28 April to 1 June 1831. The Whigs won a majority of 136 over the Tories, which was as near to a landslide as the unreformed electoral system could deliver. As the Government obtained a dissolution of Parliament once the new electoral system had been enacted, the resulting Parliament was a short one and there was another election the following year. The election was the first since 1715 to see a victory by a party previously in minority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021635-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe ninth UK Parliament elected in 1830 lacked a stable Commons majority for the Tory government of the Duke of Wellington: the best estimate is that it there had 310 supporters, 225 opponents and 121 doubtful. After a series of defeats, on 15 November 1830 Henry Parnell's motion for an inquiry into the civil list was carried by 233 to 204; this defeat surprised Wellington and his cabinet and forced their resignation. Wellington went into opposition, with Sir Robert Peel as the Tory Leader of the Opposition in the Commons. A Whig government under Earl Grey was appointed on 22 November 1830, the first since the Ministry of all the Talents in 1806\u201307. The government's Leader of the House of Commons was Viscount Althorp, who also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021635-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nGrey was determined to bring in reform to the traditional electoral system, which had been discussed for many decades. With aristocratic colleagues he produced a surprisingly bold scheme of reform; the second reading of the Reform Bill was carried by only one vote (302\u2013301) on 22 March 1831. The Tory opposition was determined to stop the scheme going ahead, and when the Bill went into committee on 18 April, General Gascoyne moved an amendment which required that the total number of MPs representing England and Wales ought not to be reduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021635-0002-0001", "contents": "1831 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThis proposal was a skilfully drafted 'wrecking amendment' and when it was passed by 299\u2013291 on 19 April, the Grey government knew it would not get its legislation. In truth Grey had been ready to ask for a dissolution immediately the Committee stage began, and King William IV reluctantly agreed; the King dissolved Parliament in person (amid a great political tumult) on 22 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021635-0003-0000", "contents": "1831 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe new Parliament was summoned to meet on 14 June 1831, for a maximum seven-year term from that date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021635-0004-0000", "contents": "1831 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nAt this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021635-0005-0000", "contents": "1831 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nThe general election took place between the first contest on 28 April and the last contest on 1 June 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021635-0006-0000", "contents": "1831 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nMonmouthshire (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021635-0007-0000", "contents": "1831 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nTable 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021636-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1831 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 1, 1831, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021636-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nNathan Sanford had been elected in 1826 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021636-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1830, the Jacksonian Democrats managed to defeat the combined Anti- Masons and National Republicans. Enos T. Throop was narrowly re-elected Governor, a large Jacksonian-Democratic majority was elected to the Assembly, and five of the nine State Senators elected were Jacksonian Democrats. The 54th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 26, 1831, at Albany, New York. The party strength in the Assembly as shown by the election for Speaker was: 91 for Jacksonian Democrat George R. Davis and 30 for Anti- Mason John C. Spencer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021636-0003-0000", "contents": "1831 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe Jacksonian Democratic State legislators held a caucus before the election, and nominated New York Supreme Court Justice William L. Marcy. The vote was 77 for Marcy, 15 for Erastus Root, 6 for the incumbent Nathan Sanford and 6 scattering votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021636-0004-0000", "contents": "1831 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nWilliam L. Marcy was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021636-0005-0000", "contents": "1831 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nMarcy resigned his seat on January 1, 1833, upon taking office as Governor of New York. The State Legislature held a special election to fill the vacancy in January 1833, and elected Silas Wright, Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021637-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1831 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held on December 13, 1831. George M. Dallas was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021637-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Background\nThe Democratic-Republican Isaac D. Barnard was elected to the United States Senate by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in December 1826. Sen. Barnard resigned on December 6, 1831, vacating the seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021637-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results\nFollowing the resignation of Sen. Isaac Barnard, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 13, 1831, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. A total of eleven ballots were recorded. The results of the eleventh and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021638-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1831 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of William A. Palmer to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021638-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the mid-to-late 1820s, the old Democratic-Republican Party continued to splinter into adherents of Andrew Jackson (the Jacksonian or Democratic Party) and those of John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay (the National Republican Party, soon to be called the Whig Party). The Anti-Masonic Party, which had formed in the late 1820s, continued to attract adherents, and was especially strong in Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021638-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe candidates for governor in 1831 were: Anti- Mason William A. Palmer; Heman Allen (of Colchester), the nominee of the Clay Masonic or National Republican Party; and Jacksonian Ezra Meech. In the general election, the General Assembly determined that the results were: total votes, 33,976; Palmer, 15,258 (44.9%); Allen, 12,290 (36.2%); Meech, 6,158 (18.1%); scattering, 270 (0.8%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021638-0003-0000", "contents": "1831 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBecause no candidate received a majority as required by the Vermont Constitution, the General Assembly was required to select. With 227 members voting on the 9th ballot, 114 votes were necessary for a choice. Palmer, who had consistently attained 110 or more votes on the previous eight ballots, received 114 votes. Allen received 36, Meech 42, and incumbent governor Samuel C. Crafts, a National Republican, received 35.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021638-0004-0000", "contents": "1831 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for lieutenant governor, the total votes were 34,099. Anti - Mason Lebbeus Egerton received 15,190 votes (44.5%), Jedediah Harris, a National Republican, received 12,736 (37.3%), Jacksonian John Roberts received 6,127 (18.0%), and 46 (0.2%) were recorded as scattering. The General Assembly was required to choose and with 209 members voting on the first ballot, 105 votes were necessary for a choice. Egerton was elected with 110 votes to 60 for Harris, 40 for Roberts, and 9 scattering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021638-0005-0000", "contents": "1831 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan won election to a one-year term as treasurer, his thirty-second. Though he had nominally been a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalist Party he was frequently unopposed. In 1831, he was the candidate of both the Jacksonians and the National Republicans and Augustine Clarke was the Anti-Masonic candidate. The popular vote was reported as: total votes cast, 33,362; Swan, 19,118 (57.3%); Clarke, 14,204 (42.6%); scattering, 39 (0.1%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021639-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 census of the Ottoman Empire\n1831 census of the Ottoman Empire was the first available population information in the West. The Europeans estimates before this census, some of whom, such as William Eton, David Urquhart, Georg Hassel was based on their personal assumptions which in these publications claimed to be gathered from Ottoman court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021639-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 census of the Ottoman Empire\nThe \"first\" modern Ottoman census was conducted beginning in 1828/29 in both Europe and Anatolia. It was required after Auspicious Incident in 1826. Many of the old customs and procedures changed at this census. Advent of the war with Russia in 1828-1829 prevented the generalization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021640-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1831 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021640-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 in Australia\nThe year of the Ripon Land Grant, which attracted many settlers to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021644-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1831 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021644-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of Chile: Jos\u00e9 Tom\u00e1s Ovalle y Bezanilla (-8 March), Fernando Err\u00e1zuriz Aldunate(8 March-18 September), Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn Prieto Vial (18 September-)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021648-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1831 in the Qajar dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021651-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1831 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021655-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1831 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021657-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1831 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021657-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 in Wales, Arts and literature, New publications\nY Drysorfa a Calvinistic Methodist publication, restarts under the editorship of John Parry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021658-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in archaeology\nThe year 1831 CE in archaeology included many events, some of which are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021661-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021663-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021664-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021664-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021664-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021665-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021666-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in science\nThe year 1831 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021667-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 in sports\n1831 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021670-0000-0000", "contents": "1831 reform riots\nThe 1831 reform riots occurred after the Second Reform Bill was defeated in Parliament in October 1831. There were civil disturbances in London, Leicester, Yeovil, Sherborne, Exeter, Bath and Worcester and riots at Nottingham, Derby and Bristol. Targets included Nottingham Castle, home of the anti-reform Duke of Newcastle, other private houses and jails. In Bristol, three days of rioting followed the arrival in the city of the anti-reform judge Charles Wetherell; a significant portion of the city centre was burnt, \u00a3300,000 of damage inflicted and up to 250 casualties occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021670-0001-0000", "contents": "1831 reform riots, Background\nThe British parliament consists of two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. In the early 19th-century the House of Lords was populated by hereditary peers and the House of Commons by Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to represent constituencies. The areas covered the constituencies had not been amended to reflect population change and so there were many so-called rotten boroughs, returning one or two MPs from only a small number of voters, while some new urban centres such as Manchester had no MPs. The franchise was small with only 5% of the British populace able to cast a vote at a general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021670-0002-0000", "contents": "1831 reform riots, Background\nIn March 1831, an attempt was made by the Whigs to introduce a Reform Bill to address the matter. This was defeated in parliament and the prime minister, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, resigned. Grey was returned to office with a majority in the subsequent general election and introduced a second Reform Bill. This passed in the House of Commons, but was defeated in the Lords on 8 October 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021670-0003-0000", "contents": "1831 reform riots, Background\nThe rejection of the bill and the second resignation of Grey resulted in a period of political upheaval which has since been characterised as \"the closest that Britain came to revolution\". Inhabitants of cities and towns were angry at the failure to pass the bill and there were serious disturbances in London, Leicester, Yeovil, Sherborne, Exeter, Bath and Worcester. The disturbances in Birmingham were so severe that the British Army's Scots Greys cavalry regiment was deployed to the city. Full -scale riots erupted in Bristol, Nottingham and Derby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021670-0004-0000", "contents": "1831 reform riots, Nottingham and Derby\nRioting broke out in Nottingham on 9 October upon learning of the defeat of the bill. This was initially directed against the private houses of known opponents of reform. On 10 October a public meeting turned to violence, the attendees marched on Colwick Hall, home of John Musters, which was damaged. The same day the mob burned Nottingham Castle, home of anti-reform peer Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle, who was away at parliament. Jails in Derby and Markeaton were also attacked and Lowe's Silk Mill in Beeston was burnt on 11 October, the same day the riots ceased. The Duke was able to gather yeomanry and his own tenants to successfully defend his residence at Clumber Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021670-0005-0000", "contents": "1831 reform riots, Nottingham and Derby\nOn 4 January 1832, 26 men arrested during the riots were tried by a special commission, the local magistrates being suspected of having possible sympathies with the defendants. Eight of these men were found guilty, though none were brought to justice for the attack on the castle, and three were hanged on 25 January. The Duke accused the Nottingham magistrates and the Home Office of failing to prevent the riots and, after a lengthy dispute, was awarded \u00a321,000 in damages in August 1832. In protest at the event the Duke refused to restore the castle and the burnt shell stood on the site for some time afterwards. He also halted works on The Park Estate, a housing development described as \"the Belgravia of Nottingham\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021670-0006-0000", "contents": "1831 reform riots, Bristol\nRioting took place in Bristol after the arrival of anti-reform judge Charles Wetherell in the city for the annual assizes on 29 October. Wetherell's carriage was attacked and civic and military authorities lost control of the situation. There followed two days of rioting and looting in which much of the city centre was burned and prisoners freed from the jails. The riots were brought to an end on 31 October by which time \u00a3300,000 of damage had been caused and up to 250 casualties incurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021670-0007-0000", "contents": "1831 reform riots, Bristol\nThe Bristol Corporation, the local authority, was criticised for its handling of the riots. Its mayor, Charles Pinney was tried for neglect of duty and found not guilty. The military commander, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Brereton, was court-martialled for his actions in the event and committed suicide before he could be sentenced. A royal commission found the corporation incapable of controlling the city and it was subsequently reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021670-0008-0000", "contents": "1831 reform riots, Passing of the Reform Act\nGrey resigned after the loss of the vote and King William IV called upon the Duke of Wellington, leader of the Tory party, to form a government. Wellington was unable to secure the support necessary during a period of political uncertainty known as the Days of May and so Grey's government was recalled. The Whigs voted a Third Reform Bill through the House of Commons and it was sent to the House of Lords.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021670-0008-0001", "contents": "1831 reform riots, Passing of the Reform Act\nThe king, who had previously been opposed to reform, now agreed to use his powers to create enough new pro-reform peers to overcome the Tory majority in the upper house. This action did not need to be carried out as the Tory lords, threatened with an influx of Whigs, abstained on the vote and the bill passed. The bill, afterwards known as the Great Reform Act, received royal assent on 7 June 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021670-0009-0000", "contents": "1831 reform riots, Passing of the Reform Act\nThe act removed many of the rotten boroughs and granted new seats to the industrial towns and cities. The franchise was, on the whole, extended being granted to any man who owned property worth \u00a310 or more. In some boroughs, the so-called potwallopers, this actually reduced the electorate as they had previously granted the vote to any man with a hearth big enough to boil a cauldron. Local government was investigated by the Royal Commission on Municipal Corporations in 1833 and the subsequent Municipal Corporations Act 1835 applied reforms to many, including Bristol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021671-0000-0000", "contents": "1832\n1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1832nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 832nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 32nd  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1832, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021672-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Colombian presidential election\nIndirect presidential elections were held in the Republic of New Granada on 9 March 1932. Francisco de Paula Santander was elected president, whilst Jos\u00e9 Ignacio de M\u00e1rquez was elected vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021672-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 Colombian presidential election, Background\nJoaqu\u00edn Mosquera was elected President in May 1830, but was forced out of office on 4 September that year under pressure from the military. General Rafael Urdaneta was appointed interim president the following day whilst a response from former President Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar on whether he would return to the Presidency was awaited. However, he refused to accept the post, and gave his support to Urdaneta. Bol\u00edvar died in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021672-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 Colombian presidential election, Background\nFollowing a brief civil war in early 1831, Urdaneta left office and elections were held for a Constituent Assembly. A new constitution was drafted, and the Assembly elected an interim President to serve until the first normal term of office would start on 1 April 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021672-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 Colombian presidential election, Results, Vice President\nAfter fifteen rounds of voting, Jos\u00e9 Ignacio de M\u00e1rquez was elected with 42 votes to the 20 received by Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Obando.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021673-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1832 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 13, 1832. Incumbent governor and National Republican nominee John S. Peters was re-elected, defeating former senator and Democratic nominee Calvin Willey with 71.44% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021673-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe Anti-Masonic Party in Connecticut was opposed to the platform of the National Republicans, and combined its forces with the Democrats in this race, supporting a ticket of Willey for governor and John M. Holley of Salisbury for lieutenant governor. Willey had previously been affiliated with the Anti- Jacksonians during his term in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021673-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThis was the last time the National Republican Party would win a Connecticut gubernatorial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021674-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1832 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1832. This was the first gubernatorial election held under the 1831 constitution, which moved the state's general elections to November and extended the Governor's three-year term to four years, but preserved the bar on governors from succeeding themselves. Incumbent National Republican Governor David Hazzard was barred from seeking a second term. New Castle County Treasurer Caleb P. Bennett ran as the Democratic candidate to succeed Hazzard, while former State Representative Arnold Naudain ran as the National Republican candidate. Bennett narrowly defeated Naudain, winning by a margin of just 54 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021674-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention\nThe 1832 Democratic National Convention was held from May 21 to May 23, 1832, in Baltimore, Maryland. In the first presidential nominating convention ever held by the Democratic Party, incumbent President Andrew Jackson was nominated for a second term, while former Secretary of State Martin Van Buren was nominated for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention\nThe Anti-Masonic Party and the National Republican Party had held the first presidential nominating conventions in 1831, and Jackson's \"Kitchen Cabinet\" helped organize a Democratic convention in 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention\nAs the party leaders assumed that Jackson would be nominated for President, the primary purpose of the convention was to find a new running mate: Vice President John C. Calhoun had fallen out with Jackson following the Petticoat affair and the Nullification Crisis, and subsequently resigned the office in order to take a Senate seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention\nThe convention, which was presided over by Governor Robert Lucas, hosted delegates from every state except Missouri; Jackson won the presidential nomination unanimously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0004-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention\nWith Jackson's strong endorsement, Van Buren easily won the vice presidential nomination on the first ballot, defeating former Representative Philip P. Barbour of Virginia and Representative Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky. The Democratic ticket of Jackson and Van Buren went on to win the 1832 presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0005-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Background\nIn the summer of 1822, \"Richmond Junto\" leader Thomas Ritchie of Virginia began raising the idea of a national convention to resolve the issue of nomination; ultimately, the Congressional nominating caucus was appealed to by the devotees of Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford's candidacy. Following that defeat in the election of 1824, early in 1827, Van Buren privately made the argument to Richie for an exclusive national convention of Republicans to ensure Jackson's nomination. However, it did not immediately come to fruition while state conventions and legislatures took up Jackson as their presidential candidate for the election of 1828 with Vice President John C. Calhoun as his running mate. Such a type of national convention would occur after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0006-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Background\nCalhoun soon became politically estranged from President Jackson, due in part to an 1830 letter written by Crawford stating that Calhoun, as Secretary of War under President James Monroe, pushed for a reprimand of then-General Jackson for his actions in the 1818 invasion of Florida. The Petticoat affair in which Calhoun's wife, Floride, was a central figure further alienated Jackson from the vice president and his supporters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0006-0001", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Background\nThe final blow to the relationship came in January 1832, when Calhoun, as President of the Senate, sank Van Buren's nomination as Minister to Great Britain by casting a tie-breaking vote in the United States Senate. Consequently, Calhoun was replaced as the party's 1832 vice presidential nominee by Van Buren. Later that year, on December 28, he resigned as Vice President, after having been elected to the U.S. Senate. There he continued to be a proponent of the doctrine of nullification in opposition to Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0007-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Background\nThe proposal for the convention began with members of Jackson's \"Kitchen Cabinet\", his coterie of informal advisers and confidants. Major William Berkeley Lewis wrote on May 25, 1831, to Amos Kendall, who was then in New Hampshire. He proposed that the New Hampshire legislature call for a national gathering of Republican supporters of the Jackson administration to nominate a candidate for the vice presidency, and asked Kendall to pass the idea to Isaac Hill. After the New Hampshire legislature issued the call for a general convention, the Washingoton Globe, the principal Jacksonian newspaper, seconded the recommendation on July 6, 1831:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0008-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Background\nThe recommendation of a Convention at Baltimore to nominate a candidate for the Vice-Presidency deserves a serious consideration. It is probably the best plan which can be adopted to produce entire unanimity in the Republican party, and secure its lasting ascendancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0009-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Background\nLewis later recalled warning former Secretary of War and delegate John Eaton the day before the convention not to vote for anyone there except Van Buren unless he was prepared to \"quarrel with the General [Jackson].\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0010-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nThe convention was called to order by Frederick A. Sumner of New Hampshire, who said of the origins and purpose of the convention:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0011-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nGentlemen\u2014The proposition for calling a general convention of delegates, to act on the nomination of a candidate for president, and to select a suitable candidate for vice-president of the United States, originated in the state of New Hampshire, by the friends of democracy in that state; and it appears that the proposition, although opposed by the enemies of the democratic party, has found favor in nearly and perhaps all the States of the Union ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0011-0001", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nThe object of the representatives of the people of New Hampshire who called this convention was not to impose on the people as candidate for either of the two offices in this government, any local favorite; but to concentrate the opinion of all the states ... They believed that the example of this convention would operate favorably in future elections; that the people would be disposed after seeing the good effects of this convention in conciliating the different and distant sections of the country, to continue this mode of nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0012-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nDelegates from all states except Missouri were present. Governor Robert Lucas of Ohio served as the chairman and convention president. Peter Vivian Daniel, James Fenner, John M. Barclay, and Augustin Smith Clayton were chosen as convention vice presidents. John Adams Dix was appointed secretary at the first meeting, with other additional secretaries thereafter. A resolution was passed by the convention requiring two-thirds majority support of the delegates for a nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0013-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nAn address by the Republican delegates of New York gave a history of previous national political activity in the United States. They denounced the National Republicans as Federalists under a new designation and they denounced the Nullifiers while they declared that their own party held the middle ground between the positions of the other two. The address described what they claimed were political similarities between Andrew Jackson and Thomas Jefferson and it defended the policies of Jackson's administration. It characterized Van Buren as a strict constructionist and welcomed his nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0014-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nThe convention concluded by adopting a resolution calling for an address or report from the delegations to their constituents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0015-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Vice Presidential candidates\nMartin Van Buren was nominated for vice president on the first ballot after receiving 208 votes of the 283 cast, 19 more than the two-thirds majority required to win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021675-0016-0000", "contents": "1832 Democratic National Convention, General election\nAndrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren defeated their main competitors, Henry Clay and John Sergeant of the National Republican Party, by a large electoral vote margin in the election of 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021676-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Georgian plot\n1832 Georgian plot (Georgian: 1832 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d7\u10e5\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, romanized: 1832 ts'lis shetkmuleba) was a conspiracy involving Georgian royalty and nobility to restore Georgian statehood and its Bagrationi dynasty monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021676-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 Georgian plot\nEastern Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1801, breaking the terms of the Treaty of Georgievsk. Members of the royal Bagrationi dynasty were deported to the Russian provinces, and Russian control was acknowledged in 1813 by the Treaty of Gulistan. The Georgians, unsatisfied with the Russian rule, yearned for the removal of Russian dominance and the return of their royal dynasty. The goal of independence was kept alive principally by Prince Okropir of Georgia, a son of the last eastern Georgian monarch, George XII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021676-0001-0001", "contents": "1832 Georgian plot\nOkropir and other Georgians held gatherings of Georgian students in Moscow and St. Petersburg, trying to inspire them with patriotic feeling towards their country under Russian rule. It resulted in creation of a secret society in Tbilisi whose main goal was the re-establishment of an independent kingdom under the dethroned Bagrationi. Okropir himself visited Georgia in 1830, and held talks with the principal conspirators, who included members of Georgian aristocrats from the Orbeliani and Eristavi princely houses, as well as the philosopher Solomon Dodashvili. The plot was also supported by the Georgians from western Georgia, i.e. from the Russian-abolished Kingdom of Imereti as well as the members of the House of Shervashidze that ruled Abkhazia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021676-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 Georgian plot\nMost of the Georgian conspirators were not liberal republicans, but rather monarchists and nationalists. It was proposed to invite the Russian commander-in-chief in Georgia together with other members of their administration to a grand ball in Tbilisi and at a given signal they would all be assassinated. The Georgians would then seize the Daryal Pass to prevent Russian reinforcements, and Prince Aleksandre of Georgia, son of the Georgian king Erekle II would return from Persia to be proclaimed king of Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021676-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 Georgian plot\nThe ball at which the Russian officers and administration members were to be killed was scheduled for 20 November 1832, but it was unexpectedly postponed, first to 9 December, then to 20 December. Early in December the whole affair was revealed to the authorities by one of the conspirators, Prince Palavandishvili, and all of them were arrested. Ten of the accused conspirators were sentenced to death but later reprieved and deported to distant Russian provinces instead, largely because of their aristocratic status. The 1832 plot, though unsuccessful, played an important role in the national liberation movement that Georgians would seek to organize more fruitfully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021677-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1832 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 10, 1832. Incumbent Democratic Governor Samuel E. Smith defeated National Republican candidate Daniel Goodenow in a re-match of the previous year's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021678-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1832 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021678-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nNational Republican Governor Levi Lincoln Jr. was re-elected to a ninth term in office over Democrat Marcus Morton and Anti- Mason Samuel Lathrop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021678-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nThe Anti-Masonic Party, which was now controlled by former Democrats, was growing in strength. The party positioned itself in opposition to Henry Clay, a Mason and the National Republican presidential candidate, by declaring him \"far behind the ordinary standard of morals\" with \"no virtuous example in his private life.\" This created a conundrum for Anti- Masonic nominee Samuel Lathrop, a friend of Clay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021678-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nDemocratic candidate Marcus Morton, who had campaigned actively in the preceding three elections, sought to withdraw his name but was persuaded to stay on the ticket by party leader David Henshaw. Morton accepted his role as the state's advocate for the Andrew Jackson campaign but saw little hope of victory and privately expressed that he had no influence over anyone but his son Marcus Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021678-0004-0000", "contents": "1832 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nJackson's veto of the renewal of the national bank charter and his declaration against concentrated wealth consolidated conservative elements against him and may have buoyed the National Republican vote in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021678-0005-0000", "contents": "1832 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nLincoln and Henry Clay carried the state with more than twice the vote of their nearest competitor, with the Democrats finishing third in both races. Turnout increased, though this time with most of the new votes going to the National Republicans and Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021679-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 53rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1832 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr.. William Thorndike served as president of the Senate and William B. Calhoun served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021680-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 1832 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 6, 1832. Lt . Governor Daniel Dunklin, the Jacksonian candidate was elected over John Bull, the Anti- Jacksonian candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021681-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Mrkos\n1832 Mrkos, provisional designation 1969 PC, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 August 1969 by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after Czech astronomer Anton\u00edn Mrkos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021681-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 Mrkos, Orbit and classification\nThe C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,104 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Mrkos was first observed and identified as 1937 CJ at Yerkes Observatory in 1937, extending the body's observation arc by 32 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021681-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 Mrkos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2004, a rotational lightcurve for Mrkos was obtained from photometric observations taken by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. It gave a rotation period of 13.64 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 in magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021681-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 Mrkos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mrkos measures between 27.18 and 30.78 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.068 and 0.097. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0567 and a diameter of 30.67 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021681-0004-0000", "contents": "1832 Mrkos, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Czech astronomer Anton\u00edn Mrkos (1918\u20131996), a prolific discoverer of 273 minor planets and well known for his contributions to cometary astronomy. He was the director of the Kle\u0165 Observatory in what is now the Czech Republic, initiated the first minor planet survey in his country, was a professor at Charles University in Prague and University of South Bohemia, and a participant of a Soviet Antarctic expedition in the late 1950s. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3825).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021682-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Naval Air Squadron\n1832 Naval Air Squadron (1832 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021682-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 Naval Air Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021683-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1832 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 5 to 7, 1832, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021683-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic Party nominated U.S. senator William L. Marcy. They nominated University of the State of New York regent John Tracy for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021683-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe National Republican Party nominated state assemblyman and 1830 gubernatorial candidate Francis Granger. They nominated Samuel Stevens for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021683-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 New York gubernatorial election, Sources\nThis New York elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election\nThe 1832 Newfoundland general election came after many years of agitation against the British Parliament. Newfoundland was the last British colony in North America to gain representative government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Member distribution\nThe first general election for Newfoundland was held in November, 1832. The island was divided into nine electoral districts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Member distribution\nNone of the west coast of Newfoundland was represented during the 1832 general election because it fell within the jurisdiction of the French and American treaty shores. 15 seats in total, were up for election and representation to govern the affairs of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Districts\nThe districts were determined by settlements and landmarks along the coast, with no consideration given to areas inland. It was determined that all residents lived on or near the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0004-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Candidate requirements\nEach candidate had to be male, twenty-one years or older, of sound understanding, either natural-born to the island or a lawfully naturalized British citizen, and a resident of two years standing who had occupied a dwelling as either tenant or owner. Also, no candidate could have a criminal record for any infamous or heinous crime. Voters were held to much the same restrictions as candidates except the residency requirement was reduced from two years to one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0005-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Election\nThe election was conducted over a period of two months from the day of proclamation to the last polling date of December 8, 1832. There were forty-seven polling booths located at strategic locations and not all communities had one. Except for the districts of St. John's, Conception Bay, and Bonavista, the candidates were elected by acclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0006-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Election, District of Conception Bay\nThe nomination for Conception Bay was held on October 31, 1832, with the following candidates nominated for the four available seats:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0007-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Election, District of Conception Bay\nAfter the election results of November 3, 1832, Robert Pinsent withdrew and the remaining four were declared representatives for the district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0008-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Election, District of St. John's\nSeven candidates offered themselves for election after the reading of the Proclamation and the Writ. Two more offered after the first polling day, which was met with some skepticism. Nominated were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0009-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Election, District of St. John's\n(a) No voting took place on Sunday, November 11. (b) dropped out of the race after results of November 6. (c) nob - not on ballot. (d) not one of the original nominees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0010-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Election, District of St. John's\nAfter the results of voting on November 12, 1832, Dr. William Carson withdrew and the remaining three were declared as representatives of the District of St. John's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0011-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Election, District of St. John's\nAt the opening of the House of Assembly on January 2, 1833, Dr. Carson petitioned the House for Patrick Kough's removal, claiming he was a government employee and ineligible. The petition was denied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0012-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Election, District of Bonavista\nThere were two candidates for the district of Bonavista, Hugh Alexander Emerson and William Brown. After three polling stations had voted, William Brown withdrew. The returning officer, Peter LeMessurier, refused to recognize his withdrawal from the race and continued to the next polling station at Greenspond, a Brown stronghold. After those results, William Brown was declared the winner, and no voting took place at the remaining polling station at Cape Freels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0013-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Election, District of Bonavista\nAt the opening of the House of Assembly on January 2, 1833, Hugh Alexander Emerson petitioned the House for William Brown's removal due to Peter LeMessurier's actions. The petition was denied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021684-0014-0000", "contents": "1832 Newfoundland general election, Governance\nJohn Bingley Garland was appointed the first Speaker of the House. Both John Bingley Garland and William Thomas were appointed to the Executive Council and resigned their seats in the House of Assembly. William Row, who ran for a seat in St. John\u2019s, was given the seat for Trinity Bay and Dr. William Carson was given a seat for the District of St. John's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021685-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1832. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 81 to 95. Voter turnout was 48%, although only 5.6% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021686-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1832 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 9, 1832. Incumbent Governor George Wolf, a Democrat, defeated Anti-Masonic candidate Joseph Ritner to win re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak\nThe 1832 Sligo cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera in the port town of Sligo in northwestern Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak\nThe outbreak resulted in an official total of 643 deaths, out of a population of 15,000. However, the official figures are considerably lower, as only Fever Hospital deaths were recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Background\nThe outbreak was part of a second worldwide pandemic caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and lasted from 1829 to 1851. The approach of the cholera epidemic was well documented at the time, but how it was spread was a mystery. In the first pandemic, the disease was first noted in India, Moscow, Russia in 1830, Finland and Poland in 1831, and Great Britain in 1831. It struck first at the ports, and Sligo was the second busiest port on the west coast at the time after Limerick. Overall, the outbreak killed at least 50,000 people in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Background\nCholera killed those infected within hours, usually less than three, and almost certainly less than twelve. Victims skin often showed a bluish tinge, and diarrhoea led to rapid severe dehydration and death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0004-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Outbreak\nThe only surviving medical report is by a Dr. Irwin, then attached to the Fever HospitalThe first case of Cholera Asiatica (as it was known then) was noted at Rathcarrick, three miles from the town by a Dr. Coyne on Sunday 29 July. More cases then appeared at Culleenamore, suspected to have been spread by bathers. Dr. Coyne later died of the disease himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0005-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Outbreak\nThe Board of Health had the houses of the poor whitewashed and cleaned inside and out. Tar barrels were left burning in the streets in an effort to fumigate the air. Attempts to set up extra medical facilities in the town were resisted by the townspeople, as nobody wanted the infected to be anywhere near them. People armed with clubs and sticks resisted doctors and hospitals being among them. In many cases, doctors themselves were blamed for the outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0006-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Outbreak\nThe outbreak began in Sligo town on 11 August 1832, with the first official figures for Sligo town being released by Dublin Castle on 18 August. These recorded 63 new cases, 22 deaths and no recoveries. From then until the end of the month the death toll averaged fifty a day. The Fever Hospital was used for the sick, but most of the orderlies fled through fear of the plague or the mob. Mr. Fausset, the Provost of the town, described the grounds of the Fever Hospital covered in corpses and no-one to bury them. He said he felt as if the \"end of the world had come\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0007-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Outbreak\nCarpenters were unable to keep up with the demand for coffins and so mass graves were dug instead. and local legend suggests that people were buried alive, so great was the haste to dispose of the corpses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0008-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Outbreak\nAn unofficial quarantine cordon was set up around the town through which no one was allowed to pass, but they were driven back to the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0009-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Outbreak\nEfforts to understand the source of the infection included the flying of kites to see if it had an atmospheric origin. Wells were tested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0010-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Outbreak\nAt the height of the outbreak the population was reported by the Evening Post to have dropped from 15,000 to 2,000, most having fled to the countryside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0011-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Aftermath\nThe official number of cases was recorded as 1,230, with 643 deaths, although the real toll is suspected to have been considerably higher as many did not report being ill and there was a widespread reluctance to go to a hospital. It was thought that the actual death toll was more than 1,500 people. The population of the town dropped from 15,000 to 12,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0012-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Aftermath, Charlotte Blake Thornley's account\nCharlotte Blake Thornley, the mother of Bram Stoker was a witness to the cholera outbreak as the family were living on Gaol Street in the town at the time. They survived by fleeing to Ballyshannon having to break the cordon to do so. She wrote a vivid account of the beginning and aftermath of the outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0013-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Aftermath, Charlotte Blake Thornley's account\nBut gradually the terror grew on us as time by time we heard of it nearer and nearer. It was in France, it was in Germany, it was in England, and (with wild affright) we began to hear a whisper pass \"it was in Ireland\". Then mens\u2019 senses began failing them for fear, and deeds were done (in selfish dread) enough to call down Gods direct vengeance on us. One i vividly remember, a poor traveller was taken ill on the roadside, some miles from the town, and how did those Samaratines tend him? They dug a pit and with long poles pushed him living into it and covered him up alive. But God\u2019s hand is not to be thus stayed and severely like Sodom did our city pay for such crimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021687-0014-0000", "contents": "1832 Sligo cholera outbreak, Aftermath, Charlotte Blake Thornley's account\nIt is believed that her descriptions of the events at the time were influential on themes and atmosphere of her sons most famous book, Dracula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021688-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 State of the Union Address\nThe 1832 State of the Union Address was written by Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States. It was delivered to the 22nd United States Congress by a clerk on Tuesday, December 4, 1832. He said, \"Although the pestilence which had traversed the Old World has entered our limits and extended its ravages over much of our land, it has pleased Almighty God to mitigate its severity and lessen the number of its victims compared with those who have fallen in most other countries over which it has spread its terrors.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021688-0000-0001", "contents": "1832 State of the Union Address\nHe ended with, \"Limited to a general superintending power to maintain peace at home and abroad, and to prescribe laws on a few subjects of general interest not calculated to restrict human liberty, but to enforce human rights, this Government will find its strength and its glory in the faithful discharge of these plain and simple duties.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1832 United Kingdom general election, the first after the Reform Act, saw the Whigs win a large majority, with the Tories winning less than 30% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Earl Grey had been Prime Minister since November 1830. He headed the first predominantly Whig administration since the Ministry of All the Talents in 1806\u201307.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nIn addition to the Whigs themselves, Grey was supported by Radical and other allied politicians. The Whigs and their allies were gradually coming to be referred to as liberals, but no formal Liberal Party had been established at the time of this election, so all the politicians supporting the ministry are referred to as Whig in the above results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Leader of the House of Commons since 1830 was Viscount Althorp (heir of the Earl Spencer), who also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0004-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe last Tory prime minister, at the time of this election, was the Duke of Wellington. After leaving government office, Wellington continued to lead the Tory peers and was the overall Leader of the Opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0005-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nThe Tory Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons was Sir Robert Peel, Bt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0006-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nJohn Wilson Croker had used the term \"conservative\" in 1830, but the Tories at the time of this  election had not yet become generally known as the Conservative Party. This distinction would finally take hold after the Liberal Party was officially created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0007-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Political situation\nIn Irish politics, Daniel O'Connell was continuing his campaign for repeal of the Act of Union. He had founded the Irish Repeal Association and it presented candidates independent of the two principal parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0008-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nFollowing the passage of the Reform Act 1832 and related legislation to reform the electoral system and redistribute constituencies, the tenth United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 3 December 1832. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 29 January 1833, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0009-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nAt this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0010-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nThe general election took place between December 1832 and January 1833. The first nomination was on 8 December, with the first contest on 10 December and the last contest on 8 January 1833. It was usual for polling in the University constituencies and in Orkney and Shetland to take place about a week after other seats. Disregarding contests in the Universities and Orkney and Shetland, the last poll was on 1 January 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0011-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nFor the distribution of constituencies in the unreformed House of Commons, before this  election, see the 1831 United Kingdom general election. Apart from the disenfranchisement of Grampound for corruption in 1821 and the transfer of its two seats as additional members for Yorkshire from 1826, there had been no change in the constituencies of England since the 1670s. In some cases the county and borough seats had remained unaltered since the 13th century. Welsh constituencies had been unchanged since the 16th century. Those in Scotland had remained the same since 1708 and in Ireland since 1801.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0012-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nIn 1832 politicians were facing an unfamiliar electoral map, as well as an electorate including those qualified under a new uniform householder franchise in the boroughs. However the reform legislation had not removed all the anomalies in the electoral system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0013-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nTable of largest and smallest electorates 1832\u201333, by country, type and number of seats", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0014-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nMonmouthshire (1 County constituency with 2 MPs and one single member Borough constituency) is included in Wales in these tables. Sources for this period may include the county in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021689-0015-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election, Summary of the constituencies\nTable 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021690-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election in Ireland\nThe 1832 United Kingdom general election in Ireland saw the emergence of the Repeal Association as a major political movement in Ireland. The Association, led by Daniel O'Connell, aimed to repeal the 1800 Acts of Union and restore Ireland to the status enjoyed after the reforms of 1782, while maintaining Catholic emancipation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021690-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United Kingdom general election in Ireland\nThis was the first election following the Representation of the People (Ireland) Act 1832 and the Parliamentary Boundaries (Ireland) Act 1832, which introduced wide-ranging electoral reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021691-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania\nFollowing the reapportionment resulting from the 1830 census, Pennsylvania gained two representatives, increasing from 26 to 28, and was redistricted into 25 districts, two of which were plural districts. Pennsylvania elected its members October 9, 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021692-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States elections\nThe 1832 United States elections elected the members of the 23rd United States Congress. Taking place during the Second Party System and a political conflict over the re-authorization of the Second Bank of the United States, the elections were contested between Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party and opponents of Jackson, including the National Republicans. Though the Democrats retained the presidency and the House, they lost their Senate majority. The Anti-Masonic Party also fielded the first notable presidential candidacy from a third party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021692-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States elections\nIn the Presidential election, Democratic President Andrew Jackson easily defeated National Republican Senator Henry Clay from Kentucky. Anti -Masonic candidate William Wirt received 7% of the popular vote, the strongest popular vote showing by a third party up to that point, while Nullifier John Floyd was the first third party candidate to win electoral votes. Jackson was the last president to win a second term until Abraham Lincoln won a second term in 1864. The first presidential nominating conventions took place during this election. Also, for the first time, every state but South Carolina chose its presidential electors via statewide popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021692-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 United States elections\nFollowing the 1830 census, the House increased in size, adding 27 seats. Opponents of Jackson maintained the same number of seats, but the Democrats won several seats, increasing their majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021692-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 United States elections\nIn the Senate, the anti-Jackson faction won moderate gains, taking the majority in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election\nThe 1832 United States presidential election was the 12th quadrennial presidential election, held from November 2 to December 5, 1832. Incumbent president Andrew Jackson, candidate of the Democratic Party, defeated Henry Clay, candidate of the National Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election\nThe election saw the first use of the presidential nominating conventions, and the Democrats, National Republicans, and the Anti-Masonic Party all used conventions to select their candidates. Jackson won re-nomination with no opposition, and the 1832 Democratic National Convention replaced Vice President John C. Calhoun with Martin Van Buren. The National Republican Convention nominated a ticket led by Clay, a Kentuckian who had served as Secretary of State under President John Quincy Adams. The Anti-Masonic Party, one of the first major U.S. third parties, nominated former Attorney General William Wirt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election\nJackson faced heavy criticism for his actions in the Bank War, but remained popular among the general public. He won a majority of the popular vote and 219 of the 286 electoral votes, carrying most states outside New England. Clay won 37.4% of the popular vote and 49 electoral votes, while Wirt won 7.8% of the popular vote and carried the state of Vermont. Virginia Governor John Floyd, who had not actively campaigned, won South Carolina's electoral votes. After the election, members of the National Republican Party and the Anti-Masonic Party formed the Whig Party, which became the Democrats' primary opponent over the next two decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations\nWith the demise of the Congressional nominating caucus in the election of 1824, the political system was left without an institutional method on the national level for determining presidential nominations. For this reason, the candidates of 1832 were chosen by national conventions. The first national convention was held by the Anti-Masonic Party in Baltimore, Maryland, in September 1831. The National Republican Party and the Democratic Party soon imitated them, also holding conventions in Baltimore, which would remain a favored venue for national political conventions for decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0004-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party\nPresident Jackson and Vice President Calhoun had a strained relationship for a number of reasons, most notably a difference in opinion about the Nullification Crisis and the involvement of Calhoun's wife Floride in the Eaton affair. As a result, Secretary of State Martin Van Buren and Secretary of War John H. Eaton resigned from office in April 1831, and Jackson requested the resignation of all other cabinet officers except one. Van Buren instigated the procedure as a means of removing Calhoun supporters from the Cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0004-0001", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party\nCalhoun further aggravated Jackson in the summer of 1831 when he issued his \"Fort Hill Letter,\" in which he outlined the constitutional basis for a state's ability to nullify an act of Congress. The final blow to the Jackson-Calhoun relationship came when Jackson nominated Van Buren to serve as Minister to Great Britain and the vote in the Senate ended in a tie, which Calhoun broke by voting against confirmation on January 25, 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0005-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party\nIn January it was not clear who the Democrats' candidates would be in the election later that year. Jackson had already been nominated by several state legislatures, following the pattern in 1824 and 1828, but he worried that the various state parties would not unite on a vice-presidential nominee. As a result, the Democratic Party followed the pattern of the opposition and called a national convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0006-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party\nThe 1832 Democratic National Convention, the Democratic Party's first, was held in the Athenaeum in Baltimore (the same venue as the two opposition parties) from May 21 to May 23, 1832. Several decisions were made at the convention. On the first day, a committee was appointed to provide a list of delegates from each state. This committee, later called the Credentials Committee, reported that all states were represented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0006-0001", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party\nDelegates were present from the District of Columbia, and on the first contested roll call vote in convention history, the convention voted 126\u2013153 to deprive the District of Columbia of its voting rights in the convention. The Rules Committee gave a brief report that established several other customs. Each state was allotted as many votes as it had presidential electors; several states were overrepresented and many were underrepresented. Second, balloting was taken by states and not by individual delegates. Third, two-thirds of the delegates would have to support a candidate for nomination, a measure intended to reduce sectional strife. The fourth rule, which banned nomination speeches, was the only one the party quickly abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0007-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party\nNo roll call vote was taken to nominate Jackson for a second term. Instead, the convention passed a resolution stating that \"we most cordially concur in the repeated nominations which he has received in various parts of the union.\" Martin Van Buren was nominated for vice president on the first ballot, receiving 208 votes to 49 for Philip P. Barbour and 26 for Richard Mentor Johnson. Afterward, the convention approved an address to the nation and adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0008-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Barbour Democrats\nThe Barbour Democratic National Convention was held in June 1832 in Staunton, Virginia. Jackson was nominated for president and Philip P. Barbour for vice president. Barbour withdrew, but the ticket appeared on the ballot in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 90], "content_span": [91, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0009-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, National Republican Party\nSoon after the Anti-Masonic Party held its national convention, supporters of Henry Clay called a national convention of the National Republican Party. 18 of the 24 states sent delegations to the convention, which convened on December 12, 1831. Four of the six states that did not send delegations were states of the Deep South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 80], "content_span": [81, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0010-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, National Republican Party\nOn the convention's fourth day, the roll call ballot for president took place. The chairman of the convention called the name of each delegate, who gave his vote orally. Clay received 155 votes, with delegate Frederick H. Shuman of North Carolina abstaining because he believed that Clay could not win and should wait until 1836. As additional delegates arrived, they were allowed to cast their votes for Clay, and by the end of the convention he had 167 votes to one abstention. A similar procedure was used for the vice-presidential ballot. Former Congressman John Sergeant of Pennsylvania was nominated with 64 votes to six abstentions. A prominent Philadelphia attorney with connections to the Second Bank of the United States and a reputation as an opponent of slavery, Sergeant gave the ticket geographical balance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 80], "content_span": [81, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0011-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, National Republican Party\nAfter the nominations, the convention appointed a committee to visit Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, then adopted an address to the citizens of the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 80], "content_span": [81, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0012-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic Party\nThe Anti-Masonic Party held the first national nominating convention in American history. 111 delegates from 13 states (all from free states, except Maryland and Delaware) assembled in the Athenaeum in Baltimore from September 26 to September 28, 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0013-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic Party\nSeveral prominent politicians were considered for the presidential nomination. Richard Rush would have been the nominee, but pointedly refused. As a result of this action, along with his softness toward Jackson, former President John Quincy Adams never forgave him. Adams was willing to run as the Anti-Masonic candidate, but the party leaders did not want to risk running someone so unpopular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0014-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic Party\nThe delegates met behind closed doors for several days before the convention officially opened, making some initial decisions. Several unofficial presidential ballots and one official ballot were taken, in which William Wirt defeated Rush and John McLean for the nomination. Ironically, Wirt was a Mason and even defended the Order in a speech before the convention that nominated him. Wirt hoped for an endorsement from the National Republicans. When the National Republican Party nominated Henry Clay, Wirt's position became awkward. He did not withdraw, even though he had no chance of being elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0015-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic Party\nThe convention was organized on September 26 and heard reports of its committees on the 27th. The 28th was spent on the official roll call for president and vice president. During the balloting, each delegate's name was called, after which that delegate placed a written ballot in a special box. Wirt was nominated for president with 108 votes to one for Rush and two abstentions. Amos Ellmaker was nominated for vice president with 108 votes to one for John C. Spencer (chairman of the convention) and two abstentions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0016-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Nullifier Party\nWhile the South Carolina state legislature remained nominally under Democratic control, it refused to support Jackson's reelection due to the ongoing Nullification Crisis, and instead opted to back a ticket proposed by the Nullifier Party led by John C. Calhoun. The Nullifiers were made up of former members of the Democratic-Republican Party who had largely supported Jackson at the previous election, but were much stauncher proponents of states' rights, which ultimately led them to repudiate Jackson during his first term. Calhoun himself declined to head the ticket, instead nominating Governor of Virginia John Floyd, who also opposed Jackson's stance on states' rights. Merchant and economist Henry Lee was nominated as Floyd's running mate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0017-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, Nominations, Nullifier Party\nUltimately, Floyd's candidacy amounted to little more than a protest against Jackson, as his ticket did not run in any state outside of South Carolina. He nonetheless received all the state's electoral votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0018-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe election campaign revolved around the Second Bank of the United States. Jackson, who disliked banks and paper money in general, vetoed the renewal of the Bank's charter and withdrew federal deposits from the bank. Clay hoped to divide Jackson's supporters and curry favor in Pennsylvania, the bank's headquarters, by attacking Jackson. His supporters criticized Jackson's use of presidential veto power, portraying him as \"King Andrew.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0019-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nHowever, the attacks on Jackson generally failed, in spite of heavy funding by the bank, as Jackson convinced the ordinary population that he was defending them against a privileged elite. Jackson campaign events were marked by enormous turnout, and he swept Pennsylvania and the vast majority of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0020-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nJackson won the election in an electoral college landslide. Jackson received 219 electoral votes, defeating Clay (49), Floyd (11), and Wirt (7) by a large margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0021-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nJackson's popularity with the American public and the vitality of the political movement with which he was associated is confirmed by the fact that no president was again able to secure a majority of the popular vote in two consecutive elections until Ulysses S. Grant in 1872.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0022-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nTo date, only two other presidents from the Democratic party were ever able to replicate this feat: Franklin D. Roosevelt (for the first time in 1936) and Barack Obama (in 2012). Furthermore, no president succeeded in securing re-election again until Abraham Lincoln in 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0023-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nIn spite of his achievement, Jackson was the second of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in the prior election. The other four are James Madison in 1812, Grover Cleveland in 1892, Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944, and Barack Obama in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0024-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nFollowing the election and Clay's defeat, an Anti- Jackson coalition would be formed out of National Republicans, Anti-Masons, disaffected Jacksonians, and small remnants of the Federalist Party whose last political activity was with them a decade before. In the short term, it formed the Whig Party in a coalition against President Jackson and his reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0025-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, General election, Results\n(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote. (b) 66,706 Pennsylvanians voted for the Union slate, which represented both Clay and Wirt. These voters have been assigned to Wirt and not Clay. (c) All of John Floyd's electoral votes came from South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by popular vote. (d) Two electors from Maryland for Clay failed to cast votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021693-0026-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election, General election, Results, Results by state\nThe 1832 presidential election results, by state, are displayed in the map below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 85], "content_span": [86, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021694-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Alabama\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Alabama took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021694-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Alabama\nAlabama voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay. Jackson won Alabama by a margin of 99.94%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021695-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021695-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nConnecticut voted for the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay, over the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson and the Anti-Masonic Party candidate, William Wirt. Clay won Connecticut by a margin of 20.97%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021696-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Delaware\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Delaware took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021696-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Delaware\nDelaware voted for the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay, over the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson. Clay won the state by a narrow margin of 1.98%. This was the first election in which Delaware voted by popular vote for President in a contested election. It had used the Congressional District Method in the uncontested Election of 1788-89, but had since changed to selecting its electors through the state legislature from 1792-1828.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021697-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Georgia\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Georgia took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021697-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Georgia\nGeorgia voted unanimously for the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021698-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Illinois\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Illinois took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021698-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Illinois\nIllinois voted for the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay, and the Anti-Masonic Party candidate, William Wirt. Jackson won Illinois by a margin of 36.61%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021699-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Indiana took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021699-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Indiana\nIndiana voted for the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay. Jackson won Indiana by a margin of 34.20%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021700-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021700-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nKentucky voted for the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay, over the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson. Clay won Kentucky by a margin of 8.98%. His victory may have been influenced by the home state advantage he received from his native state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021701-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021701-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nLouisiana voted for the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay. Jackson won Louisiana by a margin of 23.34%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021702-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Maine\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Maine took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021702-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Maine\nMaine voted for the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay, and the Anti-Masonic Party candidate, William Wirt. Jackson won the state by a margin of 10.70%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021703-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Maryland\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Maryland took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021703-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Maryland\nWhile Maryland voted for the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay, over the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson, by a mere four votes, this is irrelevant because electors weren't awarded based on the statewide vote. They were chosen in four district elections. A total of ten electoral votes were allocated, with five going to Clay and three to Jackson, while two electors failed to cast votes. In terms of raw votes cast, Clay's four-vote margin is the smallest between two major candidates in any state in any presidential election in United States history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021704-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose 14 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021704-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts voted for the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay, over the Anti-Masonic Party candidate, William Wirt, and the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson. Clay won Massachusetts by a margin of 25.54%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021705-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021705-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nMississippi voted unanimously for the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021706-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Missouri\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Missouri took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021706-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Missouri\nMissouri voted unanimously for the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021707-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021707-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire voted for the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay. Jackson won New Hampshire by a margin of 13.52%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021708-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021708-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey voted for the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay, and the Anti-Masonic Party candidate, William Wirt. Jackson won New Jersey by a margin of 0.76%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021709-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in New York took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose 42 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021709-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in New York\nNew York voted for the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay. Jackson won New York by a narrow margin of 4.2%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021710-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021710-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina voted for the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay. Jackson won North Carolina by a margin of 69.54 points. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion when Wilkes County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021711-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Ohio took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose 21 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021711-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Ohio\nOhio voted for the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay, and the Anti-Masonic Party candidate, William Wirt. Jackson won Ohio by a narrow margin of 2.98%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021712-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose 30 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021712-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the Anti-Masonic candidate, William Wirt. Jackson won Pennsylvania by a margin of 15.92%. National Republican candidate Henry Clay did not appear on the official ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021712-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nAlthough Martin Van Buren was nominated as Jackson's running mate nationally, Pennsylvania's 30 electors choose native William Wilkins as his running mate instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021712-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nAlthough Wirt lost Pennsylvania, with 42.04 percentage points, the Keystone State would prove to be his strongest in terms of popular vote percentage. Vermont, the only state to vote for Wirt, only gave him 40.79 percentage points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021713-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021713-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island voted for the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay, over the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson. Clay won Rhode Island by a margin of 13.86%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021714-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021714-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina cast 11 electoral votes for the Nullifier Party candidate, John Floyd. These electors were elected by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021715-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021715-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nTennessee voted for the Democratic Party candidate, state native Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay. Jackson won Tennessee by a large margin of 90.84%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021716-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021716-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Vermont\nVermont voted for the Anti-Masonic Party candidate, William Wirt, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay, and the Democratic Party candidate, Andrew Jackson. Vermont was the only state in the country that Wirt carried in 1832, by a margin of 6.08%. As of 2017, Wirt's performance remains the best-ever by a third-party Presidential candidate in any Northeastern state, constitutes the solitary occasion a third-party candidate has carried any New England state, and the only time a person from Maryland has ever won an electoral vote for the Presidency from pledged electors. (Spiro Agnew of Maryland would in 1968 and 1972 win the electoral vote for the vice presidency.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021716-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Vermont\nWhile Vermont was the only state that voted for Wirt, it would only prove to be his second strongest in terms of popular vote percentage, the first being Pennsylvania with 42.04 percentage points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021717-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1832 United States presidential election in Virginia took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose 23 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021717-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia voted for the Democratic Party candidate, incumbent President Andrew Jackson, over the National Republican candidate, Henry Clay, and the Anti-Masonic Party candidate, William Wirt. Jackson won Virginia by a margin of 49.93%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021718-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1832 Vermont gubernatorial election took place in September and October, and resulted in the election of William A. Palmer to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021718-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe candidates for governor in 1832 were: incumbent William A. Palmer (Anti-Masonic); former Governor Samuel C. Crafts (National Republican); and Democrat Ezra Meech. In the general election, the General Assembly, which met in Montpelier on October 11, determined that the results were: total votes, 41,027; Palmer, 17,318 (42.2%); Crafts, 15,499 (37.8%); Meech, 8,210 (20.0%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021718-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBecause no candidate received a majority as required by the Vermont Constitution, the General Assembly was required to select. Over 42 ballots, 223 members cast ballots, meaning 112 were required for a choice. Palmer consistently led the balloting with more that 100 votes, and attained as many as 111. On the 43rd ballot, 222 members cast ballots, meaning 111 were required for a choice. One Crafts supporter did not vote and one voted for Palmer, who was elected with 112 votes to 72 for Crafts, 37 for Meech, and 1 recorded as scattering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021718-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn the race for lieutenant governor, the total votes were 40,914. Anti - Mason and incumbent Lebbeus Egerton received 17,181 votes (42.0%), Jedediah Harris, a National Republican, received 15,304 (37.4%), and Democrat John Roberts received 8,429 (20.6%). The General Assembly was required to choose and with 219 members voting on the first ballot, 110 votes were necessary for a choice. Egerton was elected with 111 votes to 66 for Harris, 40 for Roberts, and 2 scattering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021718-0004-0000", "contents": "1832 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBenjamin Swan won election to a one-year term as treasurer, his thirty-third. Though he had nominally been a Federalist, Swan was usually endorsed by the Democratic-Republicans and even after the demise of the Federalist Party he was frequently unopposed. In 1832, he was the candidate of the National Republicans and Democrats, and Augustine Clarke was the Anti-Masonic candidate. The popular vote was reported as: total votes cast, 40,389; Swan, 23,687 (58.6%); Clarke, 16,702 (41.4%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021719-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1832. They were held concurrently with the 1832 presidential election, in which Democrat Andrew Jackson was re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021719-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe Jacksonians gained 17 seats, picking up several new seats in districts that were created following the 1830 census, with the rival National Republican Party losing three seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021719-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections\nEconomic issues were key factors in this election: Southern agricultural districts reacted angrily to the passage of the Tariff of 1832, which led to the Nullification Crisis. President Andrew Jackson and the Jacksonians showed a distrust for the banking sector, particularly the central Second Bank of the United States, which was strongly supported by the rival Anti- Jacksonian Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021719-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe third-party Anti-Masonic Party, based on anti-Masonry, gained eight seats, and Nullifier Party, a John C. Calhoun-led states' rights party that supported South Carolina in the Nullification Crisis, picked up eight of the nine representatives in South Carolina's delegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021719-0004-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe House initially elected Andrew Stevenson as Speaker, but he resigned from the House after President Jackson appointed him as U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom: Anti- Jacksonian Representatives subsequently elected John Bell as Speaker over James Polk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021719-0005-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nFollowing the 1830 Census, 27 new seats were apportioned, with 4 states losing 1 seat each, 8 states having no change, and the remaining 12 states gaining between 1 and 6 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021719-0006-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut kept its apportionment at 6 seats and elected its members at-large April 11, 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021719-0007-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia\nGeorgia now had 9 seats, having gained 2 seats in reapportionment, and elected its members at-large on October 1, 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021719-0008-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nElections were held April 1, 1833, after the term began but before the House convened in December 1833. However, at least one district went to several ballots into early 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021719-0009-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania\nFollowing the reapportionment resulting from the 1830 census, Pennsylvania gained two representatives, increasing from 26 to 28, and was redistricted into 25 districts, two of which were plural districts. Pennsylvania elected its members October 9, 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021719-0010-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nElections held late, from August 1 to August 2 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021719-0011-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont elected its members January 1, 1833, but two were elected late in the Spring of 1833. The 4th district's election in the previous cycle (1830\u20131831) went to eleven ballots, so its member wasn't elected until the 1832, near the beginning of this cycle (1832\u20131833).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021720-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri\nElections to the House of Representatives in Missouri for the 23rd Congress were held August 5, 1832 and August 6, 1833 for two Representatives. Unusually, rather than a single election for both seats, the second seat was elected a year after the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [74, 74], "content_span": [75, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021720-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri, Background\nIn the 22nd Congress, Missouri had been represented by a single Representative elected at-large. With reapportionment following the Census of 1830, Missouri's representation increased to 2 representatives. Going into the election, Missouri was represented by William H. Ashley (J), who'd been elected in a special election held in 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 74], "section_span": [76, 86], "content_span": [87, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1832 and 1833 were elections that had the Anti- Jacksonian coalition assume control of the United States Senate from the Jacksonian coalition, despite Andrew Jackson's victory in the 1832 presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were elected by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 22nd Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1832 or before March 4, 1833; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0003-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 23rd Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1833; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0004-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 23rd Congress\nThere were two late regular elections and two special elections, in which the winners were seated in 1833 after March 4. They are ordered here by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0005-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Georgia (Special)\nJacksonian George Troup resigned November 8, 1833 and Jacksonian John Pendleton King was elected November 21, 1833 to finish the term that would end March 3, 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 63], "content_span": [64, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0006-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Indiana\nClass 1 Anti- Jacksonian senator James Noble died February 26, 1831, having served in office since statehood in 1816. Anti - Jacksonian Robert Hanna was appointed August 19, 1831 to serve until a special election, and Hanna did not run for the seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0007-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Special)\nOn January 3, 1832, Jacksonian John Tipton was elected to finish Noble's term, ending March 3, 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0008-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Regular)\nThat same day, Jacksonian John Tipton was also elected to the next term, beginning March 4, 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0009-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Mississippi\nJacksonian senator Powhatan Ellis resigned July 16, 1832 to become a U.S. District Judge. The governor appointed Jacksonian John Black to finish the term. But when the term ended March 3, 1833, the legislature had failed to appoint a successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0010-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Mississippi\nBlack was eventually elected to the seat November 22, 1833, this time as an Anti-Jacksonian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0011-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, New York, New York (Special)\nWilliam L. Marcy had been elected in 1831 to the class 3 seat. In November 1832, Marcy was elected Governor, and upon taking office resigned his Senate seat on January 1, 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0012-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, New York, New York (Special)\nOn January 4, 1833, Silas Wright Jr. was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0013-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, New York, New York (Regular)\nFor the regular election, Nathaniel P. Tallmadge received majorities in both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected. Due to the controversy about his eligibility, he received only very small majorities - one more than necessary in the Senate, and four more than necessary in the Assembly - although his party had large majorities in both houses of the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0014-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nThe election was held on eleven separate dates from December 1832 to December 1833. On December 7, 1833, Samuel McKean was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0015-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 11, 1832, for the regularly scheduled Senate election for the term beginning on March 4, 1833. A total of thirty-six ballots were recorded. Ballots 1-17 were recorded on four separate dates (11th, 12th, 13th, 15th) in December 1832. Ballots 18-21 were recorded on two separate dates (9th and 10th) in January 1833. Ballots 22-29 were recorded on two separate dates (19th and 20th) in February 1833. The thirtieth ballot was recorded on March 12, 1833, followed by three additional ballots on April 2. Following the thirty-third ballot on April 2, the election convention adjourned sine die without electing a Senator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0016-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nUpon the expiration of incumbent George M. Dallas's term on March 4, 1833, the seat was vacated. It was vacant until the election convention of the General Assembly re-convened on December 7, 1833, and elected Jacksonian Samuel McKean to the seat after three additional ballots. The results of the third and final ballot (thirty-sixth ballot in total) of both houses combined during the December 7 session are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0017-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, South Carolina (Special)\nThere were two special elections to the U.S. Senate in South Carolina during this cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0018-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, South Carolina (Special), South Carolina (Special, class 2)\nThe first election, on December 29, 1832, was to the class 2 seat held by Nullifier Robert Y. Hayne, who had resigned December 13, 1832 to become Governor of South Carolina. That election, for the term ending March 3, 1835, was won by Nullifier John C. Calhoun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 105], "content_span": [106, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0019-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, South Carolina (Special), South Carolina (Special, class 3)\nThe second election, on November 25, 1833, was to the Class 3 seat held by Nullifier Stephen D. Miller, who had resigned March 2, 1833. That election, for the term ending March 3, 1837, was won by Nullifier William C. Preston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 105], "content_span": [106, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0020-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Special)\nIncumbent Jacksonian senator Littleton Tazewell resigned July 16, 1832 to become Governor of Virginia. On December 10, 1832, Jacksonian William C. Rives was elected to finish the Class 2 seat's term ending March 3, 1837. He would only serve, however, until his February 22, 1834 resignation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021721-0021-0000", "contents": "1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Regular)\nIncumbent senator (and future President), John Tyler was re-elected to the Class 1 seat in 1833, changing from Jacksonian to Anti-Jacksonian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021722-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1832 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021725-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in Canada, Historical documents\nExtensive geographical description of \"Indian territories\" from Labrador to Pacific Ocean (Note: racial stereotypes)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021725-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 in Canada, Historical documents\nPrince Edward Island society described in terms of class and ethnic (English, Scottish, Irish, Acadian) stereotypes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021725-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 in Canada, Historical documents\nFur trading rivalry in Saguenay region makes trade of little value to any but Indigenous people, who \"will soon be extinct\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021726-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1832 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021731-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1832 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021734-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1832 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021736-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1832 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021737-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in architecture\nThe year 1832 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021739-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021741-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in paleontology\nPaleontology, palaeontology or pal\u00e6ontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021742-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021742-0001-0000", "contents": "1832 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021742-0002-0000", "contents": "1832 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021743-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021744-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in science\nThe year 1832 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021745-0000-0000", "contents": "1832 in sports\n1832 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021748-0000-0000", "contents": "1832\u201333 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1832-1833 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on eleven separate dates from December 1832 to December 1833. On December 7, 1833, Samuel McKean was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021748-0001-0000", "contents": "1832\u201333 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on December 11, 1832, for the regularly scheduled Senate election for the term beginning on March 4, 1833. A total of thirty-six ballots were recorded. Ballots 1-17 were recorded on four separate dates (11th, 12th, 13th, 15th) in December 1832. Ballots 18-21 were recorded on two separate dates (9th and 10th) in January 1833. Ballots 22-29 were recorded on two separate dates (19th and 20th) in February 1833. The thirtieth ballot was recorded on March 12, 1833, followed by three additional ballots on April 2. Following the thirty-third ballot on April 2, the election convention adjourned sine die without electing a Senator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021748-0002-0000", "contents": "1832\u201333 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nUpon the expiration of incumbent George M. Dallas' term on March 4, 1833, the seat was vacated. It was vacant until the election convention of the General Assembly re-convened on December 7, 1833, and elected Democrat Samuel McKean to the seat after three additional ballots. The results of the third and final ballot (thirty-sixth ballot in total) of both houses combined during the December 7th session are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021749-0000-0000", "contents": "1833\n1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1833rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 833rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 33rd  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1833, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021750-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1833 Alabama gubernatorial election was an uncontested election held on August 5, 1833, to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democratic candidate John Gayle stood unopposed and so was elected with 100% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021751-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Bahamian general election\nGeneral elections were held in the Bahamas in December 1833. They were the first elections in which non-white residents were able to vote, and three non-white candidates were elected to the General Assembly; Stephen Dillet, Thomas Minns and John Deane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021751-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 Bahamian general election, Background\nGeneral elections had previously been held in 1832. However, following a series of confrontations between the General Assembly and Governor Blayney Townley Balfour in 1833 over control of public buildings and the appointment of civil servants, Balfour dissolved the Assembly on 4 December 1833 after the Assembly voted by 21\u20132 to approve a resolution to withhold funding until the Governor accepted that the Assembly had control. Balfour ordered that elections be held within a fortnight, with the vote in Nassau set for 17 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021751-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 Bahamian general election, Electoral system\nThe elections were the first to be held under the 1833 Act to Relieve His Majesty's Free Coloured and Black Subjects of the Bahamas Islands From All Civil Disability, which gave free non-white men over 21 the right to vote and stand in general elections in the territory, though slaves were still excluded. Although property qualifications still severely restricted the franchise, with only around 4% of the population eligible to vote, several non-white candidates ran in the elections. The 25 members of the Assembly were elected in 13 constituencies ranging in size from one to four seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021751-0003-0000", "contents": "1833 Bahamian general election, Aftermath\nHenry Adderley, the elected member for Long Island, claimed that he had been elected \"contrary to his wish and consent\", and asked to be excused from the Assembly. The Assembly was opened on 17 January 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021751-0004-0000", "contents": "1833 Bahamian general election, Aftermath\nIn July 1834, several by-elections were held to elect additional members; George Anderson and Thomas Cartwright were elected from Exuma, George Adderly and Benjamin Sims Jr were elected from Long Island, James Malcolm was elected from Harbour Island, and George Camplejohn and Samuel Clutsam were elected from Eleuthera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021752-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Belgian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Belgium in 1833. In the Senate elections Catholics won 31 seats and Liberals seven. Only 46,000 people (1.1% of the country's population) were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021752-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 Belgian general election\nThe Chamber of Representatives was fully renewed, following its dissolution by royal order of 28 April 1833. The King did so because of conflicts between the Liberal government (of Albert Goblet d'Alviella and Charles Rogier) and the Catholic-majority Parliament. The Chamber elections were held on 23 May 1833, with a run-off on 30 May. On 21 May 1833, just a few days before the elections, the government secured a significant diplomatic victory with the Convention of London, an agreement with the Netherlands to extend the ceasefire for an indefinite period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake\nThe 1833 Nepal\u2013India earthquake, also known as the 1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake occurred on August 26 at 22:58 local time (NPT). This earthquake had an estimated moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.6\u20137.9 and struck with an epicenter somewhere in or near the Kathmandu Valley. The earthquake caused major destruction in numerous towns and villages in Nepal, northern India and Tibet. The earthquake was so powerful that it was felt in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Despite the extent of the damage, the number of fatalities resulted from the earthquake was surprisingly low, approximately 500. This was because the mainshock was preceded by two smaller but intense foreshocks earlier that day, causing many residents to make refuge outside their homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Main Himalayan Thrust is a decollement structure which defines the boundary between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate. This thrust fault is the source of most of Nepal's earthquakes. The earthquake of 1833 has been suggested by geologists to be a repeat of the 1344 earthquake, and the 2015 Gorkha earthquake was a repeat of the 1833 event. All of which failed to release all the strain that had been building over the past centuries, thus was an incomplete rupture of the Main Himalayan Thrust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Tectonic setting, Earthquake\nThe decollement rupture area of the 1833 event is likely the same as in 2015, but closer to Kathmandu. Both earthquakes occurred along the Main Himalayan Thrust, and unlike the 1934 quake, did not rupture to the surface, thus, were blind thrust earthquakes. Inferring from isoseismal maps prepared after the quake, researchers believe the earthquake was caused by an 80 km to 120 km long by 40 km wide section of the megathrust fault rupturing. The same fault patch that broke in 1833 would re-rupture again during the Mw\u202f 8.0 1934 Bihar earthquake, as it did little to release the elastic tension along the decollement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0003-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Tectonic setting, Earthquake\nVery little is known about the epicenter location of the earthquake due to the poor constrains in data. Researcher and seismologist Nicholas Ambraseys determined the epicenter coordinates was . Another epicenter area located roughly 130 km west of the 1934 earthquake epicenter, at the eastern edge of a seismic gap has been favoured by many authors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0004-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Historical description\nAt about 6:00 pm, the first foreshock was felt in Kathmandu for 40 seconds, it was significant but not strong enough to cause any fatalities. Plants and trees were seen swaying from the crowns to their roots. The next foreshock occurred at 10:45 pm, which had similar effects like the one five hours earlier. These foreshocks would have a large influence on the number of casualties caused by the mainshock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0005-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Historical description\nFifteen minutes later, another earthquake rocked the city. It was described in the beginning as gentle rocking, followed by some rumbling sounds. Shaking then escalated to a more violent characterstic; trees were seen bending, and houses ripped from their foundations. Horses and cattles escaped from their stalls, frightened by the earthquake. The earthquake was so strong that people found it difficult to walk, like those seen in footages of the 2015 earthquake. It lasted an approximate three minutes. Many terrified residents got to the ground and began to pray during the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0006-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Historical description\nIn Kathmandu, the earthquake was assigned a modified Mercalli intensity scale rating of VIII (Severe) to X (Extreme). In an article published by The India Gazette on September 12 the same year, the earthquake was perceived as wave-like with long rolls and peaks, in a northeast and southwest direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0007-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Historical description\nAt Chhapra, Bihar, the mainshock was still strong enough to be felt even from Nepal. It shook houses and woke many residents from their sleep. Many people rushed out of their houses even as more strong shock rocked the city. Huge chunks of cornice and plasters fell from walls during the quake. Several native dwellings were reportedly destroyed, and at least three lives were lost to house collapses. A massive fissure also tore through the ground some two miles from the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0008-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Historical description\nThe foreshocks were also distinctly felt in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, jolting many people from their sleep, including the Europeans settling in the area. Almost all the Europeans residing in an establishment ran out of their residences for fear that they would crumble. Tremors were still felt even 20 minutes later. The mainshock struck at just before midnight, described as more violent than earlier events, and as if being \"seized by several hands and shaken violently backwards and forwards\". All the local residents in the city dashed out of their homes. The earthquake was so intense that standing was nearly impossible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0009-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Historical description, Aftershocks\nAn aftershock sequence immediately followed after the mainshock, but it gradually decayed after persisting for several weeks. Strong aftershocks were felt on October 4, October 18 and November 26 of 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0010-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Historical description, Aftershocks\nIn 1835, a major aftershock struck the same region. The estimated magnitude of this aftershock is on the order of Mw\u202f 6.5 or greater. Thirty-three years later, another large earthquake struck on May 23, 1866. Estimates of this magnitude range between Mw\u202f 6.8 and 7.4, too small to cause any surface ruptures. Its epicenter location remains uncertain although some geologists suggest it was in the same location as the May 2015 Nepal earthquake, or it might be a deeper event like that of the Bihar earthquake in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0011-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Impact\nThe earthquake was felt over an area roughly 1 million km2 in Nepal, northern India and southern Tibet. Large landslides, rockfalls and avalanches in the mountainous region destroyed over 4,600 homes and temples. The two foreshocks occurring a few hours to minutes before the larger quake may have greatly reduced the death toll. Residents were driven out of their homes and dwellings due to panic caused by the two shocks. Had the two foreshocks not happen, many residents would have been killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0012-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Impact\nAt least 30% or more of all homes in the northern Nepal and southern Tibet region were totally destroyed. In the Kathmandu Valley, 400 buildings crumpled to the ground, burying many occupants residing in them. One of the two towers of the Dharahara, built by Bhimsen Thapa collapsed completely, and was never rebuilt. The other tower suffered minor damage and was repaired shortly after. The new tower stood over the city until 1934 when the magnitude 8.0 earthquake would knock it down again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0012-0001", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Impact\nThe other was partially damaged and quickly restored, only to be destroyed once again during the 1934 Bihar earthquake. The home of Matabarsing Thapa, was completely destroyed, and the garden houses belonging to Bhimsen Thapa became unfit for occupancy. In all, a total of 18,000 buildings were totally wiped out, with over 4,000 having collapsed in the Kathmandu Valley region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0013-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Impact\nIn the town of Bhaktapur (then Bhatgaon), east of the Kathmandu Valley, at least 200 individuals were killed, making it the worst affected area outside the valley. One quarter (25%) to 70% of the town suffered major destruction, including at least 2,000 homes and six to eight temples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021753-0014-0000", "contents": "1833 Bihar\u2013Nepal earthquake, Impact\nIn India, the earthquake caused some serious damage to towns, and destroyed a small number of buildings. It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. Damage there was generally less widespread, with fewer deaths recorded. The capital of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, felt four distinct shocks with the last two causing homes to creak, and lamps to swing about. Shaking caused animals including birds, elephants and snakes to behave unusually. Residents of the city ran out of their homes, fearing it would collapse on them, and began to pray. The same effects were observed in other parts of India, where many people and animals became frightened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021754-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Colombian presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in the Republic of New Granada in 1833. Francisco de Paula Santander was re-elected President, whilst Joaqu\u00edn Mosquera was elected Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021754-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 Colombian presidential election, Background\nFollowing the promulgation of the new constitution, Francisco de Paula Santander was elected interim President by the Constituent Assembly on 9 March 1832, to serve until the first official presidential term began on 1 April 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021755-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1833 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 12, 1833. Former senator and Democratic nominee Henry W. Edwards was elected, defeating incumbent governor and National Republican nominee John S. Peters with 41.31% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021755-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nPeters won a plurality of the vote, but did not win a majority. The state constitution required in that case, the Connecticut General Assembly would elect the governor. Edwards won the vote in the state legislature and was elected governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021755-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThis was the last appearance of the National Republican Party in a Connecticut gubernatorial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021756-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Costa Rican Head of State election\nIn the election for Head of State of Costa Rica held between 3 and 16 February 1833, Manuel Aguilar Chac\u00f3n, supported by liberal groups from San Jose and Alajuela, obtained 21 electoral votes cast by the second-degree electors elected by universal male suffrage weeks before. However, the minimum necessary to win was 22 votes according to the Constitution at the time, thus the election was declared null and it would correspond to the Parliament, then called the Constitutional Congress, to choose the Head of State, choosing conservative and monarchist Jos\u00e9 Rafael de Gallegos y Alvarado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021757-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Kunming earthquake\nThe 1833 Kunming earthquake was an 8.0 Mw earthquake that struck the provincial capital Kunming in Yunnan, China on September 6, 1833. The earthquake had its epicenter along the Xiaojiang Fault near the town of Songming, approximately 50\u00a0km (31\u00a0mi) northeast of Kunming's city centre. The earthquake destroyed many buildings, homes, and temples in Kunming and the nearby countryside. More than 6,000 people died as a result of the earthquake and another 80,000 were displaced. The Qing government at the time provided relief to the region and used the event to strengthen its administration in the province. The 1833 Kunming earthquake was the largest magnitude earthquake in Yunnan's recorded history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021758-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1833 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 9, 1833. Incumbent Democratic Governor Samuel E. Smith was defeated for re-nomination by Robert P. Dunlap. Smith ran for re-election as an Independent Democrat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021758-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 Maine gubernatorial election\nDunlap defeated National Republican candidate Daniel Goodenow and Smith with 52.14% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021758-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 Maine gubernatorial election, Democratic nomination\nThe Democratic state convention was held on June 26, 1833 at Augusta, Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nNational Republican Governor Levi Lincoln Jr. did not run for a tenth term in office. He was succeeded by John Davis, a National Republican, who defeated former President John Quincy Adams, Democrat Marcus Morton, and Working Men's candidate Samuel Allen. Because no candidate received a majority of the popular vote, the election was thrown to the Massachusetts General Court, where Davis was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic\nIn March, Representative Edward Everett approached John Quincy Adams to inform him that Governor Levi Lincoln Jr. would not seek a tenth term in office and that a union of the National Republican Party and Anti-Masonic Party could be effected to ensure Adams's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0003-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic\nA group of Anti- Masons traveled to Washington to appeal to Adams in July but found him reluctant to accept their nomination without guarantee of a National Republican alliance. They give him the assurance that National Republicans would unite with them in his nomination as they had in support of Senator Daniel Webster. He remained skeptical, aware that many conservatives and Masons within the state National Republican Party were opposed to his candidacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0004-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic\nBecause of his reluctance, Adams suggested Edward Everett himself seek the endorsement, but when he attempted to gain Anti-Masonic support with a speech denouncing Masonic influence, he was informed he could no longer secure the National Republican endorsement and declined to seek either party's nomination. Given Everett's withdrawal and Samuel Lathrop's refusal to run as the party's nominee for a third time, Adams resolved to accept, expecting that he would also receive the National Republican endorsement. He was formally endorsed at the Anti-Masonic convention in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0005-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, National Republican\nHowever, the Everett brothers approached Adams once more to ask him to withdraw in favor of John Davis at the behest of George Bancroft, Davis's brother-in-law. Adams faced an uphill battle for the National Republican nomination; 35 of the 63 delegates from Boston were influential Masons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0006-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, National Republican\nDavis, a moderate critic of Masonry, was nonetheless reluctant to accept the National Republican nomination. He did so only at the urging of Governor Lincoln and was nominated at the National Republican convention in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0007-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nThe Democrats largely avoided the conflict over Masonry and perennial nominee Marcus Morton publicly declared that he would not join the Anti-Masonic movement nor publicly discuss Freemasonry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0008-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nIn June, the party was buoyed by the personal presence of President Andrew Jackson in the state, which he toured with Josiah Quincy as his aide-de-camp en route to Harvard to accept an honorary doctorate of letters. Jackson's tour drew large crowds of supporters and caused at least one National Republican publication, the Boston Courier, to remark that as President, Jackson deserved the honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0009-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nAt the party convention in September, Morton was nominated again without opposition, though the convention's resolutions against John C. Calhoun and nullification may have caused a stir and the beginnings of a rift between the conservative urban faction led by David Henshaw, who was friendly with Calhoun, and the liberal rural faction led by Morton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0010-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Working Men's\nThe Working Men's Party was formed in a separate convention held in Boston on October 2. Samuel Allen, a graduate of Dartmouth and Congregationalist minister, was selected as the new party's nominee. He declared that the party was on the side of \"producers\" against \"accumulators\" and those who controlled \"associated wealth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0011-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nA major issue in the campaign was President Jackson's cancellation of government deposits in the U.S. Bank in September, outraging conservative supporters of the Bank. Democrats continued to remain silent on Masonry throughout the election, and focused on absorbing the Allen's supporters by declaring his principles as identical to those of Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0012-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nThe last days of the campaign were particularly intense as National Republicans bitterly attacked Adams and Morton. The Morning Post published a report on the eve of the election claiming that Morton was the preferred candidate of National Republican leaders, suggesting that both Davis and Adams lacked support from the party leadership. With the Democrats focused on the Working Men and Adams appeal to individual National Republicans, the Anti-Mason's felt their chances of winning were strong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0013-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nThough Davis won a plurality of the vote, he did not secure a majority necessary to secure his election. Adams made large gains for the Anti- Masons in the eastern part of the state, chiefly at the expense of the National Republicans. The conservative National Republicans had lost more than a quarter of their votes to the three liberal parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0014-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nAllen drew support from Democrats and rural National Republicans; his support was preponderantly rural.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0015-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nMorton carried Dukes and Essex counties because Adams took enough National Republican votes to leave Democratic pluralities, but did increase his vote overall despite Allen's presence in the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0016-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Legislative vote\nBecause no candidate secured a majority, the election was decided by the General Court. The newly formed 1834 Massachusetts House of Representatives would choose two candidates and the Senate would select one as Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0017-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Legislative vote\nNegotiations ensued between the Anti- Masons and Democrats in the House to present Morton and Adams; Morton would then be elected by the Senate on the ground that he was more friendly to the Anti- Masons than Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0018-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Legislative vote\nOn November 26, Edward Everett visited Adams to prevail upon him to withdraw and endorse Davis. Despite some private resistance, Adams eventually did so, possibly out of fear that Morton's election would be seen as a victory for President Jackson or possibly from reluctance to leave his district without a Representative in Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0019-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Legislative vote\nDavis was elected by an alliance of National Republicans and Anti-Masons, who went on to form the bulk of the new Whig Party, though not without shedding some dissenters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0020-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Legislative vote\nAdams endorsed an amendment to the state constitution which would abandon the majority requirement; this amendment would not come until May 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021759-0021-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, References, Bibliography\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021760-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 54th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1833 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr.. Benjamin T. Pickman served as president of the Senate and William B. Calhoun served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021761-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Morpeth by-election\nThe 1833 Morpeth by-election was held on 31 December 1833 It was won by the unopposed Whig candidate Edward George Granville Howard who replaced his brother Frederick George Howard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021762-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Naval Air Squadron\n1833 Naval Air Squadron (1833 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm between 1943 and 1945 and then again from 1947 to 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021762-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 Naval Air Squadron, First creation\nThe squadron was first formed on 15 July 1943 at the US Naval Air Station at US Naval Air Station Quonset Point, Rhode Island under the command of Lt Cdr (A) H A Monk and with a compliment of 10 aircraft. Equipped with the American Chance Vought F4U-1 known as the Corsair I in British service the squadron moved to the US Naval Air Station Brunswick, Maine in August 1943 before shipping back to the United Kingdom in October 1943 on board the escort carrier HMS\u00a0Trumpeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021762-0001-0001", "contents": "1833 Naval Air Squadron, First creation\nWhile at Brunswick the squadron was re-equipped with an upgraded version of the Corsair, the F4U-1D or Corsair II. The squadron formed part of 15 Naval Fighter Wing under the command of Lt Cdr R J Cork succeeded upon Cork's death in March 1944 by Lt Cdr A M Tritton, the other squadrons being 1830 Squadron and 1831 Squadron. In December 1943 the decision was made to increase the compliment of squadrons to 14 aircraft and to achieve this 1831 Squadron was disbanded with its pilots being distributed to the other two squadrons. The wing was assigned to HMS\u00a0Illustrious and landed on Illustrious on 27 December 1943. On 30 December 1943 Illustrious sailed for the Indian Ocean to join the British Pacific Fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021762-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 Naval Air Squadron, First creation\nIn March 1944 Lt Cdr Monk was posted away and replaced as commanding officer by Lt Cdr N S Hanson RNVR. From May 1944 the squadron took part in several operations including Operation Cockpit, Operation Transom, Operation Crimson, Operation Robson, Operation Outflank, Operation Meridian and Operation Iceberg. In August 1944 the size of the squadron was enlarged again, to 18, with 1838 Squadron from HMS\u00a0Victorious being disbanded to provide the additional personnel and aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021762-0003-0000", "contents": "1833 Naval Air Squadron, First creation\nDuring Operation Iceberg, Illustrious was damaged by a Japanese Kamikaze attack and the damage sustained resulted in Illustrious being withdrawn from combat operation in May 1945. The personal of the two fighter squadrons were retained on-board, although the aircraft were disembarked in Australia, until the ship returned to the UK in June 1945. The following month both squadrons were disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021762-0004-0000", "contents": "1833 Naval Air Squadron, First creation\nThe squadron was awarded three battle honours; Okinawa 1945, Palemberg 1945 and Sapeng 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021762-0005-0000", "contents": "1833 Naval Air Squadron, Second creation\nIn 1947 the squadron was reformed at HMS Gamecock near Bramcote, Warwickshire  as one of the first four units of the RNVR Air Branch. Initially equipped with piston-engined aircraft such as the Supermarine Seafire and the Hawker Sea Fury, latterly the squadron was equipped with jet aircraft, the de Havilland Sea Vampire and the Supermarine Attacker. The move to jet aircraft required the squadron to move to RAF Honiley, close to Bramcote, as the facilities at Bramcote were unsuitable for jet aircraft. The squadron was disbanded in March 1957 along with the rest of the RNVR Air Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021763-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election\nIn the October 9, 1832 elections, Joel B. Sutherland (D) was re-elected to the 1st district, but resigned his seat to accept a judgeship. He then subsequently resigned that judgeship to run in this October 8, 1833 special election which was called to fill the vacancy caused by his original resignation, and won that election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021763-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election, Election results\nThere were also 57 votes for someone with the surname of Martin, first name and party affiliation unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021764-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe 1833 election of the Speaker of the House of Commons occurred on 29 January 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021764-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThis was the first Parliament after the Reform Act 1832. Not wishing to have an inexperienced Speaker preside over the reformed Parliament, the government persuaded the long-serving incumbent Speaker Charles Manners-Sutton to postpone his retirement. He was standing for a seventh term as Speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021764-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nJoseph Hume (Radical) objected that Manners-Sutton, a vocal opponent of the reform, should not preside over a reformed Parliament. He proposed Edward Littleton (Whig). Daniel O'Connell (Irish Nationalist) seconded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021764-0003-0000", "contents": "1833 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nViscount Morpeth, although a Whig, commended Manners-Sutton's conduct as Speaker, and proposed him. Sir Francis Burdett (Radical) seconded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021764-0004-0000", "contents": "1833 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nA debate ensued. Littleton spoke against his own nomination, stating his support for Manners-Sutton and asking that Manners-Sutton be elected without a division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021764-0005-0000", "contents": "1833 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nO'Connell objected to this: he would not countenance a Tory Speaker after the reform, believing that \"the grand advantage of the Reform Bill was to put down Toryism in England \u2014 that vile and abominable system, which existed by the plunder of the people, and by the usurpation of their rights\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021764-0006-0000", "contents": "1833 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nAmong other objections to Manners-Sutton was the pension awarded on the basis that he was retiring: if re-elected he might draw both a pension and a salary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021764-0007-0000", "contents": "1833 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nVoting on Hume's motion that Littleton take the Chair, the motion was defeated by 31 votes to 241, a majority of 210. The amended motion that Manners-Sutton take the Chair was then passed without division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021764-0008-0000", "contents": "1833 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe elections of 1833 and 1835 (in which Manners-Sutton was defeated) were the only elections since 1780 in which an incumbent Speaker seeking re-election was opposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021765-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 Sumatra earthquake\nThe 1833 Sumatra earthquake occurred on November 25 at about 22:00 local time, with an estimated magnitude in the range of 8.8\u20139.2 Mw\u202f. It caused a large tsunami that flooded the southwestern coast of the island. There are no reliable records of the loss of life, with the casualties being described only as 'numerous'. The magnitude of this event has been estimated using records of uplift taken from coral microatolls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021765-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 Sumatra earthquake, Background\nThe island of Sumatra lies on the convergent plate boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The convergence between these plates is highly oblique near Sumatra, with the displacement being accommodated by near pure dip-slip faulting along the subduction zone, known as the Sunda megathrust, and near pure strike-slip faulting along the Great Sumatran fault. The major slip events on the subduction zone interface are typically of megathrust type. Historically, great or giant megathrust earthquakes have been recorded in 1797, 1833, 1861, 2004, 2005 and 2007, most of them being associated with devastating tsunamis. Smaller (but still large) megathrust events have also occurred in the small gaps between the areas that slip during the larger events, in 1935, 1984, 2000 and 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021765-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 Sumatra earthquake, Damage\nThere is only sparse information available regarding the extent of damage associated with either the earthquake or the subsequent tsunami. However, the tsunami was clearly devastating along the southwest coast of Sumatra from Pariaman to Bengkulu. There is also a lone report of significant damage in the Seychelles. The tsunami also caused severe damage in the Maldives and Sri Lanka. Waves have also been reported to reach northern Australia, the Bay of Bengal and Thailand, although in small intensity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021765-0003-0000", "contents": "1833 Sumatra earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nThe earthquake shaking lasted 5 minutes in Bengkulu and 3 minutes in Padang, combined with the severity this suggests a very large source rupture. The rupture extent and the magnitude of this earthquake has been determined using the effect of relative sea level changes on coral microatolls from a group of small islands along the outer arc ridge that runs parallel the coast of Sumatra, the Mentawai islands. These microatolls, named for their resemblance to island atolls, can be used to provide a record of sea level change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021765-0003-0001", "contents": "1833 Sumatra earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nMicroatolls form because the coral head cannot grow up beyond low tide level (known as highest level of survival or HLS) as exposure leads to death. The morphology of the microatolls directly reflects changes in HLS. The presence of annual growth banding combined with the Uranium-thorium dating method allows morphological changes to be dated, with an uncertainty of only a few years to a few decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021765-0004-0000", "contents": "1833 Sumatra earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nModelling of the tsunami suggests that most of the energy would have been radiated out into the Indian Ocean, sparing most coastal population centres outside Sumatra itself. Detailed modelling around Sumatra matches well with limited observations available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021766-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1833 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 5, 1833, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021766-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nCharles E. Dudley had been elected in 1829 to this seat to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Martin Van Buren who had been elected Governor in November 1828. Dudley's term would expire on March 3, 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021766-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1832, a very large Jacksonian-Democratic majority was elected to the Assembly, and six of the eight State Senators elected were Jacksonian Democrats. The 56th New York State Legislature met from January 1 to April 30, 1833, at Albany, New York. The party strength in the Assembly as shown by the election for Speaker was: 99 for Jacksonian Democrat Charles L. Livingston and 22 for Anti- Mason John C. Spencer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021766-0003-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nOn February 2, the Jacksonian Democratic State legislators held a caucus to nominate a candidate. The members were divided between Nathaniel P. Tallmadge, New York Supreme Court Justice Jacob Sutherland, and Ex-Assemblyman Benjamin F. Butler. On the first ballot no-one received a majority. Sutherland's name was then withdrawn by his brother-in-law Edward Livingston with the intent to join the supporters of Butler and Sutherland against Tallmadge, but Tallmadge was eventually nominated by a very small majority (\"three or four\" votes [see Hammond, pg. 432]) Nevertheless, some of the Jacksonian Democrats voted for Butler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021766-0004-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nFrancis Granger, the defeated gubernatorial candidate of the last State election was the candidate of the Anti- Masons and National Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021766-0005-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nWhen Tallmadge's name was brought forward in the Legislature, members of the opposition, among them Isaac L. Varian and John C. Spencer, objected, arguing that Tallmadge as a State Senator was constitutionally ineligible. The State Constitution of 1821 provided in \u00a7 10 that \"no member of the Legislature shall receive any civil appointment ... from the Legislature, during the term for which he shall have been elected,\" which supports this point of view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021766-0005-0001", "contents": "1833 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nOn the other side, \u00a7 11 provided that \"if any person shall, while a member of the legislature, be elected to Congress ... his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat,\" which considers the possibility of such an election. The majority decided that Tallmadge was eligible. However, a large minority of State legislators insisted that Tallmadge was ineligible, \u00a7 11 applying only to U.S. Representatives elected by popular vote, and refused to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021766-0006-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nNathaniel P. Tallmadge received majorities in both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected. Due to the controversy about his eligibility, he received only very small majorities - one more than necessary in the Senate, and four more than necessary in the Assembly - although his party had large majorities in both houses of the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021766-0007-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nTallmadge served a full term (1833\u20131839), but faced another controversy when running for re-election. In 1839, no choice was made and the seat became vacant. In 1840, Tallmadge was re-elected and served until June 17, 1844, when he resigned to become Governor of the Territory of Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021767-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate special election in New York\nThe 1833 United States Senate special election in New York was held on January 4, 1833, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021767-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate special election in New York, Background\nWilliam L. Marcy had been elected in 1831 to this seat. In November 1832, Marcy was elected Governor, and upon taking office resigned his Senate seat on January 1, 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021767-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate special election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1832, a very large Jacksonian-Democratic majority was elected to the Assembly, and six of the eight State Senators elected were Jacksonian Democrats. The 56th New York State Legislature met from January 1 to April 30, 1833, at Albany. The party strength in the Assembly as shown by the election for Speaker was: 99 for Jacksonian Democrat Charles L. Livingston and 22 for Anti- Mason John C. Spencer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021767-0003-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate special election in New York, Candidates\nNew York State Comptroller Silas Wright, Jr., was the candidate of the Jacksonian Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021767-0004-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate special election in New York, Result\nSilas Wright, Jr., was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 62], "content_span": [63, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021767-0005-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate special election in New York, Aftermath\nWright took his seat on January 14, 1833, was re-elected twice (in 1837 and 1843) and remained in office until November 1844 when he resigned after his election as Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 65], "content_span": [66, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021767-0006-0000", "contents": "1833 United States Senate special election in New York, Aftermath\nComptroller Wright's election to the U.S. Senate produced a shuffle in the State's administration: Secretary of State Azariah C. Flagg succeeded Wright as Comptroller; Adjutant General John Adams Dix succeeded Flagg as Secretary of State; and Levi Hubbell was appointed Adjutant General of the State Militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 65], "content_span": [66, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021768-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1833 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021772-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1833 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021776-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1833 in the Qajar dynasty, Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021778-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1833 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021781-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1833 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021783-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1833 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021784-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in archaeology\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Camboxer (talk | contribs) at 09:03, 24 October 2019 (\u2192\u200eBirths:  addition). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021787-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021789-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021789-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, Newly named dinosaurs\nHylaeosaurus was named in 1833 by Mantell for most of a skeleton including an isolated tail. This material was then later described in more detail by Mantell and Alexander Gordon Melville in an 1849 publication entitled Additional Observations on the Osteology of the Iguanodon and Hylaeosaurus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021789-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 in paleontology, Pterosaurs, New taxa\nA gnathosaurine ctenochasmatid. This is one of two species assigned to Gnathosaurus, the other being G. macrurus. Aurorazhdarcho is a potential junior synonym of Gnathosaurus subulatus. Gnathosaurus as well as related genera such as Germanodactylus, Ctenochasma, and Pterodactylus all possessed large soft tissue crests. All four genera are from the Solnhofen Limestone, and share a common ancestor which, presumably, also had a crest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021790-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021790-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021790-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021791-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1833.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021792-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in science\nThe year 1833 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021793-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 in sports\n1833 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0000-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain\nThe 1833 territorial division of Spain divided the country into provinces, in turn classified into \"historic regions\" (Spanish: regiones hist\u00f3ricas). This division was followed (helped by the enforcing of the 1834 Royal Statute) by the ensuing creation of provincial deputations, the government institutions for most of the provinces, remaining up to this date. Nearly all of the provinces retain roughly or precisely the 1833 borders. Conversely, many of the historic regions correspond to present-day autonomous communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0001-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Background\nImmediately after the death of King Ferdinand VII on 29 September 1833, the regent Maria Christina attempted to find a moderate third way between the absolutist Carlists\u2014the followers of the Infante Carlos\u2014and the liberals. This mission was given to First Secretary of State Francisco Cea Berm\u00fadez, leader of a government that lasted only into the following January, having been unable to satisfy either side, let alone both. Despite his vain efforts to gain the support of either the liberals or the Carlists, his government undertook a major reform of the territorial division of Spain whose effects are still felt after more than a century-and-a-half: the division of Spain into provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0002-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Background\nA royal decree of 20 November 1833 ratified a plan put forth by Javier de Burgos, secretary of state for development (secretario de estado de Fomento), which created the basis for a centralized state divided into 49 provinces. All but four of the provinces received the name of their capital cities; those four\u2014Navarre with its capital at Pamplona, \u00c1lava with Vitoria, Gipuzkoa with San Sebasti\u00e1n, and Biscay (Spanish: Vizcaya) with Bilbao\u2014reflected long standing entities, and retained their historic names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0003-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Background\nJavier de Burgos's division is practically the same as the short-lived 1822 territorial division of Spain, dating from the \"Liberal Trienium\" (Trienio Liberal), but without the provinces of Calatayud, Vierzo, and J\u00e1tiva; also, in contrast to the 1822 division, several provinces were given names other than those of their capitals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0004-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Background\nRather than the merit of having initiated, directed and produced a new provincial division of Spain, Don Javier de Burgos deserves credit for the courage and political will have put in place the previous division of 1822 with the adjustments and modifications that he believed appropriate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0005-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Provincial division and \"historic regions\"\nJavier de Burgos' 1833 provincial division included 49 provinces. The same decree that created the provincial division grouped the provinces into \"historic regions\". However, these were merely honorary and classificatory: there was no level of administration between the central government and the provinces. These \"historic regions\" had no powers, no administrative organs, no common jurisdiction over the provinces grouped within them. Each province had a governor (jefe pol\u00edtico, \"political chief\") appointed by the central government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0006-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Provincial division and \"historic regions\"\nBesides looking to the 1822 arrangement, Javier de Burgos took as his model the departments of France. While many of the borders and inclusions in the provinces may at first appear arbitrary from a historical and geographical point of view, he was operating under a set of rational criteria: area (it was intended to be possible to travel between the capital and any point in the province in a single day), population (wherever feasible, the provinces had populations between 100,000 and 400,000), and geographic coherence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0007-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Provincial division and \"historic regions\"\nThe provincial division restored the traditional names of the Basque provinces and Navarre, which had been renamed in the 1822 territorial division of Spain, but few concessions were made to historic enclaves and exclaves. The most important of these that were retained were the Rinc\u00f3n de Ademuz (part of Valencia, but located between Teruel and Cuenca) and the Trevi\u00f1o enclave (part of Burgos, but surrounded by \u00c1lava); another notable exclave is Ll\u00edvia (part of Gerona, but one must pass 3 kilometres (1.9\u00a0mi) through France to reach it).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0008-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Provincial division and \"historic regions\"\nThe provincial division consolidated rapidly and remains with rather few changes down to the present day. This is in part because the provincial capitals all became the seats of basic government institutions. The jefes pol\u00edticos would eventually be replaced by civil governors, and eventually delegates of the central government. The provincial division was followed by all branches of government and formed the basis for all future divisions and combinations. Each of Spain's municipalities (ayuntamientos) falls within a single province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0009-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Provincial division and \"historic regions\"\nIn 1834, Spain was divided into legal districts (partidos judiciales); these took provincial borders into account. These legal districts later became the basis of electoral districts and tax districts. Civil health districts also followed provincial lines (though military health districts sometimes did not). By 1868 there were 463 legal districts; the number of municipalities has repeatedly risen and fallen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0010-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Conflict with the Basque districts\nThe new design arranged by Jorge de Burgos and government officials in Madrid opened a scenario of overt confrontation with the Basque territories and institutions, who kept a separate legal and institutional status, including taxation and customs with the Spanish heartland on the Ebro. Navarre was still a semi-autonomous kingdom with its own parliament and government\u2014the Cortes and Diputaci\u00f3n\u2014while \u00c1lava, Gipuzkoa and Biscay (the Basque Provinces, known also as \"Biscay\" up to the Peninsular War), were also autonomous. News of the central government's decision overruling native institutions spread to the Basque districts, sparking uproar and anger. The new design thus notably paved the way to the outbreak of the First Carlist War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0011-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Conflict with the Basque districts\nWhile Jorge de Burgos' design of provincial Spain suppressed enclaves, it did keep the ones located in Basque territories\u2014Trucios in Biscay, and Trevi\u00f1o in \u00c1lava. According to the new arrangement, the Basque enclaves were to be attached to the closer Spanish province of Common Fiscal Regime. That meant they would be paying taxes to Madrid, not to the relevant Basque government (\u00c1lava, Biscay). O\u00f1ati was incorporated into Gipuzkoa\u2014definitely in 1845. Despite their close ties of cultural, linguistic, institutional, and legal nature (cf. fueros), it was decided to nominally regroup the above districts into two different \"historic regions\": Provincias Vascongadas and Navarra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0012-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Later modifications\nAs remarked above, the 1833 system of provinces has undergone only minimal changes. Jefes pol\u00edticos were replaced by civil governors, and eventually by delegates and sub-delegates of the central government. There were a few minor adjustments of borders, and several provinces have been renamed to accord with local languages or in view of other issues of regional identity. The \"historic regions\" went by the wayside during the Spanish transition to democracy in the later 1970s and early 1980s, when they were replaced by the autonomous communities, many of which coincide precisely with an earlier \"historic region\". Some authors writing about present-day Spain use the term \"historic regions\" to refer only to the Basque Country, Catalonia, usually Galicia, and occasionally Andalusia, all of which have historically had the strong local nationalisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0013-0000", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Later modifications\nUnder Article 141 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978, the provinces remain Spain's basic units of territorial organization. They are the basis for electoral constituencies (Article 68) and autonomous communities are normally formed out of one or more provinces, with no province divided between two or more autonomous communities (Article 143). The revised Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia that went into effect in August 2006 ignored the provincial division within Catalonia, replacing it with a division into seven veguerias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021796-0013-0001", "contents": "1833 territorial division of Spain, Later modifications\nHowever, the number of senators or deputies that Catalonia contributes to Spain's parliament, the Cortes Generales: remained regulated by Article 69 of the Constitution in terms of provinces. While the veguerias project remained controversial, the Catalan government intended to put it into effect in January 2010. However, the 2010 Catalan regional election produced a new legislature which has put these plans on hold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021797-0000-0000", "contents": "1834\n1834 (MDCCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1834th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 834th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 34th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1834, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021798-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Additional Act\nThe Additional Act was an amendment to the Brazilian Constitution of 1824, passed on August 12, 1834. The amendment enhanced the autonomy of the provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021799-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Central American federal election\nFrancisco Moraz\u00e1n\u2019s first four-year term ended in 1834 and new elections for President of the Federal Republic of Central America were held that year. Moraz\u00e1n become very unpopular among the liberal elites that were his main supporters when he change the federal capital from Guatemala to El Salvador, so this time moderate conservative leader Jos\u00e9 Cecilio del Valle won the election undisputedly. Unfortunately, Valle died before taking the oath while traveling between Honduras and Guatemala, so new elections were call for February of the next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021800-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1834 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 11, 1834. Former senator and Whig nominee Samuel A. Foot was elected, defeating incumbent governor and Democratic nominee Henry W. Edwards with 49.83% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021800-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nFoot won a plurality of the vote, but fell just short of a majority, by 63 votes. The state constitution required in that case, the Connecticut General Assembly would elect the governor. Foot won the vote in the state legislature, 154 to 70, and was elected governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021800-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThis was the first appearance of the Whig Party in a Connecticut gubernatorial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021801-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Dudley by-election\nThe Dudley by-election of 1834 was fought on 27 February 1834 after the sitting MP, Sir John Campbell, was appointed as Attorney General, triggering a by-election. Campbell's opponent was Thomas Hawkes, a local industrialist who owned a glass factory. The two men had previously contested the constituency of Stafford in 1830 and 1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021801-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 Dudley by-election\nThe writ for the election arrived at Dudley on Sunday, 23 February and on the following day, the Returning Officer, Mr. Jenkins, announced that nominations would take place on Thursday 27 February. On the Monday and Wednesday before the election, disorder broke out in the town, with injuries inflicted and windows broken. At the hustings on election day, the candidacy of Campbell was proposed by Mr J. Twamley and seconded by James Foster. Hawkes was proposed and seconded respectively  by Mr C. Cartwight and Mr. W. Fellows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021801-0001-0001", "contents": "1834 Dudley by-election\nAfter election addresses, the Returning Officer asked for a show of hands in support of the rival candidates and Campbell was adjudged to have won this. The Hawkes' camp then requested a poll and at about 3pm voting ended and the result revealed that Thomas Hawkes had won the Dudley seat with a majority of 68. The result provoked considerable further disorder in the town resulting in a request for the military to intervene. Two troops of the 3rd Dragoon Guards arrived from Birmingham to clear the streets of rioters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021802-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Dutch Reformed Church split\nThe 1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, or the Secession of 1834 (Dutch: Afscheiding van 1834), known simply as Afscheiding (\"separation, secession, split\"),  refers to a split that occurred within the Dutch Reformed Church in 1834. The federation of churches resulting from this split, the Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerken (CGK) (translated to the Christian Reform Church) still exists in the Netherlands today. The Free Reformed Churches are the North American counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021802-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Leading up to Secession\nThe Secession of 1834 began in Ulrum, a town in the north of the Dutch province of Groningen. Leading up to the secession, their pastor, reverend Hendrik de Cock was forbidden by the government to preach and ordered not to warn people against what he believed to be the erroneous teachings of some of his colleagues. Hendrik, along with other ministers, publicly opposed and denied some of the heresies that were being tolerated by the churches. They also rejected the introduction of manmade hymns into worship in place of the use of the Psalms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021802-0001-0001", "contents": "1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Leading up to Secession\nHe was also forbidden to baptize the children of believers who refused to have their children baptized by their own ministers who they believed were not sound in the faith. The people that decided to leave had a very hard time at the beginning. Some people were fined, some were jailed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021802-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Outcome\nTherefore, on 14 October 1834, a large majority of the congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church in Ulrum, signed \"The Act of Secession and Return\", breaking away from the State Church. The Secession would play a role in the 1857 Dutch Reformed Church split between the Reformed Church in America and the Christian Reformed Church in North America in 1857. There were three major principles that went along with the split: 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021802-0002-0001", "contents": "1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Outcome\nThey withdrew from the church \"false\", 2. gave loyalty to the three reforms and the \"Order of Dort\", and 3. wanted to make connections with other churches with the same values and beliefs. Various churches came and left the movement, but the ones that stayed united under the Christian reform church. They were not allowed to conjugate in groups larger than twenty people, and they were not able to get buildings or property to have churches built for their meetings. Here and there over time, they gained respect and were able to worship, but because of all these repercussions at the beginning, the act of praying before a church service derived from the meetings they would hold in secret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021802-0003-0000", "contents": "1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Outcome\nMany of those trying to secede were treated poorly, so they looked for a different way out to partake in their religion in peace. Some reformers decided it was time to move, so they migrated to America, some going to what is today known as New York and Michigan. In 1957 the Christian Reformed Church was finally created in Grand Rapids, Michigan. After more trouble and the leaders not accepting and wanting to preach certain aspects, they then formed the Christian Protestant church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021802-0003-0001", "contents": "1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Outcome\nThese two denominations flourished when a spike in Dutch immigration occurred at the end of the second world war. From these two denominations, they then took full advantage of their freedom of religion in America, and created a series of denominations from the two, they could pick and choose the aspects they wanted to include in their religions and what they did not want to preach on, and sometimes it came down to being as simple as them being loyal to a certain leader or priest, so they followed them through the changes in denominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021802-0004-0000", "contents": "1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Abraham Kuyper\nThis was a brilliant man from the years of the reformation of the Churches. He founded the Anti Revolutionary party after deciding he was converted by a Godly woman at one of his first congregations. In 1880 he became a very important and influential mover in the Free University of Amsterdam, which gave the reformed a higher education. He shared some of the same views as Calvinism, but not he did not preach all of the aspects of Calvin's teachings. For one, he did not press the need for conversion, or being saved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021802-0004-0001", "contents": "1834 Dutch Reformed Church split, Abraham Kuyper\nHe believed that children of those already were saved unless they showed otherwise. That being said, he and his people did not see the need to be saved or partake in that practice unless they had reason to believe the person at hand showed they were not converted. When learning that the local church did not agree with his views, his people decided they needed to once again break from the church. When denied a chance to create an entirely new church and following, Kuyper and his people decided to find a way to unite his church with that of the local church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021803-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 French legislative election\nThe 1834 general election organized the third legislature of the July Monarchy. The election was held on 21 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021803-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 French legislative election, Results\nLouis-Philippe of France dissolved the legislature on 3 October 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021804-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1834 Illinois gubernatorial election was the fifth quadrennial election for this office. U.S. Representative Joseph Duncan was elected by a majority of the voters. He defeated former Lt. Governor William Kinney and former state treasurer Robert K. McLaughlin. Kinney had run in the election before as well. This was the only election of a Whig Governor in Illinois history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021805-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Illinois state capitol referendum\nIn the Illinois State Capitol Referendum of 1834, voters in the state of Illinois were asked on August 4, 1834 to choose the next state capitol. Six locations were placed on the ballot: Alton, Springfield, Peoria, Jacksonville, the Geographic center of the state, and the current capital, Vandalia. The Geographic center was at the time assumed to be Illiopolis, but this is now known to be untrue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021805-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 Illinois state capitol referendum\nAlton received the most votes, but the General Assembly never acted on this, and it never was the capitol. Eventually, the capitol would be moved to Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021806-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Java earthquake\nThe 1834 Java earthquake struck the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) island of Java, in the city of Bogor. The earthquake occurred on the morning of October 11, 1834. It was assigned VIII (Severe) to IX (Violent) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021806-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 Java earthquake, Description\nIt was preceded by a number of strongly felt foreshocks the night before on October 11. When the mainshock struck the next morning, it was violently felt. Vibrations were also detected by people as far as Tegal in Central Java and Lampung on the neighboring island of Sumatra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021806-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 Java earthquake, Description\nAlthough the earthquake caused very few deaths and injuries, it severely damaged many and collapsed a few. Damage to roads such as cracks were reported from Bogor to Cianjur, Cianjur Regency. Many warehouses and factories were also badly affected. A postal station in the city was buried under a landslide, killing five people and ten horses. Many homes and stone building in Batavia were damaged. A country warehouse and a number of townhouses were also damaged. The Bogor Palace in the city, which was the residence of Jean Chr\u00e9tien Baud, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies,  was so severely damaged that Jean Chr\u00e9tien Baud ordered it be demolished. The palace was rebuilt with a new 19th century European architecture style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021806-0003-0000", "contents": "1834 Java earthquake, Earthquake\nModelling the earthquake with a moment magnitude (Mw\u202f) of 7.0 at a depth of 12 km along a 45-km-long reverse fault known as the Baribis Fault was consistent with the historical descriptions about the earthquake and its effects. In the simulation of ground motions, Batavia, Buitenzorg, Tjanjor and Tjiandjawar suffered the most intense shaking, at IX on the Mercalli intensity scale. The simulation also predicted severe to violent shaking in Bantam, Krawang and Tegal but no descriptions of extensive damage there was reported, possibly due to historical bias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021807-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Jerusalem earthquake\nThe 1834 Jerusalem earthquake occurred on 13 May during the first few days of the Peasants' revolt in Palestine against Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt. The earthquake's epicenter was in the Jerusalem area. After a brief lull, fighting resumed the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021807-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 Jerusalem earthquake\nDamage from the quake included the collapse of part of the city wall near the Dome of the Rock, the collapse of the dome over the Chapel of the Ascension, a minaret in the city and one on the Mount of Olives, the collapse or damage of several large Jerusalem homes, and the severe damage of Latin and Armenian monasteries in Bethlehem. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre suffered minor damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021808-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1834 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the seventh gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article III Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021809-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1834 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 8, 1834. Incumbent Democratic Governor Robert P. Dunlap defeated Whig candidate Peleg Sprague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021810-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021810-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nWhig Governor John Davis was re-elected to a second term in office over Democrat Marcus Morton and Anti- Mason John Bailey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021810-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic\nAlthough some had hoped for an alliance between the Anti- Masons and the National Republicans after John Quincy Adams had stepped aside for John Davis in the 1833 election, this was not to be. Many Anti- Masons remained dissatisfied with Davis's performance as governor and the newly-christened Whig Party in general, particularly in their handling of political appointments along partisan lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021810-0003-0000", "contents": "1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic\nOn August 14, a conference was called at the home of George Odiorne between John Quincy Adams and Henry Dana Ward of New York. The three men debated the subject of the gubernatorial race, with Odiorne objecting to the nomination of Governor Davis and suggesting John Bailey, Heman Lincoln, Samuel Lathrop, or Marcus Morton. Adams countered that Worcester would back Davis, and so the choice was between Davis or Morton. Adams began to suspect the effort to fuse the Anti- Masons with Morton was a prelude to an attempt to throw Anti- Mason votes to Martin Van Buren in the 1836 presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021810-0004-0000", "contents": "1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic\nMarcus Morton also began to organize an attempt at fusion himself, sounding out Democratic and Anti-Masonic leadership in an effort to overthrow the Whigs. Radical Anti- Masons like Benjamin F. Hallett supported this move, leading moderates like Pliny Merrick to appeal to Davis directly to denounce Masonry and avoid a union with the Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021810-0005-0000", "contents": "1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic\nUltimately, the Anti- Masons did not ally directly with the Jacksonian Morton or Whig Davis. At the September state convention, with both John Quincy Adams and Edward Everett declining the party's support, the Anti- Masons nominated John Bailey, an ally of Adams in the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021810-0006-0000", "contents": "1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nThe Democratic Party was certain to nominate Marcus Morton for the tenth consecutive election and did so at its convention in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021810-0007-0000", "contents": "1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Working Men's\nThe Working Men's Party met at a convention in Northampton during October and nominated Samuel Allen again. There were fourteen delegates to the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021810-0008-0000", "contents": "1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nA major issue in the campaign was the arson of the Charlestown Ursuline convent in August, which some attributed to the presence of the preacher Lyman Beecher in the state. The arson and anti-Catholic riots brought sectarian and immigration issues to the fore during the summer months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021810-0009-0000", "contents": "1834 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nThe election brought about the demise of the Anti-Masons, as Bailey failed to come close to Adams's 1833 support. Support for Samuel Allen also declined. However, both Davis and Morton increased their raw vote totals from 1833. Increasing focus on the issue of the bank divided the state between the two major parties with declared stances on the issue: the pro-Bank Whigs and the anti-Bank Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021811-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 55th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1834 during the governorship of John Davis. Benjamin T. Pickman served as president of the Senate and William B. Calhoun served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021812-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Naval Air Squadron\n1834 Naval Air Squadron (1834 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021812-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 Naval Air Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021813-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1834 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 3 to 5, 1834 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York. This was the first fall election in which the Whig Party participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021813-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nIncumbent Governor William L. Marcy was re-nominated by the Democratic Party to run against the nominee of the Whig Party, future governor William H. Seward. The Democratic Party nominated the incumbent John Tracy for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021813-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nSeward had had to fight hard for the nomination; those considered included Amos P. Granger, Daniel C. Verplanck, and others. Eventually Seward, then 33 years old, emerged as the consensus choice. The Whig Party nominated state assemblyman Silas M. Stilwell for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021813-0003-0000", "contents": "1834 New York gubernatorial election, Campaign\nDuring the campaign, the Democratic press charged that Seward was too young to serve; the Whig press countered by giving examples of famous people, including DeWitt Clinton, who had served at young ages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021813-0004-0000", "contents": "1834 New York gubernatorial election, Sources\nThis New York elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021814-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Palach\n1834 Palach, provisional designation 1969 QP, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 August 1969 by Czech astronomer Lubo\u0161 Kohoutek at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany, and named after Czech student Jan Palach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021814-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 Palach, Orbit and classification\nPalach is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021814-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 Palach, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,922 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Palach's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021814-0003-0000", "contents": "1834 Palach, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2006, a rotational lightcurve for Palach was obtained from photometric observations made by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi at St. Michel sur Meu. It gave a rotation period of 3.139 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=2). In May 2010, a second lightcurve, obtained by Zachary Pligge at Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia, gave a period of 3.1358 hours with an amplitude of 0.13 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021814-0004-0000", "contents": "1834 Palach, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Palach measures between 17.16 and 20.23 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.109 and 0.151. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for Eoan asteroids of 0.14 and calculates a diameter of 19.52 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021814-0005-0000", "contents": "1834 Palach, Naming\nIt was named in memory of Czech student Jan Palach (1948\u20131969), who burned himself to death, as a protest against the Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia that followed and ended the national reform movement known as the Prague Spring. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 August 1991 (M.P.C. 18643).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021815-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Portuguese legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 13 and 27 July 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021815-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nFollowing the victory of the Liberals in the Liberal Wars and the accession of Maria II to the throne, the Constitutional Charter of 1826 was reinstated, having been suspended prior to the 1828 elections. The 1834 elections were held under the same system used for the 1826 elections, with the Electoral Law of 7 August 1826 (annulled by Dom Miguel in 1828) also reinstated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021815-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe Charter provided for a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Gerais, with an elected Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Most Worthy Peers whose members were appointed by the monarch or were members of the nobility. The number of Deputies increased from 138 in 1826 to 143.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021815-0003-0000", "contents": "1834 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe 1826 electoral law provided for an indirect electoral system, in which voters elected provincial assemblies, who in turn elected members of the Chamber of Deputies. Voting and candidature were restricted to those who met income requirements. There were eleven constituencies for the mainland and islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021815-0004-0000", "contents": "1834 Portuguese legislative election, Campaign\nThe campaign was marred by intimidation and personal insults. The press was censored and bribery and violence were used to support government candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021815-0005-0000", "contents": "1834 Portuguese legislative election, Campaign\nThe opposition Vintistas were unable to campaign in the press, but distributed leaflets, even attempting to gain support from supporters of the deposed Miguel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021815-0006-0000", "contents": "1834 Portuguese legislative election, Results\nThe result was a victory for the Cartistas led by Jos\u00e9 da Silva Carvalho and Agostinho Freire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021815-0007-0000", "contents": "1834 Portuguese legislative election, Results\nOf the 138 seats, only 119 were filled, with 43 Deputies supporting the government, 32 opposing it (led by Manuel da Silva Passos and Saldanha) and 44 independents. The opposition had won a majority of seats in Porto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021815-0008-0000", "contents": "1834 Portuguese legislative election, Aftermath\nThe new Cortes Gerais met for the first time on 15 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021816-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 Spanish general election\nGeneral elections to the Cortes Generales were held in Spain in 1834. At stake were all 188 seats in the Congress of Deputies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021816-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 Spanish general election, History\nThe 1834 elections were the first ones since the 1822, and signaled the return of liberalism to Spain after the absolutist D\u00e9cada Ominosa. The elections were held under the Spanish Royal Statute of 1834, not under a full constitutional system. Only around 18,000 people were allowed to vote, out of a population of 12 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021816-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 Spanish general election, Constituencies\nA majority voting system was used for the election, with 48 multi-member constituencies and 1 single-member constituency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021817-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1834 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held on December 6, 1834. Future President of the United States James Buchanan was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021817-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Background\nDemocrat William Wilkins was elected to the United States Senate by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in 1830. Sen. Wilkins resigned on June 30, 1834, after being appointed U.S. Minister to Russia by President Andrew Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021817-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results\nFollowing the resignation of Sen. William Wilkins, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 6, 1834, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. Four ballots were recorded. The results of the fourth and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021818-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 United States elections\nThe 1834 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic President Andrew Jackson's second term. Members of the 24th United States Congress were chosen in this election. Taking place during the Second Party System, elections were contested between Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party and opponents of Jackson, including the remnants of the National Republican Party. During this election, the anti-Jackson faction began to transition into the Whig Party. Arkansas and Michigan joined the union during the 24th Congress. Democrats retained the majority in the House, and won control of the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021818-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 United States elections\nIn the House, the anti-Jackson faction picked up some seats from the Anti-Masonic Party, but the Democrats retained a commanding majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021818-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 United States elections\nIn the Senate, the Democrats picked up a moderate number of seats and gained control of the majority with the aid of Democratic Vice President Martin Van Buren, who cast the tie-breaking vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 24th Congress were held in 1834 and 1835 during Andrew Jackson's second term as President of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections\nJacksonians benefitted from the president's continued popularity and the tight party organization of the nascent Democratic Party to win a large majority of House seats for the new Congress. Their primary opponents, the Anti-Jacksonians, were coalescing and unifying as the Whig Party, reducing the influence of single-issue parties, the Anti-Masonic Party (an anti-Masonry movement) and the Nullifier Party (a John C. Calhoun-led states' rights party that supported South Carolina during the Nullification Crisis in 1832 and 1833). The Whig Party evolved from the National Republican Party and these minor parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0001-0001", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections\nIt appealed to diverse opponents of Jackson, including voters who perceived him as autocratic and brash, voters supporting greater spending and development on institutions and infrastructure, anti-Masons, and former Federalists. As the balance of power in the House remained unchanged, with Jacksonians holding 142 seats, this was the smallest loss by a President's party in the House as a result of the so-called six-year itch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections\nWhen the House convened in December 1835, future president James K. Polk, a staunch Jacksonian, was elected speaker. He defeated the incumbent speaker, John Bell, a Jacksonian who had split with the president on the national bank and other issues. Bell subsequently aligned himself with the Anti- Jacksonians in the 24th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0003-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama\nAlabama elected its members August 3, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0004-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members April 9, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0005-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Indiana\nIndiana elected its members August 3, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0006-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nKentucky elected its members August 5, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0007-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nMaryland elected its members October 5, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0008-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nElections were held November 10, 1834, but at least one district's elections went to multiple ballots into 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0009-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Michigan\nMichigan elected its member October 5, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0010-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Michigan\nThe House refused to admit the member from Michigan due to a conflict with Ohio, so he was seated only as a non-voting delegate until January 27, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0011-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nMississippi elected its members November 3\u20135, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0012-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Missouri\nMissouri elected its members August 3, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0013-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire elected its members March 10, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0014-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected its members August 13, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0015-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island elected its members August 25, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0016-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 5\u20136, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021819-0017-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia elected its members April 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1834 and 1835 were elections that had the Anti- Jackson coalition maintain control of the United States Senate. However, during the 24th Congress, the Jacksonian coalition gained control of the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections\nAs this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 23rd Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1834 or before March 4, 1835; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0003-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 24th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1835; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0004-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special election during the 24th Congress\nIn this special election, the winner was seated in 1835 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0005-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Early elections during the 24th Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were not seated until 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 102], "content_span": [103, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0006-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Georgia\nGeorgia had two elections this cycle: a regular election for the class 2 seat and a special election for the class 3 seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0007-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Georgia, Georgia (Regular)\nIn the class 2 seat, incumbent Jacksonian John Pendleton King, who had served since winning an 1833 special election, was re-elected sometime in 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0008-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Georgia, Georgia (Special)\nIn the class 3 seat, incumbent Jacksonian John Forsyth, who had served since winning an 1829 special election, resigned June 27, 1834 to become U.S. Minister to Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0009-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Maine\nMaine had two elections this cycle, both for the class 2 seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0010-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Maine\nIncumbent Anti- Jacksonian Peleg Sprague, who was elected in 1829, resigned January 1, 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0011-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Maine, Maine (Regular)\nJacksonian John Ruggles was elected January 19, 1835 to the next term. He was then elected to finish the current term, see below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0012-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Maine, Maine (Special)\nJacksonian John Ruggles was elected January 20, 1835 to finish the term that would end March 3, 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0013-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Michigan\nThe new state of Michigan elected its new senators in 1835, both Jacksonians: Lucius Lyon (Class 1) and John Norvell (Class 2). They were not seated until January 26, 1837 due to a territorial dispute with Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0014-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Virginia\nVirginia had two elections this cycle, both for the class 2 seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0015-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Virginia\nIncumbent Jacksonian William Rives, who had just won the 1832 special election, resigned February 22, 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0016-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Regular)\nAnti - Jacksonian Benjamin W. Leigh was re-elected sometime in 1835 to the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021820-0017-0000", "contents": "1834 and 1835 United States Senate elections, Virginia, Virginia (Special)\nAnti - Jacksonian Benjamin W. Leigh was elected February 26, 1834 to finish the term that would end March 3, 1835. He was then elected to the next term, see above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021821-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1834 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021825-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1834 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021829-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1834 in the Qajar dynasty, Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021831-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1834 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021836-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1834 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021839-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1834 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021840-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in architecture\nThe year 1834 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021842-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in birding and ornithology\nNew bird species described in this work in 1834 include Lincoln's sparrow, the king rail,  Swainson's warbler and the Carolina chickadee", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021843-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021845-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021846-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021846-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021846-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021847-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021848-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in science\nThe year 1834 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021849-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in sports\n1834 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021850-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 in the United Kingdom\nEvents from the year 1834 in the United Kingdom. Uniquely, four Prime Ministers serve during the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0000-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed\nThe 1834 looting of Safed (Hebrew: \u05d1\u05d9\u05d6\u05ea \u05e6\u05e4\u05ea \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea \u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\"\u05d3\u200e, \"Plunder of Safed, 5594 AM\") was a prolonged attack against the Jewish community of Safed, Ottoman Empire, during the 1834 Peasants' Revolt. It began on Sunday June 15 (7 Sivan), the day after the Jewish holiday of Shavuot, and lasted for the next 33 days. Most contemporary accounts suggest it was a spontaneous attack which took advantage of a defenseless population in the midst of the armed uprising against Egyptian rule. The district governor tried to quell the violent outbreak, but failed to do so and fled. The event took place during a power vacuum, whilst Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt was fighting to quell the wider revolt in Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0001-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed\nAccounts of the month-long event  tell of large scale looting, as well as killing and raping of Jews and the destruction of homes and synagogues by Arabs. Many Torah scrolls were desecrated and many Jews were left severely wounded. The event has been described as a pogrom or \"pogrom-like\" by some authors. Hundreds fled the town seeking refuge in the open countryside or in neighbouring villages. The rioting was quelled by Lebanese Druze troops under the orders of Ibrahim Pasha following the intervention of foreign consuls. The instigators were arrested and later executed in Acre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0002-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Prelude\nBy the 19th-century, Safed had long been inhabited by Jews. It had become a kabbalistic centre during the 16th-century and by the 1830s there were around 4,000 Jews living there, comprising at least half the population. Throughout their history, the Jews of Safed, though supported by the Porte, had been the target of oppressive exactions by corrupt local officials. In 1628 the Druze seized the city, and holding it for several years,  despoiled the local community, and the Jewish population declined as Safed Jews moved to Hebron and Jerusalem. and again in the 1660 destruction of Safed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0002-0001", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Prelude\nThe 1831 annexation of Palestine to Egypt by Muhammad Ali rendered life relatively more secure than had been the case under the Ottomans. In 1833, however, at the approach of Ibrahim Pasha, the Jewish quarter of Safed was plundered by the Druze, although the inhabitants managed to escape to the suburbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0003-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Prelude\nA year later in 1834, it was announced that new taxation laws were to be imposed and conscription introduced, drafting fellahin into the Egyptian army, who were at the same time to be disarmed by local notables. Jews and Christians were to be exempted from the disarmament policy. The news was greeted by widespread anger. It resulted in a mass uprising by the fellahin which broke out in the spring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0003-0001", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Prelude\nSafed had been severely damaged by an earthquake in May of that year, and following the uprising attacks broke out on the weaker members of Palestinian towns, namely the Jews and Christians. It was in this setting that the plunder at Safed was unleashed, causing many Jews to seek refuge among friendly Arabs in the neighbouring town of Ein Zeitim. One account, retold by several Safed Jews to the 25-year-old Alexander William Kinglake, who visited in 1835, blamed the incident on the intolerant rantings of a local Muslim cleric named Muhammad Damoor. The account stated that at the beginning of 1834, Damoor publicly prophesied that on June 15 the \"true believers would rise up in just wrath against the Jews, and despoil them of their gold and their silver and their jewels.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0004-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Attack\nThe account of Neophytos, a monk of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre described the looting of the town, alongside similar events in Ramla, Lydda, Jaffa, Acre and Tiberias, noting that the perpetrators \"robbed the Jews, who lived in these towns, of immense property, as is reported, for there was no one to offer any opposition\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0005-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Attack\nThe 1850 account of Rabbi Joseph Schwartz stated that \"Everything was carried off which could possibly be removed, even articles of no value; boxes, chests, packages, without even opening them, were dragged away; and the fury with which this crowd attacked their defenceless victims was boundless... [ The perpetrators] were perfectly safe and unmolested; for they had learned that Abraim Pacha was, at the moment, so much occupied at Jerusalem and vicinity with his enemies there, that he could not go into Galilee.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0006-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Attack\nOne anecdote suggests the rioting was premeditated, organised by a local anti-Semitic Muslim cleric, According to the anecdotes narrated to Kinglake, when June 15 arrived, Muhammad Damoor appeared to the gathered Muslim crowd and incited them to fulfill his prophesy. Kinglake only mentions the occurrence of looting, writing that \"the most odious of all outrages, that of searching the women for the base purpose of discovering such things as gold and silver concealed about their persons, was perpetrated without shame.\" Kinglake's is the only account which mentions the individual involvement of a local Muslim clergyman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0007-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Attack\nOther reports suggest the attack was more violent in nature. Isaac Farhi (d. 1853) described how several Jews were killed and raped in the attack. Men, women and children were robbed of their clothes and then beaten. Some fled into the surrounding fields and remained there naked \"like wild animals\" until the danger passed. 12 year-old Jacob Saphir was among a number of refugees who found sanctuary in the adjacent village of Ein al-Zeitun assisted by a sympathetic Arab sheikh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0007-0001", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Attack\nHe describes how for the first three days they had nothing to eat and how they hid in fear of their lives for forty days. Afterwards they had found their homes completely ransacked and emptied, \"not even small jugs, doors or windows had been left behind.\" Menachem Mendel Baum, a prominent member of the Ashkenazi community, published a book (Korot Ha-Eytim, 1839) vividly detailing his recollections. He describes an aggressive onslaught, including one incident in which a group of elderly Jews including pious rabbis were beaten mercilessly while hiding in a synagogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0007-0002", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Attack\nIn May 1934, an article appearing in Haaretz by  historian and journalist Eliezer Rivlin (1889-1942) described the event of 100 years earlier in detail. His article, based on similar first hand accounts, tells of how the head of the community, Rabbi Israel of Shklov, was threatened with his life and another rabbi who had fled to the hills seeking refuge in a cave was set upon and had his eye gouged out. Rivlin states many Jews were beaten to death and severely wounded. Thirteen synagogues along with an estimated 500 Torah scrolls were destroyed. Valuable antique books belonging to the 14th-century rabbi Isaac Aboab I were also lost. Jewish homes were ransacked and set on fire as looters searched for hidden gold and silver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0008-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Attack\nSome Jews managed to escape to a nearby fortress and held out there for a few weeks. The mob unsuccessfully tried to break into the building to reach the fugitives. The sources do not indicate how many Jews died. It seems to have not been many, though hundreds were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0009-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Attack\nThe sole Hebrew printing press in Palestine was destroyed along with many copies of the Bible. It was three years before the press started functioning again. Israel Bak, who established the printing house in Safed, incurred a wound on his foot which left him with an enduring limp. Among the distinguished men who gave their lives helping others were Rabbis Leib Cohen, Shalom Hayat and Mendel of Kamnitz, who wandered around the streets without fear of the attackers, to return little children to their mothers, rescuing the victims physically and emotionally, and burying the dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0010-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Suppression and aftermath\nRabbi Joseph Schwartz noted the justice that once calm had been restored, Ibrahim Pasha's army arrested and executed a number of perpetrators, and enforced summary justice on many suspects to ensure stolen goods were returned:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0011-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Suppression and aftermath\nThe most respectable Mahomedans of Zafed and its environs were arrested as the authors of the outrage, and some of them were afterwards publicly executed, and whatever could be found of the stolen property of the Jews was restored. Every Jew was believed, when saying that he recognised this or that Arab among the robbers. The person so accused was instantly arrested, and punished with blows till he at last confessed and gave up his booty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0011-0001", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Suppression and aftermath\nEven many of the richest and most respectable of the Arabs were arrested, loaded with chains, and punished, upon the mere assertion of a very poor and common Jew. The word of a Jew was regarded as equal to the command of the highest authority, and severe punishment was at once resorted to, without any previous investigation, without any grounds or proofs. In this manner much of the stolen property was discovered; since many, in order not to be exposed to the violence of the Druses, delivered up everything of their own accord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0011-0002", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Suppression and aftermath\nThe Jews were now required, by order of the Pacha, through the intervention of the consuls, to make out a correct list of all they had lost, of whatever they missed, and to indicate the true value of the same, and to hand it in to Abraim Pacha through means of the European consuls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0012-0000", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Suppression and aftermath\nWith great effort, Israel of Shklov had managed to send letters to foreign consuls in Beirut and informed them of the details of the troubles that befell the Jews, many of whom were the subjects of foreign states. Their complaints encouraged Ibrahim Pasha to send his Lebanese ally Bashir II to restore order. When Bashir and his forces entered Safed on July 17, 1834, the riots ceased immediately. He made sure the Jews were protected from harm and pursued the culprits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021852-0012-0001", "contents": "1834 looting of Safed, Suppression and aftermath\nMost of the rebels fled, but thirteen ringleaders along with the town's governor were captured, tried and publicly hanged in Acre. The Jews returned to their homes and gathered their few remaining belongings. According to L\u00f6we's investigations, the loss incurred amounted to 135,250 piasters. The consuls tried to raise sums of money as compensation for their subjects and made lists of the damages. When Ibrahim Pasha returned, he imposed an indemnity on the surrounding villages, but the victims received only 7% of the value of the damage. Only a small proportion of stolen property was ever recovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021853-0000-0000", "contents": "1835\n1835 (MDCCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1835th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 835th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 35th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1835, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021854-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1835 Alabama gubernatorial election was an election held on August 3, 1835, to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democratic candidate Clement Comer Clay beat Whig candidate Enoch Parsons with 65.44% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021855-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Belgian general election\nPartial legislative elections were held in Belgium on Tuesday 9 June 1835. In the Senate elections Catholics won 31 seats and Liberals eight. Only 23,000 people were eligible to vote in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021855-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Belgian general election\nUnder the alternating system, Chamber elections were only held in four out of the nine provinces: East Flanders, Hainaut, Li\u00e8ge and Limburg. Thus, 51 of the 102 Chamber seats were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021855-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Belgian general election\nThe incumbent government was led by Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my de Theux de Meylandt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021856-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Central American federal election\nEarly presidential elections were held in the Federal Republic of Central America on 2 February 1835 following the unexpected death of president-elect Jos\u00e9 Cecilio del Valle during a journey from his native Honduras and the Federation's capital in Guatemala to take the oath. Valle had been elected in June 1834 and was due to take office in 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021856-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Central American federal election\nThe elections saw former president and Liberal leader Francisco Moraz\u00e1n win virtually unopposed. However, they were to be the last elections in the Federation, as it was dissolved in 1839, before the end of Moraz\u00e1n's term in office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021857-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake\nThe 1835 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake occurred near the neighboring cities of Concepci\u00f3n and Talcahuano in Chile on 20 February at 11:30 local time (15:30 UTC) and has an estimated magnitude of about 8.5 Mw. The earthquake triggered a tsunami which caused the destruction of Talcahuano. A total of at least 50 people died from the effects of the earthquake and the tsunami. The earthquake caused damage from San Fernando in the north to Osorno in the south. It was felt over a still wider area from Copiap\u00f3 in the north to the island of Chiloe in the south and as far west as the Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021857-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Tectonic setting\nChile lies above the convergent boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate, with a convergence rate of 66\u00a0mm/yr. This boundary has been the site of many historical megathrust earthquakes, including the largest earthquake ever recorded. The rupture area of the 1835 earthquake was noted as a prominent seismic gap, leading to a forecast in 2009 of a large earthquake (Mw 8.0\u20138.5) within a few decades. The 2010 Chile earthquake appears to have ruptured this part of the plate interface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021857-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Damage\nConcepci\u00f3n was devastated, with most buildings being destroyed. A later survey found that 33% of kiln-dried brick buildings, 71% of mud-brick buildings and 95% of stone-built constructions were destroyed with all the rest being damaged. Despite this degree of damage only 50 people were reported dead. The low level of fatalities was attributed to the gradual increase in the intensity of shaking and that the earthquake occurred during the middle of the day, giving most of the inhabitants time to get clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021857-0002-0001", "contents": "1835 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Damage\nThe destruction at Talcahuano was greater still due to the effects of the tsunami, which left only the lower parts of some buildings standing. A schooner was swept about 200 m inland, into the middle of the ruined town. There were few deaths, as the inhabitants had time to run up the hills behind the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021857-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nThe shaking lasted for two minutes, with gradually increasing intensity. At least 300 aftershocks were noted during the next 12 days. The land was instantly uplifted along parts of the coast, as much as 3 metres (9.8\u00a0ft) in places, although this was followed by subsidence in the following days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021857-0004-0000", "contents": "1835 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nThere were three separate waves reported at Talcahuano, the first of which had a run-up of 23 feet (7.0\u00a0m). The maximum run-up of 24 metres (79\u00a0ft) was recorded at Coelemu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021857-0005-0000", "contents": "1835 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Remarks\nCharles Darwin was visiting the area while on the second voyage of HMS Beagle and recorded his observations of the earthquake in Valdivia and its effects and the subsequent tsunami in Concepci\u00f3n and Talcahuano. He remarked:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021857-0006-0000", "contents": "1835 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Remarks\nCharles Darwin, Travel and A naturalist's voyage round the world: Observations of the Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021857-0007-0000", "contents": "1835 Concepci\u00f3n earthquake, Remarks\nBeagle's captain, Robert FitzRoy, wrote a paper suggesting that the earthquake had affected the currents running along the South American coast. The paper was submitted to the Admiralty during the court martial of Captain Michael Seymour of HMS Challenger, whose ship was run ashore on rocks in May 1835 near the mouth of the Le\u00fcbu River. Seymour was exonerated due in part to Fitzroy's argument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021858-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1835 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 10, 1835. It was a rematch of the 1834 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Former governor, senator and Democratic nominee Henry W. Edwards was elected, defeating incumbent governor and Whig nominee Samuel A. Foot with 52.13% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021858-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThis was the last appearance of the Anti-Masonic Party in a Connecticut gubernatorial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia\nThe Constitution of the Principality of Serbia (Slavonic-Serbian: \u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044a \u041a\u043d\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0457\u0435) known as the Sretenje Constitution (\"Candlemas Constitution\"), was the first constitution of the Principality of Serbia, adopted in Kragujevac in 1835. The Constitution was written by Dimitrije Davidovi\u0107. The Constitution divided the power into legislative, executive and judicial branches, which is still considered the standard of democracy and constitutionality today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia\nThe government consisted of the prince, the State Council and the National Assembly. The constitution stipulated that the prince and the State Council share the executive power. Citizens' rights and freedoms were protected, such as: the inviolability of personality, the independence of the judiciary and the right to a lawful trial, freedom of movement and settlement, the right to choose a profession, equality of citizens, regardless of religion and ethnicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia\nAlthough enacted by the Grand National Assembly, the constitution was suspended after only 55 days under pressure from the Great Feudal Powers (Turkey, Russia and Austria). Today, the original copy of the document is kept in the National Archives of Serbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Background, War and autonomy\nThe Revolutionary War first began as a local uprising against the usurper of Dahija in 1804 after the assembly at Sretenje in Ora\u0161ac, where \u0110or\u0111e Petrovi\u0107 Kara\u0111or\u0111e was elected as leader. During the First Serbian Uprising, three constitutional acts were drafted. The first in 1805, the second in 1808 and the last in 1811. The act written on 14 December 1808 represents the first written and formal act of independent organization of Serbia. This act formally abolishes Nahija and self-government and establishes a centralist system of administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0003-0001", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Background, War and autonomy\nThe period of mixed Serbian-Turkish administration, which lasted from 1815 to 1830, was marked by the gradual suppression of the Turkish authorities and the concentration of power in the hands of Milo\u0161 Obrenovi\u0107. The Turkish authorities were represented by the Belgrade Pasha or Vizier, the Kadija and the Muselli, while the Serbian authorities were represented by the Supreme Prince of Serbia, the People's Office  and others,  and since 1820, special Serbian courts have been established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0003-0002", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Background, War and autonomy\nIn October 1826, the Ottoman Empire pressured by the request of the new Russian emperor was forced to accept the conclusion of the so-called Akerman conventions. The fifth article of the Convention stipulated that the Porta would immediately enforce the provisions, the eighth item of the Bucharest Peace, concerning the Serbian people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0004-0000", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Background, War and autonomy\nFeeling the agitation of the  masses of people , the prince promised significant legislative and administrative reforms at the 1 February 1834 Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0005-0000", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Mileta's rebellion\nThe absence of the state system and the court in Serbia was very felt, the number of humiliated officials, who were beaten. They were not ready to suffer the behavior of Prince Milo\u0161 and his closest associates. In addition, Milo\u0161 still avoided organizing the Council, according to the 1830 constitution, but he was obliged to do that . Despite formally relieving the peasants of feudal relations, Prince Milo\u0161 still retained certain feudal obligations, which would almost cost him his reign a little later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0005-0001", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Mileta's rebellion\nFeeling the agitation of the  masses of people , the prince promised significant legislative and administrative reforms at the 1 February 1834 Assembly. He also gave one draft constitution, and before it was drafted he appointed five ministers. He appointed Lazar Teodorovi\u0107 as Minister of Justice and Education, \u0110or\u0111e Proti\u0107 as Minister of the Interior, Koca Markovi\u0107 as Minister of Finance, Toma Vu\u010di\u0107 Peri\u0161i\u0107 as Minister of army and Minister of Foreign Affairs Dimitrije Davidovi\u0107. However, he did not specify their duties by any decree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0005-0002", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Mileta's rebellion\nAs Milo\u0161 continued to behave as before, his opponents believed that he will do something if a  rebellion was clearly shown. This is how the plot against the prince began. At the beginning of January 1835, in Kru\u0161evac, in the house of Stojan Simi\u0107, an agreement was made between the oppositionists by Milosav Zdravkovi\u0107 Resavac, Mile Radojkovi\u0107, \u0110or\u0111e Proti\u0107, Milutin Petrovi\u0107 Era (brother of Hajduk Veljko) and Avram Petronijevi\u0107. The collusion, which the opposition reached,entails filing a request to Prince Milo\u0161, as well as violent means if he refuses the request.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0005-0003", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Mileta's rebellion\nAt the meeting, some suggested killing, others to overthrow and expel, however, the view of Mileta Radojkovi\u0107 prevailed, according to which the rebellion was named - Mileta's rebellion, to restrict the power of Prince Milo\u0161 by constitution, abolish the kulak, allow the people the right to the use of forest and, most importantly, for disenfranchised merchants, abolishes the monopoly on trade. When the time came for action, Simi\u0107 brought a few people from Kru\u0161evac, while the others failed to gather anyone behind. Only Mileta Radojkovi\u0107 brought a large number of people from Jagodina to Kragujevac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0005-0004", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Mileta's rebellion\nWhen the revolutionaries arrived near Kragujevac, they were greeted by an assembled people to whom Petronijevi\u0107 gave a burning speech accusing Prince Milo\u0161 of acting as a pasha and imposing on the people his state as his heritage. The revolutionaries were met by Toma Vu\u010di\u0107 Peri\u0161i\u0107, who stood in defense of Prince Milo\u0161, but left an army of 150 horsemen to take care of Captain Petar Tucakovi\u0107, avoiding conflict until he knew the reasons for the rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0005-0005", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Mileta's rebellion\nIn the meantime, the rebels in Kragujevac suggested that Po\u017earevac might be attacked ( that is where Prince Milo\u0161 was located ), but Mileta still remained to limit the prince's authority. Vu\u010di\u0107 agreed to be the mediator and conveyed the news to the prince, who even thought of running away. Milo\u0161 decided, and most probably after Vu\u010di\u0107's speech, to reach a final agreement with the leaders of the popular rebellion. Frightened by this rebellion, Prince Milo\u0161 decided to issue a constitution and establish a State Council after the meeting. He entrusted making of the constitution to Dimitrije Davidovi\u0107, and convened the Assembly on 2 February / 14 February 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0006-0000", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Passing a Constitution\nThe constitution was drafted by Dimitrije Davidovi\u0107, modeled on the French constitution of 1791 and the constitutional charters of 1814 and 1830, and the Belgian constitution of 1831. He gave a brief outline of the U.S. Constitution in \"Serbian Gazette\" No. 15 of 25 April 1835. He coined a new term for the constitution that replaced the former on Serbian term \"\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\". In a semi-independent principality, Davidovi\u0107 drafted the supreme legal act of a liberal organization in a very free-spirited manner, and the Constitution was divided into 14 chapters and 142 articles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0006-0001", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Passing a Constitution\nThe constitution divided power into legislative, executive and judicial branches. Legislative and executive power belonged to the prince and the Council of State, and the courts were independent courts. The executive power consisted of six ministers, and the Council President also chaired ministerial sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0006-0002", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, Passing a Constitution\nOn 2 February 1835, according to the new calendar, on 15 February, a Sretenje Constitution was passed in the prince's meadows in Kragujevac and with the presence of 2.5 thousand participants and 10 thousand of curious world, after which the prince was taken from the mass of the world in his hands, and while voting was previously conducted in districts without a main hearing. The next day, the constitution was read and published in a solemn manner, with flags and ceremonial music, the prince's cavalry and infantry guards, and with the presence of the state top and deputies. In the evening a fireworks show and a theater play were held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021859-0007-0000", "contents": "1835 Constitution of Serbia, The outcome of the Constitution\nThe Constitution was in force for only 14 days (55 days). The largest European empires of Russia, Turkey, Austria, Prussia, as well as many smaller countries, did not have Constitutions at the time, nor did they adopt them in due course. That is why all of them opposed and agreed that the constitution was revolutionary and against their feudal order. On 11 April 1835 the Constitution was repealed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021860-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Costa Rican Head of State election\nIn the 1835 election for the Head of State of Costa Rica, Braulio Carrillo Colina won using the model of indirect suffrage. At that time the Constitution established a system in which male Costa Ricans voted publicly to elect their electoral delegates who, in proportion to the population of the area they represented, then elected the Head of State. San Jose chose 11, Cartago 8, Heredia 8, Alajuela 5, Bagaces 1, Escaz\u00fa 3, Ujarr\u00e1s 2, T\u00e9rraba 1 and Nicoya 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021860-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Costa Rican Head of State election\nOther candidates were; Juan Jos\u00e9 Lara, Manuel Aguilar, Joaqu\u00edn Iglesias, Manuel Fern\u00e1ndez and Agust\u00edn Guti\u00e9rrez. In total, Carrillo obtained eleven electoral votes, mostly from San Jos\u00e9, Lara received 11, Aguilar received 6, Iglesias 3 and the rest 1 each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021861-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Democratic National Convention\nThe 1835 Democratic National Convention was held from May 20 to May 22, 1835, in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the second presidential nominating convention held in the history of the Democratic Party, following the 1832 Democratic National Convention. The convention nominated incumbent Vice President Martin Van Buren for president and Representative Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021861-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Democratic National Convention\nFormer Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson served as the convention chairman. With the support of President Andrew Jackson, Van Buren won the presidential nomination unanimously. Johnson narrowly won the two-thirds majority necessary for the vice presidential nomination, overcoming a challenge from William Cabell Rives of Virginia. The Democratic ticket of Van Buren and Johnson went on to win the 1836 presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021861-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Democratic National Convention, Background\nOn February 23, 1835, President Andrew Jackson wrote to James Gwin of Tennessee and claimed a preference for someone who would \"most likely to be the choice of the great body of republicans\" in regard to his successor. He expressed the desire to hold another national convention to nominate candidates for the presidency and vice presidency. He instructed Gwin to show the letter to the editor of the Nashville Republican. The newspaper later reprinted the letter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021861-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nAndrew Stevenson of Virginia served as the chairman and convention president. Six convention vice presidents and four secretaries were appointed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021861-0004-0000", "contents": "1835 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nTennessee, Illinois, South Carolina, and Alabama sent no delegates to the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021861-0005-0000", "contents": "1835 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nPresident Jackson had long planned for Vice President Martin Van Buren to succeed him, and Van Buren was the unanimous choice of the delegates for the presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021861-0006-0000", "contents": "1835 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Vice Presidential candidates\nJackson and other major Democrats had settled on Richard Mentor Johnson, a Kentucky representative who had fought in the War of 1812, as Van Buren's running mate, but many Virginia Democrats backed William Cabell Rives, the former Ambassador to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021861-0007-0000", "contents": "1835 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Vice Presidential candidates\nA man from Tennessee, Edward Rucker, who was present at the convention but was not sent as a delegate, cast all 15 votes Tennessee was entitled to for Van Buren, and for Johnson for the vice presidential nomination. Johnson was nominated for vice president after winning one vote more than the two-thirds majority required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021861-0008-0000", "contents": "1835 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Vice Presidential candidates\nThe delegation of Virginia declared that it had no confidence in Johnson's character and principles, and would not support him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021861-0009-0000", "contents": "1835 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Vice Presidential candidates\nLetters went out on May 23 from the convention president and vice presidents asking for the acceptance of the nominations by the nominees. Van Buren replied and accepted the nomination on May 29; Johnson, likewise on June 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021861-0010-0000", "contents": "1835 Democratic National Convention, General election\nThe Whigs did not put forward a national ticket nominated by national convention. Van Buren defeated his many competitors for the presidency in the general election. While the electors of Virginia supported Van Buren for the presidency, they cast their vice presidential votes for William Smith. Consequently, Johnson received a plurality, but not a majority, of the electoral votes for the vice presidency. In the subsequent contingent election in the Senate, Johnson was elected vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021862-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Gajdariya\n1835 Gajdariya, provisional designation 1970 OE, is a stony Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12.5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021862-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Gajdariya\nIt was discovered on 30 July 1970, by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after Russian writer Arkady Gaidar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021862-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Gajdariya, Characteristics\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Koronis family, which is named after 158\u00a0Koronis and consists of about 300 known bodies with nearly ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 9 months (1,741 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its spectra is that of an S-type asteroid with a geometric albedo of about 0.24. It has a rotation period of 6.33 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021862-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 Gajdariya, Naming\nIt was named in honor of Soviet\u2013Russian writer and children's author Arkady Gaidar (1904\u20131941), who joined the partisans and became a machine gunner during the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. Gaidar was killed in combat in October 1941. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3825).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Saturday 26 December 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election\nThis was the first election to Liverpool Town Council. It was conducted under the provisions ofthe Municipal Corporations Act 1835. As this was the first election to the Council, all three seats for each of the sixteen wards were up for election. The candidate in each ward with the highest number of votes was elected for three years, the candidate with the second highest number of votes was elected for two years and the candidate with the third highest number of votes was elected for one year. All of the sixteen wards were contested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election\nThe terms Whig and Reformer are used interchangeably. The local press, at the time, referred exclusively to Reformers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election\nAfter the election of Councillors on 26 December 1835 and the Aldermanic election in January 1836, the composition of the council was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0004-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results\n* - Previously a member of the preceding Common Council", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0005-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Everton and Kirkdale\nThe polling place for the township of Kirkdale was Mrs. Stretch's public house in Kirkdale Village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0006-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Everton and Kirkdale\nThe polling place for Everton township was Halliday's, Everton Coffee-house", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0007-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland\nThe Polling place was Mr. Horner's at the corner of Eccles-street and Vauxhall-road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0008-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Vauxhall\nThe polling place was at the Vauxhall Vaults, corner of Banastre-street and Vauxhall-road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0009-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Paul's\nPolling place\u00a0: At Mather's Baths, corner of St. Paul's-square and Virginia-street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0010-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Exchange\nPolling places\u00a0: Surnames A to K\u00a0: at the south end of the Sessions'-house in South Chapel-street. Surnames L to Z\u00a0: at the north end of the Sessions'-house in Chapel-street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0011-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Castle Street\nPolling place\u00a0: At the two windows of the King's Arms Hotel fronting Castle-street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0012-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Peter's\nPolling place\u00a0: At the two windows of the Horse and Jockey public-house fronting Seel-street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0013-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Pitt Street\nPolling place\u00a0: At two compartments in the South Free School in Park-lane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0014-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Great George\nPolling place\u00a0: At a warehouse, east side of St. James's-street, near the corner of St. Vincent-street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0015-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Rodney Street\nPolling place\u00a0: A to K\u00a0: at a new shop at the entrance of the New Arcade from Renshaw Street. L to Z\u00a0: at a window of an empty-house, opposite the Unitarian Chapel, in Renshaw-street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0016-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Abercromby\nPolling place\u00a0: At the Phoenix Inn, at the top of Mount Pleasant", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0017-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Lime Street\nPolling places\u00a0: A to K\u00a0: at a window in the Black Bell Inn, London-road. L to Z\u00a0: at a window in Challinor's Public-house, on the opposite side of London-road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0018-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, South Toxteth\nPolling place\u00a0: At the southernmost of the Shops recently built by Dr. Hughes, on the west side of Park-road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0019-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, North Toxteth\nPolling place\u00a0: At two windows of the Royal Oak Public-house, at the corner of Upper Warwick-street and Park-place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0020-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nAt the meeting of the Council in January 1836, sixteen Aldermen were elected by the Council,eight for a term of six years and eight for a term of three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021863-0021-0000", "contents": "1835 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 12, Lime Street, 7th January 1836\nCaused by the disqualification of Joseph Langton (Reformers, Lime Street, elected 26 December 1835) because he did not sign the councillors' declaration. Mr. Langton was the manager of the Bank of Liverpool and the directors of the bank did not think him being a town councillor was compatible with his role as manager of the bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021864-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1835 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 14, 1835. Incumbent Democratic Governor Robert P. Dunlap defeated Whig candidate William King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021865-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Market Street\n1835 Market Street, formerly known as Eleven Penn Center (or 11 Penn Center), is a high-rise building located in the Market West region of Philadelphia. The building stands at 425 feet (130 meters) with 29 floors . Radnor Corp. the real estate arm of Sun Co. began development of the property in 1984. It opened in 1986 and Colonial Penn was one of the anchor tenants. The architectural firm who designed the building was the Kling Lindquist Partnership. 1835 Market Street is a part of Penn Center complex, which includes several notable skyscrapers such as the Mellon Bank Center and Five Penn Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021865-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Market Street, Ownership\nIn 2002, a joint venture including the California State Teachers' Retirement System (CalSTRS) purchased the tower for US$80,000,000. CalSTRS sold it to Nightingale Group for US$100,000,000 in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021866-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021866-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nActing Whig Governor Samuel T. Armstrong ran for re-election to a full term in office, but was defeated for the Whig nomination by Edward Everett. In the general election, Armstrong ran without party support but finished a distant third behind Everett and Democrat Marcus Morton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021866-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background\nGovernor John Davis resigned in March after his election to the United States Senate, to succeed the retiring Nathaniel Silsbee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021866-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Whig\nThe Whig convention nominated Edward Everett. Despite the suggestions of Everett, Senator Daniel Webster, and Senator Davis, acting Governor Samuel T. Armstrong would not stand aside, and remained in the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021866-0004-0000", "contents": "1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic\nThe Anti-Masonic convention nominated Everett as well, recalling his earlier \"martyrdom\" for the anti-Masonic cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021866-0005-0000", "contents": "1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic\nHowever, the party nominated the Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor, William Foster, over Whig George Hull, ostensibly because Hull was a Mason. The party also endorsed Martin Van Buren for the presidency in 1836 over Daniel Webster, though some anti-Masons embraced Webster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021866-0006-0000", "contents": "1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nEverett was somewhat distressed by the Anti-Masonic campaign in his name, which was conducted by Benjamin F. Hallett and suggested that Everett supported Martin Van Buren over moderate Democrat Hugh Lawson White for President in 1836. However, Everett resolved not to involve himself in Democratic politics on the advice of Caleb Cushing. The Democratic press joined Hallett's campaign, likely to draw Anti-Masonic votes away from the Whigs and into the Democratic camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021866-0007-0000", "contents": "1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nA separate campaign was conducted by George Bancroft to draw the Working Men's Party vote, which was largely rural and Western, to Marcus Morton. Morton's campaign was largely based on \"radical\" egalitarian opposition to aristocratic rule in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021866-0008-0000", "contents": "1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nIn total, the state was divided between the Everett Whigs, Armstrong Whigs, Everett Anti-Masons, Van Buren Anti-Masons, \"integrant\" Van Buren Democrats, agrarian Democrats, and finally a dissatisfied \"Free Bridge\" group drawing from all parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021866-0009-0000", "contents": "1835 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nEverett won easily, but Morton gained his largest support yet. Despite Everett's nominal endorsement, Morton succeeded in drawing away many anti-Masonic voters and consolidated nearly all of the Working Men's support, which had gone for Samuel Allen in the previous two elections. Morton's running mate, running with the explicit Anti-Masonic endorsement, outpolled him by another 5,000 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021867-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 56th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1835 during the governorship of John Davis. Benjamin T. Pickman and George Bliss served as presidents of the Senate. Julius Rockwell served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021868-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1835 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on October 5, 1835. Democrat nominee Stevens T. Mason defeated Whig nominee John Biddle with 91.22% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021869-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Naval Air Squadron\n1835 Naval Air Squadron (1835 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021870-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 New Brunswick, New Jersey tornado\nThe 1835 New Brunswick, New Jersey, tornado of Friday, June 19, 1835, was the deadliest recorded in New Jersey history. It struck what is now part of downtown New Brunswick, along a path that stretched through or near what is now Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital property, rambled towards the site of Monument Square, and went downhill to the river from there, after wreaking havoc on George Street. The twister then destroyed all but two of twelve houses in Piscataway, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021870-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 New Brunswick, New Jersey tornado, Reporting\nOn June 20, 1835, the New York Evening Star reported: \"About 5 o'clock yesterday afternoon, a tornado passed over the town of Piscataway, about two miles from New Brunswick, which destroyed every house but two. The current proceeded towards the City of New Brunswick, and made dreadful havoc in that place, destroying and injuring nearly one hundred and fifty houses in Liberty, Richmond and Schureman streets. The most melancholy part of the accident is the death of several persons. There were 5 deaths, and here are 4 of them. A widow lady by the name of Van Arsdale, a man called Henry Boorsem, formerly a midshipman in the Navy, who was killed in the street, and a boy named Bayard.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021871-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1835. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 95 to 96. Voter turnout was 52.3%, although only 5.6% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021872-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Paterson textile strike\nThe 1835 Paterson textile strike took place in Paterson, New Jersey, involved more than 2,000 workers from 20 textile mills across the city. The strikers, many of whom were children and of Irish descent, were seeking a reduction in daily working hours from thirteen and a half hours to eleven hours. Support from other workers in Paterson and nearby cities allowed the strikers to sustain their efforts for two weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021872-0000-0001", "contents": "1835 Paterson textile strike\nEmployers refused to negotiate with the workers, and were able to break the strike by unilaterally declaring a reduction in work hours to twelve hours daily during the week and nine hours on Saturdays. Many leaders of the strike and their family were blacklisted by employers in Paterson after it ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021872-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Paterson textile strike, Background\nAs the Industrial Revolution got under way, the 1830s were a time of significant labor unrest in the United States. Workers throughout the country had over the previous decade sought to secure shorter working days and higher wages, but many of these efforts and strikes failed. The famous but unsuccessful 1834 Lowell Mill strikes in Lowell, Massachusetts, had garnered widespread public attention and were followed closely by workers in other mill towns. In 1835, construction workers in Boston struck seeking shorter hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021872-0001-0001", "contents": "1835 Paterson textile strike, Background\nThis strike failed as well, despite support from unionists in a number of other cities including Philadelphia, Paterson, and Newark. Inspired by Boston, workers in a number of trades in Philadelphia began a campaign to secure a ten-hour day, and after receiving support from professionals in the city, were almost universally successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021872-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Paterson textile strike, Strike\nWorkers in Paterson hoped to achieve similar success to those in Philadelphia. Just before Independence Day, they began a strike demanding shorter hours. They also demanded an end to the use of fines to enforce discipline in the mills, wage withholding, and the company store system in the town. In support of the strikers, an organization called the Paterson Association for the Protection of the Working Class was established. They also received monetary support from workers in Newark and New York City. The strikers were mainly children, mainly female, and many of them were of Irish descent. Due to this last fact, debate around the strike quickly became infused with nativist and anti-immigrant rhetoric, especially from the Lowell Intelligencer, a pro-management newspaper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021872-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 Paterson textile strike, Strike\nManagement refused to meet with the strikers, and as a result workers at other mills began to walk out and join in. At its peak, 2000 workers from 20 mills were participating in the strike. In response, employers reduced hours, not to eleven as the strikers wanted, but to twelve on weekdays and nine on Saturday. This reduction broke the strike, and most of the workers returned to the mills. A few strikers continued to hold out for an eleven-hour day, but unsuccessfully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021872-0003-0001", "contents": "1835 Paterson textile strike, Strike\nStrike leaders and their families were permanently barred from employment in Paterson, having been blacklisted by the mill owners. Although the strike was broken, it achieved a significant reduction in work hours. According to historians David Roediger and Philip Foner, \"...the strike, which added a dozen hours to each worker's weekly leisure, must have been counted a success by the children initiating it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021873-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1835 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was among three candidates. Incumbent Governor George Wolf ran as an Independent Democrat. In the end Joseph Ritner won the election and became Pennsylvania's only Anti-Masonic governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021873-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Democratic schism\nIn March 1835 factionalism came to a head in Pennsylvania's dominant Democratic party as it convened at Harrisburg to nominate its candidate for governor. The supporters of the incumbent Wolf and those of Lutheran pastor Henry Muhlenberg, known respectively as the \"Wolves\" and the \"Mules\", deadlocked and adjourned to reconvene at Lewistown in May. The Wolf delegates, however, remained at Harrisburg and in a rump convention renominated the governor. The outraged \"Mules\" then proceeded as scheduled to Lewistown to nominate Muhlenberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021873-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Democratic schism\nThe resulting split Democratic vote enabled the Anti-Masons, with Whig support, to finally elect Ritner, who had lost the previous two elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021873-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Democratic schism\nTension between the \"Wolves\" and the \"Mules\" lasted until the mid-1840s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021874-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Philadelphia general strike\nThe 1835 Philadelphia general strike took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the first general strike in North America and involved some 20,000 workers who struck for a ten-hour workday and increased wages. The strike ended in complete victory for the workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021874-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Philadelphia general strike, Background\nPrior to the shorter work day movement, employers had hired and paid workers on the basis of the agriculture working day of \"sun to sun\" (sunrise to sunset) \u2013 a situation which meant comparatively short hours in the winter months but days extending to as many as fifteen hours during the late spring and early summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021874-0001-0001", "contents": "1835 Philadelphia general strike, Background\nFor some trades this worked out to a manageable average over the course of a year, but for the construction trades in particular, a business marked by heavy unemployment during the winter months owing to the weather, this state of affairs was regarded as an intolerable burden. As a result, the idea emerged that the length of the work day should be fixed by time rather than the rise and fall of the sun, and agitation for a ten-hour day began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021874-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Philadelphia general strike, Boston circular\nDuring the 1820s and 1830s, a number of strikes were commenced to shorten the work day. In June 1827 some 600 Philadelphia journeymen carpenters \u2013 that is, the wage laborers employed by master carpenters \u2013 went on strike for the citywide establishment of the ten-hour day. Carpenters in Boston, Massachusetts, similarly struck for a ten-hour workday in 1825 and 1832. However, the strikes were unsuccessful at shortening the work day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021874-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 Philadelphia general strike, Boston circular\nIn 1835 Boston carpenters went on strike again for a ten-hour workday and were soon joined by masons and stone-cutters. The strikers chose Seth Luther and two other workers as leaders, and they issued a circular stating their demands. The circular read in part \"We have been too long subjected to the odious, cruel, unjust and tyrannical system which compels the operative mechanic to exhaust his physical and mental powers. We have rights and duties to perform as American citizens and members of society, which forbid us to dispose of more than ten hours for a day's work.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021874-0004-0000", "contents": "1835 Philadelphia general strike, Boston circular\nDuring the strike, the Boston workers organized a travelling committee and requested the assistance of workers in other cities. The Boston circular was well received by workers throughout the country. Although the Boston strike was eventually defeated, the circular was pivotal in motivating workers in Philadelphia to organize their own strike that year for a ten-hour workday. The president of the Carpenter's Society of Philadelphia, William Thompson, told Seth Luther that \"the carpenters considered the Boston circular had broken their shackles, loosened their chains, and made them free from the galling yoke of excessive labor.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021874-0005-0000", "contents": "1835 Philadelphia general strike, General strike\nInfluenced by events in Boston, unskilled Irish workers on the Schuylkill River coal wharves the same year went on strike for a ten-hour day. Three hundred workers marched on the coal wharves. They were led by a worker with a sword who threatened death to anyone who crossed the picket line and unloaded coal from the 75 vessels waiting in the water. The coal heavers were soon joined by workers from many other trades, including leather dressers, printers, carpenters, bricklayers, masons, house painters, bakers, and city employees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021874-0006-0000", "contents": "1835 Philadelphia general strike, General strike\nOn June 6, a mass meeting of workers, lawyers, doctors, and a few businessmen, was held in the State House courtyard. The meeting unanimously adopted a set of resolutions giving full support to the workers' demand for wage increases and a shorter workday, as well as increased wages for women workers and a boycott of any coal merchant who worked his men more than ten hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021874-0007-0000", "contents": "1835 Philadelphia general strike, General strike\nThe strike quickly came to a close after city public works employees joined the action. The Philadelphia city government announced that the \"hours of labour of the working men employed under the authority of the city corporation would be from 'six to six' during the summers season, allowing one hour for breakfast, and one for dinner.\" On June 22, three weeks after the coal heavers initially struck, the ten-hour system and an increase in wages for piece-workers was adopted in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021874-0008-0000", "contents": "1835 Philadelphia general strike, Aftermath\nThe news of the strikers' success spread to other cities and was given large coverage. The labor press carried the news as far south as the Carolinas, and a wave of successful strikes followed in its wake. Strikes for the ten-hour day hit towns such as New Brunswick and Paterson, New Jersey, Batavia and Seneca Falls, New York, Hartford, Connecticut, and Salem, Massachusetts. By the end of 1835, the ten-hour day had become the standard for most city laborers who worked by the day with the exception of workers in Boston. Subsequently, the ten-hour day became an integral part of the labor movement in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021875-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe 1835 election of the Speaker of the House of Commons occurred on 19 February 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021875-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nSir Charles Manners-Sutton, Speaker since 1817, was seeking an eighth term in office. He was proposed by Lord Francis Egerton and seconded by Sir Charles Burrell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021875-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nJames Abercromby was proposed by William Denison and seconded by William Ord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021875-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nBoth candidates addressed the House. Manners-Sutton denied the three charges of partisanship against him \u2013 that he had obstructed the previous Whig government, assisted in the formation of the new Conservative government, and had advised that the previous Parliament be dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021875-0004-0000", "contents": "1835 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe motion \"That the Right Hon. Sir Charles Manners Sutton do take the Chair of this House as Speaker\" was defeated by 306 votes to 316, a majority of 10. The amended motion \"That the Right Hon. James Abercromby do take the Chair of this House as Speaker\" was then passed without division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021875-0005-0000", "contents": "1835 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThis was the only Speaker election since 1780 in which the incumbent Speaker was defeated. The elections of 1833 and 1835 were the only elections since 1780 in which an incumbent Speaker seeking re-election was opposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021876-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1835 United Kingdom general election was called when Parliament was dissolved on 29 December 1834. Polling took place between 6 January and 6 February 1835, and the results saw Robert Peel's Conservatives make large gains from their low of the 1832 election, but the Whigs maintained a large majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021876-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 United Kingdom general election\nUnder the terms of the Lichfield House Compact the Whigs had entered into an electoral pact with the Irish Repeal Association of Daniel O'Connell, which had contested the previous election as a separate party. The Radicals were also included in this alliance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021876-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nThe eleventh United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 29 December 1834. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 19 February 1835, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021876-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nAt this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021876-0004-0000", "contents": "1835 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nThe general election took place between January and February 1835. The first nomination was on 5 January, with the first contest on 6 January and the last contest on 6 February 1835. It was usual for polling in the University constituencies and in Orkney and Shetland to take place about a week after other seats. Disregarding contests in the Universities and Orkney and Shetland, the last poll was on 27 January 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021876-0005-0000", "contents": "1835 United Kingdom general election, Dates of election\nPeel ran a minority Conservative government until 8 April 1835, after being unable to form a majority. Melbourne subsequently became Prime Minister forming a Whig government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021877-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 United Kingdom general election in Ireland\nThe 1835 British general election in Ireland saw a Lichfield House Compact of Whigs, Radicals, and the Repeal Association winning a majority of Irish seats. The coalition in total won 68 seats, with the Whigs and the Repeal Association winning 34 seats each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021877-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 United Kingdom general election in Ireland, Results\nNot included in the totals are the two Dublin University seats, which the Conservatives retained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021878-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 United States Senate elections in Michigan\nThe new state of Michigan elected its new senators in 1835, both Jacksonians: Lucius Lyon (Class 1) and John Norvell (Class 2). They were not seated until January 26, 1837 due to a territorial dispute with Ohio. In the term beginning March 4, 1837, they would sit as Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike\nThe Washington Navy Yard labor strike of 1835 is considered the first strike of federal civilian employees. The strike began on Wednesday July 31, 1835, and ended August 15, 1835. The strike was in support of the movement advocating a ten-hour work day and for a redress of grievances such as newly imposed lunch-hour regulations. The strike failed in its objectives for two reasons, the secretary of the Navy refused to change the shipyard working hours and the loss of public support due to involvement of large numbers of mechanics and laborers in the race riot popularly known as the Snow Riot or Snow Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\n1835 was an important year for American labor with workers particularly in Boston, Philadelphia, New York City and Washington D.C. petitioning for higher wages, better working conditions and a ten-hour workday. In Washington D.C. from early in the nineteenth century workers agitated for a reduction in the arduous twelve-hour workday. At the Navy Yard employment conditions, and enslaved labor created problems and strife. For the first thirty years of the nineteenth century, the Navy Yard was the District's principal employer of enslaved African Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0001", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\n\"Competition for jobs on the navy yard was constant\u00a0... white workers feared that competition from enslaved and even free blacks dragged down the wage scale.\" On the yard enslaved African Americans worked as seamen, cooks, servants or laborers; they performed most of the unpleasant and onerous jobs. The white workers at the Navy Yard feared and resented the enslaved and hated free blacks as competitors who would drag down the wage scale. At the Navy Yard most white workers \"opposed slavery in their workplace but simultaneously were opposed to black freedom and abolition.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0002", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nDuring Commodore Thomas Tingey's tenure from 1801 to 1829, his correspondence with the Board of Navy Commissioners reflects, that after wage demands; racially based complaints were the most frequent issue needing resolution. The number of blacks, free and enslaved, rose rapidly and by 1808, muster lists reflect that blacks made up one third of the workforce. The District of Columbia slave population actually reach its peak of 4,520 in 1820. Thereafter rapid demographic changes, exerted profound social ones, as the number of free blacks increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0003", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nThe 1830 census for the District reflected the black population was 9,109 and for the first time this figure included more free blacks 4,604 (50.5%) then enslaved 4,505 (49.5%). The number of free blacks continued to increase with each decade, by 1860 the black population totaled 14,316 of which 11,131 were free (77.8%) and so did the anxiety of white workers who feared ever increasing economic competition. On the Navy Yard, slaveholders included both naval officers and senior civilians who collected the wages of their slaves, rented to the Navy Yard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0004", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nLabor trouble and racial tension broke out periodically as the restive and volatile workforce sought higher wages and better conditions. Most all naval shipyard workers were per diem or day labor. As such, they were subject to the whims of the annual Congressional appropriation and periodic seasonal reductions in the workforce. Workers during the early nineteenth century lived in a state of constant anxiety regarding employment and wages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0005", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nWages were subject to considerable change, in some cases daily pay fluctuated dramatically, e.g. Washington Navy Yard carpenters' wages were reduced from a high of $2.50 per day in 1808 to $1.64 per day in 1820. Workers actively responded to pay cuts, as early as March 1807; the blacksmiths writing to Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith claimed the \"right to Demand an Equal Participation with others in the Benefit of our Labour\" and demanded their wages restored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0006", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nThe secretary in reply labeled them \"a dissatisfied set of men\" and threatened to \"dismiss all complaining men as soon as publick convenience will permit\" and replace them with a \"set of orderly, hard working fellows\". Three Washington Navy Yard \"job actions\" had occurred previously. On September 29, 1806, Commodore Thomas Tingey reported to Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith of his problems with \"the Ship Carpenters, Smiths and Riggers\" who were upset that their wages had been reduced. The ship \"Joiners too, believed that they also were to remain at their former rate of pay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0007", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nThey therefore remonstrated; but were informed it could not then be altered - A few days afterwards (in the first week of August) they unanimously withdrew from work and deputized 3 or 4 of their numbers, who came to the yard presented a written paper to Captain Cassin, who offered it to me, I refused to receive or peruse it. ... It is undeniable that I consider them a steady and valuable set of workmen\u00a0... but I deem it inadmissible to advocate, raising their pay to 1.75 per diem.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0008", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nThe second on 13 March 1827, when a dispute over wages provoked laborers to leave the yard briefly to express their displeasure. The third began on 23 March 1830, when the laborers were recorded \"standing out\" for a week to show that their per diem wage rate should have been granted sooner. These job actions represent a period when federal workers, though not unionized, could strike - an option later denied to government employees with the passage of the 1947 Taft\u2013Hartley Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0009", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nExcept for the brief entries made by the commanding officer to the secretary of the Navy or the officer of the watch in the station log, little is known about the exact circumstances of these early incidents. In the United States during the first decades of the nineteenth century \"strikes constituted illegal conspiracies under common law, exposing labor to criminal prosecution\". Although rarely enforced, strikes, sometimes led local authorities to call out the militia. Federal employee organizations were in their infancy, and mostly limited to charitable endeavors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0010", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nOn the Washington Navy Yard, the first such organization, was the Navy Yard Beneficial Society founded in 1804. While not representing workers' economic interests, the society did provide members with a nominal sum of fifty cents per pay period, the assurance of a decent funeral, and financial assistance to their spouse and minor children. Records regarding the Navy Yard Beneficial Society are scarce, but early employee obituaries provide evidence that it was very active as a charitable group from 1804 to the 1860s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0011", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nThe workday in all federal navy yards prior to 1835 was sunrise to sunset, with time off for breakfast and lunch. In May 1835, the Boston carpenters issued their famous \"Ten Hour Circular\", advocating a ten-hour day which found wide distribution throughout the major cities on the eastern seaboard and the District of Columbia and quickly became a rallying cry for reducing the length of the working day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0012", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nOn March 26, 1835, the mechanics in the New York Navy Yard (Brooklyn), petitioned the Board of Navy Commissioners to reduce the workday to ten hours, they stated, \"the present custom of laboring on the public works of the Naval Service, from sunrise to sunset, is in summer an inconvenience and hardship to the workman.\" They requested that the day of labor on the works of the naval service, may not exceed ten hours. Their petition was returned to them with the advice, \"that in the Board of Navy Commissioners opinion,\u00a0...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0013", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nit would be inconsistent with the public interests, to regulate the working hours in the Navy Yards as proposed in the memorial\". In the summer of 1835 Philadelphia Navy Yard shipwrights, joiners and other workers became leaders in this effort when they chose to combine direct action, a threatened strike, with political pressure to the executive branch. After first making a request to the secretary of the Navy via shipyard Commandant Commodore James Barron, on August 29, 1835, they appealed directly to President Andrew Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0001-0014", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Historical background\nCommodore Barron endorsed his workers' request with the following acknowledgment \"I would respectfully observe \u2013 Seems to be inevitable, sooner or later, for as the working man are seconded by all the Master workmen, city councils etc. there is no probability they will secede from their demands.\" Their petition was granted and on August 31, 1835, the president ordered the secretary of the Navy to grant the ten-hour work day effective September 3, 1835. However, the change was only applicable to the Philadelphia Navy Yard. News of these events at Philadelphia Navy Yard was widely circulated in Washington D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Commodore Isaac Hull\nLastly Commodore Isaac Hull, Washington Navy Yard Commandant from 1829 to 1835, was unpopular with Navy Yard civilian workforce and frequently had difficulties with employees. The Washington Navy Yard workers would have heard of Hull's litany of problems in 1822 while in command of Charlestown Navy Yard, known as Boston Navy Yard. Hull's tenure as commandant at Boston was marred and hindered by a lack of familiarity with the administration of a large shore installation, the management of the civilian workforce and by the moves to dislodge him by some of his own senior and junior naval officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0002-0001", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Commodore Isaac Hull\nMatters got worse when a number of his officers and senior civilians made public accusations questioning Hull's overall command. In view of the serious nature of their charges a Naval Court of Inquiry met in Charlestown during August 1822 to consider the accusations brought against Hull. On 15 October 1822 the court found Hull had acted properly and within his scope of authority and in his official duties had been \"correct and meritorious.\" Nevertheless, the court cautioned Hull regarding placing his personal property in public stores and the employment of navy yard mechanics and laborers for private purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0002-0002", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Commodore Isaac Hull\nBut the bitterness of the affair never really left Hull for as he wrote \"This yard is much improved and in fine order for whoever may take it. I am tired of this kind of life and particularly of this place, and have nothing but constant quarrels with the Charleston people.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Commodore Isaac Hull\nAr Washington Navy Yard, Hull's acrimony toward mechanics in general and  his changes to the established shipyard routine, brought similar problems with the labor force. The workers felt he treated them with \"silent contempt\" which may have been the result of his deafness. Hull, for his part, came to believe that most Navy Yard mechanics were overpaid and underworked. In a revealing 1831 letter, Hull wrote to the president of the Board of Navy Commissioners:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0004-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Commodore Isaac Hull\nIf the men employed by day would perform fair days work, it would be much to the public interest to have the work done in that way, [rather than by contract] but experience has shewn me that all the care and attention possible to give them and all the driving and encouragement is thrown away on the mechanics of this place, for if they are at work by the day on a building that there is the least chance of keeping through the whole season they will be sure to do so though it might be completed by mid-summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0005-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nThe spark that ignited Washington Navy Yard strike occurred on July 29, 1835, when Commodore Isaac Hull issued a new and unprecedented regulation forbidding yard workers and mechanics from entering shop spaces during their lunch break and from bringing lunches on the yard property. The order read:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0006-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nThe Commandant of the Navy Yard at Washington D.C. finds it necessary to adopt the following regulations Vizt The Mechanics (with the exception of the Anchorsmiths & Engineers ) and Laborers employed in the Navy Yard are prohibited entering the Workshops, Ship Houses and other places where the public property, Tools &c are deposited, during the hours allotted to Meals. The Mechanics and Laborers are forbidden to bring their Meals into the Yard either in Baskets, Bags or otherwise, and none will be permitted to eat their Meals within the Yard unless specially permitted by the Commandant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0007-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nHull's regulation was issued in response to complaints from the master mechanics about the loss of tools and other small items. A watch was set up and not long afterward, on July 27, 1835, Anthony Sumners, a blacksmith striker in the anchor shop, was found hiding a copper spike in his lunch basket. Afterward, a search of Sumners' house revealed more missing government property. Sumners later explained he stole the items in order to sell and support his large family. Sumners was subsequently arrested, tried and convicted of theft of government property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0007-0001", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nSumners was later pardoned based on his service in the War of 1812 and the recommendation of the jury, by President Andrew Jackson. When the workers found they no longer could carry even their own lunch into the yard, many viewed the order as nothing more than a presumption that they were all thieves. On Friday July 31, 1835, when Francis Barry, the clerk of the roll, began reading the morning muster roll, a few men filed in to answer while their workmates stood nearby just outside the main Latrobe Gate yelling and urging them, \"Don't answer! Don't answer!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0007-0002", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nNaval constructor William Doughty, a frequent critic of the commandant, denounced Hull's regulations telling the men Hull must \"think them all rogues or thieves.\" Three-quarters of workers employed in August 1835, 175 of 231, left the yard and joined their colleagues on strike. According to Hull's figures, of the 175 workers who went on strike, 107 were still out on August 14, 1835. The strongest group of holdouts remained the ship carpenters and their young apprentices, urged on by the inimitable William Doughty and his steadfast antipathy toward Hull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0008-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nLater on Friday afternoon, the strikers quickly formed a committee and elected their leaders: Samuel Briggs (plumber), George Lyndall (ship joiner), and John Miskill (carpenter). Local papers reported that \"great excitement prevails among the Mechanics in the Yard.\" The three elected leaders, followed by 150 of their fellow strikers, immediately carried their petition directly to the office of Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson, located just a mile and half away on Capitol Hill, \"to pray for redress of grievances.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0008-0001", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nHull's predecessor Thomas Tingey had \"understood the difficult conditions in which ordinary workmen, who were on daily wages, had to earn a living.\" Hull who had spent much of his life at sea, was simply unable to comprehend or convey this to his workforce. His previous command at Charleston had been racked by controversy with mechanics and this soured him. The mechanics and laborers quickly came to resent his gruff manner of address which they thought more suited for the quarterdeck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0008-0002", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nIn their petition to the secretary they vented their animosity toward Commodore Hull's whole demeanor \"The very first step of his administration was marked by his despotic power, by parading us all before him to try the tempers of the men by swearing in most blasphemous manner that if they did not march before him, he would march them out the dam-d yard.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0009-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nDickerson, alarmed, quickly wrote Hull to question what had prompted workers to strike. On August 1, 1835, Hull replied with a copy of his original order and an explanation of what in his judgment incited the workers action: \"The regulation has met with disapprobation of the workmen generally and without stating their objections and without assigning their reasons for doing so have left the yard and ended their work. I cannot conceive of any good reason and I believe that the mechanics of this said yard have been acted upon by other causes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0009-0001", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nHull's \"acted upon by other causes\" is underscored in the original and is his reference to the Board of Navy Commissioners' resistance to the ten-hour day. Hull was aware that his Navy Yard workers were striking over more than the newly imposed lunch restrictions. Hull, like other shipyard commandants, he was mindful of the ten-hour day movement, as well as the Board of Navy Commissioner's resistance to reducing the workweek. Hull also knew of the calls for a general strike that summer by the Philadelphia shipyard workers and probably thought they were the proximate cause of the strike. He must have feared these calls had found an attentive audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0010-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nThe strike and the subsequent Snow Riot in the District exacerbated long-standing white fears of black workers on the Navy Yard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0010-0001", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nIn an undated diary entry for August 1835, African American diarist Michael Shiner confirmed intimidation by white workers and their demand that the black caulkers stop work: \"Commodore Hull ishsared and evry one of them struck and said they wouldn't work anny moore and at the same time they were collered man from Baltimore by the name of Israel Jones a caulker by Trade he was the forman Caulker of those Colerded Caulkers and they were fifteen or twenty of them here at that time Caulkin on the Columbia and the Carpenters made all of them knock oft two.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0010-0002", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nIsaac Hull's report to the secretary of the Navy confirm Michael Shiner's account that the black caulkers did not strike. As Michael Shiner wrote, the white workers blamed Hull for bringing in black caulkers from Baltimore and believed that black workers were to be used to break their strike. Hull's report to Dickerson shows the black caulkers did not strike. This and other incidents raised always simmering racial tension in the city and on the Navy Yard. White mechanics and laborers went on a three-day rampage in which they threatened blacks and broke up their businesses and property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0010-0003", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nOn August 14, 1835, Hull wrote a letter to Dickerson, and expressed some apprehension for the safety of the black caulkers that he recently hired. Rather than make a decision, Hull looked to the secretary for a solution to his dilemma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0010-0004", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\n\"Information has been conveyed to me that the Excitement which has prevailed in the City for some days past is about to be extended to the Neighborhood of the Establishment; the immediate Cause I understand is there are employed in the Yard a number of Blacks, who were in consequence of the Scarcity of Caulkers in this City brought in from Baltimore to caulk the Ship now building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0010-0005", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nUnder the Circumstances I have to request that you will be pleased to give me instructions, Shall I let the Blacks inside the yard and afford them such protection as the force and means at my Command will allow or shall I discharge them and afford them an opportunity to return to Baltimore?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0010-0006", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nAs one historian has noted, Dickerson chose to throw the black caulkers to the mob as he promptly replied, \"In answer to your letter of this date, I have to observe that for the present should think it not best to admit the colored people in the Navy Yard at night.\" After days of disorder and riot, President Andrew Jackson ordered a company of US Marines to restore order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0011-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nThe strike which began over regulations and work hours had \"quickly morphed into a race riot\" as now angry unemployed white mechanics and laborers took out their resentment on the black population. Many of the Navy Yard \"mechanics were primed for racial conflict.\" The strikers were particularly incensed that Hull had brought a group of free black caulkers from Baltimore to caulk the frigate USS\u00a0Columbia. This action inflamed an already volatile situation and was an important reason why the mechanics threatened to attack the Navy Yard and Commodore Hull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0011-0001", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nAt about the same time a rumor rapidly circulated that a free black man named Beverly Snow, the owner of Epicurean Eating House, known for serving sophisticated and luxurious food, had insulted the wives of the Navy Yard mechanics. This resulted in a group of mechanics attacking Snow's restaurant. Michael Shiner relates the Navy Yard strikers were not only angry at Snow but prepared to go after Isaac Hull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0011-0002", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\n\"Mechanics of classes gathered into snows Restaurant and broke him up Root and Branch and they were after snow but he flew for his life and that night after they had broke snow up they threatened to come to the navy yard after Commodore Hull. But they didn't come that night and the next day Commodore Hull Received orders from the navy department from the Hon secretary of the navy Mr levy Woodbury [Levi Woodbury] to fortify the yard\". After breaking up his restaurant, the mechanics drank all Snow's stock of whiskey and champagne. Fortunately for Snow the white rioters were unable to locate him,  he had escaped by hiding in a sewer. In the capital, mobs of whites still continued to attack all establishments run by free blacks: schools, churches and businesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0012-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nJosephine Seaton, a keen observer and the daughter of the publisher of the National Intelligencer, William Seaton, states the Navy Yard strikers played a significant role in the Snow riot: \"Snow will certainly be torn to pieces by the mechanics if he be caught, and they are in full pursuit of him. Unfortunately, several hundred mechanics of the navy yard are out of employment, who, aided and abetted by their sympathizers, create the mob, \u2014 the first I have ever seen, not recollecting those of Sheffield, and it is truly alarming.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0012-0001", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nSeaton was one of the few whites to record the strike, a strike which revealed the corrosive effects of racism on the Navy Yard workforce as white workers sought to blame their own precarious economic situation on free and enslaved African Americans. The riot was widely publicized in national and local newspapers and alarmed the white community. \"The drunken rioters acted with impunity so long as they limited their attacks to Black people. When they began to menace the homes of wealthy whites...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0012-0002", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nthe city government called out the militia\"    As their economic situation deteriorated and stung by public criticism of their actions the Navy Yard mechanics and laborers sought to end the strike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0012-0003", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nThe two sides came together in an agreement that both Hull and the workers accepted through the offices of an outside mediator, Dr. Alexander A. McWilliams, who had a medical practice adjacent to the Navy Yard and was known to both the workforce and Hull, as a result, the Department of the Navy encouraged mediation and the Navy Yard labor strike ended on Saturday August 15, 1835, when the mechanics returned to work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0013-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Strike\nLater President Andrew Jackson, actually met with the rioters and vowed to protect their happiness\" by cracking down on free Blacks who violated restrictions on their lives.\" The City subsequently refused all compensation to the Black victims of the riot and passed a restrictive ordnance barring them from being out at night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0014-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Legacy\nOn August 15, 1835, the Navy Yard strikers were allowed to return to work. The strike had ended through mediation with both Commodore Hull and the strikers acknowledging the two-week labor strike as simply a \"misunderstanding\" which \"originated in a misconception.\" While publicly accepting mediation neither party was happy with the result. The Commodore only reluctantly accepted the secretary of the Navy's recommendation to allow the strikers to return. The strikers too were not happy for they had failed to achieve any of their goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0014-0001", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Legacy\nTo calm worker agitation for the ten-hour day, the Board of Navy Commissioners on August 26, 1835, issued a directive to naval shipyards establishing \"the mean of the working hours for the year\" for Washington D.C. as: 9.53 hours. This BNC order set work hours to coincide with the hours of available daylight during the year, dramatically skewing the work day; for example from December 1 to 15, 1836, the day was 9.18 hours, however, the workday from July 1 to 15, 1836, was 14.42 hours! For the workers this was not the ten-hour day they sought and this nominal change in calculating the basis of work hours failed to mollify workers and remained deeply unpopular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0015-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Legacy\nCommodore Isaac Hull left the Navy Yard in September 1835, never to return but the regulation regarding the workers' lunch restrictions remained in place and the hours of work continued the same until 1840. For Navy Yard workers, the strike of 1835 revealed the weakness and tenuous nature of their bargaining situation. As day labor in a protracted dispute, absent effective organization and financial resources they inevitably suffered. Most of all the strike revealed the corrosive effects of racism on the workforce as white workers sought to blame their own precarious economic situation on free and enslaved African Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0015-0001", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Legacy\nFurther, the strike left as part of its legacy a deep and abiding racial mistrust, which would linger. For the next century, the history of the Washington Navy Yard strike of 1835 and Snow race riot remained an embarrassment to be glossed over and disassociated from the District of Columbia and Washington Navy Yard's official histories. Historical understanding of the strike has improved with the transcription and publication of important documents such as the correspondence of Isaac Hull and the Diary of Michael Shiner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0015-0002", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Legacy\nPrior to the 2007 publication of the complete Michael Shiner diary, one historian for example actually described the strike as an example of early inter-racial worker solidarity. \"In a number of instances, however, Negro and white workers [at the WNY] worked and went on strike together. Thus white carpenters and caulkers and Negro caulkers employed in the navy yard in Washington joined in a strike in July 1835.\" Alternately another historian has argued that the 1835 participants in the riot \"were mostly mechanics\" and \"mostly Irish\". More recent scholarship on Michael Shiner and Isaac Hull has focused on the participation of the 1835 Navy Yard strikers in the riot as noted in the letters of Josephine Seaton and correspondence of Isaac Hull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021879-0016-0000", "contents": "1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike, Legacy\nFollowing the collapse of the strike, the ten-hour work day, would elude federal shipyard workers for another five years. President Martin Van Buren, on March 31, 1840, finally mandated a ten-hour workday for all mechanics and laborers employed on public works, Michael Shiner fully understood the significance and spoke for thousands, when he declared this event \"ought to be recorded in every working man's heart.\" At the Washington Navy Yard the implementation order simply stated \"By Direction of the President of the United States all public establishments will hereafter be regulated as to working hours by the 'ten hour System'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021880-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 Wolverhampton riot\nThe 1835 Wolverhampton riot was an outbreak of violence upon the occasion of a hotly contested county by-election to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom during Wednesday and Thursday, 26\u201327 May 1835. The magistrates, asserting that a dangerous mob had formed, which was assaulting electors and damaging property, called in the dragoons. The soldiers, under the command of one Captain Manning, fired on the mob who had retreated to the cemetery and wounded four of them, including three boys. One of the wounded, who had received a shot in the knee, had his leg amputated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021880-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 Wolverhampton riot\nThe riot received great attention in the time and was the subject of a discussion in the House of Commons and of a special inquiry, which cleared the soldiers and magistrates of blame. It is not clear to this day whether their actions were indeed warranted by the situation on the ground. At any rate, the riot illustrates the high level of social tension in the English towns of that period. In fact, it was compared at the time to analogous earlier riots in Bristol and Manchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021880-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 Wolverhampton riot, Background\nThe Wolverhampton by-election was held after the passage Reform Act of 1832. One candidate was the Whig politician Colonel George Anson, an experienced MP and the brother of the Earl of Lichfield who had a large following in the area. The other candidate was Sir Francis Goodricke (1797\u20131865), a Tory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021880-0003-0000", "contents": "1835 Wolverhampton riot, Background\nWhile the non-electors of the town were predominantly of Radical persuasion, the electors were more evenly divided between Whig and Tory supporters. The tense campaign quickly grew violent on the first day of polling, with the mob allegedly assaulting those electors who voted or intended to vote for the Tory candidate. In some cases, electors claimed that they were prevented from voting and bodily assaulted. In other cases, they were beaten after casting their votes. This sort of carrying on was not uncommon in English elections of this time, but the actual extent of the disturbances was later hotly disputed in the House of Commons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021880-0004-0000", "contents": "1835 Wolverhampton riot, Arrival of the troops\nAfter the polling was completed for the first day, a mass of Anson's supporters surrounded Goodricke's campaign headquarters in the Swan Inn and threw some stones at the windows. The town magistrates, who considered the situation to be quickly getting out of hand, in part owing to the lack of sufficient police (there were a small number of untrained special constables on hand, who could or would dare do little in the face of the mob), called in a troop of the 1st Dragoons that had been stationed nearby, per an earlier request by the magistrates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021880-0005-0000", "contents": "1835 Wolverhampton riot, Arrival of the troops\nOnce the soldiers had arrived, the Riot Act was read by one of the magistrates and the soldiers almost immediately fired at the mob which had by now moved to the cemetery. Four people were shot. Later, the soldiers charged the crowd, dealing out blows with the flat sides of their swords.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021880-0006-0000", "contents": "1835 Wolverhampton riot, Controversy\nA number of widely divergent accounts of the events were given and it seems impossible to fully reconcile them. The critics also alleged that instead of the customary one hour, only five minutes were given to the crowd to disperse after the reading of the Riot Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021880-0007-0000", "contents": "1835 Wolverhampton riot, Controversy, Death of a soldier's horse\nAll sides agree that the proximate cause for the soldier's charge on firing and the crowd was the death of one of the soldiers' horses. However, the accounts substantially differ on what actually happened to the horse. According to one version, the horse was killed by a stone thrown by the mob - showing that the soldiers were provoked. According to another account, the soldiers first charged the crown and the horse fell during the charge. A third version, offered in Parliament by\u00a0?? was that the horse was stabbed by a short knife, once again partially vindicating the soldiers' conduct. However, it is possible that the horse was accidentally stabbed by a sword drawn by one of the soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021880-0008-0000", "contents": "1835 Wolverhampton riot, Controversy, Role of the soldiers\nAnother source of contention was the subsequent dispersal of the soldiers into small group of twos and threes. According to one position (voiced for example by Sir G. Hardinge), this was a highly irregular measure, as the soldiers were no longer under the control of the officers and could engage in wanton acts of cruelty. Others had alleged that this dispersal was necessary to patrol the town and to re-establish public order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021880-0009-0000", "contents": "1835 Wolverhampton riot, Aftermath\nSir F. Goodricke actually won the election and sat for two years in Parliament (not standing for re-election in 1837). During that time he never rose to speak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021881-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1835 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021885-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1835 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021892-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1835 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021896-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1835 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021899-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1835 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021901-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 in architecture\nThe year 1835 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021903-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021905-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021906-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021906-0001-0000", "contents": "1835 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021906-0002-0000", "contents": "1835 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021907-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021908-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 in science\nThe year 1835 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021909-0000-0000", "contents": "1835 in sports\n1835 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021912-0000-0000", "contents": "1835\u20131858 revolt in Ottoman Tripolitania\nThe 1835\u20131858 revolt in Ottoman Tripolitania began at the end of the Karamanli rule, in which tribal leaders such as 'Abd al-Jalil and Ghuma al-Mahmudi revolted against central Ottoman rule, which ended after Ghuma's death in 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021913-0000-0000", "contents": "1836\n1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1836th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 836th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 36th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1836, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021914-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Chilean presidential election\nThe Chilean presidential election of 1836 took place through a system of electors, and resulted in the reelection as President of General Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn Prieto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021914-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 Chilean presidential election\nPrieto faced little opposition in this election and was easily reelected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021915-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1836 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 6, 1836. Incumbent governor and Democratic nominee Henry W. Edwards was re-elected, defeating former governor, senator and Whig nominee Gideon Tomlinson with 53.93% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021916-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1836 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1836. Democratic Governor Caleb P. Bennett, elected in 1832, died in office on May 9, 1836, and was succeeded by State Senate Speaker (and former Governor) Charles Polk Jr., a Whig. Former State House Speaker and State Treasurer Cornelius P. Comegys ran as the Whig nominee to succeed Polk, and faced Democratic nominee Nehemiah Clark in the general election. Continuing the streak of closely fought elections, Comegys narrowly defeated Clark, winning 52% of the vote to Clark's 48%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021916-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021917-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase\nThe 1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the first of three unofficial annual precursors of a steeplechase which later became known as the Grand National.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021917-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase\nThe steeplechase was held at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England on 29 February 1836 and attracted a field of ten runners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021917-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase\nThe winning horse was The Duke, ridden by Captain Martin Becher in the violet with white sleeves and cap colours of Mr Sirdefield, the landlord of the George Inn in Great Crosby and was trained privately. The race was won in a time of 20 minutes 10 seconds, over twice the present course record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021917-0003-0000", "contents": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase\nThe race was a selling race and its status as an official Grand National was revoked some time between 1862 and 1873.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021917-0004-0000", "contents": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Non-finishers, The race\nThe race was started at 2pm over a course almost identical to the modern Grand National course, although the fences were all no more than 2-foot (0.61\u00a0m) high earth banks with the exceptions of two brooks and a water jump in front of the stands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021917-0005-0000", "contents": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Non-finishers, The race\nDespite this at least three of the runners had to be put at the first fence for a second time after refusing. None of the ten riders are known to have been thrown from their mounts during the first circuit but 'Gulliver and Cowslip came back onto the racecourse some distance behind the other eight runners and in such a distressed state that their riders did not continue onto the second circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021917-0006-0000", "contents": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Non-finishers, The race\nThe favourite, Laurie Todd was knocked out of the race in unsportsmanlike circumstances when his rider took the horse down a lane alongside the course towards the first brook. This was within the rules of the race and a gate at the end of the lane had in fact been nailed open to facilitate the use of the lane. A spectator took exception to the use of the lane on the first circuit and freed the gate, nailing it shut before the rider returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021917-0006-0001", "contents": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Non-finishers, The race\nThe gate proved too high for Laurie Todd to jump and the horse became the first to fall in the race. As Horatio Powell attempted to remount his horse it was alleged that another rider, Bartholomew Bretherton, deliberately steered his horse towards Powell in order to prevent him remounting. The rider of the favourite was knocked back to the ground and forced to retire from the race through injury. He did not however lodge any protest on his return to the weighing room, suggesting that the act was considered part of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021917-0007-0000", "contents": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Non-finishers, The race\nBaronet, The Sweep and Derry were all tailed off or out of the race entirely by the time the leaders reached the first brook for the second time and did not complete the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021917-0008-0000", "contents": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Non-finishers, The race\nCockahoop and Percy remained in contention until reaching the Canal Turn for the second time after which they were left behind to finish the race in third and fourth place respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021917-0009-0000", "contents": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Non-finishers, The race\nThe Duke and Polyanthus were the two horses who disputed the finish of the race and came back onto the racecourse together. Both horses made jumping errors at the final hurdle before The Duke prevailed by one length with Polyanthus finishing second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021917-0010-0000", "contents": "1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Non-finishers, Aftermath\nThe race largely failed to capture the public imagination and came in for scathing comments from some of the local press. By the time the first Grand National historians began emerging in the early 1860s this race, and the two which would follow in 1837 and 1838, had largely been forgotten by the passing of time and fading memories. As a result, when the first honours board was erected at Aintree in the early 1890s this race was totally omitted and remained forgotten for over a century before being rediscovered early in the 21st Century. It is still regarded officially by Aintree as not being worthy of Grand National status and is instead regarded as the first of three unofficial precursors over the same course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021918-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Komarov\n1836 Komarov (prov. designation: 1971 OT) is a carbonaceous Dorian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 July 1971, by Russian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021918-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 Komarov, Classification and orbit\nKomarov is a member of the Dora family (FIN: 512), a well-established central asteroid family of more than 1,200 carbonaceous asteroids. The family's namesake is 668\u00a0Dora. It is alternatively known as the \"Zhongolovich family\", named after its presumably largest member 1734\u00a0Zhongolovich. The Dora family may also contain a subfamily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021918-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 Komarov, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,697 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021918-0003-0000", "contents": "1836 Komarov, Physical characteristics\nKomarov is characterized as a dark C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. It is also classified as a hydrated Ch-subtype in the SMASS classification scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021918-0004-0000", "contents": "1836 Komarov, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Komarov measures between 21.55 and 25.40 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.042 and 0.103. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 21.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021918-0005-0000", "contents": "1836 Komarov, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn July 2008, two rotational lightcurve of Komarov were independently obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Julian Oey and Peter Caspari. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.8015 and 9.695 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.39 and 0.56 magnitude, respectively (U=3/2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021918-0006-0000", "contents": "1836 Komarov, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Vladimir Komarov (1927\u20131967), Soviet cosmonaut who headed the manned flight on the Voskhod spacecraft. He was killed when the Soyuz 1 space capsule crashed after re-entry on 24 April 1967, due to a parachute failure. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3825).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021919-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Tuesday 2 November 1836. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021920-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1836 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 12, 1836. Incumbent Democratic Governor Robert P. Dunlap won re-election to a fourth term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021921-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1836 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021921-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Whig Governor Edward Everett was re-elected to a second term in office, defeating Democrat Marcus Morton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021921-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic\nThe Anti-Masonic Party met in convention under the leadership of Benjamin F. Hallett on January 29 and nominated Marcus Morton and endorsed Martin Van Buren for President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021921-0003-0000", "contents": "1836 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic\nHowever, Franklin County Anti- Masons rejected the Van Buren endorsement. A dissident faction of Anti- Masons met on March 9 and endorsed Daniel Webster for President. Each faction accused the other of insufficient devotion to the cause of anti-Masonry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021921-0004-0000", "contents": "1836 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nThe Democratic Party had divided between supporters of party boss David Henshaw and perennial nominee Marcus Morton. The division began over the choice for a new Collector of the Port of Boston after Henshaw stepped down. Henshaw, a member of the more conservative faction aligned with John C. Calhoun, preferred his close ally J.K. Simpson. had lost control of the party to moderate supporters of presumptive presidential nominee Martin Van Buren. Morton, a close ally of Van Buren, advised the appointment of an outsider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021921-0005-0000", "contents": "1836 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nNevertheless, Henshaw, recognizing his minority status within the party he had helped found and the need for unity in a presidential election year, got behind Morton for a tenth consecutive nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021921-0006-0000", "contents": "1836 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nThe Democratic campaign embraced a populist message premised on opposition to the Second Bank of the United States, monopoly power, and Harvard College. David Henshaw called for the popular election of judges and elimination of corporate monopolies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021921-0007-0000", "contents": "1836 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nWhigs focused their energy on the presidential campaign, where they supported Daniel Webster and Francis Granger, and the House of Representatives campaign. Governor Everett's brother Alexander did abandon the party to become a Democratic candidate for Congress in Norfolk County. Alexander and George Bancroft, running in the Hampden County district, bore the brunt of Whig criticism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021921-0008-0000", "contents": "1836 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nWith increased turnout due to the presidential race, most of the gains went to Morton. Democrats gained a seat in Congress, with William Parmenter unseating Samuel Hoar in Middlesex County. The lone Democratic incumbent, Nathaniel B. Borden of Bristol County, was re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021921-0009-0000", "contents": "1836 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nMorton remarked privately to president-elect Van Buren that the Massachusetts Democratic Party was in excellent position to win, should the Whigs make a single mistake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021922-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 57th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1836 during the governorship of Edward Everett. Horace Mann served as president of the Senate and Julius Rockwell served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021923-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 1836 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 1, 1832. Sitting Lt. Governor Lilburn Boggs, was elected over sitting Congressman (and former Lt. Governor) William Henry Ashley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021924-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Naval Air Squadron\n1836 Naval Air Squadron (1836 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021925-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1836 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 7 to 9, 1836, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021925-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic Party nominated incumbent Governor William L. Marcy. They nominated incumbent John Tracy for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021925-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Whig Party nominated agricultural reformist Jesse Buel. They nominated former U.S. Representative Gamaliel H. Barstow for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021925-0003-0000", "contents": "1836 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Locofoco Faction of the Democratic Party nominated Isaac S. Smith. They nominated Moses Jacques for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021925-0004-0000", "contents": "1836 New York gubernatorial election, Sources\nThis New York elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021926-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Newfoundland general election\nThe 1836 Newfoundland general election was held in 1836 in the Colony of Newfoundland. The results of the election were set aside by Henry John Boulton after he discovered some of the writs from the election had not been marked with the official seal. Some felt that this was a pretext used because Liberal reformers had dominated the assembly and a number who had been reelected in 1836 did not run for reelection the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021927-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election\nOn November 4, 1836, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Jesse Miller (J).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021927-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election, Election results\nBlack took his seat December 5, 1836, at the start of the 2nd session of the 24th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021928-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Pennsylvania's 24th congressional district special election\nOn October 11, 1836, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 24th congressional district to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of John Banks (AM) on April 2. This election was held at the same time as the general elections for the 25th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021928-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 Pennsylvania's 24th congressional district special election, Election results\nPearson took his seat December 5, 1836, at the start of the 2nd session of the 24th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021929-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Republic of Texas presidential election\nThe 1836 Republic of Texas presidential election was the first such election in the newly established Republic of Texas. Popular war hero Samuel Houston was elected in a decisive victory over Henry Smith and Stephen F. Austin. Houston was inaugurated on October 22, 1836, replacing interim president David G. Burnet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021929-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 Republic of Texas presidential election, Campaign\nPrior to Houston's entrance into the race, Stephen F. Austin considered himself to be the front-runner in the election to become the first president of Texas. His opponent in the race was Henry Smith, who had been governor of the Provisional Government and a delegate to the convention that declared the independence of the Republic of Texas. Others, however, had doubts about his qualifications. Austin was not widely known to most Texans, and his connections to land speculator Samuel May Williams had soiled his public reputation. When, eleven days before the election, Houston declared his candidacy, Austin's hopes of winning the presidency were sunk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021929-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 Republic of Texas presidential election, Results\nHouston won the election in a landslide, carrying 77% of the vote to Smith's 13% and Austin's 10%. Mirabeau Lamar was elected vice president by a majority of 2,699 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021930-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 State of the Union Address\nThe 1836 State of the Union Address was given by Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, on December 5, 1836. He did not personally deliver the address to the 24th United States Congress, but a clerk did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021930-0000-0001", "contents": "1836 State of the Union Address\nHe concluded it with, \"All that has occurred during my Administration is calculated to inspire me with increased confidence in the stability of our institutions; and should I be spared to enter upon that retirement which is so suitable to my age and infirm health and so much desired by me in other respects, I shall not cease to invoke that beneficent Being to whose providence we are already so signally indebted for the continuance of His blessings on our beloved country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021931-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 U.S. Patent Office fire\nThe 1836 U.S. Patent Office fire was the first of two major fires the U.S. Patent Office has had in its history. It occurred in Blodget's Hotel building, Washington on December 15, 1836. An initial investigation considered the possibility of arson due to suspected corruption in the Post Office, which shared the same building, but it was later ruled out. The cause was ultimately determined to be accidental. The fire is considered to be a unique point in the historical events of the Patent Office that caused policy changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021931-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 U.S. Patent Office fire\nLocal fire suppression efforts were incapable of preventing the damage due to lack of fire personnel and proper equipment. Many patent documents and models from the preceding three decades were irretrievably lost. As a result of the fire, Congress and the newly legally revamped Patent Office changed the way it handled its record keeping, assigning numbers to patents and requiring multiple copies of supporting documentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021931-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 U.S. Patent Office fire, History\nIn 1810, Congress had authorized the purchase of the unfinished Blodgett's Hotel from its builder to house the Post and Patent offices. Congress was aware of the fire risk. During an event of the War of 1812, Superintendent Dr. William Thornton convinced members of the British expeditionary force to leave the Patent Office standing while they burned the rest of the city. Congress funded the covering of the building with a slate roof in 1820. They also purchased of a fire engine for protection of the building against fires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021931-0002-0001", "contents": "1836 U.S. Patent Office fire, History\nBecause of those changes the volunteer fire department lost its sense of purpose and was disbanded. The complete firehouse equipped with the fire engine was just down the street. Although equipped with a forcing pump and with riveted leather hose 1,000 feet (300 m) long (all purchased 16 years earlier by Act of Congress), there were no firefighters available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021931-0003-0000", "contents": "1836 U.S. Patent Office fire, History\nThe fire broke out at 3 a.m. on December 15, 1836. The Patent Office then was located in Blodget's Hotel, as was the fire department and the post office. Patent Office employees stored firewood in the basement of the hotel, near where postal employees disposed of the hot ashes from their fires. Sometime after midnight that morning the hot ashes ignited the firewood. The fire department's hose was old and defective and would not funnel water onto the fire, and running a bucket brigade to put out the building blaze turned out to be ineffective. All 9,957 patents and 7,000 related patent models were lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021931-0004-0000", "contents": "1836 U.S. Patent Office fire, History\nJohn Ruggles, chairman of the Senate investigating committee, reported that the lost items included 168 folio volumes of records, 26 large portfolios of some nine thousand drawings, related descriptive patent documents, and miscellaneous paperwork. The 7,000 lost models included those of various textile manufacturing processes and several models of steam-powered machinery for propelling boats (including Robert Fulton's original bound folio of full-color patent drawings, done in his own hand). Ruggles said that the documents and models destroyed by the fire represented the history of American invention for fifty years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021931-0004-0001", "contents": "1836 U.S. Patent Office fire, History\nHe also said that the Patent Office's own model-cases, presses and seals, desks, book-cases and office furniture were also destroyed. The entire library of books were lost except one that an employee just happened to have secretly taken home to read, which was Volume 6 of Repertory of Arts &  Manufactures (1794).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021931-0005-0000", "contents": "1836 U.S. Patent Office fire, Aftermath\nCongress investigated the fire immediately, suspecting arson. The Post Office Department at the time was already under investigation for allegedly awarding dishonest mail contracts. It was first thought that perhaps the fire was set to destroy evidence. However, it turned out that the Post Office Department had saved all their documents. Investigators concluded that someone had stored hot ashes in a box in the basement. The live embers then ignited the firewood; no one was identified as having caused the fire. The Patent Office was moved to the old City Hall, at the time the District Courthouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021931-0006-0000", "contents": "1836 U.S. Patent Office fire, Aftermath\nThe fire occurred when the Patent Act of 1836 was being put into place, which had required that patent applications be examined before being granted. An amendment to it the following year required submission of two copies of drawings\u2014one for safekeeping in the patent office; the other attached to the patent grant transmitted to the applicant. The requirement ended in 1870 when the Office began printing complete copies of patents as issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021931-0007-0000", "contents": "1836 U.S. Patent Office fire, Aftermath\nAll patents from prior to the fire were listed later as X-Patents by the office. The March 3, 1837, Act made provisions to restore the models and drawings lost in the 1836 fire. An amount of $100,000 was appropriated as a budget. Around 9,957 patent records and some 7,000 invention models were lost. One method of restoration was by getting back a duplicate from the original inventor. By 1849 the restoration process was discontinued and it was determined that $88,237.32 had been spent from the budget allowed. Of the estimated 9,957, only 2,845 patent records were restored. Congress solicited for the restoration of the lost patents and appropriated monies for this purpose. It is difficult for modern researchers to find those patents because many of the related documents were burned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021931-0008-0000", "contents": "1836 U.S. Patent Office fire, Aftermath\nIn the aftermath of the fire, the way patents were identified was changed. Previously the patent records were not numbered and could be researched only by the date of patent or inventor's name. After the fire, unique numbers were issued by the Patent Office for each new patent. The Patent Office through the Patent Act of 1836 became its own organization under the United States Department of State. Henry Leavitt Ellsworth became its first Commissioner in 1835. He immediately began construction of a new fire-proof building, which was not completed until 1864. A fire in 1877 destroyed the west and north wing of the new building and caused even more damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021932-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1836 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on December 14, 1836. Future President of the United States James Buchanan was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021932-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Background\nAfter Sen. William Wilkins resigned from office to become U.S. Minister to Russia, James Buchanan was elected by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in 1834 to serve the remainder of the unexpired term, which was to expire on March 4, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021932-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 14, 1836, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1837. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021933-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States elections\nThe 1836 United States elections elected the members of the 25th United States Congress. The election saw the emergence of the Whig Party, which succeeded the National Republican Party in the Second Party System as the primary opposition to the Democratic Party. The Whigs chose their name in symbolic defiance to the leader of the Democratic Party, \"King\" Andrew Jackson, and supported a national bank and the American System. Despite the emergence of the Whigs as a durable political party, Democrats retained the Presidency and a majority in both houses of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021933-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States elections\nIn the Presidential election, the Whigs ran multiple candidates designed to deny the Democratic candidate a majority of the electoral vote, and carried a scattering of states in the South, West, and Northeast. However, Democratic Vice President Martin Van Buren still took a majority of the popular and electoral vote, defeating Whig candidates William Henry Harrison of Ohio, Hugh Lawson White of Tennessee, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and Willie Person Mangum of North Carolina. Virginia's electors refused to vote for Richard Mentor Johnson, Van Buren's running mate, leaving Johnson short of a majority of electoral votes for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021933-0001-0001", "contents": "1836 United States elections\nThe Senate elected Johnson in a contingent election, the only time the Senate has ever chosen the vice president. Van Buren was the last sitting vice president to win election as president until George H.W. Bush's election in 1988; this is also the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected to the U.S. presidency succeeding a Democrat who had served two terms as U.S. president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021933-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 United States elections\nIn the House, Whigs won moderate gains, but Democrats retained a solid majority in the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021933-0003-0000", "contents": "1836 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democrats gained many seats, boosting their majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election\nThe 1836 United States presidential election was the 13th quadrennial presidential election, held from Thursday, November 3 to Wednesday, December 7, 1836. In the third consecutive election victory for the Democratic Party, incumbent Vice President Martin Van Buren defeated four candidates fielded by the nascent Whig Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election\nThe 1835 Democratic National Convention chose a ticket of Van Buren (President Andrew Jackson's handpicked successor) and U.S. Representative Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky. The Whig Party, which had only recently emerged and was primarily united by opposition to Jackson, was not yet sufficiently organized to agree on a single candidate. Hoping to compel a contingent election in the House of Representatives by denying the Democrats an electoral majority, the Whigs ran multiple candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0001-0001", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election\nMost Northern and border state Whigs supported the ticket led by former Senator William Henry Harrison of Ohio, while most Southern Whigs supported the ticket led by Senator Hugh Lawson White of Tennessee. Two other Whigs, Daniel Webster and Willie Person Mangum, carried Massachusetts and South Carolina respectively on single-state tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election\nDespite facing multiple candidates, Van Buren won a majority of the electoral vote, and he won a majority of the popular vote in both the North and the South. Nonetheless, the Whig strategy came very close to success, as Van Buren won the decisive state of Pennsylvania by just over two points. As Virginia's electors voted for Van Buren but refused to vote for Johnson, Johnson fell one vote short of an electoral majority, compelling a contingent election for vice president. In that contingent election, the United States Senate elected Johnson over Harrison's running mate, Francis Granger, on the first ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0003-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election\nVan Buren was the third incumbent vice president to win election as president, an event which would not happen again until 1988, when George H. W. Bush was elected president. Harrison finished second in both the popular and electoral vote, and his strong performance helped him win the Whig nomination in the 1840 presidential election. The election of 1836 was crucial in developing the Second Party System and a stable two-party system more generally. By the end of the election, nearly every independent faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0004-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nThe 1835 Democratic National Convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland, on 20\u201322 May 1835. Incumbent President Andrew Jackson, who had announced his retirement after two terms, publicly endorsed a ticket of his vice president, Martin Van Buren of New York, and Representative Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky, a hero in the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0005-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nSome Southerners opposed Johnson's nomination, due to his open relationship with an enslaved woman, whom he had regarded as his common-law wife. At the convention, Van Buren was nominated unanimously, but the Virginia delegates supported Senator William Cabell Rives against Johnson. However, Rives got little support; Johnson was also nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0006-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nThe Whig Party emerged during the 1834 mid-term elections as the chief opposition to the Democratic Party. The party was formed from members of the National Republican Party, the Anti-Masonic Party, disaffected Jacksonians, and small remnants of the Federalist Party (people whose last political activity was with them a decade before). Some Southerners who were angered by Jackson's opposition to states' rights, including Sen. John C. Calhoun and the Nullifiers, also temporarily joined the Whig coalition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0007-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nUnlike the Democrats, the Whigs did not hold a national convention. Instead, state legislatures and state conventions nominated candidates, being the reason why so many candidates from the Whig party ran in the general election. Southern Nullifiers placed Tennessee Senator Hugh Lawson White into contention for the presidency in 1834 soon after his break with Jackson. White was a moderate on the states' rights issue, which made him acceptable in the South, but not in the North. The state legislatures of Alabama and Tennessee officially nominated White. The South Carolina state legislature nominated Senator Willie Person Mangum of North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0007-0001", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nBy early 1835, Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster was building support among Northern Whigs. Both Webster and White used Senate debates to establish their positions on the issues of the day, as newspapers carried the text of their speeches nationwide. The Pennsylvania legislature nominated popular former general William Henry Harrison, who had led American forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe. The Whigs hoped that Harrison's reputation as a military hero could win voter support. Harrison soon displaced Webster as the preferred candidate of Northern Whigs. State legislatures, particularly in larger states, also nominated various vice presidential candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0008-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nDespite multiple candidates, there was only one Whig ticket in each state. The Whigs ended up with two main tickets: William Henry Harrison for president and Francis Granger for vice-president in the North and the border states, and Hugh Lawson White for president and John Tyler for vice-president in the middle and lower South. In Massachusetts, the ticket was Daniel Webster and Granger. In South Carolina, the ticket was Mangum for president and Tyler for vice-president. Of the four Whig presidential candidates, only Harrison was on the ballot in enough states for it to be mathematically possible for him to win a majority in the Electoral College, and even then, it would have required him to win Van Buren's home state of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0009-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic Party nomination\nAfter the negative views of Freemasonry among a large segment of the public began to wane in the mid 1830s, the Anti-Masonic Party began to disintegrate. Some of its members began moving to the Whig Party, which had a broader issue base than the Anti-Masons. The Whigs were also regarded as a better alternative to the Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0010-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic Party nomination\nA state convention for the Anti-Masonic Party was held in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania from December 14\u201317, 1835, to choose Presidential Electors for the 1836 election. The convention unanimously nominated William Henry Harrison for President and Francis Granger for Vice President. The Vermont state Anti-Masonic convention followed suit on February 24, 1836. Anti -Masonic leaders were unable to obtain assurance from Harrison that he was not a Mason, so they called a national convention. The second national Anti-Masonic nominating convention was held in Philadelphia on May 4, 1836. The meeting was divisive, but a majority of the delegates officially stated that the party was not sponsoring a national ticket for the presidential election of 1836 and proposed a meeting in 1837 to discuss the future of the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0011-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, Nominations, Nullifier Party nomination\nThe Nullifier Party had also begun to decline sharply since the previous election, after it became clear that the doctrine of nullification lacked sufficient support outside of the party's political base of South Carolina to ever make the Nullifiers more than a fringe party nationwide. Many party members began to drift towards the Democratic Party, but there was no question of the party endorsing Van Buren's bid for the presidency, as he and Calhoun were sworn enemies. Seeing little point in running their own ticket, Calhoun pushed the party into backing the White/Tyler ticket, as White had previously sided against Jackson during the Nullification Crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0012-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nIn the aftermath of the Nat Turner slave rebellion and other events, slavery emerged as an increasingly prominent political issue. Calhoun attacked Van Buren, saying that he could not be trusted to protect Southern interests and accusing the sitting Vice President of affiliating with abolitionists. Van Buren defeated Harrison by a margin of 51.4% to 48.6% in the North, and he defeated White by a similar margin of 50.7% to 49.3% in the South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0013-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, General election, Disputes\nA dispute similar to that of Indiana in 1817 and Missouri in 1821 arose during the counting of the electoral votes. Michigan only became a state on January 26, 1837, and had cast its electoral votes for president before that date. Anticipating a challenge to the results, Congress resolved on February 4, 1837, that during the counting four days later the final tally was read twice, once with Michigan and once without Michigan. The counting proceeded in accordance with the resolution. The dispute had no bearing on the final result: either way Van Buren was elected, and either way no candidate had a majority for vice-president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0014-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThe Whigs' strategy narrowly failed to prevent Van Buren's election as president, though he earned a somewhat lower share of the popular vote and fewer electoral votes than Andrew Jackson had in either of the previous two elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0015-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThe key state in this election was ultimately Pennsylvania, which Van Buren won from Harrison with a narrow majority of just 4,222 votes. Had Harrison won the state, Van Buren would have been left eight votes short of an Electoral College majority - despite receiving a majority (50.48%) in the popular vote - and the Whig goal to force the election into the House of Representatives (in accordance with the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution) would have succeeded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0016-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nIn a contingent election, the House would have been required to choose between Van Buren, Harrison, and White as the three candidates with the most electoral votes. Jacksonians controlled enough state delegations (14 out of 26) and enough Senate seats (31 out of 52) to win both the Presidency and the Vice-Presidency in a contingent election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0017-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThis was the last election in which the Democrats won Connecticut, Rhode Island, and North Carolina until 1852. This was also the only election where South Carolina voted for the Whigs, and the last time it voted against the Democrats until 1868. It was also the last time that a Democrat was elected to the U.S. presidency succeeding a Democrat who had served two terms as U.S. president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0018-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, General election, Contingent election for Vice-President\nIn an unusual turn of events, Virginia's 23 electors, who were all pledged to Van Buren and his running mate Richard Mentor Johnson, became faithless electors due to dissention related to Johnson's interracial relationship with a slave and refused to vote for Johnson, instead casting their vice-presidential votes for former South Carolina senator William Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 98], "content_span": [99, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0019-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, General election, Contingent election for Vice-President\nThis left Johnson one electoral vote short of an Electoral College majority, forcing a contingent election in the Senate decided between the top two vote recipients, Johnson and Francis Granger. Since no vice presidential candidate received a majority of electoral votes, and for the only time in American history, the Senate decided a vice presidential race, selecting Democratic candidate Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 98], "content_span": [99, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0020-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, General election, Contingent election for Vice-President\n(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote. (b) Mangum received his electoral votes from South Carolina where the electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 98], "content_span": [99, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0021-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, Results by state\nSource: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836-1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247\u201357.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0022-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, 1837 contingent election\nSince no candidate for vice president received a majority of the electoral votes, the U.S. Senate held a contingent election in which the top two electoral vote recipients, Richard Johnson and Francis Granger, were the candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0022-0001", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, 1837 contingent election\nOn February 8, 1837, Johnson was elected on the first ballot by a vote of 33 to 16; the vote proceeded largely along party lines, albeit with three Whigs voting for Johnson, one Democrat voting for Granger, and three abstentions (Hugh L. White declined to vote out of respect for his own running-mate, John Tyler, while the two Nullifier Party senators refused to back either candidate). This is the only time that the Senate has exercised this power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0023-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, 1837 contingent election\n\u25a0\u00a0Thomas H. Benton of Missouri\u25a0\u00a0John Black of Mississippi\u25a0\u00a0Bedford Brown of North Carolina\u25a0\u00a0James Buchanan of Pennsylvania\u25a0\u00a0Alfred Cuthbert of Georgia\u25a0\u00a0Judah Dana of Maine\u25a0\u00a0William Lee D. Ewing of Illinois\u25a0\u00a0William S. Fulton of Arkansas\u25a0\u00a0Felix Grundy of Tennessee\u25a0\u00a0William Hendricks of Indiana\u25a0\u00a0Henry Hubbard of New Hampshire\u25a0\u00a0William R. King of Alabama\u25a0\u00a0John P. King of Georgia\u25a0\u00a0Lewis F. Linn of Missouri\u25a0\u00a0Lucius Lyon of Michigan\u25a0\u00a0Samuel McKean of Pennsylvania\u25a0\u00a0Gabriel Moore of Alabama\u25a0\u00a0Thomas Morris of Ohio\u25a0\u00a0Alexandre Mouton of Louisiana\u25a0\u00a0Robert C. Nicholas of Louisiana\u25a0\u00a0John M. Niles of Connecticut\u25a0\u00a0John Norvell of Michigan\u25a0\u00a0John Page of New Hampshire\u25a0\u00a0Richard E. Parker of Virginia\u25a0\u00a0William C. Rives of Virginia\u25a0\u00a0John M. Robinson of Illinois\u25a0\u00a0John Ruggles of Maine\u25a0\u00a0Ambrose H. Sevier of Arkansas\u25a0\u00a0Robert Strange of North Carolina\u25a0\u00a0Nathaniel P. Tallmadge of New York\u25a0\u00a0John Tipton of Indiana\u25a0\u00a0Robert J. Walker of Mississippi\u25a0\u00a0Silas Wright of New York", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 1023]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0024-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, 1837 contingent election\n\u25a0\u00a0Richard H. Bayard of Delaware\u25a0\u00a0Henry Clay of Kentucky\u25a0\u00a0Thomas Clayton of Delaware\u25a0\u00a0John J. Crittenden of Kentucky\u25a0\u00a0John Davis of Massachusetts\u25a0\u00a0Thomas Ewing of Ohio\u25a0\u00a0Joseph Kent of Maryland\u25a0\u00a0Nehemiah R. Knight of Rhode Island\u25a0\u00a0Samuel Prentiss of Vermont\u25a0\u00a0Asher Robbins of Rhode Island\u25a0\u00a0Samuel L. Southard of New Jersey\u25a0\u00a0John Selby Spence of Maryland\u25a0\u00a0Benjamin Swift of Vermont\u25a0\u00a0Gideon Tomlinson of Connecticut\u25a0\u00a0Garret D. Wall of New Jersey\u25a0\u00a0Daniel Webster of Massachusetts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021934-0025-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election, 1837 contingent election\n\u25a0\u00a0John C. Calhoun of South Carolina\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u25a0\u00a0William C. Preston of South Carolina\u25a0\u00a0Hugh L. White of Tennessee", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021935-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Alabama\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Alabama took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021935-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Alabama\nAlabama voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate Hugh White. Van Buren won Alabama by a margin of 10.68%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021936-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021936-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nArkansas, having been admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15, 1836, voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate Hugh White during its first presidential election. Van Buren won Arkansas by a margin of 28.16%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021937-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021937-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nConnecticut voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won Connecticut by a narrow margin of 1.3%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021937-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nAs a result of his win, Van Buren also became the first Democratic presidential candidate to carry Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021938-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Delaware\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Delaware took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021938-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Delaware\nDelaware voted for Whig candidate William Henry Harrison over the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Delaware by a margin of 6.54%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021939-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Georgia\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Georgia took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021939-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Georgia\nGeorgia voted for Whig candidate Hugh White over the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren. White won Georgia by a margin of 3.6%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021940-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Illinois\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Illinois took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021940-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Illinois\nIllinois voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won Illinois by a margin of 9.38%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021941-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Indiana took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021941-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Indiana\nIndiana voted for Whig candidate William Henry Harrison over the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Indiana by a margin of 11.94%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021942-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021942-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nKentucky voted for Whig candidate William Henry Harrison over the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Kentucky by a margin of 5.18%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021943-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021943-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nLouisiana voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate Hugh White. Van Buren won Louisiana by a narrow margin of 3.48%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021944-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Maine\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Maine took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose ten representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021944-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Maine\nMaine voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won the state by a margin of 20.71%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021944-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Maine\nVan Buren would be the final Democratic presidential candidate until Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 to carry Somerset County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021945-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Maryland\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Maryland took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021945-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Maryland\nMaryland voted for Whig candidate William Henry Harrison over the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Maryland by a margin of 7.46%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021946-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose 14 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021946-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts voted for Whig candidate and state native Daniel Webster over the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren. Webster won Massachusetts by a margin of 10.32%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021947-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Michigan\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Michigan took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021947-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Michigan\nMichigan voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison in the states first presidential election. Van Buren won the state by a margin of 12.44%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021947-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Michigan\nA dispute similar to that of Indiana in 1817 and Missouri in 1821 arose during the counting of the electoral votes. Michigan only became a state on January 26, 1837, and had cast its electoral votes for president before that date. Anticipating a challenge to the results, Congress resolved on February 4, 1837, that during the counting four days later the final tally would be read twice, once with Michigan and once without Michigan. The counting proceeded in accordance with the resolution. The dispute had no bearing on the final result: either way Van Buren was elected, and either way no candidate had a majority for vice-president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021948-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021948-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nMississippi voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate Hugh White. Van Buren won Mississippi by a margin of 2.56%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021949-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Missouri\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Missouri took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021949-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Missouri\nMissouri voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate Hugh White. Van Buren won Missouri by a margin of 19.96%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021950-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021950-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won New Hampshire by a margin of 50.02%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021951-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021951-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won New Jersey by a margin of 1.06%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021952-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in New York took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose 42 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021952-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in New York\nNew York voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won New York by a margin of 9.26%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021953-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021953-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate Hugh White. Van Buren won North Carolina by a margin of 6.2%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021954-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Ohio took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose twenty-one representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021954-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Ohio\nOhio voted for Whig candidate William Henry Harrison over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Ohio by a narrow margin of 4.31%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021955-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose 30 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021955-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won Pennsylvania by a narrow margin of 2.36%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021956-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021956-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island voted for Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won Rhode Island by a narrow margin of 4.48%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021956-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nThis was the first time that Rhode Island ever voted for a Democratic presidential candidate, and Van Buren's performance would not be bettered by a Democrat in Rhode Island until Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021957-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021957-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina cast 11 electoral votes for the Whig candidate Willie Person Mangum. These electors were chosen by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021958-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021958-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nTennessee voted for Whig candidate Hugh White, a Senator for Tennessee, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. White won Tennessee by a margin of 15.84%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021959-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021959-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Vermont\nVermont voted for Whig candidate William Henry Harrison over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Vermont by a margin of 19.86%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021959-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThis would be the final time a Democratic candidate would carry Essex County until Franklin D. Roosevelt won it 104 years later in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021959-0003-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Vermont\n1836 would stand as the strongest performance for a Democratic candidate in Vermont until 96 years later in 1932, when Franklin D. Roosevelt performed slightly better with 41.08%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021959-0004-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Vermont\nHarrison would later win Vermont again four years later when he successfully defeated Van Buren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021960-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1836 United States presidential election in Virginia took place between November 3 and December 7, 1836, as part of the 1836 United States presidential election. Voters chose 23 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021960-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate Hugh White. Van Buren won Virginia by a margin of 13.29%. While Van Buren's national running mate was Richard Mentor Johnson, the Virginia Democratic electors refused to support his candidacy and voted for William Smith of South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021961-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 Wetheral train accident\nThe Wetheral train accident occurred in England at about 4 p. m. on Saturday 3 December 1836 when a passenger train on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway was wrongly diverted into a siding at Wetheral, a village close to Carlisle, Cumbria. The train derailed and crushed three people to death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021961-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 Wetheral train accident, Description of the accident, Background\nThe Newcastle & Carlisle Railway opened in sections from March 1835, with the whole line opening to  passengers on 18 June 1838. Lord Carlisle owned extensive coal-mining interests in Cumberland and had built and operated the Brampton Railway connecting his coal mines from the late 1700s. The new Newcastle and Carlisle Railway crossed and connected with the Brampton Railway at Brampton Junction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021961-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 Wetheral train accident, Description of the accident, The site\nSix or eight miles westwards along the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway from Brampton Junction is the village of Wetheral and a few hundred yards before Wetheral railway station is the hamlet of Great Corby. At Great Corby there was a siding owned by Lord Carlisle that led to coal staithes (where the track was supported above ground level to allow easy transfer of coal from rail wagons into road wagons). The siding was entered from the Brampton Junction (i.e. Newcastle) direction and when travelling from that direction there is quite a steep gradient down to the siding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021961-0002-0001", "contents": "1836 Wetheral train accident, Description of the accident, The site\nThe operation of the point for the siding was the responsibility of an employee of Lord Carlisle (and not the railway company), and part of the responsibility was to make sure the point was left set for the main line, not the siding, once trains had passed onto and away from the siding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021961-0003-0000", "contents": "1836 Wetheral train accident, Description of the accident, Approach of the train\nAt about 4pm on Saturday 3 December 1836, a train was travelling westwards towards Carlisle, drawn by the locomotive SAMSON, with 26 passengers aboard plus a heavy load of goods. About half a mile before the siding the driver shut the locomotive regulator and the train descended the gradient. On reaching a bridge just before the siding, the train driver saw a man upon the line and signalled to him to get out of the way. The driver then saw that the points were set for the siding rather than the main line. He set the locomotive into reverse and he and the fireman leaped off. Because of the downward gradient the train carried on its way unchecked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021961-0004-0000", "contents": "1836 Wetheral train accident, Description of the accident, Collision\nThe train ran onto the siding and onto the staithes. Six empty coal wagons, which were standing there, were struck and driven off the track. The stone pillars of the staithes that supported the track gave way, and the engine fell about eight feet, destroying the whole framework of the staithes. The tender followed. Next to the locomotive was an open horse wagon laden with corn that fell but landed upright. The horse wagon was followed by a laden freight wagon that fell upon the horse wagon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021961-0005-0000", "contents": "1836 Wetheral train accident, Description of the accident, Casualties\nAlthough one of the passenger carriages was badly damaged, all the carriages stopped just before falling and stayed upon the tracks. All the passengers escaped without injury except one, who had his hand jammed between broken timbers. Unfortunately, a man named Henry Johnston, a dyer from Warwick on Eden, was on the staithes, and did not have time to get out of the way. He was fatally injured and died the next morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021961-0005-0001", "contents": "1836 Wetheral train accident, Description of the accident, Casualties\nTwo boys, named Matthew Potts and John Kelsay, aged 14 and 16, had apparently stowed away in the horse wagon and were found crushed to death underneath the wagon that had fallen upon it. It was reported that the head of John Kelsay, \"...was crushed quite flat, and presented a frightful spectacle\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021961-0006-0000", "contents": "1836 Wetheral train accident, Coroner's Inquest\nAn inquest was held on Monday 12 December 1836. It lasted all day and a great number of witnesses were examined. The jury came to the verdict:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021961-0007-0000", "contents": "1836 Wetheral train accident, Coroner's Inquest\nWe find that Henry Johnston, Matthew Potts and John Kelsay came by their deaths accidentally, by reason of the locomotive steam engine called the Samson, and the carriages by which she was followed, running from the proper line of road, and breaking down a staith at Great Corby, such deviation from the right line being caused by the misplacing of certain points or switches at the west end of Corby-bridge ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021961-0007-0001", "contents": "1836 Wetheral train accident, Coroner's Inquest\nThis jury cannot separate without expressing its disapprobation of the conduct of the railway company in not placing their own responsible servants at every turn where such switches are placed, or insisting upon Lord Carlisle, and all others having private depots, giving such security for proper attention to the switches leading to such depots as will give the most perfect security attainable in such a mode of travelling to those whose lives are committed to their charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021962-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 25th Congress were held at various dates in different states from July 1836 to November 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021962-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States House of Representatives elections\nThough Democrat Martin Van Buren was elected President in November 1836, Democrats lost seats. The newly organizing Whigs benefited from regional candidacies and issues and voter fatigue with outgoing two-term President Andrew Jackson. Jackson, a flamboyant public personality with a record of high-profile leadership and historic military success, often clashed with Congress and the Supreme Court. By comparison, Van Buren, a brilliant partisan organizer and political operative, was less charismatic in looks and demeanor. Voter support for the minor Anti-Masonic and Nullifier parties ebbed, but remained significant. One Independent, John Pope, was elected from Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021962-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1836 and 1837 to the 24th United States Congress and 25th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021962-0003-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections, 24th Congress\nNote: In some sources, parties are listed as \"Democrats\" and \"Whigs.\" However, they are listed here as \"Jacksonian\" and \"Anti- Jacksonian\" (respectively) to conform to the party names as they were regarded during the 24th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 96], "content_span": [97, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021962-0004-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States House of Representatives elections, Arkansas, 24th Congress\nThe new state of Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15, 1836 and elected its sole at-large member August 1, 1836. He was seated December 5, 1836, to finish the term that would end the following March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 87], "content_span": [88, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021962-0005-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States House of Representatives elections, Arkansas, 25th Congress\nArkansas elected its member October 2, 1837, this time for a full term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 87], "content_span": [88, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021962-0006-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut went from six at-large seats to six districts for the first time. Elections were held April 3, 1837, after the new term began but before the Congress convened. All incumbents from the at-large district were re-elected in districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021962-0007-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States House of Representatives elections, Maine\nMaine elected its members September 12, 1836, except one district went to multiple ballots later in the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 69], "content_span": [70, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021962-0008-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nA special election was held in Mississippi on July 17\u201318, 1837. Its winners were Democrats John F. H. Claiborne and Samuel J. Gholson. The first session of the 25th Congress was a special session beginning on September 4, 1837, extending to October 16. In November, Mississippi held the regular election. Seargent Smith Prentiss, a Vicksburg lawyer and Whig, unexpectedly launched a vigorous, partisan campaign. He and fellow Whig Thomas J. Word won in an upset. Claiborne and Gholson then argued that the July result entitled them to serve full terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021962-0008-0001", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nWith the Whig Party newly organizing, the closely divided House, in which Anti-Masons, Nullifiers, and the Independent tended to align more with Whigs and to oppose Democrats, agreed to hear Prentiss. He spoke for nine hours over three days, packing the gallery, drawing Senators, and earning a national reputation for oratory and public admiration from leading Whigs including Senators Clay and Webster. The Elections Committee then required a third election. Scheduled for April 1838, it confirmed the November result. Both Whigs were seated in May late in the second session, also serving for the third session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1836 and 1837 were elections that had the Jacksonian coalition emerge as the  Democratic Party, and the Adams, or Anti-Jackson, coalition emerge as the Whig Party", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections\nAs this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, As a result of the regular elections\n\"Hold\" means the incumbent lost and the winner was from an affiliated new party, either Anti- Jacksonian to Whig or Jacksonian to Democratic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 105], "content_span": [106, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0003-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections seated during the 24th Congress\nIn these elections, senators were elected to finish terms already in progress either as special elections or as elections to a new state. senators were seated during 1836 or before March 4, 1837; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0004-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 25th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1837; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0005-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 25th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated in 1837 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0006-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Alabama\nThere were two elections in Alabama in this cycle, both for the same seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0007-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Alabama, Alabama (Regular)\nFirst-term senator Anti- Jacksonian Gabriel Moore lost re-election in 1837 to Jacksonian John McKinley in 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0008-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Alabama, Alabama (Special)\nShortly after the new term started, Jacksonian-now-Democrat John McKinley resigned to become Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. He was replaced by fellow Democrat Clement C. Clay in a June 19, 1837 special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0009-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Alabama, Alabama (Special)\nClay would serve only until November 15, 1841, when he, too, resigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0010-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Arkansas\nArkansas became a new state and elected its two senators September 18, 1836.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0011-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Arkansas\nJacksonian former Governor of Arkansas Territory William Fulton was elected to the Class 2 seat, with the term ending March 3, 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0012-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Arkansas\nJacksonian former delegate Ambrose Sevier was elected  to the Class 3 seat, with the term ending March 3, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0013-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Arkansas\nSevier was also re-elected in 1837 to the next term that would end in 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0014-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Louisiana\nThere were two elections in Louisiana in this cycle, both for the same seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0015-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Louisiana\nAnti - Jacksonian Alexander Porter resigned January 5, 1837 due to ill health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0016-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Louisiana, Louisiana (Special)\nJacksonian Alexandre Mouton was elected January 12, 1837 to finish Porter's term, ending March 3, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0017-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Louisiana, Louisiana (Regular)\nJacksonian Alexandre Mouton was also elected as a Democrat in 1837 (possibly re-elected) to the next term, beginning March 4, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0018-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Maryland\nThere were two elections in Maryland in this cycle, both for the same seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0019-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Maryland, Maryland (Special)\nAnti - Jacksonian John S. Spence was elected in late 1836 to finish Goldsborough's term, ending March 3, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0020-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Maryland, Maryland (Regular)\nAnti - Jacksonian John S. Spence was re-elected as a Democrat in 1837 to the next term, beginning March 4, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0021-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, New York\nSilas Wright Jr., had been elected in 1833 to this seat after the resignation of William L. Marcy who had been elected Governor of New York. Wright's term would expire on March 3, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0022-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, New York\nAt the State election in November 1836, 94 Democrats and 34 Whigs were elected to the Assembly, and seven of the eight State senators elected were Democrats. The 60th New York State Legislature met from January 3 to May 16, 1837, at Albany. The party strength in the Assembly as shown by the election for Speaker was: 80 for Democrat Edward Livingston and 27 for Whig Luther Bradish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0023-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, New York\nWright was re-nominated in a Democratic caucus by a large majority. Silas Wright Jr., was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0024-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, North Carolina\nThere were two elections in North Carolina in this cycle, both for the same seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0025-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, North Carolina, North Carolina (Special)\nJacksonian Robert Strange was elected in late 1836 to finish Mangum's term, ending March 3, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 86], "content_span": [87, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0026-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, North Carolina, North Carolina (Regular)\nJacksonian Robert Strange was also elected as a Democrat in 1836, to the next term, beginning March 4, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 86], "content_span": [87, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0027-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 14, 1836, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1837. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0028-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Virginia (Special)\nThere were three special elections in Virginia in this cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0029-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Virginia (Special), Virginia (Special, class 1)\nTwo-term Anti- Jacksonian (and future President) John Tyler resigned February 29, 1836 due to policial differences and conflict with the Virginia House of Delegates, which had come under control of the rival Jacksonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0030-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Virginia (Special), Virginia (Special, class 1)\nFormer Jacksonian senator William C. Rives (who had served in the class 2 seat from December 10, 1832 to February 22, 1834) was elected March 4, 1836 to finish Tyler's term that would end March 3, 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0031-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Virginia (Special), Virginia (Special, class 2 1836)\nAnti - Jacksonian Benjamin W. Leigh, who had served in the seat since an 1834 special election and re-elected in 1835, resigned July 4, 1836 to return to his private legal practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 98], "content_span": [99, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0032-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Virginia (Special), Virginia (Special, class 2 1836)\nJacksonian Richard E. Parker was elected December 12, 1836, but he would only remain in the seat for four months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 98], "content_span": [99, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0033-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Virginia (Special), Virginia (Special, class 2 1837)\nParker, now a Democrat, was elected to the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and so he resigned from the Senate March 13, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 98], "content_span": [99, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021963-0034-0000", "contents": "1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections, Virginia (Special), Virginia (Special, class 2 1837)\nFellow Democrat William H. Roane was elected March 14, 1837 to finish the term that would end March 3, 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 98], "content_span": [99, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021964-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1836 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021968-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1836 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021976-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1836 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021979-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1836 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021982-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1836 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021985-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1836.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021987-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1836.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021988-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021988-0001-0000", "contents": "1836 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021988-0002-0000", "contents": "1836 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021989-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1836.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021990-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 in science\nThe year 1836 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021991-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 in sports\n1836 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021993-0000-0000", "contents": "1836 in the United States\nEvents from the year 1836 in the United States of America. Exceptionally, this page covers not only the history of the United States of America, but also that of the Republic of Texas in 1836.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021994-0000-0000", "contents": "1837\n1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1837th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 837th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 37th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1837, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021995-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1837 Alabama gubernatorial election was an election held on August 7, 1837, to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democratic candidate Arthur P. Bagby beat Anti-Van Buren candidate Samuel W. Oliver with 45.21% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021996-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Anglesey by-election\nThe Anglesey by-election, 1837 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Anglesey in North Wales on 23 February 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021996-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Anglesey by-election, Vacancy\nThe by-election was called following the resignation of the sitting member Richard Williams-Bulkeley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021996-0002-0000", "contents": "1837 Anglesey by-election, Candidates\nThe Whigs nominated solicitor William Owen Stanley who was the son of John Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley of Alderley and the younger twin brother of Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021997-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Belgian general election\nPartial legislative elections were held in Belgium on Tuesday 13 June 1837 in which 51 of the 102 seats in the Chamber of Representatives were elected. Voter turnout was 56.0%, although only 24,526 people were eligible to vote. Under the alternating system, Chamber elections were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders. The Senate was not up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021997-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Belgian general election\nThis was the last election in which Luxembourg Province included the area of the modern Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; in 1839, under the stipulations of the Treaty of London, a portion of the province's constituency of Diekirch, along with the full constituencies of Luxembourg (roughly equal to modern Luxembourg City) and Grevenmacher, became parts of the independent Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021998-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Chicago mayoral election\nThe 1837 Chicago mayoral election was held on May 2, 1837. It was the inaugural Chicago mayoral election, taking place the same year as Chicago's incorporation as a city. Democratic candidate William B. Ogden defeated Whig incumbent Town President John H. Kinzie by a landslide 38.5 point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021998-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Chicago mayoral election\nShortly after the election Ogden was sworn in as Chicago's first mayor. This set the precedent of scheduling Chicago's mayoral inauguration for the month of May, a practice which has continued for most of the city's history into the present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021998-0002-0000", "contents": "1837 Chicago mayoral election\nThe election coincided with elections to the Common Council. In addition to winning the mayor's office, Democrats took all 10 seats of the Common Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021998-0003-0000", "contents": "1837 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nProminent Chicagoan W. B. Egan had been considered a potential candidate, however he refused to run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021998-0004-0000", "contents": "1837 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nKinzie was backed by individuals such as Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021998-0005-0000", "contents": "1837 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nChicago had quickly been becoming a stronghold for the Whig Party. To overcome this trend, Democrats Francis Sherman, John Wentworth, and Peter Pruyne convinced William B. Ogden to run on their party's ticket. Wentworth, being editor of the city's Chicago Democrat newspaper, used the paper to support Ogden's candidacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021998-0006-0000", "contents": "1837 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nKinzie campaigned on a platform advocating the extension of Chicago's plank roads into the countryside. Ogden ran a more railroad-centric candidacy, believing that the railroads were the lifeline for the city's future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021998-0007-0000", "contents": "1837 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nMaking use of his roots in the city, as the son of early settlers, Kinzie's supporters used the slogan \"First born of Chicago\" to promote him. Kinzie had the backing of old settlers, such as Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard. Detractors of Ogden accused him of being a \"transient speculator\" whose only aim was to make money off of Chicago before returning to New York. However, this line of attack was rendered ineffective by the fact that, eby this time, eastern newcomers made up a majority of the city's populace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021998-0008-0000", "contents": "1837 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nKinzie, being popular figure, initially seemed to have an advantage in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021998-0009-0000", "contents": "1837 Chicago mayoral election, Voting procedure\nVoting was done viva voce. Individuals would walk up to a table and orally announce their vote, for all to eavesdrop upon. Each ward had a single polling place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021998-0010-0000", "contents": "1837 Chicago mayoral election, Results, Results by ward\nOgden won in every ward, even defeating Kinzie in his own ward by a single vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00021999-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1837 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 5, 1837. Incumbent governor and Democratic nominee Henry W. Edwards was re-elected, defeating former congressman and Whig nominee William W. Ellsworth with 52.53% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022000-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Costa Rican Head of State election\nIn the election of the Head of State of Costa Rica in 1837, Manuel Aguilar Chac\u00f3n was elected over Braulio Carrillo Colina using the model of indirect suffrage prescribed by the Fundamental Law of the State of Costa Rica. General election among all citizens authorized to vote was held, using public vote, electing a group of electors proportional to the population of the province they represented who then elected the president directly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022000-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Costa Rican Head of State election\nHowever, Aguilar would not end his term when he resigned for health reasons. Carrillo became a dictator until the invasion of Francisco Moraz\u00e1n and his resignation as part of the agreements of the Jocote Pact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022001-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 French legislative election\nThe 1837 general election organized the fourth legislature of the July Monarchy. The election was held on 4 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022001-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 French legislative election\nLouis-Philippe of France dissolved the legislature in the absence of a majority on 2 February 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022002-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase\nThe 1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the second of three unofficial annual precursors of a Handicap Steeple-chase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 4 March 1837 and attracted a field of four runners. This race did not carry the prestige of the future Grand Nationals and its status as an official Grand National was revoked some time between 1862 and 1873.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022002-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Competitors and betting\nFour horses lined up for the start of the race for which starting prices are not recorded. The competitors were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022002-0002-0000", "contents": "1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, The race\nAll four runners completed the first mile of the race without mishap before The Duke refused a fence beside the bridge over the Leeds and Liverpool Canal; he continued some way behind his three rivals. On the second circuit Dan O'Connell fell and brought down Zanga and The Disowned. While the three riders were attempting to regain their mounts to continue, The Duke came to, and cleared, the same fence, continuing on to secure a long lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022002-0002-0001", "contents": "1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, The race\nVictory for The Duke was certain after he cleared the final flight of hurdles and he was slowed to a mere trot long before passing the finishing post. The Disowned was remounted to finish second, twelve lengths behind, while Dan O'Connell finished a distance behind in third. Zanga ran loose and did not complete the course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022002-0003-0000", "contents": "1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Non-finishers\nThe race was won in a time of fourteen minutes, beating the previous year's time by five minutes and fifty seconds", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022002-0004-0000", "contents": "1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Aftermath\nThe race would go on to be regarded as the second running of the Grand National until the mid-1860s when newspapers began omitting the race, and those of 1836 and 1838, from the records of previous winners. This in turn led to a popular, but incorrect, belief that the race was run over a course at Maghull and not Aintree, and became the official view held by Aintree when a board listing the winners of all previous Nationals was erected underneath the stands in 1894, stating that the races of 1837, and 1838 were run at Maghull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022002-0004-0001", "contents": "1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Aftermath\nAlthough it is now widely acknowledged that the race was indeed run at Aintree, it is also the official view of Aintree that the races prior to 1839 should not be included as legitimate Grand Nationals and should be regarded more as precursors. As a result, The Duke is not listed in official publications as a dual winner of the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic\nThe 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic spanned 1836 through 1840, but reached its height after the spring of 1837 when an American Fur Company steamboat, the S.S. St. Peter, carried infected people and supplies into the Missouri Valley. More than 17,000 Indigenous people died along the Missouri River alone, with some bands becoming nearly extinct. Having witnessed the effects of the epidemic on the Mandan tribe, fur trader Francis Chardon wrote, \"the small-pox had never been known in the civilized world, as it had been among the poor Mandans and other Indians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0000-0001", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic\nOnly twenty-seven Mandans were left to tell the tale.\" The Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1839 reported on the casualties: \"No attempt has been made to count the victims, nor is it possible to reckon them in any of these tribes with accuracy; it is believed that if [the number 17,200 for the upper Missouri River Indians] was doubled, the aggregate would not be too large for those who have fallen east of the Rocky Mountains.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, History\nSmallpox has afflicted Native Americans since it was carried to the western hemisphere by the Spanish conquerors, with credible accounts of epidemics dating back to at least 1515. Smallpox was particularly deadly in the plains because no one in these communities had  been exposed, and developed immunity before. This is why mortality rates were so high. By the 1730s smallpox had made its way west in Canada and northern United States. The Assiniboine First Nation had controlled much of this territory, but were forced to give it up as their population decreased dramatically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0001-0001", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, History\nAlong the Missouri River the Arikara population was reduced by half by the end of the 1730s. Other communities that were decimated in the 1730s by smallpox include the Lower Loup, Pawnee of Nebraska, Cherokee, and the Kansa. In short, smallpox in the 1730s devastated Indigenous communities living on the North American plains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0002-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, History\nIt was found in 1796 that infecting a person with the mild cowpox infection would provide immunity to smallpox. As its use became widespread in Europe its deployment in North America was also praised by Thomas Jefferson as a means for preserving lives. Unfortunately, supply lines for the vaccine were faulty and it was not until the 1830s that a large portion of the Indigenous population was vaccinated, and even here it was limited to beyond the Southwest. Early vaccination efforts by the Hudson's Bay Company were sporadic and unorganized during its monopoly period. Although the HBC recognized the potential of vaccination, understanding that more people meant more fur for them, there was no systematic vaccination program in place until the epidemic was well underway. Some vaccines were sent to trading posts early in the 19th century but were left to collect dust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0003-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, History\nThe smallpox infection spiked in 1780s, as persisted up to the 1837 epidemic. In what is now Canada, fur trade strengthened communities such as the Mushego Cree, Anishinabe, and Ottawa. The Mandan tribe had previously experienced a major smallpox epidemic in 1780-81 which severely reduced their numbers down to less than a few thousand. Many other bands along the Missouri river suffered smallpox epidemics during 1801-02 and 1831. Sporadic efforts were made to promote vaccination among the Indigenous peoples since the turn of the nineteenth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0003-0001", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, History\nLater, the Indian Removal Act the U.S. Congress took its first step in 1832 to generate public support for vaccination of the Native Americans. But shortly after passage of this congressional act to extend vaccinations to Indians, Secretary Cass stated that no effort would be made \"under any circumstances\" to send surgeons to vaccinate Indians up the Missouri River beyond the Arickaree tribe. This Great Plains epidemic spanned thousands of miles, reaching California, the northwestern coast and central Alaska before finally subsiding in 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0004-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic\nThe smallpox epidemic is estimated to have killed 17,000 people along the Missouri River. The St. Peter steamboat, traveled up the Missouri River to Fort Union from St. Louis and infected people along the way, marking the beginning of the outbreak. The St. Peter  made it to Leavenworth around April 29. At this time a deckhand showed signs of smallpox. Shortly after three Arikara women joined the ship on their trip back to the Mandan community. Although the women showed signs the infection, they were allowed to return to their village which they then spread to their community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0004-0001", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic\nThe disease spread to the Mandan people, and was of the most virulent, malignant hemorrhagic form. In July 1837, the Mandan numbered about 2,000; by October that number had dwindled to 23 or 27 survivors by some accounts, 138 by another account, reflecting at least a 93 percent mortality rate. On August 11, Francis Chardon, a trader at Fort Clark, wrote, \"I Keep no a/c of the dead, as they die so fast it is impossible,\" and by the end of the month, \"the Mandan are all cut off except twenty-three young and old men.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0005-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic\nOnce the disease reached Fort Union, there was an effort to prevent its spread, but it would eventually decimate the Assiniboine. Daschuk, Dollar, and Ray all find that there was an effort to keep returning fur traders from entering the fort, but as Dollar finds, returning traders began to get quite aggressive until they were shown an infected boy, as they left they took the disease with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0005-0001", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic\nHalsey wrote, \"I sent our interpreter to meet them on every occasion, who represented our situation to them and requested them to return immediately from whence they came however all our endeavors proved fruitless, I could not prevent them from camping round the Fort-they have caught the disease, notwithstanding I have never allowed an Indian to enter the Fort, or any communication between them & the Sick; but I presume the air was infected with it for a half mile...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0006-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic\nLater, a longboat was sent to Fort McKenzie via the Marias River. At Fort McKenzie the disease spread among the Blackfoot people housed there. The epidemic continued to spread into the Great Plains, killing many thousands between 1837 and 1840. In the end, it is estimated that two-thirds of the Blackfoot population died, along with half of the Assiniboines and Arikaras, a third of the Crows, and a quarter of the Pawnees. A trader at Fort Union reported \"such a stench in the fort that it could be smelt at a distance of 300 yards\", as the bodies were buried in large pits, or tossed into the river, which would have likely contributed to continued infection as body remained infectious after death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0007-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic\nThere were three major vaccination attempts to stop the spread of smallpox when the epidemic began. Many traders tried to obtain vaccines from the American Fur Company but it was unwilling to heed their requests. The American government made some efforts under the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832. Some did receive vaccines for smallpox, typically ones that were in contact with White Americans, usually in the southern United States. However, the Office of Indian Affairs did not have the network or information needed to vaccinate the plains people quickly, nor did they try establish the needed network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0007-0001", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic\nThe Hudson Bay Company had the best response. Rumours of the disease spreading prompted traders to act quickly as a reduction in the indigenous population meant a reduction in profit from the furs they brought in. A good information network, a supply of vaccines at posts, and a willingness among all for vaccination meant their efforts were much more successful than American responses. Vaccination performed by Hudson Bay Company workers and trained Indigenous people were critical to limiting the spread of smallpox in Canada. After the epidemic, the Hudson Bay Company implemented a territory wide vaccination program which further reduced smallpox deaths. Unfortunately, as people entered communities to vaccinate against smallpox, they brought with them other diseases that kept mortality rates high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0008-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic\nThe epidemic altered power structures of impacted nations. The Assinboine and Niitsitapi were not vaccinated and their populations and territory shrank considerably. The disease was particularly deadly among these people because of their denser populations. After being hit by the epidemic, these groups were never able to recover. Ethnic backgrounds also merged as survivors from different communities joined together. As some communities such as the Saulteaux were able to take advantage of vaccination efforts by the HBC they also took advantage of struggling Indigenous groups. The Hudson Bay Company vaccination efforts were focused on populations that produced furs. As result, the Plains Cree and Saulteaux pushed out its borders as others retreated during the epidemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0009-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic, Responsibility and intentional spread allegations\nScholars typically attribute the spread of smallpox in spring of 1837 to the failure to quarantine the St. Peter. More recent scholarship from Dashuk, whose work on Indigenous relations in western Canada is not afraid to criticize settler people and corporations, argues the spread of smallpox between 1836 and 1840 was unintentional. The start has been linked back to the St. Peter on the Missouri River. In addition, while the AFC responded to the outbreak poorly, encouraging it did not make financial sense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0009-0001", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic, Responsibility and intentional spread allegations\nThe company profited by an influx of Indigenous people in the early 1830s as it meant more furs for them to trade. Regarding land above the 49th Parallel, as has been shown in this article, the Hudson's Bay Company's response was critical to limiting the epidemic after its outbreak. While specific responsibility for the 1836-40 smallpox epidemic remains in question, scholars have asserted that the epidemic could be tied to a failure to contain the disease once it was discovered on the St. Peter traveling up the Missouri River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0009-0002", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic, Responsibility and intentional spread allegations\nUndoubtedly the unwillingness of Captain Pratt to quarantine those suspected of infection lead to thousands of deaths. However, it is impossible to know his true intentions, but it is clear that there was no intent by his company to cause an outbreak. The law calls Pratt's offense criminal negligence. Yet in light of all the deaths, the almost complete annihilation of the Mandans, and the terrible suffering the region endured, the label criminal negligence is benign, hardly befitting an action that had such horrendous consequences.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0010-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic, Responsibility and intentional spread allegations\nAnother frequently recounted story is that an Indian sneaked aboard the St. Peter and stole a blanket from an infected passenger, thus starting the epidemic. The many variations of this account have also been criticized by both historians and contemporaries as fiction; a fabrication intended to assuage the guilt of white settlers. \"The blanket affair was created afterward and is not to be credited\", notes B. A. Mann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0011-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic, Responsibility and intentional spread allegations\nSome scholars have argued that the spread of the 1836-40 epidemic was intentional. These include Ann F. Ramenofsky in 1987 and Ward Churchill in 1992. According to Ramenofsky, \"Variola Major can be transmitted through contaminated articles such as clothing or blankets. In the nineteenth century, the U. S. Army sent contaminated blankets to Native Americans, especially Plains groups, to control the Indian problem.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0011-0001", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic, Responsibility and intentional spread allegations\nChurchill also asserted that in 1837 at Fort Clark the United States Army deliberately infected Mandan Indians by distributing blankets that had been exposed to smallpox, but he additionally alleged that the blankets were taken from a military infirmary in St. Louis, that smallpox vaccine was withheld from the Indians, and that an army doctor had advised the infected Indians to disperse, further spreading the disease and causing over 100,000 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0011-0002", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic, Responsibility and intentional spread allegations\nAfter an investigation of Churchill's writings and sources by the University of Colorado at Boulder, their Standing Committee concluded, \"We do not find academic misconduct with respect to his general claim that the U.S. Army deliberately spread smallpox to Mandan Indians at Fort Clark in 1837, using infected blankets. Early accounts of what was said by Indians involved in that situation and certain native oral traditions provide some basis for that interpretation.\" Churchill was criticized, however, for not properly citing his more extreme details and not mentioning \"native oral sources in any of his published essays about Fort Clark.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0011-0003", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic, Responsibility and intentional spread allegations\nSo great was the distrust of the settlers that the Mandan chief Four Bears denounced the white man, whom he had previously treated as brothers, for deliberately bringing the disease to his people. After losing his wife and children to smallpox, and acquiring the affliction himself, he gave his final speech to the Arikara and Mandan tribes imploring them to \"rise all together and not leave one of them alive\", before dying on July 30, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022003-0012-0000", "contents": "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, Epidemic, Responsibility and intentional spread allegations\nThe idea that smallpox was intentionally spread in 1837 has been disputed: 'While acknowledging the \"politicization\" of the topic and evidence of other outrages committed against Native American tribes in times past, this study examines the different versions of the \"smallpox blankets\" episode published by Churchill between 1994 and 2003. The \"preponderance of evidence\" standard of proof strongly indicates that Churchill fabricated events that never occurred-- namely the U.S. Army's alleged distribution of smallpox infested blankets to the Mandan Indians in 1837. The analysis additionally reveals that Churchill falsified sources to support his fabricated version of events, and also concealed evidence in his cited sources that actually disconfirms, rather than substantiates, his allegations of genocide.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022004-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1837. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022005-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1837 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 11, 1837. Incumbent Democratic Governor Robert P. Dunlap did not run for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022006-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1837 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022006-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Whig Governor Edward Everett was re-elected to a third term in office, defeating Democrat Marcus Morton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022006-0002-0000", "contents": "1837 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nThe campaign was dominated by the Panic of 1837, which was blamed on President Martin Van Buren and erased much of the gains made by the Democratic Party in the decade prior. Van Buren's call for a system of independent treasuries was unpopular in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022006-0003-0000", "contents": "1837 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nFrancis Baylies and Richard Fletcher also took active part in the Whig campaign, attacking former President Andrew Jackson and President Van Buren for causing the panic with their attacks on the national bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022006-0004-0000", "contents": "1837 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nMorton declined to take any active role in the campaign. Nonetheless, the Whig Atlas assailed him as a \"political\" judge and called for his impeachment and removal from the bench. Democrats countered the Whig campaign by linking the Boston banking interests and Governor Everett to Masonic influence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022006-0005-0000", "contents": "1837 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nOn November 11, Whigs held a rally at Faneuil Hall with national leaders including Daniel Webster, John Bell, William J. Graves, Joseph R. Underwood and Ogden Hoffman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022006-0006-0000", "contents": "1837 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nThis was also among the first elections in Massachusetts to feature slavery as an issue. Late in the campaign, William Ellery Channing joined the anti-slavery cause with an epistle against the annexation of Texas, arguing that it was a theft of Mexican territory, an extension of the slave system, and risked angering Great Britain by threatening their position in the Caribbean. He appealed to Henry Clay and Governor Everett to abandon pro-business orientation toward the plantation system. Morton, by contrast, had been among the most anti-slavery members of the Democratic Party. Benjamin F. Hallett of the Advocate soon thereafter published a review of Everett's 1826 declaration in favor of the slave system and contrasted it to Morton's 1827 declaration in opposition to slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022007-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 58th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1837 during the governorship of Edward Everett. Horace Mann served as president of the Senate and Julius Rockwell served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022008-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1837 Michigan gubernatorial election was held from November 6, 1837 to November 7, 1837. Incumbent Democrat Stevens T. Mason defeated Whig nominee Charles C. Trowbridge with 51.29% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022009-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Naval Air Squadron\n1837 Naval Air Squadron (1837 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022009-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Naval Air Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022010-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Newfoundland general election\nThe 1837 Newfoundland general election was held in 1837 to elect members of the 2nd General Assembly of Newfoundland in Newfoundland Colony. The results of the previous election had been set aside by Henry John Boulton after he discovered some of the writs from the previous election had not been marked with the official seal. A number of Liberal reformers who had been elected in 1836 did not run for reelection. However, reformers continued to dominate the assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022011-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Osita\n1837 Osita (prov. designation: 1971 QZ1) is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 August 1971, by American astronomer James Gibson at the Yale\u2013Columbia Southern Station of the Leoncito Astronomical Complex in Argentina, who named it after his wife Ursula (\"Osita\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022011-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Osita, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,196 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Osita was first identified as 1962 XQ at Goethe Link Observatory in 1962, extending the body's observation arc by 9 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022011-0002-0000", "contents": "1837 Osita, Physical characteristics\nPanSTARRS's large-scale survey also classified Osita as a rare AQ-type, having intermediate spectral characteristics of an A and Q type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022011-0003-0000", "contents": "1837 Osita, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Osita was obtained from photometric observation by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy, giving a well-defined rotation period of 3.81880 hours with a brightness variation of 0.48 magnitude (U=3). Photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2011, gave a concurring period of 3.8186 hours and an amplitude of 0.59 magnitude (U=2). A third period of 3.81880 hours was derived from a large international data-mining collaboration in February 2016 (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022011-0004-0000", "contents": "1837 Osita, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Osita measures between 7.53 and 7.94 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.194 and 0.216.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022011-0005-0000", "contents": "1837 Osita, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this orbital family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 7.14 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022011-0006-0000", "contents": "1837 Osita, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer for his wife Ursula (\"Osita\" is the Spanish equivalent). She volunteered as an assistant and actively participated in the observations by measuring or reducing more than 150 positions of comets and minor planets. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3935).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022012-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district special election\nOn June 29, 1837, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district to fill a vacancy left by the death of Francis J. Harper (D) on March 18, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022012-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district special election, Election results\nNaylor had been narrowly defeated in the 1836 election for the 3rd district. He took his seat on September 4, 1837, at the start of the 1st session of the 25th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022013-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Poonch Revolt\nThe\u00a01837 Poonch Revolt, also known as the\u00a01837 Poonch Rebellion, was a revolt\u00a0in\u00a0the princely state of Poonch against the\u00a0Dogra dynasty's rulers Dhian Singh and Raja Gulab Singh. The rebellion was led by the Sudhan tribe under their head-man, Sardar Shams Khan Sudhan, and his close accomplices, Mali Khan and Sabz Ali Khan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022013-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Poonch Revolt\nIn 1837, after Hari Singh Nalwa's death in the Battle of Jamrud, the Sudhan tribe of Poonch, together with other tribes and Pahari-speaking people, rose in revolt. The insurgency was led by Shams Khan, chief of the Sudhan tribe and former confidential follower of Dhian Singh. The betrayal of Shams Khan Sudhan against the regime was taken personally, and Gulab Singh was given the task of suppressing the rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022013-0002-0000", "contents": "1837 Poonch Revolt\nAfter defeating the insurgents in Hazara and the Murree hills, Gulab Singh stayed at Kahuta and promoted disunion among the insurgents. His forces were sent to subdue the insurgents. Shams Khan Sudhan and his nephew were betrayed, and they were decapitated as they slept, while the lieutenants were captured, flayed alive, and put to death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022013-0003-0000", "contents": "1837 Poonch Revolt\nContemporary British commentators stated that the local population suffered immensely. Many rebels were captured and treated vengefully; their hands and feet were severed by axes, while the skin of Mali Khan and Sabz Ali Khan, two of Shams's close accomplices, were peeled off their bodies, and their heads were hung on gallows in a crossroad as a warning to others. The chief rebel's head was cut off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022014-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 State of the Union Address\nThe 1837 State of the Union Address was given by the eighth president of the United States, Martin Van Buren, on December 5, 1837. It was presented to the 25th United States Congress by a clerk, because it was not yet the custom for the president to deliver it himself. He began with, \"We have reason to renew the expression of our devout gratitude to the Giver of All Good for His benign protection. Our country presents on every side the evidences of that continued favor under whose auspices it, has gradually risen from a few feeble and dependent colonies to a prosperous and powerful confederacy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022015-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Surat fire\nIn April 1837, the fire broke out in the Indian city of Surat which was then under British East India Company. It resulted in more than 500 deaths and destruction of 9737 houses in an area of 9\u200b3\u20444 miles. It was the most destructive fire in the history of Surat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022015-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Surat fire, Fire\nSurat was under British East India Company in 1837. During the summer, on 24 April 1837, Monday, at 5pm, a house of one of the leading Parsis in Machhalipith neighbourhood was caught on fire. A jar of boiling pitch had been spilt and some of the wood work of the house was caught in flames. The neighbours had refused to allow water from their wells to extinguish the fire. The fire quickly spread to neighbouring houses which were densely packed and had timber frameworks and wooden eaves overhanging the narrow streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022015-0001-0001", "contents": "1837 Surat fire, Fire\nWithin a few hours, the fire spread to an area of three miles due to heavy wind from the north. At night, the large masses of smoke lit by the fire was visible from a distance of twenty to thirty miles. On 25 April, at daybreak, the fire spread to other direction due to wind from the southwest. At noon, about 2 pm, the fire was at its height. The fire declined thereafter and ended in the morning on 26 April. The fire had destroyed houses in an area of 9\u200b3\u20444 miles, about three fourth of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022015-0002-0000", "contents": "1837 Surat fire, Damage\nApart from more than 500 people who died in the fire, more 49 dead were found; including seven people who died due to change of the direction of fire on 25 April, 32 people who died while saving their property and 10 people who had tried to save themselves by jumping in a pond or well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022015-0003-0000", "contents": "1837 Surat fire, Damage\nThe total economic loss could not be estimated. Total 9373 houses were destroyed. Of them, 6250 were in the city and 3123 in the suburbs. Placing average cost of house at \u20b9500, total loss amounted \u20b94,686,500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022015-0004-0000", "contents": "1837 Surat fire, Relief\nThe British Government granted \u20b950,000 for relief while and private donors collected \u20b9125,000 in Bombay. GB\u00a31,000 were collected in London for relief work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022015-0005-0000", "contents": "1837 Surat fire, Aftermath\nAfter fire, Surat was affected by a heavy flood in August 1837. Due to these disasters, Parsi, Jain and Hindu traders moved to Bombay. Later Bombay became the major port of the west coast of India surpassing Surat. The city was continued to be affected by several fires in subsequent years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022016-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1837 United Kingdom general election was triggered by the death of King William IV and produced the first Parliament of the reign of his successor, Queen Victoria. It saw Robert Peel's Conservatives close further on the position of the Whigs, who won their fourth election of the decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022016-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 United Kingdom general election\nThe election marked the last time that a Parliament was dissolved as a result of the demise of the Crown. The dissolution of Parliament six months after a demise of the Crown, as provided for by the Succession to the Crown Act 1707, was abolished by the Reform Act 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022017-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1837 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 7, 1837, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022017-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nSilas Wright, Jr., had been elected in 1833 to this seat after the resignation of William L. Marcy who had been elected Governor of New York. Wright's term would expire on March 3, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022017-0002-0000", "contents": "1837 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1836, 94 Democrats and 34 Whigs were elected to the Assembly, and seven of the eight State Senators elected were Democrats. The 60th New York State Legislature met from January 3 to May 16, 1837, at Albany. The party strength in the Assembly as shown by the election for Speaker was: 80 for Democrat Edward Livingston and 27 for Whig Luther Bradish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022017-0003-0000", "contents": "1837 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe incumbent U.S. Senator Silas Wright, Jr., was re-nominated in a Democratic caucus by a large majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022017-0004-0000", "contents": "1837 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nSilas Wright, Jr., was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022017-0005-0000", "contents": "1837 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nWright continued in the U.S. Senate, was re-elected in 1843, and remained in office until November 1844 when he resigned after his election as Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022018-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 Valdivia earthquake\nThe 1837 Valdivia earthquake struck south-central Chile on November 17. Together with earthquakes in 1575 and 1737 the earthquake is among the historical predecessors to the great 1960 earthquake. The rupture zone was roughly from Valdivia to the south. It was felt in the cities of Concepci\u00f3n, Valdivia and Ancud. The earthquake was also felt by the crew whaling ships in Guafo Island and Chonos Archipelago. Various landslides were triggered in Chilo\u00e9 and people are reported to have been thrown to the ground in Valdivia. In contrast in Concepci\u00f3n the shakings were moderate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022018-0000-0001", "contents": "1837 Valdivia earthquake\nAs reported in various coastal localities the ground rose as result of the earthquake. Decades later while surveying southern Chile\u2019s coasts Francisco Vidal Gormaz was told of islands that been submerged and some that had emerged as a consequence of the earthquake. The earthquake caused a tsunami that struck Hawaii, what is now French Polynesia and Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022018-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 Valdivia earthquake\nIn Japan the tsunami flooded rice fields, destroyed salmon traps and broke into salt evaporation ponds causing significant economic losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022019-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 generation\nThe 1837 generation (Spanish: Generaci\u00f3n del '37) was an Argentine intellectual movement named after the date a literary hall with most of its members was established. Influenced by the new romantic ideas, they rejected the cultural Spanish heritage of the country. They did not acknowledge any national roots in the indigenous peoples or the period of European colonization, focusing instead on the Revolution as the birth of the country, as it gave them freedom, the possibility to behave as free people. They considered themselves \"sons of the May Revolution\", they were born shortly after it, and wrote some of the earliest Argentine literary works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022019-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 generation\nThe group established a literary hall in 1837 in Buenos Aires, hence the name. This Sal\u00f3n Literario closed six months after it was created because of the reiterated warnings from the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022019-0001-0001", "contents": "1837 generation\nInitially, they claimed to be neutral in the Argentine Civil Wars, they wrote works biased against the federal governor Juan Manuel de Rosas (such as El Matadero by Esteban Echeverr\u00eda or Facundo by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento) because Rosas was the Buenos Aires government of that time, but they were also against the former Unitarian governments, with whom they didn't agree in their absolutist manners that were considered by them as a mere restoration of the manners of the Spanish colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022019-0001-0002", "contents": "1837 generation\nTheir efforts to install a full democratic Republic and guarantee civil rights by means of a peaceful propaganda were vain and shortly after that they ended up exiled or assassinated. After Rosas was overthrown in 1852, their writings inspired the first Argentine Constitution in 1853, and their persons promoters of the Organizaci\u00f3n Nacional, the articulation and organization of the political divisions, infrastructure and institutions of the country, that in its final form didn't was federal nor unitarian but a balance of both.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022019-0002-0000", "contents": "1837 generation\nThey were called \"unitarians\" in a loose sense and by Rosas propaganda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022019-0003-0000", "contents": "1837 generation\nSome notable members of this generation were Esteban Echeverr\u00eda, Juan Bautista Alberdi, Juan Mar\u00eda Guti\u00e9rrez, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento who was president between 1868 and 1874, Miguel Can\u00e9 (senior), Bartolom\u00e9 Mitre, Andr\u00e9s Lamas, Antonio Somellera, Vicente Fidel L\u00f3pez, Carlos Tejedor, Juan Bautista Pe\u00f1a, Florencio Varela, Juan Cruz Varela, Jos\u00e9 M\u00e1rmol, Jos\u00e9 Rivera Indarte (Buenos Aires), Quiroga Rosas, Antonino Aberastain, Santiago Cort\u00ednez (San Juan), Benjam\u00edn Villafa\u00f1e, F\u00e9lix Fr\u00edas (Tucum\u00e1n), Francisco \u00c1lvarez, Paulino Paz, Enrique Rodr\u00edguez, Avelino Ferreyra, Ram\u00f3n Ferreyra (C\u00f3rdoba), Juan Thompson (Corrientes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022020-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1837 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022024-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1837 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022025-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in Denmark, Births\n18 March \u2014 Marie Christine Bj\u00f6rn, ballet dancer (born 1763)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022030-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1837 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022035-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1837 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022036-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in Spain\nEvents from the year 1837 in the Kingdom of Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 64]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022038-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1837 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022041-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022043-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022044-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022044-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022044-0002-0000", "contents": "1837 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022045-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022046-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in science\nThe year 1837 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022047-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in sports\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 18:48, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022047-0001-0000", "contents": "1837 in sports\n1837 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022048-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in the United Kingdom\nEvents from the year 1837 in the United Kingdom. This marks the beginning of the Victorian era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022049-0000-0000", "contents": "1837 in the United States\nEvents from the year 1837 in the United States of America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022050-0000-0000", "contents": "1838\n1838 (MDCCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1838th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 838th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 38th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1838, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022051-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Chicago mayoral election\nThe 1838 Chicago mayoral election saw Whig nominee Buckner Morris defeat Democrat William Jones by an 8.5 point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022052-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1838 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 4, 1838. Former congressman and Whig nominee William W. Ellsworth was elected, defeating former speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives and Democratic nominee Seth Preston Beers with 54.14% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022053-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Constitution of Serbia\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by M Todorovic (talk | contribs) at 18:23, 18 December 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022053-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Constitution of Serbia\nThe Constitution of 1838, often called the Turkish constitution (Serbian: \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 / Turski ustav; because it was issued in the form of a sultan firman), was a constitution of the Principality of Serbia from 1838 until 1869. Through this, the Ottoman Empire wanted to show that Serbia was subservient to it. Although the new constitution was less liberal than the preceding Sretenje Constitution, Serbian prince Milo\u0161 Obrenovi\u0107 did not want to rule under it, so he abdicated in favor of his son Milan Obrenovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022053-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Constitution of Serbia, Background\nThe people of Serbia often rebelled against Milo\u0161's autocratic and frequently brutal rule. Following one such rebellion, Mileta's rebellion, he agreed to adopt the very liberal Sretenje Constitution (Candlemas Constitution) in 1835, which abolished serfdom, granted freedom of speech and the press, and reduced the prince's power. The move was opposed by neighboring Austria, the ruling Ottoman Empire and Russia. It is believed that the three great empires saw the Sretenje Constitution as a danger to their own autocratic systems of government. Metternich's Austria particularly ridiculed the fact that Serbia had its own flag and ministry of foreign affairs. Milo\u0161 was glad to abolish the Sretenje Constitution at the demand of Russia and Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022053-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Constitution of Serbia, Background\nPrince Milo\u0161 Obrenovi\u0107 changed his way of ruling upon the abolition of the Sretenje Constitution. He stopped acting as supreme judge and abolished monopoly of the salt trade. The Constitution of 1838 was carried out by the Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire and Austrian Empire. The Russian envoy handed \"basis\" for the constitutional organization of Serbia. According to him, the constitution should contain only administrative provisions, because the hatt-i sharif of 1830 granted political rights for the Principality of Serbia. Russia requested to maintain the Council, through which it could put pressure on the prince.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022053-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 Constitution of Serbia, Aftermath\nAlthough the new constitution was less liberal then its predecessor, prince Milo\u0161 Obrenovi\u0107 did not want to rule under it, so he abdicated on June 13, 1839, in favor of his son Milan Obrenovi\u0107. Milan died less than a month later and was succeeded by his brother Mihailo Obrenovi\u0107. In 1842 his first reign came to a halt when he was overthrown by a rebellion led by Toma Vu\u010di\u0107-Peri\u0161i\u0107, which enabled the Kara\u0111or\u0111evi\u0107 dynasty to accede to the Serbian throne. The most influential men in Serbia after that were Vu\u010di\u0107-Peri\u0161i\u0107 and Ilija Gara\u0161anin of the Defenders of the Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022054-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Coronation Honours\nThe 1838 Coronation Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours on the occasion of her coronation on 28 June 1838. The honours were published in The London Gazette on 20 July and 24 July 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022054-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Coronation Honours\nThe recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022055-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze attack on Safed\nThe 1838 Druze attack on Safed began on July 5, 1838, during the Druze revolt against the rule of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt. Tensions had mounted as the Druze captured an Egyptian garrison outside of Safed. The local Safed militia of several hundred was heavily outnumbered by the Druze, and the city was gripped in despair as the militia eventually abandoned the city and the Druze rebels entered the city on July 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022055-0000-0001", "contents": "1838 Druze attack on Safed\nThe Druze rebels  and a Muslim mob descended on the Jewish quarter of Safed and, in scenes reminiscent of the Safed plunder four years earlier, spent three days attacking Jews, plundering their homes and desecrating their synagogues. Some Jews ended up leaving the town, moving south to Jerusalem and Acre. Among them was Israel Beck, whose printing press had been destroyed a second time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022055-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze attack on Safed, Prelude\nBy the 19th-century, the Galilean city of Safed comprised a major Jewish center. It had become a kabbalistic centre during the 16th-century, reaching a size of about 15,000 at its peak. Despite the decline through the 17th and 18th centuries, by the 1830s there were still around 3,500-4,000 Jews living there, comprising at least half the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022055-0001-0001", "contents": "1838 Druze attack on Safed, Prelude\nThe Jews of Safed had been subjected to a prolonged attack in 1834 during the Peasants' Revolt: Over 5,000 Arab peasant rebels had launched a revolt protesting against legislation imposed by the new Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali and some had used the uprising as an opportunity to attack the Jews. After several months, the Egyptians managed to crush the rebellion and regain control of the county and the Jews of Safed began to rehabilitate themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022055-0001-0002", "contents": "1838 Druze attack on Safed, Prelude\nNot long after, Safed was again the scene of devastation when in 1837 a strong earthquake resulted in thousands of deaths and the destruction of many buildings. The northern, Jewish section of the town was almost entirely destroyed. By 1838, the tense relationship between the fellahin and the Egyptian overlords was again mounting and a full-scale Druze revolt erupted in January. In summer of 1838, the Druze captured a heavily outnumbered Egyptian garrison outside Safed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022055-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze attack on Safed, The attack\nThe Jewish population relied on the protection of an Arab governor against the Druze. Dr. Elizer Loewe wrote in his diary:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022055-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze attack on Safed, The attack\nAccording to Loewe, the mayor and his militia fled the city, and the Jews became Open prey for the ravenous rebels. The Druze rebels were joined by Muslim mob and they looted the Jewish quarters, as the Druze rebels thought the Jews possessed hidden treasures and local Muslims encouraged them to attack. The plunder lasted for 3 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022055-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze attack on Safed, The attack\nDuring the course of the attack, some Jews were assisted by friendly Arabs. One Arab by the name of Muhammed Mustafa, had helped protect them, lending them money and providing them with food and clothing. This time, Ibrahim Pasha's response was more swift, and after a few days things returned to normal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022056-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze revolt\nThe 1838 Druze revolt was a Druze uprising in Syria against the authority of Ibrahim Pasha and effectively against the Egypt Eyalet, ruled by Muhammad Ali. The rebellion was led by Druze clans of Mount Lebanon, with an aim to expel the Egyptian forces, under Ibrahim Pasha considering them as infidels. The revolt was suppressed with a bitter campaign by Pasha, after a major Druze defeat in the Wadi al-Taym, and the Egyptian rule effectively restored in Galilee and Mount Lebanon with a peace agreement signed between the Egyptians and Druze leaders on July 23, 1838. Among the major sites of violence was the city of Safed, where the Jewish community was  attacked by Druze rebels in early July 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022056-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze revolt, Background\nThe tensions between the Druze and the Egyptians had been mounting since the 1834 Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834). The ruling classes of the region resented Egyptian authority and the Druze in particular resisted the rule of Ibrahim Pasha, who personally considered the Druze as heretics and oppressed them. What sparked the revolt itself, however, was the conscription decree of the Egyptian army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022056-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze revolt, Revolt\nThe first reports of the Druze uprising came in January 1838. Some 400 troops, led by Ali Agha al-Busayli, governor of Hauran, attacked the Druzes in Tha'la, and suffered the first defeat, as Ali and a large number of his troops were killed. The Egyptian troops, dispatched from Damascus were slaughtered by Druze peasants during the night. Later, a second force of 6,000 regulars was sent, requiring the Druze to reorganize for more serious fighting. The Egyptian army, led by Muhammad Pasha forced the Druze to withdraw but, exhausted from traversing the mountainous terrain, were repelled by the Druze fighters near Smaid. A new Egyptian force, led by Minikly Pasha, Egyptian Minister of War, and Sharif Pasha was again defeated by some 2,000 Druze insurgents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022056-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze revolt, Revolt\nThe successive defeats prompted Ibrahim Pasha to arrive from Aleppo by himself. Ibrahim recruited loyal Albanians and recalled reinforcements from Hama, Acre and Aleppo, creating an army which according to British officials counted some 15,000 men. The force blockaded the Lajat field north of Hauran, while Sharif Pasha began negotiations with the insurgents. The Druze refused to lay down their weapons, but concerned with the size of the amounting armies, tried to enlist additional forces to support the revolt from across Syria and Lebanon. The attempt was largely unsuccessful, and effectively failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022056-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze revolt, Revolt\nIn early April, Shibli al-Aryan attempted to secure more fighters from the supportive villages and succeeded in raising some 8,000 fighters. Soon, the Druze of Mount Lebanon began streaming to join the rebel ranks, and from April it seemed the rebellion incorporated the entire Druze community. The main roads were cut by the Druze, disrupting the Egyptian army supplies. At this point, Ibrahim Pasha ordered Emir Bashir Shihab II, his ally, to send 1,000 men to Wadi al-Taym, where the clashes erupted on April 7. The Egyptian army was commanded by Ahmad Bek, consisting of an infantry regiment, 300 Bedouins and 500 irregulars, which succeeded to overwhelm the Druzes with 33 dead, scores wounded and four taken prisoner. Egyptian losses were 13 killed, 65 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022056-0005-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze revolt, Revolt\nFollowing the defeat by Ahmad Bek, Shibli occupied Rashayya and killed its governor, while Druze volunteers kept flowing in to join his forces. Another reinforcement of 4,000 men was requested by Ibrahim Pasha from Bashir Shihab II, and arrived under the command of Bashir's son. Joined by two sheikhs from Mount Lebanon\u2014Hasan Junbalat and Nasir ad-Din al-Imad\u2014the Druze fighters were led into Wadi Bakka, where on July 4 they suffered a decisive defeat, losing some 640 men including al-Imad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022056-0006-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze revolt, Revolt\nIn early July, tensions still mounted as the Druze captured an Egyptian garrison outside of Safed. The local Safed militia of several hundred was heavily outnumbered by the Druze, and the city was gripped in despair as the militia eventually abandoned the city and the Druze rebels entered the city on July 5. The resulting plunder by the Druze rebels, which targeted the Jewish community, lasted for three days. Much of the local population sought refuge in Acre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022056-0007-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze revolt, Revolt\nSubsequently, Shibli moved to southern Wadi al-Taym, where he was attacked by the Christian fighters of Emir Bashir, led by his son Emir Khalil. The attack was unsuccessful, and the Druze succeeded in withstanding the pressure until July 17, when Egyptian reinforcements crushed them at Shebaa. Shibli and 1,500 of his men fled to Mount Hermon, while most of the insurgents in Hauran surrendered and were granted amnesty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022056-0008-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze revolt, Agreement\nThe critical points to end the rebellion were the water war, engaged by Egyptian forces upon the Druze population and the effective defeat of the main insurgent force in Wadi al-Taym. It persuaded Druze leaders to negotiate peace with Ibrahim Pasha. Sheikh Hasan al-Bitar of Rashaya and the Christian Jiris Abu ad-Dibs mediated the agreement, whereby Ibrahim Pasha agreed to give amnesty to insurgents and to put the Druze into forced labor in lieu of exemption from conscription, in return for the surrender of Druze arms and those seized from Egyptians. The agreement was signed on July 23, 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022056-0008-0001", "contents": "1838 Druze revolt, Agreement\nAt first, the Druze willingly surrendered their arms, but it soon became clear, that those were not the arms that had been used in the fighting, prompting Ibrahim Pasha to send his officers with a demand for an immediate surrender of the entire Druze arsenal. The process continued slowly, and lasted until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022056-0009-0000", "contents": "1838 Druze revolt, Aftermath\nSmall groups of insurgents still refused to lay their weapons, including Shibli in Mount Hermon and sheikh Husain Abu Asaf in Lajat. Shibli eventually fled to Baalbek, but forced into hiding, he finally surrendered to the Egyptians. When Shibli met Ibrahim Pasha, he proposed his services as an irregular, and was accepted into Egyptian service. Shibli was later sent out of the country, appointed to Sinar. Apparently, Shibli was still in service of Ibrahim by late 1840, when Egyptians began evacuating Syria and Lebanon. The last 100 Druze rebels in Lajat were joined by another 400 Druze insurgents by 1839, and were reportedly devastated a village near Hasbaya. The dominance of Ibrahim Pasha over Ottoman Syria diminished with the 1840 agreement, which was signed during the Second Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839-1841).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022057-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase\nThe 1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the last of three unofficial annual precursors of a Handicap Steeple-chase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase Horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Monday 5 March 1838 and attracted a field of only three runners. This race did not carry the prestige of the future Grand Nationals and its status as an official Grand National was revoked some time between 1862-1873.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022057-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Competitors and betting\nThree competitors faced the starter and were quoted as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022057-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, The race\nThe race was relatively incident free. Scamp refused when leading on the first circuit and The Duke looked set to record a third consecutive victory, entering the race course proper with a good lead over Sir William. The dual winner tired rapidly and was first passed by Sir William and then also by Scamp to finish last of the three with Sir William winning by a distance of forty yards in a time of fifteen minutes, a minute slower than the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022057-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Aftermath\nFor many years after this event the race was regarded as the third running of the Grand National by racegoers and pressmen alike, however this stance began to change during the 1860s when national newspapers began listing the former winners of the National back only as far as 1839. When the official honours board at Aintree was erected in 1894 it stated that the race of 1838 was run at a nearby course in Maghull and that the winner was a horse named Sir Henry, ridden by Mr Olliver against nine rivals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022057-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Aftermath\nRacing returns from this period show that racing at Maghull ceased in 1835 and that there was no horse in training in 1838 named Sir Henry. The only jockey named Olliver in racing at the time was Tom Olliver and on the date of the race he was riding at St Albans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022057-0005-0000", "contents": "1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, Aftermath\nFor over a century the detail recorded on the honours board was accepted as fact until evidence was presented to show the real events of the 1838 Great Liverpool chase. While it is now accepted among the majority of racing writers that the 1838 race was indeed run at Aintree and not Maghull it is still the official view that the lack of prestige in the race prior to 1839 warrants its continued omission from being declared an official Grand National.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022058-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Harrow rail accident\nThe Harrow train accident 1838 occurred on the afternoon of Tuesday 7 August 1838. Thomas Port, a railway guard, fell from a train on the London and Birmingham Railway near to Harrow, Middlesex, England. He was dragged under the carriages and had both legs partially severed. Despite attempts to save his life, he died later that day from severe blood loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022058-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Harrow rail accident, Historical background\nThe first part of the London to Birmingham Railway opened between Euston Station and Hemel Hempstead on 20 July 1837, and then on to Bletchley in time for Queen Victoria's coronation on 28 June 1838. The whole railway was officially fully opened on 17 September 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022058-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Harrow rail accident, Description of the accident\nThomas Port was employed as a guard by the London and Birmingham Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022058-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Harrow rail accident, Description of the accident\nAt that time train operation was still largely based upon the standards of British stagecoach practice and Port's normal travelling location aboard the train was in an outside seat at roof level. It was part of his duty to undertake ticket checks to make sure second class passengers were not sitting in first class carriages. This task required that once the train was underway he would climb down to move along the step boards on the outside of the carriages so he could check the tickets through the door windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022058-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 Harrow rail accident, Description of the accident\nOn the day of his death, 7 August 1838, the train had left Euston Station at 5pm. About 10 miles (16\u00a0km) from Euston and 1\u00bc miles (2\u00a0km) from Harrow the train was travelling at full speed, about 30\u00a0mph (50\u00a0km/h). As Port attempted to step from one carriage to the next, he slipped and fell under the train. His legs were run over, crushing and partially severing them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022058-0005-0000", "contents": "1838 Harrow rail accident, Description of the accident\nOne of the other guards saw the injured Port lying on the tracks in great pain, and indicated to the driver to stop the train immediately. Emergency first aid was given by two doctors who were travelling on the train and then Port was put back aboard and taken to Harrow. Here the doctors fully amputated both his legs in an attempt to cauterise the bleeding, but Port died from a severe loss of blood within 3 hours of the accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022058-0006-0000", "contents": "1838 Harrow rail accident, Description of the accident\nThomas Port \"left a father, a mother, several brothers and sisters, and a wife and two children to lament his loss.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022058-0007-0000", "contents": "1838 Harrow rail accident, Coroner's inquisition\nIt was reported that \"the unfortunate deceased started with the Denbigh Hall five o-clock train on Tuesday last from the station at Euston grove, and having arrived within a mile and a quarter of Harrow, as was the usual custom, he dismounted from his seat for the purpose of collecting from the passengers what is termed the 'excess fares.' \u2026", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022058-0007-0001", "contents": "1838 Harrow rail accident, Coroner's inquisition\nIn the performance of this duty the deceased was engaged on Tuesday, which compelled him to pass from one carriage to the other by the steps, and when in the act of placing his foot on one of them, at the time the train was proceeding at upwards of thirty miles an hour, his foot slipped between the wheels, which as they successivley passed over, dragged his legs in, crushing them inch by inch up to one of his knees and above the other.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022058-0008-0000", "contents": "1838 Harrow rail accident, Coroner's inquisition\nThe jury felt that it was dangerous to require a guard to perform such a duty while the train was travelling at full speed, but returned a verdict of Accidental Death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022058-0009-0000", "contents": "1838 Harrow rail accident, Gravestone\nThomas Port is buried in the churchyard of St Mary's Church, Harrow on the Hill. His gravestone has the following inscription:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022059-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1838 Illinois gubernatorial election was the sixth quadrennial election for this office. Democrat Thomas Carlin was elected by a bare majority of the voters in a close election. He defeated Cyrus Edwards, the brother of former governor Ninian Edwards for the office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022060-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Iowa Council election\nIn the 1838 Iowa Territory Council elections, electors selected councilors to serve in the first Iowa Territory Council. All 13 members of the Territory Council were elected. Councilors served one-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022060-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Iowa Council election\nThe Iowa Territory existed from July 4, 1838, until December 28, 1846, when Iowa was admitted to the Union as a state. At the time, the Iowa Territory had a Legislative Assembly consisting of an upper chamber (i.e., the Territory Council) and a lower chamber (i.e., the Territory House).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022060-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Iowa Council election\nFollowing the organization of the first Territory Council, Whig Councilor Jesse B. Browne of Lee County was chosen as the President of the Territory Council. Democrats held a majority of seats in the first Iowa Territory Council following the 1838 general election with seven seats to Whigs' six seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale\nIn 1838, 272 men, women, and children were sold by the Maryland Jesuits; a portion of the proceeds was used to pay the debts of Georgetown College (now Georgetown University), also run by the Jesuits. The slaves had lived on plantations belonging to the Jesuits in Maryland, and they were sold to Henry Johnson and Jesse Batey. The sale price was $115,000, equivalent to $2,794,859 in 2020. Of the $25,000 down-payment, $17,000 was used to pay down building debt that Thomas F. Mulledy, the provincial superior who orchestrated the sale, had accrued as president of Georgetown College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale\nThe slaves sold by the Jesuits were part of the West Oak and Chatham Plantations, in Louisiana, both of which would later change ownership. None of the terms for the sale, directed from the Catholic Church leadership in Rome, were met. These terms included that there be no familial separation, that the proceeds not be used to pay debt or the operating expenses of the college, and that the religious practice of the enslaved people be supported. In 1848, the Jesuit James Van de Velde wrote to Mulledy about his concerns over the lack of religious instruction received by the slaves sold to Henry Johnson, and urged Mulledy to contribute funds for the construction of a chapel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale\nMany descendants of these enslaved people (sometimes known as the \"GU272\") presently live in and around Maringouin, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale\nIn April 2019, two-thirds of Georgetown students voted to establish a semesterly fee to fund reparations for descendants of the 272 enslaved people. The non-binding resolution was presented to the university for the approval of its board of directors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale, Context prior to sale\nGeorgetown College (later known as Georgetown University) was founded by John Carroll, the Bishop of Baltimore, in 1789. In 1829, Thomas F. Mulledy was appointed the President of Georgetown College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0005-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale, Legacy\nNational revelations of this connection were reported in a 2016 article in The New York Times. A discussion is ongoing addressing the question of reconciliation of the university and the descendants; an internal working group at Georgetown recommended that the university offer \"the same consideration [they] give members of the Georgetown community in the admissions process\" to the descendants. In response to these issues, descendant groups have formed, including the GU 272 Descendants Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0006-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale, Legacy, Building renamings\nAfter the revelation around the slave sale gained wider publicity, the university decided to rename two buildings that bore the names of two Jesuits at Georgetown who had played significant roles in the 1838 sale, Thomas Mulledy and William McSherry. In November 2015, Mulledy Hall was renamed Freedom Hall and McSherry Hall was renamed Remembrance Hall as temporary measures while other names were being considered. In 2017, the two buildings were rededicated in the names of Isaac Hawkins, the first slave listed in the 1838 sale document, and Anne Marie Becraft, a free woman of color who established a school in Georgetown for black girls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0007-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale, Legacy, Building renamings, Isaac Hawkins Hall\nIsaac was an enslaved man born around 1773 and is believed to have been baptized in 1777. Historical records do not provide a family name, so his descendants' surname Hawkins was assigned to him. Before the sale he lived on the Jesuits' White Marsh plantation near present-day Bowie, Maryland, and went on to have at least five children that survived to adulthood. He was 65 years old at the time of the sale in 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0007-0001", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale, Legacy, Building renamings, Isaac Hawkins Hall\nMost of his family members were also sold and were sent to Louisiana; his son Patrick arrived on the Katherine Jackson, and his grandson Cornelius was sent to Louisiana as well. His name does not appear on bills of sale from the 1850s that include his descendants, so Isaac is assumed to have died before then. Isaac has living descendants as of 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0008-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale, Legacy, Building renamings, Isaac Hawkins Hall\nIsaac was chosen to represent the entire group for the building renaming because his name was first on the list of enslaved people sold. Georgetown historian Maurice Jackson said, \"We thought if we take the name of the first person, in which some ways he becomes representative of the other enslaved black people sold\". The building and an adjacent one had been built around 1833 and 1904, and housed Jesuits until 2004. After ten years of vacancy, they were renovated as student housing and opened in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0009-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale, Legacy, Building renamings, Isaac Hawkins Hall\nIn the February 5, 2019, episode of PBS's Finding Your Roots, actress S. Epatha Merkerson was revealed to be a descendant of Isaac Hawkins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0010-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale, Gallery\nFrank Campbell, one of the slaves sold in 1838, pictured c.1900", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0011-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale, Gallery\nMap of Jesuit stations in Maryland from the 17th to the 19th centuries", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022061-0012-0000", "contents": "1838 Jesuit slave sale, Gallery\nSlave manifest of the Katherine Jackson, the vessel used to transport slaves sold by Georgetown College to New Orleans in 1838", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022062-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1838. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022062-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Liverpool Town Council election\nThe terms \"Whig\" and \"Reformer\" are used interchangeably, although the local press at the time referred exclusively to \"Reformers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022062-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nOn 9 November 1838, the term of office of eight of the sixteen aldermen expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022062-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nThe following were elected as Aldermen until 9 November 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022063-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1838 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the eighth gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article III Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022064-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1838 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 10, 1838. Incumbent Whig Governor Edward Kent was defeated for re-election by Democratic candidate John Fairfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022065-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1838 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022065-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Whig Governor Edward Everett was re-elected to a fourth term in office, defeating Democrat Marcus Morton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022065-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nThe Whigs presented a united front in opposition to \"Van Burenism.\" Alongside Governor Everett, the campaign was led by Senator Daniel Webster, who Whigs identified as the key Washington opponent to Van Buren. Behind the scenes, however, there was a growing divide between supporters of William Henry Harrison for President in 1840, including Webster, and those who supported Henry Clay, like Abbott Lawrence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022065-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nAs it had in 1837, the Whig Atlas assailed Morton as an \"office-seeking\" judge  who was \"false to the spirit of the Constitution.\" The Atlas once more called for his impeachment, arguing that he was \"annually tucking up his Judicial robes for a bout at political fisticuffs\" and could not rule impartially. The journal also attacked new Collector of Boston George Bancroft and Benjamin F. Hallett as exercising \"imperial control over the total Loco Focoism of the state.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022065-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nThe Democratic campaign was led by Bancroft, who focused the effort on a radical declaration of financial principles. He attempted to recruit John Quincy Adams to the campaign, arguing that as a national bank was now out of the question, \"old Federalists and Whigs\" should join with Democrats against the state banking system. Adams did not respond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022065-0005-0000", "contents": "1838 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nThe Democrats once again pressed the issue of anti-Masonry, arguing that no member of the soon-defunct Anti-Masonic Party could join with the Whigs in support of the \"overbearing despotism of Nicholas Biddle's Bank when... Antimasonry 'plumed itself on equal rights and free privileges among all,' and uniformly denounced corporate dictation or supremacy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022065-0006-0000", "contents": "1838 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nDuring the campaign, future U.S. Senator Isaac C. Bates allegedly led a gang of Northampton Whigs in serial assaults against Mr. Munn, a local Democratic newspaper editor. Whig \"disorganizers\" were also alleged in Gloucester, where Robert Rantoul Jr. claimed that fisherman returning from months at sea for the election were misinformed that Joseph S. Cabot was the Democratic nominee for Congress, causing a large number of votes erroneously cast in his name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022065-0007-0000", "contents": "1838 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nEverett defeated Morton for the fourth consecutive year, but the margin narrowed from its peak in 1837. The overall turnout reached a record of 93,941, with nearly all of the gains going to Morton. The result may have been attributable to Massachusetts's rapid recovery from the Panic of 1837, which was the major theme of the Whig campaign against Van Buren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022066-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 59th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1838 during the governorship of Edward Everett. Myron Lawrence served as president of the Senate and Robert Charles Winthrop served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022066-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Massachusetts legislature\nThe governor spoke to the members on January 9, 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022066-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Massachusetts legislature\n\"In February 1838, Angelina Grimk\u00e9 became the first woman in U.S. history to address the members of an American legislative body when she spoke to the members of the Massachusetts Legislature. Her subject was the demand for the immediate end of the slave trade in Washington, D.C.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022066-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Massachusetts legislature\nIn 1838, temperance activists pushed the Massachusetts legislature to pass a law restricting the sale of alcohol in quantities less than fifteen gallons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War\nThe 1838 Mormon War, also known as the Missouri Mormon War, was a conflict between Mormons and non-Mormons in Missouri from August to November 1838, the first of the three \"Mormon Wars\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War\nMembers of the Latter Day Saint movement, founded by Joseph Smith, had gradually migrated from New York to northwestern Missouri since 1831, mainly settling in Jackson County, where tensions with non-Mormon residents led to episodes of anti-Mormon violence. The Mormons were evicted from Jackson County in 1833 and resettled in new counties nearby, where tensions grew again and attempts to evict them resumed. On August 6, 1838, the war began following a brawl at an election in Gallatin, resulting in increased organized violence between Mormons and non-Mormons backed by the Missouri Volunteer Militia in northwestern Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0001-0001", "contents": "1838 Mormon War\nThe Battle of Crooked River in late October led to Lilburn Boggs, the Governor of Missouri, issuing the Missouri Executive Order 44, ordering the Mormons to leave Missouri or be killed. On November 1, 1838, Smith surrendered at Far West, the church's headquarters, ending the war. Smith was charged for treason but escaped custody and fled to Illinois with the remainder of the estimated 10,000 Missouri Mormons, establishing the new settlement of Nauvoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War\nDuring the conflict, 22 people were killed (three Mormons and one non-Mormon at Battle of Crooked Creek, one Mormon prisoner fatally injured while in custody, and 17 Mormons at Haun\u2019s Mill), and an unknown number of non-combatants died due to exposure and hardship as a result of being expelled from their homes in Missouri. All of the conflicts in the Mormon War occurred in a corridor 100 miles (160\u00a0km) to the east and northeast of Kansas City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Background\nShortly after what Mormons consider to be the restoration of the gospel in 1830, Smith stated that he had received a revelation that the Second Coming of Christ was near, that the City of Zion would be near the town of Independence in Jackson County, Missouri, and that his followers were destined to inherit the land held by the current settlers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Background\nIf ye are faithful, ye shall assemble yourselves together to rejoice upon the land of Missouri, which is the land of your inheritance, which is now the land of your enemies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0005-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Background\nSmith's followers, commonly known as Mormons, began to settle in Jackson County in 1831 to \"build up\" the city of Zion. Tensions built up between the rapidly growing Mormon community and the earlier settlers for a number of reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0006-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Background\nThese tensions led to harassment and mob violence against the Mormon settlers. In October 1833, anti-Mormon mobs drove the Mormons from Jackson County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0007-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Background\nAt that time, opponents of the Mormons used a pattern that would be repeated four times, culminating in the expulsion of the Mormons from the entire state. Lilburn Boggs, as a Jackson county resident, and as Lieutenant Governor, was in a position to observe and assist in executing the tactics described by one Mormon historian:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0008-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Background\nIn 1833 Boggs passively saw community leaders and officials sign demands for Mormon withdrawal, and next force a gunbarrel contract to abandon the county before spring planting...anti-Mormon goals were reached in a few simple stages. Executive paralysis permitted terrorism, which forced Mormons to self-defense, which was immediately labeled as an \"insurrection\", and was put down by the activated militia of the county. Once Latter-day Saints were disarmed, mounted squads visited Mormon settlements with threats and enough beatings and destruction of homes to force flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0009-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Background\nForcefully deprived of their homes and property, the Latter-day Saints temporarily settled in the area around Jackson County, especially in Clay County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0010-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Background\nMormon petitions and lawsuits failed to bring any satisfaction:  the non-Mormons in Jackson refused to allow the Mormons to return and reimbursement for confiscated and damaged property was refused. In 1834, Mormons attempted to effect a return to Jackson County with a quasi-military expedition known as Zion's Camp, but this effort also failed when the governor failed to provide the expected support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0011-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Background\nNew converts to Mormonism continued to relocate to Missouri and settle in Clay County. Tensions rose in Clay County as the Mormon population grew. In an effort to keep the peace, Alexander William Doniphan of Clay County pushed a law through the Missouri legislature that created Caldwell County, Missouri, specifically for Mormon settlement in 1836. Mormons had already begun buying land in the proposed Caldwell County, including areas that were carved off to become parts of Ray and Daviess Counties. They had also founded the Caldwell County town of Far West as their Missouri headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0012-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Background\nOnce they were established in a county of their own, a period of relative peace ensued. According to an article in the Elders' Journal \u2013 a Latter Day Saint newspaper published in Far West \u2013 \"The Saints here are at perfect peace with all the surrounding inhabitants, and persecution is not so much as once named among them...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0013-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Background\nFriendship began to be restored between (the Mormons) and their neighbors, the old prejudices were fast dying away, and they were doing well, until the summer of 1838", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0014-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Compromise breaks down, 1838\nIn 1837, problems at the church's headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio, centering on the Kirtland Safety Society bank, led to schism. The church relocated from Kirtland to Far West, which became its new headquarters. Mormon settlement increased as hundreds of members from Kirtland and elsewhere poured into Missouri. Mormons established new colonies outside of Caldwell County, including Adam-ondi-Ahman in Daviess County and De Witt in Carroll County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0015-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Compromise breaks down, 1838\nIn the eyes of many non-Mormon citizens (including Alexander Doniphan), these settlements outside of Caldwell County were a violation of the compromise. Mormons felt that the compromise only excluded major settlements in Clay County and Ray County, not Daviess County and Carroll County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0016-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Compromise breaks down, 1838\nThe earlier settlers saw expansion of Mormon communities outside of Caldwell County as a political and economic threat. In Daviess County, where Whigs and Democrats had been roughly evenly balanced, Mormon population reached a level where they could determine election results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0017-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Salt Sermon and Danites\nAt the same time, a leadership struggle between the church presidency and Missouri leaders led to the excommunication of several high-placed Mormon leaders, including Oliver Cowdery (one of the Three Witnesses and the church's original \"second elder\"), David Whitmer (another of the Three Witnesses and Stake President of the Missouri Church), as well as John Whitmer, Hiram Page, William Wines Phelps and others. I These \"dissenters\", as they came to be called, owned a significant amount of land in Caldwell County, much of which was purchased when they were acting as agents for the church. Possession became unclear and the dissenters threatened the church with lawsuits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0018-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Salt Sermon and Danites\nThe presidency responded by urging the dissenters to leave the county, using strong words that the dissenters interpreted as threats. In his famous Salt Sermon, Sidney Rigdon announced that the dissenters were as salt that had lost its savor and that it was the duty of the faithful to cast the dissenters out to be trodden beneath the feet of men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0019-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Salt Sermon and Danites\nAt the same time Mormons, including Sampson Avard, began to organize a secret society known as the Danites, whose purposes included obeying the church presidency \"right or wrong\" and expelling the dissenters from Caldwell County. Two days after Rigdon preached his Salt Sermon, 80 prominent Mormons, including Hyrum Smith, signed the so-called Danite Manifesto, which warned the dissenters to \"depart or a more fatal calamity shall befall you\". On June 19, the dissenters and their families fled to neighboring counties where their complaints fanned anti-Mormon sentiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0020-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Salt Sermon and Danites\nOn July 4, Rigdon gave an oration, which was characterized by Mormon historian Brigham Henry Roberts as a \"'Declaration of Independence' from all mobs and persecutions\". The text of this speech was endorsed by Joseph Smith, who appeared at the event and participated in the raising of a liberty pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0021-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Salt Sermon and Danites\nIn the speech, Rigdon declared that the Latter-day Saints would no longer be driven from their homes by persecution from without or dissension from within, and that if enemies came again to drive out the Saints, \"And that mob that comes on us to disturb us, it shall be between us and them a war of extermination; for we will follow them until the last drop of their blood is spilled; or else they will have to exterminate us, for we will carry the seat of war to their own houses and their own families, and one party or the other shall be utterly destroyed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0022-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, The Election Day Battle at Gallatin\nThe \"Election Day Battle at Gallatin\" was a skirmish between Mormon and non-Mormon settlers in the newly formed Daviess County, Missouri, on August 6, 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0023-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, The Election Day Battle at Gallatin\nWilliam Peniston, a candidate for the state legislature, made disparaging statements about the Mormons, calling them \"horse-thieves and robbers\", and warned them not to vote in the election. Reminding Daviess County residents of the growing electoral power of the Mormon community, Peniston made a speech in Gallatin claiming that if the Missourians \"suffer such men as these [Mormons] to vote, you will soon lose your suffrage.\" Around 200 non-Mormons gathered in Gallatin on election day to prevent Mormons from voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0024-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, The Election Day Battle at Gallatin\nWhen about thirty Latter Day Saints approached the polling place, a Missourian named Dick Weldon declared that in Clay County the Mormons had not been allowed to vote, \"no more than negroes\". One of the Mormons present, Samuel Brown, claimed that Peniston's statements were false and then declared his intention to vote. This triggered a brawl between the bystanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0025-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, The Election Day Battle at Gallatin\nAt the start of the brawl, Mormon John Butler let out a call, \"Oh yes, you Danites, here is a job for us!\" which rallied the Mormons and allowed them to drive off their opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0026-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, The Election Day Battle at Gallatin\nA number of Missourians left the scene to obtain guns and ammunition and swore that they would \"kill all the Saints they could find, or drive them out of Daviess County, sparing neither men, women or children\". The crowd dispersed, and the Mormons returned to their homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0027-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, The Election Day Battle at Gallatin\nThe skirmish is often cited as the first serious violence of the war in Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0028-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, The Election Day Battle at Gallatin\nRumors among both parties spread that there were casualties in the conflict. When Joseph Smith and volunteers rode to Adam-ondi-Ahman to assess the situation, they discovered there were no truths to the rumors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0029-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, The Election Day Battle at Gallatin\nWhen the Mormons heard a rumor that Judge Adam Black was gathering a mob near Millport, one hundred armed men, including Joseph Smith, surrounded Black's home. They asked if the rumor was true and demanded that he sign a document disavowing any connection to the vigilance committees. Black refused, but after meeting with Smith, he wrote and signed a document stating that he \"is not attached to any mob, nor will attach himself to any such people, and so long as they [the Mormons] will not molest me, I will not molest them.\" Black later confirmed that he had felt threatened by the large number of hostile armed men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0030-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, The Election Day Battle at Gallatin\nThe Mormons also visited Sheriff William Morgan and several other leading Daviess County citizens, also forcing some of them to sign statements disavowing any ties to the vigilance committees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0031-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, The Election Day Battle at Gallatin\nAt a meeting at Lyman Wight's home between leading Mormons and non-Mormons, both sides agreed not to protect anyone who had broken the law and to surrender all offenders to the authorities. With peace restored, Smith's group returned to Caldwell County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0032-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, The Election Day Battle at Gallatin\nBlack and others filed complaints against Smith and the other identifiable Mormon participants. On September 7, Smith and Lyman Wight appeared before Judge Austin A. King to answer the charges. King found that there was sufficient evidence to  have the defendants appear before a grand jury on misdemeanor charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0033-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nIn the spring of 1838, Henry Root, a non-Mormon who was a major land-owner in Carroll County, visited Far West and sold his plots in the mostly vacant town of De Witt to church leaders. De Witt possessed a strategically important location near the intersection of the Grand River and the Missouri River. Two members of the Far West High Council, George M. Hinkle and John Murdock, were sent to take possession of the town and to begin to colonize it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0034-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nOn July 30, citizens of Carroll County met in Carrollton to discuss the Mormon colonization of De Witt. The question of whether or not Mormons should be allowed to settle in the county was placed on the August 6 ballot; a heavy majority favored expulsion of the Mormons. A committee sent to De Witt ordered the Latter-day Saints to leave. Hinkle and Murdock refused, citing their right as American citizens to settle where they pleased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0035-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nSentiment among the anti-Mormon segment of Carroll County's population hardened, and some began to take up arms. On August 19, 1838, Mormon settler Smith Humphrey reports that 100 armed men led by Colonel William Claude Jones took him prisoner for two hours and threatened him and the rest of the Mormon community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0036-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nInitial reaction by Missourians was mixed. While Mormons were viewed as deluded or worse, many Missourians agreed with the sentiment expressed in the Southern Advocate:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0037-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nBy what color of propriety a portion of the people of the State, can organize themselves into a body, independent of the civil power, and contravene the general laws of the land by preventing the free enjoyment of the right of citizenship to another portion of the people, we are at a loss to comprehend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0038-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nAs tensions built in Daviess County, other counties began to respond to Carroll County's request for assistance in expelling the Mormons from their county. Citizens in Saline, Howard, Jackson, Chariton, Ray, and other nearby counties organized vigilance committees sympathetic to the Carroll County expulsion party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0039-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nSome isolated Mormons in outlying areas also came under attack. In Livingston County, a group of armed men forced Asahel Lathrop from his home, where they held his ill wife and children prisoner. Lathrop wrote \"I was compeled [sic] to leave my home my house was thronged with a company of armed men consisting of fourteen in number and they abusing my family in allmost [sic] every form that Creturs [sic] in the shape of human Beeings [sic] could invent.\" After more than a week, a company of armed Mormons assisted Lathrop in rescuing his wife and two of his children (one had died while prisoner). Lathrop's wife and remaining children died shortly after their rescue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0040-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nOn September 20, 1838, about one hundred fifty armed men rode into De Witt and demanded that the Mormons leave within ten days. Hinkle and other Mormon leaders informed the men that they would fight. They also sent a request for assistance to Governor Boggs, noting that the mob had threatened \"to exterminate them, without regard to age or sex\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0041-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nOn October 1, the mob burned the home and stables of Smith Humphrey. The citizens of De Witt sent non-Mormon Henry Root to appeal to Judge King and General Parks for assistance. Later that day, the Carroll County forces sealed off the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0042-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nThe besieged town resorted to butchering whatever loose livestock wandered into town in order to avoid starvation while waiting for the militia or the Governor to come to their aid. General Parks arrived with the Ray County militia on October 6, but his order to disperse was ignored by the mob. When his own troops threatened to join the attackers, Parks was forced to withdraw to Daviess County in hopes that the Governor would come to mediate. Parks wrote his superior, General David Rice Atchison, that \"a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0043-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nOn October 9, A C Caldwell returned to De Witt to report that the Governor's response was that the \"quarrel was between the Mormons and the mob\" and that they should fight it out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0044-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nOn October 11, Mormon leaders agreed to abandon the settlement and move to Caldwell County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0045-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormons expelled from De Witt\nOn the first night of the march out of Carroll County, two Mormon women died. One woman died of exposure, the other (a woman named Jenson) died in childbirth. Several children also became ill during the ordeal and died later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0046-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nGeneral David R. Atchison wrote a letter to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838. He stated that General Parks reported to him that \"a portion of the men from Carroll County, with one piece of artillery, are on their march for Daviess County, where it is thought the same lawless game is to be played over, and the Mormons to be driven from that county and probably from Caldwell County.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0046-0001", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nAtchison said further, \"I would respectfully suggest to your Excellency the propriety of a visit to the scene of excitement in person, or at all events, a strong proclamation\" as the only way to restore peace and the rule of law. Boggs, however, ignored this plea and continued to wait as events unravelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0047-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nMeanwhile, a group of non-Mormons from Clinton, Platte, and other counties began to harass Mormons in Daviess County, burning outlying homes and plundering property. Latter Day Saint refugees began to flee to Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection and shelter against the upcoming winter. Joseph Smith, returning to Far West from De Witt, was informed by General Doniphan of the deteriorating situation. Doniphan already had troops raised to prevent fighting between Mormons and anti-Mormons in Daviess County. On Sunday, October 14, a small company of state militia under the command of Colonel William A. Dunn of Clay County arrived in Far West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0047-0001", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nDunn, acting under the orders of Doniphan, continued on to Adam-ondi-Ahman. Although he was sympathetic to the Mormons' plight, Doniphan reminded the Latter-day Saints that the Caldwell County militia could not legally enter Daviess County, and he advised Mormons traveling there to go in small parties and unarmed. Ignoring this counsel, Judge Higby, a Mormon judge in Caldwell County called out the Caldwell militia, led by Colonel George M. Hinkle. Although county officials could only legally act within the county, this judge authorized Hinkle to defend Latter-day Saint settlements in neighboring Daviess County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0048-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nColonel Hinkle and Mormons of the Caldwell County militia were joined by elements of the Danite organization. On October 18, these Mormons began to act as vigilantes and marched under arms in three groups to Daviess County. Lyman Wight took his army and attacked Millport. David W. Patten, also known as Captain Fearnot, attacked Gallatin. Seymour Brunson attacked Grindstone Fork. The Missourians and their families, outnumbered by the Mormons, made their way to neighboring counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0049-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nHaving taken control of the Missourian settlements, the Mormons plundered the property and burned the stores and houses. The county seat, Gallatin, is reported to have been \"completely gutted\" \u2013 only one shoe store remained unscathed. Millport, Grindstone Fork and the smaller Missourian settlement of Splawn's Ridge were also plundered and had some houses burned. The plundered goods were deposited in the Bishop's storehouse at Diahman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0050-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nDuring the days that followed, Latter Day Saint vigilantes under the direction and encouragement of Lyman Wight drove Missourians who lived in outlying farms from their homes, which were similarly plundered and burned. According to one witness, \"We could stand in our door and see houses burning every night for over two weeks... the Mormons completely gutted Daviess County. There was scarcely a Missourian's home left standing in the county. Nearly every one was burned.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0051-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nThe Missourians evicted from their homes were no better prepared than the Mormon refugees had been. After the stress of being expelled from Millport into the snow, Milford Donaho's wife gave birth prematurely, and the child was severely injured during the birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0052-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nEven Missourians who had been friendly to the Mormons were not spared. Jacob Stollings, a Gallatin merchant, was reported to have been generous in selling to Mormons on credit, but his store was plundered and burned with the rest. Judge Josiah Morin and Samuel McBrier, both considered friendly to the Mormons, both fled Daviess County after being threatened. McBrier's house was among those burned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0053-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nWhen a Mormon band plundered and burned the Taylor home, one young Mormon, Benjamin F Johnson, argued his fellow vigilantes into leaving a horse for a pregnant Mrs Taylor and her children to ride to safety. Ironically, as a result of his kindness, he was the only Mormon who was positively identified to have participated in the home burnings. After several non-Mormons made statements to the authorities that Johnson had acted as a moderating influence on the Danites, he was allowed to escape rather than stand trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0054-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nMany Latter Day Saints were greatly troubled by the occurrences. Mormon leader John Corrill wrote, \"the love of pillage grew upon them very fast, for they plundered every kind of property they could get a hold of.\" Some Latter-day Saints claimed that some of the Missourians burned their own homes in order to blame the Mormons. None of these claims, however, purport to be eyewitness accounts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0054-0001", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nOverwhelmingly, these claims are contradicted by the majority of both Missourian and Latter Day Saint testimony (which implicate the Mormons in the burnings) and also by the evidence of the looted property found in the possession of Latter Day Saints. Even Mormon leader Parley P Pratt conceded that some burnings had been done by Mormons. Based on the available evidence, LeSueur estimates that Mormons were responsible for the burning of fifty homes or shops and the displacement of one hundred non-Mormon families. Millport, which at time was the largest city in the county and the center for trade, never recovered from the Mormon burnings, and became a ghost town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0055-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition\nLocal citizens were outraged by the actions of the Danites and other Mormon bands. Several Mormon homes near Millport were burned and their inhabitants expelled into the snow. Agnes Smith, a sister-in-law of Joseph, was chased from her home with two small children when her home was burned. With one child in each arm, she waded across an icy creek to safety in Adam-ondi-Ahman. Nathan Tanner reported that his militia company rescued another woman and three small children who were hiding in the bushes as their home burned. Other Mormons, fearing similar retribution by the Missourians, gathered into Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0056-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Daviess County expedition, Marsh affidavit\nThomas B. Marsh, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the church, and fellow Apostle Orson Hyde were alarmed by the events of the Daviess County expedition. On October 19, 1838, the day after Gallatin was burned, Thomas B. Marsh and fellow apostle Orson Hyde left the association of the Church. On October 24, they swore out affidavits concerning the burning and looting in Daviess County. They also reported the existence of the Danite group among the Mormons and repeated a popular rumor that a group of Danites was planning to attack and burn Richmond and Liberty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 59], "content_span": [60, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0057-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Battle of Crooked River\nFearing attack, many citizens of Ray County moved their wives and children across the Missouri River for safety. A Militia under the command of Samuel Bogart was authorized by General Atchison to patrol the no-man's land between Ray and Caldwell Counties known as \"Bunkham's Strip\" \u2013 an unincorporated territory 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) east to west and 1-mile (1.6\u00a0km) north to south. Instead of staying in the strip, Bogart passed into southern Caldwell County and began to disarm Mormons. Rumor reached Far West that a Militia unit from Ray County had taken Mormons prisoner and an armed party was quickly assembled to rescue these prisoners and push the Militia out of the county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0058-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Battle of Crooked River\nWhen the Mormons arrived on the scene, the State Militia unit was camped along Crooked River in the Bunkham's Strip just south of Caldwell County. The Mormons divided into three columns led by David W. Patten, Charles C. Rich, and James Durphee. The Missouri Militia had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. The Militia broke ranks and fled across the river. Although Mormons won the battle, they took heavier casualties than the Militia, only one of whom, Moses Rowland, was killed. On the Mormon side, Gideon Carter was killed in the battle and nine other Mormons were wounded, including Patten, who soon after died from his wounds. According to one Mormon witness, the deaths \"threw a gloom over the whole place\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0059-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormon Extermination Order\nNews of the battle quickly spread and contributed to an all-out panic in northwestern Missouri. Exaggerated initial reports indicated that nearly all of Bogart's company had been killed. Generals Atchison, Doniphon and Parks decided they needed to call out the Militia to \"prevent further violence\". This is how it was explained in a letter to US Army Colonel R. B. Mason of Ft. Leavenworth:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0060-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormon Extermination Order\nThe citizens of Daviess, Carroll, and some other counties have raised mob after mob for the last two months for the purpose of driving a group of mormons from those counties and from the State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0061-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormon Extermination Order\nWhile the State Militia gathered, Missouri unorganized Militia continued to act on their own, driving Mormons inward to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0062-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormon Extermination Order\nMeanwhile, exaggerated reports from the Battle of Crooked River made their way to Missouri's governor, Lilburn Boggs. Boggs held strong preconceptions against the Mormons, dating from the time when both he and they had lived in Jackson County. Although he had refrained from stopping the illegal anti-Mormon siege of De Witt, he now mustered 2,500 State Militia to put down the Mormon insurrection against the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0062-0001", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Mormon Extermination Order\nPossibly playing on Rigdon's July 4 sermon that talked of a \"war of extermination\", Boggs issued Missouri Executive Order 44, also known as the \"Extermination Order\", on October 27, which stated that \"the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace...\"  The Extermination Order was finally rescinded on June 25, 1976, by Governor Christopher Samuel \"Kit\" Bond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0063-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Haun's Mill Massacre\nAgitation against the Latter Day Saints had become particularly fierce in the sparsely settled counties north and east of Caldwell County. Mormon dissenters from Daviess County who had fled to Livingston County reportedly told Livingston County militia under Colonel Thomas Jennings that Mormons were gathering at Haun's Mill to mount a raid into Livingston County. One 19th century Missouri historian noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0064-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Haun's Mill Massacre\nThe Daviess County men were very bitter against the Mormons, and vowed the direst vengeance on the entire sect. It did not matter whether or not the Mormons at [Haun's] mill had taken any part in the disturbance which had occurred [in Daviess County]; it was enough that they were Mormons. The Livingston men became thoroughly imbued with the same spirit, and were eager for the raid ... feel[ing] an extraordinary sympathy for the outrages suffered by their neighbors", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0065-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Haun's Mill Massacre\nAlthough it had just been issued, it is unlikely that the governor's \"Extermination Order\" would have already reached these men, and in any event it would not have authorized them to cross into Caldwell County to raid. In addition, none of the participants in the raid cited the order as justification for their actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0066-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Haun's Mill Massacre\nOn October 29, this large vigilante band of some 250 men assembled and entered eastern Caldwell County. When the Missourian raiders approached the settlement on the afternoon of October 30, some 30 to 40 Latter Day Saint families were living or encamped there. Despite an attempt by the Mormons to parley, the mob attacked. Thomas McBride surrendered his rifle to Jacob Rogers, who shot McBride with his own gun. When McBride held out a hand, Rogers cut it off with a corn knife, then may have further mangled his body while McBride was still alive. Other members of the mob opened fire, which sent the Latter-day Saints fleeing in all directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0067-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Haun's Mill Massacre\nWhile Mormon women and children scattered and hid in the surrounding woods and nearby homes, Mormon men and boys rallied to defend the settlement. They moved into a blacksmith shop, which they hoped to use as a makeshift defensive fortification. Unfortunately, the shop had large gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, as one Mormon later recalled, it became more \"slaughter-house rather than a shelter\". The mob gave no quarter. After most of the defenders in the blacksmith shop had been killed or mortally wounded, some of the Missourians entered to finish the work. Finding 10-year-old Sardius Smith hiding behind the bellows, William Reynolds of Livingston County shot and killed the boy, saying: \"Nits will make lice, and if he had lived he would have become a Mormon\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0068-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Haun's Mill Massacre\nIn all, 17 Latter Day Saints were killed in what came to be called the Haun's Mill Massacre. When survivors of the massacre reached Far West, the reports of the savagery of the attack played a significant part in the decision of the Mormons to surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0069-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Haun's Mill Massacre\nNone of the Missourians were ever prosecuted for their role in the Haun's Mill Massacre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0070-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders\nMost Mormons gathered to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection. Major General Samuel D. Lucas marched the state militia to Far West and laid siege to the Mormon headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0071-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders\nSurrounded by the state militia, the mood in besieged Far West was uneasy. Joseph Smith ordered Colonel George M. Hinkle, the head of the Mormon militia in Caldwell County, to ride out and meet with General Lucas to seek terms. According to Hinkle, Smith wanted a treaty with the Missourians \"on any terms short of battle\". Other Latter Day Saint witnesses remembered that Smith said to \"beg like a dog for peace\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0072-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders\nLucas' terms were severe. The Latter-day Saints were to give up their leaders for trial and to surrender all of their arms. Every Mormon who had taken up arms was to sell his property to pay for the damages to Missourian property and for the muster of the state militia. Finally, the Mormons who had taken up arms were to leave the state. Colonel Hinkle stated that the Latter Day Saints would help bring to justice those Mormons who had violated the law, but he protested that the other terms were illegal and unconstitutional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0073-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders\nColonel Hinkle rode to the church leaders in Far West and informed them of the offered terms. According to Latter Day Saint witness Reed Peck, when Smith was told that the Mormons would be expected to leave the state, he replied that \"he did not care\" and that he would be glad to get out of the \"damnable state\" anyway. Smith and the other leaders rode with Hinkle back to the Missouri militia encampment. The militia promptly arrested Smith and the other leaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0073-0001", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders\nSmith believed that Hinkle had betrayed him, but Hinkle maintained his innocence and claimed that he was following Smith's orders. To William Wines Phelps, a fellow Latter-day Saint and witness to the events, Hinkle wrote: \"When the facts were laid before Joseph, did he not say, 'I will go'; and did not the others go with him, and that, too, voluntarily, so far as you and I were concerned?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0074-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders\nJoseph Smith and the other arrested leaders were held overnight under guard in General Lucas' camp, where they were left exposed to the elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0075-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders\nHyrum Smith, Brigham Young, and other leaders left at Far West warned the veterans of Crooked River to flee. \"If found, they will be shot down like dogs,\" warned Hyrum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0076-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders\nJoseph Smith Jr attempted to negotiate with Lucas, but it became clear that Lucas considered his conditions to be non-negotiable. At 8:00\u00a0am, Joseph sent word to Far West to surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0077-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders\nGeneral Clark made the following speech to the brethren on the public square: \"... The orders of the governor to me were, that you should be exterminated, and not allowed to remain in the state, and had your leaders not been given up, and the terms of the treaty complied with, before this, you and your families would have been destroyed and your houses in ashes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0078-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders\nThe Far West militia was marched out of the city and forced to turn over their weapons to General Lucas. The men under the command of Lucas were then allowed to ransack the city to search for weapons. Brigham Young recounts that, once the militia was disarmed, Lucas's men were turned loose on the city:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0079-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders\n[ T]hey commenced their ravages by plundering the citizens of their bedding, clothing, money, wearing apparel, and every thing of value they could lay their hands upon, and also attempting to violate the chastity of the women in sight of their husbands and friends, under the pretence of hunting for prisoners and arms. The soldiers shot down our oxen, cows, hogs and fowls, at our own doors, taking part away and leaving the rest to rot in the streets. The soldiers also turned their horses into our fields of corn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0080-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Trials of Mormon leaders\nLucas tried Joseph Smith and other Mormon leaders by court martial on November 1, the evening of the surrender. After the court martial, he ordered General Alexander William Doniphan:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0081-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Trials of Mormon leaders\nYou will take Joseph Smith and the other prisoners into the public square of Far West and shoot them at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0082-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Trials of Mormon leaders\nIt is cold-blooded murder. I will not obey your order. My brigade shall march for Liberty to-morrow morning, at 8 o'clock, and if you execute those men, I will hold you responsible before an earthly tribunal, so help me God!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0083-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Trials of Mormon leaders\nThe defendants, consisting of about 60 men including Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon, were turned over to a civil court of inquiry in Richmond under Judge Austin A. King, on charges of treason, murder, arson, burglary, robbery, larceny and perjury. The court of inquiry began November 12, 1838. After the inquiry, all but a few of the Mormon prisoners were released, but Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Lyman Wight, Caleb Baldwin, Hyrum Smith and Alexander McRae were held in the Liberty Jail in Liberty, Clay County on charges of treason against the state, murder, arson, burglary, robbery and larceny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0084-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Trials of Mormon leaders\nDuring a transfer to another prison in the spring of 1839, Smith escaped. The exact circumstances that allowed for him to escape are not certain. John Whitmer recounts that Smith bribed the guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0085-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Trials of Mormon leaders\nIt is also believed that Smith's imprisonment had become an embarrassment, and that an escape would be convenient for Boggs and the rest of the Missouri political establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0086-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Trials of Mormon leaders\nSmith and the other Mormons resettled in Nauvoo, Illinois, beginning in 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0087-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Trials of Mormon leaders\nDaviess County residents were outraged by the escape of Smith and the other leaders. William Bowman, one of the guards, was dragged by his hair across the town square. Sheriff Morgan was ridden through town on an iron bar, and died shortly afterward from the injuries he suffered during the ride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0088-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath\nGeneral Clark viewed Executive Order 44 as having been fulfilled by the agreement of the Mormons to evacuate the state the following spring. The militia was disbanded in late November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0089-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath\nMissouri blamed the Mormons for the conflict and forced the Latter-day Saints to sign over all their lands in order to pay for the state militia muster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0090-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath\nMormon leaders appealed to the state legislature to overturn the requirement that they leave the state, but the legislature tabled the issue until a date well after that when the Mormons would have left the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0091-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath\nWith the refusal of the Governor or Legislature to intervene, and having surrendered the bulk of their firearms, Mormons were left nearly defenseless to face the mob. Mormon residents were harassed and attacked by angry residents who were no longer restrained by militia officers. Judge Austin A King, who had been assigned the cases of the Mormons charged with offenses during the conflict, warned \"If you once think to plant crops or to occupy your lands any longer than the first of April, the citizens will be upon you: they will kill you every one, men, women and children.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0092-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Flight of Mormons to Illinois\nStripped of their property, the Mormons were then given a few months to leave the state. Most refugees made their way east to Illinois, where residents of the town of Quincy helped them. When faced with the Mormon refugees from Missouri, the people of Quincy, Illinois, were outraged by the treatment the Mormons had experienced. One resolution passed by the Quincy town council read:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0093-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Flight of Mormons to Illinois\nResolved: That the gov of Missouri, in refusing protection to this class of people when pressed upon by an heartless mob, and turning upon them a band of unprincipled Militia, with orders encouraging their extermination, has brought a lasting disgrace upon the state over which he presides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0094-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Flight of Mormons to Illinois\nEventually, the large portion of the Mormons regrouped and founded a new city in Illinois which they called Nauvoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0095-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Political fallout\nWhen events in Daviess County caused Missourians to see the Mormon community as a violent threat, non-Mormon public opinion hardened in favor of a firm military response. Even militia commanders such as Clark, Doniphan, and Atchison who were sympathetic to the Mormons came to see a military response as the only way to bring the situation under control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0096-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Political fallout\nMany of Boggs's constituents felt that he had mis-managed the situation, by failing to intervene earlier in the crisis, and then by overreacting on the basis of partial and incorrect information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0097-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Political fallout\nThe Missouri Argus published an editorial on December 20, 1838, that public opinion should not permit the Mormons to forcibly be expelled from the state:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0098-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Political fallout\nThey cannot be driven beyond the limits of the state\u2014that is certain. To do so, would be to act with extreme cruelty. Public opinion has recoiled from a summary and forcible removal of our negro population;\u2014much more likely will it be to revolt at the violent expulsion of two or three thousand souls, who have so many ties to connect them with us in a common brotherhood. If they choose to remain, we must be content. The day has gone by when masses of men can be outlawed, and driven from society to the wilderness, unprotected. ... The refinement, the charity of our age, will not brook it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0099-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Political fallout\nEven people who otherwise would have had no sympathy for the Mormons were appalled by Boggs's Executive Order and the treatment of the Mormons by the mobs. One contemporary critic of the Mormons wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0100-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Political fallout\nMormonism is a monstrous evil; and the only place where it ever did or ever could shine, this side of the world of despair, is by the side of the Missouri mob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0101-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Political fallout\nLeSueur notes that, along with other setbacks, Boggs's mishandling of the Mormon conflict left him \"politically impotent\" by the end of his term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0102-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Boggs assassination attempt\nOn May 6, 1842, Boggs was shot in the head at his home three blocks from Temple Lot. Boggs survived, but Mormons came under immediate suspicion especially of the alleged failed assassination attempt by Orrin Porter Rockwell of the Mormon Danites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0103-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Boggs assassination attempt\nSheriff J.H. Reynolds discovered a revolver at the scene, still loaded with buckshot. He surmised that the perpetrator had fired upon Boggs and lost his firearm in the night when the weapon recoiled due to its unusually large shot. The gun was found to have been stolen from a local shopkeeper, who identified \"that hired man of Ward's\" as the most likely culprit. Reynolds determined the man in question was Porter Rockwell, a close associate of Joseph Smith. However, Reynolds was unable to capture Rockwell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0104-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Boggs assassination attempt\nJohn C. Bennett, a disaffected Mormon, reported that Smith had offered a cash reward to anyone who would assassinate Boggs, and that Smith had admitted to him that Rockwell had done the deed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0105-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Boggs assassination attempt\nJoseph Smith vehemently denied Bennett's account, speculating that Boggs\u2014no longer governor, but campaigning for state senate\u2014was attacked by an election opponent. One historian notes that Governor Boggs was running for election against several violent men, all capable of the deed, and that there was no particular reason to suspect Rockwell of the crime. Other historians are convinced that Rockwell was involved in the shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022067-0106-0000", "contents": "1838 Mormon War, Aftermath, Boggs assassination attempt\nWhatever the case, the following year Rockwell was arrested, tried, and acquitted of the attempted murder, although most of Boggs' contemporaries remained convinced of his guilt. A grand jury was unable to find sufficient evidence to indict him, convinced in part by his reputation as a deadly gunman and his statement that he \"never shot at anybody, if I shoot they get shot!... He's still alive, ain't he?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022068-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Naval Air Squadron\n1838 Naval Air Squadron (1838 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022068-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Naval Air Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022069-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1838 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 5 to 7, 1838, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022069-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 New York gubernatorial election\nThe issues of slavery and abolition were among the topics of the campaigns. Abolitionists asked the candidates for both positions their stands on the following issues:1) \"the right of blacks to a jury trial when seized as fugitive slaves;2) a law freeing slaves-in-transit the moment they were brought into the state by their masters; and3) equal suffrage for blacks.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022069-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 New York gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Democrat William Marcy and his running mate were described as doughfaces, not supporting the abolitionist proposals. During the campaign, Seward said that he did not support the latter two proposals, noting that a change to suffrage required a constitutional amendment to be changed. Abolitionists endorsed Luther Bradish, the Whig candidate for lieutenant governor, who supported all three, and some activists recommended voting against Seward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022069-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 New York gubernatorial election\nBut he and Bradish defeated the Democratic candidates. After election, Seward demonstrated considerable support for African Americans, signing legislation during his two terms to guarantee jury trials to alleged fugitive slaves, to repeal the nine-month allowance for slaveholders bringing slaves into the state, to give state support to efforts to gain freedom for free blacks kidnapped and sold into slavery, and establish public education for all children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022069-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Whig Party nominated former state senator and 1834 gubernatorial nominee William H. Seward. They nominated state assemblyman Luther Bradish for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022069-0005-0000", "contents": "1838 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic Party nominated incumbent Governor William L. Marcy. They nominated the incumbent John Tracy for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022069-0006-0000", "contents": "1838 New York gubernatorial election, Sources\nThis New York elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022070-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1838. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 96 to 99. Voter turnout was 50.2%, although only 5.7% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022071-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1838 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was between two candidates. Incumbent Governor Joseph Ritner ran as an Anti-Masonic candidate. Ritner's defeat by Democrat David R. Porter prompted the Buckshot War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022072-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election\nOn March 8, 1838, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of Henry A. P. Muhlenberg (D) on February 9, 1838", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022072-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election, Election results\nKeim took his seat on March 17, 1838 during the 2nd session of the 25th Congress", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 81], "content_span": [82, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022073-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Portuguese legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 12 August and 12 September 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022073-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nA new constitution was promulgated in 1838 following the September Revolution in 1836, and the elections were held based on a decree on 9 April 1838. The constitution provided for a bicameral parliament with a directly-elected Senate (replacing the appointed Chamber of Most Worthy Peers) and Chamber of Deputies. Voting was restricted to men over the age of 25 and income of at least 80,000 reals, although members of religious orders, servants, vagabonds and those still dependent on their parents were barred from voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022073-0001-0001", "contents": "1838 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe voting age was reduced to 20 for men who were married, serving in the military, had graduated from university or were part of the secular clergy. Candidates for the Chamber were required to have a net income of over 400,000 reals, and at least half of those elected in each constituency were required to have been born in the area or have lived in it for at least a year. Candidates for the Senate needed to be at least 35 years old and had a higher income threshold, but were not required to have a geographic link to their constituency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022073-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe 142 members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected from 28 multi-member constituencies with between 2 and 15 seats, with 116 representing the mainland, 12 from the islands and 14 representing overseas colonies. The elections were held using a two-round system, with candidates required to receive a majority of the vote to be elected in the first round, before a second round (which was limited to a number of candidates equalling three times the number of seats remaining to be filled) was carried out on a plurality basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022073-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Portuguese legislative election, Results\nThe result was a victory for the ruling Setembristas, who contested the elections in an alliance with their former Cartista opponents as the 'Electoral Association of the Centre'. The Setembristas affiliated with Manuel da Silva Passos were grouped as the 'Public Electoral Association', whilst the Radicals formed the 'Civic Association'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election\nThe Republic of Texas presidential election of 1838 was the second presidential election. It was held on September 3, 1838. By a provision of the constitution, the term of office of the first president was limited to two years, without his being eligible for re-election; succeeding presidents were to hold their office for three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election\nThe contest was held between Mirabeau Lamar, the vice president of the Republic of Texas and Robert Wilson, the Republic of Texas Senator for Harrisburg and Liberty. Although both candidates were considered nonpartisan, the two were representative of competing factions. Because Texas law did not allow consecutive terms for presidents, incumbent Sam Houston could not run for re-election during this time. Lamar was considered Houston's rival, and although such differences between Houston and Lamar were at the time considered mostly personal in nature, Wilson was considered to be running on behalf of Houston's oppositional faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election\nWilson was at a large disadvantage because he did not announce his candidacy until well after Lamar did, and only due to the fact that two other previous candidates Peter W. Grayson and James Collinsworth had committed suicide earlier in the campaign process. Because the likelihood of Wilson defeating Lamar was considered so improbable, many considered Lamar to be running unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election, Nominations, Mirabeau B. Lamar\nOn December 1, 1837, eleven of the fourteen members of the Texas Senate addressed Vice President Mirabeau Lamar in a letter in which they encouraged him to accept a nomination. Before he would respond to this letter, six days later he wrote to Thomas Jefferson Rusk to inquire what his intentions were. In his response, Rusk gave Lamar his support, and claimed he would not run against him. It was then in which Lamar gave an affirmative response to the senators that he would run for office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election, Nominations, Mirabeau B. Lamar\nTo nominate him publicly, several public meetings were arranged and took place through the next year. The first meeting took place in Richmond on April 17, 1838 where he and David G. Burnet were nominated, then another in Columbia on the 21st, Galveston on the 23rd, and San Augustine on May 10. On May 19, 1838, a large gathering took place in the Hall of the House of Representatives in Houston, where resolutions were adopted favoring Lamar for the presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0005-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election, Nominations, Robert Wilson\nSenator Robert Wilson of Harrisburg, who had gained office in the election of 1836, represented the districts of Harrisburg and Liberty, and was still serving a three year term as senator when he announced his candidacy. Although Wilson was the sole opposition representing the Houston faction after the deaths of Collinsworth and Grayson, he was never taken seriously for the office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0006-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election, Nominations, Other candidates\nIn the May 26, 1838 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register, at the request of William Pettus, Edward Burleson, Michel Menard, and Thomas F. McKinney, correspondence regarding Peter W. Grayon's nomination to the presidency was published. The published correspondence detailed that on May 21, 1838, Peter W. Grayson, a former interim Attorney General of Texas, was addressed by thirty-one Texas leaders to consider a nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0006-0001", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election, Nominations, Other candidates\nThree days later, Grayson responded that he would accept a candidacy, but acknowledged that he would be absent from Texas during campaigning, as he would depart for Washington D.C. in his role as minister plenipotentiary to the United States. Grayson's candidacy was cut short, as he took his own life on July 9, 1838 while in Bean Station, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0007-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election, Nominations, Other candidates\nFollowing the death of Grayson, James Collinsworth was then asked to take up the Houstonian party's nomination. The first published report of his candidacy was on June 30, 1838. However, by the following month, Collinsworth also died after jumping off of a boat in Galveston Bay after a week of drunkenness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0008-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election, Nominations, Other candidates\nFormer interim president David G. Burnet was also encouraged to run for the presidency, but declined because he did not want to run against his friend Lamar, and instead ran for vice president with the hopes of the Lamar victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0009-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election, General election, Campaign\nDuring the campaign process, several charges were leveled against Mirabeau Lamar. First, in June 1838, Lamar's opponents claimed that he was constitutionally ineligible for the office of the presidency because he had not been a citizen of Texas for at least three years. In a June 16, 1838 letter written by Lamar to journalists Samuel Whiting of the Houston-based National Intelligencer and J.W.J. Miles, he dismissed the notion of his ineligibility as \"mortifying [...] if seriously entertained\". Lamar claimed that he had entered Texas in July 1835, with intention to be a citizen, and purchased land rights from the land surveyor of Coles' Settlement from which he could produce a receipt as evidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0010-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election, General election, Campaign\nIn August, in the Telegraph and Texas Register a defensive editorial was published that refuted an accusation by the Galveston Civilian that Lamar had defrauded the government of one acre of land. The Galveston Civilian later claimed that Lamar was even \"partially insane\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0011-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election, General election, Results\nObtaining an impressive 96.5% of the vote, Mirabeau Lamar defeated Robert Wilson in a landslide. The count was 6,995 in favor of Lamar, while only 252 voted for Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022074-0012-0000", "contents": "1838 Republic of Texas presidential election, General election, Results\nBurnet was elected vice-president with 3,952 votes (55.4%). Albert Clinton Horton came in second place with 1,971 votes (27.6%) while Joseph Rowe finished third with 1,215 votes (17.0%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake\nThe 1838 San Andreas earthquake is believed to be a rupture along the northern part of the San Andreas Fault in June 1838. It affected approximately 100\u00a0km (62 miles) of the fault, from the San Francisco Peninsula to the Santa Cruz Mountains. It was a strong earthquake, with an estimated moment magnitude of 6.8 to 7.2, making it one of the largest known earthquakes in California. The region was lightly populated at the time, although structural damage was reported in San Francisco, Oakland, and Monterey. It is unknown whether there were fatalities. Based on geological sampling, the fault created approximately 1.5 meters (5.0 feet) of slip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake\nFor years, another large earthquake was said to have occurred two years earlier on June 10, 1836 along the Hayward fault; however, this is now believed to be referring to the 1838 San Andreas earthquake. There is no evidence a large earthquake hit the region in 1836.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Preface\nDuring the 1830s in California, the largest of the few settlements usually contained no more than several hundred individuals. This is true even for the area between the San Francisco Peninsula and south to the Santa Clara Valley. Indians kept no records and communications between the villages was poor. There were no local newspapers and no correspondents from news agencies in the distant United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0002-0001", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Preface\nBeginning in 1833, the secularization of the Spanish missions brought an end to the once plentiful and dominant source of information in the study of previous earthquakes, and other Mexican sources during this period were also lacking. The California Gold Rush ushered in a host of changes, including the startup of newspapers in the Sierra Nevada and the San Francisco Bay Area. These records were tapped later on by seismologists in their study of earthquakes in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Preface\nThe lack of archives made work difficult for seismologists preparing earthquake catalogs or those involved in creating seismic hazard and risk estimates. The science of seismology was still many decades in the future and no measuring equipment existed to aid in the recording and documentation of earthquakes. Had there been equipment available to use in the study, there were still no scientists in the area to perform the work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0003-0001", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Preface\nInstruments capable of detecting earthquakes that were designed by John Milne became available by 1896, but it was not until the Wood-Anderson seismograph was developed in 1926 that instruments began to be used in widespread fashion in California. Details that made their way into the earthquake catalogs showed that the period 1836\u20131840 was one of the most active on record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe San Andreas Fault (SAF) system is a network of active right-lateral strike-slip faults that form a portion of a complex and diffuse transform type plate boundary. The zone of deformation between the Pacific and North American plates extends east into the Basin and Range Province of Eastern California and western Nevada. The faults span on and off shore along the California portion of the Pacific Rim, and near San Diego they are about 150 kilometers (93\u00a0mi) wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0004-0001", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Tectonic setting\nIn the area near San Francisco Bay, the extent of the various fault strands are limited to about 80 kilometers (50\u00a0mi). This system of faults terminates in the north at the Mendocino Triple Junction where the north-northwest trending SAF meets the east trending Mendocino Fracture Zone and the Cascadia subduction zone. It terminates in the south in a more gradual fashion at the Salton Sea where displacement transitions to a series of transform faults and spreading centers along the Gulf of California Rift Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0005-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe northern part of the SAF consists of four main sections between the northern end of the Central part (the San Juan Bautista section) and the Menocino Triple Junction. These are known as the Santa Cruz Mountains (or Loma Prieta), Peninsula, North Coast and Offshore sections, going from south to north. All these sections ruptured during the 1906 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0006-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Earthquake history\nThe history of earthquakes along the northern part of the SAF relies on paleoseismic investigations before about 1776, when the first missions were founded in this part of California. A series of earlier events have been identified, the most recent of which occurred in the time interval 1660\u20131780 with an estimated rupture length of greater than 250\u00a0km and apparently affected the Offshore, North Coast and Peninsular sections of the fault. Since 1776 possible events on the fault include earthquakes in 1836, 1838, 1839, 1865, 1890 and 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0006-0001", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Earthquake history\nThe 1836 event is no longer thought to have been a large earthquake and it remains uncertain which fault was ruptured. The 1839 event is now accepted as misreporting of the 1838 earthquake. The 1865 event is only known to have affected the Santa Cruz Mountains, but is interpreted to be a reverse fault type earthquake not on the SAF itself. The 1890 earthquake is thought to be a result of rupture along the Santa Cruz Mountains section, with an estimated magnitude in the range Mw\u202f 6.0\u20136.3. There has been no large earthquake on the northern part of the SAF since 1906. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was another reverse fault type event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0007-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Damage\nThe damage associated with this earthquake is quite poorly documented, relying on relatively few written accounts and most of these were only recorded well after the event. Effects were reported from as far north as the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula and as far as Monterey in the south. On the peninsula, the walls of some buildings in the Presidio were cracked and the walls of the Mission San Francisco Dolores were badly damaged. Across the other side of the bay, large fissures were reported at \"Oakland valley\" (near the waterfront at Oakland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0007-0001", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Damage\nAn adobe house was destroyed at San Leandro and a large landslide was seen in the nearby hills. The walls of the mission buildings at both San Jos\u00e9 and Santa Clara were badly affected and a house collapsed in San Jose town. At Woodside adobe buildings were badly cracked and there are reports of the \"ground (moving) in waves like the ocean\". An open fissure was also described to extend from near Lone Mountain to the Santa Clara mission. Many trees were uprooted and thrown sideways, something that was also observed during the 1906 earthquake. At Santa Cruz reports shortly after the earthquake of buildings in disrepair may be a result of the earthquake and at Monterey some adobe walls were damaged and crockery and glassware broken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0008-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Damage\nThe age of major rockfalls in the Sierra Nevada that are thought to be seismically triggered have been investigated using lichenometry. Four main groups of ages were identified as 1817, 1837, 1857 and 1909, all with an uncertainty of 10 years and presumed to be associated with the major San Andreas earthquakes of 1812, 1838, 1857 and 1906. Rockfalls dated as 1837 were found to be equally as abundant as those dated 1857 and 1909, suggesting that the effects on the Sierra Nevada range was similar for all three events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0009-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Earthquake\nDue to the paucity of contemporary observations of this earthquake, there is significant uncertainty about the time and date, the magnitude, the maximum intensity and the exact portion of the fault that ruptured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0010-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Earthquake\nThe date is not known precisely, other than that the earthquake occurred in late June, 1838 and that the time was shortly after midday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0011-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Earthquake\nThe magnitude has been estimated from the size of the affected area, the maximum intensity and the rupture length/displacement. This gives a magnitude range of 6.8\u20137.5. The maximum estimated intensity is at least VII\u2013VIII (very strong to severe) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, based on contemporary reports of damage to mission buildings in Santa Clara, San Francisco and San Jose, although it may have reached IX (violent).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0012-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Earthquake\nThe description of the earthquake at Woodside, coupled with the report of a probable surface rupture in the same area suggests that some, if not all, of the Peninsula section ruptured. This is further supported by the interpretation of a paleoseismic investigation at Filoli, north of Woodside. The degree of shaking at Monterey, which is interpreted to be similar to that in the 1906 earthquake, has been used to support rupture along part, if not all, of the Santa Cruz Mountains section of the fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0012-0001", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Earthquake\nThe maximum suggested rupture length is 140\u00a0km, assuming that both sections of the fault ruptured completely. The possibility of rupture extending into the Santa Cruz Mountains has been investigated by paleoseismic techniques, particularly trenching across the fault at a series of localities, Grizzly Flat, Hazel Dell, Mill Canyon and Arano Flat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0012-0002", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Earthquake\nInitial results from Grizzly Flat found no evidence for the 1838 event, but the dating of the horizons have been re-evaluated and rupture associated with the 1838 earthquake is now thought to be consistent with observations at all four sites, suggesting a minimum rupture length on this section of the fault as 14\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0013-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Earthquake\nThe displacement during the 1838 earthquake has been estimated at three of the Santa Cruz Mountain paleoseismic sites and at Filoli, covering 83\u00a0km of the rupture length. The values are; Filoli 1.6\u00b10.7 m, Hazel Dell 1.5 m, Mill Canyon 1.0 m and Arano Flat 1.0 m. Assuming a total rupture length of 100\u00a0km, this gives a magnitude range of Mw\u202f 6.8\u20137.2. The likely rupture extent has also been estimated by looking at stress transfer following the 1838 event. This analysis is more consistent with a rupture of 75\u00a0km in terms of subsequent earthquakes on the Santa Cruz Mountains section in 1865 and 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022075-0014-0000", "contents": "1838 San Andreas earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks\nA contemporary account mentions many aftershocks, continuing for at least 2 and a half months until the writer left the area. Some larger aftershocks in 1840 and 1841 have also been attributed to the 1838 earthquake with magnitudes of about M 6 and epicenters near San Juan Bautista, supporting an extension of the 1838 rupture into the Santa Cruz Mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022076-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 St Ives by-election\nThe St Ives by-election of 1838 was an election held on 24 May 1838. The by-election was brought about due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, James Halse. It was won by the Conservative candidate William Tyringham Praed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022077-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 United States elections\nThe 1838 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic President Martin Van Buren's term, during the Second Party System. Members of the 26th United States Congress were chosen in this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022077-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 United States elections\nWhigs picked up a moderate number of seats in both the House and Senate, but the Democratic Party retained a majority in both chambers. However, due to a split in the Democratic party, Whig Congressman Robert M. T.  Hunter was elected to be the Speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022078-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 Vrancea earthquake\nThe 1838 Vrancea earthquake struck the western part of Vrancea County on 23 January (O.S. 11 January) with a magnitude of 7.5. The seism caused extensive damage in Moldavia and Wallachia, and killed dozens of people. The earthquake occurred just 36 years after another earthquake of magnitude over 7 on Richter scale devastated the southern part of Wallachia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022078-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 Vrancea earthquake\nThe earthquake occurred at 20:45, being felt strongly in Bucharest and also all over the country up to Lviv, Sevastopol, Constantinople (Istanbul), Odessa, etc. A detailed report on the phenomenon was promptly done by G\u00fcstav Schuller, mining geologist in the service of the Duke of Saxony. He said the quake had a foreshock followed by three strong shocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022078-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 Vrancea earthquake\nDuring this earthquake, in some areas, especially the epicentral zone, mainly in Vrancea, Buz\u0103u, Br\u0103ila and D\u00e2mbovi\u021ba counties appeared large ground cracks and liquefaction phenomena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022078-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 Vrancea earthquake, Damage\nThe earthquake was felt on very large areas, affecting inclusive the cities of Transylvania and Banat. Timi\u0219oara suffered extensive damage, and the Prejmer fortified church was nearly destroyed. Two motions were felt in Sibiu, on the east\u2013west direction, and several buildings suffered damage. Strong shakings were also felt in Nad\u0103\u0219 village. Theriver ice has been broken. Many people were injured. The earthquake was also felt in Cluj, but it was very weak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022078-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 Vrancea earthquake, Damage\nBut the greatest damage concentrated in Wallachia, where 217 churches collapsed or were severely damaged, most of them in R\u00e2mnicu V\u00e2lcea and Craiova. According to an official report, 36 houses were destroyed in Bucharest, among them the Manuc's Inn and St. Sylvester Church. Likewise, four churches collapsed, and other 50 buildings were badly damaged, including the Princely Palace. Rom\u00e2nia newspaper reported that the seism was preceded by \"a hissing and a whizzing so great that froze the hearts of fear\". Prince Alexandru II Ghica was surprised by the quake inside a theater, together with much of the nobility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022078-0004-0001", "contents": "1838 Vrancea earthquake, Damage\nPanic took hold immediately on the audience, which began to trample to exit the theater. Several women fainted, being dragged down by the others to be removed from the building that could collapse. That night, Prince Ghica, with officers and army, visited all parts of Bucharest to see with his eyes the disaster. In Br\u0103ila was affected the city hospital, patients being evacuated to another hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022078-0005-0000", "contents": "1838 Vrancea earthquake, Damage\nThe quake was strongly felt in Moldavia, where, among other consequences, there was a massive landslide, that closed Ghilco\u0219 Brook, tributary of the Bicaz River, phenomenon following which would be formed the Red Lake. In the Abeille moldave (Romanian: \u0410lbina rom\u00e2neasc\u0103), a political and literary gazette led by Gheorghe Asachi, it was reported that a violent earthquake was felt Tuesday, 11 January 1838, at 8:25\u00a0p.m., in Ia\u0219i and lasted 35 seconds. Here, several houses and churches (among them Curelari and St. Spiridon) reported cracks in walls, and the theater was evacuated without any incidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022078-0006-0000", "contents": "1838 Vrancea earthquake, Damage\nGustav Sch\u00fcller (Gustave Schueler), Counselor for Mining to the Grand Duke of Saxony, expert instructed by the Ministry for Internal Affairs, reported large cracks in the ground and soil liquefaction \"both on Wallachian territory and that of Moldova\". The report relates that \"in the visited areas all massive buildings, made of stone heavily suffered and many of them, mainly churches, cannot be used\". On the contrary, \"the peasants' houses, as well as all structures made in timber, have been able to deflect since they were flexible, so they suffered less\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022078-0007-0000", "contents": "1838 Vrancea earthquake, Damage, Effects outside Romania\nThe earthquake was felt on a large area, from Russia to Poland and from Albania to Ukraine. In the following table are presented localities and areas mentioned in historical sources, where the mainshock was felt outside the 1838 borders of Romania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022078-0008-0000", "contents": "1838 Vrancea earthquake, Casualties\nOn 13 January 1838, Manolache Florescu, Bucharest Police Chief, submitted a report, according to that 73 people lost their lives and 14 were injured. Among victims, eight were from Bucharest. But the Consul General of France in Bucharest, Marquis de Ch\u00e2teaugiron, reported over 720 dead and as many wounded. Prof. Dr. Gheorghe M\u0103rmureanu, Director of the National Institute for Earth Physics, stated that in the 1838 earthquake \"767 people died\". Andreas Ludwig Jeitteles (1799\u20131878), a Czech physician and writer, quotes in one of his works 12 deaths and 40 wounded in Bucharest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022079-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 West Suffolk by-election\nThe 1838 West Suffolk by-election was held on 7 May 1838 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Robert Hart Logan. It was retained by the Conservative candidate Harry Spencer Waddington, who was unopposed despite an attempt by local Radicals to find a candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022080-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 26th Congress were held during President Martin Van Buren's term at various dates in different states from July 1838 to November 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022080-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe Panic of 1837 and consequent economic downturn drove Whig Party gains. Van Buren's Democratic Party had lost popularity and Whig policies of economic nationalism appealed to a larger number of voters. Democrats were able, however, to contain the political fallout by blaming banks for the crisis. The Anti-Masonic Party, influential in New York, Pennsylvania, and other Northern states, lost seats, while the Southern Nullifier Party disappeared. Two Virginia representatives were elected on that state's Conservative Party ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022080-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections\nEarly business of the new House reflected the close partisan division. When Congress first Convened on December 3, 1839, two contingents of New Jersey representatives-elect, one composed of Democrats and the other of Whigs, arrived and both requested to be seated as members. Charging the Whigs with election fraud and facing loss of control of the House, the Democratic Party majority (119 to 118 Whigs from outside New Jersey) refused to seat all but one Whig. Massachusetts Representative John Quincy Adams presided as \"chairman\" of the House after the clerk lost control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022080-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections\nTwo weeks later, when voting for speaker of the House finally commenced, 11 ballots were needed before Robert M. T. Hunter, a compromise Whig candidate, was elected, receiving 119 votes (out of 232 cast). This congress also enacted the first Independent Treasury bill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022080-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1838 and 1839 to the 25th United States Congress and 26th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022080-0005-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its six members April 1, 1839, flipping all six seats from Democratic to Whig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022080-0006-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nElections were held November 12, 1838, but one district's election went to a fourth ballot in 1839, after the March 4, 1839 start of the term but before the House convened in December 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022080-0007-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nA special election was held in Mississippi on July 17\u201318, 1837. Its winners were Democrats John F. H. Claiborne and Samuel J. Gholson. The first session of the 25th Congress was a special session beginning on September 4, 1837, extending to October 16. In November, Mississippi held the regular election. Seargent Smith Prentiss, a Vicksburg lawyer and Whig, unexpectedly launched a vigorous, partisan campaign. He and fellow Whig Thomas J. Word won in an upset. Claiborne and Gholson then argued that the July result entitled them to serve full terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022080-0007-0001", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nWith the Whig Party newly organizing, the closely divided House, in which Anti-Masons, Nullifiers, and the Independent tended to align more with Whigs and to oppose Democrats, agreed to hear Prentiss. He spoke for nine hours over three days, packing the gallery, drawing Senators, and earning a national reputation for oratory and public admiration from leading Whigs including Senators Clay and Webster. The Elections Committee then required a third election. Scheduled for April 1838, it confirmed the November result. Both Whigs were seated in May late in the second session, also serving for the third session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022080-0008-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania\nIn the 3rd district, Charles Naylor's election was unsuccessfully contested by Charles J. Ingersoll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022080-0009-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania\nThere were three special elections in Pennsylvania during the 26th Congress. The first was in the 14th district caused by the death of William W. Potter (Democratic) on October 28, 1839. This vacancy was filled by George McCulloch (Democratic). The second was in the 22nd district caused by the resignation of Richard Biddle. This vacancy was filled by Henry M. Brackenridge (Whig). The third was in the 13th district caused by the death of William S. Ramsey (Democratic) on October 17, 1840. Ramsey had also been re-elected to the 27th Congress and so an additional special election was held the following May to fill the vacancy in the 27th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1838 and 1839 were elections which had the Democratic Party lose seven seats in the United States Senate, but still retain a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections\nAs this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 25th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1838 or before March 4, 1839; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0003-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 26th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1839; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0004-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special election during the 26th Congress\nIn this special election, the winner was seated in 1839 after March 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0005-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe New York election was held February 5, 1839 by the New York State Legislature. Nathaniel P. Tallmadge had been elected as a Jacksonian Democratic in 1833 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0006-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, New York\nOn February 4, 1839, the State Legislature elected on joint ballot Spencer, Cooke, Hall and Haight to the offices they were nominated for, but on the next day they could not agree on a U.S. Senator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0007-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe Assembly nominated Nathaniel P. Tallmadge \"by the votes of all the Whig members.\" (see Hammond, page 512)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0008-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, New York\nAlthough the Democratic State Senate majority did not object to be outvoted on joint ballot for the election of Whigs to State offices, they rejected the idea of electing a renegade Democratic to the U.S. Senate, and took refuge to the only means to defeat Tallmadge: They did not nominate anybody, following the precedents of 1819\u20131820 and 1825\u20131826, so that a joint ballot could not be held. On the first ballot, Tallmadge received 13 votes out of 31 cast, all Whigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0008-0001", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe Democratic vote was scattered among many men, nobody receiving more than 2. Four more ballots were held with a similar result. On the sixth ballot, all Whigs and two Democrats voted for Samuel Beardsley, who received 16 votes, one short of the necessary number for a nomination. The Democrats then abandoned further balloting, fearing that the Whigs would vote for anybody who received by chance three Democratic votes, just to force any nomination, thus enabling the Legislature to proceed to the joint ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0009-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, New York\nNo further action was taken by this Legislature, and the seat became vacant on March 4, 1839. Tallmadge would later be elected in 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0010-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, Tennessee\nThere were three elections to the same seat due to the July 4, 1838 resignation of Democrat Felix Grundy to become U.S. Attorney General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0011-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Tennessee (Special, 1838)\nWhig Ephraim H. Foster was elected September 17, 1838 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0012-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Tennessee (Regular)\nFoster was also elected to the next term, but Foster declined the seat, refusing to take the Tennessee General Assembly's instructions on how to vote, so he left office March 3, 1839 and the seat was vacant when the term began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022081-0013-0000", "contents": "1838 and 1839 United States Senate elections, Tennessee, Tennessee (Special, 1839)\nThe legislature then elected Grundy back to the seat November 19, 1839, but he died a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022082-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1838 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022091-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 in India\nThis list details events in the year 1838 in India. Major events include the Agra famine of 1837-38, and the founding of the Times of India on 3 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022093-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1838 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022097-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1838 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022100-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1838 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022101-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 in architecture\nThe year 1838 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022103-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022105-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022106-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022106-0001-0000", "contents": "1838 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022106-0002-0000", "contents": "1838 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022107-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022108-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 in science\nThe year 1838 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022109-0000-0000", "contents": "1838 in sports\n1838 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022112-0000-0000", "contents": "1839\n1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1839th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 839th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 39th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1839, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022113-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1839 Alabama gubernatorial election was an election held on August 3, 1839, to elect the Governor of Alabama. Incumbent Democratic governor Arthur P. Bagby defeated Whig candidate Arthur F. Hopkins with 92.29% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022114-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Ava earthquake\nThe 1839 Ava earthquake, also known as the Amarapura earthquake or Inwa earthquake was a disastrous seismic event that struck central Burma on the morning of March 23. This earthquake with a moment magnitude as high as 8.2, was one of the biggest in the country since 1762. Shaking reached XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and was felt in Rangoon and Bhamo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022114-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Ava earthquake, Earthquake\nThe Sagaing Fault is a major transform boundary that runs through Myanmar, and is the source of the earthquake. The earthquake epicenter is presently located just outside the city of Mandalay. It is believed that the Meiktila and Sagaing segment of the fault ruptured during this earthquake for a length of 400\u00a0km, generating an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 to 8.3 although further research is needed to confirm this. The basis for this claim is the overall lack of seismic activity in the Meiktila segment which runs from Nay Pyi Taw to Mandalay, a length of about 260\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022114-0001-0001", "contents": "1839 Ava earthquake, Earthquake\nThere is no official magnitude presented for this earthquake but most news media and research journals put the figure at 7.0\u20137.5 or \u22658.0 Mw\u202f. Remote sensing and field observation revealed a maximum displacement of 5 to 7 meters along the trace of the 1839 rupture just outside Mandalay. This would place the magnitude at 7.4 or 8.0+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022114-0002-0000", "contents": "1839 Ava earthquake, Earthquake\nIn 1946 the 180\u00a0km long Sagaing segment produced two major earthquakes but there are no records of its impact. Ten years later, in 1956, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck close to the city of Mandalay, re\u2013rupturing the 1839 rupture zone for about 60\u00a0km. Meanwhile the 260\u00a0km long Meiktila segment has not experienced any major earthquake since 1839 and is considered a seismic gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022114-0003-0000", "contents": "1839 Ava earthquake, Earthquake, Foreshocks\nIt was preceded by a large foreshock in 1838 which also damaged the capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022114-0004-0000", "contents": "1839 Ava earthquake, Damage and effects\nGreat damage was reported in Inwa, so severe that the formal capital was moved to nearby Amarapura. In Mingun, a stupa sustained serious damage as a result of shaking. British officials in Myanmar recorded catastrophic damage and liquefaction in Mandalay and the surrounding area. Many pagodas collapsed during the event. Chasms and fissures more than ten feet wide were seen in Amarapura and nearly every brick buildings were reduced to rubble. Some villages were swallowed up as a result of liquefaction. Between 200 and 300 people were killed. The shock also reversed the flow of the Irrawaddy River, where the currents became violent and overflowed its banks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022114-0005-0000", "contents": "1839 Ava earthquake, Gallery\nLarge cracks in the incomplete Mingun Pahtodawgyi caused by the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022114-0006-0000", "contents": "1839 Ava earthquake, Gallery\nNan Myint Tower slightly tilted due to ground effects from the tremor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022114-0007-0000", "contents": "1839 Ava earthquake, Gallery\nThe Mingun Bell resting on the ground after losing its supports to the quake, pictured in 1873.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022114-0008-0000", "contents": "1839 Ava earthquake, Gallery\nThe Hsinbyume Pagoda in 2014. Extensive restoration was dome by Mindon Min in 1874 after the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022115-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Belgian general election\nPartial legislative elections were held in Belgium on 11 June 1839. In the Senate elections Catholics won 27 seats and Liberals 12. Voter turnout was 66.4%, although only 23,661 people were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022115-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Belgian general election\nUnder the alternating system, Chamber elections were only held in four out of the nine provinces: East Flanders, Hainaut, Li\u00e8ge and Limburg. Thus, 47 of the 98 Chamber seats were up for election. The total number of seats decreased from 102 to 98 following the split of Limburg (its districts were reduced from Hasselt, Maastricht and Roermond to Hasselt, Tongeren and Maaseik).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022116-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Chicago mayoral election\nThe 1839 Chicago mayoral election saw Whig nominee Benjamin Wright Raymond defeat Democratic nominee James Curtiss by a landslide 25 point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022116-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nWith the nation enduring a difficult economic recession, many citizens believed that successful merchant Benjamin Raymond would be a wise choice for the city' next mayor. However, Raymond was initially not amenable to the prospect of serving as mayor. When former mayor William B. Ogden attempted to persuade him at his dry goods store to run for mayor, Raymond initially, \"leaped over the counter and knocked Mr. Ogden's prostrate with a bolt of factory-cloth.\" However, Raymond was nonetheless eventually persuaded to run for mayor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022117-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1839 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 2, 1839. Incumbent governor and Whig nominee William W. Ellsworth was re-elected, defeating former senator and Democratic nominee John M. Niles with 51.52% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022118-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Coringa cyclone\nOn 25 November 1839, the port city of Coringa in Andhra Pradesh on the southeastern coast of British India was battered by a tropical cyclone that destroyed the harbor. Known as the 1839 Coringa cyclone and sometimes also referred to as the 1839 India cyclone and 1839 Andhra Pradesh cyclone, its storm surge caused wide damage. It killed over 300,000 people, making it the second-deadliest storm worldwide after the 1970 Bhola cyclone. Many ships were destroyed and houses were washed out by rising rivers and streams. Croplands were inundated and many animals drowned due to the floods and storm surge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022118-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Coringa cyclone\nThe port city was not rebuilt after the cyclone. Some individuals who survived the disaster rebuilt their homes far from the coast. Some British officials named the area Hope Island, hoping to protect the city from future environmental disasters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022118-0002-0000", "contents": "1839 Coringa cyclone, Background\nCoringa is a harbor city situated on the Bay of Bengal, near the mouth of the Godavari River. The population of the area is one hundred million and the harbor is a busy place of commerce, with the said area hoisting thousands of international ships and cargoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022118-0003-0000", "contents": "1839 Coringa cyclone, Background\nIn 1789, a different cyclone passed near the area, generating a large storm surge that killed over 20,000. Large ships sank in the rough waters off the Bay of Bengal and rice fields were destroyed by floods and wave surges. The city was almost wrecked, but managed to recover. After the city was rebuilt, the harbor became more active than it had been before. The cyclone is dubbed in modern times The Great Coringa cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022118-0004-0000", "contents": "1839 Coringa cyclone, Background\nMany ships passing through or near the port city started to observe a rainy pattern on 24 November 1839, a day before the cyclone made landfall. The stormy weather stopped on 26 November, based on ship logs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022118-0005-0000", "contents": "1839 Coringa cyclone, Impact and aftermath\nOn 25 November 1839, the cyclone struck Coringa, generating a large 40-foot storm surge that completely destroyed the area. In comparison to the 1789 storm, the damages were much worse. All 200,000 ships in the harbor were destroyed and houses were washed away. Trees were washed way and other structures in the city sustained damage. Cropland and sugarcane reaps flooded. The storm killed an estimated 300,000 individuals inland and at sea, making it the second-deadliest tropical cyclone worldwide, behind the 1970 Bhola cyclone. Only a few people survived the brunt of the cyclone, however. Cattle and some animals inland drowned in the storm surge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022118-0006-0000", "contents": "1839 Coringa cyclone, Impact and aftermath\nAfter the disaster, the survivors made no effort to rebuild the port. Most of them decided to migrate, staying away from the \"cursed city\". Some individuals left the coast to reconstruct their community, far inland. The region was dubbed Hope Island by British officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022118-0007-0000", "contents": "1839 Coringa cyclone, Impact and aftermath\nAn official of the British East India Company, Henry Piddington, coined the term cyclone in his reports for the first time while observing the swath of destruction made by the 1789 and 1839 storms. The word itself means the coil of a snake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022119-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 French legislative election\nThe 1839 general election organized the fifth legislature of the July Monarchy. The election was held on 2 March and 6 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022119-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 French legislative election\nOnly citizens paying taxes were eligible to vote. The left won the election with a majority of 240 seats over the right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022119-0002-0000", "contents": "1839 French legislative election, Results\nLouis-Philippe of France did not have a majority and dissolved the legislature on 16 June 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022120-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe 1839 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on October 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022120-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe Democratic Candidate Charles McDonald won re-election defeating Whig Candidate Charles Dougherty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Grand National\nThe 1839 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the first official annual running of a steeplechase which later became known as the Grand National.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Grand National\nIt was held at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on Tuesday 26 February 1839 and attracted a field of 17 runners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0002-0000", "contents": "1839 Grand National\nAlthough recorded by the press at the time as the fourth running of the Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs. This year the race came under new management and the arrival of the railway in Liverpool made travel to the course easier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0003-0000", "contents": "1839 Grand National\nThe race was not run as a handicap chase (the Grand National was converted to a handicap race in 1843) and therefore all the runners carried twelve stone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0004-0000", "contents": "1839 Grand National, Competitors and betting\nEighteen runners were declared to run in the race but shortly before the start Jerry was withdrawn. This left the field as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0005-0000", "contents": "1839 Grand National, The race\nThe start was situated near to where the modern day Melling Road is and took the runners out into open countryside, jumping a line of natural banks, no more than 2 feet (0.61\u00a0m) high before reaching a post and rails over a brook. They then took the runners left towards the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, turning sharply (where the modern day Canal Turn is) to run along the canalside back towards the racecourse, negotiating the Second Brook (the modern day Valentine's Brook).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0005-0001", "contents": "1839 Grand National, The race\nThe runners would then enter the 'racecourse proper' at the far end of the circuit to run back towards the stands, jumping a plain fence (the modern day Chair) before jumping a wall topped with gorse (the modern day Water Jump). The field then took another circuit of the course, this time bypassing the final two obstacles towards the finishing post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0006-0000", "contents": "1839 Grand National, The race\nPaulina refused the first jump but continued after being put at the fence a second time. The most famous incident of the race occurred at the fence then known as the First Brook. Captain Becher had taken Conrad into second place at this stage but his mount failed to clear the rails and fell. Becher was forced to dive for cover into the brook itself as the other horses cleared the obstacle and legend has it that he was heard to tell the spectators that he did not realise how filthy water tasted without the benefit of whisky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0007-0000", "contents": "1839 Grand National, The race\nSeconds later, William McDonough joined Becher in the brook after falling from Rust but it was the Captain's name attributed to the fence, now known as Becher's Brook. Both riders remounted but Becher's race ended when his mount fell again at the Second Brook where both Barkston and Cannon Ball had also fallen. It was one of these horses, while running loose, who ended the hopes of the favourite when The Nun was brought down shortly before rejoining the racecourse; she was remounted by Tom Ferguson while Rust was pulled up before reaching the stands. Charity fell at the wall in front of the stands but was also remounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0008-0000", "contents": "1839 Grand National, The race\nRailroad led at this stage with Lottery in second place but so slow was the pace of the race and so wide the distances between competitors that the favourite The Nun had managed to make up ground to move into third. Seventy-Four was fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0009-0000", "contents": "1839 Grand National, The race\nOn the second circuit, Charity fell before reaching the First Brook for the second time while Dictator fell at the fence situated at the turn by the canal but was quickly remounted by Robert Carlin. Daxon and The Nun both fell for a second time at the next fence, the Second Brook, while Dictator fell there again, this time fatally, becoming the first equine fatality of the Grand National", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0010-0000", "contents": "1839 Grand National, The race\nJem Mason took Lottery into the lead at the First Brook and maintained it to the finish, winning more easily than the three-length margin suggested in a time of 14 minutes 53 seconds, 53 seconds outside the course record. Lottery was prepared for the race at the stables of George Dockeray in Epsom, who is loosely regarded as the trainer but most of the preparation was more likely conducted by the owner, Piccadilly horse dealer John Elmore in whose colours of blue jacket and black cap the jockey rode. Seventy-Four was second, Paulina third and True Blue fourth. Pioneer was on course to finish third when he unseated his rider. Walker quickly remounted but could only manage fifth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022121-0011-0000", "contents": "1839 Grand National, Aftermath\nAlthough regarded at the time as the fourth running of the Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, this running went on to be regarded as the first official running of the Grand National. The finishing order was only loosely recorded in the press as Jack in sixth, The Nun seventh, Railroad eighth, Rambler ninth and Cramp the last of ten to pass the post. Later record books show seven finishers though this is not supported by any press reports from the time. There was also much criticism in the press over the severity of the event, especially the conduct of Robert Carlin in remounting Dictator when witnesses described the horse as distressed. His cause of death was recorded as a burst blood vessel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022122-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Iowa Council election\nIn the 1839 Iowa Territory Council elections, electors selected councilors to serve in the second Iowa Territory Council. All 13 members of the Territory Council were elected. Councilors served one-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022122-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Iowa Council election\nThe Iowa Territory existed from July 4, 1838, until December 28, 1846, when Iowa was admitted to the Union as a state. At the time, the Iowa Territory had a Legislative Assembly consisting of an upper chamber (i.e., the Territory Council) and a lower chamber (i.e., the Territory House).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022122-0002-0000", "contents": "1839 Iowa Council election\nFollowing the organization of the first Territory Council in 1838, Democrats held a majority with seven seats to Whigs' six seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022122-0003-0000", "contents": "1839 Iowa Council election\nTo claim a majority of seats, the Whigs needed to net one seat from Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022122-0004-0000", "contents": "1839 Iowa Council election\nDemocrats maintained a majority of seats in the Iowa Territory Council following the 1839 general election with the balance of power remaining unchanged with Democrats holding seven seats and Whigs having six seats. Democratic Councilor Stephen P. Hempstead was chosen as the President of the second Territory Council to succeed Whig Councilor Jesse B. Browne in that leadership position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022123-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1839. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022124-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1839 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 9, 1839. Incumbent Democratic Governor John Fairfield defeated Whig candidate and former Governor Edward Kent in a re-match of the previous year's election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022125-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Martinique earthquake\nThe 1839 Martinique earthquake occurred on the morning of January 11 with an estimated magnitude of 7.8 Ms\u202f, the largest in the Lesser Antilles since 1690. The maximum intensity of this earthquake was assigned IX on both the Mercalli and MSK intensity scales, which left the cities of Saint-Pierre and Fort Royal almost completely destroyed. Estimation on the number of human losses varies from 390 to even 4,000 making this one of the deadliest earthquakes in the Caribbean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022125-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Martinique earthquake\nFour years later, the Guadeloupe earthquake with an estimated magnitude 8.5 struck the same region with a human toll between 1,500 and 6,000. It is believed to have originated on the same source fault and may have been related to the eruptions of Mount Pel\u00e9e in 1851 and 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022125-0002-0000", "contents": "1839 Martinique earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Lesser Antilles subduction zone marks the boundary where the North American Plate subducts or dives beneath the Caribbean Plate at ~2 cm/yr along the subduction interface. Interaction between these two lithospheres can sometimes produce megathrust earthquakes although there has been no recent megathrust quakes on the fault other than the 1839 and 1843 events. Moderately large earthquakes have occurred near the megathrust in recent years but none on the megathrust. Since 1973, there have only been just a little over 30 thrust earthquakes on the subduction zone with magnitudes around the 5.0 range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022125-0002-0001", "contents": "1839 Martinique earthquake, Tectonic setting\nA plausible explanation for this is the slow rate of convergence resulting in the megathrust becoming seismically devoid of activity for hundreds to thousands of years before rupturing in great quakes. A similar effect was seen prior to the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, and in Japan's Nankai Trough and the Cascadia subduction zone. At the present moment, the Lesser Antilles subduction zone has been determined to be locked, and have the potential to generate an earthquake of Mw\u202f8.95 to 9.58.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022125-0003-0000", "contents": "1839 Martinique earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake of 1839 had a probable epicenter located east of Martinique, where intensity IX was felt throughout the island. On the island of Saint Lucia and Dominica, intensity IX persisted, but weakened to VIII at the southern and northern part of the islands respectively. Level VIII to VI was felt in Guadeloupe and on Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Barbados was hit with VII shaking. Weaker intensities of V and lesser was felt in the northern Lesser Antilles and in Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022125-0004-0000", "contents": "1839 Martinique earthquake, Earthquake\nIt is believed that the megathrust ruptured for 140 km and had an average slip of 8 meters. The magnitude of the quake varies between 7.5 and 8.0 on the Mw\u202f and Ms\u202f scales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022125-0005-0000", "contents": "1839 Martinique earthquake, Impact\nThe morning of January 11 in Martinique was disrupted by three instances of violent shaking which varied in duration from 30 seconds to two minutes. The earthquake was felt throughout the Lesser Antilles but the most serious damage was on the island of Martinique. At Fort Royal, the entire city was near totally destroyed. Of the 800 buildings, only 50 to 60 were still safe for occupancy, with 600 completely collapsed and the other 200 partially destroyed. Hotels, a theater, artillery barracks, hospital, and official buildings were among the infrastructures destroyed. The earthquake also damaged the aqueduct which supplies the city with water. Heaps of rubble up to three meters high was left in the quake's aftermath. The devastation was great due to the city being built on marshlands rather than on a stable rocky base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022125-0006-0000", "contents": "1839 Martinique earthquake, Impact\nOther cities saw serious destruction but not as severe like in Fort Royal. An area in Saint-Pierre was heavily affected where all but two or three houses were left standing. In other parts of the island, churches and stone construction collapsed in the quake. About 300 to 4,000 people died from the earthquake, this was because officials had not counted the number of slaves killed to avoid compensation requests by their owners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022125-0007-0000", "contents": "1839 Martinique earthquake, Impact\nLike the earthquake which occurred in 1843, no tsunami was generated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was a tightly-contested race won by Marcus Morton. Under Massachusetts law at the time, a majority of the votes cast was required to win, and Morton received exactly half the votes cast. Despite the presence of some irregularities, incumbent Whig Governor Edward Everett refused to contest the results once a legislative committee dominated by his party accepted a report giving Morton 51,034 votes out of 102,066 cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background\nIn the 19th century Massachusetts held annual elections for its statewide elective offices. From 1825 to 1838 a succession of National Republican and then Whig politicians won the governor's seat, at first by wide margins, and only later in the 1830s by narrower margins. The principal opponent of the Whigs was Democratic candidate Marcus Morton, who ran for governor each year from 1828 to 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0002-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background\nAbolitionism became a significant political force in the mid-1830s in Massachusetts, even though both Whig and Democratic politicians sought to avoid the issue in pursuit of other political objectives. Abolitionist activists attempted to force attention on the issue, demanding that candidates for office answer questionnaires on the subject. Marcus Morton was known to be personally opposed to slavery, but he did not often let the matter affect his politics, and expressed concern over abolitionist tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0002-0001", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background\nHis Whig opponent since 1835 was Edward Everett, who once gave a speech expressing sympathy for the property rights of slaveholders and was not seen as sympathetic to the abolitionist cause. In the elections of 1837 and 1838 abolitionist support increased Morton's vote counts, but he was never able to achieve the majority of votes needed to win election in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0003-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Candidates\nThe newly formed temperance movement considered putting a candidate into the race but was satisfied that Everett had linked himself to their movement through his support and signature of a temperance law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 71], "content_span": [72, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0004-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nIn the 1838 term, Governor Everett directed the Whig legislature to pass moral legislation, including a bill barring the imprisonment of debtors and a bill promoted by temperance activists that banned the sale of liquor in quantities less than 15 U.S. gallons (57\u00a0L). Everett also campaigned on the state's rapid economic recovery from the Panic of 1837 and an end to direct taxation. Everett emphasized the debtor bill's effect on mariners, who had been excluded from previously debtor protection laws. Everett also elaborated on his record of establishing and reforming state institutions: a state lunatic hospital, an improved penitentiary system, and a set-aside state education fund under the direction of Horace Mann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0005-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nDespite the fact that their candidate was the first president of the American Temperance Society, Massachusetts Democrats led by George Bancroft argued that the liquor law was discriminatory against Catholic immigrants and poor urbanites. Everett also drew opposition over a bill requiring volunteer militias to pay an annual fee of $5; as a result, a \"military ticket\" was nominated against Everett Whigs in many parts of the state. National politics, such as the independent treasury system issue, were largely left out of the opposition campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0006-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nThe election was held on Monday, November 11, 1839. Early returns gave Everett the lead, although his showing in Boston, a Whig stronghold, was particularly weak. On November 14, the accumulated returns indicated that Everett led by 100 votes, with 250 communities still to report. The next day, Morton was reported to lead by just two votes. A number of Whig officials (notably including Adjutant General of Massachusetts Henry A. S. Dearborn), failed to vote, prompting Everett to observe, despite their protestations that they supported his candidacy, \"a better mode of showing [their support] would have been to vote\". A number of irregularities were identified during the initial count. The ballots from Easton had not been properly sealed by the town clerk, and the Winchendon return was dated 1809 instead of 1839. These votes were counted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0007-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nThe vote was so close that no result was certified until the legislature met. On January 1, 1840, the new Whig-dominated legislature met, and sent the election issue to a joint committee. One ballot for Morton contained the scrawl \"Maccus Mattoon\"; despite efforts by Whig partisans to deny the writer intended to vote for Morton, no person with that name was found anywhere in the state. A more serious issue was raised with respect to the returns from Westfield: the town clerk there had not properly sworn to the accuracy of the result, and Everett was of the opinion that these results should be rejected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0008-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nThe legislative joint committee issued its report on January 13, 1840. It stated that a total of 102,066 votes had been cast (including all of the votes affected by the irregularities, which were accepted), and that therefore 51,034 votes were required to win. Morton was found to have received exactly that number, while Everett received 50,725, and a scattering of candidates received votes on the remaining 307 ballots cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0009-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Results\nMorton's victory was driven by a large increase in turnout that exclusively favored Democrats, rather than a defection from existing Whig voters. He won 169 towns and seven counties: Middlesex, Hampden, Berkshire, Norfolk, Bristol, and Dukes. Plymouth county narrowly flipped to Everett. Morton made heavy gains in Worcester, Middlesex, Essex, Suffolk, and Hampshire while the Whigs gained in Hampden, Norfolk, Bristol, Plymouth, and Nantucket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0010-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Aftermath\nDespite pressure from partisans to contest this result, Everett refused. He recorded in his journal, \"Principle is no longer sufficiently powerful even in Massachusetts to warrant an adherence to the strict provisions of the Constitution on a question of this kind.\" Everett also refused to let his friend and Whig colleague Robert Charles Winthrop publish a partisan tribute to him, noting \"I am willing to let the election go.\" Morton was sworn in as governor on January 18, 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022126-0011-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Aftermath\nAlthough the Democrat won the governor's seat, the legislature remained firmly Whig, and refused to enact Morton's reformist agenda (in particular, it did not vote to repeal the fifteen-gallon law). The Whigs regrouped, and in 1840 Morton was defeated by John Davis. Morton won another single term in 1842, in a hotly contested election that was also decided by the state legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022127-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 60th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1839 during the governorship of Edward Everett. Myron Lawrence served as president of the Senate and Robert Charles Winthrop served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022127-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts legislature\nOn March 9th, \"72 women, citizens of Boston, petitioned the Legislature for a repeal\" of laws banning interracial marriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022127-0002-0000", "contents": "1839 Massachusetts legislature\nAt the time, members required a majority of the popular vote to be declared elected. If no winner was chosen, the General Court voted to resolve the election, usually in favor of whichever party held the majority of seats in the General Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022128-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Metre Summit\n1839 Metre Summit (1839\u5cf0, Ippasankyu-m\u0113toru-h\u014d) is located in the Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaid\u014d, Japan. It is 1,842 metres (6,043\u00a0ft) above sea level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022129-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1839 Michigan gubernatorial election was held from November 4, 1839 to November 5, 1839. Whig nominee William Woodbridge defeated Democrat nominee Elon Farnsworth with 51.64% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022130-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Naval Air Squadron\n1839 Naval Air Squadron (1839 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022131-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district special election\nOn November 20, 1839, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the death of William W. Potter (D) on October 28 of that year, before the start of the first session of the 26th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022131-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district special election, Election results\nMcCulloch took his seat on December 2, 1839, at the start of the 1st session of the 26th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022132-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1839 saw John Swift return to office for a seventh overall non-consecutive term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022132-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThis was the first Philadelphia mayoral election in which members of the general public were able to vote. Prior to this, the City Council solely elected mayors of Philadelphia. Beginning in 1839, the city began to operate under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate received a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022133-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe 1839 election of the Speaker of the House of Commons occurred on 27 May 1839. James Abercromby had retired due to failing health. The next day he was raised to the peerage as Baron Dunfermline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022133-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nCharles Shaw-Lefevre was proposed by Henry Handley and seconded by Stephen Lushington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022133-0002-0000", "contents": "1839 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nHenry Goulburn was proposed by Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn and seconded by John Wilson-Patten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022133-0003-0000", "contents": "1839 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nOn the motion that Shaw-Lefevre take the Chair, he was elected by 317 votes to 299, a majority of 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022134-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nThe 1839 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held on January 17 and 18, 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022134-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nIncumbent Whig Senator Daniel Webster was easily re-elected to his third term in office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022134-0002-0000", "contents": "1839 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nAt this time, Massachusetts elected U.S. Senators by a majority of each house of the Massachusetts General Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022134-0003-0000", "contents": "1839 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Aftermath\nWebster resigned his seat in 1841 to accept his appointment as Secretary of State by President William Henry Harrison. However, Webster left office in 1843 after President John Tyler pressured him to resign and was elected to this seat again in 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022135-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 Whig National Convention\nThe 1839 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held from December 4 to December 8 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It was the first national convention ever held by the Whig Party, and was organized to select the party's nominee in the 1840 presidential election. The convention nominated former Senator William Henry Harrison of Ohio for president and former Senator John Tyler of Virginia for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022135-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 Whig National Convention\nAfter Daniel Webster dropped out of the race, the three leading candidates for the Whig nomination were General Harrison, who had been the most successful Whig candidate in the 1836 presidential election; General Winfield Scott, a hero of the War of 1812; and Senator Henry Clay, the Whigs' congressional and philosophical leader. With Southern delegates united behind him, Clay led on the first presidential ballot, but failed to win a majority. Harrison won the nomination on the fifth ballot after several delegates switched from supporting Clay or Scott. The convention chose Tyler, a Southerner and Clay supporter, to serve as Harrison's running mate. The Whig ticket went on to win the 1840 election, defeating incumbent Democratic President Martin Van Buren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022135-0002-0000", "contents": "1839 Whig National Convention, Presidential balloting\nClay led on the first ballot, but circumstances conspired to deny him the nomination. First, the convention came on the heels of a string of Whig electoral losses, and party members were anxious to reverse the trend. Harrison managed to distance himself from the losses, but Clay, as the party's philosophical leader, could not. Had the convention been held in the spring of 1840, when the continuing economic downturn caused by the Panic of 1837 led to a string of Whig victories, Clay would have had much greater support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022135-0002-0001", "contents": "1839 Whig National Convention, Presidential balloting\nSecond, the convention rules had been drawn up so that whoever won the majority of delegates from a given state would win all the votes from that state. This worked against Clay, who could have combined solid majority support in almost all the Southern delegations (with little potential for opponents to capitalize on a proportional distribution of delegates), and a large minority support in Northern delegations if the rules allowed counting of individual delegate votes. Third, several Southern states whose Whig party organizations supported Clay abstained from sending delegates to the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022135-0003-0000", "contents": "1839 Whig National Convention, Presidential balloting\nHarrison won on the fifth ballot after Clay delegates from Illinois and Scott delegates from Michigan, New York, and Vermont combined to switch their support to Harrison. Writer and activist John Neal, who chaired the delegation from Maine, claimed to have been instrumental in convincing the powerful New York delegation to back Harrison prior to the final vote. The state-by-state roll call was printed in the newspaper the Farmer's Cabinet on December 13, 1839:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022135-0004-0000", "contents": "1839 Whig National Convention, Vice presidential nominee\nBecause Harrison (born in Virginia) was considered a Northerner (as a resident of Ohio), the Whigs needed to balance the ticket with a Southerner. They also sought a Clay supporter to help unite the party. After being turned down by several potential candidates, including John J. Crittenden, John Bell, and Willie Person Mangum, the convention finally found its Southerner who had faithfully supported Clay and would accept: former Senator John Tyler. Tyler was well known to the delegates, having previously been the running mate of Hugh Lawson White and Willie Person Mangum during the four-way Whig campaign of 1836. He was easily nominated on the first ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022135-0005-0000", "contents": "1839 Whig National Convention, Aftermath\nDuring the balloting, Clay and Scott played cards with Whig politicians John J. Crittenden and George Evans at the Astor House hotel in New York City. When the group received word of Harrison's victory, Clay blamed his loss on Scott and struck him, with the blow landing on the shoulder which had been wounded during Scott's participation in the Battle of Lundy's Lane. Afterwards Clay had to be physically removed from the hotel room. Scott then sent Crittenden to Clay with Scott's challenge for a duel, but Crittenden reconciled them by convincing Clay to apologize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022136-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1839 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022142-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in China\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Prisencolin (talk | contribs) at 09:14, 15 April 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022146-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in India\nThis article details events occurring in the year 1839 in India. Major events include the reduction of the Khanate of Kalat to a subsidiary ally of the British, and the capture of Aden in Yemen by the East India Company, creating an important stopover for voyages between Europe and India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022149-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1839 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022152-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1839 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022155-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1839 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022156-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in architecture\nThe year 1839 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022158-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022160-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022160-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 in paleontology, Archosaurs, Newly named pseudosuchians\nIn addition to never being formally described, it may be a subjective synonym of the crocodilian Machimosaurus", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022161-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022161-0001-0000", "contents": "1839 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022161-0002-0000", "contents": "1839 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022162-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022163-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in science\nThe year 1839 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022164-0000-0000", "contents": "1839 in sports\n1839 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0000-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1839/1840 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 5, 1839, and January 14, 1840, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0001-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nNathaniel P. Tallmadge had been elected as a Jacksonian Democrat in 1833 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0002-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAfter the Panic of 1837, the Whigs managed to wrest the power from the Democrats. At the State election in November 1837, 101 Whigs and 27 Democrats were elected to the Assembly, and 6 Whigs and 2 Democrats were elected to the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0003-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nIn 1838, the Whigs nominated William H. Seward for Governor, the Democrats re-nominated Governor Marcy. A faction of former Democrats met on October 3 at Syracuse, New York under the name of \"Conservatives,\" among them U.S. Senator Nathaniel P. Tallmadge, and endorsed the Whig candidates Seward and Bradish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0004-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election, Seward was elected Governor, 82 Whigs and 46 Democrats were elected to the Assembly, and 5 Whigs and 3 Democrats to the State Senate. This added up to 18 Democrats and 14 Whigs in the Senate. The 62nd New York State Legislature met from January 1 to May 7, 1839, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0005-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe Whig State legislators met in caucus on January 31, 1839, to nominate candidates for State offices. The terms of Secretary of State John Adams Dix, State Comptroller Azariah C. Flagg, Attorney General Samuel Beardsley and State Treasurer Gamaliel H. Barstow would expire early in February, and the term of Nathaniel P. Tallmadge in the U.S. Senate early in March. Dix, Flagg and Beardsley were Democrats, and John C. Spencer, Bates Cooke and Willis Hall were nominated to succeed them. Dr. Barstow was a Whig but declined to continue in office, and Jacob Haight was nominated for Treasurer. Tallmadge, a former Democrat, was now a member of the Conservative faction, and having endorsed the Whig ticket at the last State election, had considerable support but also met some rejection. He was nominated by a \"strong vote.\" (see Hammond, page 511).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 914]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0006-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1839, no choice\nOn February 4, 1839, the State Legislature elected on joint ballot Spencer, Cooke, Hall and Haight to the offices they were nominated for, but on the next day they could not agree on a U.S. Senator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0007-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1839, no choice\nThe Assembly nominated Nathaniel P. Tallmadge \"by the votes of all the Whig members.\" (see Hammond, page 512)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0008-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1839, no choice\nAlthough the Democratic State Senate majority did not object to be outvoted on joint ballot for the election of Whigs to State offices, they rejected the idea of electing a renegade Democrat to the U.S. Senate, and took refuge to the only means to defeat Tallmadge: They did not nominate anybody, following the precedents of 1819\u20131820 and 1825\u20131826, so that a joint ballot could not be held. On the first ballot, Tallmadge received 13 votes out of 31 cast, all Whigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0008-0001", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1839, no choice\nThe Democratic vote was scattered among many men, nobody receiving more than 2. Four more ballots were held with a similar result. On the sixth ballot, all Whigs and two Democrats voted for Samuel Beardsley, who received 16 votes, one short of the necessary number for a nomination. The Democrats then abandoned further balloting, fearing that the Whigs would vote for anybody who received by chance three Democratic votes, just to force any nomination, thus enabling the Legislature to proceed to the joint ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0009-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1839, no choice\nNo further action was taken by this Legislature, and the seat became vacant on March 4, 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0010-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Result 1839, no choice\nAt the State election in November 1839, 7 Whigs and 3 Democrats were elected to the State Senate, which gave the Whigs a majority, the first anti-Bucktails/Jacksonian/Democratic majority in 20 years. The 63rd New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 14, 1840, at Albany, New York. The strength of the parties in the Assembly, as shown by the vote for Speaker, was: 68 for Whig George Washington Patterson and 56 for Democrat Levi S. Chatfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0011-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Result, 1840\nNathaniel P. Tallmadge received a majority in both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022167-0012-0000", "contents": "1839\u20131840 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nTallmadge re-took his seat on January 27, 1840, and remained in office until June 17, 1844, when he resigned to be appointed Governor of Wisconsin Territory. Daniel S. Dickinson was appointed to fill the vacancy temporarily, and subsequently elected by the State Legislature to succeed Tallmadge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022168-0000-0000", "contents": "183A Toll Road\nThe 183A Toll Road or 183A is a toll road in the Austin metropolitan area of the U.S. state of Texas. The road includes sections in north Austin, Cedar Park, and Leander. It provides a bypass for U.S. Route 183. The road is owned and operated by the Central Texas Regional Mobility Authority. The 183A Toll road is electronic only and has no cash toll booths. Motorists driving without a toll tag will receive a bill in the mail payable within 30\u00a0days. The tolled portion of the highway runs from US 183 near SH-45 to Ranch Road 1431 in Cedar Park. A free portion runs back to US-183 north of Leander, Texas along what will become free frontage roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022168-0001-0000", "contents": "183A Toll Road, Route description\nThe 183A Toll Road starts in Austin at an interchange with US\u00a0183 and SH\u00a045. The freeway runs north to a point near Fenway Park where US\u00a0183 turns off to the north-northwest. From that location, the toll road runs to the north through an area composed of residential subdivisions. Near Heritage Park, there is an interchange for Whitestone Boulevard near some commercial developments. Near the interchange with RM\u00a02243, 183A turns to the northwest and ends at a connection with US\u00a0183 in Leander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022168-0002-0000", "contents": "183A Toll Road, Tolls, Violation fees\nIf a TxTag holder (or customer of any other acceptable toll-tag) has a TxTag account with a negative balance, Municipal Services Bureau (MSB) will mail a separate bill with a higher fee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022168-0003-0000", "contents": "183A Toll Road, Tolls, Violation fees\nViolation fees are fees added to an unpaid pay-by-mail bill. An unpaid bill can accrue up to $60 in fees after 90 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022168-0004-0000", "contents": "183A Toll Road, History\nThe first section of the toll road opened in March 2007 between RM 620 and RM 1431. As initial traffic was higher than expected, the toll road was extended 5 miles to the north. The Phase II extension opened on April 6, 2012 at a cost of $105 million. The 6.6 mile Phase III extension from Hero Way to north of SH 29 in Liberty Hill has been approved. The project will start construction in 2020, with completion expected in 2023. It will run on the current alignment of US 183 north of Leander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022168-0005-0000", "contents": "183A Toll Road, Exit list\nThe entire route is in Williamson County. All exits are unnumbered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0000-0000", "contents": "183d Wing\nThe 183d Wing is a unit of the Illinois Air National Guard, stationed at Capital Airport Air National Guard Station, Springfield, Illinois. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0001-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, Overview\nA non-flying wing, the 183d Wing is tasked with augmenting Component Numbered Air Force (C-NAF) in both the Air and Space Operations Centers (AOC) and the Air Force Forces staff (AFFOR), A1 to A9. The mission of the 183d Wing consists of supporting the assigned groups and tenant units with traditional military services as well as all services for force sustainment including civil engineering, personnel, logistics, communications, medical, security, family support, and all other host services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0002-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, Units\nThe primary unit of the 183d Wing is the 183d Air Operations Group (183 AOG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0003-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, Units\nThe 183 AOG is capable of augmenting C-NAF staffs worldwide, therefore affording AOG personnel the opportunity to train at various locations - CONUS and OCONUS. The role of the AOG is to assist the AOC in organizing, planning, and executing the \"air war\" in a contingency or campaign and assist the AFFOR staff in bedding down Air Force forces in the theater. The 183rd AOG is aligned with Twelfth Air Force / AFSOUTH at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0004-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History\nOn 15 October 1962, the Illinois Air National Guard 170th Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 183d Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 170th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 183d Material Squadron, 183d Combat Support Squadron, and the 183d USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0005-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History\nThe 170th Tactical Fighter Squadron was equipped with Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks. It continued to fly the aircraft throughout the 1960s. The squadron was not activated for service during the Vietnam War, although from 1968 to 1971 many of its personnel were activated and some saw service in Southeast Asia. All F-84Fs were grounded in November 1971, after a 170th pilot was killed when his plane lost a wing during exercises at the Hardwood Gunnery Range in Findley, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0005-0001", "contents": "183d Wing, History\nThe accident was caused by the \"milkbone\" joining bolt in the main wing which had been weakened by years of flying and failed in-flight. All RF-84F aircraft were immediately grounded after inspections of other F-84Fs in the Air National Guard found the same issue affected many other aircraft. The problem was deemed too widespread to justify the economic repair of the aircraft, and it was decided to retire the ANG's fleet of F-84Fs and replace them with more modern aircraft. In 1972 the 170th F-84s were given a 2G ferry flight permit to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, the 170th having the distinction of flying the F-84F longer than any other USAF/ANG squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0006-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History\nIn January 1972, the 183d Fighter Group was the first Air National Guard unit to receive the McDonnell F-4C Phantom II, with its aircraft being Vietnam War aircraft that were returning from Southeast Asia. Along with the F-4C, a flight of RF-4C Phantom II reconnaissance aircraft were received. In 1981, the F-4Cs were exchanged for the F-4D Phantom II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0007-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nThe 170th saw its first General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon on 7 June 1989 when two landed at Capital Airport to replace the aging F-4D Phantom II. By 5 May 1990, the 170th TFS was operational with the F-16A. Its mission at the time was fighter attack and was provided the Block 15 for this job. On 15 March 1992 the squadron changed designation from the 170th Tactical Fighter Squadron to the 170th Fighter Squadron when its parent 183d Fighter Group adopted the new Air Force Objective organization plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0008-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nDuring early 1994 the 170th FS started to exchange their Block 15 F-16A/B for Block 30 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon with the big inlet design. Most of the Block 15s were retired straight to AMARC. During the 1990s, the unit conducted numerous overseas deployments, including six to Southwest Asia, two to Denmark, one to Panama, one to Cura\u00e7ao, and one to Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0009-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nAfter the 11 September 2001, attack, the 170th FS increased its capability by obtaining AN/AAQ-28(V) LITENING targeting pods in October 2001. Training with the new pod started immediately and included some internal personnel as some were trained on use of the pod as well as training from the Wisconsin ANG. The purpose of the training was to get ready for deployment in March 2002 for Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0010-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nStarting in January 2002 the 170th FS deployed for two weeks to Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona for final training with the LITENING pod. Initially the deployment in March 2002 was to be with two other ANG units but this changed due to Operation Noble Eagle air defense commitments. As a result, the 170th FS deployed by itself as the 170th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (170 EFS). When the 170th EFS arrived it replaced the 18th EFS which was normally based at Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska. On top of duties over Afghanistan, the 170th FS also had to perform air interdiction missions over Iraq in support of Operation Southern Watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0011-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn the very early morning on 17 April 2002 while on deployment in Afghanistan a pilot in a two-ship formation from the 170th FS mistakenly bombed a Canadian force which was practicing live firing of its weapons near Kandahar, Afghanistan. Four soldiers were killed and eight were injured. This tragedy dogged the 170th FS for years and a trial against the pilots began in Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0012-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History, Global War on Terrorism\nAfter more than two consecutive years deployed overseas the 170th FS participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom when they deployed to the region in October 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0013-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History, BRAC 2005\nThe 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission committee report recommended the retirement of the block 30 F-16 Fighting Falcon, and the inactivation of the 170th Fighter Squadron. Despite challenges by the governor of Illinois in federal court, the aircraft began to be retired, and ultimately the US District Judge stated that there was not enough evidence to support that the region would suffer major harm by the closure of the unit. The last F-16 departed on 23 September 2008, marking the end of the flying mission for the 183d Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0014-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History, BRAC 2005\nDue to the outstanding quality of work historically exhibited by the 183d Fighter Wing, the new mission outlined by the BRAC commission recommended the facilities and notable skill sets of personnel assigned be realigned into a Centralized Intermediate Repair Facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0015-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History, Current status\nSince BRAC, the 183d has been given an additional follow-on mission. The Component Numbered Air Force, including an Air and Space Operations Center and an Air Force forces staff, is an aerospace operation planning, execution, and assessment system for the Joint Forces Air Component Commander. It is the primary tool for commanding and executing air, space and cyber power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0016-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History, Current status\nThe 183d Air Operations Group will augment Air Force headquarters staffs in planning, coordinating, allocating, tasking and controlling air, space and cyber operations in a theater of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0017-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History, Current status\nOn 2 November 2014, the 183d Fighter Wing welcomed Colonel John Patterson as their new Commander. Colonel Patterson replaced Colonel (now Major General) Ron Paul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022169-0018-0000", "contents": "183d Wing, History, Current status\nOn 4 March 2017, the 183d Fighter Wing was redesignated as the 183d Wing (183 WG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022170-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd (2nd Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade\nThe 183rd (2nd Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022170-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd (2nd Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade was formed during the First World War in 1914, as a duplicate of the 144th (1/1st Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade, from men in the Territorial Force who, for various reasons, did not volunteer to serve overseas when asked at the outbreak of war. As a result, the brigade acted mainly in a reserve role, sending drafts of trained infantrymen to the 144th Brigade, and it also acted in a home defence role. Assigned to the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division, the brigade served on the Western Front from May 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022170-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd (2nd Gloucester and Worcester) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade disbanded in 1919 after the war, along with the rest of the Territorial Force which was later reformed in 1920 as the Territorial Army. Throughout the spring and summer of 1939, the Territorial Army was doubled in size as a consequence of war with Nazi Germany becoming an increasing possibility. Subsequently, the brigade was reformed in the Territorial Army, now as the 183rd Infantry Brigade, in 1939, shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War in September. The brigade was assigned to the 61st Infantry Division. However, the brigade never saw active service overseas and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war, including a few months spent on anti-invasion duties in Northern Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. Around two-thirds of its personnel were women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The regiment was heavily engaged in Operation Diver, defending England against V-1 flying bombs, and later was deployed to Antwerp to carry out anti-Diver duties there in the closing stages of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nBy 1941, after two years of war Anti- Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0001-0001", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nWith the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Organisation\nBy late 1942 the training regiments were turning out a regular stream of Mixed HAA batteries, which AA Command formed into regiments to take the place of the all-male units being sent to overseas theatres of war. One such new unit was 183rd (Mixed) HAA Regiment. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 26 October 1942 at Datchet, Buckinghamshire, with 564 (Mixed) HAA Battery transferred from 157th (M) HAA Rgt. and over the next few months the following batteries were regimented with it:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 73], "content_span": [74, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nBy December 1942 the regiment had joined 38 AA Brigade in 2 AA Group covering South East England. This remained the regiment's deployment for over a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0004-0000", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nMost of the Luftwaffe attacks on the UK in 1943 involved 'hit and run' raids on coastal towns by Fighter-bombers, which were Light AA (LAA) targets, and a few sporadic raids on London. However, in January 1944 it resumed night raids on London, which became known as the 'Baby Blitz'. These raids employed new faster bombers with sophisticated 'pathfinder' techniques and radar jamming. For example, on the night of 21 January 200 hostile aircraft were plotted approaching the South Coast in two waves, which intermingled with returning aircraft of RAF Bomber Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0004-0001", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nThis caused problems of identification and restrictions on fire, but the guns of 2 AA Group engaged as the raiders approached London. Only one-fifth of the raiders reached the city, the remainder turning away to bomb open country. AA guns brought down eight aircraft. Other raids came in along the Thames Estuary, which was the responsibility of 1 AA Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0005-0000", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Deployment\nAs preparations for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) gathered momentum, AA Command redeployed its resources in Southern England to cover the assembly areas and embarkation ports. 183rd HAA Regiment was briefly with 30 AA Bde and then in May 1944 it joined 102 AA Bde, a designated 'Overlord' HQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0006-0000", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nA week after 'Overlord' began on D-Day (6 June), the Germans began launching V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', against London. V-1s (known to Londoners as 'Doodlebugs') presented AA Command's biggest challenge since The Blitz of 1940\u201341. Defences had been planned against this new form of attack (Operation Diver), but the missiles' small size, high speed and awkward height presented a severe problem for AA guns. 2 AA Group's HAA batteries left their 'Overlord' sites and moved to pre-planned sites across the 'funnel' of V-1 flightpaths. However, the initial results were disappointing, and after a fortnight AA Command changed its tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0006-0001", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nThe HAA gun belt was moved to the coast and interlaced with LAA guns to hit the missiles out to sea, where the gun-laying radar worked best and where a 'downed' V-1 would cause no damage. This new belt was divided into six brigade sectors, 43 AA Bde taking charge of one sector, with 183rd (M) HAA Rgt under command. The whole process involved the movement of hundreds of guns and vehicles and thousands of servicemen and women, but a new 8-gun site could be established in 48 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0006-0002", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nAfter moving the mobile 3.7-inch HAA guns to the coast, these were progressively replaced by the static Mark IIC model, which had power traverse that could more quickly track the fast-moving targets, accompanied by the most sophisticated Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictor (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer). These were emplaced on temporary 'Pile platforms' named after the C-in-C of AA Command. The introduction of VT Proximity fuzes also increased the 'kill rate'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0006-0003", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nThe guns were constantly in action, but success rates against the 'Divers' steadily improved, until over 50 per cent of incoming missiles were destroyed by gunfire or fighter aircraft. This phase of Operation Diver ended in September after the V-1 launch sites in Northern France had been overrun by 21st Army Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0007-0000", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Operation Diver\nIn August 183rd (M) HAA Rgt had moved to 71 AA Bde, still in the Diver Belt, but in September\u2013October it was with 5 AA Bde under 1 AA Group, which operated a 'Diver Box' covering the Thames Estuary, as the Luftwaffe began air-launching V-1s over the North Sea. In November it left 71 AA Bde once more and rejoined 30 AA Bde, now in 5 AA Group, which was controlling the 'Diver Fringe' protecting the East Coast against air-launched V-1s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 76], "content_span": [77, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0008-0000", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp 'X' deployment\nOnce 21st Army Group had captured Brussels and Antwerp, these cities became targets for V-1s launched from within Germany, and anti-Diver or 'X' defences had to be established. AA Command's experience had shown that the power-operated, remotely controlled Mk IIC 3.7-inch gun, with automatic fuze-setting, SCR 584 radar and Predictor No 10 were required to deal effectively with V-1s, but 21st Army Group's mobile HAA units did not have experience with this equipment. In December the first overseas deployment of Mixed HAA units began, and 183rd (M) HAA Rgt was one of those selected. The war establishment of an HAA regiment on service overseas was three batteries, so 640 (M) HAA Bty left to become independent on 30 November (it disbanded on 12 December).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 83], "content_span": [84, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0009-0000", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp 'X' deployment\nThe regiment arrived at Antwerp in January 1945, taking over Mk IIC 3.7-inch guns on Pile platforms in bitter weather with inadequate hutting, and were immediately in action against the onslaught of V-1s. The Antwerp 'X' defences under 80 AA Bde involved an outer line of Wireless Observer Units sited 40 miles (64\u00a0km) to 50 miles (80\u00a0km) in front of the guns to give 8 minutes' warning, then Local Warning (LW) stations positioned half way, equipped with radar to begin plotting individual missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 83], "content_span": [84, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0009-0001", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp 'X' deployment\nFinally there was an inner belt of Observation Posts (OPs), about 20,000 yards (18,000\u00a0m) in front of the guns to give visual confirmation that the tracked target was a missile. The LW stations and OPs were operated by teams from the AA regiments. Radar-controlled searchlights were deployed to assist in identification and engagement of missiles at night. The success rate of the X defences had been low at first, but after the arrival of Mk IIC guns and experienced crews from AA Command the results improved considerably, with best results in February and March 1945. The number of missiles launched at Antwerp peaked at 623 a week in February, but dropped rapidly as 21st Army Group continued its advance, and in the last week of action the AA defences destroyed 97.5 per cent of those reaching the defence belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 83], "content_span": [84, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0010-0000", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Antwerp 'X' deployment\nThe war in Europe ended on VE Day, 8 May 1945. 183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, together with 564, 591 and 608 Batteries, was disbanded on 25 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 83], "content_span": [84, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022171-0011-0000", "contents": "183rd (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia\nWhile the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 69], "content_span": [70, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron\nThe 183rd Airlift Squadron is a unit of the 172nd Airlift Wing of the Mississippi Air National Guard, stationed at Allen C. Thompson Field Air National Guard Base, Mississippi. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron\nIts mission is to provide airlift and supporting units; provide for the airlift of troops and passengers, military equipment, cargo and aeromedical airlift and to participate in operations involving the airland or airdrop of troops, equipment and supplies when required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron\nIt was called to federal service during the first Gulf War. The 183rd was the first Air National Guard unit to convert to the C-17 Globemaster III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Reconnaissance\nThe squadron was constituted as the 183rd Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in 1953 and allotted to the Air National Guard. It was organized at Hawkins Field, Mississippi and extended federal recognition on 1 July 1953. The squadron was assigned to the 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, of the Alabama Air National Guard, but operational control was exercised by the Mississippi Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0004-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Reconnaissance\nThe 183rd was initially equipped with World War II-era Douglas RB-26C Invader night photographic reconnaissance aircraft. The black RB-26s were light bombers that were modified for aerial reconnaissance in the late 1940s  Most of the aircraft received were unarmed Korean War veterans, which carried cameras and flash flares for night aerial photography. Upon mobilization, the squadron would be gained by Tactical Air Command (TAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0005-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Strategic airlift\nIn 1957, the B-26 was reaching the end of its operational service. The squadron's mobilization gaining command became Military Air Transport Service when it was redesignated the 183rd Aeromedical Transport Squadron and was equipped with Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar transports configured for medical transport and reassigned to the 106th Aeromedical Transport Group. Five years later the unit was upgraded with the Lockheed C-121 Constellation long-range transport in 1962, becoming the 183rd Air Transport Squadron and beginning to carry personnel to overseas locations in Europe and the Caribbean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0005-0001", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Strategic airlift\nThe 183rd and its support elements expanded into a group level later that year, when the 172nd Air Transport Group was activated. The 183rd became the group's flying squadron. Support elements assigned into the group were the 183rd Material Squadron, 183rd Air Base Squadron, and the 183rd USAF Dispensary. The squadron moved from Hawkins to Allen C. Thompson Field, another field near Jackson, Mississippi in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0006-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Strategic airlift\nThe group received the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II heavy intercontinental transport was received in 1966 which meant supplies and equipment could be carried around the world along with personnel. 1966 was also marked by a change of mobilization command to Military Airlift Command (MAC) and the name to 183rd Military Airlift Squadron", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0007-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Theater airlift\nThe C-124 was being retired in the early 1970s and the 183rd was realigned to a theater transport mission, and equipped with Lockheed C-130E Hercules aircraft as the 183rd Tactical Airlift Squadron in May 1972. Once more, TAC gained the unit if it was called to federal service. It was upgraded to new 1979 production C-130H aircraft from 1980 and continued to fly tactical airlift missions until the mid-1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0008-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Return to strategic airlift\nOn 12 July 1986 the first Lockheed C-141B Starlifter to be released from the active duty Air Force was assigned to the Mississippi Air National Guard. With a total of eight aircraft, the unit resumed a global airlift mission and was gained by MAC when mobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0009-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Return to strategic airlift\nIn March 1988 the squadron took part in the airlift of approximately 3200 troops and almost 1000 tons of cargo on an exercise to Palmerola Air Base, Honduras. The 183rd was the only Air National Guard unit to participate in this airlift of troops to Honduras. On 6 December 1988 the Soviet Republic of Armenia suffered a powerful earthquake. The first Air Guard aircraft to fly to Armenia was a C-141B from the 183rd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0009-0001", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Return to strategic airlift\nBefore relief missions to Armenia ended, the unit would fly six missions with its planes and crew and additionally would furnish a crew to fly a United States Air Force C-141 whose crew had reached the maximum flying hours permitted without rest. In September 1989 a devastating hurricane struck the tiny island of St. Croix, leaving the island crippled, the squadron flew eleven emergency relief missions to St. Croix, hauling 465 tons of cargo and 472 passengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0010-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Return to strategic airlift\nFrom 20 December 1989 to 12 January 1990 the 183rd flew 21 sorties in support of Operation Just Cause, the operation to replace Manuel Noriega with a democratically elected government in Panama. The unit transported 403.6 tons of cargo and 1,274 passengers during the operation. On 7 August 1990 the 172nd's support of Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm began when Approximately 98 aircrew members began flying voluntary missions. On 24 August 1990 the 183rd Airlift Squadron was one of the first two units to be called into active federal service and moved to Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina. Until May 1991, shen the squadron was returned to state control the 148 members of the 183rd flew 2,880 sorties which transported 15,837 passengers and 25,949.2 tons of cargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0011-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Return to strategic airlift\nIn 2000, the squadron received the C-141C with an electronic \"glass cockpit\". In October 2000 after the USS Cole bombing in Yemen, seventeen members of the unit and the 183rd Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron deployed to Ramstein Air Base Germany. They picked up four injured sailors from Ramstein and flew them to Norfolk Naval Station, Virginia. In February 2003 the 183rd retired its last Starlifter in preparation for the arrival of the wing's first Boeing C-17 Globemaster III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0012-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, History, Return to strategic airlift\nOn 17 December 2003, Lt. Gen. Daniel James III, Director, Air National Guard, handed off the \"keys\" of the first C-17 Globemaster III (S/N 02-1112) to Maj. Gen. James H. Lipscomb III, adjutant general of the Mississippi National Guard. This plane was also the first Globemaster III assigned to the Air National Guard and was named the \"Spirit of the Minutemen\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022172-0013-0000", "contents": "183rd Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022173-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 183rd Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022174-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Battalion (Manitoba Beavers), CEF\nThe 183rd (Manitoba Beavers) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 throughout the Province of Manitoba. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was broken up in November 1916 and its men transferred to the following units: 100th Battalion, CEF, 107th Battalion, CEF, 108th Battalion, CEF, and the 144th Battalion, CEF. The 183rd (Manitoba Beavers) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. T. Edgecombe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022175-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nThe 183rd Cavalry Regiment is a cavalry regiment of the United States Army, Virginia Army National Guard. The 183rd Cavalry was established as the 183rd Infantry Regiment and was reflagged as a cavalry regiment in 2006. The 2nd Squadron, 2-183, is a maneuver element in the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 2nd Battalion, 183rd Cavalry is one of several Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022175-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Cavalry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 183d Infantry Regiment was activated in 1920 following the end of World War I. It was a part of the 91st Infantry Brigade in the Virginia National Guard alongside the 116th Infantry Regiment. The 183d was redesignated the 1st Virginia Infantry, but soon reverted to its old name in 1922, and became a part of the 29th Infantry Division. The regiment participated in training maneuvers with the Virginia Guard until the United States became involved in World War II. The 183d was broken up and provided men to various other units. After the war, in 1959, the 1st Battalion, 183d Infantry was reactivated as the 1st Squadron, 183d Armor, and served as the 29th Infantry Division's reconnaissance squadron until later inactivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022175-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd Cavalry Regiment (United States), History\nThe Infantry/Armor unit was reactivated as the 2d Squadron, 183d Cavalry Regiment on 11 February 2006. It was assigned to the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the 29th Infantry Division. The new squadron was given the mission of providing reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (or RSTA) for the brigade, and acted as the \"eyes and ears\" of brigade's commander. From September 2007 to May 2008, the squadron conducted security operations in Kuwait and Southern Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In August 2011, the 2-183d Cavalry deployed to Iraq again where it conducted convoy security operations under the name of Task Force 183. With 825 members, this was the largest deployment of Virginia National Guard soldiers since World War II. The unit returned home in December 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022175-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd Cavalry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 183d Infantry Regiment also became the 183d Regiment during the reorganization, and facilitates the Virginia Army National Guard's RTI (Regional Training Institute) at Fort Pickett, Virginia. Colonel James A. Zollar became commander of the RTI in June 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022176-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 183rd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c183\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 39th Brigade, 13th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced to 2nd Independent Brigade of Taihang Military District formed in October 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022176-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 547th, 548th and 549th Infantry Regiments. As a part of 61st Corps the division took part in the Chinese Civil War, including the Lifen Campaign, Taiyuan Campaign, Fumei Campaign and Chengdu Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022176-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom March 1950, the division was combined with Da County Military Sub-district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022176-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn March 1951, 548th Infantry Regiment was transferred to 182nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022177-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States)\nThe 183rd Field Artillery Battalion (Colorado) was a Field Artillery Battalion of the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022177-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), History\nUnfortunately there were two units issued this number this is the Colorado unit. The Idaho Unit predates the Colorado unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022177-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 10 May 1946 as Company C, 199th Engineer Combat Battalion and allotted to the Colorado National Guard", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022177-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Lineage\nConsolidated with 157th Field Artillery Regiment (United States) 1 February 1959", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022177-0004-0000", "contents": "183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nPer fess embattled Gules and Or in chief two wigwams of the second garnished of the first and in base a sea lion brandishing a sword in dexter paw of the last. all within a bordure counterchanged", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022177-0005-0000", "contents": "183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Colorado Army National Guard", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022177-0006-0000", "contents": "183rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States), Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms is that of the 157th Infantry within a border to indicate descent from that regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022178-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 183rd Infantry Division (183. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022179-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 183rd Infantry Division was a German infantry division in World War II that participated in the invasion of Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022180-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Mixed Brigade\nThe 183rd Mixed Brigade - originally created as the 3rd Asturian Brigade - was one of the mixed brigades created by the Spanish Republican Army for the defense of the Second Spanish Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022180-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created at the beginning of February 1937 in Grullos, from the CNT n\u00ba3 battalion, being assigned to the 1st Asturian Division. The command of the Brigade fell to V\u00edctor \u00c1lvarez Gonz\u00e1lez, who received military advice from Pedro Mart\u00ednez Coll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022180-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd Mixed Brigade, History\nOn April 27, the brigade set out with the 213rd, 216th and 230th battalions to the Vizcaya front, now under the command of the Joaqu\u00edn Burgos Riestra. Upon its arrival in Vizcaya, it was added to the 2nd Basque Division, placing two of its battalions in Amorebieta and another in Miravalles. During the fighting of the Battle of Bilbao, on June 13 the unit was practically destroyed in the vicinity of the so-called \"Belt of Death\" \u2014the last of the defensive lines that protected Bilbao. Its remains, however, managed to withdraw and later return to Asturias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022180-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd Mixed Brigade, History\nOn August 6, the unit renamed the \"183rd Mixed Brigade\", within the 57th Division of the 16th Army Corps, giving command of it to Jos\u00e9 Penido Iglesias. After the start of the Asturias Offensive the 183rd MB was sent to Colombres, with the mission of defending the coastal highway, being added to Division \u00abA\u00bb (provisional). On September 5, the Republicans lost control of Llanes, so the brigade was withdrawn from the front, towards Mieres, to join Division \"C\". Penido Iglesias was dismissed and replaced by \u00c1ngel L\u00f3pez Bonachela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022180-0004-0000", "contents": "183rd Mixed Brigade, History\nTowards October 5, the unit was covering the front of the mountain passes, on the heights of \"El Pedrusco\", \"El Castillo\", \"Altocena\" and \"Busdrugo\", but an advance of the nationalist forces of  Antonio Aranda led them to the Campo del Caso, causing the isolation of the republican forces; all the brigade troops were taken prisoner, and the unit disappeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022180-0005-0000", "contents": "183rd Mixed Brigade, History\nThe numbering of the old 183rd MB was adopted by a new brigade that was created on April 30, 1938, within the 49th Division of the 20th Army Corps \u2014which, in turn, constituted the general reserve of the Central Region Army Group (GERC). The 183rd Mixed Brigade remained at the Madrid front for the rest of the war, without intervening in any major military operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature\nThe 183rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3, 1979, to December 31, 1980, during the fifth and sixth years of Hugh Carey's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938 and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1971, and amended in 1974, by the Legislature, 60 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned contiguously without restrictions regarding county boundaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Conservative Party, the Right to Life Party, the Liberal Party, the Libertarian Party, the Socialist Workers Party, the Communist Party and the Labor Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1978, was held on November 7. Governor Hugh Carey was re-elected, and Secretary of State Mario Cuomo was elected Lieutenant Governor, both Democrats. The elections to the other two statewide elective offices resulted in a Republican Comptroller and a Democratic Attorney General. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 2,306,000; Republicans 1,913,000; Conservatives 243,000; Right to Life 130,000; Liberals 123,000; Libertarians 19,000; Socialist Workers 13,000; Communists 11,000; and Labor 9,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0004-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nSeven of the ten women members of the previous legislature were elected again: State Senators Olga A. M\u00e9ndez (Dem. ), of East Harlem, and Linda Winikow (Dem. ), of Spring Valley; and Assemblywomen Elizabeth Connelly (Dem. ), of Staten Island; Pinny Cooke (Rep.), of Rochester; Estella B. Diggs (Dem. ), of the Bronx; and Gerdi E. Lipschutz (Dem. ), of Queens, were re-elected; and Assemblywoman Mary B. Goodhue (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Kisco, was elected to the State Senate. Carol Berman (Dem. ), of Lawrence, was also elected to the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0004-0001", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nRhoda S. Jacobs (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Joan B. Hague (Rep.), of Glens Falls; May W. Newburger (Dem. ), of Great Neck; Toni Rettaliata (Rep.), of Huntington; and Florence M. Sullivan (Rep.), a lawyer of Brooklyn, were also elected to the Assembly. Thus the 183rd Legislature had 13 women members, surpassing the previous record of 11 in the 181st New York State Legislature (1976).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0005-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1979, was held on November 6. No statewide elective offices were up for election, and there were no vacancies in the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0006-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 202nd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1979; and recessed indefinitely in the early morning of June 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0007-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWarren M. Anderson (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0008-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature was again in session on and off in October and November 1979, to consider legislation concerning energy matters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0009-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 203rd) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 9, 1980; and recessed indefinitely on June 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0010-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany from November 19 to 23. This session was called by Governor Carey to consider legislation on banking, the State budget, and housing in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0011-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Christopher J. Mega, Mary B. Goodhue, Charles D. Cook and John B. Daly changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0012-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0013-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022181-0014-0000", "contents": "183rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022182-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 183rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 183rd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022182-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 183rd Ohio Infantry was organized in Sandusky and Cincinnati, Ohio September through October 1864 and mustered in for one year service on October 12, 1864, at Camp Dennison under the command of Colonel George W. Hoge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022182-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, and Department of North Carolina, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022182-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 183rd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service July 17, 1865, at Salisbury, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022182-0004-0000", "contents": "183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Ohio for Columbia, Tenn., November 19, arriving there November 28. Battle of Franklin, Tenn., November 30, 1864. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Duty at Clifton, Tenn., until January 16, 1865. Moved to Washington, D.C., then to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 16-February 9. Operations against Hoke February 11\u201314. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Campaign of the Carolinas March 1-April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh and Salisbury, N.C., until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022182-0005-0000", "contents": "183rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 83 men during service; 2 officers and 22 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 57 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022183-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Paratroopers Division \"Ciclone\"\n183rd Paratroopers Division \"Ciclone\" (Italian: 183\u00aa Divisione paracadutisti \"Ciclone\") was a short-lived airborne division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Ciclone began to form in summer 1943 at the Parachute School in Viterbo and by the end of summer four battalions had been trained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022183-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Paratroopers Division \"Ciclone\"\nAfter the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces was announced on 8 September 1943 the XX Paratroopers Battalion was dispatched to occupy the Cisa and Futa passes in the Apennine Mountains between Bologna and Florence. Reinforced by elements of the XIX Paratroopers Battalion the paratroopers engaged in light skirmishes with Wehrmacht forces for three days before surrendering. After the surrender more than half of the division's troops decided to join the fascist Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana's paratrooper units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022184-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\"\nThe 183rd Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\" (Italian: 183\u00b0 Reggimento Paracadutisti \"Nembo\") is an active unit of the Italian Army based in Pistoia in Tuscany. The regiment is part of the army's infantry corps' Paracadutisti speciality and operationally assigned to the Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022184-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", Current structure\nAs of 2019 the 183rd Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022184-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", Current structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon. The regiment is equipped with VTLM Lince vehicles. The 12th Paratroopers Maneuver Support Company is equipped with 120mm mortars and Spike MR anti-tank guided missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022185-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 183rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was nicknamed \"The Fourth Union League Regiment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022185-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 183rd Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, beginning December 24, 1863, and continuing through March 8, 1864, under the command of Colonel George P. McClean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022185-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1865. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022185-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 183rd Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on July 13, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022185-0004-0000", "contents": "183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nCampaign from the Rapidan to the James River, Va., May 4 \u2013 June 12, 1864. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Corbin's Bridge May 8; Spotsylvania May 8\u201312; Po River May 10; Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration north of the James at Deep Bottom July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022185-0004-0001", "contents": "183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30 (reserve). Demonstration north of the James at Deep Bottom August 13\u201320. Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Ream's Station August 25. Boydton Plank Road, October 27\u201328. Reconnaissance to Hatcher's Run December 9\u201310. Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Hatcher's Run or Boydton Road March 30\u201331. White Oak Road March 31. Sutherland's Station April 2. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge, Farmville, April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Washington, D.C., May 2\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022185-0005-0000", "contents": "183rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 187 men during service; 4 officers and 92 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 89 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022186-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line)\n183rd Street is a local station on the elevated IRT Jerome Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 183rd Street and Jerome Avenue in the Bronx, it is served by the 4 train at all times. This station was constructed by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company as part of the Dual Contracts and opened in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022186-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were \"dual\" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in the Bronx. As part of Contract 3, the IRT agreed to build an elevated line along Jerome Avenue in the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022186-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\n183rd Street station opened as part of the initial section of the line to Kingsbridge Road on June 2, 1917. Service was initially operated as a shuttle between Kingsbridge Road and 149th Street. Through service to the IRT Lexington Avenue Line began on July 17, 1918. The line was completed with a final extension to Woodlawn on April 15, 1918. This section was initially served by shuttle service, with passengers transferring at 167th Street. The construction of the line encouraged development along Jerome Avenue, and led to the growth of the surrounding communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022186-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Later years\nIn 1995, as a result of budget crisis, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority considered a package of service reductions, including permanently closing the 183rd Street station, as well as two or three other stations citywide, due to its proximity to other stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022186-0004-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), History, Later years\nBeginning on March 5, 2007, 183rd Street and Kingsbridge Road were closed for renovation as part of a $55 million contract to renovate five stops on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line. The other three stops in the contract (Burnside Avenue, Mosholu Parkway, and Bedford Park Boulevard) were already renovated before then. This work was completed in twelve weeks on May 21, about eight weeks ahead of schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022186-0005-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe station has three tracks and two side platforms. The middle track is generally not used in revenue service. The 4 stops here at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022186-0006-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout\nThere are old style signs painted over and covered up with new style signs, and a crossunder exists within fare control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022186-0007-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe 2008 artwork here is called Many Trails by Jose Ortiz. It features laminated glass windows in the mezzanine of the western station house, depicting the cultural history of University Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022186-0008-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (IRT Jerome Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe station has a wooden mezzanine under the tracks. Outside of fare control, exits go to the northwest, southwest, and southeast corner of the staggered intersection of Jerome Avenue and 183rd Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022187-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)\n183rd Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx, New York City. It was opened on July 1, 1901, and was one of three stations built when the line was extended to Fordham Plaza. It had three tracks and two side platforms. The station was located near what is today Saint Barnabas Hospital Pediatrics, and was five blocks east of the former New York Central Railroad station of the same name along the Harlem Line. The next stop to the north was Fordham Road\u2013190th Street. The next stop to the south was 180th Street. The station closed on April 29, 1973. This station was very famous for Dondi's \"Children of the Grave: Part II\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022188-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (New York Central Railroad)\nThe 183rd Street station was a station on the New York Central Railroad's Harlem Line, serving the neighborhoods of Fordham, Tremont and Belmont in the Bronx, New York City. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad also ran through this station but did not stop here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022188-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (New York Central Railroad), History, Background\nThe New York and Harlem Railroad expanded their main line across the Harlem River through Tremont into Fordham in 1841. Stations existed both in Tremont and Fordham back then, but not at 183rd Street. The New York and Harlem was bought by the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad in 1864, but did not build a station at this location until sometime between 1898 and 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022188-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (New York Central Railroad), History, Opening\nOn July 1, 1901, the Metropolitan Elevated Railway (later acquired by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company) extended the Third Avenue Elevated Line to Fordham Station, bringing a rapid transit connection there. Pelham Avenue station was the northern terminus of the line until it was extended to Bronx Park Terminal ten months later. As a result, the Third Avenue Railway also began to operate from Fordham Plaza converting it into the major transit hub that it is to this day. 183rd Street station was built just in time to deal with the capacity issues at Fordham Station to the north, though the Third Avenue El also had another station on 183rd Avenue nearly several blocks to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022188-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (New York Central Railroad), History, Decline\nOn May 25, 1909, a hearing was heard on the New York Central's application to discontinue the station. In summer 1950, the Central sent a petition to the New York Public Service Commission (PSC), requesting permission to close the station. On April 10, 1951, the PSC denied the Central's request.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022188-0004-0000", "contents": "183rd Street station (New York Central Railroad), History, Decline\nDeclining ridership following World War II, coincided with the decline of much of the Bronx. As with other NYC stations in the Bronx, 183rd Street became a Penn Central station once the NYC & Pennsylvania Railroads merged in 1968. Penn Central acquired the New Haven Railroad in 1969, but the New Haven only stopped at nearby Fordham station, as it had been doing since the 1920s. However, because of the railroad's serious financial distress following the merger, commuter service was turned over to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1972. The station was closed by Penn Central in 1972, along with 138th Street and Morrisania stations in the South Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company\nThe 183rd Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0002-0001", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0002-0002", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0004-0000", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history\n183rd Tunnelling Company was formed in Rouen, northern France, in October 1915. From its formation until the end of the war the company served under Third Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0005-0000", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nAfter its formation, the unit proceeded to Fontaine-l\u00e8s-Cappy, south of the Somme. Moved to Carnoy-Maricourt to prepare mines and saps for Sir Henry Rawlinson's Fourth Army and its attack on the Somme on 1 July 1916. In the Somme sector of the Western Front, local but very fierce underground fighting had taken place in the winter of 1914 and spring of 1915 at La Boisselle, Fricourt, Bois Fran\u00e7ais and Carnoy. Fowke moved the 174th and 183rd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0005-0001", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nTunnelling Companies there to relieve the French engineers, but the British did not have enough miners to take over the large number of French shafts and the French agreed to leave their engineers at work for several weeks. To provide the tunnellers needed, the British formed the 178th and 179th Tunnelling Companies in August 1915, followed by the 185th and 252nd Tunnelling Companies in October. The 181st Tunnelling Company was also present on the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0006-0000", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nAs Allied preparations were under way for the Battle of the Somme (1 July \u2013 18 November 1916), the tunnelling companies were to make two major contributions by placing 19 large and small mines beneath the German positions along the front line and by preparing a series of shallow Russian saps from the British front line into no man's land, which would be opened at zero hour and allow the infantry to attack the German positions from a comparatively short distance. Under the command of Captain Horace Hickling, 183rd Tunnelling Company placed four mines (the Mametz East group) in the front sector allocated to XV Corps near Mametz  and three mines (the Carnoy group) in the front sector allocated to XIII Corps near Carnoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0007-0000", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nThe Mametz East group consisted of four mines: Bulgar Point, a  heavily wired German strong work facing the 1st Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment's attack south-east of Mametz, was mined with 910 kilograms (2,000\u00a0lb) of explosives; a sap further west was loaded with a 91-kilogram (200\u00a0lb) charge in support of the Gordon Highlanders' attack; and two more 230-kilogram (500\u00a0lb) mines were laid beneath Austrian Trench, on the extreme right of the 7th Division's sphere of action, on the boundary with the front sector allocated to XIII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0008-0000", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nIn addition to placing the four mines near Mametz, 183rd Tunnelling Company from February 1916 onwards prepared dozens of Russian saps in the front sector allocated to XV Corps, which ran from the British front line to the very edge of the German positions. Small charges could be blown from the end of these tunnels and they could then be used to reinforce the captured positions. Four saps were further equipped with Livens Large Gallery Flame Projectors, ready to cover the German front line with liquid fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0008-0001", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nIn order to protect them from enemy fire, the flame throwers were hauled into the saps just hours before the battle. Two tunnels which housed such weapons  \u2013 located at Kiel Trench south-west of Mametz, and between Carnoy and Kasino Point \u2013 were damaged by German shellfire before the attack. The two remaining were put to use from saps immediately left of the mine crater field at Carnoy. In view of the work required, 183rd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0008-0002", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nTunnelling Company took a calculated risk by stopping its defensive mining activities between Carnoy and Fricourt, which had so far guaranteed the underground safety of the British trenches in that area. By 1 July, the British tunnel network excavated in this sector extended 91 metres (300\u00a0ft) under no man's land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0009-0000", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nThe Carnoy group consisted of three mines. Two were to be fired north of Carnoy on 1 July 1916 at 07.27 hours, a 2,300-kilogram (5,000\u00a0lb) charge under a German salient at Kasino Point and a 230-kilogram (500\u00a0lb) charge on the extreme left flank, intended to collapse German dug outs and destroy machine-gun nests. The third mine also held a  230-kilogram (500\u00a0lb) charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0009-0001", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nUnderground fighting at Carnoy had taken place in the winter of 1914 and spring of 1915, and mine warfare directly in front of Carnoy, near the Carnoy\u2013Montauban road, was conducted by both sides from May 1916. As in the Mametz East sector, 183rd Tunnelling Company had to stop its defensive mining activities so the work in the Carnoy sector could be finished in time. All deep mining was halted, except at Kasino Point where an inclined gallery was built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0009-0002", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nAs the chalk grew harder, the method of softening involved drilling holes with a carpenter's auger, into which the miners poured vinegar. When it was fired, the mine produced a crater with lips 30 metres (97\u00a0ft) in diameter and 9.1 metres (30\u00a0ft) deep. The miners reported after the attack on the First day on the Somme that the Kasino Point mine had buried three German dugouts and four sniper's posts, and probably a machine-gun emplacement as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0009-0003", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, The Somme 1915/16\nDuring tunnelling at Kasino Point, the British broke into a German dugout but were able to cover it up before the breach was noticed. Edmonds wrote in 1932 that this incident occurred during the digging of Russian saps rather than the Kasino Point mine. Middlebrook wrote in 1971 that the Kasino Point Salient was between Mametz, Carnoy and Montauban and the mine planted there was one of seven large mines that were due to be detonated on 1 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0010-0000", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Messines 1916/17\nAs part of the preparations for the Battle of Messines in June 1917, the 183rd Tunnelling Company began work on deep dugouts in the Ypres Salient. The Battle of Messines was a prelude to the much larger Third Battle of Ypres (31 July\u201310 November 1917). The underground building activities of the Royal Engineer units consisted of a series of deep mines dug by the British 171st, 175th, 250th, 1st Canadian, 3rd Canadian and 1st Australian Tunnelling companies to be fired at the start of the Battle of Messines (7\u201314 June 1917), while the British 183rd, 2nd Canadian and 2nd Australian Tunnelling companies built underground shelters in the Second Army area. The mines at Messines were detonated on 7 June 1917, creating 19 large craters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022189-0011-0000", "contents": "183rd Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Spring Offensive 1918\nIn April 1918, the 183rd and several other tunnelling companies (171st, 173rd, 184th, 255th, 258th and 3rd Australian) were forced to move from their camps at Boeschepe, when the enemy broke through the Lys positions during the German spring offensive. These units were then put on duties that included digging and wiring trenches over a long distance from Reningelst to near Saint-Omer. The operation to construct these fortifications between Reningelst and Saint-Omer was carried out jointly by the British 171st, 173rd, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th, 3rd Canadian and 3rd Australian Tunnelling Companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022190-0000-0000", "contents": "183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 183rd Volksgrenadier Division (German: 183. Volksgrenadier-Division) was a German unit during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022190-0001-0000", "contents": "183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn September 1944 the 183 Volksgrenadier Division was formed of what was left of the 183rd Infantry Division, complemented by non-fighting military personnel (from navy and air force) and civilians. The 183rd Infantry Division had come into existence on 15 September 1944, having been formed from the so-called Schatten-Division D\u00f6llersheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022190-0002-0000", "contents": "183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAt the end of November Grenadier-Regiment 330 was destroyed at Geilenkirchen during a massive allied offensive against the German positions between the rivers Wurm and Ruhr, between Geilenkirchen and Linnich. Aim of the Ninth US Army was the Rur crossing at Linnich, which would open the way to Cologne. The offensive was called Operation Queen and was launched on 16 November. The 330th Infantry Regiment of the 183rd Volksgrenadier Division was holding the front line at Floverich, Loverich and Setterich, where the Americans attacked with the 2nd Armored Division. During the afternoon 330th Regiment was virtually wiped out, more than five hundred \"grenadiers\" being captured from the regiment\u2019s possible strength of one thousand men. The total killed and wounded could not be estimated but it is believed that not over 250 men remained in the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022190-0003-0000", "contents": "183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe offensive would eventually last until mid-December, which the Germans called \"the third battle of Aachen\" (Dritte Schlacht um Aachen) . In this period the German units in the area counterattacked continuously. By 21 November, after five days of serious combat, the number of casualties within 183 Volksgrenadier Division had risen beyond an acceptable level, and the division was unable to continue fighting as an independent unit. Remaining troops of the 183rd were divided among the other German divisions, the 9th Panzer Division and 15th Panzergrenadier Division that were present in the area east of Geilenkirchen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022190-0004-0000", "contents": "183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation\nThe 183rd Division included Grenadier Regiments 330, 343 and 351, each of two battalions, as well as Artillery Regiment 219, consisting of four battalions. The composition of the division was enhanced on 19 October 1944 by the absorption of the XVI Landwehr-Festungs-Battalion and Festungs-MG-Battalion 42. Part of the division was made up of raw and ill-trained Austrians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022190-0005-0000", "contents": "183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Commanders\nThe 183 Volksgrenadier Division was under command of Generalmajor Wolfgang Lange since 15 September 1944. Lange also commanded the 49 Infanterie Division during their actions in the battle of Aachen. He received the Knight's Cross (Ritterkreuz) on 14 May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022190-0006-0000", "contents": "183rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht), Commanders\nOn 25 February 1945 command of the 183 Volksgrenadier Division was taken over by Generalmajor Hinrich Warrelmann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022191-0000-0000", "contents": "184\nYear 184 (CLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Eggius and Aelianus (or, less frequently, year 937 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 184 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022192-0000-0000", "contents": "184 (number)\n184 (one hundred [and] eighty-four) is the natural number following 183 and preceding 185.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0000-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street\n184 38th Street, also known as McBride Log House, was a historic log house in the Lawrenceville neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Before its demolition, it was thought to be the oldest log house in any major American city to be used as a residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0001-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street\nDating to the 1820s, it was one of the original buildings in Lawrenceville. Several attempts were made by historical groups to restore the building, but such efforts were cost prohibitive. The building continued to be used as a residence until the early 21st century, when it was purchased by a real estate developer. In 2011, the building was demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0002-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street, Building history\nThe building was constructed in the 1820s by Henry McBride, who purchased the property directly from Lawrenceville founder William Foster for $250 in 1822. At that time, Lawrenceville consisted of little more than several buildings centered around the Allegheny Arsenal. On September 17, 1862, Catherine Burkhart, a 15-year-old girl who lived in the home with her mother, was killed in an explosion at the Allegheny Arsenal, where she worked assembling munitions for the Union Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0003-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street, Building history\nIn May 2007, the building was cited for rotting window frames, deteriorating exterior walls, and crumbling wood under the roof; by December 2007, the building had passed inspection. It was boarded up in 2008 to prevent vandalism and squatters. In April 2011, a real estate agent from the North Hills of Pittsburgh purchased the building for $43,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0004-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street, Specifications\nThe two story, two family building contained 12 rooms and roughly 3,740 square feet (347\u00a0m2) of space. It was constructed using a framing technique. The logs were squared-off, rather than the stereotypical Lincoln Logs-style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0005-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street, Specifications\nA fire in 2004 exposed the original logs; the extent of the historical significance of the building was not widely known until then. The asphalt siding was then removed from the outside of the building. As of 2011, the clapboards were peeling and showing the original logs underneath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0006-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street, Preservation efforts\nAfter the 2004 fire, the Lawrenceville Historical Society began trying to find a way to preserve the building, but the society was unable to raise the necessary funds to purchase the building outright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0007-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street, Preservation efforts\nIn late 2006, the Lawrenceville Historical Society commissioned a study that estimated that the cost to restore the house as a history museum would cost $250,000. Other studies have estimated the cost of restoration at greater than $200,000, not including the purchase price.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0008-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street, Preservation efforts\nThe building was placed on the market in November 2008 with an asking price of $79,900. At the time, the property owners, investors in a limited partnership, hoped to find \"the right buyer who will treat it with the respect it deserves.\" In 2008, Lawrenceville United executive director Tony Ceoffe described the dilapidated structure as a \"terrible eyesore\" and went on to say that neighbors were claiming it attracted vagrants and drug users. The Log House Committee of the Lawrenceville Stakeholders, led by a local architect, made an unsuccessful attempt to purchase and restore the property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0009-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street, Preservation efforts\nIn 2011, Arthur P. Ziegler, Jr., noted preservationist and president of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation, expressed hope that the house could be restored, but expressed doubts about the feasibility, due to the cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0010-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street, Preservation efforts\nFollowing the purchase of the building in 2011, the Lawrenceville Stakeholders expressed fear that the new owner would demolish the building. When contacted by a reporter from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, the owner indicated that there were no immediate plans for the property. Cochran expressed hope that the new owner would recognize the historic potential of the home and believed that a restored home of this age could be a \"gold mine\" as a single family residence in Lawrenceville, which was developing into a significant social center of Pittsburgh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0010-0001", "contents": "184 38th Street, Preservation efforts\nModifications made to the house since its construction, including 1830s cuts through the original logs to create windows, would have complicated any efforts to fully restore the building. Observers, including Carol Peterson, Pittsburgh's pre-eminent house historian, believed that the modifications had their own historical significance and should have been preserved in any restoration effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0011-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street, Preservation efforts\nIn July, the owner demolished the structure, while attempting to preserve the logs, in case the building could be re-assembled elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022193-0012-0000", "contents": "184 38th Street, Gallery\nThe front of 184 38th Street on May 21, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022194-0000-0000", "contents": "184 BC\nYear 184 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pulcher and Licinus (or, less frequently, year 570 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 184 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022195-0000-0000", "contents": "184 Dejopeja\nDejopeja (minor planet designation: 184 Dejopeja) is a large M-type Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on February 28, 1878, and was named after Deiopea, a Roman nymph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022195-0001-0000", "contents": "184 Dejopeja\nThis is an X-type asteroid with a diameter of 66\u00a0km and a geometric albedo of 0.190. Based upon Photometric observations taken during 2000, it has a synodic rotation period of 6.441 \u00b1 0.001 h. The light curve is tri-modal, most likely due to an angular shape, with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.19 \u00b1 0.01 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022196-0000-0000", "contents": "1840\n1840 (MDCCCXL) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1840th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 840th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 40th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1840, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022197-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Birmingham by-election\nA UK parliamentary by-election was held for one of the two seats in Birmingham on 23\u201325 January 1840. The Radical candidate George Muntz was returned, ahead of Conservative Charles Wetherell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022197-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Birmingham by-election, Nominations\nThe vacancy was caused by the 1839 resignation of Thomas Attwood, who was a Radical like the other sitting MP Joshua Scholefield. The returning officer was Philip Henry Muntz, the mayor of Birmingham and brother of George Muntz. Nomination day was fixed as 23 January, and in the runup both George Muntz and another Radical, Joseph Sturge, canvassed and took part in hustings. Sturge said that if he lacked support he would withdraw, to avoid splitting the Radical vote. \"Mr. Allen, the Whig\" withdrew from the hustings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022197-0001-0001", "contents": "1840 Birmingham by-election, Nominations\nWetherell's supporters told the mayor that their candidate, as yet unnamed, intended to run. The mayor consulted the three prospective candidates' representatives and on 22 January the municipal corporation contracted for erection of 15 polling booths. At the nomination meeting all three prospective candidates were proposed and seconded; only Muntz attended in person. There was a show of hands of those present, described by The Spectator:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022197-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 Birmingham by-election, Nominations\nPolling was the following day, 24 January, and the result was announced early on 25 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022197-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 Birmingham by-election, Muntz v. Sturge\nThe corporation billed each of the three prospective candidates for one-third of the \u00a3360 expenses. Sturge paid only the \u00a366 proportion which he judged accrued prior to the commencement of the poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022197-0003-0001", "contents": "1840 Birmingham by-election, Muntz v. Sturge\nThe mayor sued for the balance, and Nicholas Conyngham Tindal, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, agreed at the Warwickshire assizes, but this was overturned on appeal by James Scarlett, 1st Baron Abinger, the Chief Baron of the Exchequer, who ruled that Sturge was not a \"candidate at a contested election\" in the relevant section of the Reform Act 1832, and thus the other two candidates were liable for the expenses incurred during the poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022198-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Chicago mayoral election\nThe 1840 Chicago mayoral election saw Democratic nominee Alexander Loyd defeat incumbent Whig Benjamin Wright Raymond by a landslide 15.8 point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022198-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Chicago mayoral election\nWith a narrative that local elections such as Chicago's would be a bellwether of the coming 1840 United States presidential election, both parties locally viewed the election as being of great importance. Chicago's mayoral result, ultimately, was no bellwether of the presidential election's party outcome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022199-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1840 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 1, 1840. It was a rematch of the 1839 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Incumbent governor and Whig nominee William W. Ellsworth was re-elected, defeating former senator and Democratic nominee John M. Niles with 54.17% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022199-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nAfter his loss, Niles would be appointed Postmaster General by President Martin Van Buren, serving from May 19, 1840, until the end of Van Buren's term, March 4, 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022200-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom\nThe 1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom titled  Ke Kumuk\u0101n\u0101wai a me n\u0101 K\u0101n\u0101wai o ko Hawai\u02bbi Pae \u02bb\u0100ina, Honolulu, 1840 was the first fully written constitution for the Hawaiian Kingdom. The need for a constitution was originally intended as a manner of laws set forth to control the Native Hawaiian population with a Western style and legal framework, giving less severe punishments, such as being exiled, than was the traditional custom until the 1840s. Christianity had failed to change many behaviors of the Hawaiian population, even with the support of the ali\u02bbi families.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022200-0000-0001", "contents": "1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom\nAdultery and many other sexual relations became forbidden. Hawaiians were arrested and sentenced to severe punishments that were not well organised. The exiled had little food and could easily swim away from the islands and the prison at Honolulu Fort. The issue became worse as fewer pardons from the ali\u02bbi were available, and the overall sentencing then became much more severe for the native population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022200-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Overview\nThe constitution was enacted on October 8, 1840, by King Kamehameha III and Kek\u0101uluohi as Kuhina Nui, an office similar to Prime Minister or co-regent. The constitution, compared to its predecessor, was extremely detailed. The June 7, 1839, document, sometimes called a constitution but more similar to a declaration of rights, stated simply that the government was based on Christian values and equality for all. Incorporating the 1839 document, the 1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawai\u2019i was a turning point in Hawai\u2019i government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022200-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Overview\nThis constitution organized the power of government and its functions by defining the House of Representatives as the legislative body, giving their people the power to vote, proclaiming the House of Kamehameha, establishing of the office of Kuhina Nui, creating of the office of royal governors of the various islands and recognizing Christianity as an authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022200-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Amendments\nIt could be changed by section 13, which gave the House of Nobles and the House of Representative the ability to change the constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022201-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1840 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1840. Whig Governor Cornelius Comegys was unable to seek re-election to a second term. Former State Representative William B. Cooper ran as the Whig nominee to succeed Comegys and faced Democratic nominee Warren B. Jefferson in the general election. Cooper won the largest victory in a gubernatorial election since 1819, and was ushered into office with a sizable Whig majority in the legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022201-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022202-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Democratic National Convention\nThe 1840 Democratic National Convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland, from May 5 to May 6. The Democratic Party re-nominated President Martin Van Buren, but failed to select a nominee for vice president. Van Buren is the only major party presidential nominee since the ratification of the 12th Amendment to seek election without a running mate. Dragged down by the unpopularity of the Panic of 1837, Van Buren was defeated by the Whig Party's ticket in the 1840 presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022202-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Democratic National Convention, Delegates\nDelegates from 21 of 26 states were in attendance. States not in attendance were Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, South Carolina and Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022202-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 Democratic National Convention, Platform\nThe 1840 convention was the first at which the party adopted a platform. Delegates reaffirmed their belief that the Constitution was the primary guide for each state's political affairs. To them, this meant that all roles of the federal government not specifically defined fell to each respective state government, including such responsibilities as debt created by local projects. Decentralized power and states' rights pervaded each and every resolution adopted at the convention, including those on slavery, taxes, and the possibility of a central bank. Regarding slavery, the Convention adopted the following resolution:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022202-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 Democratic National Convention, Platform\nResolved, That congress has no power under the Constitution, to interfere with or control the domestic institutions of the several states, and that such states are the sole and proper judges of every thing appertaining to their own affairs, not prohibited by the Constitution: that all efforts of the abolitionists or others, made to induce congress to interfere with questions of slavery, or to take incipient steps in relation thereto, are calculated to lead to the most alarming and dangerous consequences, and that all such efforts have an inevitable tendency to diminish the happiness of the people, and endanger the stability and permanency of the Union, and ought not to be countenanced by any friend to our political institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022202-0004-0000", "contents": "1840 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination\nVice President Richard M. Johnson was not retained on the ticket, as he was largely seen as a liability in the 1836 election and had focused much of his time as vice president on his own economic affairs. Former president Andrew Jackson backed James K. Polk for the position of vice president, but Van Buren supported his vice president's renomination. The convention ultimately failed to nominate a running mate for Van Buren. Van Buren remains the only major party presidential nominee since the passage of the 12th Amendment to seek election without a running mate. Polk and Johnson would both receive electoral votes for vice president in the general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Grand National\nThe 1840 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the second official annual running of a steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase handicap horse race, which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Thursday 5 March 1840 and attracted a then smallest ever field of 13 runners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Grand National\nAlthough recorded by the press at the time as the fifth running of the Grand Liverpool, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 Grand National\nThe race was not run as a handicap chase and therefore all the runners were declared to carry 12 stone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 Grand National, The course\nThe course was laid out with eleven obstacles in total with the competitors starting from the bend at the end of the finishing straight beside the stables. The first obstacle was an iron rail of 3 feet 5 inches into the Melling Road. The runners then jumped out of the road over a hedge and ditch 7 feet 11 inches high. The third fence was also a ditch some ten feet wide and the fourth an even bigger ditch of 16 feet to clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0003-0001", "contents": "1840 Grand National, The course\nFence five was a slightly smaller ditch before the runners cleared an obstacle of little consequence to be considered an actual fence. The fence that would gradually come to be known as Becher's Brook was next with a clearance of 20 feet. The runners then turned sharply towards the Canal over a considerable jump with a steep landing side. The eighth fence was the second brook and ran along the canal side, this was followed by a ditch and rail with a thirteen-foot span.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0003-0002", "contents": "1840 Grand National, The course\nThe tenth fence was a leap into the Anchor Bridge and almost instantly straight back out again to bring the runners back towards the stands and the only fence on the course, a dry stone wall rising from 4 foot 6 inches to 4 foot 10 on the outside. The runners then set off to jump the first ten fences, along with other insignificant obstacles before bypassing the wall on the run to the finish post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0004-0000", "contents": "1840 Grand National, The course\nThe majority of the course was plough land with turf only on the racecourse proper and it was speculated by witnesses that the majority of the fences had been lowered slightly from last year in the wake of criticism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0005-0000", "contents": "1840 Grand National, The race\nThe competitors reached the newly named Becher's Brook without incident where Cruickshank stumbled on landing and was cannoned into by Weathercock with both falling. The former was remounted by his jockey, Guy, albeit with a severely bloodied nose while the latter's rider, Barker was carried unconscious to Seed's farmhouse nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0006-0000", "contents": "1840 Grand National, The race\nValentine had established a good lead at this stage in his owner's bid to secure a bet that his mount would be first to complete a circuit of the course. Upon reaching the second brook beyond the Canal Turn, Valentine made to refuse, but his momentum was such that the horse corkscrewed, almost backwards over the obstacle. His rider remained in the saddle and despite his rivals gaining much ground, the pairing continued intact to complete the circuit in the lead and secure the bet while behind him Hasty fell and was quickly remounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0007-0000", "contents": "1840 Grand National, The race\nLast year's champion Lottery reached the stone wall in front of the stands in second place but clipped the top of the obstacle, falling amid a flurry of dismantled masonry. All three horses following immediately behind were caught in the melee and were brought down, the three being Columbine, favourite The Nun and Seventy-four. Powell remounted the favourite but was forced to pull up before setting off on the second circuit when she was found to be lame while Olliver was taken to the stands with a broken collar bone and concussion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0008-0000", "contents": "1840 Grand National, The race\nThe pileup allowed Valentine to re-establish a lead of many lengths over the rest of the field but he was caught shortly before reaching Becher's for the second time by Jerry and Arthur with the remaining competitors too far behind to be able to issue a challenge. Arthur fell heavily at the brook, leaving Jerry to canter home over the remaining fences to win as he liked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0008-0001", "contents": "1840 Grand National, The race\nArthur was quickly remounted and although he caught Valentine before jumping the final hurdle he was unable to make up the ground on Jerry and finished second by four lengths with Valentine the same distance behind in third. The remaining runners had not reached the distance chair situated beside the wall fence by the time the third horse had passed the post, thus these runners were officially declared as non finishers. Those who did pass the post were, in order, Cruickshank, Hasty, The Sea and Spolasco. The last horse had fallen during the second circuit and was remounted while The Augean also fell at some point during the second circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0009-0000", "contents": "1840 Grand National, The race\nDespite winning in a very comfortable manner, and slowing to a canter a long way before the finish, Jerry still finished in a time of twelve minutes and thirty seconds, shattering the course record by a minute and a half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0010-0000", "contents": "1840 Grand National, Aftermath\nAgain the press were very critical of the race, especially noting the incident at the wall where many spectators had thought Tom Olliver had been killed by his fall, so bad was his state when being carried away to the stands. Furthermore, it was later discovered that Barker had been left unattended in a barn near Seed's farm where none of the connections of his mount had made any enquiry as to his state. As a result, the wall was replaced with a water jump in time for the next running.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022203-0011-0000", "contents": "1840 Grand National, Historical inaccuracies\nLater historical accounts of the Grand National are notorious for carrying factual errors. The official history of the race written in the 1980s recorded Cruickshank as a non runner and The Sea as an official finisher in fourth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022204-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Hus\n1840 Hus (prov. designation: 1971 UY) is a stony Koronis asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12.5 kilometers (7.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 26 October 1971, by Czech astronomer Lubo\u0161 Kohoutek at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 4.8 hours and is likely elongated in shape. It was later named after 15th-century theologian Jan Hus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022204-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Hus, Orbit and classification\nHus is a core member of the Koronis family (605), a very large asteroid family of almost 6,000 known asteroids with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 5 years (1,821 days; semi-major axis of 2.92\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Hus was first observed as 1931 TS3 at the Lowell Observatory in October 1931. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1953 CG at the Goethe Link Observatory in January 1953, more than 18 years prior to its official discovery observation at Hamburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022204-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 Hus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Czech Jan Hus (1372\u20131415), a fifteenth century Bohemian theologian, rector of Charles University in Prague and forerunner of the protestant reformation. He was condemned to death by the Council of Constance and burned at the stake for his reformation ideas. Jan Hus is also known as John Huss in the English speaking world. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 December 1974 (M.P.C. 3757).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022204-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 Hus, Physical characteristics\nBased on the asteroid's membership to the Koronis family and its relatively high geometric albedo determined by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Hus is very likely a stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022204-0004-0000", "contents": "1840 Hus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn June 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Hus was obtained from photometric observations taken by Maurice Clark at the Chiro Observatory (320) in Western Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.780\u00b10.002 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.85 magnitude (U=2-), strongly indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape. In March 2016, a synthetic lightcurve gave a similar period of 4.749057\u00b10.000001 hours, using sparse-in-time photometry data from the Lowell Photometric Database (U=n.a.). More recent lightcurve analysis during observations of the 1840 Hus apparition in 2020, from the MIT Koronis Family Asteroids Rotation Lightcurve Observing Program, gave a secure rotation period of 4.7483\u00b10.0008 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 60], "content_span": [61, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022204-0005-0000", "contents": "1840 Hus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's WISE telescope with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Hus measures 12.4 and 12.6 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.261 and 0.255, respectively. Conversely, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057, rather than one for a stony body, as indicated by WISE/NEOWISE \u2013 and calculates therefore a twice as large diameter of 25.4 kilometers, as the lower the albedo, the larger the body's diameter for a constant absolute magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022205-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Iowa Council election\nIn the 1840 Iowa Territory Council elections, electors selected councilors to serve in the third Iowa Territory Council. All 13 members of the Territory Council were elected. Councilors served one-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022205-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Iowa Council election\nThe Iowa Territory existed from July 4, 1838, until December 28, 1846, when Iowa was admitted to the Union as a state. At the time, the Iowa Territory had a Legislative Assembly consisting of an upper chamber (i.e., the Territory Council) and a lower chamber (i.e., the Territory House).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022205-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 Iowa Council election\nFollowing the previous election in 1839, Democrats held a majority with seven seats to Whigs' six seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022205-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 Iowa Council election\nTo claim a majority of seats, the Whigs needed to net one seat from Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022205-0004-0000", "contents": "1840 Iowa Council election\nDemocrats maintained a majority of seats in the Iowa Territory Council following the 1840 general election with the balance of power remaining unchanged with Democrats holding seven seats and Whigs having six seats. Whig Councilor Mortimer Phillips Bainbridge was chosen as the President of the third Territory Council to succeed Democratic Councilor Stephen P. Hempstead in that leadership position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022206-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Liberian legislative election\nLegislative elections were held in Liberia on 1 December 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022206-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Liberian legislative election, Background\nA new constitution was adopted by the American Colonization Society on 5 January 1839. It provided for a Council with six elected members representing Caldwell, Millsburg, Monrovia and New Georgia and four to represent Bassa Cova, Bexley, Edina and Marshall. All men over the age of 20 were given the right to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022206-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 Liberian legislative election, Background\nPrior to the elections, supporters of John Seys, a missionary who was being sued by the colonial administration over failure to pay import duty, formed an Anti-Administration movement to field candidates against the ruling group. This was the first instance of organised politics in the territory, as previously candidates had run as individuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022206-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 Liberian legislative election, Results\nThe Anti-Administration group won three of the 11 seats in the Commonwealth Council, with Administration group candidates won six seats and post of Lieutenant-Governor. However, there were accusations of electoral fraud against Seys' group, with claims by the American Colonization Society that workers at his saw mill and sugar plantation had all voted for candidates supporting him confirmed by others including Francis Burns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022207-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1840. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022208-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1840 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022208-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Democratic Governor Marcus Morton, who had won election by just one vote, stood for a second term in office. He was defeated by Whig U.S. Senator John Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022208-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nMorton out-ran President Martin Van Buren by about 2,000 votes in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022208-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThis was the first election in which the Liberty Party participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022209-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 61st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1840 during the governorship of Marcus Morton. Daniel P. King served as president of the Senate and Robert Charles Winthrop served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022210-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 1840 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 3, 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022210-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Missouri gubernatorial election, Election Results\nIn the election, Democrat Thomas Reynolds defeated Whig candidate John Bullock Clark. Thomas Reynolds would not live for the full length of this term, committing suicide on February 9, 1844, and being replaced by Lt. Governor Meredith Miles Marmaduke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022211-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Naval Air Squadron\n1840 Naval Air Squadron (1840 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. During World War II over 80% of the pilots were from the Royal Netherlands Naval Aviation Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022212-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1840 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 2 to 4, 1840, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022212-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Whig Party nominated incumbent governor William H. Seward. They nominated incumbent Luther Bradish for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022212-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic Party nominated former Erie Canal Commissioner William C. Bouck. They nominated state senator Daniel S. Dickinson for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022212-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Liberty party nominated Gerrit Smith. They nominated Charles O. Shepard for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022212-0004-0000", "contents": "1840 New York gubernatorial election, Sources\nThis New York elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022213-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election\nOn November 20, 1840, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the death of William S. Ramsey on October 17 of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022213-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election, Election results\nMcClure took office on December 7, 1840, at the start of the 2nd session of the 26th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022214-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Pennsylvania's 22nd congressional district special election\nOn October 13, 1840, the same day as the general elections for the 27th Congress, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 22nd congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Richard Biddle (AM)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022215-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1840 saw John Swift reelected to office for his eighth overall non-consecutive term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022215-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThis was the first Philadelphia mayoral election in which the mayor wound up being solely elected by the general public. Since Swift received a majority in the general election, the City Council did not select the mayor. Beginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022216-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 Portuguese legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 22 March 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022216-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held under the 1838 constitution, which provided for a bicameral parliament with a directly-elected Senate (replacing the appointed Chamber of Most Worthy Peers) and Chamber of Deputies. Voting was restricted to men over the age of 25 and income of at least 80,000 reals, although members of religious orders, servants, vagabonds and those still dependent on their parents were barred from voting. The voting age was reduced to 20 for men who were married, serving in the military, had graduated from university or were part of the secular clergy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022216-0001-0001", "contents": "1840 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nCandidates for the Chamber were required to have a net income of over 400,000 reals, and at least half of those elected in each constituency were required to have been born in the area or have lived in it for at least a year. Candidates for the Senate needed to be at least 35 years old and had a higher income threshold, but were not required to have a geographic link to their constituency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022216-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nMembers of the Chamber of Deputies were elected from 28 multi-member constituencies with between 2 and 15 seats. The elections were held using a two-round system, with candidates required to receive a majority of the vote to be elected in the first round, before a second round (which was limited to a number of candidates equalling three times the number of seats remaining to be filled) was carried out on a plurality basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022216-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 Portuguese legislative election, Results\nThe result was a victory for the ruling Ordeiros, defeating the opposition Radicals. Jos\u00e9 Travassos Valdez remained Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022217-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1840 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 14, 1840, after the regularly scheduled election in December 1838 was postponed due to the Buckshot War. Daniel Sturgeon was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022217-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Background\nDemocrat Samuel McKean was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in the 1832-1833 Senate election. Sen. McKean's term was to expire on March 4, 1839, and an election would have occurred during the winter of 1838-1839 to elect a Senator for the successive term. The election did not occur, however, due to significant political unrest in Harrisburg, the state capital, over disputed election returns during the Buckshot War. McKean's seat was vacated when his term expired in March 1839 and remained vacant until the General Assembly elected a new Senator in 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022217-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 14, 1840, to elect a Senator to serve out the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1839. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022218-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States census\nThe United States census of 1840 was the sixth census of the United States. Conducted by the Census Office on June 1, 1840, it determined the resident population of the United States to be 17,069,453 \u2013 an increase of 32.7 percent over the 12,866,020 persons enumerated during the 1830 census. The total population included 2,487,355 slaves. In 1840, the center of population was about 260 miles (418\u00a0km) west of Washington, near Weston, Virginia (now in West Virginia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022218-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States census, Controversy over statistics for mental illness among Northern blacks\nThe 1840 census was the first that attempted to count Americans who were \"insane\" or \"idiotic\". Published results of the census indicated that alarming numbers of black persons living in non-slaveholding States were mentally ill, in striking contrast to the corresponding figures for slaveholding States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 95], "content_span": [96, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022218-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 United States census, Controversy over statistics for mental illness among Northern blacks\nPro -slavery advocates trumpeted the results as evidence of the beneficial effects of slavery, and the probable consequences of emancipation. Anti -slavery advocates contended, on the contrary, that the published returns were riddled with errors, as detailed in an 1844 report by Edward Jarvis of Massachusetts in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, later published separately as a pamphlet, and in a memorial from the American Statistical Association to Congress, praying that measures be taken to correct the errors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 95], "content_span": [96, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022218-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 United States census, Controversy over statistics for mental illness among Northern blacks\nThe memorial was submitted to the House of Representatives by John Quincy Adams, who contended that it demonstrated \"a multitude of gross and important errors\" in the published returns. In response to the House's request for an inquiry, Secretary of State John C. Calhoun reported that a careful examination of the statistics by the supervisor of the census had fully sustained their correctness. The returns were not revised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 95], "content_span": [96, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022218-0004-0000", "contents": "1840 United States census, Data availability\nNo microdata from the 1840 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. A compendium of data from the sixth census, organized by States, counties, and principal towns is available .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022219-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States elections\nThe 1840 United States elections elected the members of the 27th United States Congress, taking place during the Second Party System. In the aftermath of the Panic of 1837, the Whigs become the fourth party in history to win control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress; the Whigs would never again accomplish this feat. The election also marked the first time since the 1834 elections that the Democratic Party did not control the Presidency and both chambers of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022219-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States elections\nIn the Presidential election, Whig General William Henry Harrison defeated Democratic President Martin Van Buren. Harrison won by a margin of 5% in the popular vote, but dominated the electoral college. Harrison was nominated at the 1839 Whig National Convention, the first convention in Whig history. Harrison's victory made him the first President unaffiliated with the Democratic-Republican Party or the Democratic Party to win election since John Quincy Adams in 1824. Martin Van Buren's defeat made him the third President to fail to win re-election, following John Adams and John Quincy Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022219-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 United States elections\nThe 1840 Presidential Election was one of major controversy. Because the election took place during the rise of the Second Party System, rising levels of voting interest and party loyalty proved that this election was going to be controversial. The incumbent Democratic candidate, President Martin Van Buren, was dubbed \"Martin Van Ruin\" because of his less-than-ideal previous term where he failed to address a financial crisis, ran for re-election over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022219-0002-0001", "contents": "1840 United States elections\nThe Whigs chose William Henry Harrison because of his similarities to former president Andrew Jackson in the sense that he was a war hero and a man of the people. This approach proved successful because William Henry Harrison won the election by dominating the electoral college, despite winning by only 5% of the popular vote. This election marked the first time since 1796 that a party other than the Democratic-Republican party or the Democratic party had won the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022219-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 United States elections\nIn the House, Whigs won major gains, taking the majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022219-0004-0000", "contents": "1840 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Whigs picked up several seats, taking the majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election\nThe 1840 United States presidential election was the 14th quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, October 30 to Wednesday, December 2, 1840. Economic recovery from the Panic of 1837 was incomplete, and Whig nominee William Henry Harrison defeated incumbent President Martin Van Buren of the Democratic Party. The election marked the first of two Whig victories in presidential elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election\nIn 1839, the Whigs held a national convention for the first time. The 1839 Whig National Convention saw 1836 nominee William Henry Harrison defeat former Secretary of State Henry Clay and General Winfield Scott. Van Buren faced little opposition at the 1840 Democratic National Convention, but controversial Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson was not re-nominated. The Democrats thus became the only major party since the passage of the Twelfth Amendment to fail to select a vice presidential nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election\nReferencing vice presidential nominee John Tyler and Harrison's participation in the Battle of Tippecanoe, the Whigs campaigned on the slogan of \"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too.\" With Van Buren weakened by economic woes, Harrison won a popular majority and 234 of 294 electoral votes. Voter participation surged as white male suffrage became nearly universal, and a contemporary record of 42.4% of the voting age population voted for Harrison. Van Buren's loss made him the third president, and the first outside the Adams family, to lose re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election\nThe Whigs did not enjoy the benefits of victory. The 67-year-old Harrison, the oldest U.S. president elected until Ronald Reagan won the 1980 presidential election, died a little more than a month after inauguration. Harrison was succeeded by John Tyler, who unexpectedly proved not to be a Whig. While Tyler had been a staunch supporter of Clay at the convention, he was a former Democrat, a passionate supporter of states' rights, and effectively an independent. As President, Tyler blocked the Whigs' legislative agenda and was expelled from the Whig Party, subsequently the second independent (after Washington) to serve as president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0004-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nThree years after Democrat Martin Van Buren was elected President in the election of 1836 over three Whig candidates, the Whigs met in national convention determined to unite behind a single candidate. The convention was chaired by Isaac C. Bates of Massachusetts and James Barbour of Virginia presided over the convention. The party nominated the popular retired general William Henry Harrison of Ohio for president, the most successful of the three Whig presidential candidates from the previous election. Harrison won a close victory on the convention's fifth ballot against party founder Henry Clay and General Winfield Scott. Harrison, though a slave-owner and aristocrat, was perceived as being simple and a commoner. The convention nominated former Senator John Tyler from Virginia for vice president. The two would go on to win the 1840 presidential election by defeating Van Buren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 967]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0005-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nBecause Harrison (born in Virginia) was considered a Northerner (as a resident of Ohio), the Whigs needed to balance the ticket with a Southerner. They also sought a Clay supporter to help unite the party after Clay's loss on the balloting. Tyler was finally chosen by the convention after several Southern Clay supporters had been approached but refused. Tyler had previously been the running-mate of Hugh Lawson White and Willie Person Mangum during the four-way Whig campaign at the previous election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0006-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nVan Buren, the incumbent president, was re-nominated in Baltimore in May 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0007-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nWhile the Democratic Party refused to re-nominate the incumbent vice-president, Richard M. Johnson, they were unable to agree on an alternative running mate at the convention, and adjourned without having nominated one. As of 2020, this is the only time since the passage of the 12th Amendment in 1804 that a major party has failed to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0008-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nThis is also one of only two elections (as of 2020) where a major party did not have a vice-presidential candidate on their ticket on Election Day; the other was in 1912, as the incumbent vice-president, James S. Sherman (of the Republican Party), died six days before the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0009-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nIn the electoral college, the Democratic vice-presidential votes were divided among Johnson, Littleton W. Tazewell, and James K. Polk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0010-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic Party nomination\nAfter the negative views of Freemasonry among a large segment of the public began to wane in the mid 1830s, the Anti-Masonic Party had begun to disintegrate. Its leaders began to move one by one to the Whig party. Party leaders met in September 1837 in Washington, D.C., and agreed to maintain the party. The third Anti-Masonic Party National Convention was held in Philadelphia on November 13\u201314, 1838. By this time, the party had been almost entirely supplanted by the Whigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0010-0001", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Anti-Masonic Party nomination\nThe delegates unanimously voted to nominate William Henry Harrison for president (who the party had supported for president the previous election along with Francis Granger for vice president) and Daniel Webster for vice president. However, when the Whig National Convention nominated Harrison with John Tyler as his running mate, the Anti-Masonic Party did not make an alternate nomination and ceased to function and was fully absorbed into the Whigs by 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0011-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination\nThe Liberty Party was announced in November 1839, and first gathered in Warsaw, New York. Its first national convention took place in Arcade on April 1, 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0012-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination\nThe Liberty Party nominated James G. Birney, a Kentuckian, former slaveholder, and prominent abolitionist, for president while Thomas Earle of Pennsylvania was selected as his running mate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0013-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nIn the wake of the Panic of 1837, Van Buren was widely unpopular, and Harrison, following Andrew Jackson's strategy, ran as a war hero and man of the people while presenting Van Buren as a wealthy snob living in luxury at the public expense. Although Harrison was comfortably wealthy and well educated, his \"log cabin\" image caught fire, sweeping all sections of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0014-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nHarrison avoided campaigning on the issues, with his Whig Party attracting a broad coalition with few common ideals. The Whig strategy overall was to win the election by avoiding discussion of difficult national issues such as slavery or the national bank and concentrate instead on exploiting dissatisfaction over the failed policies of the Van Buren administration with colorful campaigning techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0015-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Log cabin campaign of William Henry Harrison\nHarrison was the first president to campaign actively for office. He did so with the slogan \"Tippecanoe and Tyler too\". Tippecanoe referred to Harrison's military victory over a group of Shawnee Native Americans at a river in Indiana called Tippecanoe in 1811. For their part, Democrats laughed at Harrison for being too old for the presidency, and referred to him as \"Granny\", hinting that he was senile. Said one Democratic newspaper: \"Give him a barrel of hard cider, and ... a pension of two thousand [dollars] a year ... and ... he will sit the remainder of his days in his log cabin.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 114], "content_span": [115, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0016-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Log cabin campaign of William Henry Harrison\nWhigs took advantage of this quip and declared that Harrison was \"the log cabin and hard cider candidate\", a man of the common people from the rough-and-tumble West. They depicted Harrison's opponent, President Martin Van Buren, as a wealthy snob who was out of touch with the people. In fact, it was Harrison who came from a family of wealthy planters, while Van Buren's father was a tavernkeeper. Harrison however moved to the frontier and for years lived in a log cabin, while Van Buren had been a well-paid government official.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 114], "content_span": [115, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0017-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, Log cabin campaign of William Henry Harrison\nNonetheless, the election was held during the worst economic depression in the nation's history, and voters blamed Van Buren, seeing him as unsympathetic to struggling citizens. Harrison campaigned vigorously and won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 114], "content_span": [115, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0018-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nHarrison won the support of western settlers and eastern bankers alike. The extent of Van Buren's unpopularity was evident in Harrison's victories in New York, the president's home state, and in Tennessee, where Andrew Jackson himself had come out of retirement to stump for his former vice-president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0019-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nFew Americans were surprised when Van Buren lost in the electoral vote by 234 to 60, but many were amazed by the closeness of the popular vote: of 2.41\u00a0million votes cast, Van Buren lost by only 146,500, and a shift of 20,000 votes to Van Buren in Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania would have left the electoral college in a 147\u2013147 tie, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0020-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nGiven all the circumstances, it is surprising that the Democrats performed as well as they did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0021-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nOf the 1,179 counties/independent cities making returns, Harrison won in 699 (59.29%) while Van Buren carried 477 (40.46%). Three counties (0.25%) in the South split evenly between Harrison and Van Buren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0022-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nHarrison's victory won him precious little time as chief executive of the United States. After giving the longest inauguration speech in U.S. history (lasting about 1 hour and 45 minutes, in cold weather and rain), Harrison served only one month as president before dying of pneumonia on April 4, 1841. This was also the first election in US history in which a candidate won more than a million popular votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0023-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThis was the last election where  Indiana voted for the Whigs. It is also the only election where the Whigs won Maine, Michigan, and Mississippi. The election was also the last time that Mississippi voted against the Democrats until 1872, the last in which Indiana did so until 1860 and the last in which Maine and Michigan did so until 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0024-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThe 1840 presidential election was the only U.S. presidential election in which four people who either had been or would become a U.S. President (Van Buren, Harrison, Tyler, and Polk) received at least one vote in the Electoral College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0025-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, General election, Results\n(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0026-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, Results by state\nSource: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836\u20131892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247\u2013257.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0027-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, Election paraphernalia\nRibbon for Danvers, Mass. delegation to Harrison Rally, Bunker Hill, 1840; engraved by George Girdler Smith", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022220-0028-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election, In popular culture\nIn the film Amistad, Van Buren (played by Nigel Hawthorne) is seen campaigning for re-election. These scenes have been criticized for their historical inaccuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022221-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Alabama\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Alabama took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022221-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Alabama\nAlabama voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won Alabama by a margin of 8.76%. This is the last time that Alabama did not vote the same as neighboring Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022222-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022222-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nArkansas voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won Arkansas by a margin of 12.84%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022223-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022223-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nConnecticut voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Connecticut by a margin of 11.1%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022224-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Delaware\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Delaware took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022224-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Delaware\nDelaware voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Delaware by a margin of 10.1%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022225-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Georgia\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Georgia took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022225-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Georgia\nGeorgia voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Georgia by a margin of 11.56%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022226-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Illinois\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Illinois took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022226-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Illinois\nIllinois voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won Illinois by a margin of 2.01%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022227-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Indiana took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022227-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Indiana\nIndiana voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Indiana by a margin of 11.72%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022228-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022228-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nKentucky voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Kentucky by a margin of 28.4%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022228-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nWith 64.20% of the popular vote, Kentucky would prove to be Harrison's strongest state in the 1840 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022229-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022229-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nLouisiana voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Louisiana by a margin of 19.46%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022229-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nWith 59.73% of the popular vote, Louisiana would prove to be Harrison's fourth strongest state after Kentucky, Vermont and Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022230-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Maine\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Maine took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose ten representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022230-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Maine\nMaine voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won the state by a very narrow margin of 0.46%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022230-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Maine\nMaine was typically a Democratic state during the Second Party System, however, with Harrison narrowly winning the state, this would be the only time that a Whig presidential candidate would win Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022231-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Maryland\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Maryland took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022231-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Maryland\nMaryland voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Maryland by a margin of 7.66%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022232-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 14 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022232-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Massachusetts by a margin of 16.16%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022233-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Michigan\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Michigan took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022233-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Michigan\nMichigan voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Michigan by a narrow margin of 4.14%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022234-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022234-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nMississippi voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Mississippi by a margin of 6.86%. As of 2020, this is the only election in American history in which Mississippi and Alabama voted for different candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022235-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Missouri\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Missouri took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022235-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Missouri\nMissouri voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won Missouri by a margin of 13.26%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022236-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022236-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire voted for the Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren won New Hampshire by a margin of 10.78%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022237-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022237-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won New Jersey by a narrow margin of 3.59%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022238-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in New York took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 42 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022238-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in New York\nNew York voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won New York by a narrow margin of 3.00%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022239-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022239-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won North Carolina by a margin of 15.36%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022239-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nWith 57.68% of the popular vote, North Carolina would prove to be Harrison's fifth strongest state after Kentucky, Vermont, Rhode Island and Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022240-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Ohio took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 21 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022240-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Ohio\nOhio voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Ohio by a margin of 8.53%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022241-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 30 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022241-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for Whig challenger William Henry Harrison over Democratic incumbent Martin Van Buren by just 334 votes, a margin of 0.12%. It is the narrowest margin of victory in a presidential election in Pennsylvania history, with Donald Trump's 2016 win following close behind at 0.72%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022242-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022242-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Rhode Island by a margin of 22.93%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022242-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nWith 61.22% of the popular vote, Rhode Island would be Harrison's third strongest state in the 1840 election after Kentucky and Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022243-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022243-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina cast 11 electoral votes for the Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. These electors were chosen by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022244-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022244-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nTennessee voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Tennessee by a margin of 11.32%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022245-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022245-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Vermont\nVermont voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won Vermont by a margin of 28.43%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022245-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Vermont\nHarrison's 28.43% margin of victory made it his strongest victory in the election while he carried 63.90% of the popular vote made Vermont his second strongest state after Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022245-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Vermont\nHarrison had previously won the Green Mountain State against Van Buren four years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022246-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1840 United States presidential election in Virginia took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose 23 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022246-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia voted for the Democratic candidate, incumbent President Martin Van Buren, over Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren narrowly won Virginia by a margin of 1.3%, or 1,120 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022247-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 27th Congress were held at various dates in different states from July 1840 to November 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022247-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections\nIn a Whig wave, voters gave the Whig Party a House majority for the first time. Most Americans experienced the Panic of 1837 as a severe economic downturn. Its perceived mishandling by Democratic President Martin Van Buren fueled new support for alternative economic policies favored by Whigs of which voters had previously been skeptical. Collapse of the Anti-Masonic Party in the late 1830s also drove some third-party incumbents into the Whig Party. Newly elected members included Robert M. T. Hunter, Independent of Virginia, and Zadok Casey, Independent Democrat of Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022247-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nThe previous election had two minor parties, the Anti-Masonic Party with 6 seats and the Conservative Party (of Virginia) with 2 seats, both of which disappeared in this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022247-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nThe 1st session of the 27th Congress began May 31, 1841, before Mississippi had elected Representatives, leaving that State unrepresented until the 2nd session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022247-0004-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts held its elections November 9, 1840, but one district went to a second ballot on January 4, 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1840 and 1841 were elections which, corresponding with their Party's success in the 1840 presidential election, had the Whig Party take control of the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Change in composition, Before the elections\nAfter the November 25, 1840 special elections in North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0003-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 26th Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were elected during 1840 or in 1841 before March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0004-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 27th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winner was elected for the term beginning March 4, 1841; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0005-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 27th Congress\nIn this special election, the winner was elected in 1841 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0006-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts\nThere were three elections due to the February 22, 1841 resignation of Whig Daniel Webster to become U.S. Secretary of State and the January 5, 1841 resignation of Whig John Davis to become Governor of Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0007-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts, Massachusetts (Special, Class 2)\nWhig Isaac C. Bates was elected January 13, 1841 to finish Davis's term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0008-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts, Massachusetts (Regular)\nBates was also elected January 13, 1841 to the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 84], "content_span": [85, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0009-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts, Massachusetts (Regular)\nBates would only serve, however, until his March 16, 1845 death, and Davis was again elected to the seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 84], "content_span": [85, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0010-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts, Massachusetts (Special, Class 1)\nWhig Rufus Choate was elected February 23, 1841, to finish Webster's term which would continue until 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0011-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)\nNathaniel P. Tallmadge had been elected as a Jacksonian Democrat in 1833 to this seat, and his term expired March 3, 1839. An election was held February 5, 1839. Although Tallmadge received the most votes, no candidate received a majority and the seat was declared vacant due to the legislature's failure to elect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0012-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)\nAt the State election in November 1839, 7 Whigs and 3 Democrats were elected to the State Senate, which gave the Whigs a majority, the first anti-Bucktails/Jacksonian/Democratic majority in 20 years. The 63rd New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 14, 1840, at Albany, New York. The strength of the parties in the Assembly, as shown by the vote for Speaker, was: 68 for Whig George Washington Patterson and 56 for Democrat Levi S. Chatfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0013-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)\nOn January 14, 1840, Nathaniel P. Tallmadge received a majority in both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0014-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, New York (Special)\nTallmadge re-took his seat on January 27, 1840, and remained in office until June 17, 1844, when he resigned to be appointed Governor of Wisconsin Territory. Daniel S. Dickinson was appointed to fill the vacancy temporarily, and subsequently elected by the State Legislature to succeed Tallmadge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0015-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, North Carolina\nThere were three elections due to the November 16, 1840 resignations of Democrats Bedford Brown and Robert Strange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0016-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, North Carolina, North Carolina (Special, Class 2)\nWhig Willie Mangum was elected November 25, 1840 to finish Brown's term that would end in March 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0017-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, North Carolina, North Carolina (Regular)\nMangum was later re-elected in 1841 to the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 86], "content_span": [87, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0018-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, North Carolina, North Carolina (Special, Class 3)\nWhig William Alexander Graham was elected November 25, 1840 to finish Strange's term that would end in 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0019-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nThe election was held on January 14, 1840, after the regularly scheduled election in December 1838 was postponed due to the Buckshot War. Daniel Sturgeon was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0020-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nDemocrat Samuel McKean was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in the 1832\u20131833 Senate election. Sen. McKean's term was to expire on March 4, 1839, and an election would have occurred during the winter of 1838\u20131839 elect a senator for the successive term. The election did not occur, however, due to significant political unrest in Harrisburg, the state capital, over disputed election returns during the Buckshot War. McKean's seat was vacated when his term expired in March 1839 and remained vacant until the General Assembly elected a new senator in 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022248-0021-0000", "contents": "1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 14, 1840, to elect a senator to serve out the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1839. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022249-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1840 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022254-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1840 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022255-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in China\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Prisencolin (talk | contribs) at 09:07, 15 April 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022259-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in India\nThis article details events in the year 1840 in India. Occurrences include the establishment of the Bank of Bombay, and the fall of the Maqpon dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022262-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in New Zealand\n1840 is considered a watershed year in the history of New Zealand: The Treaty of Waitangi is signed, British sovereignty over New Zealand is proclaimed, organised European settlement begins, and Auckland and Wellington are both founded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022262-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1840 is 80,000 M\u0101ori and 2,050 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022262-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law\nHobson appointed the following officers to form the first New Zealand Government;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022267-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1840 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022269-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1840 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022270-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in architecture\nThe year 1840 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022272-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022274-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022274-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 in paleontology, Anapsids, Newly named anapsids\nPreoccupied by a non-dinosaurian archosaur named by Geoffroy Saint-Hilare in 1833. Renamed Sphenosaurus. A procolophonid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022274-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named dinosaurs\nAn iguanodont. New name for \"Iguanodon\" mantelli von Meyer (1832) (=Iguanodon anglicus Holl (1829)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022275-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022275-0001-0000", "contents": "1840 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022275-0002-0000", "contents": "1840 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022276-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022277-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in science\nThe year 1840 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022278-0000-0000", "contents": "1840 in sports\n1840 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0000-0000", "contents": "1840s\nThe 1840s (pronounced \"eighteen-forties\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1840, and ended on December 31, 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0001-0000", "contents": "1840s\nThe decade was noted in Europe for featuring the largely unsuccessful Revolutions of 1848, also known as the Springtime of Nations. Throughout the continent, bourgeois liberals and working-class radicals engaged in a series of revolts in favor of social reform. In the United Kingdom, this notably manifested itself through the Chartist movement, which sought universal suffrage and parliamentary reform. In France, the February Revolution led to the overthrow of the Orl\u00e9ans dynasty by Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1848, the publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx would help lay the groundwork for the global socialist movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0002-0000", "contents": "1840s\nThe Mexican\u2013American War led to the redrawing of national boundaries in North America. In the United States, mass migration to the new West Coast occurred following the annexation of California from Mexico, with a Gold Rush beginning at the end of the decade. On its northern border, the United States settled the Oregon boundary dispute with the United Kingdom in 1846, thereby solving a domestic political crisis in the former nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0003-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Pacific Islands\nIn 1842, Tahiti and Tahuata were declared a French protectorate, to allow Catholic missionaries to work undisturbed. The capital of Papeet\u0113 was founded in 1843. In 1845, George Tupou I united Tonga into a kingdom, and reigned as Tu\u02bbi Kanokupolu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0004-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, East Asia, China\nOn August 29, 1842, the first of two Opium Wars ended between China and Britain with the Treaty of Nanking. One of the consequences was the cession of modern-day Hong Kong Island to the British. Hong Kong would eventually be returned to China in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0005-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, East Asia, Japan\nThe 1840s comprised the end of the Tenp\u014d era (1830\u20131844), the entirety of the K\u014dka era (1844\u20131848), and the beginning of the Kaei era (1848\u20131854). The decade saw the end of the reign of Emperor Ninko in 1846, who was succeeded by his son, Emperor K\u014dmei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0006-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Southeastern Asia\nThe 1841\u20131845 Siamese-Vietnamese War in Cambodia was a war between Vietnam (then under the rule of the Nguyen Dynasty) and Siam (Thailand) under the House of Chakkri. In the increasingly confrontational rivalry between Vietnam and Siam, the conflict was triggered by Vietnam's absorption of Cambodia and the demotion of the Khmer monarchs. Siam seized the opportunity to intervene as the tide of Khmer discontent rose against Vietnamese rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 43], "content_span": [44, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0007-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Southeastern Asia, Siam\nKing Rama III ruled Siam during the 1840s under the Chakri Dynasty in Bangkok.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 49], "content_span": [50, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0008-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Southeastern Asia, Vietnam\nEmperors Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb and T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c ruled Vietnam during the 1840s under the Nguy\u1ec5n dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0009-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Southern Asia, Afghanistan\nThe First Anglo-Afghan War had started in 1838, started by the British as a means of defending India (under British control at the time) from the Russian Empire's expansion into Central Asia. The British attempted to impose a puppet regime on Afghanistan under Shuja Shah, but the regime was short lived and proved unsustainable without British military support. By 1842, mobs were attacking the British on the streets of Kabul and the British garrison was forced to abandon the city due to constant civilian attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0009-0001", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Southern Asia, Afghanistan\nDuring the retreat from Kabul, the British army of approximately 4,500 troops (of which only 690 were European) and 12,000 camp followers was subjected to a series of attacks by Afghan warriors. All of the British soldiers were killed except for one and he and a few surviving Indian soldiers made it to the fort at Jalalabad shortly after. After the Battle of Kabul (1842), Britain placed Dost Mohammad Khan back into power (1842\u20131863) and withdrew from Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0010-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Southern Asia, Sikh Empire\nThe Sikh Empire was founded in 1799, ruled by Ranjit Singh. When Singh died in 1839, the Sikh Empire began to fall into disorder. There was a succession of short-lived rulers at the central Durbar (court), and increasing tension between the Khalsa (the Sikh Army) and the Durbar. In May 1841, the Dogra dynasty (a vassal of the Sikh Empire) invaded western Tibet, marking the beginning of the Sino-Sikh war. This war ended in a stalemate in September 1842, with the Treaty of Chushul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0011-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Southern Asia, Sikh Empire\nThe British East India Company began to build up its military strength on the borders of the Punjab. Eventually, the increasing tension goaded the Khalsa to invade British territory, under weak and possibly treacherous leaders. The hard-fought First Anglo-Sikh War (1845\u20131846) ended in defeat for the Khalsa. With the Treaty of Lahore, the Sikh Empire ceded Kashmir to the East India Company and surrendered the Koh-i-Noor diamond to Queen Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0012-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Southern Asia, Sikh Empire\nThe Sikh empire was finally dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 into separate princely states and the British province of Punjab. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the British Crown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0013-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Western Asia, Ottoman Empire\nThe decade was near the beginning of the Tanzim\u00e2t Era of the Ottoman Empire. Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid I ruled during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0014-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Western Asia, Ottoman Empire\nEmir Bashir Shihab II controlled the Mount Lebanon Emirate at the beginning of the 1840s. Bashir allied with Muhammad Ali of Egypt, but Muhammad Ali was driven out of the country. Bashir was deposed in 1840 when the Egyptians were driven out by an Ottoman-European alliance, which had the backing of Maronite forces. His successor, Emir Bashir III, ruled until 1842, after which the emirate was dissolved and split into a Druze sector and a Christian sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0015-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Revolutions of 1848\nThere was a wave of revolutions in Europe, collectively known as the Revolutions of 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history, but within a year, reactionary forces had regained control, and the revolutions collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 45], "content_span": [46, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0016-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Revolutions of 1848\nThe revolutions were essentially bourgeois-democratic in nature with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and the creation of independent national states. The revolutionary wave began in France in February, and immediately spread to most of Europe and parts of Latin America. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no coordination or cooperation among the revolutionaries in different countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 45], "content_span": [46, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0016-0001", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Revolutions of 1848\nSix factors were involved: widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership; demands for more participation in government and democracy; demands for freedom of press; the demands of the working classes; the upsurge of nationalism; and finally, the regrouping of the reactionary forces based on the royalty, the aristocracy, the army, and the peasants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 45], "content_span": [46, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0017-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Revolutions of 1848\nThe uprisings were led by ad hoc coalitions of reformers, the middle classes and workers, which did not hold together for long. Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more forced into exile. The only significant lasting reforms were the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the definitive end of the Capetian monarchy in France. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, and the Austrian Empire, but did not reach Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, and most of southern Europe  (Spain, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, Portugal, the Ottoman Empire).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 45], "content_span": [46, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0018-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Northern Europe, United Kingdom\nQueen Victoria was on the throne 20 June 1837 until her death 22 January, 1901. The wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha took place in 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 57], "content_span": [58, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0019-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Northern Europe, United Kingdom\nThe Great Famine of the 1840s caused the deaths of one million Irish people and over a million more emigrated to escape it. It is sometimes referred to, mostly outside Ireland, as the \"Irish Potato Famine\" because one-third of the population was then solely reliant on this cheap crop for a number of historical reasons. The proximate cause of famine was a potato disease commonly known as potato blight. A census taken in 1841 revealed a population of slightly over 8 million. A census immediately after the famine in 1851 counted 6,552,385, a drop of almost 1.5 million in 10 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 57], "content_span": [58, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0020-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Northern Europe, United Kingdom\nThe period of the potato blight in Ireland from 1845 to 1851 was full of political confrontation. A more radical Young Ireland group seceded from the Repeal movement and attempted an armed rebellion in the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848, which was unsuccessful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 57], "content_span": [58, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0021-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, Southern Europe, Spain\nThis period saw the 1840 end of the First Carlist War, a civil war in Spain over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy. This was the first full decade of the reign of Isabella II of Spain. Since she was only 10 years old in 1840, her true reign started in 1843, for which the first portion was referred to as D\u00e9cada moderada. The Affair of the Spanish Marriages (1846) was a series of intrigues between France, Spain, and the United Kingdom relating Isabella II's marriages, which was shortly followed by Second Carlist War (1847\u20131849).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0022-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Canada\nIn the prior decade, the desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837\u20131838. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The Act of Union 1840 merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849. The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0023-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nChief Joseph of the Nez Perce was predicted to have been born in the 1840s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0024-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nThe United States had five different Presidents during the decade. Only the 1880s would have as many. Martin Van Buren was president when the decade began, but was defeated by William Henry Harrison in the U.S. presidential election of 1840. Harrison's service was the shortest in history, starting with his inauguration on March 4, 1841, and ending when he died on April 4, 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0025-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nHarrison's vice president, John Tyler, replaced him as President (the first Presidential succession in U.S. history), and served out the rest of his term. Tyler spent much of his term in conflict with the Whig party. He ended his term having made an alliance with the Democrats, endorsing James K. Polk and signing the resolution to annex Texas into the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0026-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nIn the Presidential election of 1844, James K. Polk defeated Henry Clay. During his presidency, Polk oversaw the U.S. victory in the Mexican\u2013American War and subsequent annexation of what is now the southwest United States. He also negotiated a split of the Oregon Territory with Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0027-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nIn the U.S. presidential election of 1848, Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeated Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan. Taylor's term in office was cut short by his death in 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0028-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nIn the first part of the 1840s, the modern state of California was part of a larger province of Mexico, called \"Alta California\". The region included all of the modern American states of California, Nevada and Utah, and parts of Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0029-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nThe United States, embarked on the Conquest of California in an early military campaign of the Mexican\u2013American War in Alta California. The California Campaign was marked by a series of small battles throughout 1846 and early 1847. The Treaty of Cahuenga was signed on January 13, 1847, and essentially terminated hostilities in Alta California. Shortly thereafter, John C. Fr\u00e9mont was appointed Governor of the new California Territory, and Yerba Buena, California, was renamed San Francisco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0030-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nThe Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed in February 1848, marked the end of the Mexican\u2013American War. By the terms of the treaty, Mexico formally ceded Alta California along with its other northern territories east through Texas, receiving $15,000,000 in exchange. This largely unsettled territory constituted nearly half of its claimed territory with about 1% of its then population of about 4,500,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0031-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nThe discovery of gold in Northern California (and subsequent discourse about that discovery in 1848) led to the California Gold Rush. In October 1848, the SS California left New York Harbor, rounded Cape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrived in San Francisco after the 4-month-21-day journey. Thereafter, regular steamboat service continued from the west to the east coast of the United States. During 1848, only an estimated 6,000 to 6,500 people traveled to California to seek gold that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0031-0001", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, United States\nBy the beginning of 1849, word of the Gold Rush had spread around the world, and an overwhelming number of gold-seekers and merchants began to arrive from virtually every continent. In 1849, an estimated 90,000 people arrived in California in 1849\u2014of which 50,000 to 60,000 were from the United States. In 1850, California joined the union as the 31st state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 54], "content_span": [55, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0032-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Texas\nThe Republic of Texas had declared independence in 1836, as part of breaking away from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. The following year, an ambassador from Texas approached the United States about the possibility of becoming an American state. Fearing a war with Mexico, which did not recognize Texas independence, the United States declined the offer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0033-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Texas\nIn 1844, James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas. Before he assumed office, the outgoing president, John Tyler, entered negotiations with Texas. On February 26, 1845, six days before Polk took office, the U.S. Congress approved the annexation. The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution. In October, Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution, and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29, 1845, as the 28th U.S. state. Mexico still considered Texas to be a renegade Mexican state, and never considered land south of the Nueces River to be part of Texas. This border dispute between the newly expanded United States and Mexico triggered the Mexican\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0034-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Texas\nWhen the war concluded, Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas, as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States. Texas' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery. The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850, in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave-owning areas but gained El Paso.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0035-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexican\u2013American War\nAmerican territorial expansion to the Pacific coast was a major goal of U.S. President James K. Polk. In 1845, the United States of America annexed Texas, which had won independence from Centralist Republic of Mexico in the Texas Revolution of 1836. Mexico did not accept the annexation, while also continuing to claim the Nueces River as its border with Texas, and also still considering Texas to be a province of Mexico. In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk sent troops to the disputed area, and a diplomatic mission to Mexico. After Mexican forces attacked American forces, the U.S. declared the Mexican\u2013American War (1846\u20131848).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 61], "content_span": [62, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0036-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexican\u2013American War\nCombat operations lasted a year and a half, from the spring of 1846 to the fall of 1847. U.S. forces quickly occupied the capital town of Santa Fe de Nuevo M\u00e9xico along the upper Rio Grande and began the Conquest of California in Mexico's Alta California Department. They then invaded to the south into parts of central Mexico (modern-day northeastern Mexico and northwest Mexico). Meanwhile, the Pacific Squadron of the United States Navy conducted a blockade and took control of several garrisons on the Pacific coast farther south in lower Baja California Territory. The U.S. Army eventually captured the capital Mexico City, having marched west from the port of Veracruz, where the Americans staged their first amphibious landing on the Gulf of Mexico coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 61], "content_span": [62, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0037-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexican\u2013American War\nThe 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, forced onto the remnant Mexican government, ended the war and specified its major consequence, the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo M\u00e9xico to the United States. The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war. In addition, the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 61], "content_span": [62, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0037-0001", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexican\u2013American War\nMexico acknowledged the loss of their province, later the Republic of Texas (and now the State of Texas), and thereafter cited and acknowledged the Rio Grande as its future northern national border with the United States. Including Texas, Mexico ceded an area of approximately 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) \u2013 by its terms, around 55% of its former national territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 61], "content_span": [62, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0038-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico\nThe 1840s for Mexico were the end of the centralist government and the waning years the \"Age of Santa Anna\". In 1834, President Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted the new Centralist Republic of Mexico by approving a new centralist constitution (\"Siete Leyes\"), From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven presidents (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including Mexican Texas, which won its independence in the Texas Revolution of 1836.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0039-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico\nThe Republic of the Rio Grande declared its independence from Mexico in January 1840. However, the border with Texas was never determined (whether the Nueces River or the Rio Grande). The new Republic fought a brief and unsuccessful war for independence, returning to Mexico late in the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0040-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico\nIn 1841, Generals Santa Anna and Paredes led a rebellion against President Bustamante, resulting in Santa Anna becoming president of the centralist government for a fifth time . Local officials in Yucat\u00e1n declared independence in 1841, opposing strong autocratic rule and demanding the restoration of the Constitution of 1824, thus establishing the second Republic of Yucat\u00e1n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0041-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico\nIn 1842, the region of Soconusco was annexed by Mexico as part of the state of Chiapas, following the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0042-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico\nIn 1846, President Paredes and the Congress of Mexico declared war at the beginning of the Mexican\u2013American War. Paredes' presidential successor was deposed in a coup, replaced by Jos\u00e9 Mariano Salas. Salas issued a new decree that restored the Constitution of 1824, ending the Centralist Republic and beginning the Second Federal Republic of Mexico. After the conclusion of the Mexican\u2013American War, Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn de Herrera became the second president of Mexico to finish his term (Mexico's first president completed his in 1829). It was during this time that Yucat\u00e1n reunited with Mexico. A decisive factor for the reunion was the Caste War of Yucat\u00e1n (a revolt by the indigenous Maya population) for which Yucat\u00e1n initially sought help from Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, but ultimately reunited with Mexico for help.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0043-0000", "contents": "1840s, Politics and wars, North America, Mexico\nHerrera peacefully turned over the presidency to the winner of the Federal Elections of 1850, General Mariano Arista. Despite being exiled from Mexico in 1848, Santa Anna would return to the presidency one last time during the 1850s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0044-0000", "contents": "1840s, Science and technology, Photography\nThe 1840s saw the rise of the Daguerreotype. Introduced in 1839, the Daguerreotype was the first publicly announced photographic process and came into widespread use in the 1840s. Numerous events in the 1840s were captured by photography for the first time with the use of the Daguerreotype. A number of daguerrotypes were taken of the occupation of Saltillo during the Mexican\u2013American War, in 1847 by an unknown photographer. These photographs stand as the first ever photos of warfare in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0045-0000", "contents": "1840s, Science and technology, Transportation, Rail\nWidespread interest to invest in rail technology led to a speculative frenzy in Britain, known there as Railway Mania. It reached its zenith in 1846, when no fewer than 272 Acts of Parliament were passed, setting up new railway companies, and the proposed routes totalled 9,500 miles (15,300\u00a0km) of new railway. Around a third of the railways authorised were never built \u2013 the company either collapsed due to poor financial planning, was bought out by a larger competitor before it could build its line, or turned out to be a fraudulent enterprise to channel investors' money into another business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 51], "content_span": [52, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0046-0000", "contents": "1840s, Popular culture, Fashion\nFashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by a narrow, natural shoulder line following the exaggerated puffed sleeves of the later 1820s fashion and 1830s fashion. The narrower shoulder was accompanied by a lower waistline for both men and women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0047-0000", "contents": "1840s, Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps, Cholera\nThe third cholera pandemic happened during the 1840s, which researchers at UCLA believe may have started as early as 1837 and lasted until 1863. This pandemic was considered to have the highest fatalities of the 19th-century epidemics. It originated in India (in Lower Bengal), spreading along many shipping routes in 1846. Over 15,000 people died of cholera in Mecca in 1846. In Russia, between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died in the country's epidemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 62], "content_span": [63, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0048-0000", "contents": "1840s, Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps, Cholera\nA two-year outbreak began in England and Wales in 1848, and claimed 52,000 lives. In London, it was the worst outbreak in the city's history, claiming 14,137 lives, over twice as many as the 1832 outbreak. Cholera hit Ireland in 1849 and killed many of the Irish Famine survivors, already weakened by starvation and fever. In 1849, cholera claimed 5,308 lives in the major port city of Liverpool, England, an embarkation point for immigrants to North America, and 1,834 in Hull, England. In 1849, a second major outbreak occurred in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 62], "content_span": [63, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022281-0049-0000", "contents": "1840s, Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps, Cholera\nCholera, believed spread from Irish immigrant ship(s) from England to the United States, spread throughout the Mississippi river system, killing over 4,500 in St. Louis and over 3,000 in New Orleans. Thousands died in New York, a major destination for Irish immigrants. The outbreak that struck Nashville in 1849\u20131850 took the life of former U.S. President James K. Polk. During the California Gold Rush, cholera was transmitted along the California, Mormon and Oregon Trails as 6,000 to 12,000 are believed to have died on their way to Utah and Oregon in the cholera years of 1849\u20131855. It is believed cholera claimed more than 150,000 victims in the United States during the two pandemics between 1832 and 1849, and also claimed 200,000 victims in Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 62], "content_span": [63, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0000-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons\nThis article encompasses the 1840\u20131849 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While data is not available for every storm that occurred, some parts of the coastline were populated enough to give data of hurricane occurrences. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0001-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1840, Tropical Storm One\nJune 19\u201323. In the middle of June, a tropical storm passed west of Lake Charles, Louisiana accompanied by several days of heavy rain. Strong winds on June 21 damaged corn crops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0002-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1840, Tropical Storm Three\nOn an unspecified date in 1840, a hurricane reportedly caused severe flooding that destroyed entire villages at the mouth of the Rio Grande. Unclear whether these events are related to prior storm that struck Galveston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0003-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1841, Tropical Storm One\nAugust 23\u201324. tropical storm reported off south U.S. Atlantic coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0004-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1841, Hurricane Two\nThe Late Gale at St. Joseph. September 7\u201316. A strong tropical storm hit Barbados in early September, then traveled to the Florida Panhandle on September 14 and 15th, and continued on to South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0005-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1841, Hurricane Three\nSeptember 25\u201327. A hurricane was reported off the Cape Hatteras coast that later traveled to Nova Scotia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0006-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1841, Hurricane Four\nThe October Gale of 1841. September 25-October 4. The hurricane was first reported near Barbados and later became an intense hurricane that remained offshore of the Carolinas in early October. It moved northeastward, entraining cold air into its circulation. It became an extratropical storm, and hit New England on October 3. It led to a storm of snow and sleet in Connecticut, bringing drifts of up to 18 feet (5.5\u00a0m) of snow in some areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0006-0001", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1841, Hurricane Four\nThe storm wrecked the Georges Bank fishing fleet which drowned 81 fishermen and knocked down trees, tore roofs off houses and forced boats to go up on shore. The storm also destroyed a saltworks factory along Cape Cod, sending the economy to a slump. In 1842, a monument was erected to remember the sailors and fishermen lost at sea to the \"October Gale\" of 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0007-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1841, Hurricane Five\nThe Key West Hurricane of 1841. October 18\u201321. In October, a hurricane hit Cuba, crossing near Havana. After crossing the island, it passed by the Florida Keys on October 18 and 19. The hurricane eroded part of Key West, destroyed the keeper's house at Sand Key Light, and damaged the seawall and later headed towards Bermuda. Wrecked many ships in Lower Keys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0008-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842\nThe 1842 Atlantic hurricane season featured several maritime catastrophes in the Gulf of Mexico and along the U.S. East Coast, and produced one of the only known tropical cyclones to directly affect the Iberian Peninsula. As the season falls outside the scope of the Atlantic hurricane database, records of most storms in 1842 are scarce, and only approximate tracks are known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0009-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Hurricane One\nThe First North Carolina Hurricane of 1842. July 10\u201314. A major hurricane hit near Portsmouth, North Carolina near Ocracoke on July 12. Two ships were capsized, killing their entire crews. It continued across Virginia, dissipating over Maryland. A second hurricane hit the same area in North Carolina just six weeks later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0010-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Tropical Storm Two\nJuly 31-August 2. A tropical storm Northeastern Florida near Cedar Keys on August 2 and continued on to Jacksonville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0011-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Hurricane Three\nThe Second North Carolina Hurricane of 1842. August 24. A second North Carolina hurricane hit Ocracoke, North Carolina on August 24, drowning livestock and washing away homes. In addition, it sank three ships, causing at least 8 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0012-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Hurricane Four\nAntje's / Florida Keys Hurricane. August 24-September 8. A westward moving hurricane originating near the Leeward Islands, nicknamed Antje's hurricane after a schooner of the same name that was dismasted by the storm. The cyclone moved across the Florida Keys on September 4. Damaged Sand Key lighthouse. It continued westward across the Gulf of Mexico, landing between Matamoros and Tampico, Mexico. Its unusual westward movement, also seen by a hurricane in 1932 and Hurricane Anita in 1977, was due to a strong high pressure system to its north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0013-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Hurricane Five\nThe Galveston Hurricane of 1842. September 9\u201330. A strong tropical storm started near Tobago and traveled into the Gulf of Mexico and hit Galveston, Texas on September 17. It caused $10,000 in damage, and killed 40 cattle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0014-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Tropical Storm Six\nSeptember 22. The Florida Panhandle experienced the effects of a tropical storm, marked by gale-force winds at Pensacola on September 22 and 23. No appreciable damage was reported. Ludlum considered that this may have been a continuation of the Galveston storm, but judged it to be a separate system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0015-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Hurricane Seven\nThe Gulf to Bermuda Hurricane of 1842. September 30-October 9. A hurricane passed by Galveston on October 5, causing flooding and the sinking of one ship. It continued eastward, becoming a major hurricane before hitting near St. Marks, Florida. It caused $500,000 in damage before moving out to sea near Bermuda on the 10th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0016-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Tropical Storm Eight\nOctober 24-October 27. A cyclone, first detected southwest of Madeira on October 24, passed the island on October 26, moving northeast towards the Iberian Peninsula. It struck southern Spain on October 29, and moved inland as far as Madrid. It peaked at 965\u00a0mbar (28.5\u00a0inHg) as a Category 2 hurricane near Madeira on October 26. The storm can be considered a historical precedent for Hurricane Vince of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0017-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1842, Tropical Storm Nine\nOctober 24-November 1. This cyclone was first detected east of Miami on October 26. It paralleled the coastlines of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina before dissipating on the 30th south of North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0018-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1843, Tropical Storm One\nJuly 11\u201314. Tropical storm hit near Jamaica then traveled near the Florida Keys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0019-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1843, Hurricane Two\nAugust 15\u201320. September 30-October 9. Hurricane originated north of the Leeward Islands and traveled northward out to sea near Nova Scotia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0020-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1843, Hurricane Three\nThe Port Leon Florida Hurricane of 1843. September 13\u201315. September 30-October 9. A major hurricane moved northward through the Gulf of Mexico. It hit Port Leon, Florida, on September 13, destroying the town from the flooding and storm surge. Fourteen people were killed. The town residents moved the town three miles (5\u00a0km) northward to New Port, now called Newport, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0021-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1844, Tropical Storm One\nJune 11-June 15. A tropical storm hit near Lake Charles, Louisiana, on June 11. It moved slowly northward to the west of the town, dissipating on the 15th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0022-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1844, Hurricane Two\nThe Matamoros Hurricane of 1844 August 4\u20135. A major hurricane moving through the Gulf of Mexico hit the Rio Grande valley on August 4. It slowly moved through the area, causing 70 deaths. It did not leave a house standing at the mouth of the river or the Brazos Santiago on the north end of the barrier island. The Mexican customs house was removed after this storm to the mainland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0023-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1844, Hurricane Three\nSeptember 8\u201316. On September 8th, a hurricane moved into Florida south of St. Augustine. It moved across the state, emerging into the Gulf of Mexico before turning northeastward and hitting Florida again on the 9th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0024-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1844, Tropical Storm Four\nSeptember 25-October 2. Storm originated near the southern Leeward Islands and headed past Jamaica to Key West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0025-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1844, Hurricane Five\nThe Cuban Hurricane of 1844 September 30-October 7. A hurricane originating near Barbados hit Cuba on October 4, causing 101 deaths. It moved northeastward, bringing rain and strong winds to the United States coastline but remaining offshore. The schooner revenue cutter Vigilant, USRC Vigilant, was lost off Key West during this hurricane on the 4th and 5th. Many of the structures built by the Navy on Indian Key and all wharves were washed away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0026-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1845, Hurricane One\nOctober 27\u201329. Hurricane reported near Bermuda out in the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0027-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1846, Hurricane One\nThe Hatteras Inlets Hurricane of 1846. September 5\u201311. A slow-moving hurricane remained offshore of Cape Hatteras on September 6. It pushed water into the Pamlico Sound. When the hurricane moved far enough north, the northerly winds pushed the water back out, creating two major inlets on the Outer Banks, the Hatteras Inlet and the Oregon Inlet. The latter bearing the name of the first large ship that passed through it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0028-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1846, Hurricane Two\nSeptember 10\u201324. Hurricane originated near the Leeward Islands. On September 19, a gale, possibly a tropical cyclone, destroyed 11 schooners from Marblehead, Massachusetts, and took 65 lives. After this event, Gloucester, Massachusetts took over as the center of New England fishing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0029-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1846, Hurricane Four\nIn October, a major hurricane, likely of Category 5 intensity, moved through the Caribbean Sea. This Great Havana Hurricane struck western Cuba on October 10. Atmospheric pressure readings in Cuba reached as low as 916 mbar. Although no reliable wind measurements were available at the time, a separate study also estimated that it produced Category 5-strength winds. In Cuba, the storm caused hundreds of deaths, capsized dozens of ships, obliterated buildings, uprooted trees, and ruined crops. Many towns were wholly destroyed or flattened and never recovered, while others disappeared entirely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0030-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1846, Hurricane Four\nIt hit the Florida Keys on October 11, destroying the old Key West Lighthouse, the Sand Key Light, and Fort Zachary Taylor. In Key West, widespread destruction was noted, with 40 deaths, many vessels rendered unfit, and widespread structural damage, with all but eight of the 600 houses in Key West damaged or destroyed. Water rose to about 8 feet in lower streets. Few supplies arrived in the following days and relief efforts were gradual, with few resources within the town's vicinity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0030-0001", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1846, Hurricane Four\nThe hurricane was so destructive that years afterward, greenery on the key was sparse, and little native vegetation existed. Signs of ecological damage remained even in the early 1880s. The hurricane then headed northward, and on October 13 and hit Tampa Bay as a major hurricane. As it approached, it sucked the water out of the bay, causing the Manatee River to be so low that people walked horses across it. The hurricane moved across Florida, and remained inland over Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina. It moved up the Chesapeake Bay, causing extensive damage through Virginia, Maryland, Washington D.C., and Pennsylvania. Some disputed reports say that at least 600 were killed; however, the official death report from Cuba says 163 deaths and damage throughout the areas it affected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0031-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1847, Hurricane One\nOctober 10\u201313. A hurricane hit Tobago on October 11, resulting in 27 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0032-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1847, Tropical Storm Two\nA severe tropical cyclone visited Galveston, Texas. This may represent a continuation of the previous storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0033-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Tropical Storm One\nOn August 18, a tropical storm hit south central Louisiana, causing damage to cotton crops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0034-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Hurricane Two\nAugust 18-September 2. A hurricane tracked northeast of the Caribbean Sea through the Bahamas and recurved through the North Atlantic shipping lanes towards Europe between August 19 and September 2. This storm was one of the earliest tropical cyclones to have a track created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0035-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Hurricane Three\nSeptember 23\u201328. It first made landfall in Tampa Bay, near Fort Brooke and Tampa nearly destroying the city. It reshaped parts of the coast and destroyed much of what few human works and habitation were then in the Tampa Bay Area. Although available records of its wind speed are unavailable, its barometric pressure and storm surge were consistent with at least a Category 4 hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0035-0001", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Hurricane Three\nIt was the most severe hurricane to affect Tampa Bay in the U.S. state of Florida and is one of only two major hurricanes to make landfall in the area, the other having occurred in 1921. Tides rose 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m) and the barometric pressure dipped to 28.18\u00a0inHg (954 millibars). It crossed to the east coast where it damaged houses, caused flooding and interfered with shipping. It then hit near present-day Sarasota, Florida on September 25, creating a new waterway now called New Pass, named by William Whitaker as the first person to see this new waterway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0036-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Hurricane Four\nSeptember 17\u201324. Hurricane passed north of Leeward Islands to out in the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0037-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Tropical Storm Five\nSeptember 28\u201329. Tropical storm formed near west of Cape Verde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0038-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Hurricane Six\nThe Second Tampa Bay Hurricane of 1848. October 5\u201315. An eastward moving major hurricane passing Cuba hit Tampa Bay again for the second time in less than a month on October 11 before heading northward into the Florida Panhandle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0039-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1848, Hurricane Seven\nOn October 17, a minimal hurricane hit the southeast coast of Texas, causing flooding and high tides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0040-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1849, Tropical Storm One\nAugust. A tropical cyclone may have moved into the Arklatex, as there was excessive flooding in northern sections of Louisiana that August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0041-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1849, Hurricane Two\nGale at Brazos Santiago of 1849. September 4\u201315. One of the severest hurricanes and longest duration up to that time moved into the Rio Grande area on September 13 and 14. There were sixteen vessels in harbor at Brezos when the hurricane hit. Many broke anchor and were dragged out to sea, others capsized and sunk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022282-0042-0000", "contents": "1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1849, Hurricane Three\nThe New England Hurricane of 1849. September 10\u201322. A hurricane was first detected off the coast of North Carolina in early October. It moved northeastward, passing close but remaining offshore of Long Island. On October 6, it made landfall in Massachusetts, causing 143 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022283-0000-0000", "contents": "1840s Carrollton Inn\nThe 1840s Carrollton Inn and Plaza, located in Baltimore, Maryland consists of two historic buildings and their complementary 1980 additions built to resemble the previous federal style buildings. The oldest of the rowhouse buildings dates back to the late 18th century, and anchors the east side of the block containing the Carroll Mansion (not part of the inn), the winter home of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the Declaration of Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022283-0000-0001", "contents": "1840s Carrollton Inn\nThese buildings and others were assembled by the City of Baltimore in the 1980s and became the Baltimore City Life Museums until its closure in 1997 due to financial issues. The 1840s Carrollton Inn opened in July, 2007 with 13 boutique rooms. Each room has whirlpool baths, fireplaces, antiques and decorator furnishings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022283-0001-0000", "contents": "1840s Carrollton Inn\nThe main entrance to the building is through the historic doorway at 50 Albemarle. The home was bought by John Dalrymple from the heirs of George Davy, in 1796 for $3,300. Dalrymple was probably a principal in the construction of the remainder of the buildings on Lombard and Albemarle. Along with James Mosher, he was co-architect and builder of the First Presbyterian Church (1791) at Fayette and Guilford. The three story brick house retains its Flemish bond brick work and splayed brick lintels. One mantel is original to the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022283-0001-0001", "contents": "1840s Carrollton Inn\nA noteworthy feature is the huge fireplace in the basement which was used for cooking. This building was sold to John Hutchinson, a wheelwright in the 1840s. Grocers and other businesses used the house until the last private owner, renting to a variety store, closed shop in 1983. After renovation by the Baltimore City Life Museums, the Hutchinson family's life was portrayed as living history during public programs, and through museum tours of what was known as \"1840 House.\" The adjoining 1860 smaller house to the west features six over six wood windows and shuttered first floor windows set in segmented arches and was also used for living history on the first floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022283-0002-0000", "contents": "1840s Carrollton Inn\nThough the remaining buildings were demolished by the City Life Museums for public safety, the architects chose to construct buildings close to the originals in exterior appearance. The new addition adjacent to the Carroll Mansion closely resembled an early 1900 photograph and housed the Center for Urban Archaeology. The three buildings on Albemarle damaged by fire and demolished were rebuilt and housed the \u201cCourtyard Gallery\u201d and the museum offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022283-0003-0000", "contents": "1840s Carrollton Inn\nIn 1996 the Fava building, on the north side of the courtyard, was opened as the Morton K. Blaustein City Life Exhibition Center. Four floors of exhibits and galleries illustrated Baltimore's distinct history and culture over three centuries. Its signature feature was the reuse of the cast iron fa\u00e7ade of the 1869 G. Fava Fruit Company. Over 100 cast iron buildings existed in Baltimore before the Fire of 1904. Today, less than 12 remain. The Fava fa\u00e7ade, Baltimore's largest, stood until 1976 when it was condemned to make way for the Convention Center. Its reuse in the Blaustein City Life Exhibition Center won numerous awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022283-0004-0000", "contents": "1840s Carrollton Inn\nThe buildings were retained as city property until 2003 when the space was bought by the Pomykala family, who combined the row homes into the 1840s Carrollton Inn and created the 1840s Plaza. The Pomykala Family turned the Fava Building's top floor into an event space with panoramic views of Baltimore and called it The Ballroom. They rented the three first floors to a local restaurateur, who opened Gardel's Restaurant and Supper Club. Gardel's was noted for Latin dancing and night life in the after hours. Its closure allowed the Pomykala family to remodel their three other levels within the Fava Building into distinct event spaces. Thus, the 1840s Plaza was born! Since that time, the 1840s Plaza has been the scene of numerous weddings, parties and conferences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022283-0005-0000", "contents": "1840s Carrollton Inn\nThe gated courtyard gardens on the lower level create a promenade between the Fava Building and the Carroll Mansion. Designed to give a hint of the past, they include boxwood, flowers of the Carroll period, and a herb garden. Underneath the brick, where Charles Carroll of Carrollton's stable was sited, is a hypocaust. This, perhaps, was used to keep the water warm for the horses in the cold winters. The upper courtyard with its tall flowering trees and boxwood is enclosed by the 1840s Carrollton Inn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022283-0006-0000", "contents": "1840s Carrollton Inn\nIn 2001, all of these buildings were added to the Baltimore City Landmark list as an expansion of the Carroll Mansion Landmark designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022284-0000-0000", "contents": "1840s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1840\u20131849 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0000-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion\n1840s fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by a narrow, natural shoulder line following the exaggerated puffed sleeves of the later 1820s and 1830s. The narrower shoulder was accompanied by a lower waistline for both men and women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0001-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nShoulders were narrow and sloping, waists became low and pointed, and sleeve detail migrated from the elbow to the wrists. Where pleated fabric panels had wrapped the bust and shoulders in the previous decade, they now formed a triangle from the shoulder to the waist of day dresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0002-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nSkirts evolved from a conical shape to a bell shape, aided by a new method of attaching the skirts to the bodice using organ or cartridge pleats which cause the skirt to spring out from the waist. Full skirts were achieved mainly through layers of petticoats. The increasing weight and inconvenience of the layers of starched petticoats would lead to the development of the crinoline of the second half of the 1850s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0003-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nSleeves were narrower and fullness dropped from just below the shoulder at the beginning of the decade to the lower arm, leading toward the flared pagoda sleeves of the 1850s and 1860s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0004-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nEvening gowns were worn off the shoulder and featured wide flounces that reached to the elbow, often of lace. They were worn with sheer shawls and opera-length gloves. Other greatly worn hand accessories were a new kind of gloves, and there length was usually up to your forearm. These gloves had a lace trim in sophisticated flower designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0005-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nAnother accessory was a small bag. At home, bags were often white satin and embroidered or painted. Outdoor bags were often green or white and tasseled. There were also crocheted linen bags.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0006-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nShoes were made from the same materials as handbags. There were slippers of crocheted linen and bright colored brocade satin slippers that tied around the ankle with silk ribbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0007-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nThe wide hairstyles of the previous decade gave way to fashions which kept the hair closer to the head, and the high bun or knot on the crown descended to the back of the head. Hair was still generally parted in the center. Isolated long curls dangling down towards the front (sometimes called \"spaniel curls\") were worn, often without much relationship to the way that the rest of the hair was styled. Alternately the side hair could be smoothed back over the ears or looped and braided, with the ends tucked into the bun at the back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0008-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nLinen caps with frills, lace, and ribbons were worn by married women indoors, especially for daywear. These could also be worn in the garden with a parasol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0009-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nBonnets for street wear were smaller than in the previous decade, and were less heavily decorated. The decorations that did adorn bonnets included flowers on the inside brim or a veil that could be draped over the face. Married women wore their caps under their bonnets. The crown and brim of the bonnet created a horizontal line and when tied under the chin, the brim created a nice frame around the face. This style was also often called the \"coal-scuttle\" bonnet because of its resemblance to the metals scoops used to shovel coal into furnaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0010-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nFor evening, feathers, pearls, lace, or ribbons were worn in the hair. There was also a small brimless bonnet worn with the ribbon untied at the nape of the neck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0011-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear\nWith the narrow, sloping shoulder line of the 1840s, the shawl returned to fashion, where it would remain through the 1860s. It was now generally square and worn folded on the diagonal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0012-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear\nRiding habits consisted of a high-necked, tight-waisted jacket with  long snug sleeves, worn over a tall-collared shirt or chemisette, with a long matching petticoat or skirt. Contrasting waistcoats or vests cut like those worn by men were briefly popular. Tall hats or broad-brimmed hats like those worn by men were worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0013-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear\nWith the new narrower sleeves, coats and jackets returned to fashion. These were generally knee-length with a cape-like collar. Ankle-length cloaks with cape-collars to cover slits for the arms were worn in cold or wet weather. Ermine muffs with attached handkerchiefs were worn to keep hands warm and be fashionable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0014-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear\nThe pelerine was a popular name for wide, capelike collars that extended over the shoulders and covered the upper chest. Sometimes they had layers of tiered fabric, long front panels hanging down from center front, or were also belted at the natural waistline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0015-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear\nThe mantlet was a general name for any small cape worn as outerwear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0016-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Overview\nIn this period, men's fashion plates show the lowered waistline taking on a decided point at the front waist, which was accompanied by a full rounded chest. Prince Albert (husband of Queen Victoria) had a high influence on male fashion, primarily because of his young age at the time of his wife's coronation, and his great attention to his appearance. Therefore, the clothing, particularly of upper class gentleman, continued to follow the trend of earlier decades with full shoulders and chest, and a tightly-cinched waist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0017-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirts and cravats\nShirts of linen or cotton featured lower standing collars, occasionally turned down, and were worn with wide cravats or neck ties tied in several different ways:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0018-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirts and cravats\nAt this time, the dickey was introduced, a false shirt-front usually made of satin. It was worn as an \"intentionally messy\" look.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0019-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and waistcoats\nFrock coats (in French redingotes) were worn for informal day wear, were calf length, and might be double-breasted. Shoulders were narrower and slightly sloped. Waistcoats or vests were single- or double-breasted, with shawl or notched collars, and might be finished in double points at the lowered waist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0020-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and waistcoats\nA cutaway morning coat was worn with light trousers for any formal daytime occasion; evening dress called for a dark tail coat and trousers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0021-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and waistcoats\nA frock coat was a tight fitting coat with the front cut up to the waistline, this was for casual wear. A vest replaces the waistcoat at this time, they were still very decorative with no collar. A pardessus for men was a large, black formal cape with a yoke across the shoulder line. A chesterfield coat was a calf-length, fur-lined coat, with a fur collar, cuffs and lapels. There was also no waistline seam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0022-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Trousers\nFull -length trousers had fly fronts. Breeches remained a requirement for formal functions at the British court (as they would be throughout the century). Breeches continued to be worn for horseback riding and other country pursuits, especially in Britain, with tall fitted boots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0023-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hats and hairstyles\nThe crowns of tall hats were straighter than in the previous period, and grew taller on the way to the stovepipe shape of the 1850s. They were essential for formal occasions and in cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0024-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Hats and hairstyles\nWide-brimmed hats were worn outdoors in sunny climates. Curled hair and sideburns remained fashionable, along with mustaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0025-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Children's Fashion\nIn this period, children's wear followed trends found in adult fashion. Wool and cashmere were popular textiles for baby cloaks while cotton was still widely accepted for toddler dresses, drawers and play wear. A popular silhouette for toddlers was a cotton bodice, pleated skirt and long sleeves. Small boys (ages 3 through 6) commonly wore a Tunic suit. The jackets were fitted to the waist and then flared out to a full skirt ending at knee length. This was worn over trousers, or for very small boys with drawers. A round-collared shirt was usually worn underneath the jacket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0025-0001", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Children's Fashion\nElementary to older age boys wore an Eton suit, which was a short, waist-level jacket, trousers, round-collared shirts, vest and sometimes neckties. In 1840 flat caps were popularly worn for boys. Small girls wore cotton drawers, cotton chemise, petticoats and stockings. As girls got older in age they followed the trend of their mothers and began to wear stays or tight corsets. \"Barley\" or \"sugar\" curls became a popular hairstyle for both girls and boys: they were long, droopy curls that framed the face.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022285-0026-0000", "contents": "1840s in Western fashion, Children's Fashion\nPrince Albert Edward, The future King Edward VII in a sailor suit, 1846", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022286-0000-0000", "contents": "1840s in Zimbabwe\nDr. David Livingstone, exploring the interior of Africa, arrived at Lake Ngami in present-day Botswana on 3 August 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022287-0000-0000", "contents": "1840s in association football\nThe following are events in the 1840s decade which are relevant to the development of association football. All events happened in English football unless specified otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022288-0000-0000", "contents": "1840s in sociology\nThe following events related to sociology occurred in the 1840s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022289-0000-0000", "contents": "1840\u201341 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria\nThe 1840\u201341 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria was an early scientific mapping of Palestine (including a detailed mapping of Jerusalem), Lebanon and Syria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022289-0001-0000", "contents": "1840\u201341 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria\nIt represented the second modern, triangulation-based, attempt at surveying Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022289-0002-0000", "contents": "1840\u201341 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria\nIt has occasionally been mislabeled as an Ordnance Survey map; in fact none of the officers worked for the Ordnance Survey, which was a separate organization. The Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem, carried out almost 25 years later, was a separate and materially more detailed endeavor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022289-0003-0000", "contents": "1840\u201341 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria, Jerusalem map\nThe Jerusalem map was printed privately for the Board of Ordnance in August 1841. It was published in a reduced form in Alderson's \u2018\u2019Professional Papers of the Royal Engineers\u2019\u2019 in 1845, and subsequently as a supplement to the 1849 second edition of George Williams\u2019 The Holy City: Historical, Topographical, and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem together with a 130-page memoir on the plan. The memoir contained a three-page appendix defending the plan from criticism received from Edward Robinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 75], "content_span": [76, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022289-0004-0000", "contents": "1840\u201341 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria, Regional maps\nThe regional maps were never published in their entirety. A private printing for the British Foreign Office was produced in 1846. The only published map, Map 2, was published in Charles Henry Churchill's book on Mount Lebanon. Map 3 was used in the creation of Van de Velde's map.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 75], "content_span": [76, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022289-0005-0000", "contents": "1840\u201341 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria, Regional maps\nCharles Wilson later explained that the data \"was in too fragmentary a state for publication\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 75], "content_span": [76, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022289-0006-0000", "contents": "1840\u201341 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria, Criticism\nThe survey contained a number of flaws. The theodolite was often operated by Symonds alone, miscalculations were made around heights (e.g. on the Sea of Galilee), and the outlines of the Haram es-Sharif in Jerusalem were known to have been miscalculated. As such, scholars such as Edward Robinson and August Petermann chose not to trust the work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 71], "content_span": [72, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022290-0000-0000", "contents": "1841\n1841 (MDCCCXLI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1841st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 841st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 41st  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1841, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022291-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 \"Ca\u00edda da Praia\" earthquake\nThe 1841 Ca\u00edda da Praia earthquake (1841 Fall of Praia), also known as the Second Ca\u00edda da Praia, was a series of seismic events occurring between 12 June and 15 June 1841, on the island of Terceira in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. Similar in scope to the first 1614 C\u00e1ida da Praia earthquake that destroyed most of the community, this second event is noted for the systematic process to assistance, document and catalogue the events of the tragedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022291-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 \"Ca\u00edda da Praia\" earthquake, History\nThe earthquake began on the morning of 12 June 1841, and was centred in the Ramo Grande area of the island of Terceira. The numerous earthquakes persisted throughout the day, and lead to intense rumbling on 13 June, resulting in the destruction of buildings and forcing people from their homes in Praia and nearby parishes. The 1641 catastrophe was already vivid in the minds of most, perpetuated by the Romantic prose of Francisco de Segura, and the townsfolk were already helped by innovative decrees issued by King Philip II after the events of the earlier tragedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022291-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 \"Ca\u00edda da Praia\" earthquake, History\nStill, on the morning of 14 of June, new earthquakes resulted in further destruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022291-0003-0000", "contents": "1841 \"Ca\u00edda da Praia\" earthquake, History\nAround 3:25 on the morning of 15 June, a violent earthquake caused the destruction of Praia and in Fontinhas, with general damage in eastern and northeast of Terceira, around Vila de S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o and Agualva. From the beach until Cruz do Marco, a fissure opened-up, marking the fault that existed. The most damage occurred in Fontinhas, a parish where most of the buildings were affected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022291-0004-0000", "contents": "1841 \"Ca\u00edda da Praia\" earthquake, Relief efforts\nSince most of the townsfolk had abandoned their homes, there were no deaths, but hundreds of buildings were damaged in Santa Cruz, Fontinhas, Lajes, S\u00e3o Br\u00e1s, Vila Nova, Agualva, Cabo da Praia, Porto Martins, Fonte do Bastardo and S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o. F\u00e9lix Jos\u00e9 da Costa J\u00fanior, then secretary to the civil governor and the man responsible for providing assist to the victims of the disaster, eventually wrote Mem\u00f3ria Hist\u00f3rica do Horr\u00edvel Terramoto de 1841, wherein he described the circumstances and affects on the parishes of the Ramo Grande region from the earthquake:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022291-0005-0000", "contents": "1841 \"Ca\u00edda da Praia\" earthquake, Relief efforts\nBy 1836, the archipelago of the Azores was divided into three districts, due to this politico-administrative reorganization resulting from the Liberal Reforms there were new bodies that emerged to assist in causes of emergency, and specifically, natural disasters common in the Azores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022291-0006-0000", "contents": "1841 \"Ca\u00edda da Praia\" earthquake, Aftermath\nWhen the town of Praia and surrounding parishes were ruined by the earthquake, management of the disaster and reconstruction was already secured by the Administrator-General of the district of Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Jos\u00e9 Silvestre Ribeiro, and by administrative officials of the Civil Governor. In order to handle the calamity, Jos\u00e9 Silvestre Ribeiro created a network of commissions at the parish-level, so-called Comiss\u00f5es de Soccorros, presided by their respective parish priest, with rigorous instructions from a central Comiss\u00e3o dos Soccorros. The parameters for the reconstruction were defined by change and innovation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022291-0007-0000", "contents": "1841 \"Ca\u00edda da Praia\" earthquake, Aftermath\nThe Commission then ordered that the construction of houses of straw should desist, a characteristic that was common at the time and that produced a poor, melancholy skyline. From this point forward, the characteristic tiled rooftop became the norm in the region. At the same time, the Commission issued instructions on the form and style to be applied in the reconstruction of the buildings; there were provisions stating that buildings should be symmetrical, uniform and proportional along each road, repairing errors in construction that had perpetuated in the village, including squares, roads and homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022291-0008-0000", "contents": "1841 \"Ca\u00edda da Praia\" earthquake, Aftermath\nIn order to guarantee financial resources, Jos\u00e9 Silvestre Ribeiro requested funds from the municipal councils of his district (on the islands of Terceira, Graciosa and S\u00e3o Jorge) in addition to soliciting assistance from the districts of Ponta Delgada and Horta. The philanthropic movement extended to the Portuguese capital and many of the districts in the Kingdom, where small commissions were created to collect funds to assist the village. For this mobilization, Praia da Vit\u00f3ria itself contributed to its own cause: national elites considered the town a national monument and sacred land for the Liberal cause. Cultural societies and recreational groups extended the network, linking the Terceirense town to various groups in Europe and Brazil, who also sent contributions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022291-0009-0000", "contents": "1841 \"Ca\u00edda da Praia\" earthquake, Aftermath\nA 20 February 1844 report published the public projects completed on public buildings and houses, classifying them as to the economic condition of their residents (poor and less disadvantaged) and the type of intervention (new building or repairs). Thirty-three homes constructed of straw were constructed in tile. Between 1841 and 1845, there a social change, resulting in rebuilding, change and innovation after the earthquake, organized by the district powers, that articulated the pleas for help to the archipelago, national government, European powers and Brazil. This process transformed the skyline of the municipality of Praia da Vit\u00f3ria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022292-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1841 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 2, 1841, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Term started on November 22, 1841. Democrat Benjamin Fitzpatrick won his first term as Governor with 56.9% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022293-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Belgian general election\nPartial legislative elections were held in Belgium on Tuesday 8 June 1841 in which 48 of the 95 seats in the Chamber of Representatives were elected. Voter turnout was 77.0%, although only 24,887 people were eligible to vote. Under the alternating system, elections were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022293-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Belgian general election\nThe number of seats in the Chamber decreased from 98 to 95 following the 1839 independence of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; its three districts (Luxembourg, Grevenmacher and Diekirch) had one representative each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022293-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 Belgian general election\nThe Lebeau Government, the first homogeneously Liberal government, resigned shortly before the elections. The unionist Nothomb Government took over on 13 April 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022294-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Chicago mayoral election\nThe 1841 Chicago mayoral election saw Democratic nominee Francis Cornwall Sherman defeat Whig nominee Isaac R. Gavin by a 4.7 point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022294-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Chicago mayoral election\nSherman was a former alderman and the proprietor of the Sherman House Hotel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022294-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 Chicago mayoral election\nPrior elections had been conducted in a manner requiring voters to state their party preference upon entering their polling place. This election was conducted in a manner which provided voters more privacy/anonymity than the previous four mayoral elections had.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022295-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Chilean presidential election\nThe Chilean presidential election of 1841 took place through a system of electors, and resulted in the election as President of General Manuel Bulnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022295-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Chilean presidential election\nThere was no organized opposition to the conservative Bulnes, although liberals rallied around Francisco Antonio Pinto, who was proclaimed candidate without his consent. Pinto went on to become an adviser to President Bulnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022296-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1841 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 7, 1841. Incumbent governor and Whig nominee William W. Ellsworth was re-elected, defeating businessman and Democratic nominee Francis H. Nicoll with 55.79% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022296-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThis was the largest percentage of the vote achieved by the Whig Party in a Connecticut election for governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022296-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nNicoll had made his fortune in New York City, and moved back to his home town of Stafford some time before 1841. He died on September 27, 1842, at the age of 57.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022297-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 East Surrey by-election\nThe East Surrey by-election of 1841 was polled on 12 February 1841. It was fought due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP Richard Alsager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022297-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 East Surrey by-election, Nominations\nThe 9 February public hearing of nominations or hustings, chaired by the under-Sheriff, Mr Abbot, duly took place the day after paper submissions closed, at the Fairfield, Croydon. The ground was \"pretty well occupied\" by over 2000 supporters by 11am, the start time. Hustings were erected and wagons of respective supporters drew up on the straw-laid ground; with pale blue and white widespread for Alcock and orange and purple displayed for Antrobus, beyond their carriages and among their musicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022297-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 East Surrey by-election, Nominations\nThe Morning Chronicle's reporter wrote he believed Lord Leveson intended to nominate Alcock but he arrived after the meeting, and covered the third spoken speech in support of Alcock, by a Mr Coates. It concluded a show of hands took place, taken to have fallen to Mr Alcock but a poll was, as was habitual, demanded for a week's time. Antrobus ultimately won, by 2,652 to 1,438 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022297-0003-0000", "contents": "1841 East Surrey by-election, Nominations\nThe Morning Post ran a report titled \"East Surrey Election [new line] Triumph of Conservatism\" acerbic of the \"present ministers\", describing the stated party of Alcock as Liberal 'misnamed' and him as a \"Whig-Radical\". It adds 200 of most Conservative-leaning electors met together at The Horns, chaired by W. Nottidge who toasted the new member's health. There were in that inn cheers to many comments of Antrobus including \"by the majority by which the election of East Surrey had been won, the Government had been taught a lesson they would not easily forget\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022298-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe 1841 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on October 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022298-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe Incumbent Governor Charles McDonald won re-election defeating Whig candidate William C. Dawson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022299-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Goshen Courthouse\nThe 1841 Goshen Courthouse is located along Main Street (NY 207) in the center of Goshen, New York, the seat of Orange County, New York, United States. It was designed by popular local architect Thornton M. Niven in a Greek Revival style, meant to be a twin of the one he had already built in Newburgh, which at that time shared seat duties with the larger city. Construction of the building was approved by the county legislature in April 1841 and began shortly thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022299-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Goshen Courthouse\nDuring construction of the building, the remains of American Revolutionary War Loyalist guerilla leader Claudius Smith were rumored to have been found on the site and his skull embedded in the masonry above the front door. A plaque commemorating his hanging in Goshen and the associated tradition was dedicated at the site in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022299-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 Goshen Courthouse\nIt was used as a courthouse until 1970, when the recently constructed Orange County Government Center made more space available. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is also a contributing property to the Church Park Historic District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022299-0003-0000", "contents": "1841 Goshen Courthouse\nAs of 2007, an annex to the courthouse houses offices of the Orange County Department of Consumer Affairs and other offices. In 2011, after the Orange County Government Center was damaged by Hurricane Irene, three Supreme Court judges relocated their cases to the courthouse. In 2015, county officials announced a $2.9 million plan to improve insulation and handicap accessibility over the course of approximately a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National\nThe 1841 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the third official annual running of a steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase handicap horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 3 March 1841 and attracted a then smallest ever field of 11 runners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National\nAlthough recorded by the press at the time as the sixth running of the Grand Liverpool, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National\nThe race was not run as a handicap chase and therefore all the runners were declared to carry 12 stone with the exception of the winner of the 1840 Cheltenham Steeplechase who had to carry 13 stone 4\u00a0lbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0003-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The Course\nThe runners would set off from a grass field near Seeds lane and jump a small first fence before turning slightly right to jump a further four fences down a line of wheat fields to the first brook, described only as being familiar to Captain Beecher. The runners then proceeded left over a fallow field to take the seventh jump into a grass field to turn sharp left at the eighth obstacle, later to be known as the Canal Turn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0003-0001", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The Course\nThree further flights followed along the Canalside that took the runners over a large grass enclosure before jumping into and then out of the Melling Lane to re-enter the racecourse at its far extreme, known as the training ground. Once back in front of the stands, the runners took a hurdle at the site of the distance judge before leaping an artificial brook, which had replaced the wall, being the fifteenth obstacle. The competitors would then cover the same course again, with the exception of the artificial brook, which was bypassed on the run-in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0004-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The race\nThe course was as it had been the previous year with the exception that the wall, situated in front of the stands, was replaced with an artificial water jump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0005-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The race\nReports of the conditions and betting on the race varied widely and depended greatly on which newspaper the reader chose to get their report from after the event with Charity and Seventy-Four both listed as pre race favourite in some publications, which also varied the state of the going with everything from good to heavy. Officially Lottery is recorded as favourite on officially good going.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0006-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The race\nThe race was started two hours late at 3 pm with Selim setting off at a pace considered good for a flat race. He earned a ten-length advantage by Becher's Brook and was still travelling well when he was considered unlucky to land on boggy ground when jumping out of the last fallow field into the grass at the Canalside, the eleventh jump on the course, causing him to fall and lose his lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0007-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The race\nCigar was now left in front as the other runners, seeing the fate of Selim chose a different racing line to avoid the boggy ground. Legacy took up the running as they jumped in and out of the lane, at which point Goblin fell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0008-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The race\nLegacy continued to lead a well-bunched field over the hurdle in front of the stands where the pace then rapidly quickened as the field raced for the artificial brook, spurred on by the cheering of the crowd. Cigar, Lottery, Oliver Twist and Charity jumped in close order with the remainder close behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0009-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The race\nOn turning back out into the country for the second time Legacy took up the running again. Cigar, Peter Simple and Oliver Twist adopted a different route down to Becher's Brook to the rest of the runners and bypassed the first jump, which was allowed, as long as the competitors raced outside the course marking flags. However, no real advantage, other than missing one fence, appears to have been made and the two groups were quickly reunited to jump the remaining fences to Becher's. By this stage Selim had made up the ground lost when falling and went back into the lead at the fence before the Brook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0010-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The race\nAt the fence before the Canal Turn Oliver Twist fell and may have hampered Cigar who was the only runner continuing who was detached from the main body, but he was able to get back the lost lengths to move into second behind Charity when Selim began to fade along the Canalside. Cigar, Charity and Lottery jumped the fence out of the lane together before Charity kicked on to  three-length lead on entering the racecourse. Most of the field had every chance at this stage but the injection of pace now told on most of the competitors, and with a quarter-mile to run Charity had only the two greys in the race Peter Simple and Cigar challenging him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0011-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The race\nPeter Simple was beaten by the time the two leaders reached the final flight where Charity swerved sharply, causing Powell to have to hit him to try and get him back on a racing line. Cigar was badly hampered by this and almost fell, losing a couple of lengths in the process. From this point Charity maintained his advantage to win, with Peter Simple a further neck down in third place. Revealer, Hawk, the remounted Goblin and Legacy finished together, all claiming fourth place. The remainder were pulled up in the closing stages and were swallowed up by the crowd encroaching onto the course to hail the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0012-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, Finishing order\nNote: No official returns were given for any runner outside the first three. Four competitors claimed to have finished fourth in a tight finish, in which the decision was given to Revealer. No attempt was made to place the other three officially. The remaining runners, with the exception of Lottery, completed the course but had been stopped to a walk long before the finish and were swallowed up by the spectators, who entered the racecourse after the race. At the time, horses swallowed up by the crowd in such a manner were listed as distanced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0013-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The placed horses\nWinner: Charity ran in the Crimson jacket and cerise cap of Lord Craven and was prepared for the race at the stables of William Vevers in Cheltenham. His rider, A Powell had failed to finish in a place in either of his two previous Nationals. Her time of thirteen minutes and twenty-five seconds was fifty-five seconds outside the race record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0014-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The placed horses\nSecond: Cigar ran in the colours of one Mr Anderson. Jockey Alan McDonough has also been second the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0015-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The placed horses\nThird: Peter Simple was owned by the Hon F Craven and was a second race ride for T Walker", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022300-0016-0000", "contents": "1841 Grand National, The placed horses\nFourth: Revealer ran in the Crimson colours of Henry Villebois which had been carried to victory by Jerry the previous year. Bartholomew Bretherton rode both horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022301-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Iowa Council election\nIn the 1841 Iowa Territory Council elections, electors selected councilors to serve in the fourth Iowa Territory Council. All 13 members of the Territory Council were elected. Councilors served one-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022301-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Iowa Council election\nThe Iowa Territory existed from July 4, 1838, until December 28, 1846, when Iowa was admitted to the Union as a state. At the time, the Iowa Territory had a Legislative Assembly consisting of an upper chamber (i.e., the Territory Council) and a lower chamber (i.e., the Territory House).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022301-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 Iowa Council election\nFollowing the previous election in 1840, Democrats held a majority with seven seats to Whigs' six seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022301-0003-0000", "contents": "1841 Iowa Council election\nTo claim a majority of seats, the Whigs needed to net one seat from Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022301-0004-0000", "contents": "1841 Iowa Council election\nDemocrats maintained a majority of seats in the Iowa Territory Council following the 1841 general election with the balance of power shifting to Democrats holding eight seats and Whigs having five seats (a net gain of 1 seat for Democrats). Democratic Councilor Jonathan W. Parker was chosen as the President of the fourth Territory Council to succeed Whig Councilor Mortimer Phillips Bainbridge in that leadership position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022302-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Light Regiment (India)\n1841 Light Regiment is a regiment which is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022302-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Light Regiment (India), Formation\n1841 Light Regiment was initially raised as 184 Light Regiment (Pack) on 1 April 1966 at Pathankot. The class composition of the regiment was Sikhs, Dogras, Hill Tribes and \u2018Other Indian Castes\u2019. Consequent to reorganization in April 1973, the regiment was split into 1841 and 1842 (Independent) Light Battery. 1841 (Independent) Battery was later re-designated as 1841 Light Regiment in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022302-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 Light Regiment (India), History, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971\nOn 16 August 1971, the regiment moved to Easter Sector during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and earned two Sena Medals and two Mention in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022302-0003-0000", "contents": "1841 Light Regiment (India), History, Other operations\nThe regiment has also participated in Operation Rakshak, Parakram and Hifazat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022302-0004-0000", "contents": "1841 Light Regiment (India), History, Other operations\nDuring its tenure in Jammu and Kashmir from September 2000 till August 2003, the regiment was in direct support of an infantry brigade deployed at the Line of Control in Naugam Sector at Tur Mar Gali (TMG). Victor Mortar Position was constructed as a new Mortar Position by the regiment at TMG. On 26 October 2002, GOC in Command Northern Command visited the position and placed on record his assessment that this was one of the best and most battle-ready mortar position in the entire Northern Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022302-0005-0000", "contents": "1841 Light Regiment (India), History, Other operations\nIn recognition of its accurate fire assaults from TMG during Operation Parakram on 26 January 2004, the unit was awarded Northern Army Commander\u2019s Unit Appreciation and since then were known as TMG Gunners. Lieutenant Colonel Mukesh Kumar Gupta, Commanding Officer was awarded Vishisht Seva Medal. Three 'COAS Commendation Cards' and one 'Army Commander Commendation Card' were also awarded to TMG Gunners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022302-0006-0000", "contents": "1841 Light Regiment (India), History, Other operations\nThe war cry of the unit is \u201c Durge Mata ki Jai, Peer Baba ki Jai.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022303-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 1 November 1841. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022303-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Liverpool Town Council election\nThere were a total of 12,097 registered electors for the entire borough in 1841. The census of 1841 recorded the population of the borough as 293,963 (exclusive of about 10,000 seamen). These figures revealing that only about 4% of the population were enfranchised. (Although the census figures includes children, which skews the figures to some extent).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022303-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 Liverpool Town Council election\nAfter the election of 16 Councillors on 1 November 1841, and the election of 8 Aldermen on 9 November 1841, the composition of the council was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022303-0003-0000", "contents": "1841 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nOn 9 November 1841, the term of office of eight of the sixteen aldermen expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022303-0004-0000", "contents": "1841 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nThe following were elected as Aldermen by the Council on 9 November 1841 for a term of office of six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022304-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Masaryk\n1841 Masaryk (prov. designation: 1971 UO1) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 46 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 October 1971, by Czech astronomer Lubo\u0161 Kohoutek at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. The asteroid was named after the first President of Czechoslovakia, Tom\u00e1\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022304-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Masaryk, Orbit and classification\nMasaryk orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.1\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 4 months (2,311 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1936 FW at Uccle Observatory, Masaryk's first used observation was taken at Goethe Link Observatory in 1955, extending the body's observation arc by 16 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022304-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 Masaryk, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the first president of the independent Czechoslovak Republic, Tom\u00e1\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk (1850\u20131937), statesman, philosopher and known for his humanistic ideas. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 December 1974 (M.P.C. 3757).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022304-0003-0000", "contents": "1841 Masaryk, Physical characteristics\nThe carbonaceous asteroid is characterized as a (darker) P-type and as a transitional CX-type by NEOWISE and PanSTARRS, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022304-0004-0000", "contents": "1841 Masaryk, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Masaryk was obtained from photometric observations made by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. It gave a rotation period of 7.53 hours with a brightness variation of 0.52 magnitude (U=2+). The result agrees with a lightcurve published in March 2016, using sparse-in-time photometry data from the Lowell Photometric Database (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022304-0005-0000", "contents": "1841 Masaryk, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Masaryk measures between 38.6 and 46.1 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.039 and 0.057. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.036 and a diameter of 46.0 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022305-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1841 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022305-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Whig Governor John Davis was re-elected to a second consecutive term in office over Democrat Marcus Morton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022306-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 62nd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1841 during the governorship of John Davis. Daniel P. King served as president of the Senate and George Ashmun served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022307-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1841 Michigan gubernatorial election was held from November 1, 1841 to November 2, 1841. Democrat nominee John S. Barry defeated Whig nominee Philo C. Fuller with 55.74% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022308-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Naval Air Squadron\n1841 Naval Air Squadron (1841 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022309-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1841. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 99 to 100. Voter turnout was 50.9%, although only 5.5% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022310-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1841 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was between two candidates. Incumbent Governor David R. Porter ran for the Democratic Party, and defeated John Banks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022311-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election\nOn May 4, 1841, a special election was held in Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district to fill a vacancy caused by the death of William S. Ramsey (D) on October 17, 1840, shortly after his re-election, and before the 26th Congress had ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022311-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district special election, Election results\nGustine took his seat on May 31, at the start of the 1st session of the 27th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022312-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1841 saw the election of John Morin Scott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022312-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022313-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 Republic of Texas presidential election\nThe Republic of Texas presidential election of 1841 was the third presidential election. It was held on September 6, 1841. Former President Sam Houston defeated incumbent Vice President and former Interim President David G. Burnet to win a second non-consecutive term in office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022313-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 Republic of Texas presidential election\nEdward Burleson was elected vice-president with 6,141 votes (58.6%) while his competitor Mennican Hunt received 4,336 votes (41.4%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census\nThe United Kingdom Census of 1841 recorded the occupants of every United Kingdom household on the night of Sunday 6 June 1841. The enactment of the Population Act 1840 meant a new procedure was adopted for taking the 1841 census. It was described as the \"first modern census\" as it was the first to record information about every member of the household, and administered as a single event, under central control, rather than being devolved to a local level. It formed the model for all subsequent UK censuses, although each went on to refine and expand the questions asked of householders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census\nIt was important for early demographic analysis of the United Kingdom population and remains of interest to historians, demographers and genealogists, although the information about each person is quite limited compared with that available from later censuses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census, Background\nDue to the Population Act 1840, the United Kingdom Census of 1841 was conducted using a different framework from that of earlier United Kingdom censuses. The origins of the Population Act 1840 was the report of the 1830 Select Committee on the Population Bill, reprinted in 1840. The subject of much speculation during the select committee hearings and report was the accuracy of previous census returns, the first national census being held in 1801.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0003-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census, Background\nDuring 1840, a Bill titled, 'Population. A bill [as amended by the committee] for taking an account of the population of Great Britain; and of the parish-registers, and annual value of assessable property in England' progressed through Parliament. The Bill received Royal Assent as 'An Act for taking an Account of the Population of Great Britain 1840', with the short title, Population Act 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0004-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census, Administration of the census\nThe Population Act 1840 created the position, 'Commissioners for taking account of the population'. It also gave the Registrar General the responsibility for the census for England and Wales in addition to their responsibility for Civil Registration. The earliest censuses had been administered by the Overseers of the Poor but the Civil Registration system provided the local administration which could also take on the job of the census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0005-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census, Administration of the census\nThe involvement of the Registrar is cited as being important to reorganising the taking of the census. One of the intentions was to avoid omissions and double counting by taking the census at the same time across the whole country and collecting the data as quickly as possible. The Civil Registration Districts were subdivided into enumeration districts  intended to be of a size where one person could collect the data from all households in a single day. For the first time, military personnel in the country aboard their ships or in barracks were included in the census return. Some 35,000 census enumerators were appointed to undertake the data collection, one enumerator per district, covering a population of about 16 million people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0006-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census, Administration of the census\nCensus forms were delivered to every household a few days before the day of the census. These were to be completed by the householder and collected by the enumerator on 7 June, the day after the census. The Population Act 1840 created an offence of refusing to answer a census question, or providing false information. Failure to comply with the demand to complete a census form was an offence and penalised by a fine. The enumerator would help in the completion of the form if, for example, the householder was illiterate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0007-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census, Administration of the census\nThe 1841 census recorded people's names, age, sex, occupation, and if they were born in the county of their residence, and if they were born anywhere other than in England and Wales. Children under 15 were to have their age recorded accurately, while those over 15 were to be rounded down to the nearest 5 years so, for example, someone aged 63 should be recorded as  aged 60. However, not all enumerators followed this instruction and exact ages may have been recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0008-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census, Administration of the census\nThe completed census forms were transcribed into the local enumerators' schedule. In England, the schedule was countersigned by a Superintendent Registrar. In Scotland, the civil registration of birth marriages, and death had not started, so the schedules were countersigned by a schoolmaster, or somebody with a similar status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0009-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census, Administration of the census\nThe payment of the expenses for completing the census was delegated, in England, to the Justices of the Peace, who were to finance it through the poor rates, and in Scotland, to the Sheriff Deputies, or in Edinburgh or Glasgow, the Provost of the Royal Burghs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0010-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census, Abbreviations of Occupation\nThe census included the use of abbreviations to describe professions. These included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0011-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census, Genealogy\nAs the first British census which aimed to record details about every citizen, the 1841 census is an important genealogical source. However, it has some limitations when compared to later censuses: exact ages are not usually given; relationships between members of the same household are not stated; and people's places of birth are simply noted as within the census county or not (or are quite frequently given as \"N.K. \", meaning \"Not Known\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022314-0012-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom census, Genealogy\nVery few census records for Ireland prior to 1901 survive due to the Irish Public Office being bombed on 30 June 1922. Some of the 1841 Census returns for Killeshandra of Cavan county, Kilcrohane of Cork county, Thurles of Tipperary county and Aghalurcher of Fermanagh county survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022315-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom general election\nIn the 1841 United Kingdom general election, there was a big swing as Sir Robert Peel's Conservatives took control of the House of Commons. Melbourne's Whigs had seen their support in the Commons erode over the previous years. Whilst Melbourne enjoyed the firm support of the young Queen Victoria, his ministry had seen increasing defeats in the Commons, culminating in the defeat of the government's budget in May 1841 by 36 votes, and by 1 vote in a 4 June 1841 vote of no confidence put forward by Peel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022315-0000-0001", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom general election\nThe Whigs and Tories were at odds over whether Melbourne's defeat required his resignation, with the Queen being advised by Lord Brougham that calling an election would be without precedent, and that it should only be dissolved to strengthen the government's hands, whereas dissolution facing the Whigs in 1841 was expected to result in their defeat. Melbourne himself opposed dissolution, although his cabinet came to accept it, and Melbourne requested the Queen dissolve Parliament, leading to an election. The Queen thus prorogued Parliament on 22 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022315-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom general election\nThe Conservatives campaigned mainly on the issue of Peel's leadership, whilst the Whigs emphasised an impersonal platform of reforming the import duties on corn, replacing the existing sliding scale with a uniform rate. The Whig position lost them support amongst protectionists, and the Whigs saw heavy losses in constituencies like the West Riding, where aristocratic Whig families who held a strong tradition of unbroken representation in Parliament were rejected by the electorate. Even radical support coalesced around the Tories, with it being felt that Peel would be more open to electoral reform. Radical opinion also appeared to favour the business background of Peel and his supporters to the aristocratic and political background of Melbourne's Whigs, with it being felt that the Whigs made poor governors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022315-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 United Kingdom general election\nThe Whigs also lost votes to the Irish Repeal group. The Chartists picked up only a few votes despite their popular support, because voting was still restricted to a small percentage of the population. Only 3.17% of the total population voted. It is regarded as having been one of the most corrupt elections in British parliamentary history; the Westminster Review stated in 1843 that the \"annals of parliamentary warfare contained no page more stained with the foulness of corruption and falsehood than that which relates the history of the general election in the year 1841\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022316-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 United States Senate election in Tennessee\nIn 1841,  Spencer Jarnagin was nominated for U.S. Senator by the Whig caucus in the Tennessee General Assembly. However, some of the Democrats in the legislature decided that no senator would be preferable to a Whig. Known as the \"Immortal Thirteen\" by Tennessee Democrats, they refused to allow a quorum on the issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022317-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1841 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022322-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1841 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022322-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 in Chile, Incumbents\nPresident of Chile: Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn Prieto Vial (-18 September), Manuel Bulnes Prieto (18 September-)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022326-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in Germany, Events\n11 July \u2013 German immigrants set sail for Australia,  on the Skjold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022329-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1841 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022329-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1841 is 78,400 M\u0101ori and 5000 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022333-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1841 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022336-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1841 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022339-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022340-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022341-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in poetry\nThe year's at the spring,And day's at the morn;Morning's at seven;The hill-side's dew-pearled;The lark's on the wing;The snail's on the thorn;God's in his Heaven -All's right with the world! \u2014 Robert Browning, Pippa Passes, published this year", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022341-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022341-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022341-0003-0000", "contents": "1841 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022342-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022343-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in science\nThe year 1841 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022344-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in sports\n1841 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022346-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 in the United States\nEvents from the year 1841 in the United States. It was the first calendar year to have three different presidents, which would only occur again in 1881.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022347-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 rebellion in Guria\nThe 1841 rebellion in Guria (Georgian: \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, romanized: guriis ajanq'eba; Russian: \u041c\u044f\u0442\u0435\u0436 \u0432 \u0413\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0438, myatezh v Gurii) was a conflict in the former Georgian principality of Guria, at that time part of the Georgia-Imeretia Governorate of the Russian Empire, that took place as a reaction to the government's newly introduced duties and taxes for the Georgian peasants. The rebels, joined by several nobles, were initially successful in overrunning much of Guria, but they were finally defeated by the Russian army and the allied Georgian nobility in September 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022347-0001-0000", "contents": "1841 rebellion in Guria, Background\nGuria, a small and poor Georgian rural province on the Black Sea, had been under the Russian hegemony since 1810. In 1829, the Russians eliminated the local autonomous princely rule and imposed a Russian administration. The province had already been a scene of anti-Russian insurrection in 1820 and would gain more notability with a popular Social-Democratic uprising in 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022347-0002-0000", "contents": "1841 rebellion in Guria, Rebellion\nIn 1841, without regard to local conditions, the Russian government ordered Gurian peasants to cultivate potatoes and to pay their taxes in Russian cash. Guria still maintained a primarily natural economy based on corn and millet. Rumors began to spread among the peasants that money payments would soon be required and that peasants would be drafted into the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022347-0003-0000", "contents": "1841 rebellion in Guria, Rebellion\nWhen the tax collections began in May 1841, the peasants of the Lanchkhuti community resisted and took to arms on May 22, 1841. The disturbances spread through all Guria and soon the rebels had almost 7,200 men in their ranks. They took control of most fortified points in the province and blocked roads leading to the city of Kutaisi. On August 9, 1841, the insurgents headed by Abes Bolkvadze clashed with the Russian troops of Colonel Brusilov at Gogoreti, inflicted heavy casualties upon them and forced Brusilov to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022347-0003-0001", "contents": "1841 rebellion in Guria, Rebellion\nTwice that month the Gurians tried but failed to take Ozurgeti, the principal town of Guria and the last remaining outpost of the Russians. Dissension within the rebel ranks led to the defection of many noble allies, most importantly of Prince David Gugunava. Eventually, on September 5, some 2,500 regular Russian troops under Colonel Moisey Argutinsky-Dolgorukov\u2014aided by the volunteer units provided by the pro-Russian nobles\u2014attacked the rebels and defeated them, killing more than 60.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022347-0003-0002", "contents": "1841 rebellion in Guria, Rebellion\nBy late September Guria was again calm and under the Russian control, but the government made no further effort to collect taxes in cash or cultivate potatoes. By 1842, most arrested rebel leaders were released, except Prince Ambako Shalikashvili, who was banished to Siberia. According to a Russian source published in 1901, the Russian losses in the rebellion were at least 32 killed, 115 wounded, and 17 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022347-0004-0000", "contents": "1841 rebellion in Guria, Rebellion\nThe rebellion was described by the peasant writer Egnate Ninoshvili (1859\u20131894) in his historical novel, The Revolt in Guria (Georgian: \u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10e7\u10d8 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8), which was screened by the pioneering Georgian film director Alexander Tsutsunava in 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022348-0000-0000", "contents": "1841 vote of no confidence in the Melbourne ministry\n1841 vote of no confidence in the Melbourne ministry may refer to two distinct events:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022349-0000-0000", "contents": "1842\n1842 (MDCCCXLII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1842nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 842nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 42nd  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1842, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1842 Atlantic hurricane season featured several maritime catastrophes in the Gulf of Mexico and along the U.S. East Coast, and produced one of the only known tropical cyclones to directly affect the Iberian Peninsula. As the season falls outside the scope of the Atlantic hurricane database, records of most storms in 1842 are scarce, and only approximate tracks are known. The first documented storm of the season battered the coast of North Carolina in mid-July, wrecking dozens of ships and destroying homes along the Outer Banks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0000-0001", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season\nA little over a month later, another storm impacted the same region and caused several more shipwrecks that killed at least 12 men. This storm later doused the Mid-Atlantic states with flooding rains. In early September, a powerful storm known as \"Antje's Hurricane\"\u2014named after a ship that it dismasted\u2014tracked generally westward after first being spotted over the Leeward Islands. After yielding widespread destruction across the Bahamas, the storm traversed the Florida Straits, causing severe damage in both northern Cuba and the lower Florida Keys. Many ships and their crews were lost to the storm as it crossed the Gulf of Mexico; it finally struck northern Mexico on September 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season\nAnother intense hurricane churned the Gulf of Mexico in early October, this time tracking from southwest to northeast. The storm moved very slowly and sank or impaired numerous ships along its course. Striking northern Florida on October 5 as the equivalent of a major hurricane, the cyclone produced extreme wind gusts to the north of its center and exceptionally high tides to the south. Extensive property damage in Tallahassee accounted for an estimated $500,000 (1842 USD) in losses. On Cedar Key, the storm surge demolished buildings and threatened to submerge the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0001-0001", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe storm turned northward as it entered the western Atlantic, resulting in strong winds and flooding tides in Savannah, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina. Later in the month, an extremely rare hurricane formed in the far eastern Atlantic, to the southwest of Madeira. This storm passed near the islands on October 27 before making landfall in southwestern Spain. Accompanied by significant damage, both along the coast and inland, this storm is considered a historical analogue to Hurricane Vince of 2005. Several other storms also had an impact on land throughout the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Background\nAttempts to catalog Atlantic hurricanes in the first half of the 19th century began as early as 1855, when Andr\u00e9s Poey compiled information on just over 400 tropical cyclones from 1493 to 1855. Poey's work serves as the basis for much of what is currently known about historical Atlantic tropical cyclones. He identified four distinct tropical systems that developed in 1842 (six events are listed, though two concern the same storm), plus another in November that was later deemed extratropical in nature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0002-0001", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Background\nIn his 1963 book, Early American Hurricanes, 1492\u20131870, weather researcher David M. Ludlum discussed, in greater detail, six significant tropical cyclones that impacted the United States in 1842. As the season falls outside the scope of the Atlantic hurricane database (1851 onward) and its associated reanalysis project, records are regarded as incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, July\nThe first documented hurricane of 1842 severely affected coastal North Carolina from Wilmington to Currituck on July 12. Its center likely remained just east of Cape Hatteras as it washed away houses, drowned livestock, and wreaked havoc on shipping interests. Nearly 30 ships ran aground near Ocracoke Inlet, and two unidentified vessels were wrecked on the shoals near Cape Hatteras with all hands lost; seven more men drowned while trying to salvage goods from the shipwrecks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0003-0001", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, July\nIn late October, a message in a bottle was recovered at Bermuda with an account of the storm from the captain and first mate of the imperiled schooner Lexington, presumed lost at sea. In total, around 40 ships were lost. Although sparse records preclude an accurate death toll, the National Hurricane Center lists the cyclone among those that may have caused 25 or more fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, July\nDescribed by one writer as \"one of the worst in the history of coastal Carolina\", the storm reportedly demolished all but one structure in the village of Portsmouth. Further inland, at Washington, damaging gale-force winds continued through July 13 and 14, and boats in the Albemarle Sound broke free of their moorings. Part of the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad was washed out, preventing mail from reaching Charleston, South Carolina. After its close pass to North Carolina, the storm moved toward the northwest and made landfall near Norfolk, Virginia. Torrential rainfall affected the Mid-Atlantic states, with flooding reported along major rivers; the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, for instance, rose 5\u00a0ft (1.5\u00a0m) over its banks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0005-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, August\nBased on an August 2 diary entry describing heavy rainfall and gusty northeasterly winds at Fort George Island, a tropical storm is believed to have made landfall just south of there. In southeastern Georgia, the storm negatively affected the cotton crop that was already suffering from persistent drought conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0006-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, August\nAnother damaging tropical cyclone, \"hardly less severe\" and reportedly of a much longer duration than the July hurricane, struck the Outer Banks of North Carolina on August 24. The storm wrecked numerous vessels, among them being the Kilgore at Currituck, the Pioneer and the Granary at Ocracoke, and the Congress at Cape Hatteras. At least 12 men died in these shipwrecks. As the storm continued northward, severe weather conditions affected the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern states on August 25. Extensive flooding in Washington, D.C. turned Pennsylvania Avenue into \"a broad river\" and inundated homes and cellars, with losses in the city estimated at $50,000 (1842 USD). Streets, wharves, shipyards, and lumberyards in Baltimore were submerged, while further north, hurricane-force winds and a flooding storm surge affected New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0007-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, September\n\"Antje's Hurricane\" took its name from the ship HMS Antje, which was dismasted by the cyclone in the western Atlantic on August 30. This cyclone was first noted in the Leeward Islands in late August, and went on to ruin over 100,000 bushels of salt across the Turks and Caicos Islands. Overspreading the Bahamas on September 2 and 3, the storm caused \"very great\" damage and loss of life throughout the island chain. In particular, reports indicated that most of the homes were destroyed on Watlings Island in the eastern Bahamas. The storm passed through the Florida Straits on September 4. Barometric pressure fell to 28.93\u00a0inHg (980\u00a0mbar) at Havana, where strong winds persisted for 36 hours. The storm sank several boats and damaged many others in Havana Harbor, while on land, the winds blew down trees and small buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0008-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, September\nThe lower Florida Keys were battered; \"half of Sand Key was blown away\", including the lightkeeper's house, and extensive damage to buildings and vegetation was reported on Key West. However, the offshore wind apparently allowed Key West to escape with relatively light shipping losses. The storm subsequently followed a path due westward across the Gulf of Mexico. Along the hurricane's course, many vessels\u2014such as the brig Chili, en route to Havana\u2014were lost with their crews. By September 8, the cyclone had made landfall along the coast of Tamaulipas in Mexico, and the eye passed directly over Ciudad Victoria as evidenced by a brief, five-minute lull. Heavy rain swept across southern Texas as the cyclone dissipated over mountainous terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0009-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, September\nOn the night of September 17\u201318, a new tropical storm in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico affected Galveston, Texas. Northerly winds drove water from Galveston Bay over the island to a depth of up to 4\u00a0ft (1.2\u00a0m). The storm surge destroyed several structures and washed ashore small boats, while strong winds heavily damaged two churches. Many families were forced to evacuate their homes in the middle of the night by wading through floodwaters to reach higher ground. Estimates of total monetary damage ranged from $10,000 to as high as $50,000. Though no people lost their lives, 40 cattle were killed in a building collapse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0010-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, September\nSeveral days later, the Florida Panhandle experienced the effects of a tropical storm, marked by gale-force winds at Pensacola on September 22 and 23. No appreciable damage was reported. Ludlum considered that this may have been a continuation of the Galveston storm, but judged it to be a separate system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0011-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early October\nThe most destructive storm of the season can be traced back to near Saint Thomas at the end of September. By the beginning of October, it had tracked into the extreme southern Bay of Campeche. For several days, the strengthening storm battered ships as it turned northeastward through the Gulf of Mexico, with numerous vessels lost and many more damaged. The steamship Merchant began taking on water on October 3, and the next day she broke up after running aground several hundred yards offshore. All but 8 of the 72 passengers were rescued on October 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0011-0001", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early October\nThe brig Cuba and about 14 passengers were lost off Key West. During this period, many birds died over open waters after becoming trapped in the circulation of the slow-moving hurricane. The system delivered a glancing blow to Galveston, where the storm surge flooded streets and a few buildings were blown down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0012-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early October\nThe storm buffeted Florida for an extended period from October 4 through 6, and moved ashore just north of Cedar Key as the equivalent of a major hurricane on the modern-day Saffir\u2013Simpson scale. The minimum central pressure at the time of landfall has been estimated at 955\u00a0mb (28.2\u00a0inHg). \"Extreme\" winds in the northern side of the hurricane proved devastating along the Florida Panhandle. In Apalachicola, a lighthouse and keeper's house were destroyed, and a multitude of homes were unroofed. Several people in the area drowned in storm surge flooding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0012-0001", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early October\nIn Tallahassee, the storm wrought $500,000 in losses in the form of widespread structural damage. Thousands of trees were blown down throughout the region, and a significant portion of the cotton crop was lost. Two slaves on a plantation near Tallahassee were injured, one of them severely. To the south of the storm center, Cedar Key faced exceptionally high tides that swept entire homes away and threatened to submerge the island. Several ships were wrecked along the coast of Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0013-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early October\nThe hurricane continued northeastward across northern Florida before emerging into the Atlantic between Mayport and St. Augustine. At the latter city, the storm was regarded as the most severe in 15 years; fences, trees, and crops were destroyed, and a few ships were driven aground, though the sea wall largely protected St. Augustine. Winds at Savannah, Georgia increased to hurricane strength on the night of October 5\u20136 and were accompanied by torrential rains. The storm surge there flooded wharves and other low-lying areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0013-0001", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early October\nThe slow-moving storm buffeted the southern Georgia Sea Islands with a prolonged period of strong winds and heavy rain, blowing down trees and destroying some houses. Rice plantations along the Altamaha River experienced significant losses. \"Unprecedented\" tides also flooded streets farther up the coast in Charleston, South Carolina, such that some residents had to be rescued from their homes by boat. Though damage there was generally minor, five slaves drowned when their fishing boat capsized in rough seas. As the hurricane moved away from the coast, several ships were lost off North Carolina. On October 8 and 9, Bermuda experienced strong winds as the storm passed nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0014-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late October\nIn late October, a highly unusual tropical cyclone formed in the far eastern Atlantic, first detected to the southwest of Madeira on October 24. On October 26, a ship near Madeira recorded a barometric pressure of 965\u00a0mb (28.5\u00a0inHg), suggesting a hurricane of Category 2 intensity. The hurricane passed just north of Madeira on October 27, producing heavy damage in Funchal. After brushing the northwestern coast of Morocco on the night of October 28\u201329, the hurricane moved ashore over southwestern Spain and likely became extratropical shortly thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0014-0001", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late October\nAs a result of the extratropical transition, damaging winds extended far from the storm center and affected much of inland Spain. Dozens of ships, including three belonging to the Spanish Navy, were lost or severely damaged in the storm. Two bridges were washed away in C\u00e1diz and homes were destroyed in Seville. Hurricane-force winds reached as far inland as Madrid, and thousands of trees were uprooted in the province of Badajoz. This storm serves as an important historical analogue for Hurricane Vince, which followed a similar course in October 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022350-0015-0000", "contents": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late October\nAround the same time, a separate tropical cyclone formed in the western Atlantic. It moved from off the coast of Florida to near Bermuda between October 24 and November 1, brushing the coast from St. Augustine to Charleston with gale-force winds. No significant damage occurred, though coastal flooding and heavy rainfall that caused a break in an earthen dam were reported along the coast of Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022351-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Brighton by-election\nThe 1842 Brighton by-election was held on 5 May 1842 after the resignation of the incumbent Whig MP Isaac Newton Wigney. The seat was gained by the Conservative MP Lord Alfred Hervey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022352-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Cap-Ha\u00eftien earthquake\nThe 1842 Cap-Ha\u00eftien earthquake occurred at 17:00 local time (21:00 UTC) on 7 May. It had an estimated magnitude of 8.1 on the Ms scale and triggered a destructive tsunami. It badly affected the northern coast of Haiti and part of what is now the Dominican Republic. Port-de-Paix suffered the greatest damage from both earthquake and tsunami. Approximately 5,000 people were killed by the effects of the earthquake shaking and another 300 by the tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022352-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Cap-Ha\u00eftien earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe island of Hispaniola lies across the complex transform plate boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate. The overall four cm per year displacement along this boundary is split nearly equally between two major dextral (right lateral) strike-slip zones either side of the Gon\u00e2ve Microplate. To the south is the Enriquillo\u2013Plantain Garden fault zone, which extends from Jamaica in the west to the south-east of Hispaniola to the east. In the north the fault zone is the Septentrional-Oriente fault zone passing along the southern margin of Cuba and along the northern part of Hispaniola. Both of these fault zones have been associated with several major historical earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022352-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 Cap-Ha\u00eftien earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake was felt over a wide area, including southern Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and across the Antilles. The estimated intensity reached IX (violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale along the northern coast from Cap-Ha\u00eftien to Santiago de los Caballeros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022352-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 Cap-Ha\u00eftien earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake appears to have been caused by movement on the Septentrional Fault, with the rupture extending from the Cibao valley in the present day Dominican Republic, along the whole of the northern coast of Haiti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022352-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 Cap-Ha\u00eftien earthquake, Tsunami\nThe tsunami affected the northern coast of Haiti and present day Dominican Republic. The highest run-up of 4.6 m was observed at Port-de-Paix, with 2 m run-ups seen along much of the northern coast. At Saint John in the United States Virgin Islands, the run-up was 3.1 m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022352-0005-0000", "contents": "1842 Cap-Ha\u00eftien earthquake, Damage\nThe region that suffered the greatest damage was the northern Cape area, although there was significant damage along the northern coast as far as Santiago de los Caballeros (now in the Dominican Republic). The towns of Cap-Ha\u00eftien, Port-de-Paix, M\u00f4le-Saint-Nicolas and Fort-Libert\u00e9 were also severely affected. Henri Christophe's Sans-Souci Palace was badly damaged and was never rebuilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022352-0006-0000", "contents": "1842 Cap-Ha\u00eftien earthquake, Damage\nAt Port-de-Paix, the sea drew back 60 m, before returning and flooding the city in 5 m of water, killing between 200\u2013300 of the inhabitants. The effect of the tsunami at M\u00f4le-Saint-Nicolas was catastrophic, leaving almost none of the town standing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022352-0007-0000", "contents": "1842 Cap-Ha\u00eftien earthquake, Aftermath\nDespite the devastation caused by the earthquake President Boyer did not visit the affected areas and this led to an increase in opposition to his rule. The chaos also allowed groups allied to Juan Pablo Duarte to link up with others opposed to Boyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022352-0008-0000", "contents": "1842 Cap-Ha\u00eftien earthquake, Future seismic hazard\nThe results of trenching across the Septentrional Fault in the Ciabo valley have identified large earthquakes, similar in character to that in 1842, at around 1230 and another historical event in 1562. Assuming that these earthquakes were caused by displacement on the same segment of the fault, a recurrence interval of about 300 years is indicated, similar to that proposed for the Enriquillo fault in the southern part of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022353-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Chicago mayoral election\n1842 Chicago Mayoral election|Chicago mayoral election]]  Whig nominee Benjamin Wright Raymond defeated Democratic nominee Augustus Garrett and Free Soil nominee Henry Smith by a six point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022353-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Chicago mayoral election\nRaymond had previously served a term as mayor after winning the 1839 Chicago mayoral election, and had also previously unsuccessfully sought a second term in the 1840 Chicago mayoral election. By winning the 1842 election, Raymond became the first individual to serve more than one term as mayor of Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022353-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 Chicago mayoral election\nThis was the first Chicago mayoral election in which voters were not required to be freeholders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022353-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 Chicago mayoral election, Results, Results by ward\nAs with other mayoral elections of the era, returns in the city's wards heavily matched the partisan makeup of the votes that had been cast in the city's aldermanic election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022354-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1842 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 6, 1842. Former Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives and Democratic nominee Chauncey Fitch Cleveland was elected, defeating incumbent governor and Whig nominee William W. Ellsworth with 49.94% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022354-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nCleveland won a plurality of the vote, but fell just short of a majority, by 34 votes. The state constitution at the time required the Connecticut General Assembly decide the election if no candidate won a majority of the vote. The state legislature voted 139 to 68 to elect Cleveland the governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022354-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThis was the first appearance of the Liberty Party in a Connecticut governor's race, and the first of Francis Gillette's ten attempts at seeking the governorship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022355-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 French legislative election\nThe 1842 general election organized the sixth legislature of the July Monarchy. The election was held on 9 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022355-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 French legislative election, Results\nLouis-Philippe of France dissolved the legislature on 16 July 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National\nThe 1842 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the fourth official annual running of a steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase, a horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 2 March 1842 and attracted 15 runners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National\nAlthough recorded by the press at the time as the seventh running of the Grand Liverpool, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs and are today regarded as unofficial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National\nThe race was not run as a handicap chase and therefore all the runners were declared to carry 12 stone with the exception of the winner of the 1840 Cheltenham Steeplechase who had to carry 13 stone 4\u00a0lbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, Competitors and Betting\nThe remaining runners did not command a starting price from the bookmakers and were sent off unquoted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, The race\nThe course consisted of two circuits of a spindle shaped course at Aintree, starting from a position beside the stables and running off the racecourse over Melling Road and into open countryside. The competitors would have to negotiate any hedges and banks they came across to travel from field to field, most of which were open ploughland, until reaching Becher's Brook, a man made post and rails. From here the field then turned left towards the Leeds to Liverpool canal, before jumping the Canal Turn, a fence at a sharp 90 degree angle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0004-0001", "contents": "1842 Grand National, The race\nThis would then place the runners in the fields running along the canal where they would jump Valentine's Brook, The Table top, a fence in which the landing side was significantly raised, and then the lane fences, two hedges either side of the Melling Road that marked the point where the runners re-entered the actual race course. From here the land was laid to turf as the runners turned left and came back towards the stands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0004-0002", "contents": "1842 Grand National, The race\nHere they had to negotiate the monument or made fence, today known as the chair, and then a water jump before setting off on a second circuit of the course. On reaching the race course for a second time the runners would this time jump two hurdles before a long run in to the finish line, bypassing the monument fence and water jump on the way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0005-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, The race\nAnonymous and Columbine led the competitors around the first circuit in which Sam Weller was the only recorded faller, somewhere near Becher's Brook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0006-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, The race\nAt the start of the second circuit Peter Simple took up the running and by the time Becher's Brook was reached for the second time the competitors were spread out over a furlong of the course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0007-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, The race\nPeter Simple still led at the Canal Turn but it was here that Lottery was pulled up after showing signs of distress. Only the Seventy Four, Gaylad, Columbine and The Returned were still within one field {fence} of the leader at this point but the grey was still full of running and looked very likely to win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0008-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, The race\nAt the turn for home a group of spectators, keen to get a good view, had encroached onto the course without realising. Peter Simple was by now many lengths clear but his rider failed to notice the spectators in time and in trying to avoid them he was thrown from his mount. Powell, on second placed Seventy Four was able to take evasive action and continued towards the hurdles in the lead with only Gaylad close enough to challenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0009-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, The race\nSeventy Four jumped the final hurdle in the lead but was very tired by this stage and failed to respond to the vigorous urgings of his rider for an extra effort. Gaylad by contrast was treated with much more compassion by his rider and responded to this nursing by finding the extra effort necessary to get up and win by four lengths. The very unfortunate Peter Simple was remounted to finish fifteen lengths back in third with The Returned and Columbine the only other recorded finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0009-0001", "contents": "1842 Grand National, The race\nThe remaining runners, with the exception of Sam Weller and Lottery are believed to have completed the course but were so far behind that they were probably swallowed up by the many mounted spectators and carriages who would follow the runners from the top end of the racecourse down the home straight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0010-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, The race\nThe race was timed at 13 minutes and 30 seconds, a full minute outside the record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0011-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, Finishing order\nColours as published in The Liverpool Mail, Thursday March 3rd 1842Distanced refers to horses that was not in site of the judge when the first horse reached the chair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0012-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, 1-2-3-4\nWinner: Gaylad was ridden by Tom Olliver, who was one of the most experienced riders in the race, having his fourth ride after finishing second in 1839 while riding Seventy Four. The horse was owned by Piccadilly horse trader John Elmore, already a winner with Lottery in 1839. It was also suggested that Elmore had owned a part share in 1840 Grand National winner, Jerry. He was trained by George Dockeray whose Epsom stables had also prepared Lottery and Jerry when they had won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0013-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, 1-2-3-4\nSecond: Seventy Four, who was finishing second for the second time and carried the colours of Lord Mostyn. He was ridden by Horatio Powell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0014-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, 1-2-3-4\nThird: Peter Simple, who was third for the second consecutive year and was carrying the colours of his rider, Robert Hunter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022356-0015-0000", "contents": "1842 Grand National, 1-2-3-4\nFourth: The Returned, who was also in the colours of his rider William J Hope-Johnstone", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022357-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Hynek\n1842 Hynek, provisional designation 1972 AA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022357-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Hynek\nThe asteroid was discovered on 14 January 1972 by Czech astronomer Lubo\u0161 Kohoutek at Hamburg Observatory, who named it after his father, Hynek Kohoutek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022357-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 Hynek, Orbit and classification\nHynek is member of the Flora family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,246 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022357-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 Hynek, Orbit and classification\nFirst identified as 1928 DE at Heidelberg, the asteroid's observation arc begins with its first used observation taken at Lowell Observatory in 1929, when it was identified as 1929 SO, nearly 43 years prior to its official discovery observation at Hamburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022357-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 Hynek, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Hynek is characterized as a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022357-0005-0000", "contents": "1842 Hynek, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2007, the so-far best rated rotational lightcurve of Hynek was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.9410 hours with a brightness variation of 0.17 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022357-0006-0000", "contents": "1842 Hynek, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Hynek measures between 7.996 and 9.31 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.28 of 0.300.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022357-0007-0000", "contents": "1842 Hynek, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.80 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.41.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022357-0008-0000", "contents": "1842 Hynek, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Hynek Kohoutek, the father of the discoverer, celebrating his 70th birthday. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 December 1974 (M.P.C. 3757).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022358-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1842 Illinois gubernatorial election was the seventh quadrennial election for this office. Democrat Thomas Ford defeated former Whig governor Joseph Duncan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022359-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Iowa Council election\nIn the 1842 Iowa Territory Council elections, electors selected councilors to serve in the fifth Iowa Territory Council. All 13 members of the Territory Council were elected. Councilors served one-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022359-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Iowa Council election\nThe Iowa Territory existed from July 4, 1838, until December 28, 1846, when Iowa was admitted to the Union as a state. At the time, the Iowa Territory had a Legislative Assembly consisting of an upper chamber (i.e., the Territory Council) and a lower chamber (i.e., the Territory House).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022359-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 Iowa Council election\nFollowing the previous election in 1841, Democrats held a majority with eight seats to Whigs' five seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022359-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 Iowa Council election\nTo claim a majority of seats, the Whigs needed to net two seats from Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022359-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 Iowa Council election\nDemocrats maintained a majority of seats in the Iowa Territory Council following the 1842 general election with the balance of power shifting to Democrats holding seven seats and Whigs having six seats (a net gain of 1 seat for Whigs). Whig Councilor John D. Elbert was chosen as the President of the fifth Territory Council to succeed Democratic Councilor Jonathan W. Parker in that leadership position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022360-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Tuesday 1 November 1842. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022360-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, West Derby\nJames Plumpton, unlike John Smith, was an advocate for scriptural education inthe Corporation Schools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022361-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Liverpool by-election\nThe 1842 Liverpool by-election was held on 8 February 1842 and resulted in the election of the unopposed Conservative candidate Howard Douglas. It was caused by the resignation of the previous Conservative MP, Cresswell Cresswell, when he was made a judge of the Court of Common Pleas by the Prime Minister Robert Peel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022362-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1842 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the ninth gubernatorial election to take place after Louisiana achieved statehood. Under Article III Sec 2 of the 1812 Constitution of the State of Louisiana the Governor was elected in two steps. On the first Monday in July, eligible voters went to the polls and voted. The returns were sent to the President of the Louisiana State Senate. On the second day of the session of the Louisiana State Legislature, the Louisiana House of Representatives and Senate met in joint session and voted between the top two candidates. The candidate who received a majority in General Assembly became governor. This was the last election held under the Constitution of 1812, the next election was held under the Constitution of 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022363-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1842 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 14, 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022363-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Whig Governor John Davis was defeated by Democratic nominee and former Governor Marcus Morton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022363-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nSince no candidate received a majority in the popular vote, Morton was elected by the Massachusetts Senate per the state constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022363-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Legislative election\nAs no candidate received a majority of the vote, the Massachusetts House of Representatives was required nominate two of the four top vote-getters to the Massachusetts Senate, which then chose one of the two as Governor. The House nominated Davis and Morton. The election in the Senate was held on January 17, 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 81], "content_span": [82, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022363-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022364-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 63rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1842 during the governorship of John Davis. Josiah Quincy Jr. served as president of the Senate and Thomas H. Kinnicutt served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022365-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Naval Air Squadron\n1842 Naval Air Squadron (1842 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022366-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 New York gubernatorial election\nThe 1842 New York gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1842 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022366-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 New York gubernatorial election, Background\nThis was the first gubernatorial election in New York which was held on a single day. Until 1841, the State elections had been held during three days beginning on the first Monday in November. In 1842, the State Legislature fixed the election day permanently on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022366-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Democratic Party nominated former Erie Canal Commissioner William C. Bouck. They nominated former state senator Daniel S. Dickinson for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022366-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Whig Party nominated Lieutenant Governor Luther Bradish. They nominated state senator Gabriel Furman for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022366-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 New York gubernatorial election, Candidates\nThe Liberty Party nominated Alvan Stewart. They nominated Charles O. Shepard for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022366-0005-0000", "contents": "1842 New York gubernatorial election, Sources\nThis New York elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022367-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Newcastle-under-Lyme by-election\nThe Newcastle-under-Lyme by-election of 14 June 1842 was caused by the voiding of the election in 1841 of the Liberal John Quincey Harris, on the grounds of bribery by his agents. Mr. Harris, who had not been proved personally cognisant of the bribery, offered himself for reelection against the Conservative candidate John Campbell Colquhoun. The Conservatives publicly proclaimed before the poll their case the Mr Harris was barred from re-standing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022367-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Newcastle-under-Lyme by-election, Results\nA further Election Committee convened on 21 July 1842 to consider a petition that Mr Harris was disqualified from re-standing in a by-election caused by the voiding of his own election, that this was notorious before the by-election, that votes cast for Harris were thrown away, and that Mr Colquhoun should be declared elected. The Committee agreed, and Mr Colquhoun was seated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022368-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Newfoundland general election\nThe 1842 Newfoundland general election was held in 1842 to elect members of the 3rd General Assembly of Newfoundland in Newfoundland Colony. The elected assembly with 15 members and the appointed Legislative Council with 10 members were combined into a unicameral legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022369-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1842 saw the reelection of John Morin Scott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022369-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022370-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Portuguese legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 5 and 19 June 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022370-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nPrior to the elections, the Constitutional Charter of 1826 was reintroduced on 10 February, having previously been in force from 1826 to 1828 and again from 1834 until 1836. The direct electoral system used in 1838 and 1840 was replaced by an indirect system in which voters elected provincial assemblies, who in turn elected members of the Chamber of Deputies; the appointed Chamber of Most Worthy Peers replaced the elected Senate as the upper house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022370-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe 145 members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected from multi-member constituencies, with 119 representing the mainland, 12 representing islands and 14 representing overseas colonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022370-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 Portuguese legislative election, Campaign\nOn 30 March the Miguelistas and Setembristas formed a united front under the name 'Broad Coalition'. The Cartistas released a manifesto on 3 June, which was critical of Prime Minister Costa Cabral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022370-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 Portuguese legislative election, Results\nWhen the Cortes Gerais met for the first time on 10 July the government was supported by 72 Cabralista deputies, with only 10 deputies representing the opposition Cartistas, Miguelistas and Setembristas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022371-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Pottery Riots\nPredominantly centred on Hanley and Burslem, in what is now the federation of Stoke-on-Trent, the 1842 Pottery Riots took place in the midst of the 1842 General Strike, and both are credited with helping to forge trade unionism and direct action as a powerful tool in British industrial relations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022371-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Pottery Riots, Cause\nThe riots took place against the back drop of the 1842 general strike, started by colliers in and around the Potteries, and part of the popular working class Chartist movement. The spark that lit both the general strike and Pottery Riots was the decision, in early June 1842, by W. H. Sparrow, a Longton coal mine owner, to disregard the law and fail to give the statutory fortnight's notice before imposing a hefty pay reduction of almost a shilling a day on his workers. The men went on strike and soon surrounding colliery workers began showing support. The strike cause was championed by Chartists, who called for a general strike across the Potteries. However, by the end of July strikes were endemic across north Staffordshire and were spreading, notably in south east Lancashire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022371-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 Pottery Riots, Events\nAs the strike spread it gained the attention of the Chartist movement. On 13 August prominent Chartist orator Thomas Cooper arrived in Hanley and was given lodgings by coffee shop owner Jeremiah Yates. On Monday 15 August 1842, Thomas Cooper, gave a speech at Crown Bank in Hanley, decreeing: \"that all labour cease until the People's Charter becomes the law of the land.\" John Ward states what happened next in his 1843 book:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022371-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 Pottery Riots, Events\nThe rectory-house at the latter place was the especial object of their fury; it was gutted and set fire to, though the fire was extinguished before it destroyed the premises. The house of Mr Mason at Heron Cross, that of Mr Allen of Great Fenton, and that of Mr Rose, the police magistrate at Penkhull, were in like manner visited and treated by parties of marauders, who, returning to Hanley in the evening, were again lectured, and commended by Cooper for what they had done, though he reproved them for their drunkenness, as being likely to expose them to detection. Terror and consternation spread around, and many families left home for security. The scenes of the night were expected to surpass the atrocities of the day, and so they did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022371-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 Pottery Riots, Events\nJohn Ward, \"The Borough of Stoke-Upon-Trent, in the Commencement of the Reign of Queen Victoria\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022371-0005-0000", "contents": "1842 Pottery Riots, Events\nLater on the 16th, Thomas Powys, a Burslem magistrate and deputy lord lieutenant of the county, ordered troops to fire on a procession of strikers in Burslem Square. read out the Riot Act. 4\u20135,000 protestors marched with a band from Leek to join the local people in Burslem. The marchers arrived and began to stone the dragoons. Powys then ordered troops, based at the Leopard Inn, to fire on the strikers in Burslem Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022371-0006-0000", "contents": "1842 Pottery Riots, Events\nJosiah Heapy was killed and many more men and women were wounded. Heapy was 19 years old and born in Quarnford, Staffordshire. He was an orphan. His mother had died when he was 3 years old and his father when he was 11 years old. He moved to Leek and worked as a shoe maker. Heapy was shot in the head in front of the \"Big House\" on Moorland Road and died instantly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022371-0007-0000", "contents": "1842 Pottery Riots, Events\nJosiah Heapy's funeral was arranged at St. Edward's, Leek on 18 August and apparently led to no disorder. Although there has been local speculation, the location of his grave has not been found. A verdict of justifiable homicide was given.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022371-0008-0000", "contents": "1842 Pottery Riots, Aftermath\nA total of 274 people were brought to trial in the special assizes that followed, of whom 146 were sent to prison and 54 were transported (to Australia). John Ward names those deported. By the end of 1842 the county police force had been established and the first chief constable appointed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022371-0009-0000", "contents": "1842 Pottery Riots, Aftermath\nThis did not dent the popularity of trade unionism though. The Miners' Association of Great Britain and Ireland was formally established on 7 November 1842. The United Branches of Operative Potters (UBOP) was born on 6 September 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022371-0010-0000", "contents": "1842 Pottery Riots, Aftermath\nOn 28 April 2018 a plaque was unveiled in Swan Square, Burslem in honour of Josiah Heapy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation\nThe 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation was the largest escape of a group of slaves to occur in the Cherokee Nation, in what was then Indian Territory. The slave revolt started on November 15, 1842, when a group of 20 African-American slaves owned by the Cherokee escaped and tried to reach Mexico, where slavery had been abolished in 1829. Along their way south, they were joined by 15 slaves escaping from the Creek Nation in Indian Territory. (Date inconsistent with later assertion)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation\nThe fugitives met with two slave catchers taking a family of eight slave captives back to the Choctaw Nation. The fugitives killed the hunters and allowed the family to join their party. Although an Indian party had captured and killed some of the slaves near the beginning of their flight, the Cherokee sought reinforcements. They raised an armed group of more than 100 of their and Choctaw warriors to pursue and capture the fugitives. Five slaves were later executed for killing the two slave catchers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation\nWhat has been described as \"the most spectacular act of rebellion against slavery\" among the Cherokee, the 1842 event inspired subsequent slave rebellions in the Indian Territory. But, in the aftermath of this escape, the Cherokee Nation passed stricter slave codes, expelled freedmen from the territory, and established a 'rescue' (slave-catching) company to try to prevent additional losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Background\nPrior to European contact, the Cherokee had a practice of enslaving prisoners of war from other Indian tribes. In the late 18th century, some Cherokee set up European-American style plantations on their Cherokee Nation land, which occupied territory near parts of Georgia and Tennessee. They purchased African-American slaves to work this land. In 1819, the Cherokee Nation passed slave codes that regulated slave trade; forbade intermarriage; enumerated punishment for runaway slaves; and prohibited slaves from owning private property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0003-0001", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Background\nAn 1820 law regulated trading with slaves, requiring that anyone who traded with a slave without the master's permission was bound to the legal owner for the property, or its value, if the traded property proved to be stolen. Another code declared that a fine of fifteen dollars was to be levied for masters who allowed slaves to buy or sell liquor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Background\nThe Cherokee adopted the practice of using enslaved African Americans on their plantations from European Americans. Most Cherokee held fewer slaves and labored with them at subsistence agriculture. Slaves worked primarily as agricultural laborers, cultivating both cotton for their master's profit and food for consumption. Some slaves were skilled laborers, such as seamstresses and blacksmiths. Like other slaveholders, affluent Cherokee used slaves as a portable labor force. They developed robust farms, salt mines, and trading posts created with slave labor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0005-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Background\nThe Cherokee brought many of their slaves with them to the West in the Indian Removal of the 1820s and 1830s, when the federal government forcibly removed them from the Southeastern states. Joseph Vann was described as taking 200 slaves with him. Black slaves in each of the tribes performed much of the physical labor involved in the removal. For example, they loaded wagons, cleared the roads, and led the teams of livestock along the way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0006-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Background\nBy 1835, the time of removal, the Cherokee owned an estimated total of 1500 slaves of African ancestry (the most black slaves of any of the Five Civilized Tribes). Within five years of removal, 300 mixed-race Cherokee families, most descendants of European traders and Cherokee women for generations, made up an elite class in the Indian Territory. Most owned 25\u201350 slaves each. Some of their plantations had 600 to 1,000 acres; cultivating wheat, cotton, corn, hemp, and tobacco. Most of the men also had large cattle and horse herds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0007-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Background\nBy 1860, the Cherokee held an estimated 4,600 slaves, and depended on them as farm laborers and domestic servants. At the time of the Civil War, a total of more than 8,000 slaves were held in all of the Indian Territory, where they comprised 14 percent of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0008-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Events of the revolt\nThe mass escape of 20 enslaved African Americans from the Cherokee territory began on November 15, 1842, and has been called \"the most spectacular act of rebellion against slavery\" among the Cherokee. Most of the 20 slaves were from the plantations of \"Rich Joe\" Vann and his father James; they gathered and raided local stores for weapons, ammunition, horses, and mules. Escaping from Webbers Falls without casualties, the slaves headed south for Mexico, where slavery had been prohibited since 1836. Along the way they picked up another 15 slaves escaping from Creek territory. Some Cherokee and Creek pursued the fugitives, but the slaves partially held them off. In one altercation, 14 slaves were either killed or captured, but the remaining 21 continued south. The Cherokee and Creek pursuers returned to their nations for reinforcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0009-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Events of the revolt\nAlong the way, the fugitives encountered two slave catchers, James Edwards, a white man, and Billy Wilson, a Lenape (Delaware Indian), who were returning to Choctaw territory with an escaped slave family of three adults and five children. The family had been headed west into Plains Indian territory. The fugitive party killed the bounty hunters to free the slave family. Together they continued South, slowed somewhat by traveling with five children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0010-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Events of the revolt\nOn November 17, the Cherokee National Council in Tahlequah passed a resolution authorizing Cherokee Militia Captain John Drew to raise a company of 100 citizens to \"pursue, arrest, and deliver the African Slaves to Fort Gibson.\" (The resolution also relieved the government of the Cherokee Nation of any liability if the slaves resisted arrest and had to be killed.) The commander at Fort Gibson loaned Drew 25 pounds of gunpowder for the militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0011-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Events of the revolt\nThe large force caught up with the slaves seven miles north of the Red River on November 28. The tired fugitives, weak from hunger, offered no resistance. They were forced to return to their owners in the Choctaw, Creek and Cherokee reservations. The Cherokee later executed five slaves for the murders of Edwards and Wilson. Vann put most of his surviving slaves to work on his steamboats, shoveling coal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0012-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Events of the revolt\nThe slave revolt inspired future slave rebellions in the Indian Territory. By 1851, a total of nearly 300 blacks had tried to escape from Indian Territory. Most headed for Mexico or the area of the future Kansas Territory, where residents prohibited slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0013-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Economic impact\nIndian slaveholders bought and sold slaves, often doing business with white slaveholders in the neighboring states of Texas and Arkansas. The owners in both areas always considered enslaved Africans to be property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0014-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Economic impact\nAfter the revolt, the Cherokee often hired non-slave holding Indians to catch runaway slaves. In the past, some of these people had struggled to eat, while slave-owning families flourished in a market economy driven by slave labor. Some among these once poor Cherokee became wealthy by providing services to the 'rescue' company in catching fugitive slaves. When slave catching expeditions were mounted, such trackers were paid. They were also authorized to buy ammunition and supplies for the hunt, at the expense of the Nation (provided that the expedition was not \"unnecessarily protracted and did not incur needless expenses\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0015-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Outcome\nThe slave revolt had threatened the security of the labor force and owners' profits. The Nation passed a stricter slave code and required expulsion of free blacks from the territory, as they were considered to foster discontent among slaves. After the American Civil War, planters and the upper class of the Cherokee Nation shifted from plantation agriculture to developing manufacture of small-scale products, which were sold internally, instead of being exported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0016-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Outcome\nAs a mass escape that resulted in casualties and deaths of both slaves and others, the 1842 slave revolt was widely reported by newspapers. Even 50 years later, when the Fort Smith Elevator of Arkansas published an anniversary article about the escape, the account had a kind of mythic power. It recounted a morning when Cherokee slaveholders could not find their slaves and said that \"hundreds\" had disappeared overnight, rather than the 20 of fact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022372-0017-0000", "contents": "1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, Outcome\nThe slaveholder Joseph Vann was killed two years later in 1844, in the Lucy Walker steamboat disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022373-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 State of the Union Address\nThe 1842 State of the Union Address, was written by John Tyler, the tenth president of the United States. It was presented on Tuesday, December 6, 1842, by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. He said, \"We have continued reason to express our profound gratitude to the Great Creator of All Things for numberless benefits conferred upon us as a people. Blessed with genial seasons, the husbandman has his garners filled with abundance, and the necessaries of life, not to speak of its luxuries, abound in every direction.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022374-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 United States elections\nThe 1842 United States elections occurred in the middle of President John Tyler's term, during the Second Party System. Tyler had become president on April 4, 1841 upon the death of his predecessor, William Henry Harrison. Elected as vice president on the Whig ticket with Harrison in 1840, Tyler was expelled from the party in September 1841. Members of the 28th United States Congress were chosen in this election. Florida joined the union during the 28th Congress. Whigs kept control of the Senate, but lost control of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022374-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 United States elections\nFollowing the 1840 census, the size of the House was reduced by 19 seats. Democrats won massive gains, turning a commanding Whig majority into a dominant Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022374-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democrats picked up one seat, but Whigs retained the majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election\nElections for the princely throne of Wallachia were held on December 20\u201321, 1842 (New Style: January 1\u20132, 1843), marking the start of Gheorghe Bibescu's rule. They were the first of two such elections ever held in Wallachia, and historic in that they restored and modernized the elective monarchy, after a 112-year hiatus. While earlier elections took place under the Vlach law, the 1842\u201343 race was held under a modernized suffrage: there were multiple candidates, an electoral college, approval voting, and exhaustive ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0000-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election\nThe selection of voters extended beyond the inner circle of the Wallachian boyars, with consultation of the provincial landowners and the guilds. Such practices reflected the modernizing trend instituted by the Regulamentul Organic regime in both Danubian Principalities, under the shared custody of the Russian and Ottoman empires. In Moldavia, however, the regime did not permit princely elections, making Bibescu's the only Regulamentul reign to have been consecrated by a vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election\nThe 1842 election also aired disputes between various camps: the National Party versus the Russophiles, and conservatives versus liberals. These protracted battles had marked the rule of Alexandru II Ghica, deposed by collusion between Bibescu and his aging conservative rival, Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea. The electoral campaign, touched by corruption and slander, also opposed Bibescu to his brother Barbu Dimitrie \u0218tirbei, who became a leading contender. Bibescu won when \u0218tirbei effectively transferred him his electoral votes, leaving the senior boyar Iordache Filipescu in third-place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election\nBibescu's reign was marked by concessions to the National Party, but later the prince asserted his independence, and, like Ghica before him, governed with a hostile Ordinary Assembly. He also broke with precedent by ruling without consultation and tampering with the legislative elections of 1846, but maintained a friendly rapport with the liberal camp. Eventually abdicating and leaving the country during the Wallachian Revolution of 1848, his brother \u0218tirbei replaced him on the throne following the resumption of Ottoman control. Both brothers remained active in political life after the Crimean War, when, by renouncing their ambitions, they contributed to the union of the Principalities. This was achieved by the princely election of January 1859, when Moldavian Alexandru Ioan Cuza was granted the Wallachian throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, Ghica's ascendancy\nDuring the early 19th century, both Moldavia and Wallachia were Ottoman vassals ruled upon by Phanariote princes (or hospodars). This era, inaugurated in 1714 by the ouster of Constantin Br\u00e2ncoveanu, signified \"150 years of Greek cultural predominance\". This also led to the erosion of the elective monarchy\u2014under the adapted Vlach law of the Middle Ages, electors included the boyardom and all bishops of the Wallachian Orthodox Church, thus opening the way for the erosion of princely powers. The Phanariote regime did away with elections from 1730, when Constantine Mavrocordatos was the last elected prince of Wallachia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0003-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, Ghica's ascendancy\nReigning for just one month, he was later restored without elections by Sultan Mahmud I. Although such appointments became the standard, the Phanariote regime developed into a boyar oligarchy, which was largely dominated by the local families\u2014up to 80% of the Boyar Assembly were of indigenous descent. Their opposition to the immigrant Greeks produced the early forms of Romanian nationalism, which seeped into a liberal movement, feeding the Wallachian uprising of 1821 and the social philosophy of Dinicu Golescu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, Ghica's ascendancy\nThe Phanariote era came to an abrupt end in 1829, when the Russian Empire occupied both principalities during a war with the Ottomans. The subsequent Treaty of Adrianople called for a new constitutional regime, under shared Ottoman\u2013Russian custody: Regulamentul Organic was drafted by a special Commission of boyars, overseen by the Russian envoys Peter Zheltukhin and Pavel Kiselyov. In obtaining their mix of liberalizing and conservative articles, they repressed both the liberal current and the traditionalist boyars, leading them to compromise on the core issues. Regulamentul was adopted in Wallachia by May 1831, after two years of deliberations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0004-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, Ghica's ascendancy\nWith this, the old Boyar Assembly was refashioned into a 42-member \"Ordinary National Assembly\", based on the estates of the realm: 20 members were elected by plurality from among the 56 boyars; 18 more, similarly elected, were representatives of the counties, with one additional deputy for Craiova; the other seats were held by the Orthodox bishops. All eligible seats were contested in 1831\u2014\"the first time [in Romanian history] when elections were used for producing a deliberative assembly\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0005-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, Ghica's ascendancy\nRegulamentul and the preceding Akkerman Convention also specified the reintroduction of an elective monarchy to both principalities, but an exception was immediately made under a special protocol between Russia and the Ottomans. In Wallachia, Alexandru II Ghica was appointed prince in March 1834 and anointed in October, his rise curbing that of another favorite, Ban Iordache Filipescu. From its beginnings, the reign was controlled by the Russian Consul, Baron Peter I. Rikman, who imposed his favorites, Barbu Dimitrie \u0218tirbei and Constantin Su\u021bu, as ministers. This episode produced frictions among the boyars and the Russians, exacerbated over the following years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0005-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, Ghica's ascendancy\nDuring the legislature of 1836, boyar envoys discovered that sections of Regulamentul had been forged or purposefully left unclear, giving legislative oversight to the Russian envoys. Prince Ghica was mandated by Karl Nesselrode to impose the controversial fragments on the Assembly, but his motion failed to pass, and so he dissolved the Assembly; the new Assembly also refused to accept his version of Regulamentul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0006-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, Ghica's ascendancy\nGhica, in turn, refused to dissolve the Assembly a second time, and Rikman was ordered by his government to seek resolution with the Ottoman partners. As a result of this intercession, Sultan Abdulmejid I issued a firman dissolving the Assembly altogether, and replacing it with a non-elective \"ad hoc Divan\", comprising only the top 27 boyars of Wallachia. The project never took off because of Rikman's personal failings. His passionate love affair with boyaress Mimica Glagoveanca resulted in her divorce and marriage to Rikman, both of which were facilitated by Prince Ghica, who expected leniency in return. Nesselrode was informed of this and recalled Rikman. Memoirist Grigore L\u0103custeanu notes that Ghica's \"naive\" sexual diplomacy was also attempted, with less success, on Rikman's replacement Vladimir P. Titoff, before the later was replaced by Karl Evstafevich Kotzebue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0007-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, National Party emergence\nThese incidents rekindled nationalism in Wallachia, albeit confined to a relatively small portion of the elite, the \"National Party\". Its roots reached back to 1798, when Scarlat C\u00e2mpineanu and other boyars founded a group of that name, inspired by the French First Republic. Reconstructing the party, Ioan C\u00e2mpineanu circulated a constitutional project that would have established a crowned republic, before being publicly shunned and forced into exile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0007-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, National Party emergence\nL\u0103custeanu, at the time an officer in the Wallachian Militia, claims that: \"The aristocracy and the people were Russophiles, words such as 'patriotism' and 'public opinion' were only used by the prince and a couple of boyars.\" Nevertheless, as noted by scholar N. N. H\u00earjeu: \"With all their submission to the Muscovites, the boyars quickly understood that Russia only offered them apparent protection, in order to slowly strip them of their privileges. In fact, they hated both the Russians and the Turks.\" The chronicler Zilot Rom\u00e2nul recorded that the boyars were particularly worried by Russian tax farming, which they considered predatory. Among the more powerful boyars, some also opposed the prince, but for purely personal reasons\u2014they included Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea, who had seduced Ghica's divorcee mother, and was therefore detested by the monarch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 928]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0008-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, National Party emergence\nNationalist opposition was also concentrated into cultural projects for the \"national awakening\", which, as historian A. D. Xenopol writes, were particularly resented by the Russian envoys. In repressing them, Rikman and Kotzebue \"did not realize that these were ultimately but mere products, effects, and [they could not hope to] destroy their cause\". This period also witnessed the alleged conspiracy headed by the low-ranking boyar Mitic\u0103 Filipescu in Bucharest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0008-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, National Party emergence\nSome months later, a revolt was also raging in Br\u0103ila County, where treasurer Andrey Deshov, who reportedly wanted to crown himself or Constantin Su\u021bu as Tsar of Bulgaria, rallied troops to fight against the pro-Ottoman Ghica. The capital was pacified quickly, but the military expedition against Deshov required assistance from H\u00fcseyin Avni Pasha and the Ottoman Army. Both Filipescu and Deshov were sentenced to prison, but the details of their conspiracies remain sketchy. L\u0103custeanu, for instance, sees Filipescu as an agent of Russian intrigues, \"more Russian than Muscovite Russians\", whereas the liberal Ion Ghica insists that he was a patriot and a believer in individual rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0009-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, National Party emergence\nFrom 1841, Russia's presence in Wallachia was strengthened by the appointment of a commissioner, Alexander Osipovich Duhamel. He and the prince detested each other, and Duhamel himself was also disliked by Ghica's subjects, who resented in particular his attempts to curb free speech. Ghica himself angered the boyars by celebrating his birthday with 300 promotions of his associates, and allegedly pocketing 11 million French francs from the national treasury. Before the legislative election of 1841, a more conservative opposition group, distinct from the National Party, was slowly emerging among the boyars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0009-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, National Party emergence\nIt was consolidated around the jurist Gheorghe Bibescu, who had exposed Ghica's favoritism toward foreigners, and had Vornic Alexandru Vilara for its \u00e9minence grise. Another affiliate was Barbu Catargiu of Teleorman, who used his maiden speech to denounce Ghica's abuses. Under such influences, the Assembly issued a special report, authored by Bibescu and Filipescu-Vulpea, which depicted Ghica as an anti-patriot, emphasizing his Albanian background. Ion Ghica suggests that his relative was being in fact framed by the Russians, acting in conjunction with Bibescu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0010-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Context, National Party emergence\nIn October 1842, having received the Assembly's formal complaint, Sultan Abdulmejid signed off on Ghica's removal. The prince was informed of this by his physician, Apostol Arsache, and decided to resign before being handed the firman. He exiled himself to the Austrian Empire, and his trip toward the border saw public displays of loyalism. At Ploie\u0219ti, the citizens offered to reinstate and defend him against foreign invaders. Ghica refused, noting that his \"children the Romanians\" could not hope to defend the land against two imperial powers. A controversy ensued between those who saw him as a \"victim of Muscovite ambitions\" and those who believed he was a paragon of corruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0011-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Ground rules and campaigning\nWith Ghica gone, an alliance of the factions, represented by C\u00e2mpineanu, Vilara, Filipescu-Vulpea, and Ion Ghica, suggested the appointment of Mihail Sturdza, the reigning Prince of Moldavia, as ruler over Wallachia. This initiative for personal union was quickly vetoed by Russia. Instead, the Sultan designated a regency of three Caimacami: Prince Ghica's rival, Ban Filipescu, alongside Logothete Mihalache Cornescu and Vornic Teodor V\u0103c\u0103rescu-Furtun\u0103.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0012-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Ground rules and campaigning\nIn vague terms, the firman also included provisions for the election of a new prince by males of \"all classes\", seen by boyars and nationalists alike as a restoration of the ancient Vlach law. Election was to be done by an Extraordinary National Assembly, and the Caimacami and the Council of Ministers were tasked with designing rules for the electoral race, beginning with the voting age, set at 30. There were in all 190 or 191 members, a number later set at 188. In accordance with the table of ranks, 50 of these were 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0012-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Ground rules and campaigning\nClass boyars, who were electors ex officio, as were three bishops. 73 more delegates were sortitioned from a pool of 2nd and 3rd Class boyardom, 36 more were elected by the qualified boyars from the counties, with 26 more deputies representing the urban guilds. Bibescu's son and biographer, Georges Bibesco, argues that the representation of guilds and counties meant that the race of 1842 was the first in history to signify election \"by the country\", being in this more liberal than 18th-century precedents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0013-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Ground rules and campaigning\nCandidates were only eligible if they were 1st Class boyars, aged 40 and over, and fulfilled the grandfather clause: they had to be born in Wallachia, to Wallachian parents, and have a yearly income of at least 2,000 ducats. Voters from the county class also had to be native-born. They were selected among landowning families of that county, with preferential voting done by the four estates of each county. They also could not register in multiple precincts\u2014a restriction which was met with public protest by some of the boyars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0013-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Ground rules and campaigning\nOther such restrictions were imposed on the guild voters, who were required to own assets worth at least 5,000 kuru\u015flar. Bucharest voted 9 such electors through indirect election, and Craiova 3; Ploie\u0219ti, Ro\u0219iorii de Vede, and R\u00e2mnicu V\u00e2lcea had 2 each; Buz\u0103u, C\u00e2mpulung, Caracal, Cerne\u021bi, Foc\u0219anii Munteniei, Pite\u0219ti, Slatina, T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te, and T\u00e2rgu Jiu sent 1 deputy per town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0014-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Ground rules and campaigning\nThere were originally as many as 40 candidates, but almost half withdrew for various reasons before the actual ballot. 9 hopefuls were found illegible, including Vilara, Nicolae Golescu, Ioan Manu, Ioan Odobescu, Polkovnik Costache Filipescu (Iordache's son), and the Frenchman Filip Lenj (Linchou). This filtering favored two prominent figures: Bibescu and \u0218tirbei, both of whom were perceived as friendly toward Russia, or, in other records, as champions of the National Party cause. Despite having different surnames and being political opponents, the two were brothers, born to the Vornic of Craiova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0014-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Ground rules and campaigning\nBibescu, who spent those months traveling abroad, was initially stripped of his eligibility, in particular over doubts that he was of the legal age. This was solved by his hastened return and an affidavit from the boyars of T\u00e2rgu Jiu, who attested that he was born in April 1802, and therefore just over 40. However, Ion Ghica later claimed that Bibescu was not only underage, but also failed the other grandfather clauses, and allowed to run only because he was a Russian favorite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0015-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Ground rules and campaigning\nAmong the known anti-Russian, National Party candidates, two were credited with any chances of winning: Iordache Filipescu and C\u00e2mpineanu. Also in the race as the \"boyar party\" candidate, Filipescu-Vulpea was widely perceived as a Russophile, but reportedly claimed that he was in reality a patriot; his only reason for obeying Russia was his fear that Prince Ghica \"would have otherwise beheaded me\". L\u0103custeanu, an elector of the 2nd class, argues that Vulpea, who suffered from hernia, was uncommitted to his own candidacy, but only ran in hopes of making victory more difficult for the brothers Bibescu and \u0218tirbei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0015-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Ground rules and campaigning\nHe viewed both \"Oltenians\" as upstarts who would destroy the country. Alexandru Ghica's brother, Costache Ghica, also presented himself as a candidate, probably spurred on by his wife Mari\u021bica V\u0103c\u0103rescu, who had a dream of becoming Princess. Other relevant candidates included Alecu \"C\u0103ciul\u0103-Mare\" Ghica (half-brother of the deposed prince), Vornic Iancu Filipescu-Buzatu, and the brothers \u0218tefan and Constantin B\u0103l\u0103ceanu. Filipescu-Buzatu was also billed as a National Party candidate, alongside \u0218tefan B\u0103l\u0103ceanu and Emanoil B\u0103leanu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0016-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Ground rules and campaigning\nL\u0103custeanu recalls that the campaign was heavily tinged by corruption: \"The candidates' salons and luncheons were readily opened. They competed with each other in inviting the deputies over for meals and soirees, then in promises, then in vows that, should one give them the vote, then that deputy would see himself showered with appointments, ranks, protection and various other things. Some would even pay money. One vote could cost them as much as 1,000 ducats. There were also those deputies who cheated: they would pledge themselves to ten or twelve candidates of the most influential category\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0016-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Ground rules and campaigning\nThe candidates also resorted to libel, publishing anonymous brochures in France and Belgium, which they then shipped to Wallachia. These claimed to speak for the national interest, and exposed adversaries as committed Russophiles. A letter carried in La Presse, favoring Bibescu and \u0218tirbei, depicted Iordache Filipescu and C\u00e2mpineanu as dubious choices\u2014arguing that the former was \"of very meager intelligence\", and the latter mentally unstable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0017-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Results\nThe election took place December 20, 1842 (New Style: January 1, 1843), and was announced to the public with the ringing of church bells \"from one end of the Principality to the other\". The Extraordinary National Assembly, including members who were candidates, convened at the Metropolitan Hall at 10 AM; voting took place over 24 hours, to 10 AM on December 21 (January 2). The voting procedure used was blackballing with exhaustive ballot: all 21 candidates were randomly split into four \"series\" or \"sections\", with three groups of 5 and one group of 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0018-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Results\nElectors were made to swear \"on the body of Jesus Christ\" that they \"would only listen to their conscience and to the country's interests.\" They were also shielded from outside interference by three companies of the Militia, commanded for the day by Neofit II Geanoglu, the Wallachian Metropolitan Bishop. Neofit also led a prayer service in which he released the electors from all pledges to their candidates, inviting them to vote \"in clear conscience\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0019-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Results\n179 or 181 of 188 voters were present, with 8 to 10 electors never showing up. They included Mihalache Ghica, brother of Alexandru and Costache, who was probably absent on purpose. Another voter, the guild deputy Constantin Nane\u0219, was found to be a Roman Catholic, and therefore could not be sworn in by the Metropolitan. According to other records, he was present after being made to swear a special oath at the Franciscan Church of Bucharest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0020-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Results\nIn the end, the 21 candidates taken into consideration still included C\u0103ciul\u0103-Mare, who had previously been disqualified, but not C\u00e2mpineanu, whom the Russians had intervened to remove from the eligibility list. The procedure was also complicated by multiple pledging and the toleration of approval voting, which made electors cast their votes for more than one candidate. Iordache Filipescu emerged victorious from his series with 82\u201384 votes in all, while \u0218tirbei, taking 91 votes in his second group, appeared as the likely winner, but with Iancu Filipescu and C\u0103ciul\u0103-Mare as major contenders; \u0218tefan and Constantin B\u0103l\u0103ceanu were both out by this stage, the same as Filipescu-Vulpea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0021-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Results\nA controversy surrounded the group allocation, with National-Party radicals complaining that \u0218tirbei and Bibescu had been purposefully separated, to increase the chance of either one being elected. The brothers dismissed such rumors as incoherent. Writing a decade later, Franz von Wimpffen recorded an account according to which Bibescu managed to charm his colleagues with his eloquence. L\u0103custeanu reports that, in the breaks between rounds, Vornic Vilara campaigned for Bibescu, who was running in the fourth and final series. He tied to inform \u0218tirbei of this, but the latter, fearing vote splitting \"between the brothers\", allowed Vilara to continue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0021-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Results\nA similar account was publicized in 1916 by \u0218tirbei's son, George Barbu, who noted that the brothers had a tacit agreement of not letting the \"retrograde party\" elect a Prince. In his fourth section, Bibescu therefore claimed an absolute majority of 131 votes\u201473% of the turnout, 69% of possible votes. Overall, the race was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0022-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Aftermath, Bibescu's reign\nWithin two weeks, the new prince earned recognition from Russia, with Emperor Nicholas I informing Wallachians that Bibescu's selection, a \"guarantee of wise, regular and loyal administration\", \"honors the Assembly\". His enthronement included the first oath of office in Romanian history, and an affirmation of autonomy: when visiting the Sultan to be confirmed, Bibescu refused to wear the fez, and would not prostrate before his overlord. Instead, he went on pilgrimage to Dealu Monastery, paying his homage to the reliquary hosting the head of Michael the Brave. After taking the throne, he encouraged economic growth and the \"fast civilizing\" of his country, his limited protectionism being discarded when he proposed, and obtained, a customs union with Moldavia. Bibescu also initiated the first steps toward the abolition of Roma slavery, and limited the corv\u00e9e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 930]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0023-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Aftermath, Bibescu's reign\nDespite such nationalist-and-liberalizing overtures, within two years of his election the prince was in open conflict with the estates of the realm. A public scandal began during the coronation ceremony, when Bibescu fell in love with Mari\u021bica V\u0103c\u0103rescu, who was still married to his unsuccessful rival Costache Ghica. After expressing his intention of divorcing Zoe Br\u00e2ncoveanu and marrying Mari\u021bica, Bibescu had a publicized row with Metropolitan Neofit. His nepotism was by then notorious, leading to intense criticism from the boyars, only enhanced by Bibescu's attempt to curb tax evasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0023-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Aftermath, Bibescu's reign\nMore significantly, Bibescu also clashed with the National Party and the Assembly, over his project of leasing Wallachia's mines to a Russian entrepreneur, Alexander Trandafiloff. Although it was prompted by a generous bid, this move inspired fears that Wallachia would be overrun with cheap Russian labor, and that it was a precedent for expropriations. It also alienated some of Bibescu's conservative backers, including Catargiu, while giving impetus to the liberal movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0024-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Aftermath, Bibescu's reign\nUp to the very end of his rule, Bibescu favored an understanding with the liberals, showing himself ready to usurp privilege: in 1848, he proposed that boyars engaging in commerce be required to apply for letters patent. According to L\u0103custeanu, Mari\u021bica made Bibescu into a \"superlatively vain\" character, one likely to flirt with the liberals who promised him the imperial throne of \"Dacia\". The country, he claims, was actually governed, \"very well\", by Vilara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0024-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Aftermath, Bibescu's reign\nBibescu eventually dissolved the Assembly, and reigned as an absolute monarch for two more years; when he accepted new elections in 1846, he skewed the results by blocking multiple votes and also by filtering out hostile candidates. In 1847, Alexander Osipovich Duhamel returned as commissioner\u2014according to L\u0103custeanu, his mission was to instigate liberal revolts and thus justify a complete Russian takeover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0025-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Aftermath, Revolution and beyond\nThe clashes between liberals and conservatives eventually produced the Wallachian Revolution of 1848. It is depicted by the conservative L\u0103custeanu as one \"of the petty schoolteachers, the lawyers, the rapacious upstarts [and] the boyar sons\", the urban masses having been incensed by both Duhamel and the deposed ruler Ghica. Initially welcoming the radicals, Bibescu abdicated under street pressure, then fled to safety in Austria. The uprising had a set of republican ideals, with a democratized elective monarchy\u2014goals expressed in the Proclamation of Islaz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0025-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Aftermath, Revolution and beyond\nHowever, it did not effect complete institutional changes, only establishing a Revolutionary Government that included, in its earliest stages, Bibescu's rival C\u00e2mpineanu as Caimacam. This collective leadership was eventually brought down by an Ottoman\u2013Russian invasion, co-led by Mehmed Fuad Pasha, Abd\u00fclkerim Nadir Pasha, and Alexander von L\u00fcders, with the only battle being fought over Dealul Spirii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0026-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Aftermath, Revolution and beyond\nThe Convention of Balta Liman restored and partly modified Regulamentul, suspending elections for the post of prince. \u0218tirbei was handpicked by Abdulmejid to serve a seven-year term. The Assembly, now called \"National Divan\" and preserving primarily consultative functions, was made up of unelected bureaucrats, judges, and bishops. This regime was also perturbed by the Crimean War and an Austrian occupation, at the end of which Wallachia and Moldavia came under a collective supervision of the European powers. Ghica returned to govern as Caimacam, this time with full Ottoman support, and after various intercessions in his favor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0026-0001", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Aftermath, Revolution and beyond\nThe ad hoc Divan was convened under the Treaty of Paris, reviving popular consultation with an extensive suffrage, which now offered representation to the peasantry; the main issue on its agenda was unification with Moldavia as the \"United Principalities\", the basis of modern Romania. The election of September 1857 produced a Divan in which both Bibescu and \u0218tirbei, again as leaders of competing factions, were elected deputies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022375-0027-0000", "contents": "1842 Wallachian princely election, Aftermath, Revolution and beyond\nWhile conservative and liberal unionists were both challenged by the Convention of Paris, which reduced suffrage and stipulated that the two countries would be united in name only; a Wallachian prince was scheduled to be elected in January 1859. Both \u0218tirbei and Bibescu were again prominent among the candidates. However, a series of coordinated actions by the National Party ensured the election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, a Moldavian, effectively creating a personal union between the two Ottoman vassals. The election of 1843, alongside the 1859 assembly and its Moldavian counterpart, endures as the only instance of elective monarchy in modern Romanian history (with a partial exception being the April 1866 referendum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 28th Congress were held during President John Tyler's term at various dates in different states between August 1842 and February 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections\nAfter Whig President William Henry Harrison died within a month of taking office, his successor as president, John Tyler was only nominally a Whig who had not been properly validated for alignment to Whig policy. Effectively an independent, Tyler was disliked by politicians and was unpopular with voters of both parties, leaving the Whigs unexpectedly leaderless and in visible disarray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections\nDespite the improving economy, rural voters favored Democrats, again rejecting Whig economic nationalism. The Whig Party lost 69 seats and their sizeable majority from the 1840 election, almost half their House delegation (one of the Whigs who won re-election was William Wright of New Jersey, elected as an \"Independent Whig\" ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe Democrats won a majority, flipping 48 Whig seats (this includes Henry Nes of Pennsylvania, elected as an Independent Democrat). In Rhode Island, the Law and Order Party, formed in response to the Dorr Rebellion, won two seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Apportionment Act of 1842\nApportionment was based on the Census of 1840 and was unusual in that the number of House seats was decreased, from 242 to 223: this came after the Apportionment Act of 1842 mandated that all members be elected from single-member contiguous districts, thus abolishing plural districts and at-large districts. Four states that did not comply with this new law delayed redistricting under a grandfather clause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 89], "content_span": [90, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0005-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama\nAlabama gained 2 seats, going from 5 to 7 members. Elections were held August 7, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term. In the 1841 elections, Alabama briefly used at-large general-ticket elections, but in these elections it returned to districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0006-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Arkansas\nArkansas stayed at 1 seat, electing its one member at-large October 3, 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0007-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut lost 2 seats, reduced from 6 to 4 members. Elections were held April 5, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0008-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Delaware\nDelaware stayed at 1 seat, electing its one member at-large November 8, 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0009-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia\nGeorgia lost 1 seat, going from 9 to 8 members. Elections were held at-large on a general ticket October 3, 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0010-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Illinois\nIllinois gained 4 seats, going from 3 to 7 members. Elections were held August 7, 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0011-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Indiana\nIndiana gained 3 seats, going from 7 to 10 members. Elections were held August 7, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0012-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nKentucky lost 3 seats, going from 13 to 10 members. Elections were held August 7, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0013-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana\nLouisiana gained 1 seats, going from 3 to 4 members. Elections were held July 3\u20135, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0014-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Maine\nMaine lost 1 seat, going from 8 to 7 members. Elections were held September 11, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 69], "content_span": [70, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0015-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nMaryland lost 2 seats, going from 8 to 6 members. Elections were held February 14, 1844, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0016-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nMaryland's elections to the next Congress were held February 14, 1844, after the 1842\u20131843 election cycle was passed and almost after the next Congress completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0017-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts lost 2 seats, going from 12 to 10 members. Elections were held November 14, 1842, but some districts' elections stretched to multiple ballots into 1843 and very early 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0018-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Michigan\nMichigan gained 2 seats, going from 1 to 3 members. Elections were held from districts November 8, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term, having previously elected a single member at-large.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0019-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nMississippi gained 2 seats, going from 2 to 4 members. Elections were held at-large on a general ticket November 6\u20137, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term. Due to a banking crisis in Mississippi, the state Democratic party was split into two factions; the Redemptions, which favored the repudiation of bank bonds, and Anti- Redemptions, which opposed it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0020-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Missouri\nMissouri gained 3 seats, going from 2 to 5 members. Elections were held at-large on a general ticket August 1, 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0021-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire lost 1 seat, going from 5 to 4 members. Elections were held at-large on a general ticket March 3, 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0022-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nNew Jersey lost 1 seats, going from 6 to 5 members. Elections were held from districts October 8, 1842, having previously elected them at-large.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0023-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York lost 6 seats, going from 40 to 34 members, but remaining the largest delegation. Its thirty-four members were elected November 8, 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0024-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina lost 4 seats, going from 13 to 9 members. Elections were held August 3, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0025-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Ohio\nOhio gained 2 seats, going from 19 to 21 members. Its twenty-one members were elected October 10, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 68], "content_span": [69, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0026-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania lost 4 seats, going from 28 to 24 members. Its twenty-four members were elected October 10, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0027-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island stayed at 2 seats, but elected its members from districts, having previously elected them at-large. Elections were held August 29, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0028-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina\nSouth Carolina lost 2 seats, going from 9 to 7 members. Elections were held February 20\u201321, 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0029-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee lost 2 seats, going from 13 to 11 members. Elections were held August 3, 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0030-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont lost 1 seat, going from 5 to 4 members. Elections were held September 5, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022376-0031-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia lost 6 seats, going from 21 to 15 members. Elections were held April 27, 1843, after the March 4, 1843 beginning of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022377-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1842 and 1843 were elections which had the Whigs lose seats but maintain control of the United States Senate. Although they lost three seats in the regular elections, they gained two of them back by the start of the first session in special elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022377-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022377-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 27th Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were elected during 1842 or in 1843 before March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022377-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 28th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1843; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022377-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 28th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were elected in 1843 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022377-0005-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States Senate elections, Complete list of races, New York\nThe election was held February 7, 1843, by the New York State Legislature. Silas Wright, Jr., had been elected in 1833 to this seat after the resignation of William L. Marcy, and had been re-elected in 1837. Wright's term would expire on March 3, 1843. At the State election in November 1842, Democrat William C. Bouck was elected Governor, 92 Democrats and 36 Whigs were elected to the Assembly, and 8 Democrats and 1 Whig were elected to the State Senate. The 66th New York State Legislature met from January 3 to April 18, 1843, at Albany, New York. The incumbent U.S. Senator Silas Wright, Jr. was re-nominated unanimously by a Democratic caucus on the eve of the election. Congressman Millard Fillmore was the candidate of the Whig Party. Silas Wright, Jr., was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022377-0006-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States Senate elections, Complete list of races, New York\nWright continued in the U.S. Senate, and remained in office until November 1844 when he resigned after his election as Governor of New York. Henry A. Foster was appointed to fill the vacancy temporarily, but the State Legislature elected John A. Dix for the remainder of Wright's term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022377-0007-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States Senate elections, Complete list of races, Pennsylvania\nThe election was held January 10, 1843. Future President of the United States James Buchanan was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 10, 1843, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1843. Incumbent Democrat James Buchanan, who was elected in 1834 and re-elected in 1836, was a successful candidate for re-election to another term. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022377-0008-0000", "contents": "1842 and 1843 United States Senate elections, Complete list of races, Tennessee\nIn 1841, Spencer Jarnagin was nominated for U.S. Senator by the Whig caucus in the Tennessee General Assembly. However, some of the Democrats in the legislature decided that no Senator would be preferable to a Whig. Known as the \"Immortal Thirteen\" by Tennessee Democrats, they refused to allow a quorum on the issue. By the time Jarnagin was eventually elected to the seat and sworn in, over two and half years, almost half of the term, had elapsed. Jarnagin finally assumed office on October 17, 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022378-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 general strike\nThe 1842 general strike, also known as the Plug Plot Riots, started among the miners in Staffordshire, England, and soon spread through Britain affecting factories, mills in Yorkshire and Lancashire, and coal mines from Dundee to South Wales and Cornwall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022378-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 general strike, Origins\nThe strike was influenced by the Chartist movement \u2013 a mass working class movement from 1838\u20131848. After the second Chartist Petition was presented to Parliament in May 1842, Stalybridge contributed 10,000 signatures. After the rejection of the petition the first general strike began in the coal mines of Staffordshire. The second phase of the strike originated in Stalybridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022378-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 general strike, Civil unrest\nA movement of resistance to the imposition of wage cuts in the mills, also known as the \"Plug Riots\", it spread to involve nearly half a million workers throughout Britain and represented the biggest single exercise of working class strength in nineteenth-century Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022378-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 general strike, Civil unrest\nOn 13 August 1842, there was a strike at Bayley's cotton mill in Stalybridge, and roving groups of workers carried the stoppage first to the whole area of Stalybridge and Ashton, then to Manchester, and subsequently to towns adjacent to Manchester including Preston, using as much force as was necessary to bring mills to a standstill. The Preston Strike of 1842 resulted in a riot where four men were shot on 13 August at Lune Street. The West Riding of Yorkshire saw disturbances at Bradford, Huddersfield and Hunslet. At least six people died in a riot at Halifax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022378-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 general strike, Analysis\nOne perspective is that the movement remained, to outward appearances, largely non-political. Although the People's Charter was praised at public meetings, the resolutions that were passed at these were in almost all cases merely for a restoration of the wages of 1820, a ten-hour working day, or reduced rents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022378-0005-0000", "contents": "1842 general strike, Analysis\nIn contrast, Mick Jenkins in his \"General Strike of 1842\" offers a Marxist interpretation which sees the strike as becoming insurrectionary and intrinsically linked to the Chartist movement. \"What clearly emerges... is the changing character of the strike--an understanding that the main aim of the strike was for the People's Charter\" (p.\u00a0144). He cites resolutions in support of the Reform Bill and the Charter. Jenkins also sees the political nature of the strike expressed in the repression of the strikers: \"When the meeting had assembled, a party of the Rifle Brigade charged into the crowd, and one man had his hand run through with a bayonet.\" (p.\u00a0143).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022378-0006-0000", "contents": "1842 general strike, Analysis\nThe repression that followed was \"unmatched in the nineteenth century... In the North-West alone over 1,500 strikers were brought to trial\" (p.\u00a0119). John Foster, in his introduction, argues that Jenkins' account of the strike \"compels historians to reassess a number of crucial aspects in the country's political development\" (p.\u00a013). In considering universal suffrage, he argues that \"historians have tended to emphasize the inevitability of Britain's progress towards majority rule. A study of 1842 supplies a useful corrective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022378-0006-0001", "contents": "1842 general strike, Analysis\nIt spurs us to look in a quite different direction to ask why universal suffrage was withheld for so long and what combination of forces made it possible to do this\" (p.\u00a014) and \"how the demand for universal suffrage was successfully resisted, and in what way the working class was persuaded not to make political use again of its industrial strength ... poses the most interesting and fundamental problem\" (p.\u00a016).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022379-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1842 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022383-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1842 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022391-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1842 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022391-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1842 is 76,900 M\u0101ori and 10,992 non-M\u0101ori (a 120% increase in 1 year).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022391-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 in New Zealand, Sport, Cricket\nThe first recorded game in Wellington is played in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022394-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1842 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022396-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1842 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022399-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022400-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022401-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022401-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022401-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022402-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022403-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 in science\nThe year 1842 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022404-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 in sports\n1842 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0000-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul\nThe 1842 retreat from Kabul, also called the Massacre of Elphinstone's army, during the First Anglo-Afghan War, was the retreat of the British and East India Company forces from Kabul. An uprising in Kabul forced the then commander, Major General Sir William Elphinstone, to fall back to the British garrison at Jalalabad. As the army and its numerous dependents and camp followers began its march, it came under attack from Afghan tribesmen. Many of the column died of exposure, frostbite or starvation or were killed during the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0001-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul\nAt the beginning of the conflict, British and East India Company forces had defeated the forces of Afghan Emir Dost Mohammad Barakzai and in 1839 occupied Kabul, restoring the former ruler, Shah Shujah Durrani, as emir. However a deteriorating situation made their position more and more precarious, until an uprising in Kabul forced Maj. Gen. Elphinstone to withdraw. To this end he negotiated an agreement with Wazir Akbar Khan, one of the sons of Dost Mohammad Barakzai, by which his army was to fall back to the British garrison at Jalalabad, more than 140 kilometres (90\u00a0mi) away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0001-0001", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul\nThe Afghans launched numerous attacks against the column as it made slow progress through the winter snows of the Hindu Kush. In total the British army lost 4,500 troops, along with about 12,000 civilians: the latter comprising both the families of Indian and British soldiers, plus workmen, servants and other Indian camp-followers. The final stand was made just outside a village called Gandamak on 13 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0002-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul\nOut of more than 16,000 people from the column commanded by Elphinstone, only one European (Assistant Surgeon William Brydon) and a few Indian sepoys reached Jalalabad. Over one hundred British prisoners and civilian hostages were later released. Around 2,000 of the Indians, many of whom were maimed by frostbite, survived and returned to Kabul to exist by begging or to be sold into slavery. Some at least returned to India after another British invasion of Kabul several months later, but others remained behind in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0003-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul\nIn 2013, a writer for The Economist called the retreat \"the worst British military disaster until the fall of Singapore exactly a century later.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0004-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Background\nIn 1838 the British East India Company feared an increased Russian influence in Afghanistan after Dost Mohammad Barakzai had seized power from former ruler Shuja Shah Durrani in 1834. Dost Mohammad had rejected earlier overtures from Russia, but after Lord Auckland, the Governor-General of India, tried to force Afghan foreign policy under British guidance, he renewed his relationship with the Russians. Lord Auckland followed the counsel of his adviser William Hay Macnaghten to support Shuja Shah, dismissing the advice of Alexander Burnes that Dost Mohammad should be supported, and resolved to seek a military solution. He began to assemble his forces in late 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0005-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Background\nThe army, under the command of General Sir Willoughby Cotton, with Macnaghten as his chief adviser, consisted of 20,000 soldiers and were accompanied by 38,000 civilian camp followers (craftsmen, stretcher bearers, cooks, servants, barbers, tailors, armourers, cameleers, etc., as well as families of both Indian and British soldiers). In March 1839 they crossed the Bolan Pass and began their march to Kabul. They advanced through rough terrain, crossing deserts and mountain passes at an elevation of 4,000 metres (13,000\u00a0ft) but made good progress and took Kandahar on 25 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0006-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Background\nThey also captured the until-then impregnable fortress of Ghazni on 22 July in a surprise attack, losing 200 men killed and wounded while the Afghans lost nearly 500 men killed and 1,600 taken prisoner, with an unknown number wounded. An Afghan had betrayed his sovereign and the British troops managed to blow one city gate and marched into the city in a euphoric mood. The ample supplies acquired in Ghazni considerably aided the further advance, which otherwise would have been difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0007-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Background\nDost Mohammad fled and sought refuge in the wilds of the Hindu Kush. Kabul fell without a fight on 6 August 1839. Shuja Shah returned and was proclaimed emir by the British. He established a court in the fortress of Bala Hissar above Kabul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0008-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Background\nMore than a year later, Dost Mohammad surrendered to Macnaghten on 4 November 1840 and was exiled to India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0009-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Occupation\nIn August 1839 the British, under pressure from Shah Shuja, refrained from remaining in occupation of Kabul's citadel, instead establishing their military cantonments 2.5 kilometres (1+1\u20442 miles) outside Kabul. This decision, made on diplomatic grounds, would prove to be a grave military error, as the garrison was sited in a defensively weak position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0010-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Occupation\nAs political agent and envoy at the court of Shuja Shah, Macnaghten became a leader of British society in Kabul. The city was described at the time as clean and pleasant with many spacious wooden houses surrounded by well-kept gardens. The occupiers enjoyed themselves arranging cricket matches, horse races and hunting parties. In the evenings amateur dramatics were staged by East India Company officers and their wives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0011-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Occupation\nPerformances included Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. It was considered a special honour to be invited to evening soir\u00e9es hosted by Lady Florentia Sale, the wife of Brigadier-General Robert Henry Sale. Such social gatherings often saw the serving of salmon and stew with madeira, port and champagne. Under these conditions, many of the East India Company troops were sent back to their garrisons in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0012-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Occupation\nWhile the British enjoyed this lifestyle, some Afghans chafed under occupation by a foreign power. Rumours of relationships between British soldiers and Afghan women created tensions in Kabul. Britain had replaced Dost Mohammad, a (relatively) popular ruler, with Shuja Shah, a weak puppet, who was seen as much more cruel and vindictive to his enemies than his predecessor. In 1840, the son of Dost Mohammad, Wazir Akbar Khan, began assembling allies amongst the tribesmen in the rural areas where British influence was weakest. He initiated a guerrilla war that kept the East India Company troops permanently on the move.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0013-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Occupation\nThe efforts to control Afghanistan were further weakened by the British government in India. Dismayed at the costs of maintaining the large garrison in Kabul, it discontinued the periodic subsidies (essentially bribes) that had been paid to the various tribes in the region around Kabul and the Khyber Pass to keep the peace. Once these ended, the tribes saw no more reason to remain loyal to the British-supported regime. Macnaghten dismissed warnings from his officers, writing to his superiors in India that \"this is the usual state of Afghan society\". As the spring and summer of 1841 progressed, British freedom of movement around Kabul became increasingly restricted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0014-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Occupation\nDespite this ominous turn of events, Sir Willoughby Cotton was replaced as commander of the remaining British troops by Sir William Elphinstone, who was ill at the time and initially unwilling to accept the appointment. The 59-year-old Elphinstone had entered the British army in 1804. He was made a Companion of the Bath for leading the 33rd Regiment of Foot at the Battle of Waterloo. By 1825 he had been promoted to colonel and then to major-general in 1837. Although Elphinstone was a man of high birth and perfect manners, his colleague and contemporary General William Nott regarded him as \"the most incompetent soldier that was to be found amongst all the officers of requisite rank\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0015-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Occupation\nIn the autumn of 1841 Brigadier-General Robert Henry Sale and his brigade was recalled to Jalalabad, which was on the military line of communication between Kabul and Peshawar. He left his wife, Lady Sale, behind in the British cantonments in Kabul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0016-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Afghan uprising\nOn 2 November 1841, Akbar Khan proclaimed a general revolt and the citizens of Kabul quickly followed suit. They stormed the house of Sir Alexander Burnes, one of the senior British political officers, and killed him and his staff. Both Elphinstone and Macnaghten were caught by surprise. By now the East India Company only had 4,500 men in and around Kabul, of which 690 were Europeans. But as Elphinstone took no action in response to the killing of Burnes, it only encouraged further revolt. On 9 November the emboldened Afghans stormed a poorly defended supply fort inside Kabul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0017-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Afghan uprising\nOn 23 November, Afghan forces occupied a hill overlooking the British cantonments and began bombarding the camp with two guns. A British force sallied out to drive them away but the Afghans inflicted heavy casualties firing jezails at long range from the high ground. The East India troops fled leaving behind 300 wounded to be killed. Morale was now a serious issue for the British force in Kabul. Elphinstone called for reinforcements from Major General Nott in Kandahar but they turned back when they found the mountain passes blocked by heavy snow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0018-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Afghan uprising\nMacnaghten, realising their desperate situation, tried to negotiate an agreement with Akbar Khan for the withdrawal of the troops and the 12,000 British and Indian civilians still at Kabul. On 23 December, Afghan leaders invited Macnaghten for tea to discuss the situation. However, at the moment the British delegation dismounted from their horses they were seized and Macnaghten and an aide were slain by armed men. Later Macnaghten's body was mutilated and dragged through the streets of Kabul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0019-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Afghan uprising\nThe cavalry escort which was supposed to protect the British diplomats had been delayed and had not joined them. Two other British officers who had been part of Macnaghten's party were subsequently released. Elphinstone had already partly lost command of his troops as his authority continued to diminish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0020-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Afghan uprising\nTo the dismay of his officers, Elphinstone ignored the killing of a British representative and took no punitive action. Major Eldred Pottinger succeeded Macnaghten as envoy to the Afghan court. On 1 January 1842, Elphinstone agreed to Akbar Khan's terms which contained some unfavourable conditions. For example, all gunpowder reserves had to be handed over, along with the newest muskets and most of the cannon. However, in return Akbar Khan promised a safe passage from Kabul for all foreign troops and civilians, amongst them children, women and the elderly. The withdrawal, which would begin on 6 January, involved crossing the snow-covered mountains of the Hindu Kush descending to Jalalabad, 140 kilometres (90\u00a0mi) away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0021-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Elphinstone's army\nElphinstone commanded a column consisting of one British infantry battalion (the 44th Regiment of Foot), three regiments of regular Bengal Native Infantry (the 5th, 37th and 54th BNI), one regiment of Shah Shujah's Levy (a British-subsidised force of Indian troops recruited for Afghan service), Anderson's Irregular Horse, the 5th Bengal Light Cavalry and six guns of the Bengal Horse Artillery (with sappers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0022-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Elphinstone's army\nIn total, there were 700 British and 3,800 Indian troops. The camp followers, Indian and British families, their servants and civilian workers, numbered approximately 14,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0023-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nAt first light on 6 January Elphinstone's column began slowly to move out of Kabul leaving Shuja Shah Durrani and his followers to their fate. As Akbar Khan had guaranteed safety to all concerned, the sick, wounded and infirm were also left behind. However once the rearguard finally left the cantonments, Afghans quickly moved in and began firing at the retreating troops from the walls while setting fire to the garrison buildings, killing all those left behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0024-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nOn leaving the city, Elphinstone discovered that the escort promised by Akbar Khan had not materialised, nor had the food and fuel to help with the crossing of the Hindu Kush in winter. Major Eldred Pottinger pleaded with the sick British commander to turn back to Kabul as they still had time to take refuge in the fortress of Bala Hissar. But Elphinstone said there would be no turning back and they would proceed to Jalalabad. The column of 16,000 soldiers and civilians was now at the mercy of the Afghan tribes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0025-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nBy the second day, sniping from the surrounding hills was taking its toll on the slow-moving column. Despite being well armed, the troops' progress was being hindered by the terrified civilians and camp followers. Small skirmishes were frequent. The Afghans succeeded in capturing some of the column's artillery while forcing the British to spike two of their three remaining pieces. In just 24 hours the column now had only one small gun and two heavier cannons left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0026-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nLater that afternoon, Akbar Khan met Elphinstone, feigning ignorance to any treachery on his part. He told the British that he had been unable to provide the agreed escort because they had left their cantonments earlier than expected. Akbar Khan then asked Elphinstone to wait while he negotiated the column's safe passage with the Afghan chiefs who commanded Khord-Kabul pass 25 kilometres (15\u00a0mi) from Kabul. Despite what had already occurred, the British commander agreed to the terms and waited. He also agreed to hand over three more European hostages to Akbar Khan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0027-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nInstead of hurrying forward, Elphinstone had moved only ten kilometres (6\u00a0mi) from Kabul. By now efforts to maintain military cohesion had also begun to fail. When the column entered the narrow six-kilometre (four-mile) pass the next day, they were shot at from all sides by Ghilzais armed with captured British muskets and their traditional jezails. It was now apparent Akbar Khan had not been negotiating their safe passage; it was actually a ruse to give the Afghans more time to get into position for an ambush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0028-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nThroughout the third day, the column laboured through the pass. Once the main body had moved through, the Afghans left their positions to massacre the stragglers and the wounded. By the evening of 9 January, the column had only moved 40 kilometres (25\u00a0mi) but already 3,000 people had died. Many had been killed in the fighting, but some had frozen to death or taken their own lives. A written report by Elphinstone recorded that most of the sepoys had by this stage lost fingers or toes in the freezing conditions, and that their snow-encrusted muskets had become unusable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0029-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nBy the fourth day, a few hundred native soldiers deserted and tried to return to Kabul, but they were all either killed or enslaved. By now Elphinstone, who had ceased giving orders, sat silently on his horse. On the evening of 9 January, Lady Sale, along with the wives and children of both British and Indian officers, and their retinues, accepted Akbar Khan's assurances of protection. Despite deep mistrust, the group was taken into the custody of Akbar's men. Once they were hostages, all the Indian servants and sepoy wives were murdered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0030-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nBy the evening of 11 January, the army had been reduced to 200 men. The small rearguard was led by Brigadier-General John Shelton who, for the first time in the retreat, showed his competence and led a fierce resistance against the Afghans. As the surviving troops lay besieged in a small ruined mud-walled enclosure in Jagadalak, Akbar Khan's envoys returned and persuaded Elphinstone and his second in command, Shelton, to accompany them for negotiations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0031-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nAkbar Khan brought the two officers to his camp and provided them with dinner. The reasons for his hospitality soon became clear however and both officers were refused permission to return to their men. Shelton became furious and demanded the right as an officer and soldier to return to lead his men and die fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0032-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nOn 12 January, the column, having lost their commander and over 12,000 casualties, decided that their only hope was to wait till night and press on in the dark. The remaining troops, now led by Brigadier-General Thomas John Anquetil, found their path blocked by a formidable thorny barrier of 'prickly holly oak, well twisted together, about six feet high' which had been erected across the narrowest part of the valley. Most of the men who attempted to scale the barrier were shot down before they could reach the other side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0032-0001", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nAll discipline amongst the remainder of the men who were trapped by the barrier now ended and the Afghans closed in to finish them off. The few remaining men who had managed to scale the barrier began a desperate gallop towards Jalalabad but many were slaughtered in a melee just after reaching the other side of the barrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0033-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nThe biggest single surviving group of men, consisting of 20 officers and 45 European soldiers, mostly infantry from the 44th Regiment of Foot, tried to press on but found themselves surrounded on a snowy hillock near the village of Gandamak. With only 20 working muskets and two shots per weapon, the troops refused to surrender. A British sergeant is said to have cried \"not bloody likely!\" when the Afghans tried to persuade the soldiers they would spare their lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0034-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nSniping then began, followed by a series of rushes; soon the hillock was overrun by tribesmen. An officer named Captain Souter was mistaken by the Afghans as a high-ranking officer because they thought he was wearing a general's yellow waistcoat. In fact the officer had wrapped the regimental colours of the 44th Foot around his body. He was dragged into captivity along with a sergeant named Fair and seven privates. The remaining troops were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0035-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nAnother group of fifteen mounted officers managed to reach as far as the village of Fattehabad but ten were killed while sitting down to accept breakfast from the villagers, four were shot from the rooftops as they remounted their horses and attempted to flee the village and one was tracked down and beheaded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0036-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nOn 13 January, a British officer from the 16,000 strong column rode into Jalalabad on a wounded horse (a few sepoys, who had hidden in the mountains, followed in the coming weeks). Assistant Surgeon William Brydon, who was riding a pony taken from a mortally wounded officer after being begged by the man not to let it fall into anyone else's hands, continued on despite him and his pony being severely wounded in several skirmishes with roaming bands of Afghans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0037-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nOn 13 January and now just kilometres from Jalalabad, Brydon had to fight for his life against a party of Afghan horsemen. After escaping a single pursuer, he was spotted by a staff officer on the walls of Jalalabad who immediately dispatched riders to meet the exhausted surgeon. Brydon was asked upon arrival what happened to the army, to which he answered \"I am the army\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0038-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Retreat and massacre\nAlthough part of his skull had been sheared off by a sword, he ultimately survived because he had insulated his hat with a magazine which deflected the blow. Brydon later published a memoir of the death march. The pony he rode was said to have lain down in a stable and never got up. For several nights, lights were raised on the gates of Jalalabad and bugles were sounded from the walls in the hope of guiding any further survivors to safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0039-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Aftermath\nThe annihilation left Britain and India in shock and the Governor General, Lord Auckland, suffered an apparent stroke upon hearing the news. In the autumn of 1842, an \"Army of Retribution\" led by Sir George Pollock, with William Nott and Robert Sale commanding divisions, leveled the great bazaar and all the larger buildings of Kabul. Sale personally rescued his wife Lady Sale and some other hostages from the hands of Wazir Akbar Khan. However, the slaughter of an army by Afghan tribesmen was humiliating for the British authorities in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0040-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Aftermath\nOf the British prisoners, 32 officers, over 50 soldiers, 21 children and 12 women survived to be released in September 1842. An unknown number of sepoys and other Indian prisoners were sold into slavery in Kabul or kept as captives in mountain villages. One sepoy, Havildar Sita Ram, escaped from Afghanistan after 21 months of slavery and rejoined his former regiment at Delhi. Around 2,000 sepoys and camp followers were eventually found in Kabul and brought back to India by General Pollock's army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0041-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Aftermath\nThe leadership of Elphinstone is seen as a notorious example of how the ineptitude and indecisiveness of a senior officer could compromise the morale and effectiveness of a whole army (though already much depleted). Elphinstone completely failed to lead his soldiers, but fatally exerted enough authority to prevent any of his officers from exercising proper command in his place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0042-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Aftermath\nHistorians still debate whether Akbar Khan ordered the massacre, sanctioned it, or was simply unable to prevent it. Some of the British officers and families taken hostage later claimed that Akbar Khan had called out \"Spare them!\" in Persian, but \"Kill them!\" in Pashto to the tribesmen. Either way, the British reaction to such an atrocity must have been clear to him. He died near the end of 1847, possibly poisoned by his father Dost Mohammad, who may have feared his ambitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0043-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Aftermath\nDost Mohammad remained a British prisoner till the end of 1841 when he was set free by the British authorities who, after they took their revenge on Kabul, had resolved to abandon any attempts to intervene in the internal affairs of Afghanistan. After Shuja Shah was assassinated in April 1842, Dost Mohammad quickly reestablished his authority. He died on 9 June 1863 of natural causes, one of the few Afghan rulers in the past thousand years to do so. Even after the two British invasions of his country, he did not intervene in any manner during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0044-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Aftermath\nThe destruction of several regiments of Indian troops during the retreat inevitably affected the morale of the East India Company's Bengal Army from which these units had been drawn. The reputation for invincibility previously enjoyed by the company was broken. \"Men remembered Kabul,\" commented a British officer at the outbreak of the great Bengal mutiny fifteen years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0045-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Depictions\nGerman novelist and poet Theodor Fontane in 1858 wrote the ballad Das Trauerspiel von Afghanistan (The Tragedy of Afghanistan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0046-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Depictions\nBritish writer George MacDonald Fraser describes this event in the first book of his Flashman Papers series, Flashman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022407-0047-0000", "contents": "1842 retreat from Kabul, Depictions\nVictoria (2017) episode \"A Soldier's Daughter\" dramatizes Brydon's survival in the retreat. In the show, Queen Victoria responds to the loss of life in the retreat with a speech at the launch of HMS\u00a0Trafalgar, and by privately meeting and honouring Brydon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022408-0000-0000", "contents": "1843\n1843 (MDCCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1843rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 843rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 43rd  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1843, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022409-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 (magazine)\n1843 (formerly Intelligent Life) is a digital magazine published by The Economist which features longform narrative journalism as well as shorter reads and columns. Named after the year The Economist was founded, 1843 offers a complementary perspective to its sister publication, focusing more on people and stories, rather than analysis. Like The Economist, 1843 is based in London and has a global readership which includes America. Like the newspaper, the magazine is owned by The Economist Group, a British media holding company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022409-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 (magazine), History\nThe magazine was launched under the title Intelligent Life in September 2007 as a quarterly publication, having previously been a summer annual and was billed as covering \"the arts, style, food, wine, cars, travel and anything else under the sun, as long as it\u2019s interesting\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022409-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 (magazine), History\nIn March 2016, The Economist Group relaunched and rebranded Intelligent Life as 1843 (named for The Economist's founding year).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022409-0003-0000", "contents": "1843 (magazine), History\n1843 magazine features contributions from The Economist's journalists, as well as writers and photographers from around the world. It is edited by Rosie Blau. It is seen as akin to The Wall Street Journal's WSJ. and the Financial Times' FT Magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022409-0004-0000", "contents": "1843 (magazine), History\nIt has won awards for its journalism from the British Society of Magazine Editors, the Association of Illustrators, British Journalism Awards, the  Media Awards, the , Fortnum & Mason Food and Drink Awards and the .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022409-0005-0000", "contents": "1843 (magazine), History\nIn May 2020 it was announced that 1843 would move to a digital-only format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022410-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Belgian general election\nPartial legislative elections were held in Belgium on 12 June 1843. In the Senate elections Catholics won 32 seats and Liberals 13. Voter turnout was 86.0%, although only 21,865 people were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022410-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Belgian general election\nUnder the alternating system, Chamber elections were only held in four out of the nine provinces: East Flanders, Hainaut, Li\u00e8ge and Limburg. Thus, 47 of the 95 Chamber seats were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022411-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of 1843, Democratic nominee Augustus Garrett defeated Whig nominee Thomas Church and Liberty nominee Henry Smith by a landslide 26.5% margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022411-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Chicago mayoral election\nIncumbent Whig Benjamin Wright Raymond did not run for reelection to a third term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022411-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 Chicago mayoral election\nDemocratic nominee Augustus Garrett had been an unsuccessful election in the preceding 1842 election. He was also a former city alderman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022411-0003-0000", "contents": "1843 Chicago mayoral election\nLike Garrett, Liberty candidate Henry Smith had also been a candidate in the previous election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022411-0004-0000", "contents": "1843 Chicago mayoral election\nAs with other mayoral elections of the era, returns in the city's wards heavily matched the partisan makeup of the votes that had been cast in the city's aldermanic election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022412-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1843 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 5, 1843. Incumbent governor and Democratic nominee Chauncey Fitch Cleveland was re-elected, defeating former state legislator, Amistad lawyer and Whig nominee Roger Sherman Baldwin with 50.13% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022413-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Constitution of Haiti\nThe 1843 Constitution of Haiti was enacted on December 30, 1843, during the administration of Charles Rivi\u00e8re-H\u00e9rard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022413-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Constitution of Haiti\nThe constitution contained many important innovations. The judges were to be elected by the people, instead of being appointed by the President; all offenses, either criminal, political, or by the press, were to be submitted to trials by jury. Presidency for life was abolished; the term of the Chief of the Executive Power was limited to four years; and no measure could be adopted by the President without the countersign of the proper Minister. The right to introduce laws was conferred on the House of Representatives and on the Senate as well as on the President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022413-0001-0001", "contents": "1843 Constitution of Haiti\nMatters concerning the communes and the arrondissements were in charge of the municipalities and the arrondissement councils. An estimate of the revenues and expenses was to be voted annually; a Court of Accounts was instituted. The Army was declared a law-abiding body; and strict measures were enacted in view of guaranteeing personal freedom and respect of property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022414-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 East Suffolk by-election\nThe 1843 East Suffolk by-election was held on 18 April 1843 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP Charles Broke Vere. It was retained by the Conservative candidate Frederick Thellusson. The Whig candidate had already stood in 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022415-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe 1843 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on October 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022415-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe Whig candidate George W. Crawford defeated the Democratic challenger Mark A. Cooper and was elected Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Grand National\nThe 1843 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the fifth official annual running of a handicap steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase handicap horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday 1 March 1843 and attracted a field of 16 runners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Grand National\nAlthough recorded by the press at the time as the eighth running of the Grand Liverpool, which was renamed the Grand National in 1847, the first three runnings were poorly organised affairs and are not currently officially recognised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 Grand National\nThis year the race was run as a handicap, with horses weighted according to their ability. In previous years they had all carried the same amount. The National has remained a handicap ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0003-0000", "contents": "1843 Grand National, The course\nThe course was described by the reporter of the Liverpool Mercury as follows. Start - Just beyond the Melling Road. Fences 1-4 [16-19 on the second circuit] - described as good fences on the run down to Becher's Brook. Fence 5  [20] - Becher's Brook. Although at this time it did not carry the name and was merely described as the brook where the captain had fallen four years earlier. Fences 6, 7 & 8 [21, 22 & 23] - Fences situated across three fields inclined to the left that took the runners towards the Canal side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0003-0001", "contents": "1843 Grand National, The course\nThere is no mention at this time of there being a Canal turn. Fence 9  [24] - A large water jump, which was probably the modern Valentine's Brook. Fences 10, 11 & 12 [25, 26 & 27] - These fences were not described except to say the runner crossed three fields, the third of which was of grass before reaching the Anchor Bridge crossing and running into the training ground, which was the wide extreme of the modern race course proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0003-0002", "contents": "1843 Grand National, The course\nFence 13 - A wall by the distance chair, reintroduced this year at the request of Irish competitors and supporters used to such obstacles in Ireland. Fence 14 - An artificial brook, the modern water jump, which this year was widened and was described as being thirteen feet wide with a rail. Fence 15 - A bank, which took the runners back over into the Melling Road to start the second circuit. Fence 28 - A hurdle situated on the run in beside the wall. On the second circuit the runners turned onto the race course at an earlier point, not running onto the training ground as on the first circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0004-0000", "contents": "1843 Grand National, The Race\nThe most detailed description of the race was given by the reporter of the Liverpool Mercury who stated that Croxby led them out towards the first fence before being passed by Nimrod. Nothing was reported until the fourth fence when Victoria fell and continued riderless before running into the fields inside the course. At this point Peter Simple and Vanguard led the field towards the Canal side of the course, the former increasing the pace on reaching the Canal side plough, which stretched the runners out considerably.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0005-0000", "contents": "1843 Grand National, The Race\nThe pace was increased running towards the wall in front of the stands, which Peter Simple and Vanguard took together ahead of Nimrod and Goblin. Teetotum and Tinderbox both fell and the former's jockey, Moore sustained a broken collar bone, which was attended to on the spot. The Returned, Dragsman and Lottery were the only other runners recorded at this point with the loose running Tinderbox being caught by the stables after jumping the brook. Bucephalus, Croxby and Claude Duval were also all still running.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0006-0000", "contents": "1843 Grand National, The Race\nAt the bank before the Melling Road, Peter Simple refused and in doing so carried out Vanguard and Goblin, leaving Nimrod in the lead from Dragsman. Vanguard quickly recovered and was back on terms with the two leaders by the time Becher's Brook was reached for the second time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0006-0001", "contents": "1843 Grand National, The Race\nAfter taking the Water jump at the vicinity of Valentine's Brook, Dragsman opened up a twenty length lead over Vanguard, Nimrod and The Returned, the latter of whom fell and threw Major Campbell a complete somersault three fences from home at a time when the horse was considered to be running as fresh as at the start.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0007-0000", "contents": "1843 Grand National, The Race\nAt the penultimate fence at Anchor Bridge, Dragsman made a bad mistake and almost fell, leaving Crickmere clinging around his neck as the horse ran up the road off the course. Vanguard now held a good lead over Nimrod coming back onto the racecourse while Dragsman had recovered and was making up the lost ground with Lottery, Peter Simple, Goblin and Claude Duval all considered still close enough to have a chance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0008-0000", "contents": "1843 Grand National, The Race\nOn the long run from the turn at the top of the course to the final hurdle, Nimrod made up the ground on Vanguard and took the final flight in front. Vanguard overhauled him in the run in to win by two lengths with Dragsman a close third. Four other finishers were recorded as Peter Simple bypassed the final hurdle and walked in. The horses all returned safely with the only injured rider being Mr Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0009-0000", "contents": "1843 Grand National, The Race\nVanguard was owned by George Stanhope, the 6th Earl of Chesterfield and ran in his blue colours with red sleeves and was trained by his grooms at the Earl's private stables and gallops at Bretby Hall in Derbyshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0010-0000", "contents": "1843 Grand National, The Race\nBoth Major Campbell and John Crickmere were considered to be very unlucky not to have won, the former falling when going well and the latter having bolted when making a mistake at Anchor Bridge before he was able to get the horse back into the race to finish just three and a half lengths behind the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022416-0010-0001", "contents": "1843 Grand National, The Race\nIn the winners enclosure Crickmere was telling anyone who would listen how unlucky he was when Tom Olliver responded in jest \"But John did we not stop for a smoke at the turn to give you a chance to catch up\" Olliver neglected to mention that his own mount had been carried out at the start of the second circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022417-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Greek legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Greece on 16 December 1843. The elected body was also tasked with drawing up a constitution, following the 3 September 1843 Revolution. The Three-Party Coalition won almost half the seats in the 243-seat Chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022417-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Greek legislative election, Background\nDuring and after the Greek War of Independence (1821\u201329), a series of elections for national assemblies had taken place, and promulgated a series of liberal constitutions that enshrined democratic principles. Nevertheless, the Kingdom of Greece, established in 1832 under the Bavarian prince Otto, disregarded the existence of the 1832 Constitution passed by the Fifth National Assembly. From 1832 until 1835, the kingdom was ruled by a Bavarian regency, and after that by Otto as an absolute monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022417-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 Greek legislative election, Background\nThis situation lasted until the 3 September 1843 Revolution, when an uprising by the garrison and populace of Athens forced King Otto to concede elections for a constitutional assembly. The election resulted in the \"Third of September National Assembly of the Greeks at Athens\". The new assembly promulgated the Greek Constitution of 1844 in February, which was ratified by Otto in March. After this the National assembly  was dissolved and elections proclaimed for the first regular parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022418-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Guadeloupe earthquake\nThe 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake occurred at 10:37 local time on 8 February in the island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles. It had an estimated magnitude (scale unspecified) of 8.5, making it the strongest recorded earthquake in the Caribbean and a maximum perceived intensity of shaking of IX on the Mercalli intensity scale. The earthquake was felt widely throughout the Caribbean and as far away as New York. Around 1,500 to 5,000 people were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022418-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Guadeloupe earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Lesser Antilles are an island arc formed above the destructive plate boundary where the North American Plate is being subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate at a rate of about 2\u00a0cm per year. Historical earthquakes in this region include large megathrust earthquakes on the plate interface, such as those in 1839 and 1843, and smaller intraplate earthquakes within the arc itself, associated with oblique convergence on the plate boundary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022418-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 Guadeloupe earthquake, Earthquake\nThe magnitude of the earthquake was calculated in the range 7.5\u20138.0 by Bernard & Lambert in 1988. This was reassessed in 2011 by Feuillet and others, giving an 8.5 magnitude. Later work by Hough in 2013, taking account of reports of the earthquake from the US, supported a magnitude of at least 8.5 for this event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022418-0003-0000", "contents": "1843 Guadeloupe earthquake, Damage\nOn Guadeloupe, Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre suffered severe damage with a maximum of 8\u2013900 houses being destroyed of the 1,222 that existed before the earthquake. The earthquake was quickly followed by fires that caused further destruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022418-0004-0000", "contents": "1843 Guadeloupe earthquake, Damage\nThe island of Antigua was also badly affected, with all churches and mills throughout the island reported destroyed. Forty deaths were reported. Damage was also reported from Montserrat, with six casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022419-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Iowa Council election\nIn the 1843 Iowa Territory Council elections, electors selected councilors to serve in the sixth Iowa Territory Council. All 13 members of the Territory Council were elected. Councilors served one-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022419-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Iowa Council election\nThe Iowa Territory existed from July 4, 1838, until December 28, 1846, when Iowa was admitted to the Union as a state. At the time, the Iowa Territory had a Legislative Assembly consisting of an upper chamber (i.e., the Territory Council) and a lower chamber (i.e., the Territory House).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022419-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 Iowa Council election\nFollowing the previous election in 1842, Democrats held a majority with seven seats to Whigs' six seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022419-0003-0000", "contents": "1843 Iowa Council election\nTo claim a majority of seats, the Whigs needed to net one seat from Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022419-0004-0000", "contents": "1843 Iowa Council election\nDemocrats maintained a majority of seats in the Iowa Territory Council following the 1843 general election with the balance of power remaining unchanged with Democrats holding seven seats and Whigs having six seats. Democratic Councilor Thomas Cox was chosen as the President of the sixth Territory Council to succeed Whig Councilor John D. Elbert in that leadership position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022419-0005-0000", "contents": "1843 Iowa Council election\nHowever, during the session, Democratic Councilor Thomas Cox died on November 9, 1844, causing a vacancy. Following Cox's death, Democrats and Whigs were tied with six seats each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1843. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Abercromby\nAlthough both candidates were Conservative, Charles Boutflower \"promised to support the exclusive system at the Corporation Schools\", whilst Daniel Neilson stood in opposition to this stance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Abercromby\nPolling Place\u00a0: A Booth in the Joiner's Yard of Thomas Bag?, on the east side of Mount-pleasant, nearly opposite the fever ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0003-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Castle Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House, formerly the Queen's Arms Hotel, Castle-street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0004-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Exchange\nPolling Place\u00a0: The north end of the Sessions'-house, in Chapel-street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0005-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Great George\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Shop, No. 64, on the north side of Nelson-street, occupied by Mr. Richard Hesketh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0006-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Lime Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Public-house of William Precott, at the corner of St. Vincent-street, London Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0007-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, North Toxteth\nPolling Place\u00a0: A Booth, on the Land situated on the east side of Park-road, and south side of St. Patrick's Chapel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0008-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Pitt Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Committee-room of the South Corporation School, in Park-lane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0009-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Rodney Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Shop near the entrance of the New Arcade, on the west side of Renshaw-street, occupied by Mr. Bryson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0010-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Anne Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House of William Dyer, No. 52, on the south side of Christian-street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0011-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Paul's\nPolling Place\u00a0: Mr. Mather's Baths, at the north west corner of St. Paul's-square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0012-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House, No. 61, on the south side of Burlington Street, near Limekiln-lane occupied by Mrs. Bell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0013-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, South Toxteth\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Shop on the west side of Park-road, occupied by William McCartney, near the Church of John the Baptist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0014-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Vauxhall\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House occupied by Edward Ashort, nearly opposite the end of Naylor-street, being on the west side of Vauxhall-road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022420-0015-0000", "contents": "1843 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, West Derby\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House on the south side of Edge-hill, opposite the Church in the occupation of Mr. Thomas Proctor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022421-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1843 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 13, 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022421-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Democratic Governor Marcus Morton was defeated by Whig nominee George N. Briggs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022421-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nSince no candidate received a majority in the popular vote, Briggs was elected by the Massachusetts Senate per the state constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022421-0003-0000", "contents": "1843 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Legislative election\nAs no candidate received a majority of the vote, the Massachusetts House of Representatives was required nominate two of the four top vote-getters to the Massachusetts Senate, which then chose one of the two as Governor. The House nominated Briggs and Morton. The election in the Senate was held on January 8, 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 81], "content_span": [82, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022421-0004-0000", "contents": "1843 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Massachusetts elections\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022422-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 64th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1843 during the governorship of Marcus Morton. Phineas W. Leland and Frederick Robinson served as presidents of the Senate and Daniel P. King served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022423-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1843 Michigan gubernatorial election was held from November 6, 1843 to November 7, 1843. Incumbent Democrat John S. Barry defeated Whig nominee Zina Pitcher with 54.76% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens\nThe National Convention of Colored Citizens was held August 15\u201319, 184 at the Park Presbyterian Church in Buffalo, New York. Similar to previous colored conventions, the convention of 1843 was an assembly for African American citizens to discuss the organized efforts of the anti-slavery movement. The convention included individuals and delegates from various states and cities. Henry Garnet and Samuel Davis delivered key speeches. Delegates deliberated courses of action and voted upon resolutions to further anti-slavery efforts and to help African Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Background\nNational colored conventions were organized to discuss changes in approaching anti-slavery actions and movements and to combine efforts between various African American groups that were spread throughout the northern states. Colored Conventions were held in the early 1830s, but efforts to combine groups in places like New York and Philadelphia became increasingly difficult due to the differing approaches to combating slavery. The Liberty Party in 1840 advanced abolitionist movements through political action and more formal forms of persuasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Background\nIn 1841, former convention heads and leaders from Philadelphia proposed a revival of the conventions and planned for a meeting with black representatives from the surrounding states. However, white protests instigated a riot that blocked all conventions and assemblies that had been planned for that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0003-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Background\nTwo years later, in 1843, black leaders\u2014different from those of past conventions\u2014stepped up to assemble on behalf of black Americans. Although groups disagreed on how to combat slavery, they were united by a common goal in which they were \"... Against TWO of the greatest evils ever inflicted upon an innocent and inoffensive people - slavery and prejudice.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0004-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Background\nThe location and time of the convention were agreed upon during a preliminary meeting held May 9\u201310, 1843. They also wrote and sent out a call for colored citizens to attend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0005-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Convention proceedings\nThe 1843 National Colored Convention was held in Buffalo, New York, August 15\u201319. The National Convention included delegates from Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0006-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Convention proceedings\nEach session opened with a prayer given by a minister. The appointed chair started the meeting by calling roll and reading the minutes from the previous session. During the course of the convention, committees were generally appointed by the head Chairman. Committees were formed to create reports that were read to the attendees. Delegates voted on the adoption of these reports and the adoption of resolutions. Thirty numbered resolutions were voted upon with almost all of them passing. Various other resolutions, including 15 parliamentary rules, were passed for the administration of the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0007-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Convention proceedings\nIn addition to the sessions, evening meetings were held, in which delegates from the convention addressed the general public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0008-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Issues discussed at the convention\nDuring the Colored Convention, committees were created to discuss such issues as the condition of colored people, the mechanical arts, agriculture, and the press. A statistical report was created reporting on the number of colored people, their professions, and their holdings. Colored citizens were encouraged to learn mechanic arts because it created opportunities for influence. In addition, it was concluded that there are broad benefits to agriculture and that colored people in cities should be encouraged to move to farms. It was also resolved that a weekly newspaper should be created in support of the people\u2019s freedom. These ideas included in the committee reports were supported by the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0009-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Issues discussed at the convention\nThe condition of colored people was a main subject for the convention. It was concluded that American colonization, although it had initial good intent, actually hindered freedom. In particular, corrupt missionary work was condemned. The convention stressed the importance of education for colored children, and it was determined of vital importance for colored people who were citizens to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0010-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Issues discussed at the convention\nAdditionally, the convention argued for the support of the Liberty party. There was disagreement, as some attendees were opposed to the idea of pledging their vote to any political party. The support of the formation of The Freeman party was also argued but was controversial because some thought they should not support both the Liberty and the Freeman party. Ultimately, both resolutions passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0011-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Issues discussed at the convention, The Address to Slaves\nResolution no. 10 was a resolution dealing with a potential address to slaves. This was one of the most heavily-discussed and controversial resolutions. In the end, it did not pass. Henry Garnet and Frederick Douglass had different points of view: Henry Garnett\u2019s speech advocated for slaves to up rise against their masters,  whereas Frederick Douglass countered that peaceful methods were the best solution. When the address was written, it met with a lot of resistance. One of the arguments against the address was that it would endanger free black citizens, and the motion to move forward was rejected. After further discussion, the motion was again rejected, but only by one vote. In a later session, a revote was called. President Amos G. Beman spoke out against the address on moral grounds, stating that it advocated violence. The address was voted on a third time and was rejected indefinitely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 103], "content_span": [104, 1007]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0012-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Issues discussed at the convention, The Support of the Church\nAnother major discussion was over resolution no. 1 which dealt with the support of the church. Frederick Douglass suggested that the word \u201cChristian\u201d be added to the resolution. While most of the delegates were supportive of religion, various members of the convention did not support the existing Christian church. Some thought that the church was too corrupt to be reformed. Others believed that abandoning the church would prevent any reform from happening at all. Eventually, the original resolution in support of the church passed. The word \u201cChristian\u201d was not added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 107], "content_span": [108, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0013-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Key figures, Samuel H. Davis\nThe convention chairman was Samuel H. Davis. Davis gave the keynote address at the convention and opened up the discussions and speeches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0014-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Key figures, Henry Garnet\nA key speaker during the convention was Rev. Henry Highland Garnet. Garnet grew up having been born into slavery and escaping to Maryland with his family to an area where slavery was less tolerated. In Maryland, he was able to attend school uninterrupted until adulthood. At 21 years old and already well educated, Garnet entered the Presbyterian school of  the Oneida Institute to study religion. In 1834, Garnet and other students founded the first anti-slavery society in New York. They began holding assemblies and gatherings and pursued interests in serious anti-slavery movements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0014-0001", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Key figures, Henry Garnet\nThe Emancipator and Free American paper described Garnet as \"Guided by the will of Heaven, and impelled by the highest motives that man can be susceptible of.\" In 1843, Garnet was ordained and became a pastor of Liberty Street Presbyterian Church. He often struggled to balance his religious duties and his work in anti-slavery movements. In comparison to his peers, he held more radical and straightforward views on approaches to end slavery and to fight for equality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0015-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Key figures, Frederick Douglass\nFrederick Douglass, a notable participant and budding abolitionist, was one of the vice presidents of the convention. He served as the delegate for Massachusetts and was on the committee for resolution 10. Unlike Henry Garnet, Frederick Douglass argued against the use of physical force", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 77], "content_span": [78, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0016-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Speeches, Samuel Davis.\nSamuel Davis gave the keynote address and set the convention in motion. Davis' speech aimed to unify convention participants and their strategies; he emphasized that the main goal of all black citizens should be to \"make known our wrongs to the world and our oppressors.\" Davis said that the movement to free the African American people should be led by African Americans. He stated that \"Two objects should distinctly and constantly be borne in mind, in all our deliberations. One is the diffusion of truth and the other the elevation of our own people. By diffusion of truth, I mean that we must take a bold and elevated stand for the truth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 69], "content_span": [70, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0017-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Speeches, Samuel Davis.\nDavis called upon all attending to expand their reach to become more politically aligned with popular parties and people that would accept them and help their cause. He explained that appealing to the government for rights was a hollow attempt. Continuing the speech, Davis explained the importance of fighting for the rights of all black citizens and securing happiness wherever they settle or congregate. He said that few states recognized any rights for blacks and that members of the convention should work tenaciously to secure an elective franchise in areas they are denied and were currently subordinate to oppressive law. Davis ended his speech with a plea for attendees to unite and combine their efforts despite their differing views and factions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 69], "content_span": [70, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0018-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Speeches, Henry Garnet\nHenry Garnet gave a powerful speech most commonly known as the \"Address to the Slaves of the United States\" which was regarded widely as a call to arms and violence for the cause of freedom. This fiery address to this assembly of African Americans was meant to stoke the coals of emotion. He stirred the audience by recounting the ongoing and historical suffering of slavery and oppression. Garnet set a precedent by publicly and directly addressing slaves with these topics. This had not occurred in previous conventions in which white supervision was required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0018-0001", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Speeches, Henry Garnet\nThis was a reason for the ill and more timid attempts that called for change in earlier assemblies and conventions. Garnet began the speech with a beacon of hope, saying that God was on their side and was guiding their efforts. Garnet spoke about the slave-owners\u2019 waning authority and the black citizen\u2019s growing opportunity. He reminded them of how slave-owners, proclaiming Christianity, captured their ancestors and brought them across the ocean where they had no future or prospects of an enjoyable and free life. He declared that this nation, founded in the pursuit of freedom, would one day face the wrath of God and the disgust of other civilized nations because of its hypocrisy and inconsistency in denying others the same liberties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0019-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Speeches, Henry Garnet\n\"Nearly three millions of your fellow-citizens are prohibited by law and public opinion, (which in this country is stronger than law) from reading the Book of Life. Your intellect has been destroyed as much as possible, and every ray of light they have attempted to shut out from your minds.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0020-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Speeches, Henry Garnet\nGarnet explained that a slave's submission and adherence to their masters made them unable to fully worship God, whom their masters claimed to believe and follow. He further explained that slavery and oppression acted as a roadblock to African Americans partaking in God's blessings and the freedoms they inherited at birth: the inalienable rights at the very roots and foundation of this country. He stated that God views men and women as equals and are by nature free spirits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0021-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Speeches, Henry Garnet\nAs Garnet continued his speech, he changed gears to address the actions which he believed necessary to liberate slaves. The only way forward, Garnet claimed, was through violence\u2014 treating slave owners and captors with the same intensity that slaves had experienced. Garnet's vision for freeing slaves included a short-term antidote of violent actions and a widespread refusal to work. Of this, he exclaimed: \"You cannot be more oppressed than you have been; you cannot suffer greater cruelties than you have already. Rather die freemen than live to be slaves. Remember that you are three millions!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0022-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Speeches, Henry Garnet\nGarnet concluded his speech proposing that the motto for slaves and free Blacks alike should be a resounding cry of 'Resistance!' against their oppressors. He added that no slave or bondsmen ever became free without resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0023-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Impact of the Convention\nThe Colored Convention of 1843 was the first successful national convention since that held in 1835, and it reestablished the pattern of regular conventions, increasing the opportunities for political and social discussions. It helped unite colored people in support of anti-slavery and actions towards freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022424-0024-0000", "contents": "1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens, Impact of the Convention\nThe militant nature of Henry Garnet's speech was surprising for many slaves and abolitionist leaders. This speech made Henry Garnet a controversial and well-known abolitionist. His speech influenced subsequent colored conventions and anti-slavery literature to increase calls for action, especially to slaves. The speech was written about in several black newspapers, including The Liberator and The North Star. The Liberator wrote, \"Rev. H.H. Garnet introduced... advice to this effect: that the slave was to go to his master, tell of the injustice of slavery.\" Garnet's speech became known as his \u201ccall to rebellion\u201d and was later published by Garnet in 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022425-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Naval Air Squadron\n1843 Naval Air Squadron (1843 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022425-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Naval Air Squadron, History\nNo.1843 Squadron Fleet Air Arm formed at Brunswick on 1. May 1944 as a single seater fighter squadron. Equipped with 18 Corsair IIIs, these were replaced by Mk. IIs before embarking in HMS Trouncer for the UK in August 1944. Joining the 10th Naval Fighter Wing, the squadron embarked in HMS Arbiter with 24 Corsair IVs in February 1945 and sailed to Australia, but saw no action before the war ended. In August it became part of the 3rd Carrier Air Group. The aircraft were withdrawn in September, and the squadron personnel sailed home in SS Stratheden to disband on arrival on 10. December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022425-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 Naval Air Squadron, History\nOn 1. October 1952, No.1830A Squadron formed at Donibristle as an Anti-Submarine squadron of the Scottish Air Division of the RN Volunteer Reserve, moving shortly afterwards to Abbotsinch. It shared the aircraft of No.1830 Squadron, becoming No.1843 Squadron in March 1953. Avengers arrived in November 1955, but No.1843 disbanded on 10. March 1957 under the defence cuts of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022426-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1843 saw the reelection of John Morin Scott to a third consecutive term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022426-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022427-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Salisbury by-election\nThere were two by-elections for the constituency of Salisbury in 1843:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022428-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1843 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 7, 1843, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022428-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nSilas Wright, Jr., had been elected in 1833 to this seat after the resignation of William L. Marcy, and had been re-elected in 1837. Wright's term would expire on March 3, 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022428-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1842, Democrat William C. Bouck was elected Governor, 92 Democrats and 36 Whigs were elected to the Assembly, and 8 Democrats and 1 Whig were elected to the State Senate. The 66th New York State Legislature met from January 3 to April 18, 1843, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022428-0003-0000", "contents": "1843 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe incumbent U.S. Senator Silas Wright, Jr. was re-nominated unanimously by a Democratic caucus on the eve of the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022428-0004-0000", "contents": "1843 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nCongressman Millard Fillmore was the candidate of the Whig Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022428-0005-0000", "contents": "1843 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nSilas Wright, Jr., was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022428-0006-0000", "contents": "1843 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nWright continued in the U.S. Senate, and remained in office until November 1844 when he resigned after his election as Governor of New York. Henry A. Foster was appointed to fill the vacancy temporarily, but the State Legislature elected John A. Dix for the remainder of Wright's term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022429-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1843 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 10, 1843. Future President of the United States James Buchanan was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022429-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 10, 1843, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1843. Incumbent Democrat James Buchanan, who was elected in 1834 and re-elected in 1836, was a successful candidate for re-election to another term. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022430-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 United States Senate special elections in Tennessee\nIn 1841, Spencer Jarnagin was nominated for U.S. Senator by the Whig caucus in the Tennessee General Assembly. However, some of the Democrats in the legislature decided that no senator would be preferable to a Whig. Known as the \"Immortal Thirteen\" by Tennessee Democrats, they refused to allow a quorum on the issue. By the time Jarnagin was eventually elected to the seat and sworn in, over two and half years, almost half of the term, had elapsed. Jarnagin finally assumed office on October 17, 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022431-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 Wanganui earthquake\nThe 1843 Whanganui earthquake occurred on 8 July at 16:45 local time with an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the Mw scale. The maximum perceived intensity was IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale' possibly reaching X (Extreme). The epicentre is estimated to have been within a zone extending 50\u00a0km northeast from Whanganui towards Taihape. GNS Science has this earthquake catalogued and places the epicenter 35\u00a0km east of Taihape, near the border of Hawke's Bay. This was the first earthquake in New Zealand over magnitude 7 for which written records exist, and the first for which deaths were recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022431-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 Wanganui earthquake, Tectonic setting\nNew Zealand lies along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates. In South Island most of the relative displacement between these plates is taken up along a single dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault with a major reverse component, the Alpine Fault. In North Island the displacement is mainly taken up along the Kermadec subduction zone, although the remaining dextral strike-slip component of the relative plate motion is accommodated by the North Island Fault System (NIFS). A group of dextral strike-slip structures, known as the Marlborough Fault System, transfer displacement between the mainly transform and convergent type plate boundaries in a complex zone at the northern end of South Island. The presumed epicenter of the 1843 earthquake is not, however, associated with any known fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022431-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 Wanganui earthquake, Earthquake characteristics\nThe shock was felt over much of North Island and was reported as lasting for three minutes near Mokoia. A magnitude of 7.5 was estimated from the extent of the area that was subject to a shaking level of at least VIII (Severe). At least ten aftershocks were reported on the same day as the mainshock and further shocks were reported until January 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022431-0003-0000", "contents": "1843 Wanganui earthquake, Damage\nDamage in the Whanganui area reached IX-X on the Mercalli intensity scale. Many houses were damaged, and a brick church at Putiki was destroyed. There was extensive lateral spreading of the terrace margin to the Whanganui River, and a section of Shakespeare Cliff fell into the river. Two people were killed when their house was swept away by one of the landslides caused by the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari\nA series of massacres in Hakkari in the years 1843 and 1846 of Assyrians were carried out by the Kurdish emirs of Bohtan and Hakkari, Bedr Khan Bey and Nurullah. The massacres resulted in the killing of more than 10,000 Assyrians and the captivity of thousands of others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, Background, Ottoman affairs\nBy the 19th century, the weakened Ottoman Empire had started losing control over Upper Mesopotamia and Kurdistan. The Empire seemed on the brink of collapse when Muhammad Ali revolted in Egypt and took control of Syria. It was then that Kurdish Emirs found an opportunity to assert their independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, Background, Ottoman affairs\nAmong them was Ibrahim Pasha, a Kurdish Emir whose dominion included a region extending from Diyarbakir to Aleppo, and who fought alongside Muhammad Ali against the Ottomans and their allies from the Arab Shammar tribe in Jazira. Despite the failure of Muhammad Pasha in his Syrian campaign, the events showed the vulnerability of the Ottomans and encouraged Kurdish aghas to try and increase their control in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0003-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, Background, Ottoman affairs\nBritish fears of another French attempt similar to Napoleon's Egyptian campaign contributed to an increase of British influence. As these events unfolded, the British appointed Hormuzd Rassam, an ethnic Assyrian archaeologist from Mosul, and brother-in-law of Britain's ambassador in the city, as a delegate to expand British influence to the areas of the independent Assyrian tribes. British and American Protestant missionaries, such as Justin Perkins and Asahel Grant, started visiting the area in the same period. They generally showed great sympathy to the Assyrian Christians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0004-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, Background, Ottoman affairs\nThe Kurds however were wary of them, and Assyrians hospitality towards the foreigners only increased their suspicion. The \"hostile intention of the Kurds towards the Assyrians \"was well known to British officials\". On 27 January 1842, Canning wrote to the foreign secretary, Lord Aberdeen, informing him that the Nestorians of Kurdistan have been subdued by a \"Kurdish Bey\" acting in concert with the Ottomans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0005-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, Background, Kurdish internal conflicts\nWar broke out in Hakkari in 1839 between Nurullah, brother of the former Emir, who governed from Bash Qal'a, and Suleyman his nephew whose capital was in Gullamerk. The Assyrians were also split in their allegiances, according to their distribution. Most of them, including the Patriarch of the Church of the East Shimun XVII Abraham, supported Suleyman as the rightful successor to his father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0006-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, Background, Kurdish internal conflicts\nThe conflict turned into a massacre when Nurullah defeated his opponent and retaliated by attacking Assyrian villages and the Patriarchate of Qodshanis in 1841. This led to a permanent rift in relations between the Kurds and Christians in general. However, not all Assyrian allied themselves with the Patriarch, some took advantage of his weakness to join Nurullah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0007-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, Background, Kurdish internal conflicts\nThe region descended into another war after a disagreement between Ottoman Vali of Mosul, Mohammed Pasha, and the Kurdish Agha Ismael Pasha of Amadiya. The latter resorted to Nurullah of Hakkari and Badr Khan, the ambitious emir of Buhtan. The three formed an alliance and called Assyrians to join them. The Patriarch however refused to do so after receiving promises from Mosul to protect them in case of the Kurds decided to retaliate again. War between the Kurds and Ottomans broke out in summer 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0007-0001", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, Background, Kurdish internal conflicts\nThe next months were particularly calm in Hakkari with the Kurds busy with the war in Mosul, and missionary Asahel Grant commenced building a large religious school in the Christian town of Ashitha and provided it with Syriac books and scriptures from Mosul in September 1842. The Kurdish campaign ended the same month with failure, and Assyrians were blamed for refusing to intervene in the war. Rumours spread that Grant built a castle to be used against the Kurds, and Nurullah protested to the vali of Erzurum. In addition, Ibrahim Pasha of Mosul was also alarmed by the rumours and the increased missionary activities in the region. He described in a letter to the Porte how Grant and the Christians built a huge building containing 200 rooms at least.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0008-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, 1843 massacre\nIn early 1843 Nurullah sent for a meeting with the Patriarch and the latter apologized using the weather, his religious duties, and the presence of a guest, the British missionary George Badger, as a pretence. It seemed that the Patriarch made his decision after being convinced by Badger to distrust the Kurds and to request assistance from the English or the Porte if the Kurds were to attack. Once Badger left, Nurullah renewed his alliance with the Badr Khan and Ismail Pasha, and requested permission from the Ottoman Vali of Mosul to subjugate the Christians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0009-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, 1843 massacre\nIn July 1843 the Kurdish alliance, led by Badr Khan attacked the Assyrians in Hakkari, destroyed their villages and killed many of them. Hormuzd Rassam tried using his influence with the Vali of Baghdad Najib Pasha to pressure Badr Khan for the release of prisoners which included close relatives of the Patriarch of the Church of the East who had in the meantime taken refuge in Mosul. His attempts only led to the release of about 150, one of whom was the sister of the Patriarch, while the rest were distributed as war booty between Kurdish and Turkish Agha's and Mullahs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0010-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, 1843 massacre\nOn 3 August, the Kurdish forces had succeeded in \"subduing the tribes and it was reported that 'still the slaughter is not yet ended, and several who have attempted to flee have been murdered...'\". Then the invaders had turned \"against the district of Tiyari, where they had succeeded in occupying the villages and indulged in the cruelest acts against its people\". Even \"those who had not opposed the Kurdish invasion had been treated in the same way as the fighters.\" The patriarch's mother's body was chopped into four pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0010-0001", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, 1843 massacre\nMany women and young children \"were taken captive to be sold as slaves.\" On 21 August 1843, the British consul Abbott reported on \"the role of the Persian Kurds\" in the massacres of Assyrian and Nestorian tribes. The \"prime agitator for the attack from the Persian frontier was the 'Shaik'\" of the Kurds of Bradost\". The Kurdish tribes were \"marching in large numbers directly to the Assyrian provinces.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0011-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, 1843 massacre\nIt was reported that the \"killing and destruction continued apace. Corpses lay everywhere. The surviving men and women were forced to carry unbearable loads of booty for very long distances, while being lashed all along the way until they fell from torture and exhaustion\". Ross wrote, '[ T]hey were tortured in an awful manner to force them to expose what they call hidden treasures, while others were killing them just for entertainment and as sport and games'. The tribes \"were all but encircled and left with no safe route to escape\" the slaughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0011-0001", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, 1843 massacre\nThose that tried to flee had to take a route that  passed through the hostile Kurds of Berwar. One group after another was caught and slaughtered \"while trying to escape\". It is estimated by contemporary sources that the victims of the assault of 1843 numbered ten thousand, but according to Adoona, that figure \"cannot represent the total victims of the attack\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0012-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, 1846 massacre\nAnother massacre was inflicted by Badr Khan in 1846. This massacre received international attention through western press; it also woke European politicians and public opinion to the plight of Ottoman Christians. This led the European countries to pressure the Porte to intervene and stop the massacres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0013-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, Aftermath\nMore than 10,000 Assyrians perished during the massacres. The Kurdish massacres were a precursor to the later Ottoman incursions which ended both the semi-independent status which the Assyrian tribes enjoyed in the mountainous areas, and that which the Kurds had as well. The Ottomans saw the communal conflict as an opportunity to overthrow the last semi-independent Kurdish Emirates in 1847, establishing direct control of the entire region. An Ottoman army was sent to the region in 1847, and clashed with the Kurds in several battles that ended with the arrest of both Badr Khan and Nurullah, and their exile in 1850. Following the Ottoman Hakkari province was established and governed from Ba\u015fkale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022432-0014-0000", "contents": "1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari, Aftermath\nDue to the massacres of 1843-1846 committed by the troops of the Kurdish leader Bedr Khan Beg against the independent Assyrian tribes,  \"the long-Iasting existence of the Assyrian people as an independent body\" was ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022433-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1843 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022437-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1843 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022445-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1843 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022445-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1843 is 75,400 M\u0101ori and 11,848 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022450-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1843 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022452-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1843 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022453-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 in architecture\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Cote d'Azur (talk | contribs) at 15:34, 2 December 2019 (ce). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022455-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022456-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022457-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022457-0001-0000", "contents": "1843 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022457-0002-0000", "contents": "1843 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022458-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022459-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 in science\nThe year 1843 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022460-0000-0000", "contents": "1843 in sports\n1843 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022463-0000-0000", "contents": "1844\n1844 (MDCCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1844th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 844th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 44th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1844, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022464-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Chicago mayoral elections\nThe 1844 Chicago mayoral elections is the first of only two instances in which a Chicago mayoral election was declared invalid (the other being the disputed April 1876 mayoral election).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022464-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Chicago mayoral elections\nAs a result of the Common Council declaring the result of the city's March 1844 mayoral election null and void, a second election was held in April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022464-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 Chicago mayoral elections\nWhile the result of the March election had been a victory for incumbent mayor Augustus Garrett, Garrett was defeated in the April election by Alson Sherman, who had not been a candidate in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022464-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 Chicago mayoral elections, March election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of March 1844, Democrat Augustus Garrett was reelected, defeating Whig nominee George Dole by a margin of only seven votes out of 1,796 votes cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022464-0004-0000", "contents": "1844 Chicago mayoral elections, March election, Campaign\nIn February incumbent mayor Augustus Garrett was unanimously nominated by the Democratic Party to run for reelection. George Dole was the Whig Party nominee. Also running was abolitionist Henry Smith, making this the third consecutive Chicago mayoral election he competed in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022464-0005-0000", "contents": "1844 Chicago mayoral elections, March election, Results\nHad the results of this election not been overturned, Garrett would have become the first individual to be elected to two consecutive terms as mayor of Chicago. This accolade instead went to James H. Woodworth in 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022464-0006-0000", "contents": "1844 Chicago mayoral elections, Voiding of the March election\nThe Common Council investigated allegations that the Democrats had conducted electoral fraud in the mayoral election. Whigs alleged that the Democrats had bought votes, violated the secrecy of ballots in two wards (the 3rd and 5th), and altering the clocks at election places. The Common Council assembled an investigating committee which heard more than two weeks of testimony from more than thirty witnesses. While the committee ignored many allegations, the Common Council, nevertheless, ordered for a new election to be conducted on the grounds that clerks in wards had been unqualified to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022464-0007-0000", "contents": "1844 Chicago mayoral elections, April election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of April 1844, Independent Democrat Alson Sherman defeated Democratic incumbent Augustus Garrett and Liberty Party nominee Henry Smith by a 9 point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022465-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Christchurch by-election\nThe Christchurch by-election, 1844 was a parliamentary by-election for the House of Commons constituency of Christchurch, Hampshire held on 28 March 1844. It was won by Conservative Edward Harris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022466-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1844 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 3, 1844. Former state legislator, Amistad lawyer and Whig nominee Roger Sherman Baldwin was elected, defeating incumbent governor and Democratic nominee Chauncey Fitch Cleveland with 49.41% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022466-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nAlthough Baldwin won a plurality of the vote, he fell short of a majority. The state constitution at the time required that in such a case, the Connecticut General Assembly decides the election. The state legislature voted for Baldwin, 116 to 93, and Baldwin became the governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022467-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Costa Rican Head of State election\nThe election of the Head of State of Costa Rica in 1844 was the first Costa Rican election in which the system of direct suffrage was used to elect the Supreme Head of State, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of April 9, 1844. A method that was abolished by the next election returning to indirect suffrage until 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022467-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Costa Rican Head of State election\nThe candidacy of Oreamuno triumphed unanimously at the polling stations of Bagaces, Boruca, West Cartago, South Cartago, Cot, Guanacaste, La Union, Oros\u00ed, Paraiso, Quircot, San Pablo de Heredia, Santa Cruz, T\u00e9rraba, Tobosi and Tucurrique, and won comfortable victories in Cartago center, Curridabat, Desamparados, Heredia center, San Jos\u00e9 north and San Jos\u00e9 south. Alfaro won at the polls of West Alajuela, East Alajuela, Atenas, Barva, Ca\u00f1as, Esparza and Puntarenas, Nicoya and San Juan del Murci\u00e9lago. Mora triumphed in Escaz\u00fa and Pacaca, and Blanco in Aserr\u00ed. None of the other candidates managed to win polls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022467-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 Costa Rican Head of State election\nOn November 15, 1844, the legislative chambers declared Francisco Mar\u00eda Oreamuno Bonilla elected as Head of State for the period 1844-1848. Oreamuno took possession on November 29, 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022468-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1844 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1844. Whig Governor William B. Cooper was unable to seek re-election to a second term. Thomas Stockton, the former New Castle County Register in Chancery Thomas Stockton ran as the Whig nominee to succeed Cooper. He faced former State Senator William Tharp, the Democratic nominee. Despite the state's strong financial condition, Whigs came close to losing their grip on power; Stockton only defeated Tharp by 45 votes, or 0.37%. However, Stockton died a year into his term, on March 2, 1846, elevating the Speaker of the State Senate, Joseph Maull, to the governorship, and triggering a special election in 1846. Maull, too, died, serving just two months before passing away, elevating State House Speaker William Temple to the governorship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022468-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention\nThe 1844 Democratic National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held in Baltimore, Maryland from May 27 through 30. The convention nominated former Governor James K. Polk of Tennessee for president and former Senator George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention\nThough his opposition to the annexation of Texas cost him support with expansionists and Southerners, former President Martin Van Buren entered the convention with the backing of a majority of the delegates. Before presidential balloting commenced, the convention voted to reinstate a rule requiring the presidential nominee to win two-thirds of the vote. On the first presidential ballot, Van Buren won a simple majority of the vote, but fell short of a two-thirds majority. As the balloting continued, Van Buren continually lost support to former Governor Lewis Cass of Michigan, former Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky, and Senator James Buchanan of Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention\nThough he had entered the convention only hoping to be nominated for vice president, Polk had the strong support of former President Andrew Jackson and was acceptable to the different factions of the party. He won the nomination on the ninth presidential ballot, thus becoming the first dark horse candidate to win a major party's presidential nomination. After Senator Silas Wright of New York declined the vice presidential nomination, the convention selected Dallas as Polk's running mate. The Democratic ticket went on to win the 1844 presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nAt the outset of the convention, the leading contender was former President Martin Van Buren of New York, who had been defeated in the 1840 election. His principal opponent was Lewis Cass of Michigan, who had served as United States Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson. The annexation of Texas was a major issue. Van Buren publicly opposed immediate annexation because it might lead to a sectional crisis over the status of slavery in the West. This position cost Van Buren the support of Southern and expansionist Democrats, but he believed that backing annexation would cost him the support of his fellow New Yorkers and other Northeasterners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0004-0000", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nVan Buren's supporters arrived at the convention with a majority of the delegates pledged to support him on the first ballot. Cass, meanwhile, had support from a handful of Southern states, but far fewer delegates pledged to him. At the previous convention, in 1840, a majority of votes had been sufficient to secure the nomination, but this had been a departure from the traditional practice of requiring a two-thirds vote to win the nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0005-0000", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nEarly in the proceedings, Senator Robert J. Walker of Mississippi, in cooperation with Senator James Buchanan of Pennsylvania (who would later become president himself), called for the reinstatement of the traditional 1832 and 1835 convention rule requiring the nominee to win two-thirds of the votes. Following a historical pattern in which a minority faction of Northern Democrats delivered votes to produce southern wing victories for pro-slavery legislation, the Van Burenite delegates split over the pivotal vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0005-0001", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nFully one-third of the pro-Van Buren delegates (52 of 154) voted to reinstate the two-thirds rule, along with 90 of 104 anti-Van Buren delegates, producing a final vote of 148 to 116. The rule would remain in place until the 1936 Democratic National Convention, when it was revoked by supporters of Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0006-0000", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nVan Buren supporters persisted in spite of the two-thirds rule setback, garnering 146 votes for their candidate on the first ballot, a 55% simple majority, but short of the now required 177 votes. Middle and Deep South pro-annexationists opposed Van Buren 75 to 3, depriving northern anti-annexationists the 31 votes needed for victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0007-0000", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nSupport for Van Buren dwindled in subsequent ballots from 146 to 99, at which point Van Burenites were reduced to blocking nominations of numerous candidates, among them James Buchanan, Lewis Cass of Michigan, John C. Calhoun, and Levi Woodbury of New Hampshire. Incumbent President John Tyler, a former Democrat who was elected to the Vice Presidency on the 1840 Whig Party ticket, also hoped to win the support of delegates, but he was unable to find any backers. Southern intransigence had succeeded in eliminating Van Buren and his stand on Texas annexation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0007-0001", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nIf the Democratic Party was to avoid dissolution at a national level, an acceptable nominee, fully committed to immediate annexation would be required, yet capable of unifying the party in the general election. Van Buren was open to deferring to Senator Silas Wright of New York, but Wright was a major supporter of Van Buren for president and had already declined to be considered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0008-0000", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nOn the eighth ballot, the historian George Bancroft, a delegate from Massachusetts, proposed former Speaker of the House of Representatives James K. Polk as a compromise candidate. Polk, who had also served as Governor of Tennessee, had entered the convention in hopes of becoming the vice presidential nominee. However, former President Andrew Jackson, who remained popular in the party, believed Polk was just the man to head the Democratic ticket. Although a slaveholder himself, Polk never enunciated a slavery expansionist position with respect to Texas annexation, as had John C. Calhoun and the southern extremists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0008-0001", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nDespite Polk's fervent advocacy for annexation, he had remained loyal to Van Buren throughout the Texas controversy, and anti-annexationist Van Burenites were willing to accept Polk, with reservations, having already recognized him as a suitable vice-presidential choice to have complimented a Van Buren ticket. Southern Democrats benefited from the Tyler-Calhoun machinations in eliminating Martin Van Buren as a presidential candidate, and clearing the way for the pro-annexation nationalist Polk. On the ninth ballot, Van Buren instructed his delegates to support Polk, beginning a stampede to Polk that ended with him winning the nomination unanimously. Consequently, Polk became the first dark horse, or little-known, presidential nominee. Van Buren complied with his party's decision to unite under a pro-annexation candidate, and worked to win New York state for Polk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 961]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0009-0000", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nDespite Whig efforts to cast Polk as an unknown \u2013 \"Who is James K. Polk?\" they asked rhetorically \u2013 he was respected as an effective political operator. His sobriquet \"The Young Hickory\" contained a dual reference, one to his mentor Andrew \"Old Hickory\" Jackson, and one to the term Young America, a reference to an international movements struggling to establish republican forms of government and the overthrow of monarchies and ascribed to Manifest Destiny Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0009-0001", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nAs a national imperialist, he exhibited an unwavering support for Manifest Destiny, perceived as a non-sectional devotion to expansionism, whether slave-soil Texas or free-soil Oregon Territory. Polk argued that Texas and Oregon had always belonged to the United States by right. He called for \"the immediate reannexation of Texas\" and for the \"reoccupation\" of the disputed Oregon territory. Polk's political reputation was expected to diffuse northern Democratic resentment towards the Slavepower, while delivering Texas to the Deep South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0010-0000", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined\nPolk and Richard Mentor Johnson had both campaigned for the vice presidency prior to the convention, but with Polk's nomination for president, the party looked to the northern states for a running mate. The anti-annexationist Silas Wright, US Senator from New York, was nominated unanimously on the first ballot. When informed by telegraph at the US Capitol, Wright declined, partly out of a refusal to support a ticket backing the annexation of Texas, and partly because he didn't want to be accused of intriguing against Van Buren to benefit himself. After Wright refused to reconsider, John Fairfield attracted significant support during the second ballot, but on the third ballot the convention settled on George M. Dallas, a conservative from Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022469-0011-0000", "contents": "1844 Democratic National Convention, In popular culture\nThe basic events of the convention are outlined in the song \"James K. Polk\" by the rock band They Might Be Giants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Grand National\nThe 1844 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the ninth annual running of a handicap steeplechase, later to be regarded as the sixth official running of the Grand National Steeplechase, a horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday 28 February 1844 and attracted a field of 16 runners from a field of 41 entrants. It was won by the 5/1 co favourite, Discount, ridden by John Crickmere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Grand National, The Course\nThe only change to the course recorded by the reporter of the Liverpool saturn was that fence thirteen, the stone wall, in front of the stands, was removed and replaced with an artificial hurdle. Another hurdle was added on the course between the training ground and the distance chair. The other fifteen fences were described as being unchanged from the description provided by the same newspaper the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 Grand National, The Course\nStart - Just beyond the Melling Road. Fence 1 [17] on the second circuit] Plain good fence. Fence 2 [18] Plain good fence. Fence 3 [19] Plain good fence. Fence 4 [20] Plain good fence. Fence 5 [21] The Upper Brook, where Captain Beecher fell in 1839. Fence 6 [22] A fence inclined to the left that takes the runners towards the Canal side. Fence 7 [23] A fence inclined to the left that takes the runners towards the Canal side. Fence 8 [24] A fence inclined to the left that takes the runners towards the Canal side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0002-0001", "contents": "1844 Grand National, The Course\nFence 9 [25] A large water jump. Fence 10 [26] Out of the second field along the Canal. Fence 11 [27] Out of the third field along the Canal. Fence 12 [28] A fence into the Anchor Bridge Road. Fence 13 An artificial hurdle leaving the training ground on the racecourse proper [this was a newly added obstacle]Fence 14 An artificial hurdle at the distance chair in front of the stands [replaced the stone wall]. Fence 15 An artificial brook thirteen feet span with a rail. Fence 16 A bank into the Melling Road. Fence 29 An artificial hurdle adjacent to the distance chair on the run in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 Grand National, The Course\nOn jumping fence twelve the runners would continue onto the widest part of the course, known as the training ground, making the straight along the stands as long as possible a run before starting the second circuit. After jumping fence twenty-eight the runners would turn towards the racecourse at an earlier point, this time jumping the hurdle on the other side of the distance judge's chair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0004-0000", "contents": "1844 Grand National, Details\nThe only detailed record of the day and the race was taken by the journalist of the Liverpool Mercury, which was syndicated and published by most other papers that reported the events of the race. Heavy rain had fallen regularly in the days leading up to the race, resulting in a smaller attendance than had recently been seen. A further heavy shower, which started shortly before the race, continued throughout the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0005-0000", "contents": "1844 Grand National, Details\nOf the sixteen riders who weighed out for the race, five were making their debut, all on largely unconsidered outsiders. Allen McDonough was the most experienced rider in the weighing room, taking what was regarded at the time as his seventh ride in the race, however two of these renewals are now regarded as unofficial precursors to the Grand National. This revision of the history means he is now regarded as having been jointly the most experienced with Bartholomew Bretherton, Horatio Powell, P Barker and Tom Olliver who were all matching Jem Mason's record of five official rides in the National.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0006-0000", "contents": "1844 Grand National, Details\nThe runners set off at a moderate pace, led by The Returned towards the first fence where Tom Tug and Robinson both refused. The former very quickly took the fence at the second attempt but Parker was unable to induce his mount and after several attempts, gave up and returned to the stables. On the very heavy going the pace was so slow on the plough that Tom Tug was soon able to make up the ground and led the field over the great water jump by the Canal. Peter Simple was among the leading half dozen when he fell at the Anchor Bridge but was remounted very quickly before many of the horses struggling at the rear has reached the fence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0007-0000", "contents": "1844 Grand National, Details\nTom Tug retained a good lead on jumping the artificial brook and was followed by The Returned, Discount, Peter Simple, The Romp and Charity who fell. Powell was able to quickly remount and continue with only the tailed off Little Peter behind him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0008-0000", "contents": "1844 Grand National, Details\nRackley upped the tempo on Tom Tug and increased his lead throughout the second circuit, coming back over the Anchor Bridge many lengths ahead of Marengo, Discount and The Returned, who themselves were clear of the remainder, most of whom now appeared to be quite distressed. Tom Tug too appeared to be rapidly tiring and his lead was quickly cut down by the chasing trio of whom Marengo appeared to be travelling the strongest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0008-0001", "contents": "1844 Grand National, Details\nIt was Discount however who found the extra pace to kick on, passing Tom Tug well before reaching the distance chair and going on to win easily by twenty lengths. The Returned pipped a very distressed Tom Tug for second place while Marengo pulled up to a walk on the run in and was passed by Caesar, The Romp and Lather. Little Peter and Louis Philippe may also have completed the course  though a great number of the runners gave up the chase after Anchor Bridge and walked in, bypassing the final hurdle. The timekeeper lodged the official time as 13\u00a0minutes 58\u00a0seconds, which was 1\u00a0minute and 28\u00a0seconds slower than the record for the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0009-0000", "contents": "1844 Grand National, Details\nAlthough all the horses and riders returned uninjured, the very heavy going left many quite distressed at the finish and it was difficult to distinguish the colours of the riders as they were so heavily covered in mud. Rackley, the rider of Tom Tug was found to be so exhausted that he was unable to dismount unaided. Despite this, four of the competitors raced again in the next two races on the same card. Wiverton won a match race after the National while Heslington, Robinson and Peter Simple took part in the Champion Hurdle", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0010-0000", "contents": "1844 Grand National, Details\nThe winning rider, John Crickmere was riding in his second National having finished third the previous year. he was twenty-two years old and would go on to have one further ride in the race before dying of consumption in 1846. The previous year he had been very unlucky to lose the race and commented on this to the winning rider, Tom Olliver who had responded by saying that he had stopped for a smoke to allow Crickmere's mount to catch up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022470-0010-0001", "contents": "1844 Grand National, Details\nThis year Olliver failed to complete the course, prompting Crickmere to ask him where Olliver had stopped for a smoke this year to which Olliver replied with a smile that this year he had instead stopped for a drink in Kirby. On the official Aintree records published each year in the race card he is listed as either Mr Crickmere or H Crickmere. The owner was a Piccadilly horse dealer by the name of Mr Quartermaine. The winning horse was by Sir Hercules out of Minikin and was originally named Magnum Bonum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022471-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Greek legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Greece between June and August 1844. Supporters of Andreas Metaxas emerged as the largest block in Parliament. However, Ioannis Kolettis became Prime Minister on 18 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022471-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Greek legislative election, Background\nDuring and after the Greek War of Independence (1821\u201329), a series of elections for national assemblies had taken place, and promulgated a series of liberal constitutions that enshrined democratic principles. Nevertheless, the Kingdom of Greece, established in 1832 under the Bavarian prince Otto, disregarded the existence of the 1832 Constitution passed by the Fifth National Assembly. From 1832 until 1835, the kingdom was ruled by a Bavarian regency, and after that by Otto as an absolute monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022471-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 Greek legislative election, Background\nThis situation lasted until the 3 September 1843 Revolution, when an uprising by the garrison and populace of Athens forced King Otto to concede elections for a constitutional assembly. The election was held on 17 September for the \"Third of September National Assembly of the Greeks at Athens\", and the new assembly promulgated the Greek Constitution of 1844 in February, after which it was dissolved and new elections proclaimed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022471-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 Greek legislative election, Electoral system\nThe 1844 election was held by the Electoral Law of 18 March 1844, stipulating universal male suffrage over 25 years of age. Each of the Provinces of Greece was a separate constituency, and MPs were allocated by population: provinces with up to 10,000 inhabitants elected one MP, with up to 20,000 two, with up to 30,000 three, and over that four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022471-0003-0001", "contents": "1844 Greek legislative election, Electoral system\nIn addition, the three islands that played a major role in the War of Independence, Hydra, Spetses and Psara\u2014the latter still part of the Ottoman Empire and represented by the inhabitants who had fled to mainland Greece after the Destruction of Psara\u2014exceptionally received the right to send MPs of their own, three for Hydra, and two for the other two islands. The professors of the University of Athens also elected one MP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022471-0004-0000", "contents": "1844 Greek legislative election, Electoral system\nThe electoral process lasted for six months, with various constituencies voting at different times from May (Old Calendar) until August. The whole process was dominated by bribery, violence and efforts to falsify the results. Ioannis Kolettis and his French Party came third, but formed the new government in coalition with the Russian Party. The new parliament convened for the first time in January 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022472-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Icelandic parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Iceland in 1844. They were the first elections in the country's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022472-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Icelandic parliamentary election, Electoral system\nThe Althing was composed of 26 members, twenty of which were elected and six of which were appointed by the monarch. The twenty members were elected in single-member constituencies by plurality voting. Each voter had two votes, with the runner-up becoming the MP's deputy. Voting was restricted to male property owners over the age of 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022473-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Iowa Council election\nIn the 1844 Iowa Territory Council elections, electors selected councilors to serve in the seventh Iowa Territory Council. All 13 members of the Territory Council were elected. Councilors served one-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022473-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Iowa Council election\nThe Iowa Territory existed from July 4, 1838, until December 28, 1846, when Iowa was admitted to the Union as a state. At the time, the Iowa Territory had a Legislative Assembly consisting of an upper chamber (i.e., the Territory Council) and a lower chamber (i.e., the Territory House).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022473-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 Iowa Council election\nFollowing the previous election in 1843, Democrats held a majority with seven seats to Whigs' six seats. During the sixth session of the Territory Council, Councilor Cox died, causing a vacancy in a Democratic Party seat. Therefore, on election day in 1844, the Democrats and Whigs both had six seats each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022473-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 Iowa Council election\nTo claim a majority of seats, the Whigs needed to net one seat from Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022473-0004-0000", "contents": "1844 Iowa Council election\nDemocrats maintained a majority of seats in the Iowa Territory Council following the 1844 general election with the balance of power shifting to Democrats holding 11 seats and Whigs having two seats (a net gain of 5 seat for Democrats, including regaining the vacant seat). Democratic Councilor Serranus Clinton Hastings was chosen as the President of the seventh Territory Council to succeed the deceased Democratic Councilor Thomas Cox in that leadership position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022474-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1844. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022474-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Liverpool Town Council election\nAfter the election of Councillors on Friday 1 November 1844 and the Aldermanic election on Saturday 9 November 1844, the composition of the council was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022474-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nOn 9 November 1844, the term of office of eight aldermen who were elected on 9 November 1838 expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022474-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nThe following were elected as Aldermen by the Council on 9 November 1844 for a term of office of six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022475-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1844 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022475-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Whig Governor George N. Briggs was re-elected to a second term in office over Democrat George Bancroft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022476-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 65th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1844 during the governorship of George N. Briggs. Josiah Quincy Jr. served as president of the Senate. Thomas H. Kinnicutt and Samuel H. Walley, Jr. served as speakers of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022477-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 1844 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 5, 1844, Missouri Secretary of State John Cummins Edwards, the Democratic nominee, defeated Whig candidate Charles H. Allen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022478-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Naval Air Squadron\n1844 Naval Air Squadron (1844 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022479-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 New Jersey Constitution\nThe 1844 New Jersey Constitution is the second state constitution for the State of New Jersey and was replaced by the current state constitution adopted in 1947. It was preceded by the 1776 New Jersey Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022480-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 New Jersey gubernatorial election\nThe 1844 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on October 8, 1844. Whig nominee Charles C. Stratton defeated Democratic nominee John Renshaw Thomson with 50.94% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022480-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 New Jersey gubernatorial election\nThis was the first election held under the New Jersey Constitution of 1844, which was adopted on June 29 and reformed the state government, notably establishing an independent executive branch. Before 1844, New Jersey Governors were elected by a majority of the General Assembly and held office as a member of that body. Although the new constitution formally lifted the constitutional property requirement for suffrage, it added race and sex requirements; only white males over the age of 21 were eligible to vote in this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022481-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 New York state election\nThe 1844 New York state elections was held on November 5, 1844, to elect the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor and four Canal Commissioners, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and eight members of the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022481-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 New York state election, History\nThe Act of May 6, 1844, which re-organized the Canal Department, required the Canal Commissioners to be elected by general ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022481-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 New York state election, Results\n67 Democrats, 45 Whigs and 16 American Republicans were elected to the Assembly session of 1845. 6 Democrats, 1 Whig and 1 American Republican were elected to the Senate. Thus the Senate of the 68th New York State Legislature consisted of 27 Democrats, 4 Whigs and 1 American Republican.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022482-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1844. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 100 to 102. Voter turnout was 49.4%, although only 5.3% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022483-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1844 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 9, 1844. Incumbent Democratic  governor David R. Porter was not a candidate for re-election. Democratic candidate Francis R. Shunk defeated Whig candidate Joseph Markle to become Governor of Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022484-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1844 saw the election of Peter McCall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022484-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022485-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Republic of Texas presidential election\nThe Republic of Texas presidential election of 1844 was the fourth and last presidential election. It was held on September 2, 1844. The contest was held between Anson Jones and Edward Burleson, the vice president of the Republic of Texas. Jones defeated Burleson by a margin of 1,376 votes to become the fourth and final President of Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022485-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Republic of Texas presidential election\nOn February 26, 1845, five months after the election, the Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States and was admitted as the 28th state on December 29 of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022486-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Salta earthquake\nThe 1844 Salta earthquake took place in the Province of Salta, in the Republic of Argentina, on 18 October at 23:00 UTC. It had an estimated magnitude of 6.5 Ms. The earthquake had an estimated hypocentral depth of 30\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022486-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Salta earthquake, Damage and casualties\nThe Province of Salta is an area of high seismic activity. The last major earthquake to have affected the area prior to the October 1844 event was in 1692. The destructive force of the 1844 Salta earthquake was measured at VII on the Mercalli intensity scale. It impacted several villages in the Province of Salta as well as the capital city. It caused damage and several families were affected but there was no reported loss of life. The earthquake caused damage not only in Salta, but also in Jujuy, Tucum\u00e1n and Santiago del Estero. Several aftershocks were felt after the initial tremor. Cracks opened in the ground creating new channels through which water flowed even up to 26 October. The final aftershock was felt on the 27th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022486-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 Salta earthquake, Aftermath\nOn feeling the tremors the villagers rushed to the main square and then towards the Cathedral where they removed the statues of Christ and the Virgen del Milagro to the plaza. There they prostrated before the images and prayed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022486-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 Salta earthquake, Aftermath\nAlthough the Fiesta del Milagro has its origins in the 1692 Salta earthquake, in which the images of Christ and the Virgen del Milagro were said to have saved the city from the earthquakes, it was not until 1845, a year the following the 1844 earthquake, that ecclesiastical authorities along with the Government of the Province, signed the so-called Pact of Allegiance (Pacta de Fidelidad). In this pact the village agreed to officiate the acts of the Fiesta de Milagro (Feast of the Miracle), with novena and processions every September 15. The primitive \"Fiestas del Milagro\" in Salta were filled with celebration and excess. But it is from 1935, after the severe restrictions imposed by the Archbishop Tavella, that these \"excesses\" were banned and the feast took on the character of penance and atonement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022487-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Susilva\n1844 Susilva, provisional designation 1972 UB, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 October 1972, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland, and later named after a schoolfriend of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022487-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Susilva, Classification and orbit\nSusilva is a member of the Eos family, a collisional group of more than 4,000 asteroids, which are well known for mostly being of silicaceous composition. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,912 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as 1943 EU at Turku Observatory, Susilva's first used observation was taken at Uccle Observatory in 1953, extending the body's observation arc by 19 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022487-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 Susilva, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 19.0 and 26.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.118 to 0.236. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.14, taken from 221\u00a0Eos, the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 22.4 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0. Susilva's rotation period has not yet been measured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022487-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 Susilva, Naming\nThe discoverer named a pair of asteroids after two of his former schoolmates, Susi and Helen, both from the small village of Wald, Z\u00fcrich in Switzerland. This one was dedicated to Susi Petit\u2013Pierre, while the subsequently numbered asteroid, 1845 Helewalda, was given to Helen Gachnang. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (M.P.C. 4156).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022488-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States elections\nThe 1844 United States elections elected the members of the 29th United States Congress, and took place during the Second Party System in the midst of the debate over whether to annex Texas. Texas and Iowa joined the union during the 29th Congress. Democrats retained control of the House and took back control of the Presidency and the Senate, re-establishing the dominant position the party had lost in the 1840 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022488-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States elections\nIn the Presidential election, Democratic former Speaker of the House James K. Polk defeated Whig former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky. Though Polk won the popular vote by a little over one percent, he won by a comfortable margin in the electoral college. James G. Birney of the nascent Liberty Party took two percent of the popular vote, and may have swung the election by taking votes from Clay in New York. The little-known Polk defeated several rivals to win his party's nomination, emerging as the first dark horse nominee in U.S. presidential history. Incumbent President John Tyler, who had been expelled from the Whig party early in his presidency, was briefly the candidate of the newly formed Democratic-Republican Party, but dropped out of the race after Polk announced his support for ratification of Tyler's Texas annexation treaty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022488-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 United States elections\nIn the House, Whigs picked up a small number of seats, but Democrats retained a commanding majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022488-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democrats picked up several seats, re-taking the majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election\nThe 1844 United States presidential election was the 15th quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, November 1 to Wednesday, December 4, 1844. Democrat James K. Polk defeated Whig Henry Clay in a close contest turning on the controversial issues of slavery and the annexation of the Republic of Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election\nPresident John Tyler's pursuit of Texas annexation threatened the unity of both major parties. Annexation would geographically expand American slavery. It also risked war with Mexico while the United States engaged in sensitive possession and boundary negotiations with the United Kingdom, which controlled Canada, over Oregon. Texas annexation thus posed both domestic and foreign policy risks. Both major parties had wings in the North and the South, but the possibility of the expansion of slavery threatened a sectional split in each party. Expelled by the Whig Party after vetoing key Whig legislation and lacking a firm political base, Tyler hoped to use the annexation of Texas to win re-election as an independent or at least to have decisive, pro-Texas influence over the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election\nThe early leader for the Democratic nomination was former President Martin Van Buren, but his rejection of Texas annexation damaged his candidacy. Opposition from former President Andrew Jackson and most Southern delegations, plus a nomination rule change likely specifically aimed to block him, prevented Van Buren from winning the necessary two-thirds vote of delegates to the 1844 Democratic National Convention. The convention instead chose James K. Polk, former Governor of Tennessee and U. S. House Speaker, who emerged as the first dark horse nominee. Polk ran on a platform embracing popular commitment to expansion, often referred to as Manifest Destiny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0002-0001", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election\nTyler dropped out of the race and endorsed Polk. The Whigs nominated Henry Clay, a famous, long-time party leader who was the early favorite but who conspicuously waffled on Texas annexation. Though a Southerner from Kentucky and a slave owner, Clay chose to focus on the risks of annexation while claiming not to oppose it personally. His awkward, repeated attempts to adjust and finesse his position on Texas confused and alienated voters, contrasting negatively with Polk's consistent clarity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election\nPolk successfully linked the dispute with the United Kingdom over Oregon with the Texas issue. The Democratic nominee thus united anti-slavery Northern expansionists, who demanded Oregon, with pro-slavery Southern expansionists who demanded Texas. In the national popular vote, Polk beat Clay by fewer than 40,000 votes, a margin of 1.4%. James G. Birney of the anti-slavery Liberty Party won 2.3% of the vote. As President, Polk completed American annexation of Texas, which was the proximate cause of the Mexican\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0004-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Background, Gag rule and Texas annexation controversies\nWhigs and Democrats embarked upon their campaigns during the climax of the congressional gag rule controversies in 1844, which prompted Southern congressmen to suppress northern petitions to end the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Anti -annexation petitions to Congress sent from northern anti-slavery forces, including state legislatures, were similarly suppressed. Intra-party sectional compromises and maneuvering on slavery politics during these divisive debates placed significant strain on the northern and southern wings that comprised each political organization. The question as to whether the institution of slavery and its aristocratic principles of social authority were compatible with democratic republicanism was becoming \"a permanent issue in national politics\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 97], "content_span": [98, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0005-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Background, Gag rule and Texas annexation controversies\nIn 1836, a portion of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas declared its independence to form the Republic of Texas. Texans, mostly American immigrants from the Deep South, many of whom owned slaves, sought to bring their republic into the Union as a state. At first, the subject of annexing Texas to the United States was shunned by both major American political parties. Although they recognized Texas sovereignty, Presidents Andrew Jackson (1829\u20131837) and Martin Van Buren (1837\u20131841) declined to pursue annexation. The prospect of bringing another slave state into the Union was fraught with problems. Both major parties \u2013 the Democrats and Whigs \u2013 viewed Texas statehood as something \"not worth a foreign war [with Mexico]\" or the \"sectional combat\" that annexation would provoke in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 97], "content_span": [98, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0006-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Background, Tyler\u2013Texas treaty\nThe incumbent President John Tyler, formerly vice-president, had assumed the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison in 1841. Tyler, a Whig in name only, emerged as a states' rights advocate committed to slavery expansion in defiance of his party's principles. After he vetoed the Whig domestic legislative agenda, he was expelled from his own party on September 13, 1841. Politically isolated, but unencumbered by party restraints, Tyler aligned himself with a small faction of Texas annexationists in a bid for election to a full term in 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 72], "content_span": [73, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0007-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Background, Tyler\u2013Texas treaty\nTyler became convinced that Great Britain was encouraging a Texas\u2013Mexico rapprochement that might lead to slave emancipation in the Texas republic. Accordingly, he directed Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur of Virginia to initiate, then relentlessly pursue, secret annexation talks with Texas minister to the United States Isaac Van Zandt, beginning on October 16, 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 72], "content_span": [73, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0008-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Background, Tyler\u2013Texas treaty\nTyler submitted his Texas-US treaty for annexation to the US Senate, delivered April 22, 1844, where a two-thirds majority was required for ratification. The newly appointed Secretary of State John C. Calhoun of South Carolina (assuming his post March 29, 1844) included a document known as the Packenham Letter with the Tyler bill that was calculated to inject a sense of crisis in Southern Democrats of the Deep South. In it, he characterized slavery as a social blessing and the acquisition of Texas as an emergency measure necessary to safeguard the \"peculiar institution\" in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 72], "content_span": [73, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0008-0001", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Background, Tyler\u2013Texas treaty\nIn doing so, Tyler and Calhoun sought to unite the South in a crusade that would present the North with an ultimatum: support Texas annexation or lose the South. Anti -slavery Whigs considered Texas annexation particularly egregious, since Mexico had outlawed slavery in Coahuila y Tejas in 1829, before Texas independence had been declared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 72], "content_span": [73, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0009-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Background, Tyler\u2013Texas treaty\nThe 1844 presidential campaigns evolved within the context of this struggle over Texas annexation, which was tied to the question of slavery expansion and national security. All candidates in the 1844 presidential election had to declare a position on this explosive issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 72], "content_span": [73, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0010-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign\nMartin Van Buren, President of the United States between 1837 and 1841, and chief architect of  Jacksonian democracy, was the presumptive Democratic presidential contender in the spring of 1844. With Secretary of State John C. Calhoun withdrawing his bid for the presidency in January 1844, the campaign was expected to focus on domestic issues. All this changed with the Tyler treaty. Van Buren regarded the Tyler annexation measure as an attempt to sabotage his bid for the White House by exacerbating the already strained North-South Democratic alliance regarding slavery expansion. Calhoun's Packenham Letter would serve to spur Democrats of the South to the task of forcing the Northern wing of the party to submit to Texas annexation, despite the high risk of \"aggressively injecting slavery into their political campaign over Texas.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 95], "content_span": [96, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0011-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign\nThe annexation of Texas was the chief political issue of the day. Van Buren, initially the leading candidate, opposed immediate annexation because it might lead to a sectional crisis over the status of slavery in the West and lead to war with Mexico. This position cost Van Buren the support of southern and expansionist Democrats; as a result, he failed to win the nomination. The delegates likewise could not settle on Lewis Cass, the former Secretary of War, whose credentials also included past service as a U.S. minister to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 95], "content_span": [96, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0012-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign\nOn the eighth ballot, the historian George Bancroft, a delegate from Massachusetts, proposed former House Speaker James K. Polk as a compromise candidate. Polk argued that Texas and Oregon had always belonged to the United States by right. He called for \"the immediate re-annexation of Texas\" and for the \"re-occupation\" of the disputed Oregon territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 95], "content_span": [96, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0013-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign\nOn the next roll call, the convention unanimously accepted Polk, who became the first dark horse, or little-known, presidential candidate. The delegates selected Senator Silas Wright of New York for Vice President, but Wright, an admirer of Van Buren, declined the nomination to become the first person to decline a vice presidential nomination. The Democrats then nominated George M. Dallas, a Pennsylvania lawyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 95], "content_span": [96, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0014-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign, Martin Van Buren's Hammet letter\nVan Buren realized that accommodating slavery expansionists in the South would open the Northern Democrats to charges of appeasement to the Slave power from the strongly anti-annexation Northern Whigs and some Democrats. He crafted an emphatically anti-Texas position that temporized with expansionist southern Democrats, laying out a highly conditional scenario that delayed Texas annexation indefinitely. In the Hammett Letter, published April 27, 1844 (penned April 20), he counseled his party to reject Texas under a Tyler administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 129], "content_span": [130, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0014-0001", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign, Martin Van Buren's Hammet letter\nFurthermore, annexation of Texas as a territory would proceed, tentatively, under a Van Buren administration, only when the American public had been consulted on the matter and Mexico's cooperation had been pursued to avoid an unnecessary war. A military option might be advanced if a groundswell of popular support arose for Texas, certified with a congressional mandate. In these respects, Martin Van Buren differed from Henry Clay, who would never tolerate annexation without Mexico's assent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 129], "content_span": [130, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0015-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign, Martin Van Buren's Hammet letter\nWith the publication of Clay's Raleigh Letter and Van Buren's Hammett Letter, Van Burenite Democrats hoped that their candidate's posture on Texas would leave southern pro-annexationists with exactly one choice for president: Martin Van Buren. In this, they misjudged the political situation. Tyler and the southern pro-annexationists posed a potentially far greater threat than Clay, in that the Tyler-Calhoun treaty would put immense pressure on the northern Democrats to comply with southern Democrats' demands for Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 129], "content_span": [130, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0016-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign, Martin Van Buren's Hammet letter\nThe Hammett Letter utterly failed to reassure Middle and Deep South extremists who had responded favorably to Calhoun's Pakenham Letter. A minority of the southern Democrat leadership remained obdurate that Northern Democratic legislators would ignore their constituents' opposition to slavery expansion and unite in support of Texas annexation once exposed to sufficient southern pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 129], "content_span": [130, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0017-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign, Martin Van Buren's Hammet letter\nThe extent to which Southern Democrat support for Martin Van Buren had eroded over the Texas annexation crisis became evident when Van Buren's southern counterpart in the rise of the Democratic Party, Thomas Ritchie of the Richmond Enquirer, terminated their 20-year political alliance in favor of immediate annexation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 129], "content_span": [130, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0018-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign, Andrew Jackson\nCalhoun gained significant credibility when his former nemesis, ex-President Andrew Jackson, publicly announced his support for immediate Texas annexation in May 1844. Jackson had facilitated Tyler's Texas negotiations in February 1844 by reassuring President of the Texas Republic Sam Houston that the US Senate ratification of the Tyler treaty was likely. As the Senate debated the Tyler treaty, Jackson declared that the popular support among Texans for annexation should be respected, and any delay would result in a British dominated Texas Republic that would promote slave emancipation and pose a foreign military threat to the southwest United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 111], "content_span": [112, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0019-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign, Andrew Jackson\nThe former military hero went further, urging all Jacksonian Democrats to block Martin Van Buren from the party ticket and seek a Democratic presidential candidate fully committed to the immediate annexation of Texas. In doing so, Jackson abandoned the traditional Jeffersonian-Jacksonian formula that had required its Northern and Southern wings to compromise on constitutional slavery disputes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 111], "content_span": [112, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0020-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign, Andrew Jackson\nTexas was fracturing Van Buren's support among Democrats and would \"derail\" his bid for President of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 111], "content_span": [112, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0021-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign, Democratic Party campaign tactics\nHistorian Sean Wilentz describes some of the Democrat campaign tactics:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 130], "content_span": [131, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0022-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign, Democratic Party campaign tactics\nIn the South, Democrats played racist politics and smeared Clay as a dark skin-loving abolitionist, while in the North, they defamed him as a debauched, dueling, gambling, womanizing, irreligious hypocrite whose reversal on the bank issue proved he had no principles. They also pitched their nominees to particular local followings, having Polk hint preposterously, in a letter to a Philadelphian, that he favored \"reasonable\" tariff protection for domestic manufactures, while they attacked the pious humanitarian Frelinghuysen as an anti-Catholic bigot and crypto-nativist enemy of the separation of church and state. To ensure the success of their southern strategy, the Democrats also muffled John Tyler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 130], "content_span": [131, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0023-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party convention and campaign, Democratic Party campaign tactics\nBeyond his actual platform, Polk pledged to serve only one term as president. He would keep this promise, and would die less than three months after leaving office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 130], "content_span": [131, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0024-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Senate vote on the Tyler-Texas treaty\nThe Tyler-Texas annexation treaty, submitted to the Senate in April 1844, was defeated in the Whig controlled Senate, largely along partisan lines, 16 to 35 \u2013 a two-thirds majority against passage \u2013 on June 8, 1844. Whigs voted 27\u20131 against the treaty: all northern Whig Senators voted nay, and fourteen of fifteen southern Whig Senators had joined them. Democrats voted for the treaty 15\u20138, with a slight majority of Northern Democrats opposing. Southern Democrats affirmed the treaty 10\u20131, with only one slave state Senator, Thomas Hart Benton, voting against.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 92], "content_span": [93, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0025-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Senate vote on the Tyler-Texas treaty\nThree days later, Tyler and his supporters in Congress began exploring means to bypass the supermajority requirement for Senate treaty approval. Substituting the constitutional protocols for admitting regions of the United States into the Union as states, Tyler proposed that alternative, yet constitutional, means be used to bring the Republic of Texas \u2013 a foreign country \u2013 into the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 92], "content_span": [93, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0026-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Senate vote on the Tyler-Texas treaty\nTyler and Calhoun, formerly staunch supporters of minority safeguards based on the supermajority requirements for national legislation, now altered their position to facilitate passage of the Tyler treaty. Tyler's attempt to evade the Senate vote launched a spirited congressional debate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 92], "content_span": [93, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0027-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party convention and campaign\nFormer Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, effectively the leader of the Whig Party since its inception in 1834, was selected as the Whig presidential nominee at the party's convention in Baltimore, Maryland, on May 1, 1844. Clay, a slaveholder, presided over a party in which its Southern wing was sufficiently committed to the national platform to put partisan loyalties above slavery expansionist proposals that might undermine its north\u2013south alliance. Whigs felt confident that Clay could duplicate Harrison's landslide victory of 1840 against any opposition candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0028-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party convention and campaign\nSouthern Whigs feared that the acquisition of the fertile lands in Texas would produce a huge market for slave labor, inflating the price of slaves and deflating land values in their home states. Northern Whigs feared that Texas statehood would initiate the opening of a vast \"Empire for Slavery\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0029-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party convention and campaign\nTwo weeks before the Whig convention in Baltimore, in reaction to Calhoun's Packenham Letter, Clay issued a document known as the Raleigh Letter (issued April 17, 1844) that presented his views on Texas to his fellow southern Whigs. In it, he flatly denounced the Tyler annexation bill and predicted that its passage would provoke a war with Mexico, whose government had never recognized Texas independence. Clay underlined his position, warning that even with Mexico's consent, he would block annexation in the event that substantial sectional opposition existed anywhere in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0030-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party convention and campaign\nThe Whig party leadership was acutely aware that any proslavery legislation advanced by its southern wing would alienate its anti-slavery northern wing and cripple the party in the general election. In order to preserve their party, Whigs would need to stand squarely against acquiring a new slave state. As such, Whigs were content to restrict their 1844 campaign platform to less divisive issues such as internal improvements and national finance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0031-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party convention and campaign\nWhigs picked Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey \u2013 \"the Christian Statesman\" \u2013 as Clay's running mate. An advocate of the colonization of emancipated slaves, he was acceptable to southern Whigs as an opponent of the abolitionists. His pious reputation balanced Clay's image as a slave-holding, hard-drinking duelist. Their party slogan was \"Hurray, Hurray, the Country's Risin' \u2013 Vote for Clay and Frelinghuysen!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0032-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party convention and campaign, Henry Clay's Alabama letter\nOn July 27, 1844, Henry Clay, in the midst of his campaign against James K. Polk, released a position statement, the so-called Alabama Letter. In it, he counseled his Whig constituency to regard Texas annexation and statehood as merely a short phase in the decline of slavery in the United States, rather than a long term advance for the Slave Power. Clay qualified his stance on Texas annexation, declaring \"no personal objection to the annexation\" of the republic. He would move back to his original orientation in September 1844. Northern Whigs expressed outrage at any d\u00e9tente with the Slave Power and accused him of equivocating on Texas annexation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 118], "content_span": [119, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0033-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party convention and campaign, Henry Clay's Alabama letter\nClay's central position, however, had not altered: no annexation without northern acquiescence. Clay's commitment brought Southern Whigs under extreme pressure in their home states and congressional districts, threatening to tarnish their credentials as supporters of slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 118], "content_span": [119, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0034-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party convention and campaign, Whig Party campaign tactics\nHistorian Sean Wilentz describes some of the Whig campaign tactics:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 118], "content_span": [119, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0035-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party convention and campaign, Whig Party campaign tactics\n\"The Whigs countered Democratic attacks by revving up the Log Cabin electioneering machinery and redeploying it on behalf of the man they now celebrated as 'Ol'Coon' Clay. They also attacked former House Speaker Polk as nobody who deep down was a dangerous Loco Foco radical... With greater success, the Whigs linked up with resurgent nativist anti-Catholic movement strongest in New York and Pennsylvania, and planted stories that as president, Clay would tighten up immigration and naturalization laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 118], "content_span": [119, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0035-0001", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party convention and campaign, Whig Party campaign tactics\n(Too late, Clay tried to distance himself from the nativists.)\" \"The Liberty Party added to the confusion...Clay became the object of nasty abolitionist attacks. One notorious handbill, widely reprinted, by an abolitionist minister Abel Brown, denounced Clay as a \"Man Stealer, Slaveholder, and Murdurer,\" and accused him of \"Selling Jesus Christ!\" because he dealt in slaves. With the campaign to be decided at the electoral margins, Whig managers grew so concerned that, late in the campaign, they concocted a fraudulent letter that supposedly proved that James Birney was secretly working in league with the Democrats, and circulated it in New York and Ohio.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 118], "content_span": [119, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0036-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Other nominations, John Tyler\nAfter the closed session Senate debates on the Tyler-Texas treaty were leaked to the public on April 27, 1844, President Tyler's only hope of success in influencing passage of his treaty was to intervene directly as candidate in the 1844 election as Kingmaker. His \"Democratic-Republican Party\", a recycling of the name of Thomas Jefferson's party, held its convention on May 27, 1844, in Baltimore, Maryland, a short distance from the unfolding Democratic Party convention that would select James K. Polk as nominee. Tyler was nominated the same day without challenge, accepting the honor on May 30, 1844. He designated no vice-presidential running mate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0037-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Other nominations, John Tyler\nDemocratic Party nominee James K. Polk was faced with the possibility that a Tyler ticket might shift votes away from the Democrats and provide Clay with the margin of victory in a close race. Tyler made clear in his convention acceptance speech that his overriding concern was the ratification of his Texas annexation treaty. Moreover, he hinted that he would drop out of the race once that end was assured, informing Polk, through Senator Robert J. Walker of Mississippi, that his campaign efforts were simply a vehicle to mobilize support for Texas annexation. Tyler concentrated his resources in the states of New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, all highly contested states in the election. Securing enough Democratic support, his withdrawal might prove indispensable to Polk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0038-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Other nominations, John Tyler\nPolk was receptive as long as Tyler could withdraw without raising suspicion of a secret bargain. To solidify Tyler's cooperation, Polk enlisted Andrew Jackson to reassure Tyler that Texas annexation would be consummated under a Polk administration. On August 20, 1844, Tyler dropped out of the presidential race, and Tylerites moved quickly to support the Democratic Party nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0039-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Other nominations, Liberty Party\nThe abolitionist lawyer and publisher James Birney ran as the candidate of the anti-slavery Liberty Party and garnered 2.3% of the popular vote overall, but over 8% of the vote in Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont. The votes he won were more than the difference in votes between Henry Clay and James K. Polk; some scholars have argued that Birney's support among anti-slavery Whigs in New York swung that decisive state in favor of Polk (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0040-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Nominations, Other nominations, Joseph Smith\nJoseph Smith, the mayor of Nauvoo, Illinois, and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, ran as an independent with Sidney Rigdon as his running mate. He proposed the abolition of slavery through compensation by selling public lands and decreasing the size and salary of Congress; the closure of prisons; the annexation of Texas, Oregon, and parts of Canada; the securing of international rights on high seas; free trade; and the re-establishment of a national bank. His top aide Brigham Young campaigned for Smith saying, \"He it is that God of Heaven designs to save this nation from destruction and preserve the Constitution.\" The campaign ended when he was attacked and killed by a mob while in the Carthage, Illinois, jail on June 27, 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 86], "content_span": [87, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0041-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results\nPolk's adoption of Manifest Destiny paid dividends at the polls. No longer identified with the Tyler-Calhoun \"southern crusade for slavery\", the western Democrats could embrace Texas annexation. The Democrats enjoyed a huge upsurge in voter turnout, up to 20% over the figures from 1840, especially in the Northwest and Mid-Atlantic regions. The Whigs showed only a 4% increase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0042-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results\nThe Democrats won Michigan, Illinois and Indiana and nearly took Ohio, where the concept of Manifest Destiny was most admired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0043-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results\nIn the Deep South, Clay lost every state to Polk, a huge reversal from the 1840 race, but carried most of the Middle and Border South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0044-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results\nClay's \"waffling\" on Texas may have cost him the 41 electoral votes of New York and Michigan. The former slaveholder, now abolitionist, James Birney of the Liberty Party, received 15,812 and 3,632 votes, respectively, on the basis of his unwavering stand against Texas annexation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0045-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results\nCelebratory shots rang out in Washington on November 7 as returns came in from western New York which clinched the state and the presidency for Polk. Polk won by a mere 5,106 out of 470,062 cast in New York, and only 3,422 out of 52,096 votes in Michigan. Had enough of these voting blocks cast their ballots for the anti-annexationist Clay in either state, he would have defeated Polk. Still, Clay's opposition to annexation and western slavery expansion served him well among Northern Whigs and nearly secured him the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0046-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results\nThis was the last election in which Ohio voted for the Whigs. It was also the only presidential election in which the winner, Polk, lost both his birth state of North Carolina and his state of residence, Tennessee, (which he lost by only 123 votes) prior to Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election. It is the only presidential election in which both major party nominees were former Speakers of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0047-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results, Allegations of fraud\nUpon the conclusion of the election, Whig publications disheartened at the loss of Henry Clay alleged fraud against the Clay ticket. The Whig Almanac, a yearly collection of political statistics and events of interest to the party, contained in 1845 a column alleging fraud in Louisiana. It noted that, in one Louisiana parish, Plaquemines, the vote tally exploded from a 240 to 40 vote victory for the Van Buren ticket in 1840 to a 1007 to 37 vote victory for the Polk ticket in 1844. The 970 vote margin was greater than Polk's margin statewide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0047-0001", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results, Allegations of fraud\nThe 1,007 votes received by Polk exceeded the total number of all white males in the parish in 1840, despite Louisiana having a property requirement to vote. A steward, pilot, and passenger of the steamboat Agnes reportedly said that the ship ferried voters from New Orleans to Plaquemines parish where the steward was pushed by the Captain to vote for the Polk ticket three times, despite not being of voting age. A man named Charles Bruland was seen driven out of the voting booth wounded and bloody after attempting to cast a vote for the Clay ticket in Plaquemines parish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0048-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results, Allegations of fraud\nUltimately, these allegations of fraud would not have changed the election (though the Whig Almanac makes a slippery slope argument that if this fraud occurred in Louisiana, it must also have occurred in New York, which had Clay won he would have won the election), as Louisiana switching its vote would make the final count 164 electoral vote for Polk to 111 for Clay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0049-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results, Allegations of fraud\nSource (Popular vote): Source (Electoral vote): (a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0050-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results, Cartographic gallery\nResults by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0051-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results, Cartographic gallery\nResults by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Polk", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0052-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results, Cartographic gallery\nResults by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Clay", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0053-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results, Cartographic gallery\nResults by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Birney", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0054-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results, Cartographic gallery\nResults by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for other candidates", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0055-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Results by state\nSource: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836-1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247\u201357.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022489-0056-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election, Consequences\nPolk's election confirmed the American public's desire for westward expansion. The annexation of Texas was formalized on March 1, 1845, before Polk even took office. As feared, Mexico refused to accept the annexation and the Mexican\u2013American War broke out in 1846. With Polk's main issue of Texas settled, instead of demanding all of Oregon, he compromised and the United States and United Kingdom negotiated the Buchanan\u2013Pakenham Treaty, which divided up the Oregon Territory between the two countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022490-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Alabama\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Alabama took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022490-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Alabama\nAlabama voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay. Polk won Alabama by a margin of 17.98%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022491-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022491-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nArkansas voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay. Polk won Arkansas by a margin of 26.02%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022492-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022492-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nConnecticut voted for the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, over Democratic candidate James K. Polk. Clay won Connecticut by a narrow margin of 4.63%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022492-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nAs of 2020, this is the most recent presidential election in which the town of Woodbury voted for the Democratic nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022493-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Delaware\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Delaware took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022493-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Delaware\nDelaware voted for the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, over Democratic candidate James K. Polk. Clay won the state by a narrow margin of 2.45%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022494-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Georgia\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Georgia took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022494-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Georgia\nGeorgia voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay. Polk won Georgia by a margin of 2.38%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022495-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Illinois\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Illinois took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022495-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Illinois\nIllinois voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay. Polk won Illinois by a margin of 11.86%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022496-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Indiana took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022496-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Indiana\nIndiana voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay. Polk won Indiana by a narrow margin of 1.65%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022497-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022497-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nKentucky voted for the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, over Democratic candidate James K. Polk. Clay won his home state by a margin of 8.18%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022497-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nWith 54.09% of the popular vote, Clay's home state would be his third strongest victory after Rhode Island and Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022498-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022498-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nLouisiana voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay. Polk won Louisiana by a narrow margin of 2.6%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022499-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Maine\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Maine took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022499-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Maine\nMaine voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay. Polk won Maine by a margin of 13.35%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022499-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Maine\nWith 5.69% of the popular vote, Maine would prove to be James G. Birney's fifth strongest state after New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont and Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022500-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Maryland\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Maryland took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022500-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Maryland\nMaryland voted for the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, over Democratic candidate James K. Polk. Clay won Maryland by a margin of 4.78%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022500-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Maryland\nWith 52.39% of the popular vote, Maryland would prove to be Henry Clay's fifth strongest state after Rhode Island, Vermont, Kentucky and North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022501-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022501-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts voted for the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, over Democratic candidate James K. Polk and Liberty candidate James G. Birney. Clay won Massachusetts by a margin of 10.62%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022501-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nWith 8.20% of the popular vote, Massachusetts would prove to be James G. Birney's second strongest state after neighboring New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022502-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Michigan\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Michigan took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022502-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Michigan\nMichigan voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay and Liberty candidate James G. Birney. Polk won Michigan by a margin of 6.03%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022502-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Michigan\nWith 6.53% of the popular vote, Michigan would prove to be Jame G. Birney's fourth strongest state after New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022503-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022503-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nMississippi voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay. Polk won Mississippi by a margin of 14.86%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022504-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Missouri\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Missouri took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022504-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Missouri\nMissouri voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay. Polk won Missouri by a margin of 13.96%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022505-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022505-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay and Liberty candidate James G. Birney. Polk won New Hampshire by a margin of 18.9%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022505-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nWith 8.46% of the popular vote, New Hampshire would prove to be James G. Birney's strongest state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022506-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022506-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey voted for the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, over Democratic candidate James K. Polk. Clay won New Jersey by a margin of 1.09 percent; however, Polk would be the last Democrat to carry Cape May County until Woodrow Wilson in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022507-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in New York took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose 36 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022507-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in New York\nNew York voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay. Polk won New York by a margin of 1.05%. New York was decisive; if Clay had won the state, he would have received 141 electoral votes, more than the 138 needed to win at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022508-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022508-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina voted for the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, over Democratic candidate James K. Polk. Clay won North Carolina by a margin of 4.63%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022508-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nWith 52.39% of the popular vote, North Carolina would be Henry Clay's fourth strongest state after Rhode Island, Vermont and Kentucky. This was also the last presidential election until 1992 when a Democrat would win without carrying the state of North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022509-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Ohio took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose 23 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022509-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Ohio\nOhio voted for the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, over Democratic candidate James K. Polk. Clay won Ohio by a narrow margin of 1.94%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022510-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose 26 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022510-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over the Whig candidate, Henry Clay. Polk won Pennsylvania by a margin of 1.91%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022511-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022511-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island voted for the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, over Democratic candidate James K. Polk. Clay won Rhode Island by a margin of 19.97%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022511-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nWith 59.55% of the popular vote, Rhode Island would prove to be Henry Clay's strongest state in the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022512-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 9 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022512-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina cast 9 electoral votes for the Democratic candidate James K. Polk. These electors were chosen by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022513-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022513-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nDespite being Polk's home state and the state he once served as the governor of, Tennessee voted for the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, over Democratic candidate James K. Polk. Clay won Tennessee by a very narrow margin of 123 votes (0.10%). James K. Polk is one of 4 presidents to lose his home state in a successful presidential bid. The others are Woodrow Wilson, Richard Nixon, and Donald Trump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022514-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Vermont took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022514-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Vermont\nVermont voted for the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, over Democratic candidate James K. Polk and Liberty candidate James G. Birney. Clay won Vermont by a margin of 17.88%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022514-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Vermont\nWith 54.84% of the popular vote, Vermont would prove to be Henry Clay's second strongest state after Rhode Island. The Green Mountain State would also prove to be James G. Birney's third strongest state after New Hampshire and Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022515-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1844 United States presidential election in Virginia took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose 17 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022515-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia voted for the Democratic candidate, James K. Polk, over Whig candidate Henry Clay. Polk won Virginia by a margin of 6.10%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022516-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Victoria One Penny Model\nThe 1844 Victoria One Penny Model was a model coin issued by Birmingham medallist Joseph Moore (1817\u20131892) between 1844 and 1848, during a period in which the British Government were considering the notion of replacing the heavy copper coinage then in use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022516-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Victoria One Penny Model\nTheir popularity with the public led to the Royal Mint  to make a statement declaring that it was not responsible for their production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022516-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 Victoria One Penny Model\nA feature that sets them apart from other coins of their age is that they were bimetallic. The outer part was made of copper, and the inner part was originally composed of silver to make up for the small intrinsic value of copper \u2014 but in most cases 60 percent zinc and 40 percent nickel were used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022516-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 Victoria One Penny Model\nThe design features an outer ring in which on the obverse and reverse the words 'ONE PENNY MODEL' are printed and an inner circle on the obverse of which a youthful portrait of Queen Victoria is shown with the words 'VICTORIA REG', and on the reverse is shown a numeral 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022516-0004-0000", "contents": "1844 Victoria One Penny Model\nThere are four known locations for the 1844 model pennies; all the rest are Model Pennies which do not have 1844 on them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022517-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 Whig National Convention\nThe 1844 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held on May 1 in Baltimore, Maryland. It nominated the Whig Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1844 election. The convention selected former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky for president and former Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022517-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 Whig National Convention\nWhile the Whigs had won the 1840 presidential election, the party needed a new ticket as President William Henry Harrison had died in April 1841 while his successor, John Tyler, had been expelled from the party in September 1841 for vetoing bills passed by the Whig-controlled Congress. The convention unanimously nominated Clay, a long-time party leader, for president. Frelinghuysen won the vice presidential nomination on the third ballot, defeating former Governor John Davis of Massachusetts and two other candidates. The Whig ticket went on to lose the 1844 general election to the Democratic ticket of James K. Polk and George M. Dallas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022517-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination\nPresident John Tyler had been expelled from the party and the delegates searched for a new nominee. President Tyler's break with the Whig Party, combined with Daniel Webster's decision to serve in the Tyler administration, positioned Clay as the leading contender for the Whig nomination in the 1844 presidential election. At the convention, Clay was nominated unanimously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022517-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 Whig National Convention, Platform\nClay, a slaveholder, presided over a party in which its Southern wing was sufficiently committed to the national platform to put partisan loyalties above slavery expansionist proposals that might undermine its North-South alliance. The Whig party leadership was acutely aware that any proslavery legislation advanced by its southern wing would alienate its anti-slavery northern wing and cripple the party in the general election. In order to preserve their party, Whigs would need to stand squarely against acquiring a new slave state. As such, Whigs were content to restrict their 1844 campaign platform to less divisive issues such as internal improvements and national finance. Clay himself had previously stated that he was opposed to the annexation of Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022517-0004-0000", "contents": "1844 Whig National Convention, Vice presidential nomination\nWhigs picked Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey \u2013 \"the Christian Statesman\" \u2013 as Clay's running mate. An advocate of colonization of emancipated slaves, he was acceptable to southern Whigs as an opponent of the abolitionists. His pious reputation balanced Clay's image as a slave-holding, hard-drinking duelist. Their party slogan was the bland \"Hurray, Hurray, the Country's Risin' \u2013 Vote for Clay and Frelinghuysen!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 29th Congress were held at various dates in different states from July 1844 to November 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections\nAll 224 elected members took their seats when Congress convened December 1, 1845. The House elections spanned the 1844 Presidential election, won by dark horse Democratic candidate James K. Polk, who advocated territorial expansion. The new states of Texas and Iowa were added during this Congress, with Florida admitted on the last day of the previous Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections\nDemocrats lost six seats but retained a large majority over the rival Whigs. The new American Party, based on the nativist \"Know Nothing\" movement characterized by opposition to immigration and anti-Catholicism, gained six seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nOne seat was added for the new State of Florida. Texas and Iowa were admitted during this next Congress, but their initial elections were held in 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0004-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama\nElections were held August 4, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0005-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nElections were held April 7, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0006-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, Indiana\nElections were held August 4, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0007-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nElections were held August 4, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0008-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland, Late elections to the 28th Congress\nMaryland elected its members to the 28th Congress on February 14, 1844, after that Congress had already convened in 1843 and long after the 1842\u20131843 election cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 109], "content_span": [110, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0009-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland, Regular elections to the 29th Congress\nMaryland's October 1, 1845 elections were after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the new term, but still before the Congress convened in December 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 112], "content_span": [113, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0010-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nElections were held November 11, 1844. At least one district, however, had multiple ballots stretching into 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0011-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nElections were held November 3\u20134, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0012-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, Missouri\nElections were held at-large on a general ticket August 5, 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0013-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nElections were held at-large on a general ticket March 11, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0014-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nElections were held August 7, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0015-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nElections were held April 2, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022518-0016-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nElections were held April 24, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1844 and 1845 were elections which, coinciding with James K. Polk's election, had the Democratic Party retake control of the United States Senate, gaining a net total of eleven seats from the Whigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 28th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1844 or in 1845 before March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0003-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 29th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1845; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0004-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 29th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were elected in 1845 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0005-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, New York\nThere were three elections: Two special elections were held on January 18, 1845 and one regular election was held on February 4, 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0006-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe 68th New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 14, 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0007-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, New York, New York (Special, Class 1)\nNathaniel P. Tallmadge had been re-elected in 1840 to the Class 1 seat (term 1839-1845), but resigned June 17, 1844 to become Governor of Wisconsin Territory. On November 30, Governor of New York William C. Bouck appointed his Democratic Lieutenant Governor Daniel S. Dickinson to fill the vacancy temporarily, and Dickinson was seated December 9, 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0008-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, New York, New York (Special, Class 3)\nSilas Wright Jr. had been re-elected in 1843 to the Class 3 seat (term 1843-1849), but resigned November 26, 1844, when elected Governor of New York. On November 30, Governor Bouck appointed Democratic State Senator Henry A. Foster to fill the vacancy temporarily, and Foster took his seat on December 9, 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0009-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, New York, New York (Special, Class 3)\nDix took his seat on January 27, 1845, and remained in office until March 3, 1849, when his term expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0010-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, New York, New York (Regular)\nDickinson re-took his seat under the new credentials on January 27, 1845, and re-elected, remained in office until March 3, 1851, when his term expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0011-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (Regular)\nThe regular election was held January 14, 1845. Incumbent Daniel Sturgeon was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 14, 1845, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1845. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0012-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (Special)\nA special election was held March 13, 1845. Simon Cameron was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate. Democratic future-U.S. president James Buchanan was elected in an 1834 special election and was re-elected in 1836 and 1843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0013-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (Special)\nSenator Buchanan resigned on March 5, 1845, after being appointed U.S. Secretary of State by President James K. Polk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022519-0014-0000", "contents": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (Special)\nFollowing the resignation of senator Buchanan, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 13, 1845, to elect a new Ssenator to fill the vacancy and serve the remainder of the term set to expire on March 4, 1849. Five ballots were recorded. The results of the fifth and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022520-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1844 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022524-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1844 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022529-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in India\nEvents in the year 1844 in India. Dwarkanath Gangopadhyay (also spelt as Dwarkanath Ganguly) was born on 20 April 1844 . Dwarkanath was a Brahmo reformer in Bengal of British India. He made substantial contribution towards the enlightenment of society and the emancipation of women. He dedicated his whole life for the cause of women emancipation and encouraged them to participate in every walk of life be it politics, social services etc and even helped them to form organizations of their own. He was the husband of the first Indian practising lady doctor, Kadambini Ganguly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022531-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1844 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022531-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1844 is 73,900 M\u0101ori and 12,447 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022536-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1844 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022538-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1844 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022539-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in architecture\nThe year 1844 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022541-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022542-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022542-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named phytosaurs\nActually a dubious genus of crocodile-like phytosaur, similar to the Rutiodon pictured to the right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022543-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022543-0001-0000", "contents": "1844 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022543-0002-0000", "contents": "1844 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022544-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022545-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in science\nThe year 1844 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022546-0000-0000", "contents": "1844 in sports\n1844 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022549-0000-0000", "contents": "1845\n1845 (MDCCCXLV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1845th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 845th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 45th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1845, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022550-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1845 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 4, 1845, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Term started on December 10, 1845. Independent Joshua L. Martin won his only term as Governor with 53.5% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022551-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Belgian general election\nPartial legislative elections were held in Belgium on 10 June 1845 in which 48 of the 95 seats in the Chamber of Representatives were elected. Voter turnout was 77.0%, although only 22,771 people were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022551-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 Belgian general election\nUnder the alternating system, Chamber elections were held in only five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders. The Senate was not up for election this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022552-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of 1845, Democratic nominee Augustus Garrett defeated Whig nominee John H. Kinzie and Liberty nominee Henry Smith by a 7.5% margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022552-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 Chicago mayoral election\nAll candidates had previously run in Chicago mayoral elections, Garrett in 1842, 1843, and both 1844 elections; Smith in 1842, 1843 and both 1844 elections; Kinzie in 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022553-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1845 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 2, 1845. Incumbent governor, Amistad lawyer and Whig nominee Roger Sherman Baldwin was re-elected, defeating former congressman and Democratic nominee Isaac Toucey with 51.00% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022554-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 East Cornwall by-election\nThe East Cornwall by-election of 1845 was an uncontested election held on 20 February 1845. The by-election was brought about due to the vacation from the seat of the incumbent Conservative MP, Edward Eliot, who succeeded to the peerage as the Earl of St Germans. It was won by the Conservative candidate William Pole-Carew, who was the only declared candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022555-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Florida gubernatorial election\nThe 1845 Florida gubernatorial election was held on May 26, 1845 to elect the first Governor of Florida. Democratic nominee William Dunn Moseley defeated Whig nominee Richard Keith Call with 55.14% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022556-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Florida's at-large congressional district special election\nA special election to the United States House of Representatives for Florida's at-large congressional district was held October 6, 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022556-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 Florida's at-large congressional district special election\nThe winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives to represent Florida in the 29th Congress from December 1, 1845, to March 4, 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022556-0002-0000", "contents": "1845 Florida's at-large congressional district special election\nThe election was initially called for the Whig candidate, Edward Carrington Cabell, and Cabell was seated in the House of Representatives. However, a recount found the winner to actually be the Democratic candidate, William Henry Brockenbrough. Brockenbrough was seated immediately on January 24, 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022556-0003-0000", "contents": "1845 Florida's at-large congressional district special election, Background\nIn the 1845 congressional election, David Levy Yulee, a Democrat, was elected to the United States House of Representatives. However, Yulee was jointly elected by the Florida Legislature to the United States Senate, and so resigned from the House of Representatives before taking his seat in order to take his seat in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 75], "content_span": [76, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022557-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe 1845 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on October 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022557-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe incumbent governor, George W. Crawford, was re-elected to a second term in office. The election was decided by 1,919 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022558-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Grand National\nThe 1845 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the seventh annual running of a Handicap Steeple-chase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase, a horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday 5 March 1845 and attracted a field of 15 runners. It was won by the unconsidered outsider Cure-All, ridden by William Loft in a record time of 10 minutes, 47 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022558-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 Grand National, The Course\nThe report published by the reporter of the Liverpool Mercury was the only contemporary record of both the course and the race. It stated that the course had not changed from the previous year and was completely run on grass with the exception of the starting field and a large field near the Canal bridge. The fourteenth fence, which had been an artificial hurdle at the distance judges chair was replaced with a stone wall", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022558-0002-0000", "contents": "1845 Grand National, The Course\nStart - Just beyond the Melling Road. Fence 1 [17] on the second circuit] Plain good fence. Fence 2 [18] Plain good fence. Fence 3 [19] Plain good fence. Fence 4 [20] Plain good fence. Fence 5 [21] The Upper Brook, where Captain Beecher fell in 1839. Fence 6 [22] A fence inclined to the left that takes the runners towards the Canal side. Fence 7 [23] A fence inclined to the left that takes the runners towards the Canal side. Fence 8 [24] A fence inclined to the left that takes the runners towards the Canal side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022558-0002-0001", "contents": "1845 Grand National, The Course\nFence 9 [25] A large water jump. Fence 10 [26] Out of the second field along the Canal. Fence 11 [27] Out of the third field along the Canal. Fence 12 [28] A fence into the Anchor Bridge Road. Fence 13 An artificial hurdle leaving the training ground on the racecourse proper. Fence 14 A stone wall [reintroduced after having been removed the previous year for an artificial hurdle]. Fence 15 An artificial brook twelve feet wide with a three-foot rail [this description being a foot narrower than the previous reported description]. Fence 16 A bank into the Melling Road. Fence 29 An artificial hurdle adjacent to the distance chair on the run in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022558-0003-0000", "contents": "1845 Grand National, The Course\nOn jumping fence twelve the runners would continue onto the widest part of the course, known as the training ground, making the straight along the stands as long as possible a run before starting the second circuit. After jumping fence twenty-eight the runners would turn towards the racecourse at an earlier point, this time jumping the hurdle on the other side of the distance judge's chair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022558-0004-0000", "contents": "1845 Grand National, Details\nThe race was delayed due to a protest from the owners of Cure-All and Crocus over the condition of the course. Heavy rain, followed by a sharp overnight frost left parts of the course in a very hard condition, which the two owners felt was unsafe for racing. The race commenced at 5pm after the remaining owners had voted to race. The owner of Crocus, Mr Robson withdrew his horse while Cure-All went on to win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022558-0005-0000", "contents": "1845 Grand National, Details\nOnly the first four horses to pass the finishing post were recorded as official finishers to the race. Another seven horse were recorded by the press as having passed the post but they were so far behind that they all finished among the many spectators who would follow the race on horse back and would enter the course when the winner passed the post. It may be that some, if not all of those who finished outside the first four bypassed the final obstacles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022558-0005-0001", "contents": "1845 Grand National, Details\nAnother possible reason why they were not recorded as finishers is that a distance judge used to sit at a position beside the modern day chair fence and would declare any horse who had not reached his position by the time the previous horse passed the post as being distanced and would pull them up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022558-0006-0000", "contents": "1845 Grand National, Details\nThe winning owner and rider was William loft from Healing, Lincolnshire near Grimsby, although he leased the ownership of the horse to Mr Sterling Crawford for the Grand National. Loft also officially trained the horse as well but this duty was more likely handled by Christopher Crisp, known as Kitty. Crisp actually walked every step of the road from Grimsby to Liverpool with the horse and after their victory they returned home the same way with the Healing church bells sounded in their honour upon their arrival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022558-0007-0000", "contents": "1845 Grand National, Details\nLoft was one of nine riders making their debut in the race while Tom Olliver was taking a record seventh ride in the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022558-0008-0000", "contents": "1845 Grand National, Details\nClansman's fatal fall at the Canal Turn was the second equine fatality in the history of the race and the first for six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022559-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Helewalda\n1845 Helewalda, provisional designation 1972 UC, is a carbonaceous Eoan asteroid in the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland, on 30 October 1972. The asteroid was named after Helen Gachnang, a friend of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022559-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 Helewalda, Orbit and classification\nHelewalda is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 1 month (1,868 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Lowell Observatory in 1931, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 41 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022559-0002-0000", "contents": "1845 Helewalda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBased on observations made by French astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy in March 2010, Helewalda has a well-determined rotation period of 7.2786\u00b10.0002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.26 in magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022559-0003-0000", "contents": "1845 Helewalda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween 2009 and 2015, other lightcurves were obtained at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia (E09), the Via Capote Observatory at Thousand Oaks, California (G69), and the Palomar Transient Factory at Palomar Observatory. They gave a similar period of 7.399\u00b10.004, 7.4\u00b10.1 and 7.3985\u00b10.0098 hours with a corresponding amplitude of 0.20, 0.28 and 0.15, respectively (U=2/2+/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022559-0004-0000", "contents": "1845 Helewalda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link calculates a diameter of 32.0 kilometers, based on an assumed standard albedo for carbonaceous C-type asteroids of 0.057, while the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer measured a higher albedo of 0.134 and 0.129 and a corresponding diameter of 19.9 and 20.4 kilometers in diameter, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022559-0005-0000", "contents": "1845 Helewalda, Naming\nThe discoverer, Paul Wild, named a pair of asteroids after two of his former schoolmates, Susi and Helen, both from the small village of Wald, Z\u00fcrich in Switzerland. This one was dedicated to Helen Gachnang, while the previously numbered asteroid 1844 Susilva was given to Susi Petit-Pierre. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 April 1977 (M.P.C. 4156).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022560-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Iowa Council election\nIn the 1845 Iowa Territory Council elections, electors selected councilors to serve in the eighth and final Iowa Territory Council before Iowa attained statehood in 1846. All 13 members of the Territory Council were elected. Councilors served until the organization of the Iowa General Assembly in 1846 as the legislative branch of the new state of Iowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022560-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 Iowa Council election\nThe Iowa Territory existed from July 4, 1838, until December 28, 1846, when Iowa was admitted to the Union as a state. At the time, the Iowa Territory had a Legislative Assembly consisting of an upper chamber (i.e., the Territory Council) and a lower chamber (i.e., the Territory House). Since statehood in 1846, the General Assembly has served as the legislative branch of Iowa. The Territory Council was the predecessor to the Iowa State Senate, the upper chamber of the Iowa state legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022560-0002-0000", "contents": "1845 Iowa Council election\nFollowing the previous election in 1844, Democrats held a majority with 11 seats to Whigs' two seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022560-0003-0000", "contents": "1845 Iowa Council election\nTo claim a majority of seats, the Whigs needed to net five seats from Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022560-0004-0000", "contents": "1845 Iowa Council election\nDemocrats maintained a majority of seats in the Iowa Territory Council following the 1845 general election with the balance of power remaining unchanged with Democrats holding 11 seats and Whigs having two seats. Democratic Councilor Stephen Hempstead was chosen as the President of the eighth Territory Council to succeed Democratic Councilor Serranus Clinton Hastings in that leadership position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022561-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1845. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022561-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result\nGiven that ten of the sixteen seats were uncontested, these statistics should be taken in that context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022561-0002-0000", "contents": "1845 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Rodney Street\nBecause there was a tie, the casting vote of the presiding alderman (Richard Smethurst Crook, Conservative) went to John Nelson Wood (Conservative).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022562-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1845 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1845. Democratic nominee Alpheus Felch defeated Whig nominee Stephen Vickery with 50.94% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022563-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Naval Air Squadron\n1845 Naval Air Squadron (1845 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022564-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1845 saw John Swift return to office for a ninth overall non-consecutive term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022564-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022565-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Portuguese legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 3 and 17 August 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022565-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held under the Constitutional Charter of 1826, and in accordance with a decree issued on 28 April 1845. Members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected in an indirect system in which voters elected provincial assemblies, who in turn elected members of the Chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022565-0002-0000", "contents": "1845 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe 142 members of the Chamber of Deputies included 119 representing the mainland and 10 representing islands (all elected in multi-member constituencies), with another 13 representing overseas colonies (three elected in single-member constituencies and ten in multi-member constituencies).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022565-0003-0000", "contents": "1845 Portuguese legislative election, Results\nThe result was a victory for the Cabralistas, with Miguelistas advising voters to boycott the elections. The opposition won only six seats in Alentejo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022566-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 Texas gubernatorial election\nThe 1845 Texas gubernatorial election was held on December 15, 1845, to elect the first Governor of Texas. The election was held in preparation for the annexation of Texas by the United States and resulted in the election of James Pinckney Henderson, who received 82% of the vote and became the first governor of the new state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022567-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe 1845 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Monday, May 26, 1845 to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 29th Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including the gubernatorial election, the senatorial elections, and various state and local elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022567-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from December 1, 1845, to March 4, 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022567-0002-0000", "contents": "1845 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Background\nFlorida was admitted to the Union as a slave state on March 3, 1845, the last day of the 28th Congress, along with Iowa. Neither state was represented in the 28th Congress. Florida held its elections on May 26, 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 75], "content_span": [76, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022567-0003-0000", "contents": "1845 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Aftermath\nBecause Yulee was jointly elected to both the U.S. House and the U.S. Senate and a person cannot hold both offices at the same time, he resigned from the House before taking his seat. A special election was held later in 1845 to elect his replacement, electing Whig Edward Carrington Cabell, though after a recount, Democrat William Henry Brockenbrough was found to be the winner instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 74], "content_span": [75, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022568-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1845 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 14, 1845. Incumbent Daniel Sturgeon was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022568-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 14, 1845, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1845. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022569-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate elections in New York\nThe 1845 United States Senate special election in New York was held on January 18, 1845 by the New York State Legislature to elect two U.S. Senators (Class 1 and Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate. The regular 1845 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 4, 1845, to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022569-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate elections in New York, Background\nNathaniel P. Tallmadge had been re-elected in 1840 to the Class 1 seat (term 1839-1845), but resigned on June 17, 1844, to be appointed Governor of Wisconsin Territory by President John Tyler. On November 30, Governor William C. Bouck appointed Lieutenant Governor Daniel S. Dickinson to fill the vacancy temporarily, and Dickinson took his seat on December 9, 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022569-0002-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate elections in New York, Background\nSilas Wright, Jr. had been re-elected in 1843 to the Class 3 seat (term 1843-1849), but resigned on November 26, 1844, after his election as Governor of New York. On November 30, Governor William C. Bouck appointed State Senator Henry A. Foster to fill the vacancy temporarily, and Foster took his seat on December 9, 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022569-0003-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate elections in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1844, Democrat Silas Wright was elected Governor; 70 Democrats, 44 Whigs, and 14 Anti- Renters and Native Americans were elected to the Assembly; and 6 Democrats, 1 Whig and 1 American Republican were elected to the State Senate. The 68th New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 14, 1845, at Albany, New York. At this time the Democratic Party was split in two factions: the \"Hunkers\" and the \"Barnburners\". At the Democratic caucus for Speaker, Hunker Horatio Seymour received 35 votes against 30 for Barnburner William C. Crain. Both temporarily appointed U.S. Senators, Dickinson and Foster, were Hunkers, but the Barnburners claimed one of the seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022569-0004-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate elections in New York, Candidates\nA Democratic caucus to nominate candidates for the U.S. Senate met in January 1845, with 93 State legislators present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022569-0005-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate elections in New York, Candidates\nTo fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Silas Wright, John Adams Dix (Barnburner) was nominated, winning by a vote of 51 against 41 for Chief Justice Samuel Nelson (Hunker). To fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Nathaniel P. Tallmadge, for the remainder of the term that would expire on March 3, the incumbent Daniel S. Dickinson (Hunker) was re-nominated. After these nominations were made, the legislature moved to adjourn, and to postpone the nomination of a candidate for the full term beginning on March 4; this motion was rejected by a vote of 55 to 37.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022569-0005-0001", "contents": "1845 United States Senate elections in New York, Candidates\nThen, Daniel S. Dickinson was nominated to succeed himself for a full term (1845-1851). The vote was 54 for Dickinson, 13 for Ex-Congressman Michael Hoffman (Barnb. ), 3 for Ex-Congressman Freeborn G. Jewett (Barnb. ), 1 for Samuel Nelson (Hunker), and 4 blanks. As many Barnburners refused to vote on this nomination, they opposed a motion to \"make the nomination unanimous.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022569-0006-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate elections in New York, Aftermath\nDickinson re-took his seat under the new credentials on January 27, 1845, and re-elected, remained in office until March 3, 1851, when his term expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022569-0007-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate elections in New York, Aftermath\nDix took his seat on January 27, 1845, and remained in office until March 3, 1849, when his term expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022569-0008-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate elections in New York, Aftermath\nThe defeated Hunkers' candidate for the Class 3 seat, Justice Samuel Nelson was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court on February 27, 1845, one week before the end of President John Tyler's term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022570-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1845 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held on March 13, 1845. Simon Cameron was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022570-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Background\nDemocrat and future President of the United States James Buchanan was elected to the United States Senate by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in an 1834 special election and was re-elected in 1836 and 1843. Sen. Buchanan resigned on March 5, 1845, after being appointed U.S. Secretary of State by President James K. Polk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022570-0002-0000", "contents": "1845 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results\nFollowing the resignation of Sen. Buchanan, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 13, 1845, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy and serve the remainder of the term set to expire on March 4, 1849. Five ballots were recorded. The results of the fifth and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022571-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 West Suffolk by-election\nThe 1845 West Suffolk by-election was held on 7 July 1845 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Robert Rushbrooke. It was retained by the unopposed Conservative candidate Philip Bennet, who was elected on a platform of support for agriculture and the Church of England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022572-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1845 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022576-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1845 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022583-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1845 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022583-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1845 is 72,500 M\u0101ori and 12,774 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022587-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1845 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022589-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1845 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022591-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 in architecture\nThe year 1845 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022593-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022594-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022595-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 in poetry\n\"Prophet!\" said I, \"thing of evil \u2014 prophet still, if bird or devil!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022595-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 in poetry\nBy that Heaven that bends above us \u2014 by that God we both adore \u2014Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn,It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore \u2014Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022595-0002-0000", "contents": "1845 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022595-0003-0000", "contents": "1845 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022595-0004-0000", "contents": "1845 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022596-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022597-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 in science\nThe year 1845 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022598-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 in sports\n1845 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022602-0000-0000", "contents": "1845 to 1868 in baseball\nThe following are the baseball events of the years 1845 to 1868 throughout the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022602-0001-0000", "contents": "1845 to 1868 in baseball, Season records\nAt its December 1868 annual meeting, the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) permitted professional clubs. Twelve existing members did \"go pro\" and constitute the professional field for 1869.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022602-0002-0000", "contents": "1845 to 1868 in baseball, Season records, 1868 records of major clubs\nMarshall Wright publishes 1868 season records for 98 teams, many of them incomplete (\"(inc)\" in the table). Bill Ryczek calls 15 of that season's teams \"major\" (not marked). This table covers all of those \"majors\" (not marked), all of the 1869 \"pros\" (*), all 14 member clubs with at least twelve wins on record, and a few others. For the seven listed clubs in Greater New York, no city is named in the first column; the comment gives their locales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022602-0003-0000", "contents": "1845 to 1868 in baseball, Season records, 1868 records of major clubs\nAt least four Association clubs not listed here would someday try professionalism: Riverside of Portsmouth, Ohio (1870); Kekionga of Fort Wayne, Indiana (1871); Middletown of Mansfield, Connecticut (1872); Resolute of Elizabeth, New Jersey (1873).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022602-0004-0000", "contents": "1845 to 1868 in baseball, Season records, 1868 records of major clubs\nMeanwhile, only two brand new professional baseball clubs would be established in the next three years, the Chicago White Stockings for 1870 and the Boston Red Stockings for 1871. Their commercial origins may be related to their survival alone by 1877, and on to 2010, while all of their rivals with older and amateur roots fell away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022602-0005-0000", "contents": "1845 to 1868 in baseball, Season records, 1867 records of major clubs\nMarshall Wright publishes 1867 season records for 89 teams, many of them incomplete (\"(inc)\" in the table). Bill Ryczek calls 17 of that season's teams \"major\" (not marked). This table covers all of those \"majors\", all 13 member clubs with at least fourteen wins on record, and a few others. For the nine listed clubs in Greater New York, no city is named in the first column; the comment gives their locales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022602-0006-0000", "contents": "1845 to 1868 in baseball, Season records, 1867 records of major clubs\nStar (*) marks ten clubs among twelve who would go pro in 1869. Excelsior of Chicago and Buckeye of Cincinnati are listed because they were probably the strongest teams in the west after the Cincinnati Red Stockings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022602-0007-0000", "contents": "1845 to 1868 in baseball, Season records, 1866 records of major clubs\nMarshall Wright publishes 1866 season records for 58 of 93 association members, said to be complete for games between two member clubs. Bill Ryczek calls 20 of that season's teams \"major\" including three old New York rivals of the Knickerbockers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022602-0008-0000", "contents": "1845 to 1868 in baseball, Season records, 1866 records of major clubs\nThis table covers all of those \"majors\", all 14 members with at least eight wins on record, and a few others. For the fifteen listed clubs in Greater New York, no city is named in the first column; the comment gives their locales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022602-0009-0000", "contents": "1845 to 1868 in baseball, Season records, 1866 records of major clubs\nStar (*) marks eight clubs among twelve who would go pro in 1869, three seasons later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022602-0010-0000", "contents": "1845 to 1868 in baseball, Season records, 1865 and earlier clubs\nFor the preceding 1865 season Marshall Wright lists 30 members with supposedly complete records for most of them. Twenty-two of the thirty were in Greater New York. Bill Ryczek calls 19 teams \"major\" in the first season that he covers: sixteen of the members and three others (Lowell, Harvard, and Camden).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 64], "content_span": [65, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022602-0011-0000", "contents": "1845 to 1868 in baseball, Season records, 1865 and earlier clubs\nNo one traveled much and membership was still depressed by the Civil War. There had been 59 delegates at the March 1860 annual meeting, and 55 at the next annual meeting that December (on a new baseball calendar), who thereby intended to play during the 1861 season that the war curtailed. Nine of 59 and eleven of 55 were from outside Greater New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 64], "content_span": [65, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022603-0000-0000", "contents": "1846\n1846 (MDCCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1846th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 846th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 46th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1846, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022604-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Bengt\n1846 Bengt, provisional designation 6553 P-L, is a dark asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by the Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in 1960, it was named for Danish astronomer Bengt Str\u00f6mgren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022604-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 Bengt, Discovery\nBengt was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten in collaboration with Tom Gehrels, who took the photographic plates at Palomar Observatory in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022604-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 Bengt, Discovery\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for Palomar\u2013Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022604-0003-0000", "contents": "1846 Bengt, Discovery\nThe asteroid was first identified as 1951 CW1 at McDonald Observatory in 1951. The observation arc starts 3 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its first used identification 1957 YP made at Goethe Link Observatory in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022604-0004-0000", "contents": "1846 Bengt, Orbit and classification\nBengt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,306 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022604-0005-0000", "contents": "1846 Bengt, Physical characteristics\nBased on preliminary results by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bengt measures 10.998 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.047, which is typical for carbonaceous C-type asteroids. As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022604-0006-0000", "contents": "1846 Bengt, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after renowned Danish astronomer Bengt Str\u00f6mgren (1908\u20131987), on the occasion of his 70th birthday. He was an authority in the field of stellar structure and stellar evolution, director of the Yerkes Observatory from 1951 to 1957, and president of the International Astronomical Union (1970\u20131973). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 November 1978 (M.P.C. 4547).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022605-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of 1846, Whig nominee John P. Chapin defeated Democratic nominee Charles Follansbee and Liberty nominee Philo Carpenter by a landslide 22 point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022605-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nFollansbee, a former Chicago alderman from the 1st ward, failed to garner the support of Irish Democrats, an important constituency for the Democratic Party in Chicago. These voters rejected him because he was a champion of the \"Native American  Act\", which would require a period of 21 years of residency before any immigrant could become a naturalized citizen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022605-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nChapin was also a former alderman from the 1st ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022606-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Chilean presidential election\nThe Chilean presidential election of 1846 took place through a system of electors, and resulted in the unanimous election as President of General Manuel Bulnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022607-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1846 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 1, 1846. Former congressman and Democratic nominee Isaac Toucey was elected, defeating former state legislator and Whig nominee Clark Bissell with 47.54% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022607-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nAlthough Bissell won a plurality of the vote, he did not win a majority. The state constitution at the time required that in such a case, the Connecticut General Assembly decides the election. The state legislature voted for Toucey, 124 to 117, and Toucey became the governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022608-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Delaware gubernatorial special election\nThe 1846 Delaware gubernatorial special election was held on November 3, 1846. A year into the term of Whig Governor Thomas Stockton, elected in 1844, he died, elevating State Senate Speaker Joseph Maull to the governorship. Maull, in turn, also died, making State House Speaker William Temple Governor. Former State Representative Peter F. Causey ran as the Whig nominee to succeed Temple, and faced former State Senator William Tharp, the Democratic nominee from 1844. Tharp narrowly defeated Causey, returning the Governorship to the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022608-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 Delaware gubernatorial special election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022609-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 East Suffolk by-election\nThe 1846 East Suffolk by-election was held on 19 February 1846 after the resignation of the incumbent Peelite MP, John Henniker-Major. He was succeeded by the unopposed Protectionist Conservative candidate, Edward Sherlock Gooch who was backed by the other Suffolk MP, Lord Rendlesham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022610-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 French legislative election\nThe 1846 general election organized the seventh legislature of the July Monarchy. The election was held on 1 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022611-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Grand National\nThe 1846 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase, was the eighth official annual running of a handicap steeplechase. It took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 4 March 1846 and attracted a then-record field of 22 entrants. It was won by the unconsidered outsider Pioneer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022611-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 Grand National\nVeluti, ridden by Jem Mason, a rider who had previously won the race in 1839 was sent off as the 11/2 favourite to win while the top weight of 12 stone 8\u00a0lbs was given to Firefly, the mount of Larry Byrne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022611-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 Grand National, The course\nThe only contemporary report of the event was syndicated by the reporter of the Liverpool Mercury who recorded that the course consisted of thirty-one obstacles. This differed from the previous year in that a thorn fence had been installed in place of the wall jump at the distance chair in front of the stands. The competitors also now jumped three hurdles on the finishing straight where previously only one had stood. The fences that were noted were a large brook with a fence on the leading side, which was not yet officially described as Beecher's Brook and a high artificial thorn fence with a five foot wide and four foot deep water jump beyond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022611-0003-0000", "contents": "1846 Grand National, The course\nStart - Just beyond the Melling Road. Fence 1 [17 on the second circuit] Plain good fence. Fence 2 [18] Plain good fence. Fence 3 [19] Plain good fence. Fence 4 [20] Plain good fence. Fence 5 [21] Large brook with a fence on the landing side. Fence 6 [22] A fence inclined to the left that takes the runners towards the Canal side. Fence 7 [23] A fence inclined to the left that takes the runners towards the Canal side. Fence 8 [24] A fence inclined to the left that takes the runners towards the Canal side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022611-0003-0001", "contents": "1846 Grand National, The course\nFence 9 [25] A large water jump. Fence 10 [26] Out of the second field along the Canal. Fence 11 [27] Out of the third field along the Canal. Fence 12 [28] A fence into the Anchor Bridge Road. Fence 13 [29] An artificial hurdle leaving the training ground on the racecourse proper. Fence 14 [30] An artificial hurdle, replacing the wall at the distance judge's chair, which stood here the previous year. Fence 15 A high artificial thorn fence with a water jump five foot wide and four foot deep. Fence 16 A bank into the Melling Road. Fence 31 An artificial hurdle adjacent to the water jump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022611-0004-0000", "contents": "1846 Grand National, The race\nThe course for this race was incorrectly flagged with the result that as much as half a mile was added to the distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022611-0005-0000", "contents": "1846 Grand National, The race\nPeter Simple led for the majority of the first circuit, which four of the competitors failed to negotiate. The Scavenger refused the first jump and did not continue, Mameluke and Hornihihharriho failed to reach Becher's Brook for the first time when the pair collided at an early jump while where the latter's rider, Lee-Carter suffered a heavy facial wound. Lancet's rider, William McDonough, was knocked from his horse by a mounted spectator as the field were turning to enter the race course proper and was badly bruised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022611-0006-0000", "contents": "1846 Grand National, The race\nThe second circuit saw many of the runners meet with accidents as Peter Simple fell to leave Culverthorpe in the lead. Last year's winner, Cure-All was pulled up by his rider when it became apparent that he would not repeat his success and Perambulator soon did the same, Golden Pippen bolted off the course. Regalia, Troubadour, Carlow, Brenda, Tinderbox and Lady Grey all fell before the survivors came back into sight of the spectators in the stands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022611-0007-0000", "contents": "1846 Grand National, The race\nOnly eight runners remained in the race when they came back onto the race course and when the stated distance was completed Veluti led from Culverthorpe. Veluti broke down and had to be pulled up, leaving Culverthorpe to jump the final flight in the lead only to be caught on the run to the finish line by the rank outsider Pioneer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022611-0008-0000", "contents": "1846 Grand National, The race\nPioneer won the race by three lengths with Culverthorpe second, three lengths in front of Switcher in third. Although an unconsidered outsider, Pioneer was quoted at a price of 200/10 the evening before the race although few, if any bets were known to have been struck and few bookmakers offered a price. He proved himself to be a very good horse by winning a prestigious race at Leamington Spa the following week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022611-0008-0001", "contents": "1846 Grand National, The race\nHis rider, William Taylor was a twenty-seven-year-old vet and was one of nine riders making their Grand National debut while the owner, a Mr Adams had been very clear before the race that he would not risk a penny of his own money on his own horse and indeed had made no effort to have the horse trained for racing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022611-0009-0000", "contents": "1846 Grand National, The race\nAt the time, Allen McDonough and Horatio Powell were both taking a record eighth ride in the race, however the 1836 race, in which Powell took part was discounted as an official National in the 1860s and the races of 1837 and '38, in which McDonough took part were also discounted during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane\nThe 1846 Havana hurricane (also known as the Great Havana hurricane of 1846, San Francisco de Borja hurricane and The Great Gale of 1846) was the most intense tropical cyclone in recorded history for 78\u00a0years and the first known Category\u00a05-strength hurricane to strike Cuba. The first indications of the formation of a disturbance were first noted on 5\u00a0October in the Caribbean Sea, but little else was known until the storm approached Cuba on 10\u00a0October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0000-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane\nThere, it brought extreme winds and the lowest known atmospheric pressure of the time \u2013 938\u00a0mbar (27.70\u00a0inHg) \u2013 a record which remained unbroken until the development of a later cyclone in 1924. It soon curved toward Florida, where it maintained its intensity, continuing to rapidly hasten northward along the East Coast of the United States to New England. It entered an extratropical transition while situated over New York on 13\u00a0October, producing intense Category\u00a02-force winds and unusually little precipitation. Eventually, the gale dissipated over the Canadian Maritimes the following day as a markedly weaker storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane\nIn Cuba, the storm caused hundreds of deaths, capsized dozens of ships, obliterated buildings, uprooted trees, and ruined crops. Many towns were wholly destroyed or flattened and never recovered, while others disappeared entirely. Damage in the United States was considerably better-chronicled despite being less severe. In Key West, widespread destruction was noted, with 40\u00a0deaths, many vessels rendered unfit, and widespread structural damage, with several buildings swept off of their foundations and hundreds of others flattened. Few supplies arrived in the following days and relief efforts were gradual, with few resources within the town's vicinity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0001-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane\nAlong other sections of the Southeastern U.S. coast, copious rainfall and moderate winds impacted agriculture, shipping, and residences. As the storm tracked along the Middle-Atlantic coast, similar effects were reported: there, the gale inundated many areas, impeded communications, destroyed railroads and canals, and flattened structures. Despite extensive damage, only two deaths were recorded outside Cuba and Florida. Along its entire track, the hurricane caused $338,000 in losses and at least 164\u00a0deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane\nUnusual in many aspects, the 1846\u00a0Havana hurricane was the most intense of its time. Though atmospheric pressure readings in Cuba reached as low as 916\u00a0mbar (27.06\u00a0inHg), the meteorological historian Jose Fernandez-Partag\u00e1s re-evaluated several possible pressure records, concluding that the cyclone's minimum pressure was likely closer to 938\u00a0mbar (27.70\u00a0inHg); even so, it maintained the title of having the lowest recorded pressure measurement until 1924, 78\u00a0years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0002-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane\nAlthough no reliable wind measurements were available at the time, a separate study also estimated that it produced Category\u00a05-strength winds, making it the first known storm to strike Cuba at such an intensity. As a result of the tropical cyclone's extreme intensity, ecological and geographical features were permanently altered in many areas. Sand Key, which completely submerged during the course of the hurricane, wholly re-emerged by December of that year, albeit not in its original position; meanwhile, ecological damage remained evident for decades in Key West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0003-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe hurricane's origins can be traced to the central Caribbean Sea on 5\u00a0October. The following day, its passage south of Jamaica was observed, and soon later, the hurricane transited across the Cayman Islands, producing relatively high winds. During the late evening of 10\u00a0October, winds began to increase on the island of Cuba, culminating the following morning; while the strongest winds were originally in the storm's northeastern sector, they were later noted in its northwest. Its eye presumably passed slightly east of Havana while maintaining an atmospheric pressure of 916\u00a0mbar (27.06\u00a0inHg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0003-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Meteorological history\nThis was accompanied by Category\u00a05-force winds on the modern-day Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale, defined as 1-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 157\u00a0mph (252\u00a0km/h). Despite the reading, a 1993\u00a0analysis by weather historian Jos\u00e9 Fern\u00e1ndez-Partag\u00e1s calculated a corrected sea-level pressure at 938\u00a0mbar (27.70\u00a0inHg); even so, the value maintained the hurricane as the most intense in recorded history. It arrived at Key West the morning of 11\u00a0October, soon after its departure from Cuba, with undiminished intensity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0003-0002", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe storm gradually meandered toward Tampa Bay, and eventually arrived on that afternoon of 11\u00a0October, its effects persisting through the following morning. Winds, which initially swept northeasterly at force\u00a04 during the early evening, veered toward the southeast and peaked at force\u00a08 the following morning. Weather historian David Ludlum tracked the hurricane's path past Cedar Key, noting the disturbance's northeastward curve as it neared Jacksonville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0004-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Meteorological history\nAdvancing northward over land, the once-powerful hurricane weakened, with somewhat higher atmospheric pressures and winds of less severity reported at Charleston, South Carolina. Paralleling the coast while situated inland, it hastened quickly toward the north, swiftly passing through North Carolina and arriving in the Chesapeake Bay region by 13\u00a0October. Southeasterly gusts persisted as the storm continued its northerly progression inland along the course of the East Coast of the United States. After reaching Washington, D.C., in the early morning, it arrived near New York City by sunrise, and transited across Boston during the afternoon of 13\u00a0October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0004-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe storm likely underwent an extratropical transition by the time it arrived in New York state, elongating linearly east-to-west. The gale's winds swept toward the southeast with a brief hiatus in the early evening. As it neared New England, it produced little precipitation yet intense gusts, which peaked at force\u00a09-strength in the vicinity of New Bedford, Massachusetts. The cyclone's diameter over New England, at its largest point, reached 120\u00a0mi (200\u00a0km), accompanied by Category\u00a02-force winds. The system was last sighted on the morning of 14\u00a0October, rapidly weakening as it meandered into the Canadian Maritimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0005-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact\nIn Cuba, the hurricane's impact was extremely severe: the storm destroyed nearly a hundred ships and likely killed hundreds of individuals across the island, and also inflicted extensive crop damage and widespread flooding. The hurricane capsized nearly all crafts docked at Havana Harbor, and of the 104\u00a0boats in the harbor prior to the storm's arrival, only 12\u00a0remained after it subsided. Between 40\u00a0and 50\u00a0other cargo vessels were impaired, with significant structural damage in the city proper also observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0005-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact\nDamage to houses, crops, and shipping was catastrophic throughout the island; the storm was reportedly the worst in Cuban history at the time, more severe even than an earlier hurricane in 1844. Waves were high enough to reach the lanterns of the Morro Castle lighthouse. While no concrete death toll was established, reports indicated the deaths of several dozen individuals during the entire course of the storm, while other records noted that hundreds of deaths had possibly occurred across the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0006-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact\nDamage in the United States, however, was better-documented. There, the disturbance washed away the island of Sand Key and resulted in the loss of many vessels in nearby Key West harbor. Its storm surge scattered debris throughout the city and swept many structures afloat upon high waters. In all, approximately $200,000 in damage and 40\u00a0deaths were reported, representing four percent of the town's population. Elsewhere in the state, damage remained severe, with abnormal storm tides and widespread property destruction noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0006-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact\nShipping and agriculture took the brunt of the storm's impact in other southeastern states; there, it produced damage similar to that inflicted by an earlier 1824 hurricane. Even farther north along the Middle-Atlantic coast, copious rainfall and intense gusts were observed, especially in the New England region. Winds uprooted trees, cracked canals, damaged railroads, and demolished factories. Rainfall totals, however, were generally low, indicative of a dry gale. In all, the hurricane caused at least 164\u00a0deaths and $338,000 (1846\u00a0USD) in damage throughout its path, although some reports indicated hundreds of additional deaths across the island of Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0007-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Caribbean Sea\nEarly in its development, the hurricane passed near the Cayman Islands, inundating all of Grand Cayman, with its worst effects concentrated at the localities of Savannah and Newlands, both under a 15\u00a0ft (4.6\u00a0m) storm surge. Although residential damage was minimal, many grasslands were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0008-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Caribbean Sea\nCelebrations coinciding with the birthday of Isabella II of Spain held in Havana, Cuba, on 10\u00a0October were disrupted by heavy rains and strong winds, indicative of the hurricane's imminent arrival that evening. Following the storm's landfall, the most severe damage as a result of the storm was observed from eastern regions of Pinar del R\u00edo to western Matanzas. Already soaked by weeks of constant rainfall, with swollen rivers, inundated roads, and spoiled tobacco crops, existing problems were only further exacerbated; at Paso Real de San Diego, cassava, sweet potato, and other vianda harvests were ruined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0008-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Caribbean Sea\nIn Havana proper, 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) waves battered ships seeking refuge in the city's harbor, grounded, driven away, capsized, and smashed, with much of their cargo, composing of cartons of sugar, bales of tobacco, and fragments of hemp, barrels, and cases strewn along the shore and sea. In all, the gale destroyed or seriously damaged 105\u00a0commercial ships, 70\u00a0sloops, pilot boats, and military craft, as well as 111\u00a0other vessels at sea; as a result, shortages of many essential goods occurred in inland provinces. Damage in Cuban port cities was only further aggravated by the amount of debris produced by the destruction of ships, warehouses, and docks, which were in turn blown into harborside structures by powerful gusts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0009-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Caribbean Sea\nMasonry buildings bore the brunt of the storm, with the recently overhauled Teatro Principal wholly obliterated, the city gas plant rendered unusable after its smokestack crumpled, and numerous churches flattened. Havana Cathedral experienced considerable damage to its roof, while the Montserrat Church was completely unroofed. The hurricane destroyed parish churches at Jesus del Monte and Guanabacoa, while several hospitals, including the Real Hospital de San L\u00e1zaro, were also demolished, with its entrance wrecked, several wards and its infirmary building damaged, and its roofs crippled. Damage was so severe that some believed that the destruction was wrought by an earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0009-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Caribbean Sea\nResidential damage was omnipresent, with 1,275 houses razed to the ground and another 1,040 damaged in Guanabacoa alone. The storm covered streets with planks, tiles, and other debris, uprooted and defoliated palm trees, ruined gardens, and damaged balconies. The massive storm surge associated with the system annihilated and washed away most of the huts and houses of Bataban\u00f3, with only 20\u00a0left standing. Food and water supplies were lost, while the retreating tides left behind inches of mud and mounds of debris in their wake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0010-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Caribbean Sea\nAt Caimito and Rosario, warehouses, their contents, piers, and wharves were all driven out into the neighboring ocean, and both towns were entirely flattened. The hurricane destroyed all the piers and nearly every building in Caba\u00f1as, and of the 23\u00a0houses built in Cojimar, only seven weathered the storm. A majority of ships at Matanzas were destroyed, with numerous ships capsized or washed aground. Massive waves crashed ashore, crushing buildings and inundating low-lying areas in the city. Many wooden and stone buildings, already impaired by an earlier hurricane in 1844, were immediately destroyed by the surge's impact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0010-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Caribbean Sea\nStructures along the shoreline, in addition to towns along the courses of the Yumur\u00ed and San Juan rivers, were driven out to sea. More than forty deaths occurred in the first round of flooding brought by the storm. At G\u00fcines, the tempest wrecked all of the town's residences, public buildings, and businesses, and over a hundred individuals died. Among the losses were two distilleries, a packing plant, a lumbermill, and a warehouse, and countless other buildings, while at Pinar del R\u00edo, flooding along mountainsides and nearby rivers swamped the city and other nearby communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0011-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Caribbean Sea\nNot a single residence remained undamaged after the hurricane's passage in Bejucal, San Antonio de los Ba\u00f1os, Santiago de Las Vegas, and Mariel, and those that were not destroyed were unroofed. Nueva Paz suffered the loss of 110\u00a0homes, while Madruga lost 100; only five remained standing at Managua, and of the eight left at Quivic\u00e1n, all were severely damaged. At Jibacoa, only 32\u00a0of the town's 82\u00a0residences survived the storm. The seaside town of Guanabo was entirely lost, with floodwaters driving the town to sea and leaving its residents homeless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0011-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Caribbean Sea\nThe hamlets of Mantilla, La Chorrera, and Paula disappeared entirely, while Candelaria was washed away with the loss of all its structures, of which a majority collapsed under the strength of the storm's powerful winds before being driven out to sea. Most structures in Cayajabos, Boyeros, and Aguacate were flattened, while the villages of Alqu\u00edzar, G\u00fcira de Melena, and Vereda Nueva essentially vanished after the storm passed through. Guatao was entirely destroyed, suffering the loss of its apparently indestructible church, while Quemado wholly vanished and only four houses endured the storm's impacts at San Antonio de los Ba\u00f1os.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0012-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Southeastern United States\nThe impacts of the hurricane were extreme throughout the state of Florida, especially in the Florida Keys. High winds washed away two lighthouses near Key West, resulting in the deaths of all 6\u00a0people at Sand Key Light and 14\u00a0individuals at the Key West Lighthouse; although keeper Barbara Mabrity survived, seven of her children died while taking refuge there during the hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0012-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Southeastern United States\nThe 5\u00a0ft (1.5\u00a0m)-storm surge in Key West proper swept through downtown and forced many to abandon their homes; many attempted to flee to higher ground (\"the highest piece of land \u2014 seventeen feet high, with waves threatening to push them off\") but were still killed or injured. All wharves and warehouses in the town suffered some degree of damage, and of the approximately six hundred residences on the key, only six endured the storm's fury successfully, with the others unroofed or flattened by intense winds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0012-0002", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Southeastern United States\nFort Zachary Taylor, partially obliterated by the hurricane, endured over $200,000 in damage, while the nearby customs-house was also harmed. Uprooted trees and debris from destroyed houses rendered roads impassable. The storm also changed the landscape within the vicinity, washing away Sand Key entirety. However, the island quickly resurfaced by that December, albeit 50\u00a0ft (15\u00a0m) west of its original position. Every vessel at local harbor sustained serious damage; in addition, some 20\u00a0vessels were unaccounted for, and at least 40\u00a0deaths were documented, though another source suggested 50\u00a0lives were lost out at sea. An additional twelve died inland as a result death by being impaled, crushed, or drowned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0013-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Southeastern United States\nPowerful winds and the storm's massive flood tide washed lumber and casks aboard ships. Massive pieces of timber, hurled across town, cracked walls and inflicted significant damage. Floodwaters 3\u00a0ft (0.91\u00a0m) deep submerged already debris-clogged streets, with inundation as deep as 7.5\u00a0ft (2.3\u00a0m) in the key's northeastern sector. There, the Lafayette Salt Company was swept away along with two military cemeteries. Floodwaters exhumed many skeletons and coffins in those graveyards, dispersing them across local forests. In downtown, both the Episcopal and Methodist chapels collapsed, and warehouses were moderately damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0013-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Southeastern United States\nThe town's new stone marine hospital, struck by the remnants of a wharf and a large raft, was nearly completely destroyed by the storm's intense winds. Lumber, crowbars, and cannon carriages from the construction site of Fort Zachary Taylor were scattered throughout the streets. High waters floated a camp stable 200\u00a0ft (61\u00a0m) from its initial location, floating its horses and mules to safety. Four drowning deaths were chronicled at the fort, all having been swept away from the fort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0013-0002", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Southeastern United States\nSeveral wooden buildings along the shoreline, not tethered to the ground, drifted out to sea upon high waters due to the sheer force of the hurricane's gusts. Other notable maritime losses were also noted nearby, with the deaths of three on the Lafayette, which capsized offshore, one fatality each upon the Exchange and Frankford, and 19\u00a0casualties on the Villa Nueva; in addition, several other abandoned vessels were driven aground, apparently without any loss of life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0014-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Southeastern United States\nThe storm's path of devastation extended northward through the state. In Manatee County, a plantation owner and his horse drowned attempting to cross the elevated waters of the Little Manatee River. To the north at Fort Brooke, high winds felled several oak trees on the grounds of a local military installation, wholly uprooting several others. Along Tampa Bay, winds obliterated several houses and flattened fences. To the northeast at Jacksonville, the storm was more severe, with the hurricane's winds having been \"beyond anything in the recollection of\u00a0... the oldest inhabitant [of the town].\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0014-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Southeastern United States\nStorm tides exceeded the previously recorded high water mark by 6\u00a0ft (1.8\u00a0m), inundating numerous wharves and businesses along the path of Bay Street. By the time the storm's fury abated, the storm tossed wharves out to sea, wrecked structures along the St. Johns River, and rendered nearby saw mills' lumber worthless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0015-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Southeastern United States\nEven along other, farther north, portions of the southeastern coast, the gale remained intense. At Savannah, Georgia, one fatality occurred at sea, and damage to fences, roofs, and trees was minor despite high winds, with debris from the remnants of chinaberry trees littering the streets of the city. A schooner capsized at Union Wharf, and farther down the coast at Tybee Island, another craft was washed aground. Within the vicinity of Darien, Georgia, the gale's high tides swamped rice fields, also impeding the impending harvest along the Savannah River in South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0015-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Southeastern United States\nAlthough little rain fell farther north at Charleston, with merely 2.03\u00a0in (5.2\u00a0cm) measured, gusts leveled wharves, uprooted trees, prostrated fences, and unroofed buildings. Despite copious rainfall measurements at Columbia, which received 4.50\u00a0in (11.4\u00a0cm) of rainfall, damage was minimal and, for the most part, restricted to crops. The vessel Mutual Safety departed Charleston in the mid-afternoon of 10\u00a0October, but soon encountered the storm and experienced severe damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0015-0002", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Southeastern United States\nIn an effort to save the vessel's passengers, it was deliberately run ashore near Jacksonville, Florida, without the loss of any passengers on board; however, the steamer itself was not salvageable. A dozen ships beached or capsized in Charleston's harbors, with many wharves demolished along the city's shoreline. The western part of Tradd Street, especially near Chisolm's Mill and South Bay's sidewalk, eroded as a result of wind and water, which also fractured the South Bay and East Battery walls. Gusts unroofed the Trinity Church along Hasell Street; the roof itself landed in an adjacent graveyard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0015-0003", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Southeastern United States\nDespite extensive damage, only one death was noted in the city, that of a slave whose boat floundered at sea. Unexpectedly low storm tides of 2\u00a0ft (24\u00a0in) at Georgetown, South Carolina and Wilmington, North Carolina inflicted no noteworthy damage. In general, however, the hurricane was reportedly the most severe since 1824 along the southeastern seaboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0016-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast\nNot a single wharf at Baltimore, Maryland escaped the hurricane's storm surge, which inundated the length of Pratt Street along the shore; meanwhile, the Potomac River at Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Virginia, attained its highest level in 20\u00a0years, with the latter two cities plagued by surface runoff on 13\u00a0October, following the storm's passage. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal also bore the brunt of the storm's impact, having been swamped by potent rainfall as well. Low-lying areas along the Delaware River, including New Castle, Delaware, experienced storm tides not seen since the 1775 Newfoundland hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0016-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast\nThe floodwaters were high enough to even extinguish a fire in a stationary locomotive which had been impeded by the gale's rainfall. The local Episcopal Church's steeple was tossed away by forceful gusts. To the north at Philadelphia, the tempest was the most intense in 30\u00a0years, with its high tides engulfing every wharf in the city; a total of 1.25\u00a0in (3.2\u00a0cm) of rain was measured at Pennsylvania Hospital. Despite widespread destruction along the Delaware River, damage to buildings in Philadelphia proper was less severe. Heavy rainfall was also generated throughout western portions of the state. In neighboring New Jersey, considerable damage to structures, timber, land, and livestock was observed, with winds toppling several buildings and trees; widespread rainfall, meanwhile, flooded salt marshes, also drowning cattle and sheep. High winds tangled poles and wires, in turn interrupting telegraphic communications along the Washington-Baltimore-New York corridor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 1034]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0017-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast\nDamage was similarly severe in New England, despite the storm's transition into a weaker extratropical cyclone. Despite being significantly farther east from New York City, the storm produced severe impacts in the area. Significant damage was observed, with the waters of Upper New York Bay crashing over the Battery Park sea wall, washing away 300\u00a0ft (91\u00a0m) of its length. Gusts caved in chimneys, uprooted trees, and sank several canal boats at the city's wharves. At Buffalo, a rupture along the Erie Canal interrupted nearby traffic, and to the east in Dansville, copious rainfall was also recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0017-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast\nApproximately 1.25\u00a0in (3.2\u00a0cm) of rain accompanied low atmospheric pressure readings throughout a wide area, with winds along the gale's eastern fringes, especially at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, remaining intense. In New England, it was generally considered to be the most severe storm since a previous disturbance in October\u00a01841, despite having produced minimal rainfall totals throughout the region, including 0.33\u00a0in (0.84\u00a0cm) at New Bedford. Gusts felled trees paralleling both sides of a roadway from Springfield to Amherst. Nearby at Worcester, winds flattened several factories, and also overturned a substantial number trees in the outskirts of Boston. A newly built brick residence's walls in the southern end of the city collapsed; on the other side of the city, a sawing and planing mill was razed to the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0018-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast\nWithin the proximity of Boston at the towns of Canton and Southborough, winds obliterated two factories. High winds at Grafton collapsed the railroad sheds under the ownership of the Providence and Worcester Railroad. Malden endured the loss of a mansion which was still under construction, and several smaller buildings were also blown down there and at Monson. Winds upturned trees and toppled fences at Northampton, and nearby at Palmer, a school building was crumbled into pieces by intense winds. At Springfield, winds unroofed a repair facility at a local railroad depot and a house at the town armory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0018-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Impact, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast\nGusts destroyed railroad sheds and factories in Stoughton and Worcester as well, and at Wilmington, winds crumbled a house into pieces. Slightly to the south in Norwich, Connecticut, fallen trees obstructed railroad tracks, and at Hartford, a railroad bridge was thrown farther upstream along the Connecticut River. Further railroad damage was noted to property owned by the Winchester and Potomac, Baltimore and Ohio, and other railroads throughout the region. Nearly all key bridges managed by those railroads were washed away, with many other track segments covered in debris. In all, the hurricane caused at least 164\u00a0deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0019-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Aftermath and records\nImmediately following the storm's end, the U.S. Army Quartermaster permitted homeless citizens to rest in its local barracks. Food, water, and supplies were lacking, with most having been washed away, rendered unusable, or become inedible due to the storm's salty storm surge. The Morris's captain obtained supplies from a damaged vessel, sending them to a local Methodist minister. Efforts to reconstruct and recover from the disaster were not immediate due to the lack of available resources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0019-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Aftermath and records\nWith the loss of area lighthouses, local waters were difficult to navigate, with one shipwreck occurring as a result west of Key West; in response, a 60\u00a0ft (18\u00a0m) staff was placed at the former location of the now-destroyed Key West Lighthouse. Many vessels were also lost near Sand Key Light, and decades later, the tower, poorly maintained due to a lack of government funding, continued to deteriorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0020-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Aftermath and records\nThe 1846 hurricane resulted in a variety of both geological, geographical, and ecological alterations. In Key West, the local salt pond shifted from its original position, becoming a hindrance to local residents and requiring it to be filled up; eventually, the tourist district of Key West emerged over the former site of the salt pond. By December\u00a01846, Sand Key, which was inundated during the hurricane, resurfaced from the waters of the Atlantic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0020-0001", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Aftermath and records\nHowever, it was situated approximately 50\u00a0ft (15\u00a0m) west of its location prior to the hurricane, and even months later, the lighthouse remained under 2\u00a0ft (0.61\u00a0m) of seawater. Years afterward, greenery on the key was sparse, and little native vegetation existed. Signs of ecological damage remained even in the early 1880s, evidenced by the presence of rushes among the leaves of trees and bushes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022612-0021-0000", "contents": "1846 Havana hurricane, Aftermath and records\nThe 1846\u00a0Havana hurricane was likely of Category\u00a05 intensity, the earliest known tropical cyclone of its strength to strike Cuba. In 1993, the weather historian Jose Fernandez-Partag\u00e1s analyzed an anomalous atmospheric pressure of 916\u00a0mbar (27.06\u00a0inHg) measured at Havana upon the vessel Thames, deeming it to be abnormally low and evaluating its true value to be closer to 938\u00a0mbar (27.70\u00a0inHg), making the hurricane the most intense in recorded history at the time. The exceptionally low pressure reading in Cuba surpassed a previous record of 948\u00a0mbar (28.00\u00a0inHg) set by an 1844\u00a0storm, with the new record eventually exceeded by the 1924 Cuba hurricane, which featured a manually recorded pressure reading of 932\u00a0mbar (27.52\u00a0inHg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022613-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1846 Illinois gubernatorial election was the eighth quadrennial election for this office. Democrat Augustus C. French defeated Whig nominee Thomas M. Kilpatrick, for the office. Richard Eels of the Liberty Party came in a distant third. The term was cut short, and lasted only half the normal length. This synchronized the gubernatorial election with the election for President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022614-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Iowa Senate election\nIn the 1846 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the first Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held for all 19 members of the State Senate. In the newly created Senate, members were to serve four-year terms. Members of the first General Assembly were classified into two groups. Nine of the newly elected senators would serve full four-year terms, while 10 drew short terms of two years and were up for re-election in 1848. This classification process began the rotation system whereby half the members of the Senate are elected biennially for full four-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022614-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 Iowa Senate election\nThis was the first general election following Iowa's admission to the Union. Prior to statehood, the Iowa Territory had a Legislative Assembly consisting of an upper chamber (i.e., the Territory Council) and a lower chamber (i.e., the Territory House). Therefore, the Territory Council was the predecessor of the Iowa Senate, which became the upper chamber in the new Iowa General Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022614-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 Iowa Senate election\nIn the previous election in 1845, the members of the eighth and final Territory Council were chosen. Democrats held a majority of seats with 11 to Whigs' two seats in the final Territory Council. The newly created Iowa Senate was expanded to nineteen members and districts were redrawn in advance of the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022614-0003-0000", "contents": "1846 Iowa Senate election\nTo claim a majority of seats, the Whigs needed to net eight seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022614-0004-0000", "contents": "1846 Iowa Senate election\nDemocrats maintained a majority of seats. Following the 1846 general election, Democrats held 11 seats in the Iowa Senate while Whigs held eight seats (a net gain of 6 seats for Whigs). Democratic Councilor Stephen Hempstead was the President of the eighth & final Territory Council. Democratic Senator Thomas Baker was chosen as the first President of the Iowa Senate. During the first General Assembly, Democratic Senator Thomas Hughes succeeded Senator Baker as the second President of the Iowa Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum\nAn independence referendum was held in Liberia on 27 October 1846. The result was 52% in favour, with independence being declared on 26 July 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum\nThe American Colonization Society (ACS) had established the colony of Liberia in 1817, with an appointed governor. The British did not acknowledge Liberian customs as the colony was not independent, and during the mid-19th century there were continuous clashes between Liberian government and British merchants from Sierra Leone over payment of taxes, with the merchants arguing that the country had no right to impose taxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum\nFollowing independence, a constitution that had been agreed on 26 July 1847 was approved in a referendum in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0003-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum, Background\nIn the United States, there was a movement to resettle free-born blacks and freed slaves, in Africa, believing blacks would face better chances for freedom in Africa than in the United States where their rights were still restricted. The American Colonization Society (ACS) was founded in 1816 in Washington, D.C. for this purpose, by a group of prominent politicians and slaveowners. Most African-Americans, who were native-born by this time, wanted to work toward justice in the United States rather than emigrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0003-0001", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum, Background\nThe ACS, supported by prominent American politicians such as Abraham Lincoln, Henry Clay, and James Monroe, believed repatriation of free African-Americans was preferable to widespread emancipation of slaves. Similar state-based organizations established colonies in Mississippi-in-Africa and the Republic of Maryland, which were later annexed by Liberia. Colonizationists used their position to influence other former slaves to return to Africa. These individuals believed that \"they could create their own version of the United States beyond the borders of a white republic.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0004-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum, Background\nIn 1822, the ACS began sending African-American volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for African-Americans. By 1867, the ACS (and state-related chapters) had assisted in the migration of more than 13,000 African-Americans to Liberia. These free African-Americans and their descendants married within their community and came to identify as Americo-Liberians. Many were of mixed race and educated in American culture; they did not identify with the indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0004-0001", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum, Background\nThey intermarried largely within the colonial community, developing an ethnic group that had a cultural tradition infused with American notions of political republicanism and Protestant Christianity. They knew nothing of the indigenous cultures, languages or animist religion. Encounters with tribal Africans in the bush often developed into violent confrontations. The colonial settlements were raided by the Kru and Grebo from their inland chiefdoms. Because of feeling set apart and superior by their culture and education to the indigenous people, the Americo-Liberians developed as a small elite that held on to political power. It excluded the indigenous tribesmen from birthright citizenship in their own lands until 1904, in a repetition of the United States' treatment of Native Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0005-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum, Background\nThe ACS and American-Africans mutually agreed that Liberia was its own separate entity. The colony needed some form of formal process to realize its statehood. Even before, declaring independence the ACS was helping Liberia draft a constitution. The first referendum for independence occurred in November 1846. The general population was badly split. The referendum relied on more information from legislature to make an adequate decision. Members of both sides decided to present arguments to sway votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0006-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum, Background\nMany Liberians, especially the rich who were affected by the continuous regression by ACS, began to seek independence. During the mid-19th century, there were also continuous clashes between Liberian government and British merchants from Sierra Leone, with the merchants arguing that the country had no right to impose taxes. The elites in the colony wanted to declare sovereignty to overcome the issue, resulting in the declaration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0007-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum, Background, British Influence\nBritish influence in Western Africa continued to expand when Sierra Leone was absorbed by Britain. Britain looked to expand its influence into more of Western African. Colonists were pushed as their sovereignty was threatened by British traders. They attempted to attack their claims on their biggest source of revenues, custom duties. American-Africans utilized this opportunity to consolidate support and establish independence to become a full taxing authority. After settling differences with Britain, Liberia aided Britain in the illegal slave trade. Due to close relations in Western Africa, Britain was the first country to recognize Liberian independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0008-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum, Background, Other threats to Independence\nInternally, Liberia struggled in establishing society as discrimination occurred between African-American, African tribes, Europeans, and Mulattoes. Socioeconomic classes divided interests for the development of Liberia. Externally, other international powers were looking to take advantage of Liberian resources. European diplomats looked to threaten Liberia's sovereignty. Establishing a strong tie to the United States proved vital for survival. Imperialism threatened to damage internal land claims. Establishing colonial authority with the help of the ACS proved vital for Liberia's future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0009-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum, Background, Legislative development\nThe early legislature struggled to divide itself from the American Colonization society. Independence was an after thought as these African-Americans attempted to establish themselves on the Pepper Coast. The assistance of the ACS was necessary for the colony continue. Early colonies struggled to establish themselves from the indigenous groups. Monrovia's development allowed for the legislature and the state to development. Demands for independence only grew starting in the late 1830s and early 1840s after industry and prices. Starting in 1845, the Liberian colonies recognized that independence from the ACS was necessary to achieve their next step- independence. Fever for independence continued to grow as Liberian government wished to ensure freedom for its citizens. Government meetings in 1846 continued to embrace conversations of independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 932]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0010-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum, Aftermath\nOn 26 July 1847, the settlers issued a Declaration of Independence and the better-organized political faction led by Joseph Jenkins Roberts who would go on to become the first President of Liberia won the struggle. However, opposition persisted as they rationalized that the ACS had other motives for their land and property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0011-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum, Aftermath\nA constitution was also promulgated based on the political principles denoted in the United States Constitution; drafts of the document were very similar to the U.S Constitution. The new constitution was approved in a referendum in September 1847, held alongside elections were held for president and vice president. The new government was not able to broker a deal that included the land claims for the provinces. They sent a Declaration of Independence signed by President and Governor, Roberts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022615-0012-0000", "contents": "1846 Liberian independence referendum, Remembrance\n26 July is now marked as independence day. In America, Liberians utilize this date as the evolution of their relationship between the United States and Liberia. Celebrations usually involve a music festival. Domestically, Liberian Independence Day is one of most recognized and celebrated holidays, alongside New Year's, Pioneer's Day, Armed Forces Day, African Liberation Day, Flag Day, and Thanksgiving Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022616-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 2 November 1846. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022616-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 Liverpool Town Council election\nThree of the sixteen wards were uncontested. In the uncontested elections, votes were still cast, although in very small numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022617-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1846 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the first of two elections to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1845. The new constitution abolished the provision in the 1812 constitution that required a gubernatorial candidate to win a vote of the legislature to get elected, leaving the final decision up to the people. The new constitution also cut incumbent Governor Alexandre Mouton's term short by one year thus moving the election from July 1846 to January 1846 with the inauguration of the new governor in February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022618-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1846 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022618-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Whig Governor George N. Briggs was re-elected to a fourth term in office over Democrat Isaac Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022619-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 67th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1846 during the governorship of George N. Briggs. William B. Calhoun served as president of the Senate and Samuel H. Walley, Jr. served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022620-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Naval Air Squadron\n1846 Naval Air Squadron (1846 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022621-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 New York state election\nThe 1846 New York state election was held on November 3, 1846, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor and two Canal Commissioners, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and eight members of the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022621-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 New York state election, History\nAt the Whig state convention, Young was nominated for governor on the third ballot with 76 votes against 45 for Millard Fillmore who had been the unsuccessful Whig candidate at the previous gubernatorial election in 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022621-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 New York state election, Results\nThe Democratic and the Whig parties being of almost equal strength at the time, the cross-endorsed Anti- Rent ticket was elected. The incumbent governor Wright was defeated. The incumbent lieutenant governor Gardiner was re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022621-0003-0000", "contents": "1846 New York state election, Results\nAt the same time, the voters adopted the New York State Constitution of 1846, so that the elected Canal Commissioners could not take office for their elected term. Both Hudson and Clowes eventually took office by appointment to fill vacancies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022621-0004-0000", "contents": "1846 New York state election, Results\nFive Whigs and three Democrats were elected for the session of 1847 to the New York State Senate. Under the Constitution of 1821, every year 8 of the 32 senators were elected to a four-year term. These 8 now elected, and the 24 remaining state senators, were legislated out of office by the Constitution of 1846, their term ending on December 31, 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022621-0005-0000", "contents": "1846 New York state election, Results\n72 Whigs and 56 Democrats were elected to the New York State Assembly of the 70th New York State Legislature, of whom 6 Whigs and 4 Democrats were elected with Anti-Rent endorsement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022621-0006-0000", "contents": "1846 New York state election, Results\nObs. : The number of votes is the total of Whig and Anti- Rent votes for Young and Clowes, the total of Democratic and Anti- Rent votes for Gardiner and Hudson, and the total of Liberty and National Reform votes for Bradley and Chaplin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022622-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1846 saw John Swift reelected to office for a tenth overall non-consecutive term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022622-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022623-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 St Ives by-election\nThe St Ives by-election of 1846 was an uncontested election held on 21 July 1846 for the constituency of St Ives in England. The by-election was brought about due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, William Tyringham Praed. It was won by the Conservative candidate William Powlett, who was the only declared candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022624-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 State of the Union Address\nThe 1846 State of the Union Address was presented to the 29th United States Congress, containing both the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives on Tuesday, December 8, 1846. It was the 56th address given. President James K. Polk, the 11th president, had written it. It was written during the Mexican\u2013American War, and addresses it. \"The existing war with Mexico was neither desired nor provoked by the United States.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022625-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe 1846 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Monday, October 5, 1846 to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 30th Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including various state and local elections. The party primaries were held on June 20, 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022625-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1847, to March 4, 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022625-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Background\nIn the 1845 congressional election, David Levy Yulee, a Democrat, was elected to the United States House of Representatives. However, Yulee was jointly elected by the Florida Legislature to the United States Senate, and so resigned from the House of Representatives before taking his seat in order to take his seat in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 75], "content_span": [76, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022625-0003-0000", "contents": "1846 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Background\nA special election was held later in 1845, which saw the election of Edward Carrington Cabell, a Whig. However, his opponent, William Henry Brockenbrough, a Democrat, successfully challenged the results of the election and was seated in the House on January 24, 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 75], "content_span": [76, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022626-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 United States elections\nThe 1846 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic President James Polk's term, during the Second Party System. The election took place during the Mexican\u2013American War. Members of the 30th United States Congress were chosen in this election. Wisconsin joined the union during the 30th Congress. Democrats kept control of the Senate, but lost control of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022626-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 United States elections\nIn the House, the Whigs won major gains, turning a dominant Democratic majority into a narrow Whig majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022626-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democrats picked up a moderate number of seats, building on their majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 30th Congress were held during President James K. Polk's term at various dates in different states from August 1846 to November 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe Whigs gained 37 seats to win 116 and a change in partisan control, while the rival Democrats lost 30, falling to 112. The Whigs gained seats in the Mid-Atlantic and the South. The nativist and anti-Catholic American Party was reduced to one seat. One Independent, Amos Tuck, was elected from New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe Mexican\u2013American War, which the incumbent House had voted overwhelmingly to approve, was the main issue. The war had much stronger voter support in the West, South, and among Democrats than in the East, North, and among Whigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0003-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections\nIt was widely, accurately believed that war with Mexico would be won with large territorial gains. The Wilmot Proviso was the first congressional attempt to address slavery in these projected new territories, by proposing to ban it. Congress rejected the Wilmot Proviso, but not quickly or smoothly. Protracted debate aggravated sectional tensions. The repeated failure of Congress, and later also the President and Supreme Court, over the next decade to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories was a major cause of the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0004-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections\nThis was the last time the Whig Party won a House majority, though candidates opposed to the Democratic Party would win a large majority in the realigning 1854 election. Notable freshmen included Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, elected as a Whig to his only term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0005-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nThe trend toward single-member districts culminated as no multi-member districts featured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0006-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nIn 1845, partly motivated by the successful 1844 test of the electric telegraph between Washington and Baltimore, Congress established a uniform date for choosing Presidential electors. Gradually, states aligned nearly all elections with this date, though as of this election, only three states had done so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0007-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nTwo seats were added for the new State of Wisconsin. Wisconsin was unrepresented for most of the first session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0008-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama\nElections were held August 2, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0009-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nElections were held April 5, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0010-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Indiana\nElections were held August 2, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0011-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Iowa, Elections to the 29th Congress\nElections for the new state were held October 26, 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 100], "content_span": [101, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0012-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Iowa, Elections to the 30th Congress\nElections were held August 2, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 100], "content_span": [101, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0013-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nElections were held August 2, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0014-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana\nElections were held November 2, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0015-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nElections were held October 6, 1847 elections were after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the new term, but still before the Congress convened in December 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0016-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nElections were held November 1\u20132, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0017-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Missouri\nElections were held August 2, 1846. All five seats remained Democratic. Three of the members retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0018-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nElections were held March 9, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847. Two of the districts had run-off elections in July 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0019-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nElections were held August 5, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0020-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nElections were held April 7, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022627-0021-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nElections were held April 22, 1847, after the March 4, 1847 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022628-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1846 and 1847 were elections which had the Democratic Party gain four seats in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022628-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States Senate elections\nAs these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022628-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 29th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1846 or in 1847 before March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022628-0003-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 30th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1847; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022628-0004-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 30th Congress\nIn this special election, the winner was elected in 1847 after March 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022628-0005-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States Senate elections, Iowa\nIowa became a state in December 1846, but did not elect its senators until December 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 50], "content_span": [51, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022628-0006-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States Senate elections, Louisiana\nAlexander Barrow (W) died December 29, 1846. Pierre Soul\u00e9 (D) was elected January 21, 1847 just to finish the term. Solomon W. Downs (D) was elected to the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022628-0007-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States Senate elections, New Hampshire\nDemocratic appointee Benning W. Jenness lost the June 13, 1846 election to finish the term and the election the same day to the next term. Joseph Cilley (Liberty) was elected to finish the term, but lost the election to the next term. John P. Hale was (Independent Democratic) was elected to the next term and would later become a Free Soiler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022628-0008-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States Senate elections, Virginia\nWilliam S. Archer (W) lost re-election to Democrat Robert M. T. Hunter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022628-0009-0000", "contents": "1846 and 1847 United States Senate elections, Virginia (Special)\nIsaac S. Pennybacker (D), who was not up for election, died January 12, 1847. James Murray Mason (D) was elected January 21, 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022629-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1846 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022633-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1846 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022641-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1846 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022641-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1846 is 71,050 M\u0101ori and 13,274 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022646-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1846 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022648-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1846 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022649-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in architecture\nThe year 1846 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022651-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022652-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022652-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, New taxa\nThe name was also preoccupied by the well known species of prehistoric cat. The genus was later renamed Zanclodon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022652-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, New taxa\nA non-dinosaurian archosaur; replacement name for Smilodon Plieninger, 1846 (non Lund 1842).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022653-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022653-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022653-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022654-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022655-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in science\nThe year 1846 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022656-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in sports\n1846 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022657-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in the United Kingdom\nEvents from the year 1846 in the United Kingdom. This year is noted for the repeal of the Corn Laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022658-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 in the United States\nEvents from the year 1846 in the United States. In this year, the United States declares war on Mexico, starting the Mexican\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022659-0000-0000", "contents": "1846 papal conclave\nThe death of Pope Gregory XVI on 1 June 1846 triggered the 1846 papal conclave. Fifty of the 62 members of the College of Cardinals assembled in the Quirinal Palace, one of the papal palaces in Rome and the seat of two earlier 19th century conclaves. The conclave began on 14 June and had to elect a pope who would not only be head of the Catholic Church but also the head of state and government of the Papal States, the extensive lands around Rome and Northern Italy which the Catholic Church governed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022659-0001-0000", "contents": "1846 papal conclave, Conclave divided over how to rule the Papal States\nIt was the issue of the government of the Papal States that was to prove central to the 1846 conclave. The College of Cardinals was split into two factions. The conservatives wished to see a continuation of papal absolutism in the governance of the Papal States, a continuation of the hardline policies of Pope Gregory XVI and his right-wing Secretary of State, Luigi Lambruschini, while the liberals wished for some measure of moderate reform and favored two candidates in Tommaso Pasquale Gizzi and Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 71], "content_span": [72, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022659-0001-0001", "contents": "1846 papal conclave, Conclave divided over how to rule the Papal States\nA fourth papabile was Cardinal Ludovico Micara, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, who was favored by the residents of Rome itself but he never gained support among the cardinals. Lambruschini himself was the leader of the conservatives while Tommaso Bernetti, who had served as Pro-Secretary of State under Pope Leo XII and the early part of Pope Gregory XVI's reign, was the leader of the liberal faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 71], "content_span": [72, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022659-0002-0000", "contents": "1846 papal conclave, Conclave divided over how to rule the Papal States\nLambruschini received a majority of the votes in the early ballots, but failed to achieve the required two-thirds majority. Cardinal Mastai Ferretti reportedly received 15 votes with the rest going to Lambruschini and Gizzi. Cardinal Gizzi was favored by the French government but failed to get additional support from the cardinals and the conclave ended up ultimately as a contest between Cardinals Lambruschini and Mastai-Ferretti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 71], "content_span": [72, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022659-0002-0001", "contents": "1846 papal conclave, Conclave divided over how to rule the Papal States\nIn the meantime, Cardinal Bernetti reportedly received information that Karl Kajetan von Gaisruck, the Austrian Archbishop of Milan, was on his way to the conclave to veto the election of Mastai-Ferretti and realized that if Mastai-Ferretti was to be elected he had to convince the cardinals within a few hours or accept the election of Lambruschini. Bernetti then on his own initiative personally convinced the majority of the electors to switch their support to Mastai Ferretti. Cardinal Mastai Ferretti himself however made no effort to campaign for the papacy, made no promises and maintained aloofness throughout the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 71], "content_span": [72, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022659-0002-0002", "contents": "1846 papal conclave, Conclave divided over how to rule the Papal States\nDespite not having campaigned for the papacy, Cardinal Mastai Ferretti was perceived to be \"a glamorous candidate, ardent, emotional with a gift for friendship and a track-record of generosity even towards anti-Clericals and Carbonari. He was a patriot, known to be critical of Gregory XVI \" Faced with deadlock and persuaded by Bernetti to keep Lambruschini from being elected pope, liberals and moderates decided to cast their votes for Mastai Ferretti in a move that contradicted the general mood throughout Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 71], "content_span": [72, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022659-0003-0000", "contents": "1846 papal conclave, Conclave divided over how to rule the Papal States\nOn the second day of the conclave, on 16 June 1846, during the evening ballot or the fourth ballot the liberal candidate, Mastai Ferretti, Archbishop (personal title) of Imola, achieved that requirement and was elected, receiving four more than the required two-thirds majority. It is reported by papal historian Val\u00e9rie Pirie that on the same ballot where he was elected, Mastai Ferretti was one of the scrutineers formally tabulating the votes and that he became emotional as it became apparent that he would be elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 71], "content_span": [72, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022659-0003-0001", "contents": "1846 papal conclave, Conclave divided over how to rule the Papal States\nMastai Ferretti at one point begged to be excused from his role as scrutineer but was not permitted to do so since it would have invalidated the ballot. As a result, Mastai Ferretti had the rare experience of having to formally proclaim his own election to the cardinal-electors inside the conclave. He took the name Pope Pius IX (known also as Pio Nono).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 71], "content_span": [72, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022659-0004-0000", "contents": "1846 papal conclave, Conclave divided over how to rule the Papal States\nBecause it was night, no formal announcement was given, just the signal of white smoke. Many Catholics had assumed that Gizzi had been elected successor of St. Peter. In fact, celebrations began to take place in his hometown, and his personal staff, following a long-standing tradition, burned his cardinalitial vestments. On the following morning, the senior Cardinal-Deacon, Tommaso Riario Sforza, announced the election of Mastai-Ferretti before a crowd of faithful Catholics. When the new pope appeared on the balcony, the mood became joyous. After his election Pius IX appointed Cardinal Gizzi as his Secretary of State. Pius IX was crowned on 21 June 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 71], "content_span": [72, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022659-0005-0000", "contents": "1846 papal conclave, Failed attempt to veto Ferretti\nAs with other conclaves up to and including the 1903 conclave, various Catholic monarchs claimed a right to veto a cardinal who might be elected, forcing the cardinals to pick someone else. Emperor Ferdinand of Austria had charged Cardinal Karl Kajetan Gaisruck, the Archbishop of Milan (then part of the empire's territory), with vetoing the liberal Ferretti. However Gaisruck arrived too late at the conclave. By the time he got there Ferretti had been elected, had accepted the papacy and had been proclaimed publicly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022659-0006-0000", "contents": "1846 papal conclave, Aftermath\nPope Pius IX was crowned with the Papal tiara on 21 June 1846. He became the longest-reigning pope since Saint Peter, sitting on the papal throne for nearly 32 years. Initially a liberal, following a short-lived deposition and the proclamation of the Roman Republic, Pius was returned to power by troops from the French Second Republic and became a conservative reactionary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022659-0007-0000", "contents": "1846 papal conclave, Aftermath\nIn 1870 the remaining territories of the Papal States were seized by Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy. Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, with the former papal palace, the Quirinal, becoming the King's palace. Pius IX withdrew in protest to the Vatican where he lived as a self-proclaimed \"Prisoner in the Vatican\". He died in 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0000-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine\nThe islands of Newfoundland and Ireland, in addition to sharing similar northern latitudes and facing each other across the Atlantic Ocean, also had in common, during the middle of the 19th century, a heavy dependence on a single agricultural crop, the potato--a dependence that allowed the same blight that precipitated the Great Famine in Ireland to wreak havoc on this former British colony as well. Though acute, and the source of great suffering, the famine in Newfoundland lasted for fewer years than its Irish contemporary, which extended from 1845 to 1849. Beginning a year later, in 1846, it ended with the return to prosperity of the local fisheries in the spring and summer of 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0001-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Background and context\nThe first known outbreak of the potato blight, Phytophthora infestans, occurred in the eastern United States in 1843. As the blight spread to the north, it also crossed the ocean, reaching the potato fields of Ireland in September 1845, three months before completing its journey along the American coast and arriving on the Southern Shore of Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0002-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Background and context\nAlthough the blight destroyed potato crops throughout North America and Europe, most of the populated regions in the Northern Hemisphere maintained an agricultural diversity sufficient to withstand the loss of the potato. Ireland, however, suffered severely, with millions relying on the potato as nearly their sole source of sustenance. Newfoundland at the time, with a population that was 50% Irish, also relied heavily on its potato crop, but had the advantage of bountiful fisheries (seals in the spring, codfish in the summer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0003-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Failure of the fisheries\nThe famine in Newfoundland was preceded by an unusual train of disasters that greatly aggravated the effects of the blight when it arrived. The returns from the annual seal hunt in the spring of 1846 had been disappointing. In June a major fire in the capital of St. John's destroyed its waterfront and most of its mercantile premises. As the summer progressed, the poor returns from the seal hunt were matched by an equally unsuccessful cod fishery. Then, in September, an unusually strong gale swept across the island, destroying fishing premises, boats, and supplies, including winter provisions. With its mercantile establishments already in ashes, St. John's businesses were unable to deliver to the smaller villages the supplies that were essential to recovery and to preparation for the harsh Newfoundland winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0004-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Failure of the fisheries\nBy December 1846, even before the blight had spread beyond the south coast, numerous communities were reporting a scarcity of food, and there was little hope for the timely arrival of relief. Most if not all of the island was inaccessible throughout the winter, with harbors frozen until the following spring, and the colony had no means of communication with either Europe or mainland America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0005-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Failure of the fisheries\nWhen harbors re-opened in the spring of 1847, the traditional seal hunt began with thousands of Newfoundlanders sailing to the ice fields, laboring under an acute shortage of provisions. Much as in the previous spring, many found no seals and returned to shore, several months later, \"without a morsel of food or a penny in their pockets.\" This second unsuccessful seal hunt was followed by a summer cod fishery that was also as dismal as the previous year's. With the failure of its fisheries for the second consecutive year, the inhabitants of Newfoundland fell into the same precarious position as those in Ireland, dependent for sustenance on a single agricultural crop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0006-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Progress of the blight\nUntil the fall of 1847, the potato blight and resulting hunger in Newfoundland had been limited to the Southern Shore. In September, however, the disease advanced rapidly from the south coast and swept across the island, destroying the last significant source of nutrition. Potato fields that \"had never been known to fail\" were turned into wastelands, and Newfoundlanders rushed to harvest and store potatoes still unaffected by the blight. As the fall progressed, however, the potatoes that had been harvested and stored suddenly succumbed to blight in storage. As the editor of the Harbour Grace newspaper stated, \"The potatoes are gone; literally vanished; they are left undug; or thrown up in putrid heaps poisonous to the very hogs that are suffered to touch them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0007-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Arrivals from Ireland\nCompounding the tragedy that was unfolding in Newfoundland was the arrival of ships from Ireland filled with emaciated passengers who, hoping to escape starvation by joining relatives and former neighbors who had immigrated to Newfoundland earlier in the century, found that they had reached a land that itself was facing a severe shortage of food.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0008-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Failure of relief efforts\nIn November 1847, upon the total failure of the potato crop, the American missionary Robert Traill Spence Lowell made a widespread plea for relief. In correspondence to U.S. newspapers, Lowell described the Newfoundland fishery as \"a deplorable failure\" and wrote of the potato blight's \"fearful ravages of the only staple crop on the Island.\" He urged the American people, in raising funds for the famished in Ireland, to \"not turn away from the appeal of the wretched much nearer home.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0009-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Failure of relief efforts\nSimilarly, the editor of the Harbour Grace newspaper described the conditions in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, writing that \"[T]housands of our population in this bay are in a starving condition - that it is painful - distressing - harrowing to meet them in the street - to have them at our doors - to see them fainting at our hearths.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0010-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Failure of relief efforts\nAlong with other half-hearted measures for dealing with the pervasive hunger, the Colonial Governor John Gaspard Le Marchant proposed that the famished eat less, declaring a \"Day of Public Fasting and Humiliation\" in hopes the Almighty may pardon their sins and \"withdraw his afflicting hand.\" Editors of most Newfoundland newspapers agreed with him; they, too blaming the famine on the human weaknesses of indolence and improvidence. Many urged the denial of government relief, in the belief that, as a consequence of providing it, \"the whole of the lower classes will become beggars by profession, and every principle of independence destroyed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0011-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Comparison with the Irish famine\nIn some respects, the Newfoundland potato famine differed significantly from the Great Famine of Ireland. Less burdened by overpopulation, Newfoundland didn't experience the mass evictions and emigration that dramatically impacted Ireland in the wake of the famine. Recovery in Newfoundland began sooner, when a successful seal hunt was followed by the return of large quantities of cod in 1848; and, despite a return of the blight in the fall of that year, recovery in Newfoundland was faster, and its long-term impact less acute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0012-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Comparison with the Irish famine\nIn other respects, the two famines were similar. Both islands experienced the same blight at roughly the same time. At the height of starvation, both were exporting large quantities of food (grain from Ireland, fish from Newfoundland). The posture of government leaders, and the newspapers that reflected their points of view, were strikingly similar, with the Times of London and the Times of St. John's both insisting that the famine was a gift from Providence, sent to cure the moral defects of an indolent people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022660-0013-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131848 Newfoundland potato famine, Comparison with the Irish famine\nThe deaths from the Great Famine in Ireland, from starvation and starvation-related diseases, have been estimated to be in the range of one million, with two million more Irish leaving for other lands. The number of deaths in Newfoundland remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0000-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic\nThe third cholera pandemic (1846\u20131860) was the third major outbreak of cholera originating in India in the nineteenth century that reached far beyond its borders, which researchers at UCLA believe may have started as early as 1837 and lasted until 1863. In Russia, more than one million people died of cholera. In 1853\u201354, the epidemic in London claimed over 10,000 lives, and there were 23,000 deaths for all of Great Britain. This pandemic was considered to have the highest fatalities of the 19th-century epidemics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0001-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic\nIt had high fatalities among populations in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. In 1854, which was considered the worst year, 23,000 people died in Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0002-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic\nThat year, the British physician John Snow, who was working in a poor area of London, identified contaminated water as the means of transmission of the disease. After the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak he had mapped the cases of cholera in the Soho area in London, and noted a cluster of cases near a water pump in one neighborhood. To test his theory, he convinced officials to remove the pump handle, and the number of cholera cases in the area immediately declined. His breakthrough helped eventually bring the epidemic under control. Snow was a founding member of the Epidemiological Society of London, formed in response to a cholera outbreak in 1849, and he is considered one of the fathers of epidemiology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0003-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic, Second pandemic\nThe second cholera pandemic spread from India, surging outward to all of Europe and northern Africa, then crossing the Atlantic to Canada and the United States, spreading to Mexico and the Caribbean. Many sources differ regarding when the second pandemic ended, and the third pandemic began. There are sources that maintain that the third cholera pandemic started with a surge from Bengal in 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0004-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic, 1840s\nOver 15,000 people died of cholera in Mecca in 1846. In Russia, between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died in the country's epidemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0005-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic, 1840s\nA two-year outbreak began in England and Wales in 1848, and claimed 52,000 lives. In London, it was the worst outbreak in the city's history, claiming 14,137 lives, over twice as many as the 1832 outbreak. Cholera hit Ireland in 1849 and killed many of the Irish Famine survivors, already weakened by starvation and fever. In 1849, cholera claimed 5,308 lives in the major port city of Liverpool, England, an embarkation point for immigrants to North America, and 1,834 in Hull, England. In 1849, a second major outbreak occurred in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0006-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic, 1840s\nCholera, believed spread from Irish immigrant ship(s) from England to the United States, spread throughout the Mississippi river system, killing over 4,500 in St. Louis and over 3,000 in New Orleans. Thousands died in New York, a major destination for Irish immigrants. The outbreak that struck Nashville in 1849\u20131850 took the life of former U.S. President James K. Polk. During the California Gold Rush, cholera was transmitted along the California, Mormon and Oregon Trails as 6,000 to 12,000 are believed to have died on their way to Utah and Oregon in the cholera years of 1849\u20131855. It is believed cholera claimed more than 150,000 victims in the United States during the two pandemics between 1832 and 1849, and also claimed 200,000 victims in Mexico. In Vietnam, cholera outbreak in 1849 killed estimatedly from 800,000 to one million people (8\u201310% of the kingdom's 1847 population).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0007-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic, 1850s\nThe cholera epidemic in Russia that started in 1847 would last until 1851, killing over one million people. In 1851, a ship coming from Cuba carried the disease to Gran Canaria. It is considered that more than 6,000 people died in the island during summer, out of a population of 58,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0008-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic, 1850s\nIn 1852, cholera spread east to Indonesia, and later was carried to China and Japan in 1854. The Philippines were infected in 1858 and Korea in 1859. In 1859, an outbreak in Bengal contributed to transmission of the disease by travelers and troops to Iran, Iraq, Arabia and Russia. Japan suffered at least seven major outbreaks of cholera between 1858 and 1902. Between 100,000 and 200,000 people died of cholera in Tokyo in an outbreak in 1858\u201360.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0009-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic, 1850s\nIn 1854, an outbreak of cholera in Chicago took the lives of 5.5 percent of the population (about 3,500 people). Providence, Rhode Island suffered an outbreak so widespread that for the next thirty years, 1854 was known there as \"The Year of Cholera.\" In 1853\u201354, London's epidemic claimed 10,739 lives. In Spain, over 236,000 died of cholera in the epidemic of 1854\u201355. The disease reached South America in 1854 and 1855, with victims in Venezuela and Brazil. During the third pandemic, Tunisia, which had not been affected by the two previous pandemics, thought Europeans had brought the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0009-0001", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic, 1850s\nThey blamed their sanitation practices. Some United States scientists began to believe that cholera was somehow associated with African Americans, as the disease was prevalent in the South in areas of black populations. Current researchers note their populations were underserved in terms of sanitation infrastructure, and health care, and they lived near the waterways by which travelers and ships carried the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0010-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic, 1850s, 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak\nThe 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) in the Soho district of London, England, and occurred during the third cholera pandemic. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician John Snow's study of its causes and his hypothesis that germ-contaminated water was the source of cholera, rather than particles in the air (referred to as \"miasma\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0011-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic, 1850s, 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak\nSnow identified the source of an 1854 cholera outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Although his studies were not entirely conclusive, his advocacy convinced the local council to disable the Broad Street pump by removing its handle. Snow later used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump. He also used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases, showing that water was being delivered to the outbreak area from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames, leading to an increased incidence of cholera. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It is regarded as one of the founding events of the science of epidemiology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022661-0012-0000", "contents": "1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic, 1850s, 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak\nThis discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the mid-19th century. Later, the term \"focus of infection\"  would be used to describe sites, such as the Broad Street pump, in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. John Snow's endeavor to find the cause of the transmission of cholera caused him to unknowingly create a double-blind experiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022662-0000-0000", "contents": "1847\n1847 (MDCCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1847th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 847th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 47th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1847, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022663-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Agreement between the Holy See and Russia\nThe 1847 Agreement between the Holy See and the Russian Empire was a diplomatic arrangement (in Italian, accomodamento) entered into on 3 August of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022663-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Agreement between the Holy See and Russia, Background\nThe Russian Empire acquired large Catholic-inhabited territories of the former Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795; there were also Catholic communities among the Armenians. In Orthodox Russia, Catholics experienced discrimination and persecution: Russification was enforced, together with efforts to separate priests and faithful from their Church. Vatican relations with Russia were always difficult because of the rivalry between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022663-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 Agreement between the Holy See and Russia, Background\nUpon his election to the papacy, Pope Pius IX (1846\u20131878) inherited the difficult relations with Russia from his predecessor Pope Gregory XVI. The Catholic Church was severely limited in its possibilities within Russia. The Pope appointed Cardinal Luigi Lambruschini to begin negotiations with Tsar Nicholas I of Russia with the aim of establishing better relations and increased freedom of action. Russia rejected the term \"concordat\" with the Pope as a name for the agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022663-0003-0000", "contents": "1847 Agreement between the Holy See and Russia, Agreement\nThe agreement, which included 37 articles, allowed the Church to confirm the dioceses in Russia proper and create a new diocese (Diocese of Cherson) in southern Russia and the Caucasus. New seminaries were established and the Russian Empire guaranteed the financing for Church activities in an agreed upon sum of 104,480 rubles annually. Bishops were to be appointed by mutual agreement between the Vatican and the Tsar. They were authorized to preside over ecclesiastical courts and determine seminary education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022663-0003-0001", "contents": "1847 Agreement between the Holy See and Russia, Agreement\nBishops could not intervene in marital or economic matters, which were to be determined by diocesan consistories consisting of several Catholic priests. The agreement of the State authorities was required for the appointment of Catholic parish priests. Their salaries were to be paid by the parishes or, if these were unable, by the Russian state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022663-0004-0000", "contents": "1847 Agreement between the Holy See and Russia, Agreement\nBetween 1847 and 1866, the Holy See complained several times that the Tsarist government interfered in seminary education and ecclesiastical affairs. At last in 1866, the insult committed against Pope by the Ambassador of Russia to the Holy See brought about the rupture of the diplomatic relations between the Vatican and Saint Petersburg. Pope Leo XIII renewed the relations by the convention of December 1882.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022664-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1847 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 2, 1847, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democrat Reuben Chapman won his first term with a 56% majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022665-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Belgian general election\nPartial general elections were held in Belgium on 8 June 1847. The result was a victory for the new Liberal Association, which had been formed the previous year. It won 33 seats to the Catholics' 21, as the latter were split into dogmatic and liberal groups. Voter turnout was 77%, although only 1% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022665-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Belgian general election\nUnder the alternating system, Chamber elections were only held in four out of the nine provinces: East Flanders, Hainaut, Li\u00e8ge and Limburg. Thus, 54 of the 108 Chamber seats were up for election. The total number of Chamber seats increased from 98 to 108 following a reapportionment due to population increases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022665-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 Belgian general election\nWhile the liberals gained a majority in the Chamber, the Catholics retained theirs in the Senate. Following the election, the Catholic government led by Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my de Theux de Meylandt resigned. After a political crisis of two months, a liberal government was formed on 12 August 1847, headed by Charles Rogier. The liberals would go on to win the 1848 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022666-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Bytown municipal election\nThe newly incorporated Town of Bytown, Canada West (now Ottawa) held a municipal election on September 11, 1847 to elect members of the first Bytown Town Council. Franchise was granted to men over the age of 21 who were freeholders with a land value of at least \u00a330, tenants with an annual rent of at least \u00a310, or leaseholders who had built a house with an annual rent of at least \u00a310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022666-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Bytown municipal election, Town Council\nFor the election, Bytown was divided into three wards, West, North and South. West Ward, consisting of the Upper Town portion of the town (now Downtown Ottawa) returned three councillors, while the North and South wards located in Lower Town returned two councillors each. Lower Town had a slight majority of councillors, but this did not fully reflect their large majority in numbers of householders. West Ward had three councillors for 234 householders, while the Lower Town wards had four councillors for 645 householders. This gerrymander was said to support the Tories living in Upper Town at the expense of the Reformers in Lower Town. Further, the division of Lower Town into two wards was seen as an attempt to divide the Francophone and Irish communities and commercial interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022666-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 Bytown municipal election, Town Council\n* First names of candidates were omitted from the source document, so in these cases candidates' first names or initials were taken from 1851 Bytown Canada Directory, assuming they were the same people", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022666-0003-0000", "contents": "1847 Bytown municipal election, Mayor\nOn September 18, after the council election, the members voted for a mayor from among their ranks. The Tory councillors from Upper Town supported John Bower Lewis, and the Reform councillors from Lower Town supported John Scott. As Lower Town had four members to Upper Town's three, Scott was elected mayor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022667-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Canterbury by-election\nThe Canterbury by-election of 1847 was an uncontested election held on 15 March 1847. The by-election was brought about due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, James Bradshaw. It was won by the Liberal candidate Lord Albert Conyngham, who was the only declared candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022668-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of 1847, Democratic nominee James Curtiss defeated Liberty nominee Philo Carpenter and Whig nominee John H. Kinzie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022668-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Chicago mayoral election\nPhilo Carpenter had previously been an unsuccessful candidate in the prior election. John H. Kinzie had also previously been an unsuccessful candidate in the  1837 and 1845 mayoral elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022669-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1847 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 7, 1847. Former state legislator and Whig nominee Clark Bissell was elected, defeating Democratic nominee Isaac Whittlesey with 50.54% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022670-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Costa Rican Head of State election\nThe Costa Rican election of 1847 took place shortly after the coup d'\u00e9tat that overthrew the first head of state elected in direct elections; Francisco Mar\u00eda Oreamuno Bonilla who was formally overthrown although he had previously left office without resigning. The de facto president was Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Alfaro Zamora who was a candidate but was defeated by Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Castro Madriz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022670-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Costa Rican Head of State election\nThese elections were held in two grades, first paid by all men over 20 or 18 if they were married or were teachers of some science, who chose the electors (168 in total1) who voted to choose the positions in dispute. Also the electoral legislation established that, in five years, those who could not read or write won't be able to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022671-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe 1847 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on October 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022671-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe Democratic candidate George W. Towns won election over Whig challenger Duncan L. Clinch. Clinch lost by 1,278 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Grand National\nThe 1847 Grand National Steeplechase was the ninth official annual running of a Handicap Steeple-chase Horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 3 March 1847 and attracted a then record field of twenty-six runners. It was won by Mathew, ridden by Denny Wynne in the colours of County Cork landowner, John Courtenay. This was the first time the race was officially named The Grand National Steeplechase, having previously been run under the title, Grand Liverpool Steeplechase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Grand National, The Course\nContemporary newspaper reporters stated that the race was run over the same course as the previous year, describing the start as being a ploughed field with light fencing, narrow ditching and low cops and banks over four fields before bending to the left to jump a brook with short timber. The course then turned left towards the Canal over fences described as being of a practicable character before a leap over a sharp left turn before taking a decent water and timber jump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0001-0001", "contents": "1847 Grand National, The Course\nThis took the runners over very heavy land to a ditch with a bank on the take off side. the next field led the runners into the lane at Anchor Bridge and then onto the course, the far end of which was known as the training ground with a stiff hurdle placed alongside the distance chair, topped with gorse six foot high. Opposite the stand was an artificial water jump fifteen feet wide and three feet deep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0001-0002", "contents": "1847 Grand National, The Course\nthe runners then took a very awkward bank and ditch before crossing the lane at Melling Road before setting off on a second circuit. the finish of the race was beside the distance judge's chair meaning the fences to be taken was reduced from thirty-one the previous year to twenty-nine this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 Grand National, The Course\nStart - Just beyond the Melling Road. Fence 1 [17 on the second circuit] Light fence. Fence 2 [18] Light fence. Fence 3 [19] A low cops. Fence 4 [20] Bank. Fence 5 [21] Brook with short timber. Fence 6 [22] Practicable fence. Fence 7 [23] Practicable fence. Fence 8 [24] A sharp left turn Fence 9 [25] A decent timber and water jump. Fence 10 [26] A fence into very heavy land. Fence 11 [27] A ditch with a bank. Fence 12 [28] A fence into the Anchor Bridge Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0002-0001", "contents": "1847 Grand National, The Course\nFence 13 [29] An artificial hurdle leaving the training ground on the racecourse proper. Fence 14 A stiff hurdle topped with gorse six feet high. Fence 15 A water jump increased in width by ten feet to fifteen feet and reduced in depth by a foot to three feet. Fence 16 An awkward bank and ditch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0003-0000", "contents": "1847 Grand National, Finishing order\nCure-All, Discount, Proceed, Profligate, Little Tommy, a horse by Tom Brown, Sam Slick, Railroad, Christopher North, Ragman, Forest Boy and Nimble Harry were withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0004-0000", "contents": "1847 Grand National, The Race\nGrenade was the early leader but was jostled at the third fence and lost his place. Jerry and Ballybar then led the runners to the fourth fence where the latter refused and did not continue. The runners took the brook later to be known as Valentine's in great style but at the next obstacle several horses came into contact and Valeria was pulled up, being unable to continue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0005-0000", "contents": "1847 Grand National, The Race\nCumberland Lassie had been among the leaders throughout but as she approached the Anchor Bridge crossing she struck a post and ran off the course onto the road beyond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0006-0000", "contents": "1847 Grand National, The Race\nJerry led at the water jump, followed by Clinker, St Leger, St Ruth, Mathew, Culverthorpe, Pioneer and Brunette with these remaining the main contenders for most of the second circuit. Jerry was challenged by St Leger who appeared to the crowd to be on his way to victory until challenged and overhauled in the final strides by Mathew. Seven horses were recorded as finishing, though several other runners may have completed the course unrecorded by the press.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0007-0000", "contents": "1847 Grand National, Aftermath\nThe win has gone down in history as being a hugely popular one among the Irish, bearing in mind that this was at the height of the Great Famine in the country. In truth the Irish press largely ignored the race in those days and it was only the wealthy friends of Mr John Courtenay in and around the County Cork area who benefited from the victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0007-0001", "contents": "1847 Grand National, Aftermath\nIn actuality Courtenay was considered among the most ruthless of the landowners who were, at this time forcibly evicting their tenants for being unable to meet their rent and as a result the rank and file Irishmen had placed heir support with another Irish entrant Brunette. In the event, it was only this huge body of support from across the Irish sea, and one large wager in particular that saw her start at all as she was not considered in a fit state to race at all. Later histories of the race state that she was tailed off for most of the race  but contemporary reports place her heavily involved in the front rank and her being recorded as a finisher support the contemporary accounts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022672-0008-0000", "contents": "1847 Grand National, Aftermath\nMuch of the early history of the Grand National was told many years after the events and often from memory with the result that the winner, Mathew appears on the winners board at Aintree carrying the modern spelling of Matthew. The sixth horse The False Heir is often recorded as a non finisher while the favourite The Roarer, along with Young Lottery are not recorded as having taken part at all. As a result, many modern books and websites state six finishers in a field of twenty-six runners instead of the seven from twenty-eight recorded by the press of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022673-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Greek legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Greece in June 1847. Supporters of Ioannis Kolettis won a majority of the 127 seats. However, he remained Prime Minister only until his death on 17 September, after which Kitsos Tzavelas assumed office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022674-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election\nThe 1847 Hamilton municipal election was the first election held to the newly incorporated Town of Hamilton. The vote was held on January 12, 1847 to select ten members to represent each of the city's five wards on the Hamilton, Ontario, City Council. Those councillors would, in turn, elect one mayor from their ranks and an additional councillor to represent the seat they vacated on Saturday, January 16, 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022675-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Lewes by-election\nThe Lewes by-election of 1847 was an uncontested election held on 17 March 1847. The by-election was brought about due to the resignation of the incumbent Whig MP, Sir Howard Elphinstone. It was won by the Whig/Liberal candidate Robert Perfect, who was the only declared candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022676-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Liberian constitutional referendum\nA constitutional referendum was held in Liberia on 27 September 1847. The new constitution would create a President with executive powers and a bicameral Legislature. It would also restrict voting rights to those of African descent and landowners. It was approved by 79% of voters (although only 272 people voted). In Monrovia, Millsburg, Bassa Cove and Bexley 100% of voters supported the constitution, whilst 100% voted against it in Sinoe. In Edina opponents of the constitution prevented the polling station opening, and a fist-fight broke out between Amos Herrnig and Ephraim Titler, two of the Declaration of Independence signatories. Opponents of the constitution in Bassa Cove and Bexley chose not to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022677-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Liberian general election\nGeneral elections were held for the first time in newly independent Liberia on 27 September 1847, alongside a constitutional referendum. The result was a victory for Governor Joseph Jenkins Roberts of the Pro-Administration Party, who defeated Samuel Benedict of the Anti-Administration Party. In a separate vote, Nathaniel Brander was elected Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022677-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Liberian general election\nRoberts was sworn into office as the country's first President on 3 January 1848, with Nathaniel Brander as vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022677-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 Liberian general election, Campaign\nDue to his part in the trial of Tobias Outland, who had murdered James Stevens in 1845, Benedict had faced condemnation across the electorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022677-0003-0000", "contents": "1847 Liberian general election, Results\nIn Montserrado County John B. Gripon and John N. Lewis were elected to the Senate whilst D. B. Brown, William Draper, J.B. McGill, and Daniel Bashiel Warner were elected to the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022678-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1847. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022678-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Liverpool Town Council election\nAfter the annual Council election on 1 November 1847, the Aldermanic election on 9 November 1847 and the four by-elections caused by four Councillors having been elected as Aldermen on 17 November 1847, the composition of the council was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022678-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nOn 9 November 1847, the term of office of eight aldermen who were elected on 9 November 1841 expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022678-0003-0000", "contents": "1847 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nThe following were elected as Aldermen by the council on 9 November 1847 for a term of office of six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022678-0004-0000", "contents": "1847 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 6, Castle Street, Wednesday 17 November 1847\nCaused by the election of Councillor John Holmes (Reformer, Castle Street, elected 1 November 1847) as an Alderman on 9 November 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 100], "content_span": [101, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022678-0005-0000", "contents": "1847 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 9, Great George, Wednesday 17 November 1847\nCaused by the election of Councillor Joseph Cooper (Conservative, Great George, elected 1 November 1846) as an Alderman on 9 November 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 99], "content_span": [100, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022678-0006-0000", "contents": "1847 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 11, Abercromby, Wednesday 17 November 1847\nCaused by the election of Councillor James Procter (Conservative, Abercromby, elected 1 November 1847", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022678-0007-0000", "contents": "1847 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 10, Rodney Street, Wednesday 17 November 1847\nCaused by the election of Councillor John Nelson Wood (Conservative, Rodney Street, elected 1 November 1845) as an Alderman on 9 November 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 101], "content_span": [102, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022679-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1847 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022679-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Whig Governor George N. Briggs was re-elected to a fifth term in office over Democrat Caleb Cushing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022680-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 68th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1847 during the governorship of George N. Briggs. William B. Calhoun served as president of the Senate and Ebenezer Bradbury served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022680-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Massachusetts legislature\nNotable legislation included the anti-abortion \"Act To Suppress Injurious Publications\". Notable resolutions included opposition to the Mexican\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022681-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1847 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1847. Democratic nominee Epaphroditus Ransom defeated Whig nominee James M. Edmunds with 53.32% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022682-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Nagano earthquake\nThe 1847 Nagano earthquake (\u5584\u5149\u5bfa\u5730\u9707, Zenk\u014dji jishin) occurred at about 21:30 local time on 8 May. It had a magnitude of 7.4 on the surface wave magnitude scale. It caused the destruction of many houses in Nagano and at least 8,600 people were killed. The earthquake triggered many landslides, the largest of which dammed the Sai River (a tributary of the Shinano River). 19 days later, the failure of this earthquake dam caused a flood that destroyed many more houses and killed a further 35 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022682-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Nagano earthquake, Tectonic setting\nDuring the middle of the Miocene period Japan was affected by the opening of the Sea of Japan as a back-arc basin in response to continuing subduction of the Pacific Plate. This period of extensional tectonics caused the development of rift basins on the western side of Honshu, including the northern part of the Fossa Magna. When the back-arc spreading stopped during the late Miocene, the rifted area started to shorten and the basins became inverted. The western margin of the Nagano Basin, part of the Fossa Magna, is formed by an active reverse fault zone, the West Nagano Basin Fault. The 1847 earthquake was caused by rupture on part of this fault zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022682-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 Nagano earthquake, Landslides\nThe earthquake triggered a large number of landslides, due mainly the relatively unconsolidated Miocene sediments. At least seven of these formed dams on rivers in the surrounding area. The largest of these dams was formed at the foot of Mount Iwakura from a landslide with an estimated volume of 20 million cubic metres that blocked the Sai River. The water held back by the dam eventually broke through 19 days after the earthquake, flooding a large area downstream from the dam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022683-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 National Convention of Colored People and Their Friends\nThe 1847 National Convention of Colored People and Their Friends, held in Troy, New York, established a newspaper that would report on the future conventions. Noteworthy black abolitionists in attendance included Henry Highland Garnet, who was hosting the convention in his church, and Frederick Douglass, who gave a speech asking blacks to stop attending pro-slavery churches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022683-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 National Convention of Colored People and Their Friends, Issues\nThe convention examined several issues, from how to boost the black economy to what could be done about agriculture. The convention also determined that the 1848 national convention would be held in Newark, New Jersey. The convention also voted on and established a newspaper to publish about this and any future conventions. The convention also discussed the creation of a college specifically for black men. (See New Haven Excitement.) There was a discussion of the causes of slavery and what could be done to combat it, a report recommending blacks move into rural areas to find more freedom, and a debate on an economic trade deal with some Jamaicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 68], "content_span": [69, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022683-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 National Convention of Colored People and Their Friends, Participants\nParticipants included Henry Highland Garnet, Frederick Douglass, and Alexander Crummell. Crummell argued for the establishment of a college for black men to help avoid discrimination. Douglass and Garnet argued against the self enforced segregation and stated that there was no need for the creation of the college. When debating the causes of slavery Garnet and Douglass had a disagreement over the why the South continued to practice it. Douglas blamed religious institutions teaching and promoting a culture of slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 74], "content_span": [75, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022683-0002-0001", "contents": "1847 National Convention of Colored People and Their Friends, Participants\nGarnet disagreed and requested that the report be reconstructed to acknowledge that it was specifically pro-slavery religious institutions instead of just religious institutions. Later  Douglass gave a speech requesting that blacks stop attending pro-slavery churches and stop supporting them. Garnet did not make any radical speeches in this convention although he was known for them. James McCune Smith was also present and spoke on the importance of establishing a black press.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 74], "content_span": [75, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022683-0003-0000", "contents": "1847 National Convention of Colored People and Their Friends, Participants\nAdditionally black women were involved in raising money to finance both the convention and the new projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 74], "content_span": [75, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022684-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Naval Air Squadron\n1847 Naval Air Squadron (1847 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022685-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 New Jersey gubernatorial election\nThe 1847 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1847. Democratic nominee Daniel Haines defeated Whig nominee William Wright with 51.88% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022686-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 New York special judicial election\nAt a special judicial election on June 7, 1847, four judges of the New York Court of Appeals, the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, 32 justices of the new New York Supreme Court district benches, county judges, surrogates, districty attorneys and all other judicial officers in the state of New York were elected, to take office on July 5, 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022686-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 New York special judicial election, Background\nThe New York State Constitution of 1846 re-organized the State's judicial system and created the Court of Appeals. Four of the judges were elected statewide, the other four were chosen by a rotative system from the New York Supreme Court district benches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022686-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 New York special judicial election, Background\nThe Whig state convention met on May 19 at Syracuse, New York, and nominated Whittlesey, Noxon, Reynolds and David Lord. Lord declined the nomination, and Jordan was substituted on the ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022686-0003-0000", "contents": "1847 New York special judicial election, Results\nThe votes are the total of Democratic and Anti- Rent votes for Gardiner and Bronson, and the total of Whig and Anti- Rent votes for Jordan, Whittlesey and Lamport. The Anti- Rent endorsement did not influence the result of this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022686-0004-0000", "contents": "1847 New York special judicial election, Results\nThe official result did not count the votes from Hamilton County, which were not returned, and 1,011 votes for Whittlesey in Herkimer County, which were cast for \"Frederick W. Whittlesey\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022686-0005-0000", "contents": "1847 New York special judicial election, Results\nThe whole Democratic ticket was elected. Those elected were then classified by drawing lots on June 22. Jewett drew the two-year term, Bronson the four-year term, Ruggles the six-year term, and Gardiner the eight-year term. The half year remaining in 1847 was added to these terms, and afterwards every two years in odd-numbered years one judge was elected to an eight-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022687-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 New York state election\nThe 1847 New York state election was held on November 2, 1847, to elect the lieutenant governor, the secretary state, the state comptroller, the attorney general, the state treasurer, the state engineer, three Canal Commissioners and three Inspectors of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022687-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 New York state election, History\nThe New York State Constitution of 1846 legislated the incumbent state officers and members of legislature out of office. It required a number of state officers, who had been elected by the state legislature, to be elected by general ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022687-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 New York state election, History\nAt the first judicial election under the Constitution of 1846, Lieutenant Governor Addison Gardiner was elected to the New York Court of Appeals, and took office on July 4, 1847, thus vacating the lieutenant governorship. To fill the vacancy, on September 27, an Act by the state legislature authorized a special election, to be held at the annual state election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022687-0003-0000", "contents": "1847 New York state election, History\nThe Democratic state convention met in September in Syracuse, New York. The party split over the slavery question, and the Barnburners abandoned the convention. Orville Hungerford defeated Azariah C. Flagg for the nomination for Comptroller with 59 votes to 47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022687-0004-0000", "contents": "1847 New York state election, History\nThe Barnburners held a separate state convention on October 26 at Herkimer, New York, but did not nominate a ticket. They told their followers \"to vote as they must do when no regular nominations have been made,\" suggesting to support the Whig nominees rather than the Hunkers on the Democratic ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022687-0005-0000", "contents": "1847 New York state election, History\nThe Anti-Rent state convention nominated Shepard for Lieutenant Governor with 11 votes for him, and 10 for Fish, on the second ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022687-0006-0000", "contents": "1847 New York state election, Results\nThe whole Whig state ticket was elected. None of the incumbents ran for re-election this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022687-0007-0000", "contents": "1847 New York state election, Results\nThe Canal Commissioners and Prison Inspectors, upon taking office, were classified by drawing lots, so that every following year one commissioner and one inspector would be elected to a three-year term. Cook and Gedney drew the one-year term, Hinds and Comstock the two-year term, and Beach and Spencer the three-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022687-0008-0000", "contents": "1847 New York state election, Results\n24 Whigs and 8 Democrats were elected to a two-year term (1848\u20131849) in the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022687-0009-0000", "contents": "1847 New York state election, Results\n93 Whigs and 35 Democrats were elected to the New York State Assembly of the 71st New York State Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic\nThe typhus epidemic of 1847 was an outbreak of epidemic typhus caused by a massive Irish emigration in 1847, during the Great Famine, aboard crowded and disease-ridden \"coffin ships\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada\nIn Canada, more than 20,000 people died from 1847 to 1848, with many quarantined in fever sheds in Grosse Isle, Montreal, Kingston, Toronto and Saint John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nGrosse Isle, Quebec is an island in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, home to a quarantine station set up in 1832 to contain a cholera epidemic, and home to thousands of Irish emigrants from 1832 to 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0003-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nOn 17 May 1847, the first vessel, the Syria, arrived with 430 fever cases. This was followed by eight more ships a few days later. Dr Douglas wrote that he had 'not a bed to lay [the invalids] on... I never contemplated the possibility of every vessel arriving with fever as they do now'. One week later seventeen more vessels had appeared at Grosse Isle. By this time, 695 people were already in hospital. Only two days afterwards the number of vessels reached thirty, with 10,000 immigrants now waiting to be processed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0003-0001", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nBy 29 May, a total of 36 vessels had arrived. The end of May saw forty ships forming a line two miles (3\u00a0km) long down the St. Lawrence River. According to Dr Douglas, each one was affected by fever and dysentery. 1100 invalids were accommodated in sheds and tents, or laid out in rows in the church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0004-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nDr. George Douglas, Grosse Isle's chief medical officer, recorded that by midsummer of 1847 the quarantine regulations in force were 'physically impossible' to carry out, making it necessary for the emigrants to stay on board their ships for many days. Douglas believed that washing and airing out the ships would be enough to stop the contagion spreading between infected passengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0005-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nWith the arrival of thousands of emigrants, the island was quickly overwhelmed. Tents were set up to house the influx of people, but many new arrivals were left lying on the ground without shelter. Robert Whyte records seeing 'hundreds... literally flung on the beach, left amid the mud and stones to crawl on the dry land as they could'. The Anglican Bishop of Montreal, Bishop Mountain, recalled seeing people lying opposite the church screaming for water, while others lay inside the tents without bedding. One child he saw was covered in vermin; another who had 'been walking with some others, sat down for a moment, and died'. Many children were orphaned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0006-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nBecause of the lack of space on Grosse Isle, Dr. Douglas required healthy passengers to stay on ship for fifteen days once the sick had been removed, by way of quarantine. Infection flourished on board the ships. One ship, the Agnes, reached Grosse Isle with 427 passengers of whom only 150 survived the quarantine period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0007-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nRobert Whyte, pseudonymous author of the 1847 Famine Ship Diary: The Journey of a coffin ship, described how on arrival at Grosse Isle the Irish emigrant passengers on the Ajax dressed in their best clothes and helped the crew to clean the ship, expecting to be sent either to hospital or on to Quebec after their long voyage. In fact, the doctor inspected them only briefly and did not return for several days. By midsummer, 2500 invalids were quarantined on Grosse Isle, and the line of waiting ships stretched several miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0007-0001", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nAt the end of July, Dr. Douglas abandoned the quarantine regulations because they were 'impossible' to enforce and doctors were examining their charges very perfunctorily, allowing them to walk past and examining the tongues of any who looked feverish. In this way, many people with latent fever were allowed to pass as healthy, only to succumb to their sickness once they had left Grosse Isle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0008-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nOn 29 July 1847, Whyte recorded the neglect of his fellow passengers, who 'within reach of help' 'were to be left enveloped in reeking pestilence, the sick without medicine, medical skill, nourishment, or so much as a drop of pure water'. However, conditions on other Irish emigrant ships were still worse. Two Canadian priests who visited the Ajax described the holds of other vessels where they had been 'up to their ankles in filth. The wretched emigrants crowded together like cattle and corpses remain[ed] long unburied'. Whyte contrasted this with the condition of German immigrants arriving at Grosse Isle. These were all free of sickness, 'comfortably and neatly clad, clean and happy'. The Times also commented on the 'healthy, robust and cheerful' Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0009-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nFever sheds were filthy and crowded, with patients lying in double tiers of bunks which allowed dirt from the top bunk to fall onto the lower. According to the Senate Committee's report, two or three invalids would be placed together in one berth, irrespective of age or sex. There was no bread: meals consisted of tea, gruel or broth served three times a day. As drinking water was carted, there was never enough for the fever patients. One Catholic priest, Father Moylan, reported giving water to invalids in a tent who had not been able to drink for 18 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0009-0001", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nThe sheds were not originally intended to house fever patients and had no ventilation; new sheds were built without privies. The Senate Committee stated that because of the lack of personnel and space, the invalids lay in their own excrement for days and there were insufficient staff to take away those who died during the night. The hospitals themselves had very little equipment and planks for bedding were not always available, meaning that it was spread on the ground and became soaked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0010-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nAs well as a shortage of accommodation, there was a serious lack of medical personnel to care for the sick. Dr. Douglas attempted to enlist nurses from among the healthy female passengers with the promise of high wages, but fear of disease meant none accepted. Nurses were expected to sleep alongside the sick and share their food; they had no privacy, often caught the fever themselves and were not helped when they fell ill. Prisoners from the local jail were released to carry out the nursing, but many stole from the dead and the dying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0010-0001", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nAll of the medical officers involved became ill at some stage, with four doctors dying of typhus. Under the Passenger Act of 1842, ships were not obliged to carry a doctor, and only two doctors arrived as passengers. One of these was a Dr. Benson from Dublin, a man with experience working in fever hospitals in Ireland. He arrived on 21 May, volunteered to help the sick, contracted typhus himself and was dead within six days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0011-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nMore than forty Irish and French Canadian priests and Anglican clergymen were active on Grosse Isle, many becoming ill themselves. The Chief Pastor, Bishop Power, contracted fever and died after delivering the last sacraments to a dying woman in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0012-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nThe exact numbers of those who died at sea is unknown, although Whyte himself estimated it at 5293. During the crossing itself, bodies were thrown into the sea, but once the ships had reached Grosse Isle they were kept in the hold until a burial on land became possible. The dead were dragged out of the holds with hooks and 'stacked like cordwood' on the shore. On 29 July 1847 Whyte described 'a continuous line of boats, each carrying its freight of dead to the burial ground... Some had several corpses so tied up in canvas that the stiff, sharp outline of death was easily traceable'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0013-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Grosse Isle\nEven those passengers who escaped typhus and other diseases were weakened by the journey. The Senate Committee of the United States on Sickness and Mortality in Emigrant Ships described the newly disembarked emigrants as 'cadaverous' and 'feeble'. Most had been misled by passage-brokers into believing that they would be provided with food on the ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0014-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal\nIn Montreal, between 3,500 and 6,000 Irish immigrants died of typhus or \"ship fever\" in fever sheds in a quarantine area known as Windmill Point in 1847 and 1848. The immigrants had been transferred from quarantine in Grosse Isle, Quebec. Due to a lack of suitable preparations, typhus soon reached epidemic proportions in Montreal. Three fever sheds were initially constructed,150 feet (46\u00a0m) long by 40 to 50 feet (15\u00a0m) wide. As thousands more sick immigrants landed, more sheds had to be erected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0015-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal\nThe number of sheds would grow to 22, with troops cordoning off the area so the sick could not escape. Grey Nuns cared for the sick, carrying women and children in their arms from ships to the ambulances. According to Montreal journalist and historian Edgar Andrew Collard, thirty of 40 nuns who went to help became ill, with seven dying. Other nuns took over, but once the surviving Grey Nuns had convalesced, they returned. Priests also helped, many falling ill after hearing the last confessions of the dying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0015-0001", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal\nWhen a mob threatened to throw the fever sheds into the river, Montreal mayor John Easton Mills quelled the riot and provided care, giving patients water and changing bedding. He died in November, serving less than a year in office. The Roman Catholic Bishop of Montreal urged French Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois to help their fellow Catholics. Many travelled to Montreal from the countryside to adopt children, in some cases passing their land on to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0016-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal\nWorkers constructing the Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence River discovered a mass grave in Windmill Point with victims of the epidemic. The men, many of whom were of Irish descent, were unsettled by the discovery and created a memorial, known as The Black Rock to ensure the gravesite would not be forgotten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0017-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal\nErected on 1 December 1859, the inscription on the stone reads:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0018-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal\n\"To Preserve from Desecration\tthe Remains of 6000 Immigrants Who died of Ship Fever A.D. 1847-48", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0019-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Montreal\nThis Stone is erected by the Workmen of Messrs. Peto, Brassey and Betts Employed in the Construction of the Victoria Bridge A.D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0020-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Toronto\nIn Toronto, during the summer of 1847, 863 Irish immigrants died of typhus at fever sheds built by the Toronto Board of Health at the northwest corner of King and John Street. There were at least 12 sheds, 22 metres long by 7.5 metres wide. The epidemic also killed the first Bishop of Toronto, Michael Power, while providing care and ministering to Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0021-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Saint John, New Brunswick\nPartridge Island, New Brunswick, just outside the main harbour of Saint John, was chosen as the location for a pest house and quarantine station as far back as 1785. In 1847, with a large influx of Irish migrants, the typhus epidemic quickly filled the fever shed with sick and dying. By the 1847 typhus season, 2115 people had died in New Brunswick, with 1196 dying at Partridge Island and in Saint John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0022-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Bytown (Ottawa)\nThe typhus outbreak hit Bytown with the arrival of over 3,000 Irish immigrants. The fever first appeared in June 1847, with the sick initially cared for by the Grey Nuns. However, as the numbers of sick swelled, fever sheds had to be erected. Approximately 200 died in quarantine. The Rideau Canal was shut down to prevent further spread of the outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0023-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, Canada, Kingston\nThose stricken while passing through Kingston, Ontario found shelter in makeshift \"immigrant sheds\" erected near the waterfront. Despite the efforts of local religious and charitable organisations, notably the Sisters of the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph and the Female Benevolent Society, some 1,400 immigrants died. They were buried near the present-day Kingston General Hospital, with their remains re-interred to St. Mary's Cemetery in 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022688-0024-0000", "contents": "1847 North American typhus epidemic, United States, New York City\nAn influx of Irish immigrants to New York resulted in a typhus outbreak in 1847, with 80% of the cases reported to have been contracted during the Atlantic crossing, and 20% of the cases resulting from secondary spread in the city. 147 cases were treated at the New York Hospital over a seven-week period. The mortality rate was 11%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022689-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1847. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 102 to 105. Voter turnout was 49.1%, although only 5.3% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022690-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1847 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 12, 1847. Incumbent Democratic  governor Francis R. Shunk defeated Whig candidate James Irvin to win re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022691-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1847 saw John Swift reelected to office for an eleventh overall non-consecutive term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022691-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThis was the last regularly-scheduled mayoral election in which the City Council selected the mayor, as all subsequent mayoral elections either reached a majority in the general election or used a different electoral system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022691-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022692-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Portuguese legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 28 November and 12 December 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022692-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held under the Constitutional Charter of 1826, and in accordance with a decree issued on 12 August 1847. Members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected in an indirect system in which voters elected provincial assemblies, who in turn elected members of the Chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022692-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system\nThe 142 members of the Chamber of Deputies included 119 representing the mainland and 10 representing islands (all elected in multi-member constituencies), with another 13 representing overseas colonies (three elected in single-member constituencies and ten in multi-member constituencies).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022693-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Rye by-election\nThe 1847 Rye by-election was held on 23 December 1847 at the town hall, Rye. It was called after the death of the incumbent Herbert Barrett Curteis (Whig). His son Herbert Mascall Curteis,  also a Whig, was elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022694-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Stobbe\n1847 Stobbe, provisional designation A916 CA, is an asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022694-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 Stobbe\nIt was discovered on 1 February 1916, by Danish astronomer Holger Thiele at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. The asteroid was later named for German astronomer Joachim Stobbe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022694-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 Stobbe, Orbit and classification\nStobbe orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,540 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Bergedorf. Its first (unused) identification as A902 YB was made at Heidelberg Observatory in 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022694-0003-0000", "contents": "1847 Stobbe, Physical characteristics\nOn the SMASS taxonomic scheme, the X-type asteroid is characterized as a Xc-subtype, a group of bodies with intermediary spectra between those typically seen for metallic and carbonaceous bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022694-0004-0000", "contents": "1847 Stobbe, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Stobbe was obtained from photometric observations made by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini at his Observatoire de B\u00e9doin rendered a well-defined period of 5.617\u00b10.002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 in magnitude (U=3), superseding a previous observation at the Roach Motel Observatory (856) in Riverside, California, that gave a period of 6.37\u00b10.02 hours and an amplitude of 0.27 in magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022694-0005-0000", "contents": "1847 Stobbe, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid has an albedo of 0.11\u20130.14 with a corresponding diameter between 22.7 and 23.9 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022694-0006-0000", "contents": "1847 Stobbe, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with these results and derives an albedo of 0.113 and a diameter of 23.85 kilometers, while a study using preliminary results from NEOWISE diverges significantly from all other observations, giving a diameter of 17.4 kilometers and an albedo of 0.232.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022694-0007-0000", "contents": "1847 Stobbe, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of German astronomer and observer of comets and minor planets, Joachim Stobbe (1900\u20131943). During 1925\u20131927 he worked at the discovering Hamburg\u2013Bergedorf Observatory and later at the Berlin Observatory, where he observed the rotational lightcurve of the large near-Earth object 433 Eros in detail. During the last few years of his life, he was director of the Poznan Observatory in Poland. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022695-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Texas gubernatorial election\nThe 1847 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 1, 1847 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Governor James Pinckney Henderson did not run for a second term. The election was won by George Tyler Wood, who received 49% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022696-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1847 United Kingdom general election was conducted between 29 July 1847 and 26 August 1847 and resulted in the Whigs in control of government despite candidates calling themselves Conservatives winning the most seats. The Conservatives were divided between Protectionists, led by Lord Stanley, and a minority of free-trade Tories, known also as the Peelites for their leader, former prime minister Sir Robert Peel. This left the Whigs, led by Prime Minister Lord John Russell, in a position to continue in government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022696-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 United Kingdom general election\nThe Irish Repeal group won more seats than in the previous general election, while the Chartists gained the only seat they were ever to hold, Nottingham's second seat, held by Chartist leader Feargus O'Connor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022696-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 United Kingdom general election\nThe election also witnessed the election of Britain's first Jewish MP, the Liberal Lionel de Rothschild in the City of London. Members being sworn in were however required to swear the Christian Oath of Allegiance, meaning Rothschild was unable actually to take his seat until the passage of the Jews Relief Act in 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election\nAn election for the Chancellorship of the University of Cambridge was held on 25\u201327\u00a0February 1847, after the death of the Duke of Northumberland. Many senior figures in the university hoped that Prince Albert, the Prince Consort could be persuaded to stand and be elected unopposed, but a group from St John's College approached the Earl of Powis, a St John's man. The election became politicised as Powis was a noted Conservative and his opponents feared the consequences from the Whig Government if he was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0000-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election\nThe result was close as the large number of non-resident Members of the Senate from St John's, and Conservative supporters, backed Powis, but the Prince (who was reluctant to enter into a political contest) was elected and agreed to take up the post. The election occurred at a critical point in the history of the University when it was pressed to reform, and the Prince Consort's election allowed progress to be made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Vacancy arises\nNews of the death of the Duke of Northumberland, who had been Chancellor of the University since 1840, was received in Cambridge on the evening of Friday 12\u00a0February. Initial thoughts of his successor centred on Lord Lyndhurst who was then High Steward of the University and a member of Trinity College, the largest. A letter in the London evening newspaper The Globe suggested the Earl of Burlington. Others were already suggesting that Prince Albert, the Prince Consort might be a suitable candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0001-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Vacancy arises\nThe Prince was an obvious choice as he was known to be interested in higher education, intelligent and had a serious approach. He had been made a Doctor of Laws and a member of Trinity College when he visited Cambridge together with the Queen in 1843, but there were some difficulties which his election would bring. He was not English, and did not know much about English universities; also had no seat in Parliament and was therefore unable to defend Cambridge there. As a member of the Royal Family, the Prince was above party politics: this had advantages (putting the University out of the party fray) but also disadvantages (he was unable to intervene in intense political debates).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Vacancy arises\nAmong the senior members of the University who thought of the Prince Consort was William Whewell, then Master of Trinity College. On 13\u00a0February Whewell wrote to the Treasurer of Prince Albert's Household to ask if the Prince would consent to nomination; later that day he visited him in person to discuss the issue. Albert was unprepared for the invitation and asked Baron Stockmar about it; Stockmar advised that the Prince's experience of German universities might be of some use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0002-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Vacancy arises\nAt Stockmar's suggestion, he consulted the Marquess of Lansdowne, Lord President of the Council, who advised him to accept provided that the election was unopposed. The Prince accepted this advice and on Sunday 14\u00a0February Lord Monteagle of Brandon wrote to Whewell confirming the Prince's conditional acceptance of nomination. Whewell was quite pleased to have received it, never expecting to get an unconditional acceptance, and returned to Cambridge to begin arranging what he hoped would be the unopposed election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0003-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, A contest looms\nImmediately on learning of the death of the Duke of Northumberland, the Master and senior members of St John's College had decided to invite the Earl of Powis, who had studied at that college, to be a candidate. Powis was English and had been Tory Member of Parliament for Ludlow for 33 years, voting against the Reform Act. He was mainly known for his religious views, being a Tractarian, but had led the opposition in the House of Lords to the proposal to unite the sees of Bangor and St Asaph in order to create a new Bishopric of Manchester. The fight had begun in 1843 and had led to the appointment of a Commission to reconsider the measure, which recommended that it be dropped. As a result, Powis was popular among churchmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 65], "content_span": [66, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0004-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, A contest looms\nOn his return to Cambridge, Whewell had found that almost all the Heads of Colleges and Professors were supportive of the Prince, and two (Woodwardian Professor of Geology Adam Sedgwick and the Master of Jesus College William French) had had the same idea and were already canvassing support. The appearance of a rival candidate might undermine the whole effort since the Prince wanted an unopposed election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 65], "content_span": [66, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0004-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, A contest looms\nPowis had received the invitation from his college at home in Shropshire and accepted it on Monday 15\u00a0February, probably in ignorance of any approach to the Prince Consort, and the supporters of the Prince hoped that Powis might be persuaded to withdraw on learning of widespread support for a rival. The Vice-Chancellor Henry Philpott and 13 Heads of Colleges agreed the terms of a formal address to the Prince asking for permission to nominate him and left it at Catharine Hall where Philpott was Master, for others to sign. The address read:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 65], "content_span": [66, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0005-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, A contest looms\nMay it please your Royal Highness,\u2014The office of Chancellor of the University of Cambridge having become vacant by the lamented death of his Grace the Duke of Northumberland, we, the undersigned, members of the Senate of the University, beg leave most respectfully to prefer our request to your Royal Highness, that you will graciously permit your Royal Highness's name to be proposed to the Senate for election into the vacant office, according to the prescribed forms of our academical constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 65], "content_span": [66, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0006-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined\nOn learning that Powis had accepted, the Master of St John's immediately wrote back to tell him that the Prince Consort might be a candidate. However, news of Powis' acceptance of nomination had already been published in the London evening newspapers of Monday. While Powis knew it would be unseemly to fight an election against the Prince, he felt he could not go back on his word and disappoint his supporters. The Vice-Chancellor apparently appealed to Powis directly to urge him to withdraw, but it was in vain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0006-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined\nPowis confirmed that he would stand; committees were already being formed to support him which were pleased to hear of his determination, and the committees resolved to \"use the utmost efforts\" to campaign. He quickly gathered support in London; the members of the Oxford and Cambridge Club were said to be almost universally in favour of Powis, although after the election was over, a pamphleteer generally sympathetic to him regretted that his supporters had resorted to \"degrading\" public advertisement to drum up support. Most of the press were also opposed to the Prince, with Punch being particularly energetic in the campaign: it printed a spoof begging-letter from the University to the Prince which ran:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0007-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined\nAs standing nearest to the Crown, your Royal Highness will of course be the most impartial mediator between the Crown and the University, which, we assure your Royal Highness, will be found at all times submissive to the will of the Sovereign. Your Royal Highness, not possessing a seat in the legislative body, will be spared the fatigue of protecting University interests in Parliament; while, not having been educated at this University, your Royal Highness will be free from all bias or prepossession as to measures affecting its interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0007-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined\nWe almost venture to regret that the attainments and character of your Royal Highness are such as in themselves perhaps to justify this application. But we are proud to assure your Royal Highness that, had your Royal Highness been as ignorant as you are learned, as rude as you are cultivated in good arts, as violent as you are gentle, as over-bearing as you are modest, we should still have shown our loyalty and respect for dignities, by laying this office at the feet of your Royal Highness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0008-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined\nThe Prince's supporters could not send their address until Powis' intentions were known, so it waited at Catharine Hall until Friday 19\u00a0February when they met at Trinity College. Whewell presided and those present included most Heads of Colleges, Professors and resident Fellows. This meeting unanimously approved the Prince Consort as a candidate and appointed a Committee to run his election campaign which contained Fellows from every college except St John's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0008-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined\nIt was agreed that the Vice-Chancellor should go to meet the Prince to present the address and hear his reply about whether, in the circumstances of a contested election, the Prince would accept nomination. Because the issue was critical, the Vice-Chancellor was to telegraph the Prince's decision: \"A\" for acceptance, \"C\" for conditional acceptance, and \"R\" for refusal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0009-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined\nOn Saturday 20\u00a0February the Vice-Chancellor went by train to London and had an audience with the Prince Consort at Buckingham Palace, handing him the address with its many distinguished signatures. The Prince had prepared a written answer which stated that \"from the proceedings entered into by others in the University, .. there does not exist that degree of unanimity which alone would leave me at liberty to consent to be put in nomination\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0009-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Withdrawals and acceptances both declined\nThe Queen wrote in her diary for that night that Albert had declined the offer and Philpott telegraphed back \"R\", a reply which was received during the afternoon. The full text of the Prince's letter was telegraphed shortly before Philpott arrived back and a full committee meeting was called. John Graham, the Master of Christ's College, told the meeting that he had private information that the answer was final and it would be disrespectful to the Prince to proceed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0010-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Contest becomes certain\nThe supporters of the Prince Consort at the meeting on Saturday evening were very reluctant to give up, many thinking that the choice of Powis would be a disastrous insult to the Government. The meeting concluded by carrying a resolution to meet again on Monday, although most expected this next meeting would have to wind up the campaign. However, late in the evening, James Cartmell (a Fellow of Christ's College) arrived from London bearing a letter from Lord Monteagle to Whewell. Monteagle had been working to support the Prince and wrote that \"\u00a0'R' was sent by mistake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0010-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Contest becomes certain\nThe answer is no refusal\" and citing three others \"best qualified to form an opinion\" as agreeing. Lord Lansdowne, who possibly drafted the Prince's reply, was certainly one of them, and explained that the Prince had refused his consent to be nominated, but had not said that he would refuse office if his supporters nominated him anyway. He was therefore giving his Cambridge supporters a free hand. Accordingly when the Committee met on Monday 22\u00a0February, they unanimously agreed to nominate the Prince and to distribute a circular in his favour. Notwithstanding what he had said on Saturday, Graham did not dissent. A Committee was formed at the Union Hotel in London to campaign for the non-resident vote, under the chairmanship of the Marquess of Northampton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0011-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Contest becomes certain\nOn learning he had in fact been nominated, the Prince asked former Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel for advice on whether he should insist on withdrawing, or remain indifferent, and whether in the event of his election, he should refuse or accept. Peel advised him to let the election take its course and to accept the office, \"for of the result of the contest I cannot have a doubt\". The Prince accepted this advice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0012-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Issues\nCambridge in the 1840s was under severe pressure to reform, being still almost entirely Anglican. The Chancellor election was crucial to the University's response. While some feared that the Prince Consort would seek to change Cambridge to be like a German university, others believed he would be easily accepted by the Government as a clear indication that Cambridge supported reforms and would bring them forward. However, this argument was not easily made in public and the main themes in the election were not so high-minded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0012-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Issues\nPowis was attacked as a Roman Catholic masquerading as an Anglican, while the feud between Trinity and St John's Colleges was stirred up on both sides. On 23\u00a0February Whewell wrote a general letter asking for support for the Prince because Powis would be \"a Chancellor of St John's\" and had estranged himself from the rest of the University. Whewell hand-wrote some letters but lithographed others, and the Master of St Johns Ralph Tatham complained that for him to do so was \"unjust and unprecedented\" since the assertion was wrong: Powis' committee contained 40 Trinity graduates. Whewell stood by his comments, on the grounds that Powis had not told the officers of the University that he was standing, and had replied with the resolution of a committee when they had got in touch with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0013-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Issues\nSome Royalists appealed for votes for \"the noble-hearted husband of our noble-hearted Queen\", while others refused to have a non-English and non-Cambridge man as Chancellor. The Times printed a letter \"written in a ruder style than we could have wished\" which objected that it was improper for the University to have direct access to the Crown through the husband of the Queen. Party political considerations were also present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0013-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Issues\nAn anonymous \"non-resident M.A.\" published in the London newspapers complained that on Albert's committee, \"scarcely a name is to be found but that of some mere Whig politician, or some courtier who is no politician at all\"; the author praised Powis as the \"best bulwark [of the Church] in our days\" and lamented that the Whigs were fighting under cover of the Queen's consort and against his wishes. The Globe contended that the Prince was precluded from accepting the office for several reasons, but for \"one all-sufficient fact\u2014the absence of anything approaching to unanimity in the University\". The Evening Standard felt that nominating Albert was disrespectful to both Queen Victoria and the Prince himself, and that voting against Albert was justified because he had refused to be nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0014-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes\nThe electorate for the election of Chancellor was the Senate of the University, consisting of all the senior members including the Masters of Arts. As Cambridge raised every graduate to the degree of a Master of Arts six years after matriculation, almost all Cambridge graduates (wherever resident) could vote. The total electorate was estimated by William Frederick Pollock, a Trinity College graduate supporting Powis, at 3,500, of whom 300 were resident in Cambridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0014-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes\nVotes had to be cast in person, and The Times printed the times of trains to Cambridge and back, so that non-resident MAs could go up and vote. Prince Albert was surprised to learn that Powis' London committee had chartered special trains for their supporters; this was a tactic which the Prince's supporters had not thought of. Cambridge graduates in high public office were strongly encouraged to take time off to go up and vote; they were also aware that voting was public and that, depending on their vote, they might incur grave Royal displeasure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0014-0002", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes\nThe poll was set to be taken over three days. It would open at 10\u00a0am on Thursday 25\u00a0February, and close at 5\u00a0pm that night, and be reopened between 8\u00a0pm and 9\u00a0pm that evening. The poll on Friday 26\u00a0February, the second day, was held at the same hours as the first day; on Saturday 27\u00a0February the poll opened at 9\u00a0am and closed, finally, at noon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0014-0003", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes\nVotes were cast in a large voting chest on a table in front of the Vice-Chancellor, with two letter-boxes: the one to the right of the Vice-Chancellor was \"The Prince Albert\" while to the left was \"The Earl of Powis\". Voters would identify themselves and pick up one of two voting papers reading:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0015-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes\nEach candidate had two \"assessors\" who checked the procedure was fair. The assessors for Prince Albert were the Rev Robert Birkett (Emmanuel College) and the Rev John Mills (Pembroke College); for the Earl of Powis, the assessors were John Charles Snowball (St John's College) and the Rev Henry Wilkinson Cookson (Peterhouse). During the voting the undergraduates (who had no votes) crowded into the galleries in the Senate House, shouting at the participants below. They returned on the second day's polling, Friday 26\u00a0February, bringing horns and throwing things down including peas, shot and halfpennies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0015-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes\nIt was noted that the Queen was respected, but that Albert called \"The German Chancellor\" as opposed to Powis as \"The English Chancellor\". However, others distinguished between \"The Chancellor of St John's\" and \"The Royal Chancellor\". One wag shouted a mock advertisement \"shortly to be published: The Master of Trinity's Court Guide\", followed by \"Hints on Etiquette, by a Johnian\". The Times reported the state of the poll at various hours to be as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0016-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes\nBy Friday it had become clear to the Prince that, if he won, it would be by a small majority. He asked Sir Robert Peel to come to Buckingham Palace at 1\u00a0pm on Saturday, so that he could give advice on what to do when the expected delegation arrived from Cambridge formally offering him the Chancellorship. At noon on Saturday the voting ceased and the chest in which votes had been cast was opened so that they could be counted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0016-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, Casting votes\nFour dubious votes which had been kept back for consideration were found to be good votes by the Registrar, while four votes were struck off as the voter was found to be ineligible; two who met this fate were the Earl Fitzwilliam and Francis Hodgson, Provost of Eton, each of whom had graduated but not taken his MA. The names of all voters were read over again and the final result was declared just before 2\u00a0pm:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0017-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Prince accepts\nHaving received the Prince's invitation, Peel prepared a paper for him giving his advice about what to do in the case of various election outcomes. Peel argued very strongly that, if the Prince was elected by a small majority, he should definitely accept the office: the small majority was the product of the unusual circumstances of the election, while most of the senior members of the University had supported him and to refuse the office would be to deeply offend them. He also drafted the terms of a reply which the Prince might make to the Cambridge delegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 68], "content_span": [69, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0017-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Prince accepts\nThe Prime Minister, Lord John Russell, also wrote to the Prince advising him that everyone he had seen thought \"a refusal on the part of Your Royal Highness would create confusion and dissatisfaction\". Queen Victoria wrote in her diary that \"We are much gratified\" by the result and that \"Albert on the good advice of Sir Robert Peel (which is always valuable) is accepting the post\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 68], "content_span": [69, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0018-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Prince accepts\nWhen no delegation came on Saturday, and instead only a letter confirming the result and that an official letter of invitation would follow, the Prince's Private Secretary Colonel Phipps wrote to the Vice-Chancellor gently to encourage him to send a formal delegation. He also included the reply drafted by Peel which stated \"I have resolved to accept the trust which the University is willing to confide to me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 68], "content_span": [69, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0018-0001", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Prince accepts\nThe official letter was traditionally in Latin and had to be approved by the Senate; the Rev Thomas Crick, the Public Orator, who wrote it, was a strong supporter of Powis and found it difficult to compose something friendly. When finished on 2 March it was sealed and taken to Buckingham Palace to be presented to the Prince who simply replied \"and here is my answer\". After the delegation had gone, Albert read the official letter and noticed that a minor mistake had been made in the Latin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 68], "content_span": [69, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022697-0019-0000", "contents": "1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election, The Prince accepts\nThe Prince was formally installed as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 25 March 1847. He invited Powis to the ceremony, but Powis replied that as the preceding day had been announced by the Queen as a \"day of Prayer & Humiliation\", he would be spending the time with his family instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 68], "content_span": [69, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022698-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1847 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 7, 1847, and resulted in the reelection of Whig Party candidate Horace Eaton to another one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022699-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1847 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022703-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1847 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022709-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in Liberia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1847 in Liberia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022710-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in Mexico, Events\nThis article related to a particular year is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022710-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 in Mexico, Events\nThis Mexican history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022711-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1847 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022711-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1847 is 69,700 M\u0101ori and 14,477 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022713-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in Poland, Deaths\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022716-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1847 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022718-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1847 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022719-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in architecture\nThe year 1847 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022721-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022722-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022722-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, Newly named dinosaurs\nAn unpublished name for a misidentified prolacertiform reptile that was probably the same as Tanystropheus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022723-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022723-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022723-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022724-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022725-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in science\nThe year 1847 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022726-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 in sports\n1847 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022729-0000-0000", "contents": "1847 \u00e5rs fattigv\u00e5rdf\u00f6rordning\n1847 \u00e5rs fattigv\u00e5rdf\u00f6rordning (English: Poor relief regulation of 1847) was a Swedish Poor Law which organized the public poor relief system in Sweden. With some alterations in 1853 and 1871, it established the basis for the poor relief system until the Poor Care Law of 1918 was passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022729-0001-0000", "contents": "1847 \u00e5rs fattigv\u00e5rdf\u00f6rordning\nThe law replaced the 1642 \u00e5rs tiggareordning which had previously regulated the public poor relief system. At the time the 1847 reform was enacted, care for the poor was largely organized in the traditional roteg\u00e5ng system, administered by the church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022729-0002-0000", "contents": "1847 \u00e5rs fattigv\u00e5rdf\u00f6rordning\nThe 1847 regulation established a public board of directors for poor relief in each parish. Though the church was no longer directly involved, the vicar in each parish was to be given a seat on the board. The law also made it mandatory to contribute to the parish poor fund. The ban for paupers to move was also lifted, and the right of the parish to refuse a pauper (not born in the parish) to settle in the parish was abolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022729-0003-0000", "contents": "1847 \u00e5rs fattigv\u00e5rdf\u00f6rordning\nThe Poor Care Board had the task of granting benefits to the needy and arranging a place in a poor house. If the community did not have a poor house, the board was responsible for arranging housing for the pauper with a parishioner and paying the benefits to the parishioner. The pauper's hosts had the legal right to demand household work of their tenant benefactors, a practice that had been customary in the roteg\u00e5ng system. The benefactors were also allowed to file complaints of abuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022729-0004-0000", "contents": "1847 \u00e5rs fattigv\u00e5rdf\u00f6rordning\nThe traditional roteg\u00e5ng system was kept in force as a parallel system for adult paupers, but it was abolished for children. This ban on roteg\u00e5ng for children, who were to be placed in foster homes by the poor care board, lead to pauper actions becoming more common for children. The new law had the effect that children were often placed in foster homes with the parishioners who had made the lowest 'bid' for a stipend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022729-0005-0000", "contents": "1847 \u00e5rs fattigv\u00e5rdf\u00f6rordning\nThe poor relief regulation of 1847 was not changed much by the new act of 1853 (1853 \u00e5rs fattigv\u00e5rdf\u00f6rordning). The law eventually came to be regarded as too liberal and generous. By the time of the Swedish famine of 1867\u20131869, the law had come to be interpreted very strictly, and it was replaced shortly thereafter. The poor relief regulation of 1871 (1871 \u00e5rs fattigv\u00e5rdf\u00f6rordning), though it largely kept the form and provisions of the 1847 regulation, severely diminished the applicability of the law. Only the elderly, children, invalids and the insane were granted benefits under this law. It was not until the Poor Care Law of 1918 (1918 \u00e5rs fattigv\u00e5rdslag) that the entire poor relief system in Sweden was truly reformed. Among its provisions, the 1918 law abolished the roteg\u00e5ng system, pauper auctions, child auctions, and poor houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022730-0000-0000", "contents": "1848\n1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1848th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 848th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 48th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1848, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022730-0001-0000", "contents": "1848\n1848 is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the political and philosophical landscape and had major ramifications throughout the rest of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022730-0002-0000", "contents": "1848\nCheering revolutionaries in Berlin, on March 19, 1848, with the new flag of Germany", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022730-0003-0000", "contents": "1848\nFrench Revolution of 1848: Republican riots forced King Louis-Philippe to abdicate", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022731-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 (film)\n1848 (French: La R\u00e9volution de 1848) is a 1949 French short documentary film directed by Marguerite de la Mure and Victoria Mercanton and starring Bernard Blier. The film explains the French Revolution of 1848. Bernard Blier's narration is supported by pictures once drawn by contemporary artists including Honor\u00e9 Daumier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022731-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 (film)\n1848 was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short. The Academy Film Archive preserved 1848 in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022732-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Belgian general election\nFull general elections were held in Belgium on 13 June 1848. They followed an equalisation of the tax qualifications for voters, which widened the franchise from 1.0% of the population to 1.8%. Unlike the previous rules which had favoured Conservatives and Catholics (as the requirements were lower in the countryside), this benefitted the Liberal Party and damaged the Catholics, who lost more than half their seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022732-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Belgian general election, Background\nThe existing electoral law differentiated in tax requirements between cities and countryside; cities (where Liberals were stronger) had to pay higher taxes in order to vote, compared to the countryside (where Catholics were stronger).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022732-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Belgian general election, Background\nThe Liberal Party held its founding congress two years earlier, on 13 June 1846, where it approved a proposal to lower the tax requirements in order to expand suffrage. By 1848, in the context of the Revolutions of 1848, reform was unavoidable. On the proposal of Liberal head of government Charles Rogier, the Parliament approved the law of 12 March 1848, which equalised and lowered the tax requirements to its constitutional minimum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022732-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 Belgian general election, Background\nThe new law benefited the Liberals, leading them to victory in these elections. The Liberals would retain their dominant position for the most part until 1884.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022732-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 Belgian general election, Campaign\nOne Chamber seat was uncontested, and won by the Liberal Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022732-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 Belgian general election, Results, Chamber of Representatives\nThe vote figures do not include the constituency of Oudenaarde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022733-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of 1848, independent Democratic candidate James H. Woodworth defeated incumbent Democrat James Curtiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022733-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Chicago mayoral election\nThe election took place during a time of instability within the two major national political parties (the Democrats and the Whigs). Woodworth's victory dealt a significant blow to Chicago's Democratic organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022734-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Cisleithanian legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held for the first time the Austrian section of the Austrian Empire in June 1848. This group of territories would in Austria-Hungary be referred to as Cisleithania. This happened after the Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas caused the Klemens von Metternich government to fall. The election followed the imposition of a new constitution on 25 April by Ferdinand I. The new Imperial Council first met in Vienna on 22 July, but was then relocated to Kremsier in Moravia due to fighting, after which it became known as the Kremsier Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention\nThe 1848 Colored National Convention was a convention held by free black men as part of the Colored Conventions Movement. The convention was held from September 6 to September 8, 1848, in Cleveland, Ohio at the courthouse. The convention met to vote on 34 Resolutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, The Colored Conventions Movement\nThe Colored Conventions Movement began in the 1830s and sporadically met into 1893. The main goal of the convention movement was to gain freedom and call attention to the constitutional rights of slaves and African American freemen. The conventions consisted of free African Americans from Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, New York, and Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Members of the convention\nMembers of the convention included Frederick Douglass, a well known equal rights activist, as the president, J. Jones as the vice president, and William H. Day as the secretary. Allen Jones (Ohio), Thomas Johnson (Michigan), and Abner H. Francis (New York) were added as vice presidents. William H. Burnham and Justin Holland (both from Ohio) were assigned assistant secretaries. Other members included A. H. Francis, M. R. Delaney, C. H. Langton, D. Jenkins, H. Bibb, G. W. Tucker, W. H. Topp, Thomas Brown, J. L. Watson, J. Malvin, D. Jenkins, and G. W. Tucker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Convention proceedings\nThe convention was called to order on Wednesday, September 6, 1848, at 10:00 a.m. The first session was simply a roll call and to appoint members to various positions. The second session began at 2:30 p.m. on September 6th. The president made some remarks then sang a liberty song. Further remarks were made by various members and more songs were liberty songs were sung. More remarks were made and the first day of the convention came to a close. The second day of the convention began at 9:00 a.m. with a prayer from Reverend John Lyle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0003-0001", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Convention proceedings\nRoll call was taken and names of those members not present were removed from the rosters. The minutes from the previous day were approved and the convention began to discuss the resolutions. The convention went on recess while discussing the 8th resolution. On Thursday at 2:30 p.m. the convention resumed with a prayer from J. D. Patterson, the minutes from the previous session were addressed and then discussion resumed with the 8th resolution. Thursday was concluded with the singing of \"Come join the Abolitionists\". Friday, the convention continued at 9:00 a.m. with a prayer by Reverend Kenyon. The convention went on recess after a synopsis of the proceedings was sent for publishing. The final session of the convention convened at 2:30 p.m. A prayer was delivered by Reverend William Ruth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\nThe convention met to discuss many different ways to reject the persecution that the African American people had faced. The convention also gave ways to help the African American people become more equal to the white man. The convention suggested that the African Americans need to become more educated and not work for the white man but work with the white man. The African Americans must expand their minds and become more educated, and shame those who oppose the equality of all man. To do this, it is suggested, that newspapers and books be read to improve the minds and elevate the African Americans to the level of the white men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n3. All classes should have the same access to knowledge of trades and jobs", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0006-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n4. That being a servant or domestic is degrading, and should be avoided when possible", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0007-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n5. Education is important, and children especially should at least get a business education", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0008-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n6. An association is recommended to unite the people and to concentrate the efforts of freedom and equality", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0009-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n7. That we will try to be moral and aware of the political actions of the times, but liberty and humanity are the most important.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0010-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n8. That no person or establishment will be supported unless they are for equal rights and privileges", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0011-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n9. Liberty is the most important thing and should not be compromised", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0012-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n10. Nothing is worse than slavery and that everything must be done to discontinue the practice", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0013-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n11. in order to support the people it is imperative that we know the status of our people, and that ministers and others throughout the North States take census and that this information be forwarded to the next National Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0014-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n12. Remaining sober is a great way to elevate the class and that societies should be formed to promote this", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0015-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n13. That supporting the Free Soil Movement and the Buffalo Convention is highly encouraged, but we should be characterized as abolitionists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0016-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n14. That Liberty is a right to all man, and as such it is recommended to attempt escape at every favorable opportunity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0017-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n15. That we will aid our brethren still enslaved to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0018-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n17. That the establishment of a party in support of Free Soil be established with the platform of \u201cFree Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Free Men\u201d and that all should support and encourage others to support this party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0019-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n18. That the motto be \u201cLove to God and man, and Fidelity to ourselves\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0020-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n19. Jefferson Fitzgerald was asked at the 1845 convention to assess the land and that Oceana and Mason county in Michigan were recommended that land be purchased there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0021-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n20. That the convention gives thanks to the president, Frederick Douglass, for his ability to remain impartial while presiding over the convention", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0022-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n21. That the convention concludes at 6pm on September 8, 1848 without further meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0023-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n22. That they recognize their lack of military tactics and arms, and that they want to learn to be more prepared and better armed and will appoint committees called Vigilant Committees", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0024-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n23. That the convention thanks Judge Andrews and the Bar of Cleveland for allowing the use of the courthouse and that the newspaper the conduct and efficiency of the North Star, a newspaper edited by Frederick Douglass and M. R. Delany, is instrumental to elevate the people and as such should be supported by the people", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0025-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n24. That annual conventions meet and appeal to the legislatures to repeal Black Laws and all laws against slaves and African Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0026-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n25. That \u201ctaxation and representation ought to go together\u201d and we are in doubt of the morality of paying taxes without being represented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0027-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n26. The Christian American Churches supported slavery and as such no confidence is given in their practices and are henceforth condemned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0028-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n27. That similar Convention that support and fight for suffering humanity be supported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0029-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n28. That the next convention be held in Detroit or Pittsburgh in 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0030-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n29. That we condemn the American Colonization Society for their deception and hypocrisy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0031-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n30. That thanks be given to the people of Cleveland for their help in the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0032-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n31. That in the sight of God, prejudice against color is vulgar and unnatural.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0033-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n32. That it is ok that we give lectures and can get paid as long as they are speaking positively about the mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0034-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n33. We believe in the equality of sexes and that women are encouraged to take part in future conventions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0035-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Topics discussed at the convention\n34. That condemnation of white people only encourages prejudice and should be stopped immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022735-0036-0000", "contents": "1848 Colored National Convention, Women in the movement\nAlthough women were not a clear part of this convention, Resolution 33 was amended to read that \"Whereas, we fully believe in the equality of sexes, therefore, that we hereby invite females hereafter to take part in our deliberations.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022736-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1848 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 5, 1848. Incumbent Governor and Whig nominee Clark Bissell was re-elected, defeating former congressman and Democratic nominee George S. Catlin with 50.38% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022736-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThis was the last such election in which the Whig Party won a majority of the popular vote. Their vote share would steadily decline over each of the next eight elections, ending with their last appearance in the 1856 Connecticut gubernatorial election. The Whigs would only win two more of these eight elections, by the votes of the state legislature. It was also the last appearance of the Liberty Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022737-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Danish Constituent Assembly election\nElections for the Constituent Assembly were held in Denmark on 5 October 1848. Of the 158 seats in the Assembly, 114 were elected and 44 appointed by the King (of which 38 were from Denmark proper, five from Iceland and one from the Faroe Islands). An additional 31 candidates were to come from the Duchy of Schleswig but were not elected due to the First Schleswig War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022737-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Danish Constituent Assembly election, Background\n1848 had seen a series of revolutions across Europe. An insurrection in Holstein together with the political mobilisation of the National Liberal Party in Copenhagen led to the new king Frederick VII installing a new cabinet including National Liberal members. It was hoped that a cabinet with popular support would allow it to fight the insurrection and draw up a \"free constitution\" which would change the system of government from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. Following discussions, it was decided to hold elections for a Constituent Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022737-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Danish Constituent Assembly election, Results\nThere were only elections in 85 constituencies, as candidates were returned unopposed in the remainder. Together with the royal appointees, right-wing candidates emerged as the largest group with 52\u201354 seats. Left-wing candidates (congregating around the Society of the Friends of Peasants) won 45\u201347 seats, centrists 42\u201344 and others 13\u201319. A total of 51,775 votes were cast in the constituencies where elections were held, giving a turnout of 79.7%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022737-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 Danish Constituent Assembly election, Aftermath\nThe Assembly convened between October 1848 and May 1849. A new constitution was passed in May and signed by the King on 5 June. The new constitution created a bicameral parliament with a directly elected lower house and an indirectly elected upper house. Elections for the two houses were held in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022738-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Delvaux\n1848 Delvaux (prov. designation: 1933 QD) is a stony Koronis asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 August 1933, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium. It was later named after astronomer Georges Roland's sister-in-law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022738-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Delvaux, Orbit and classification\nDelvaux is a stony asteroid and a member of the Koronis family, a collisional group consisting of a few hundred known bodies with nearly ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,777 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as A912 FA at Simeiz Observatory in 1912, the body's observation arc begins 3 day after its official discovery, as non of the previous observations were used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022738-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Delvaux, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS taxonomy Delvaux is a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022738-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 Delvaux, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIt has a well-determined rotation period of 3.63 to 3.65 hours with a brightness variation of 0.57\u20130.69 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) adopts a period of 3.637 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022738-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 Delvaux, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Delvaux measures between 16.66 and 17.51 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.233 to 0.461. CALL assumes a standard albedo for members of the Koronis family of 0.24, and calculates a diameter of 17.12 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022738-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 Delvaux, Name\nThis minor planet was named after the sister-in-law of Georges Roland, astronomer at the observatory in Uccle and known as the co-discoverer of the comet Arend\u2013Roland. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6832).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022739-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Democratic National Committee\n1848 Democratic National Committee was the Democratic Party's first continuing national organization with one member from each state appointed for four years at the 1848 nominating convention in Baltimore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022739-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Democratic National Committee\nB. F. Hallett was the Chairman and W. F. Ritchie was Secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022740-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Democratic National Convention\nThe 1848 Democratic National Convention was a presidential nominating convention that met from May 22 to May 25 in Baltimore, Maryland. It was held to nominate the Democratic Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1848 election. The convention selected Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan for president and former Representative William O. Butler of Kentucky for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022740-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Democratic National Convention\nAs incumbent Democratic President James K. Polk declined to seek re-election, the Democratic Party nominated a new presidential candidate for the 1848 election. The major competitors for the presidential nomination were Cass, Secretary of State James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, and Supreme Court Justice Levi Woodbury of New Hampshire. Cass led on the first presidential ballot, and he continued to gain delegates until he clinched the nomination on the fourth ballot. Butler won the vice presidential nomination on the second ballot, defeating former Governor John A. Quitman of Mississippi and several other candidates. The Democratic ticket was defeated in the 1848 election by the Whig ticket of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022740-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nFormer Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson of Virginia was made the president (chair) of the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022740-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nAfter readopting the two-thirds rule for selecting the nominee, the assembly turned to the thorny problem of competing delegations representing different factions of the New York party. The convention adopted a compromise (by a vote of 133 to 118) of splitting the thirty-six votes between the pro-Van Buren faction and the Hunkers that opposed them: despite this, the pro-Van Burenite Barnburners promptly walked out of the convention, while the remaining New York delegates cast blank ballots throughout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022740-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nThe main competitors for the nomination were Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, Secretary of State James Buchanan from Pennsylvania, and Supreme Court Justice Levi Woodbury from New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022740-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nOn the first ballot, Cass had a large lead with 125 of the 254 delegate votes cast, with Buchanan and Woodbury receiving 55 and 53 votes respectively. On the next two ballots Cass gained a simple majority, while Woodbury's total was steady and Buchanan's began to fall. After Cass received 179 votes out of 254 on the fourth ballot, the chair declared that Cass had reached the required 170 votes and was therefore nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022740-0006-0000", "contents": "1848 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined\nTurning to the choice of a vice presidential running mate, the convention picked General William O. Butler of Kentucky over General John A. Quitman of Mississippi, former Senator and Minister to France William R. King of Alabama, Secretary of the Navy John Y. Mason of Virginia, and Representative James Iver McKay of North Carolina. Before it adjourned on May 25, this convention also appointed the first Democratic National Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022741-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Dutch general election\nGeneral elections were held in the Netherlands on 30 November and 4 December 1848. Held immediately after the Constitutional Reform of 1848, they were the first direct elections to the House of Representatives, and were the first to elect a States General to which government ministers would be responsible. Voting was restricted to men over the age of 23, and who paid a certain level of taxation. This limited the franchise to 55,728 people, roughly 11% of the male population over 23, or 2.5% of the total population of the country. Candidates were elected in districts in a two-round system; if no candidate received over 50% of the vote in the first round, the top two candidates would face a run-off. The districts had one MP for every 45,000 inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022741-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Dutch general election\nAs there were no official political parties until 1879, all candidates were nominally independents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022742-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Florida gubernatorial election\nThe 1848 Florida gubernatorial election was held on October 2, 1848. Whig nominee Thomas Brown defeated the Democratic nominee William Bailey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022743-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions\nThe Free Soil Party was organized for the 1848 US election to oppose further expansion of slavery into the western territories. It included anti-slavery members of the Whigs, and drew much of its support anti-slavery Democrats, including former President Martin Van Buren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022743-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions\nWhen the Whigs nominated slave owner Zachary Taylor for president, and took no position on the anti-slavery Wilmot Proviso, prominent Conscience Whigs including Henry Wilson and Charles Allen, withdrew from the party's national convention and issued a call for anti-slavery advocates to meet with the goal of forming a new party. The party included prominent abolitionists such as Salmon P. Chase and John Parker Hale, and held its 1848 convention in Utica and Buffalo, New York. On June 22, Van Buren defeated Hale by a 244-183 delegate count to capture the Free Soil nomination for president, while Charles Francis Adams Sr., the son and grandson of presidents, was chosen as the vice-presidential nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022743-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions\nVan Buren knew that the Free Soilers had no chance of winning; he hoped that his candidacy would split the Democratic vote and throw the election to the Whigs. Van Buren pursued this strategy partly from personal animus towards Lewis Cass, whom he blamed for preventing him from obtaining the Democratic nomination in 1844, and dislike of the pro-slavery principle of popular sovereignty, which Cass championed. Van Buren's plan proved successful; he obtained enough votes in New York to deny the state to Cass, which was enough to provide Taylor's margin of victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022743-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions, Free Soil party platform\nAmong the positions adopted by the party in its convention were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022743-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions, Liberty Party nomination\nDespite their significant showing in the prior presidential election, certain events would conspire to remove the Liberty Party from political significance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022743-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions, Liberty Party nomination\nInitially, the nomination was to be decided in the fall of 1847 at a Convention in Buffalo, New York. There, Senator John P. Hale was nominated over Gerrit Smith, brother-in-law to the party's previous nominee James G. Birney. Leicester King, a former judge and state senator in Ohio, was nominated to be Hale's running mate. Anti -slavery Democrats and Whigs, disappointed with their respective nominees, would form a new movement in conjunction with members of the Liberty Party such as John Hale and Salmon Chase to form the Free Soil Party that summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022743-0005-0001", "contents": "1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions, Liberty Party nomination\nAt this point, both Hale and King withdrew in favor of a Free Soil ticket led by former President Martin Van Buren, and the great majority of members of the Liberty Party followed. A small faction refused to support Van Buren for the presidency, however. They held another convention in June 1848 as the rump \"National Liberty Party.\" Gerrit Smith was nominated almost unanimously, with Charles Foote, a religious minister from Michigan as his running mate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022744-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 French Constituent Assembly election\nThe 1848 general election held on 23 and 24 April 1848 elected the Constituent Assembly of the new Republic. Over 9\u00a0million voters were eligible to vote in the first French election since 1792 held under male universal suffrage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022745-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 French legislative election in Senegal\nElections to the French National Assembly were held in Senegal between 30 October and 2 November 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022745-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 French legislative election in Senegal, Electoral system\nThe single Senegalese seat in the National Assembly was created by decree on 5 March 1848. Following an order of 5 November 1830 and a law of 24 April 1833, all free-born people and freed slaves in the Four Communes in Senegal had full civic and political rights, the only French African colony to give such rights until the end of World War II. The right to vote was given to all men over the age of 25 and who could prove they had lived in their municipality for the previous five years. In total 4,726 men registered to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022745-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 French legislative election in Senegal, Campaign\nThe election was contested by four candidates; former Governor L\u00e9andre Bertin du Ch\u00e2teau, the creole Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Durand Valantin, Victor Sch\u0153lcher, a well-known anti-slavery activist and De Giradin. Although Sch\u0153lcher was on the ballot, he was not in Senegal at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022746-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 French presidential election\nThe French presidential election of 1848 was the first ever held. It elected the first and only president of the Second Republic. The election was held on 10 December 1848 and led to the surprise victory of Louis-Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte with 74% of the popular vote. This was the only direct presidential election until the 1965 French presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022746-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 French presidential election, Background\nFollowing the February 1848 revolution, the French replaced the July Monarchy of King Louis-Philippe with a constitutional republic. The new Second Republic was led by a provisional government and then an executive commission, which held democratic elections for a National Constituent Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022746-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 French presidential election, Background\nThe National Constituent Assembly was tasked with drafting a new Constitution for the French Second Republic, including the definition of a new head of state to replace the overthrown monarchy. Constitutional debates took place during the period known as the June days uprising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022746-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 French presidential election, Background, Method of election\nThe procedure for presidential election was ratified by referendum on 6 October and included in the Constitution, which was adopted on 12 November. The election was scheduled for 10 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022746-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 French presidential election, Background, Method of election\nThe election would be held in a single round under the principle of universal male suffrage. If no candidate received a majority of the vote, the president would be elected by a vote of the National Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022746-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 French presidential election, Background, Definition of office\nThe presidency was defined by the terms of the constitution. Rather than the model of the executive committee given by the First Republic, the constitutional committee preferred to entrust executive power in a single individual. The office was given extensive powers to propose legislation, appoint ministers and high-ranking officials, engage in diplomacy, and command the military, though all decisions were subject to approval by the ministers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022746-0006-0000", "contents": "1848 French presidential election, Election\nThe constitution only included provision for one round, and in the absence of a majority for any candidate, the National Assembly would have decided the victor. Louis-Eug\u00e8ne Cavaignac seemed certain to win, and the Assembly would have most certainly elected him in the absence of an absolute majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022746-0007-0000", "contents": "1848 French presidential election, Election\nBonaparte had no long political career behind him and was able to depict himself as \"all things to some men\". The Monarchist right (supporters of either the Legitimist or Orl\u00e9anist royal households) and much of the upper class supported him as the \"least worst\" candidate, as a man who would restore order, end the instability in France which had continued since the overthrow of the monarchy during the February Revolution earlier that year, and prevent a proto-communist revolution (in the vein of Friedrich Engels).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022746-0007-0001", "contents": "1848 French presidential election, Election\nA good proportion of the industrial working class, on the other hand, were won over by Louis-Napoleon's vague indications of progressive economic views. His overwhelming victory was above all due to the support of the non-politicized rural masses, to whom the name of Bonaparte meant something, as opposed to the other, little-known contenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022746-0008-0000", "contents": "1848 French presidential election, Results\nBonaparte received a plurality or majority in all departments except the Var, Bouches-du-Rh\u00f4ne, Morbihan, and Finist\u00e8re, all four of which were won by Cavaignac. Thus did Bonaparte become the second president in Europe (after Jonas Furrer of Switzerland) and the first French president to be elected by a popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022747-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 German federal election\nFederal elections were held in all the 38 states of the German Confederation on 1 May 1848 to elect members of a new National Assembly known as the Frankfurt Parliament. The ballot was not secret, and elected 585 members, mostly from the middle class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022747-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 German federal election, Background\nThe Pre-Parliament (Vorparlement) had convened in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt on 31 March 1848. Most of the 521 members of it were from South and West Germany, including 2 from Austria. From Prussia there were 141 representatives, of which 100 from the Rhineland with a strong liberal tradition. The Pre-Parliament dispersed on 3 April having appointed a committee of 50. The radicals Friedrich Hecker and Gustav Struve were excluded as they had walked out; they had favoured abolition of both hereditary monarchy and standing armies, and a Federal constitution on North American lines. The rebuffed Hecker proclaimed a German Republic in Baden on 12 April, but the so-called Heckenputsch failed within a week. Heckler escaped to Switzerland and went to the United States, becoming a farmer. Later Struve also went into exile (in Switzerland and the United States) before returning to Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 935]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022747-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 German federal election, Electoral system\nThe Pre-Parliament had favoured universal suffrage, although individual states set their own qualifications. While Austria, Prussia and Schleswig-Holstein imposed no restrictions, farm hands were excluded in Baden and Saxony. Bavaria and Wutternberg excluded domestic servants and workers, and Bavaria included only those paying direct taxation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022747-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 German federal election, Results\nThe Pre-Parliament set the ratio of one deputy to the National Assembly per 50,000 inhabitants of the German Confederation, totaling 649 deputies. However, Czech-majority constituencies in Bohemia and Moravia boycotted the election, reducing the total to 585. Those elected included 157 judges and lawyers, 138 high officials, over a hundred university and high school teachers, and about 40 merchants and industrialists. Most of the 90 members of the nobility were in the learned professions, and there was only one peasant and four handwerkers (skilled artisans or craftsmen).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022747-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 German federal election, Aftermath\nThe Frankfurt Parliament convened on 18 May at Frankfurt, when the members walked in solemn procession to the Paulskirche accompanied by the roar of cannon and the ringing of bells. It included the German political leaders of the past three decades: the political professors Friedrich Dahlmann, Johann Droysen and Georg Waitz; Ernst Arndt and Turnvater Jahn (Friedrich Jahn) from 1813; radicals like Robert Blum and Arnold Ruge; liberal nobles like Prince Felix Lichnowsky, and the Catholic leader Bishop Ketteler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022748-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Grand National\nThe 1848 Grand National Steeplechase was the tenth official annual running of a handicap steeplechase horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday, 1 March. It attracted a then record, field of 29 competitors for a prize valued at \u00a31,015 to the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022748-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Grand National\nThe race was won by Lieutenant Josey Little on Captain William Peel's Chandler trained by Tom Eskrett. Lieutenant Little wore Captain Peel's colours of white silks with a black cap. The horse won in a time of 11 minutes and 21 seconds, forty-two seconds slower than the course record set the previous year. With the proceeds of the race Lieutenant Little was able to purchase his promotion to the rank of captain in the 1st King's Dragoon Guards. Tom Olliver rode in the race for a record tenth time, finishing second on The Curate. The race was marred by the fatal falls of three competitors at the same fence in the latter stages of the second circuit, taking the total number of fatalities in the history of the race to five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022748-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Grand National, Finishing order\nNo official returns for the Grand National exist prior to 1865. The return below is that published by the reporter of The Times newspaper the day after the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022749-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1848 Illinois gubernatorial election was the ninth election for this office. Democratic governor Augustus C. French was easily re-elected. This was the first gubernatorial election in Illinois that was held on the same date as the United States presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022749-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThis was the first election in which any governor was elected to a second term. The Illinois Constitution of 1818, which had been replaced this same year, prohibited more than one consecutive term as governor, and Thomas Duncan was the only governor ever to attempt a second term, though it was not consecutive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022749-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Illinois gubernatorial election\nAt this time in Illinois history the Lieutenant Governor was elected on a separate ballot from the governor. This would remain so until the 1970 constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022750-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Iowa Senate election\nIn the 1848 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the second Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held for 10 of the state senate's 19 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022750-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Iowa Senate election\nFollowing the previous election in 1846, Democrats had control of the Iowa Senate with 11 seats to Whigs' eight seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022750-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Iowa Senate election\nTo claim control of the chamber from Democrats, the Whigs needed to net two Senate seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022750-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 Iowa Senate election\nDemocrats maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1848 general election with the balance of power remaining unchanged with Democrats holding 11 seats and Whigs having eight seats. Democratic Senator John Jackson Selman was chosen as the President of the Iowa Senate for the second General Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1848, with the exception of Castle Street and Scotland wards where the elections were held on 2 November because the Aldermen for these wards were not able to act as returning officers. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election\nThis was the first year that the local press referred to \"Liberals\" rather than \"Reformers\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election\nThe main issue at this election was whether the Corporation estate and the docks should be subject to Rates (tax).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result\nBecause half of the wards were uncontested, these statistics should be taken in that context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Abercromby\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Ph\u0153nix Inn, on the east side of Mount-pleasant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Everton\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Public-house on the north side of Great Homer-street, Occupied by Mr. Charles Unwin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0006-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Everton\nFrancis Shand was opposed to the rating of the Corporation and Dock Estates, Edward Langsdale was of the opposite view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0007-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Exchange\nPolling Place\u00a0: The north end of the Sessions' house, in Chapel-street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0008-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Great George\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Shop, No. 64 at the north side of Nelson-street, occupied by Mr. Richard Hesketh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0009-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Lime Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Public-house of Mr. William Prescott, at the corner os St. Vincent-street, London-road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0010-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, North Toxteth\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Public-house, sign of \"The Royal Oak\", corner of Warwick-street, Park-road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0011-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Pitt Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Committee-room of the South Corporation School, in Park-lane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0012-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Rodney Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Shop, near the entrance to the New Arcade, on the west side of Renshaw-street, occupied by Mr. Robert Brassey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0013-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Anne Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House of Mr. Thomas Hindle, on the west side of Christian-street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0014-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Paul's\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House of Mr. Mather, at the northwest corner of St. Paul's-square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0015-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Peter's\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Public-house, sign of \"The Horse and Jockey\" in Seel-street'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0016-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Peter's\nJohn Ferguson, a determined pro-rater and chairman of the National Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0017-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House No. 64, on the north side of Burlington-street, near Limekiln-lane, occupied by Mr. Joseph Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0018-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland\nJames Thomson advocated the rating of the Corporate and Dock estates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0019-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, South Toxteth\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Shop, on the west side of Park-road, occupied by Mrs. Eliza Gould, near the church of St. John the Baptist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0020-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Vauxhall\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House occupied by Mr. George Gurden, on the west side of Vauxhall-road nearly opposite the end of Blackstock-street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0021-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Vauxhall\nWilliam Rathbone was an advocate of the Rivington Pike water scheme and opposed to the rating of the Corporate and Dock estates. Mr. Hodson took the contrary views.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022751-0022-0000", "contents": "1848 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, West Derby\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House, on the south side of Edge-hill, opposite the Church, in the occupation of Mrs. Mary Fleetwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022752-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Luxembourg general election\nGeneral elections were held in Luxembourg on 28 September 1848. They were the first direct elections to the Chamber of Deputies. Doctrinaire Liberals, who had been in power since 1841, lost the election to progressive Liberals and Catholics who were supportive of the new constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022752-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Luxembourg general election, Electoral system\nThe elections were the first held after a new electoral law was passed on 23 July 1848, which established direct and secret elections. It also reduced the tax qualification from 10 florins to 10 francs. Although this doubled the number of voters from around 5,000 to 9,868, 95% of the population remained disenfranchised. They were also the first elections held under the 1848 constitution, which was based on the Belgian constitution and introduced a parliamentary system with a constitutional monarchy, limiting the powers of the Grand Duke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022752-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Luxembourg general election, Aftermath\nAlthough the progressive Liberals and Catholics held a majority of seats, the accession of William III to the throne in 1849 reduced their power. William opposed the 1848 constitution, supported the doctrinaire Liberals and demanded that the full power of the monarchy be restored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022753-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Maine gubernatorial election\nThe 1848 Maine gubernatorial election, was an election held in 1848 in the state of Maine to decide Maine's next governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022753-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Maine gubernatorial election\nJohn W. Dana was the incumbent Democrat, and won the election. The challenger was Elijah Hamlin, of the Whig party who was the brother of future Vice President of the United States under Abraham Lincoln, Hannibal Hamlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022753-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Maine gubernatorial election, Notes\nThis Maine elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022754-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Marlborough earthquake\nThe 1848 Marlborough earthquake was a 7.5 (Mw) earthquake that occurred at 1:40\u00a0a.m. on 16 October 1848 and whose epicenter was in the Marlborough region of the South Island of New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022754-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Marlborough earthquake\nIn Wellington the shaking lasted for about two minutes and caused widespread damage, especially to brick or stone structures. Most of the buildings damaged in the earthquake were rebuilt in wood and this contributed to the relatively low level of damage and loss of life in the more powerful Wairarapa earthquake that hit Wellington seven years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022754-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Marlborough earthquake, Tectonic setting\nNew Zealand lies along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates. In the South Island most of the relative displacement between these plates is taken up along a single dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault with a major reverse component, the Alpine Fault. In the North Island, the displacement is mainly taken up along the Kermadec subduction zone, although the remaining dextral strike-slip component of the relative plate motion is accommodated by the North Island Fault System (NIFS). A group of dextral strike-slip structures, known as the Marlborough Fault System, transfer displacement between the mainly transform and convergent type plate boundaries in a complex zone at the northern end of South Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022754-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 Marlborough earthquake, Earthquake characteristics\nThe earthquake was associated with the rupturing of a minimum of 105\u00a0km of the Awatere Fault, which is part of the Marlborough Fault System. A horizontal displacement of about 6 metres was accompanied by  smaller vertical movements of varying sense. A shallow epicentral depth is inferred from the large number of felt aftershocks. A moment magnitude of about 7.5 has been estimated from the rupture length and measured displacements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022754-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 Marlborough earthquake, Damage\nIn Wellington, almost all buildings of brick or stone construction were damaged, including homes, churches, the jail, and the Colonial Hospital. Most wooden buildings were undamaged, although many lost their brick chimneys. Barrack Sergeant James Harris Lovel of the 65th Regiment and two of his young children, Amelia aged 4, and William aged 6, died after being crushed by falling bricks from a wall in Farish Street, Wellington. They are buried at Bolton Street Cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022754-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 Marlborough earthquake, Damage\nIn the Marlborough region itself, a number of homesteads were badly damaged. Several buildings damaged in the main shock were destroyed during strong aftershocks over the next few days. The only fatalities from the earthquake occurred when a damaged building collapsed during one of the aftershocks the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022755-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 69th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1848 during the governorship of George N. Briggs. Zeno Scudder served as president of the Senate and Francis Crowninshield served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022756-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 1848 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 7, 1848, the Democratic nominee, Austin Augustus King, defeated Whig candidate James S. Rollins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022757-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Naval Air Squadron\n1848 Naval Air Squadron (1848 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022758-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 New York state election\nThe 1848 New York state election took place on November 7, 1848, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022758-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 New York state election, History\nThe Hunker state convention met on September 5 in Syracuse. Walworth and O'Conor were nominated on the first ballot. The vote for governor was 98 for Walworth, 23 for Zadock Pratt, and 3 for Greene C. Bronson. The vote for lieutenant governor was 83 for O'Conor, 16 for Clinton, 6 for Nathan Dayton, 5 for Baldwin and 3 scattering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022758-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 New York state election, History\nThe Whig state convention met on September 13 in Utica. Fish was nominated for governor on the first ballot with 76 votes for him, 28 votes for Joshua A. Spencer, and only 20 votes for the incumbent John Young.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022758-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 New York state election, History\nThe Barnburner Free Soil state convention was held on September 13 and 14 at the Court House in Utica. Dix and Gates were nominated by acclamation. The Liberty state convention also met on the same day in the same city, and after passing resolutions, the delegates walked to the Court House and sat with the Free Soil convention as honorary members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022758-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 New York state election, Result\nDue to the split of the Democratic Party, the whole Whig state ticket was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022758-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 New York state election, Result\n106 Whigs, 15 Free Soilers and 7 Hunkers were elected to the New York State Assembly of the 72nd New York State Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022759-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Newfoundland general election\nThe 1848 Newfoundland general election was held in 1848 to elect members of the 4th General Assembly of Newfoundland in Newfoundland Colony. The use of two separate bodies, an elected assembly and an appointed Legislative Council, was resumed; the experiment with combining the two bodies which had been initiated in 1842 was terminated. While the exact party composition of the Newfoundland House of Assembly following this election is unknown; the Liberals did enjoy a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022760-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1848 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 10, 1848. Incumbent Whig governor William F. Johnston, who became governor following the resignation and subsequent death of Francis R. Shunk in July 1848, defeated Democratic candidate Morris Longstreth to win a full term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022761-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1848 saw the reelection of John Swift to a twelfth overall non-consecutive term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022761-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022762-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Swiss constitutional referendum\nA constitutional referendum was held in Switzerland on 6 June 1848. The new constitution was approved by 72.8% of voters and a majority of cantons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022762-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Swiss constitutional referendum, Background\nIn order to pass, any amendments to the constitution needed a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022763-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Swiss federal election\nFederal elections were held in Switzerland between 1 and 27 October 1848. The Radical Left emerged as the largest group, winning 79 of the 111 seats in the National Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022763-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Swiss federal election, Electoral system\nThe 111 members of the National Council were elected from 52 single- and multi-member constituencies. In six cantons (Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Glarus, Nidwalden, Obwalden and Uri), National Council members were elected by the Landsgemeinde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022764-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Tampa Bay hurricane\nThe 1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, also known as the Great Gale of 1848, was the most severe hurricane to affect Tampa Bay in the U.S. state of Florida and one of only two major hurricanes to make landfall in the area, the other having occurred in 1921. It affected the Tampa Bay Area September 23\u201325, 1848, and crossed the peninsula to cause damage on the east coast on or about September\u00a026. It reshaped parts of the coast and destroyed much of what few human works and habitation were then in the Tampa Bay Area. Although available records of its wind speed are unavailable, its barometric pressure and storm surge were consistent with at least a Category\u00a04 hurricane. A survivor called the storm \"the granddaddy of all hurricanes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022764-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe storm appears to have formed in the central Gulf of Mexico before moving northeast to make landfall near Clearwater, Florida. It then crossed the Florida peninsula and exited near Cape Canaveral. After moving into the extreme western Atlantic, the cyclone continued to the northeast just offshore of the East Coast of the United States to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022764-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida\nFort Brooke recorded peak winds of 72 miles per hour (116\u00a0km/h), and a barometer at the fort measured a minimum pressure of 28.18 inches of mercury (954\u00a0mb), though the winds were still blowing at the time that reading was made. The storm produced the highest storm tide ever experienced in Tampa Bay. The water rose and fell about 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m) in six to eight hours. The tide inundated Pinellas County \"at the waist,\" covering all low-lying elevations, and reportedly submerged most of the Interbay Peninsula, where South Tampa and MacDill Air Force Base currently reside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022764-0002-0001", "contents": "1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida\n\"The bays [Hillsborough and Old Tampa] met.\" General R. D. A. Wade, commanding at Fort Brooke, reported the destruction of the wharves, public buildings, and storehouses. B. P. Curry, the fort's assistant surgeon, reported the hospital destroyed. Only five houses were left standing in Tampa, and they were all damaged. The water rose twelve feet higher than had been noted in the past, and strong winds downed many old trees. On the Pinellas Peninsula, the storm destroyed the fishing rancho of Antonio M\u00e1ximo Hern\u00e1ndez, reputedly lower Pinellas' first white settler, forcing him to emigrate permanently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022764-0002-0002", "contents": "1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida\nThe storm almost obliterated the citrus crop and destroyed the main house at St. Helena plantation\u2014now part of Safety Harbor\u2014forcing the residents to shelter on an elevated Tocobaga midden. Even so, they nearly drowned as the storm tide eroded part of the shell mound. Winds also felled almost all of the trees along what is now Indian Rocks Road in Largo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022764-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida\nThe storm completely altered the coastal geography of the Tampa Bay area, cutting new inlets, filling in others, and altering the shape of bays and keys, thereby making navigational charts useless to mariners. Allen's Creek was widened from less than 200 feet (61.0\u00a0m) to about half a mile at its mouth. Passage Key, between Egmont Key and Anna Maria, was obliterated but reformed later. The storm created what would become known as \"Soldier's Hole\" at Mullet Key, so called because soldiers at Fort De Soto used it as a swimming hole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022764-0003-0001", "contents": "1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida\nJohn's Pass was opened but has since shifted north. After the storm destroyed the lighthouse on Egmont Key, the keeper (Marvel Edwards) rode out the storm in a rowboat tied to a palmetto tree. The end of the rope was later found 9\u00a0ft (2.74\u00a0m) off the ground, which had an elevation of about 6\u00a0ft (1.83\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022764-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida\nAt Englewood, Stump Pass was cut. Casey's Pass was opened at Venice. New Pass was opened between Sarasota Bay and the Gulf, splitting Palm Island into Longboat and Lido Keys. Farther south, the storm significantly damaged the Charlotte Harbor area near present-day Fort Myers. Elsewhere, ships also encountered the storm. A brig, sighted in the Gulf of Mexico near Cedar Key, encountered the storm while at most 80 miles (129\u00a0km) from St. Marks, Florida; the ship lost its mast to the storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022764-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 Tampa Bay hurricane, Impact, Gulf of Mexico and Florida\nDamage on the east coast may have been less severe, but the storm still produced significant effects and was described in the Savannah Republican as, \"blowing 'great guns' \u2013 the hardest blow felt [on the St. Johns River] for several years.\" It blew down houses in Jacksonville and caused flooding in St. Augustine, as well as interference with shipping on the St. Johns River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022765-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe 1848 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Monday, October 2, 1848 to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 31st Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including the presidential election, the senatorial election, the gubernatorial election, and various state and local elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022765-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1849, to March 4, 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022765-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign\nCabell, despite being a Whig in the deeply Democratic supporting South, and despite running against a popular former governor in Duval, had the blessing of running alongside two other popular Whigs in the state of Florida: Zachary Taylor for president and Thomas Brown for governor, both of whom served as generals during the Second Seminole War and were seen as war heroes in the state. Despite winning by an extremely small margin in 1846, the coattail effect expanded Cabell's margin in this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022766-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin\nThe 1848 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin were held on May 8, 1848 to elect the first U.S. representatives from the newly admitted state of Wisconsin. These representatives were elected to terms that would last the remainder of the 30th U.S. Congress. Members were elected to full terms on November 7, 1848, which would begin on the upcoming 31st U.S. Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022766-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin\nUpon statehood, Wisconsin was originally delegated two districts which were both held by Democratic representatives. The state gained a third seat in the general election, leading to the opposing Whig and Free Soil parties gaining seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022767-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States elections\nThe 1848 United States elections elected the members of the 31st United States Congress and the 12th president of the United States. The election took place during the Second Party System, nine months after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican\u2013American War. With the issue of slavery (and its extension into western territories) dividing the nation, the Free Soil Party established itself as the third most powerful party in Congress. California joined the union before the next election, and elected its first Congressional delegation to the 31st Congress. Whigs won the Presidency, but Democrats won a plurality in the House and retained control of the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022767-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States elections\nIn the Presidential election, Whig General Zachary Taylor defeated Democratic former Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan and the Free Soil candidate, former President Martin Van Buren. Taylor won most of the Northeast and several Southern states, giving him a fairly comfortable majority in both the electoral and popular vote. One-term incumbent Democratic President James K. Polk chose to retire rather than seek re-election (becoming the first elected president to do so), and Cass defeated Supreme Court Justice Levi Woodbury and Secretary of State James Buchanan on the fourth ballot at the 1848 Democratic National Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022767-0001-0001", "contents": "1848 United States elections\nVan Buren, the former Democratic President, ran against Cass for political reasons (Cass was a prominent supporter of slavery) and possibly for personal reasons (Cass helped defeat Van Buren's 1844 bid for the Democratic nomination). Taylor was recruited by the Whigs to replicate the success of the Whig's only previous successful candidate, General William Henry Harrison, and he easily triumphed over other Whig candidates. Taylor's win made him the last President to win election as neither a Democrat nor a Republican.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022767-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 United States elections\nIn the House, Democrats picked up a small number of seats, taking the plurality. The Whigs lost a small number of seats but remained the second largest party, while the Free Soil Party picked up a handful of seats. The House elected Democrat Howell Cobb as Speaker after sixty-three ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022767-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 United States elections\nIn the Senate, the Whigs won minor gains, cutting into the Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022767-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 United States elections\nThis was the first time the presidency and one house of Congress flipped control to different parties. In this instance, the Whig Party flipped the presidency but lost control of the House of Representatives. This would not happen again until 2000 where the Republican Party flipped the presidency but lost control of the senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022767-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 United States elections, Campaign\nThe main two parties failed to rally the people to any important issue, and as such both campaigns were fought without much enthusiasm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022767-0006-0000", "contents": "1848 United States elections, Campaign\nWhig campaigners, who included Abraham Lincoln and Rutherford B. Hayes, talked up Taylor's \"antiparty' opposition to the Jacksonian commitment to the spoils system and yellow-dog partisanship. In the South, they stressed that he was a Louisiana slaveholder, while in the North they highlighted his Whig-like willingness to defer to Congress on major issues (which he subsequently did not do).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022767-0007-0000", "contents": "1848 United States elections, Results\nWith Taylor as their candidate, the Whigs won their second and last victory in a Presidential election. Taylor won 163 of the 290 Electoral College votes, although the popular vote was much closer: Taylor won only 1,360,099 votes (47%), outvoting Cass, (who won 42.5 of the vote) by 137,933 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022767-0008-0000", "contents": "1848 United States elections, Results\nA shift of less than 6000 votes to Cass in Georgia and Maryland would have left the electoral college in a 145\u2013145 tie, while a shift of less than 27,000 votes to Van Buren in Connecticut, Maine and Massachusetts would have left both Taylor and Cass short of the 146 electoral votes required to win, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election\nThe 1848 United States presidential election was the 16th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1848. In the aftermath of the Mexican\u2013American War, General Zachary Taylor of the Whig Party defeated Senator Lewis Cass of the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election\nDespite Taylor's unclear political affiliations and beliefs, and the Whig opposition to the Mexican\u2013American War, the 1848 Whig National Convention nominated the popular general over party stalwarts such as Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. For vice president, the Whigs nominated Millard Fillmore, a New York Whig known for his moderate views on slavery. Incumbent President James K. Polk, a Democrat, honored his promise not to seek re-election, leaving his party's nomination open. The 1848 Democratic National Convention rejected  former President Martin Van Buren's bid for a second term, instead nominating Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan. Van Buren broke from his party to lead the ticket of the Free Soil Party, which opposed the extension of slavery into the territories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election\nThe Whig choice of Zachary Taylor was made almost out of desperation; he was not clearly committed to Whig principles, but he was popular for leading the war effort. The Democrats had a record of prosperity and had acquired the Mexican cession and parts of Oregon country. It appeared almost certain that they would win unless the Whigs picked Taylor. Taylor won a plurality of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote, while Van Buren won 10.1% of the popular vote, a strong showing for a third party candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election\nTaylor's victory made him the second of two Whigs to win a presidential election, following William Henry Harrison's victory in the 1840 presidential election. Like Harrison, Taylor died during his term, and he was succeeded by Fillmore. Discounting Republican Abraham Lincoln's 1864 re-election on the National Union ticket, Taylor is the most recent individual who was not a member of the Democratic or Republican parties to win a presidential election. The contest was the first presidential election that took place on the same day in every state, and it was the first time that Election Day was statutorily a Tuesday. It is also the first election in which the two candidates that received electoral votes carried the same number of states and the only time that it happened between Democrat and Whig candidates. This would only happen again twice, in 1880 and 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nMexican\u2013American War General Zachary Taylor of Louisiana, an attractive candidate because of his successes on the battlefield, but who had never voted in an election himself, was openly courted by both the Democratic and Whig parties. Taylor ultimately declared himself a Whig, and easily took their nomination, receiving 171 delegate votes to defeat Henry Clay, Winfield Scott, Daniel Webster and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nAfter Webster turned down the vice-presidential candidacy, Millard Fillmore received the party's nomination for vice-president, defeating\u2014among others\u2014Abbott Lawrence, a Massachusetts politician whose mild opposition to slavery led him to be dubbed a \"Cotton Whig\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0006-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nWhile former President Martin Van Buren once again sought the Democratic nomination, he withdrew before balloting began due to a dispute over the seating of the New York delegation that culminated in the convention voting that half of the state's delegates be made up of the anti-slavery \"Barnburner\" faction, led by Van Buren, with the remaining half from the pro-slavery \"Hunker\" faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0007-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nVan Buren, knowing he had no feasible path to winning the nomination without the full support of the New York delegation, promptly led the Barnburners in walking out of the convention. After it was further ruled the Hunkers would not be allowed to take the vacated seats of their absent Barnburner counterparts, they cast blank ballots during the voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0008-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nAs a result of Van Buren's withdrawal, Senator Lewis Cass and incumbent Secretary of State James Buchanan were seen as the only serious contenders for the nomination, with a draft effort also focusing on Supreme Court associate justice Levi Woodbury. In stark contrast to the highly contested and protracted convention at the previous (and subsequent) election, Cass held a wide lead on all four ballots, only being denied victory on the third due to the convention rules requiring a two-thirds majority, before the Buchanan and Woodbury campaigns quietly released enough delegates to allow Cass victory on the fourth ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0008-0001", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nCass had served as Governor and Senator for Michigan, as well as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson, and from 1836 to 1842 as ambassador to France. General William O. Butler was nominated to join Cass on the ticket, garnering 169 delegate votes to defeat five other candidates, including future Vice-President William R. King and future Confederate President Jefferson Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0009-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nThough he had made few public statements on the matter, Cass had long been suspected of pro-South leanings (while Butler was known to be a moderate abolitionist, he still owned slaves himself), and the convention agreed on a platform that made no mention of the issue. This failed to mollify Van Buren's supporters, most of whom bolted to form the Free Soil Party, eventually followed by Van Buren himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0010-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Free Soil Party nomination\nThe Free Soil Party was organized for the 1848 election to oppose further expansion of slavery into the western territories. Much of its support came from disaffected anti-slavery Barnburner Democrats and Conscience Whigs, including former President Martin Van Buren. The party was led by Salmon P. Chase and John Parker Hale and held its 1848 convention in Utica and Buffalo, New York. On June 22, Van Buren defeated Hale by a 154-129 delegate count to capture the Free Soil nomination, while Charles Francis Adams, whose father (John Quincy Adams) and grandfather (John Adams) had both served as president, was chosen as the vice-presidential nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0011-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Free Soil Party nomination\nVan Buren knew that the Free Soilers had not the slightest chance of winning, rather that his candidacy would split the Democratic vote and throw the election to the Whigs. Bitter and aging, Van Buren did not care despite the fact that his life had been built upon the rock of party solidarity and party regularity. He loathed Lewis Cass and the principle of popular sovereignty with equal intensity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0012-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination\nDespite their significant showing in the prior presidential election, certain events would conspire to remove the Liberty Party from political significance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0013-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination\nInitially, the nomination was to be decided in the fall of 1847 at a Convention in Buffalo, New York. There, Senator John P. Hale was nominated over Gerrit Smith, brother-in-law to the party's previous nominee James G. Birney. Leicester King, a former judge and state senator in Ohio, was nominated to be Hale's running mate. Anti -slavery Democrats and Whigs, disappointed with their respective nominees, would form a new movement in conjunction with members of the Liberty Party such as John Hale and Salmon Chase to form the Free Soil Party that summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0013-0001", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination\nAt this point, both Hale and King withdrew in favor of a Free Soil ticket led by former President Martin Van Buren, and the great majority of members of the Liberty Party followed them into the new political party. A small faction refused to support Van Buren for the presidency, however. They held another convention in June 1848 as the \"National Liberty Party.\" Gerrit Smith was nominated almost unanimously with Charles Foote, a religious minister from Michigan, as his running-mate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0014-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Nominations, Other nominations\nThe Native American Party, a precursor to the Know Nothings, which had split from the Whig Party in 1845, met in September 1847 in Philadelphia, where they nominated Zachary Taylor for president and Henry A. S. Dearborn of Massachusetts for vice-president. However, when the Whig Party nominated Taylor for the presidency with Millard Fillmore as his running mate the following year, this rendered his previous nomination moot and the Native American Party failed to make an alternate nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 72], "content_span": [73, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0015-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe campaign was fought without much enthusiasm, and practically without an issue. Neither of the two great parties made an effort to rally the people to the defense of any important principle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0016-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nWhig campaigners, who included Abraham Lincoln and Rutherford B. Hayes, talked up Taylor's \"antiparty\" opposition to the Jacksonian commitment to the spoils system and yellow-dog partisanship. In the South, they stressed that he was a Louisiana slaveholder, while in the North they highlighted his Whiggish willingness to defer to Congress on major issues (which he subsequently did not do).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0017-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nDemocrats repeated, as they had for many years, their opposition to a national bank, high tariffs, and federal subsidies for local improvements. The Free Soilers branded both major parties lackeys of the Slave Power, arguing that the rich planters controlled the agenda of both parties, leaving the ordinary white man out of the picture. They had to work around Van Buren's well-known reputation for compromising with slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0018-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe Whigs had the advantage of highlighting Taylor's military glories. With Taylor remaining vague on the issues, the campaign was dominated by personalities and personal attacks, with the Democrats calling Taylor vulgar, uneducated, cruel and greedy, and the Whigs attacking Cass for graft and dishonesty. The division of the Democrats over slavery allowed Taylor to dominate the Northeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0019-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe Free Soilers were on the ballots in only 17 of the 29 states with the popular vote, making it mathematically possible for Van Buren to win the presidency, but he had no real chance. Still, the party campaigned vigorously, particularly in the traditional Democratic strongholds in the northeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0020-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nWhile some Free Soilers were hopeful of taking enough states to throw the election into the House of Representatives, Van Buren himself knew this was a long shot and that the best that his party could do was lay the groundwork for a hopefully improved showing in 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0021-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, 1848 campaign artwork\nArtwork for \"Fort Harrison March,\" a campaign song for Zachary Taylor's presidential campaign which recalled his triumph at the Siege of Fort Harrison in 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 91], "content_span": [92, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0022-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, 1848 campaign artwork\nPolitical cartoon about the election campaign, titled \"Shooting the Christmas Turkey\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 91], "content_span": [92, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0023-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign, 1848 campaign artwork\n\"Grand Presidential sweep-stakes\" - political cartoon of the three main candidates", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 91], "content_span": [92, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0024-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nWith Taylor as their candidate, the Whigs won their second and last victory in a Presidential election. Taylor won the electoral college by capturing 163 of the 290 electoral votes. Taylor out-polled Cass in the popular vote by 138,000 votes, winning 47% of the popular vote, and was elected president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0025-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nA shift of less than 6000 votes to Cass in Georgia and Maryland would have left the electoral college in a 145\u2013145 tie, while a shift of less than 27,000 votes to Van Buren in Connecticut, Maine and Massachusetts would have left both Taylor and Cass short of the 146 electoral votes required to win, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0026-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nA study of the county returns reveals that Free Soil strength drawn at the expense of the major parties differed by region. In the East North Central States, it appears at least the majority of the Free Soil strength was drawn from the Whig Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0027-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nConversely, in the Middle Atlantic region, Free Soil bases of strength lay in the areas which had hitherto been Democratic, particularly in New York and northern Pennsylvania. The Free Soil Democrats nomination of Van Buren made the victory of Taylor nearly certain in New York. On election day, enough Democratic votes were drawn away by Van Buren to give the Whig ticket all but two Democratic counties, thus enabling it to carry hitherto impregnable parts of upper New York state. The Democrats, confronted with an irreparable schism in New York, lost the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0028-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nIn New England, the Democratic vote declined by 33,000 from its 1844 level, while the Whig vote likewise declined by 15,000 votes. The third-party vote tripled, and the total vote remained nearly stationary: a partial indication, perhaps, of the derivation of the Free Soil strength in this section. For the first time since the existence of the Whig Party, the Whigs failed to gain an absolute majority of the vote in Massachusetts and Vermont. In addition, the Democrats failed to retain their usual majority in Maine; thus only New Hampshire (Democratic) and Rhode Island (Whig) of the states in this section gave their respective victorious parties clear-cut majorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0029-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nOf the 1,464 counties/independent cities making returns, Cass placed first in 753 (51.43%), Taylor in 676 (46.17%), and Van Buren in 31 (2.12%). Four counties (0.27%) in the West split evenly between Taylor and Cass. This was the first time in the Second Party System in which the victorious party failed to gain at least a plurality of the counties as well as of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0030-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nAs one historian remarks, somewhat sarcastically, practically the only thing it decided was that a Whig general should be made President because he had done effective work in carrying on a Democratic war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0031-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThis was the last election in which Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island voted for the Whigs. It was also the last time that Georgia voted against the Democrats until 1964, the last time Delaware and Louisiana did so until 1872, and the last time Florida and North Carolina did so until 1868.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0032-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nSource (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote): (a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0033-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Results by state\nThis was the first election where the two leading candidates each carried half of the states. As of 2018, it has subsequently happened just once, in 1880 and again in 2020. Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836\u20131892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247\u201357.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022768-0034-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election, Electoral college selection\n* Massachusetts law provided that the state legislature would choose the Electors if no slate of Electors could command a majority of voters statewide. In 1848, this provision was triggered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022769-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Alabama\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022769-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Alabama\nAlabama voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor. Cass won Alabama by a margin of 1.12%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022770-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022770-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nArkansas voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor. Cass won Arkansas by a margin of 10.14%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022771-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022771-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nConnecticut voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass and Free Soil Party candidate Martin Van Buren. Taylor won Connecticut by a margin of 5.24%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022772-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Delaware\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022772-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Delaware\nDelaware voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won the state by a narrow margin of 4.26%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022773-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Florida\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President. This was the first time Florida participated in a U.S. presidential election since its admission into the Union on March 3, 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022773-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Florida\nFlorida voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won Florida by a margin of 14.40%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022774-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Georgia\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10  representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022774-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Georgia\nGeorgia voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won Georgia by a narrow margin of 2.98%. This was the last time Georgia voted against the Democrats until 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022775-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Illinois\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022775-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Illinois\nIllinois voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren. Cass won Illinois by a margin of 2.49%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022776-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022776-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Indiana\nIndiana voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren. Cass won Indiana by a narrow margin of 3.16%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022776-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThis is one of just two times (the other being the extremely disputed and very narrow election of 1876) that a losing Democratic candidate carried Indiana, and the only time that a Democrat who lost the popular vote carried the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022777-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Iowa\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022777-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Iowa\nIowa voted for the Democratic candidate Lewis Cass in the state's first presidential election, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren. Cass won Iowa by a margin of 5.87%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022777-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Iowa\nThis is one of just three times (the others being 1988 and 2000) that a losing Democrat carried Iowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022778-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022778-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nKentucky voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won Kentucky by a margin of 14.92%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022779-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022779-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nLouisiana voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won Louisiana by a margin of 9.18%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022780-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Maine\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022780-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Maine\nMaine voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren. Cass won Maine by a margin of 5.62% over Taylor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022781-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Maryland\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022781-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Maryland\nMaryland voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won Maryland by a narrow margin of 4.38%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022782-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022782-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass and Free Soil candidate former president Martin Van Buren. Taylor won the state by a margin of 19.4%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022782-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nWith 28.45% of the popular vote, Massachusetts would prove to by Van Buren's second strongest state in the country after neighboring Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022783-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Michigan\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022783-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Michigan\nMichigan voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren. Cass won Michigan by a margin of 10.44%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022784-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022784-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nMississippi voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor. Cass won Mississippi by a margin of 1.2%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022785-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Missouri\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 7, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022785-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Missouri\nMissouri voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor. Cass won Missouri by a margin of 10.18%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022786-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022786-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire voted for the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, over Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Free Soil candidate former president Martin Van Buren. Cass won the state by a margin of 25.91%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022787-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022787-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass and Free Soil candidate former president Martin Van Buren. Taylor won the state by a narrow margin of 4.01%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022788-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 36 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022788-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in New York\nNew York voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren and Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won New York by a margin of 21.51% over Van Buren. As of 2019, Van Buren's performance remains the best ever by a third-party candidate in New York presidential election history. With 26.43% of the popular vote, New York was Van Buren's fourth strongest state after Vermont, Massachusetts and Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022788-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in New York\nVan Buren's 26.4% of the popular vote was mostly taken from Cass' voters. If Van Buren had not been in the election and Cass had won New York, then Lewis Cass would have won the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022789-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022789-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina voted for the Whig candidate Zachary Taylor over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won North Carolina by a margin of 10.37%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022790-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Ohio was held on November 7, 1848 as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. State voters chose twenty-three electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022790-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Ohio\nOhio voted for the Democratic Party candidate, Lewis Cass, who won the state with a plurality of 47.12% of the popular vote. The Whig Party candidate, Zachary Taylor, garnered 42.12% of the popular vote. This is the only election where the Democratic candidate won Ohio but lost the general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022791-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 26 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022791-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass. Taylor won Pennsylvania by a margin of 3.62%. Pennsylvania proved to be decisive as Cass would have won the Electoral College if he had carried Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022792-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place on November 7, 1844, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022792-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass and Free Soil candidate former president Martin Van Buren. Taylor won the state by a margin of 28.09%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022792-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nWith 60.77% of the popular vote, Rhode Island would prove to be Taylor's strongest state in the election in terms of percentage in the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022793-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 9 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022793-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina cast 9 electoral votes for the Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. These electors were chosen by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022794-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022794-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nTennessee voted for the Whig candidate Zachary Taylor over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. Taylor won Tennessee by a margin of 5.04%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022795-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Texas\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Texas was held on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. State voters chose four electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022795-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Texas\nTexas had become the 28th state on December 29, 1845 and would be officially annexed by the United States on February 19, 1846, making this the first presidential election in which the state participated. The area which was Texas was much larger than it is today and was used as rural farming land, making the Democratic pro-slavery voters more likely to vote for Lewis Cass and as a result, he won Texas and the 4 electoral votes that went with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022795-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Texas\nTexas overwhelmingly voted for the Democratic nominee Lewis Cass, who received 70.3% of the vote. Texas was Cass's strongest state by far, indeed the solitary state where he received over 56% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022796-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Vermont took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022796-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Vermont\nVermont voted for the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, over Democratic candidate Lewis Cass and Free Soil candidate former president Martin Van Buren. Taylor won the state by a margin of 19.4%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022796-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThis would be the first presidential election in Vermont where a third party candidate carried second place. Van Buren did somewhat better in Vermont in this election than he did in 1840. Van Buren received 13,887 popular votes with 28.87% of the vote in 1848 compared to 1840, where he only received 35.47% of the popular vote with 18,009 votes when he lost to Whig candidate William Henry Harrison, who received 63.9% of the popular vote with 32,445 votes. Vermont would prove to be Van Buren's strongest state in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022796-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Vermont\nWhile Cass won Washington County and Van Buren won Lamoille County, this would be the last presidential election in Vermont until 1912 where a Democratic candidate would carry at least one county in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022797-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 7, 1848, as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. Voters chose 17 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022797-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia was a closely contested state during this election and narrowly voted for the Democratic candidate, former U.S. Senator Lewis Cass over the Whig candidate, military general Zachary Taylor. Cass won the state with a margin of 1.6%. As of 2020, this is the last election in which Morgan County, now part of West Virginia, voted for the Democratic candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022798-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Wisconsin\nThe 1848 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 7, 1848 as part of the 1848 United States presidential election. It was the first presidential election held in Wisconsin since its admission to the Union on May 29th, earlier the same year. Democratic candidate Lewis Cass won the state with 38% of the vote, carrying the state's 4 electoral votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022798-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 United States presidential election in Wisconsin\nWith 26.6% of the popular vote, Wisconsin would prove to be Van Buren's third strongest state after Vermont and Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022799-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1848 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 5, 1848, and resulted in the election of Whig Party candidate Carlos Coolidge to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022800-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Whig National Convention\nThe 1848 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held on June 7 in Philadelphia. It nominated the Whig Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1848 election. The convention selected General Zachary Taylor of Louisiana for president and former Representative Millard Fillmore of New York for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022800-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Whig National Convention\nTaylor and General Winfield Scott had both emerged as contenders for the Whig presidential nomination after serving in the Mexican\u2013American War, while two long-time party leaders, Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, also commanded support in the party. With Southern delegates united around his candidacy, Taylor took the lead on the first ballot. Clay finished a strong second to Taylor on the first ballot of the convention, but his support faded on subsequent ballots and Taylor took the nomination on the fourth ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022800-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Whig National Convention\nAfter Webster declined the vice presidential nomination, Fillmore and businessman Abbott Lawrence of Massachusetts emerged as the top choices for vice president. Fillmore clinched the nomination on the second ballot. The Whig ticket went on to win the 1848 presidential election, defeating the Democratic ticket of Lewis Cass and William O. Butler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022800-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 Whig National Convention, The Convention\nThe convention was quick, convening for only a day on June 7. Taylor had been courted by both the Democrats and the Whigs. Taylor ultimately declared himself a Whig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022800-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination\nBy 1847, General Zachary Taylor had emerged as a contender for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election. Despite Taylor's largely unknown political views, many Whigs believed he was the party's strongest possible candidate due to his martial accomplishments in the Mexican\u2013American War. Henry Clay initially told his allies that he would not run in the 1848 presidential election, but he was unwilling to support Taylor, a \"mere military man.\". Although Daniel Webster and General Winfield Scott each commanded a limited base of support in the party, Taylor and Clay each saw the other as their lone serious rival for the Whig nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022800-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination\nTaylor led on the first ballot and grew his lead on subsequent ballots. On the fourth ballot, he secured 171 votes and won the presidential nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022800-0006-0000", "contents": "1848 Whig National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Balloting\nWebster was offered the vice presidential spot on the ticket, but declined. Former New York Representative Millard Fillmore was chosen as the vice presidential candidate on the second ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022801-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nThe 1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on May 8, 1848. This was the election for the first Governor of Wisconsin, which became a U.S. state that year, as it was held concurrent with a public referendum to ratify the Constitution of Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022801-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nDemocrat Nelson Dewey, of Grant County, won the election with nearly 56% of the vote. Dewey defeated Whig Party candidate John Hubbard Tweedy, of Milwaukee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022801-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party\nNelson Dewey was a prominent lawyer and real-estate investor in Grant County, Wisconsin. He did extensive business with the lead-mining industry, which was a major component of the economy of the Wisconsin Territory. He had been a member of nearly every session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, first as a member of the Territorial Assembly, from 1838 to 1842, then as a member of the Territorial Council from 1842 to 1846. He served as Speaker of the Territorial Assembly in 1840, and President of the Territorial Council in 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022801-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party\nDewey was chosen as a compromise candidate at the Democratic Party Convention after delegates became deadlocked between the lead-mining region's preferred candidate, Hiram Barber, and the eastern region's preferred candidate, Morgan Lewis Martin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022801-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Whig Party\nJohn Hubbard Tweedy was, at the time of the 1848 election, the non-voting representative of the Wisconsin Territory to the United States House of Representatives for the 30th Congress. He had been a delegate to Wisconsin's first constitutional convention, and had served in the Wisconsin Territorial Assembly during the second session of the third legislature (Winter of 1841-1842).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022801-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Independent candidate\nCharles Durkee was a merchant, and one of the founders of Southport (now Kenosha, Wisconsin). He was a member of the Wisconsin Territorial Assembly for the first legislature (1836 to 1838).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022801-0006-0000", "contents": "1848 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Notes\nThis Wisconsin elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 31st Congress were held at various dates in different states from August 1848 to November 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections\nThese elections spanned the presidential election of 1848 and took place amid the U.S. victory over Mexico in the (1846\u201348) Mexican\u2013American War. The Whigs lost their House majority as Democrats, whose support had driven the war, gained a House plurality. Among minor parties, the Free Soil Party won nine Northern seats, while the American or \"Know Nothing\" Party retained one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections\nFollowing the discovery of gold in January 1848, California boomed, creating immediate pressure for statehood. The Compromise of 1850, though largely crafted in the Senate, was also passed by the House, brokering its admission to the Union. Anticipating statehood, California elected two members at-large on November 11, 1849, to be seated September 11, 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections\nAs neither major party held a majority when Congress convened on December 3, 1849 - the Democrats finished three seats short, while the Whigs had lost 12 seats and the majority - the election of a Speaker proved contentious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe Whigs were sectionally split, with Northern Whigs nominating incumbent speaker Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts and Southern Whigs supporting Meredith P. Gentry of Tennessee. Democrats primarily supported Howell Cobb of Georgia; 13 other Democratic hopefuls also garnered support. The small Free Soil Party, opposing expansion of slavery into the Western territories, supported David Wilmot of Pennsylvania, author of the Wilmot Proviso, calling attention to slave power's hold over both major parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections\nAfter nearly three weeks of heated debate, the House suspended its majority rule for the Speaker election: Cobb was elected on the 63rd ballot by plurality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0006-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nWisconsin was apportioned an additional seat in 1848, and two more seats were added for the new state of California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0007-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama\nElections were held August 6, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0008-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, California\nCalifornia two at-large members were elected November 11, 1849 in anticipation of statehood and seated September 11, 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0009-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nElections were held April 2, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0010-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Indiana\nElections were held August 10, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0011-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nElections were held August 6, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0012-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana\nElections were held November 5, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0013-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nElections were held October 3, 1849 elections were after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the new term, but still before the Congress convened in December 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0014-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nElections were held November 5\u20136, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0015-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nElections were held March 13, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0016-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nElections were held August 7, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0017-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nElections were held April 4, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0018-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nElections were held April 26, 1849, after the March 4, 1849 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0019-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Wisconsin\nWisconsin members were first elected in advance of its June 1848 statehood. It elected two members to finish the current term in the 30th Congress, and then it gained an elected an additional member for elections to the 31st Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022802-0020-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nGoing into these elections, there were no incumbent delegates, because the only territory \u2014 Wisconsin Territory \u2014 became a state in 1848. Two new territories \u2014 Minnesota Territory and Oregon Territory \u2014 were granted delegates in 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1848 and 1849 were elections which had the Democratic Party lose seats but maintain control of the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections\nAs this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Change in Senate composition, As a result of the elections\nNote: \"Re-elected\" includes incumbent appointee elected to the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0003-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 30th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1848 or in 1849 before March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0004-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 31st Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1849; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0005-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 31st Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were elected in 1849 after March 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0006-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, New York\nThe New York election was held February 6, 1849. Barnburner John Adams Dix had been elected in 1845 to this seat after the resignation of Silas Wright, and Dix's term would expire on March 3, 1849. In November 1848, Dix was the Barnburners/Free-Soilers candidate for Governor of New York, but was defeated by Whig Hamilton Fish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0007-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, New York\nAt this time New York Democratic Party was split in two fiercely opposing factions: the Barnburners\" and the \"Hunkers\". The Barnburners organized the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nominated Martin Van Buren for U.S. President. Due to the split, the Whig Party won most of the elective offices by pluralities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0008-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, New York\nAt the State election in November 1847, 24 Whigs and 8 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1848-1849) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1848, 106 Whigs, 15 Free Soilers and 7 Hunkers were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1849. The 72nd New York State Legislature met from January 2 to April 11, 1849, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0009-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, New York\nEx-Governor of New York William H. Seward was nominated by a caucus of Whig State legislators on February 1, 1849. The vote was 88 for Seward, 12 for John A. Collier, 18 scattering and 4 blanks. The incumbent U.S. Senator John Adams Dix ran for re-election supported by the Free Soilers. Ex-Chancellor Reuben H. Walworth was the candidate of the Hunkers. Walworth had been third place in the last gubernatorial election, behind Fish and Dix. Ex-Congressman Daniel D. Barnard (Whig) received 2 scattering votes in the Senate. William H. Seward was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0010-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, Ohio\nThe two houses of the Ohio General Assembly met in joint session February 22, 1849, with 72 representatives and 35 senators present to elect a Senator (Class 3) to succeed incumbent Wiliam Allen. On the fourth ballot, Salmon P. Chase was elected with a majority of the votes cast, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0011-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, Ohio\nThe second ballot was declared a nullity by Speaker of the Senate Brewster Randall, because there were one more ballots cast than members present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0012-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, Pennsylvania\nThe Pennsylvania election was held January 10, 1849. James Cooper was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022803-0013-0000", "contents": "1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections, Individual elections, Pennsylvania\nIncumbent Democrat Simon Cameron, who was elected in 1845, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 10, 1849, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1849. Three ballots were recorded. The results of the third and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022804-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1848 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022811-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in France\nThe year 1848 in France, like in other European countries, is mostly remembered as the year of a revolution that deposed king Louis Philippe and brought Napoleon III to power as president of the second republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022814-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1848 in the Qajar dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022818-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1848 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022818-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1848 is 68,300 M\u0101ori and 17,166 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022818-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 in New Zealand, Sport, Cricket\nCricket is played on the present site of The Octagon, Dunedin. A team from Otago challenges Wellington to a match, but the challenge is not accepted. (see 1860 for the first inter-provincial game)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022822-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1848 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022823-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in Spain, Deaths\nThis year in Europe article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022825-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1848 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022828-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022828-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 in literature, Births\nprobable year \u2013 Bithia Mary Croker, Irish novelist (died 1920)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022829-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022830-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022830-0001-0000", "contents": "1848 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022830-0002-0000", "contents": "1848 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022831-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022832-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in science\nThe year 1848 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022833-0000-0000", "contents": "1848 in sports\n1848 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0000-0000", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania\nThe 1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania were committed in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. According to the historian \u00c1kos Egyed, 14,000 to 15,000 people were massacred in Transylvania in this period. The victims comprised 7,500\u20138,500 Hungarians, 4,400\u20136,000 Romanians, and about 500 Transylvanian Saxons, Armenians, Jews, and members of other groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0001-0000", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians\nThroughout 1848 and 1849, the Hungarians in Transylvania became exposed to the opposition and repression of Romanians and Transylvanian Saxons. The Romanian massacres were justified as revenge for the Sz\u00e9kely offensive against Romanian communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0002-0000", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians\nOn 18 October 1848, Romanians attacked and murdered inhabitants of the village of Kisenyed (now S\u00e2ng\u0103tin), located near Nagyszeben (Hermannstadt, now Sibiu). Another important event of the 1848\u20131849 conflict was the massacre at Nagyenyed (today Aiud) (8\u20139 January 1849). During the event, Romanians massacred around 600-1,000 people in the town. Additionally, the troops of Transylvanian Romanians organized by Avram Iancu, who were supporting the Emperor of Austria, fought the organized Hungarian forces from Zalatna (today Zlatna) and K\u00f6r\u00f6sb\u00e1nya (Baia de Cri\u0219).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0003-0000", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians\nDuring the fight of Zalatna in October 1848, about 640 citizens of the town were killed including teachers, priests, doctors, and merchants. Thirteen thousand gold and twenty thousand silver coins were robbed from the town's treasury. The massacre was incited and led by local Romanian lawyer Petru Dobra. Thirty Hungarians were killed in Boklya. About 200 Hungarians were killed in Gerendkereszt\u00far (Grindeni) and some 90 beaten to death near Maros\u00fajv\u00e1r (Ocna Mure\u0219).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0004-0000", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians\nMassacres with recorded, mostly civilian, Hungarian victims occurred in the following places:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0005-0000", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians\nThis table contains only the recorded victims, however, the exact number of deceased civilians is hard to determine. There are several dozens of villages all over Transylvania where the number of massacred locals (predominantly Hungarians) is unknown. Furthermore, these numbers might not include those who did not perish in the massacres per se but during their imprisonment, fleeing, disappearance, or forced resettlement to Nasz\u00f3d, H\u00e1tszeg, or Monorfalva by the Romanians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0006-0000", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians\nSoon after the war, in 1850, the Habsburg court conducted a census of the victims. However, the authenticity of this census has been questioned and heavily criticized over time, as the authorities only conducted the census in Romanian and Saxon-populated areas and ignored even mentioning some of the largest massacres against Hungarian civilians in Transylvania, such as Nagyenyed, Abrudb\u00e1nya, or Zalatna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0007-0000", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Hungarians\nAmong the victims of the Romanian massacres, relatives of important contemporary Hungarian personalities were to be found. M\u00e1ria, the sister of the Hungarian dramatist Imre Mad\u00e1ch was caught together with her husband and her son, being all killed by the Romanian insurgents, and thrown in front of pigs to be eaten. Africa's first female researcher, Florence Baker's (her original, Hungarian, name was Sass Fl\u00f3ra) parents and brothers and sisters were killed by the Romanian militia, led by Ioan Axente Sever in Nagyenyed (now Aiud) during the massacre of the Hungarian  population of the town at 8 January 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0008-0000", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Beginning: the clash in Mih\u00e1lcfalva\nEncouraged by the enlightened declarations of the revolutionaries of Pest about the liberation of all serfs in Hungary and the abolition of feudalism, as well as by the declarations of the Romanian national assemblies on 30 April and 15 May in the Transylvanian town of Bal\u00e1zsfalva (now Blaj), villagers in the southern Transylvanian Mih\u00e1lcfalva (now Mihal\u021b) illegally occupied a parcel of land belonging to the Esterh\u00e1zy family. On 1 June 1848, an imperial committee was appointed in Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r (now Alba Iulia) and sent out to Mih\u00e1lcfalva (now Mihal\u021b) to investigate the illegalities that took place in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0008-0001", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Beginning: the clash in Mih\u00e1lcfalva\nHowever, thousands of armed peasants from Obr\u00e1zsa (now Obreja), Ol\u00e1hcsesztve (now Cistei), and Als\u00f3kar\u00e1csonfalva (now Cr\u0103ciunelu de Jos) gathered against them and refused their entry to the village. On the next day, 2 June 1848, an official regiment was sent from Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r by Anton von Puchner, commander in chief of the Austrian troops in Transylvania to disarm the armed peasants and guarantee the safety of the imperial committee during their investigation. However, the peasants resisted and the resulting armed clash killed 12 Romanian peasants and 1 Hungarian soldier. Other sources put the number of Romanian peasants shot dead at 14, with 50 other wounded, many of whom subsequently died. This was the first Transylvanian armed conflict in 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0009-0000", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Beginning: the clash in Mih\u00e1lcfalva\nAn important strategic step of Anton von Puchner in the days leading up to the clash was his specific choice for a Sz\u00e9kely Hungarian regiment to be sent against the armed Romanian peasants. In doing so, Anton von Puchner played a major role in the exacerbation of political-ethnic differences in the region and in the further radicalization of both Romanian and Hungarian peasants in Transylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0009-0001", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Beginning: the clash in Mih\u00e1lcfalva\nAs the power of Austrians weakened due to the initial successes of the Austrian, Czech, Slovak, Polish, and Hungarian revolutionaries throughout the Habsburg Empire, the events in Mih\u00e1lcfalva were published in the pro-imperial newspaper Der Siebenb\u00fcrger Bote and were interpreted as a radical Hungarian assault against Romanian civilians, despite the fact that at the time of the conflict, the Sz\u00e9kely frontier guards were still directly subordinate to the imperial court and to Anton von Puchner, commander in chief of the Transylvanian Austrian troops. The event, followed by the pro-imperial propaganda further boosted unrest and hostility in the region, and largely contributed to the mass-armament of Transylvanian Romanians and to the organization of the second national assembly in the town of Bal\u00e1szfalva in September 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 96], "content_span": [97, 928]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0010-0000", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Further incidents\nIn the autumn of 1848, dozens of Romanians from a village in Northern Transylvania who opposed the forced conscription into the Hungarian army were killed after the attack of a 200-man force. On 10 September 1848 Hungarian military units from Arad killed 3 Romanians in Nadab (now part of Chi\u0219ineu-Cri\u0219) after a conflict with several thousand locals armed with scythes who refused recruitment into the Hungarian Army, while other were imprisoned in Nagyv\u00e1rad (now Oradea), Arad and Szeged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0010-0001", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Further incidents\nOn 12 September 1848, in the village Aranyosl\u00f3na (now part of Luna), the count of Torda, Mikl\u00f3s Thorotzkai, gave the order to fire into the crowd that opposed recruitment into the Hungarian army, killing 30 people and wounding several tens. On 18 October 1848 one Romanian peasant in Alm\u00e1s (now Alma\u0219) was executed for refusing to join the Hungarian army. Additionally, Avram Iancu distributed copies of the \"emperor's message\" among village priests in the region of the Apuseni Mountains. The command called all minorities across the Hungarian Kingdom to get armed and resist the Hungarian Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0010-0002", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Further incidents\nA total of nine Romanian priests from 6 villages were found guilty for having read out this message in front of the villagers, and were charged with public incitement and executed. After entering Bal\u00e1zsfalva on 18 January 1849, Hungarian troops looted the town and reportedly committed plundering against the local Romanian population but a massacre did not take place. 6 people from Butyin (now Buteni), 1 person from Keszend (now Chisindia), and 1 person from Barza (now B\u00e2rsa) were killed for opposing the plundering in the region, committed by the Hungarian military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022836-0011-0000", "contents": "1848\u20131849 massacres in Transylvania, Massacres of Romanians, Timeline of massacres of Romanians by Hungarians\nAccording to the official lists (that were published in the newspaper Wiener Zeitung) 4425 men, 340 women and 69 children were killed without trial by the Hungarian military tribunals in Transylvania, exclusive of the ones who died in open fighting. 4425 of the victims appear to have been Romanians, 165 Hungarians, 252 Saxons and 72 Jews, Gypsies and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 109], "content_span": [110, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022837-0000-0000", "contents": "1849\n1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1849th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 849th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 49th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1849, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022838-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1849 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 6, 1849, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democrat Henry W. Collier won his first term with over 98% of the votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022839-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Baden Revolution\nThe Baden Revolution of 1849 was a war fought between the rebels who overthrew the government of the Grand Duchy of Baden in favor of a republic and the Imperial forces of Prussia who fought to suppress republicanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022840-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 California gubernatorial election\nThe 1849 California gubernatorial election was held on November 13, 1849, to elect the first governor of California. Peter Hardeman Burnett won in a five-way race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022841-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of 1849, incumbent James H. Woodworth was reelected in a landslide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022841-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 Chicago mayoral election\nThis election made Woodworth the first Chicago mayor to be successfully reelected to a second consecutive term (an accolade that would have belonged to Augustus Garrett had the results of the March 1844 Chicago mayoral election not been declared null). Woodworth was also only the third mayor to be elected to a second term, after only Benjamin Wright Raymond and Augustus Garrett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022841-0002-0000", "contents": "1849 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nThe election is notable for the lack of political party involvement. With the major national political parties disintegrating over the national debate surrounding slavery, the 1849 mayoral campaign lacked party conventions to nominate candidates. Instead, candidates were self-nominated. There was also a lack of party-organized efforts to support any candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022842-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1849 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 4, 1849. Former congressman and Whig nominee Joseph Trumbull defeated former congressman and Democratic nominee Thomas H. Seymour as well as former Senator and Free Soil nominee John M. Niles with 49.35% of the vote. Niles had previously been the Democratic nominee for this same office in 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022842-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nTrumbull won a plurality of the vote, but fell short of a majority. As a result, the Connecticut General Assembly elected the governor, per the state constitution. Trumbull won the vote over Seymour 122 to 110 in the General Assembly, and became the governor. This was the first of six consecutive elections in which the Free Soil Party participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022843-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Costa Rican general election\nThe Costa Rican general election of 1849 was held to elect the President of the State. This was the first presidential election in Costa Rica's history as the Reformed Constitution of 1848 created the title of \"President\", before that point the equivalent office was called \"Head of State\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022843-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 Costa Rican general election\nThe Costa Rican election of 1849 took place after the coup against Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Castro Madriz, who was forced to resign. At that time, the vice president, Miguel Mora Porras, held the presidency temporarily and his brother, Juan Rafael Mora Porras, was elected over Rafael Moya Murillo and Manuel Antonio Bonilla Nava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022843-0002-0000", "contents": "1849 Costa Rican general election\nThe Constitution in force in this period restricted the right to vote for men over 21 years old owners of an immovable property equivalent to 300 pesos and an annual income of at least 150 pesos who also knew how to read and write, so that these elections were carried out mostly among the bourgeoisie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022843-0003-0000", "contents": "1849 Costa Rican general election\nThe inhabitants chose 90 Electors who, in the second-grade elections, chose the president. San Jose chose 26, and Guanacaste 12 which voted in block for Mora, while the 17 from Heredia, the 12 from Alajuela and the 2 from Puntarenas did it for Moya. Cartago had 20 electors of which 11 voted for Mora and the remaining 9 who were the only ones who voted for Bonilla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022844-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Danish Folketing election\nThe first Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 4 December 1849. Adam Wilhelm Moltke remained Prime Minister after the elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022844-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 14% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as \"dependents\" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022845-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 French legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in France on 13 and 14 May 1849. Voters elected the first National Assembly of the Second Republic. The conservative Parti de l'Ordre won an overall majority of 450 seats. The Parti de l'Ordre was a bourgeois, traditionalist, and conservative party opposed to the Presidency of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte and the subsequent 1851 coup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022846-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 French legislative election in R\u00e9union\nElections to the French National Assembly were held in R\u00e9union on 30 September 1849 as part of the wider French elections, with a second round on 21 October. The territory elected two seats, with voters able to cast two votes. The seats were won by Charles Og\u00e9 Barbaroux and Jean-Baptiste de Greslan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022847-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 French legislative election in Senegal\nElections to the French National Assembly were held in Senegal on 12 August 1849 as part of the wider French elections. Incumbent MP Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Durand Valantin was re-elected with 65% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022847-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 French legislative election in Senegal, Electoral system\nThe single Senegalese seat in the National Assembly was created by decree on 5 March 1848. Following an order of 5 November 1830 and a law of 24 April 1833, all free-born people and freed slaves in Senegal had full civic and political rights, the only French African colony to give such rights until the end of World War II. The right to vote was given to all men over the age of 25 and who could prove they had lived in their municipality for the previous five years. In total 4,991 men registered to vote, up from 4,706 in the 1848 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022847-0002-0000", "contents": "1849 French legislative election in Senegal, Aftermath\nValantin retired from politics in 1851, but before a by-election could be held, a decree of 2 February 1852 abolished Senegalese representation in the National Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022848-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe 1849 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on October 1, 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022848-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 Georgia gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Democratic Governor George W. Towns was re-elected to a second term in office. The election was decided by 3,182 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National\nThe 1849 Grand National Steeplechase was the 11th official annual running of a handicap steeplechase horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Wednesday, 28 February. It attracted a field of twenty-four competitors for a prize valued at \u00a3825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National\nThe race was won by Tom Cunningham on Finch Mason's Peter Simple, having also trained the horse himself. Cunningham wore Finch Mason's colours of green silks with salmon sleeves and pink cap. (*there was no Liverpool Mercury published on this date. Unsure where the source found the info on the colours) The horse won in a time of 10\u00a0minutes 56\u00a0seconds, seventeen seconds slower than the course record set two years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0001-0001", "contents": "1849 Grand National\nFor the second consecutive year there were three equine fatalities during the race, taking the number of fatalities in the history of the race to eight and leading to heavy criticism in the press. The owner was not the same Finch Mason who achieved fame painting racing scenes in the latter half of the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0002-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Leading contenders\nPrince George was sent off as the 4/1 favourite as the mount of Tom Olliver who was also the most experienced rider in the race, being the only man to have taken part in every official National. The duel winning rider was one of several to benefit from a false start, which was not recalled, the roars of encouragement from nearby spectators drowning out the calls of starter, Lord Sefton to recall the runners. The favourite remained prominent until the runners approached the racecourse for the final time where Olliver realised he had nothing left to offer, being nursed home a distant third to finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0003-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Leading contenders\nThe Curate had been a long time pre race favourite in the betting rooms of Manchester where most pre race wagers were struck, having been beaten by just half a length in the previous year's race. With Tom Olliver's defection to the favourite it was Horatio Powell who took the ride in what proved to be his last of seven rides in the race, including one regarded as unofficial, being sent off at 7/1. Powell was one of those caught out in the false start and, in desperately trying to make back the lost ground, blundered and fell at the second fence, the vet having to be summoned to end the horse's pain when he was found to be badly injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0004-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Leading contenders\nThe Knight of Gwynne found popularity on the day of the race from those spectators with military affiliations as the horse was to be ridden by his owner Captain D'Arcy who was one of nine riders making his debut in the race. The Captain himself placed sizable bets on his mount winning, being sent off at 8/1. It is unclear whether the horse managed to get away among those in the false start but at the start of the second circuit he had moved through the field to take position behind the eventual winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0004-0001", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Leading contenders\nHowever, his rider found that his horse had little to offer upon turning for home and resorted to shouting ahead to his rival to take a pull, meaning to deliberately slow his horse in order to allow The Knight of Gwynne to pass and win the race. The Captain's first offer was \u00a31,000 to his rival, though, as his desperation to win increased, so did his offer, to \u00a34,000 before the winner passed the post three lengths clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0004-0002", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Leading contenders\nWith no official governing body in place for the sport at the time D'Arcy had technically broken no rules in offering financial inducements to another rider and the only action that could be taken would have been for Lord Sefton to ban him from competing or entering horses at Aintree again. History does not record if Sefton took this action but D'Arcy never again competed or entered horses at Liverpool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0005-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Leading contenders\nProceed was another mount of an owner and military Captain, William Peel who was taking his fifth ride in the race and had been thought to have had a share in the ownership of the previous year's winner of the race. Like D'Arcy, Peel gained great support from those in military circles and was also sent off at 8/1. Peel was among those who were part of the false start and was well placed behind the leader at the end of the first circuit but the second time round took its toll and the tired horse fell when beaten in the latter stages of the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0006-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Leading contenders\nWolverhampton was owned by the 1840 winner rider, Bartholomew Bretherton who took the ride himself, making it his eighth, when unofficial pre 1839 Nationals are included. Bretherton was a local man from a well known family and as such found popular support on the course for his mount, who was sent off at 12/1 but was never involved at the business end of the race and fell at a fence alongside the Canal on the second circuit. Bretherton never again took part in a National, though he remained a regular visitor to Aintree over the next quarter of a century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0007-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Leading contenders\nThe British Yeoman returned after finishing third in the previous year's race and was again partnered by Charles Bevill, taking his third and final ride in the National. The former flat race, who had once been well fancied in the Epsom Derby was sent off at 12/1 but never got into contention and finished last of the six recorded finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0008-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Leading contenders\nAlfred was the mount of 1847 winner Denny Wynne, who was having his fourth ride in the race and had already become the popular rider among Irish visitors to Aintree. Wynne guided his mount through the problems of the race without ever challenging the leader to finish fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0009-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Leading contenders\nPeter Simple was among the each way chances at 20/1 and won the race without ever being headed, going to the front at the head of those who broke with a false start.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0010-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, The Course\nWhile the course was almost as it is today the fences to be jumped were mostly the natural hedges banks and ditches that they encountered along the route rather than the man made obstacles of the modern era. The land away from the main section of the racecourse, known today as the country during the National was indeed open countryside and was being farmed, resulting in the fields the horses ran across being either ploughed or grazing land, only the racecourse itself was laid to turf or contained man made obstacles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0011-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, The Course\nRiders instructions when racing in the country were simply to stay outside a set of flags which had been placed on the inner ring of the course and while these aimed to direct the riders towards the jumps, such as Becher's Brook, Canal Turn and Valentine's Brook they did not necessarily have to jump the fences and could instead take a wider path along country lanes if they felt the route worthwhile, however by 1849 it was rare for any rider to gain an advantage by taking a route, which bypassed a fence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0012-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, The Course\nAs a result of the make up of the course and fences the Grand National of 1849 would have more resembled a fox hunt than a steeplechase to a modern observer while press reporters relayed the action in their newspapers as the runners crossing from field to field rather than from fence to fence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0013-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, The Course\nA map of the course from 1848 shows that the start was at a location which today sits halfway between Melling Road and the first fence. Becher's Brook was the fifth fence the runners jumped before making for the Canal Turn, fence seven, and Valentine's Brook, fence eight. Two further fences were jumped alongside the Canal before the runners jumped into and out of the lane that divided the racecourse from the countryside beyond, today known as Anchor Bridge crossing. Thus the runners had jumped eleven obstacles on the first circuit before entering the racecourse where they jumped the monument fence, today known as the chair, followed by the water jump, both of these fences had to be jumped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0014-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, The Course\nThe runners then crossed the lane again, jumping a fence as they did so which they had not jumped on the first circuit to set off on the second circuit. The line of country run towards Becher's for the second time was slightly different from the first as the runners jumped the first fence of the second circuit some fifty metres away from where they would have met it first time around.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0014-0001", "contents": "1849 Grand National, The Course\nAs they continued towards Becher's they would meet each fence at a closer point to where they jumped on the first circuit until the two paths of the first and second circuits finally met at Becher's itself, this time being the nineteenth fence. The runners then followed the same path as first time round with the Canal Turn being fence twenty-one and Valentine's Brook being fence twenty-two. After jumping out of the lane, which this time was fence twenty-five, the runners once again deviated from the first circuit, this time having to continue out to the widest extreme of the racecourse before turning into the home straight, on the first circuit they followed the path used today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0015-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, The Course\nBy taking the widest extreme of the course the runners then had a home run of about a quarter of a mile in front of all of the stands and enclosures, this being deliberately designed to give as many spectators as possible a close up view of the action. A hurdle was placed halfway up the run in, this being the twenty-sixth and final flight. The winning post was about thirty metres beyond its present location at the very end of the straight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0016-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Finishing order\nNo official returns for the Grand National exist prior to 1865. The return below is taken from the account published by the reporter of The Times newspaper the day after the race. While all the newspapers that reported on the race agree with the finishing order of the six who passed the post they are often at odds over the fate of those who did not complete the course, resulting in many different accounts of what fate befell each competitor that did not complete. The press of the day are in agreement that three horses were killed and that there was some melee at the third fence on the second circuit, which resulted in several competitors being knocked out of the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0017-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Finishing order\nThe custom among riders at the time would have been to continue in the race unless impossible to do so, regardless of how many times they had met with mishap. Therefore, many of the competitors would have been remounted once or more during the race, or put to fences again after refusing. Only those horses that had been injured, run loose after falling, persistently refused an obstacle or had riders too injured or fatigued to continue would not have completed the course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0017-0001", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Finishing order\nAs a result, a judge was placed on a chair on a pedestal situated alongside the thorn fence on the course, which became known as the Monument fence. His job was to record all the horses that he could see on the finishing straight at the point the first horse in the race reached his position. Only these horses would be recorded as finishers and any that followed on after were regarded under the term 'distanced'. This however added to the confusion of exactly how many horses finished in the Grand Nationals prior to 1865 when the practice was done away with.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0018-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Finishing order\nThe race was threatened by the potential for snow in the twenty-four hours leading up to the race but it never came and the race was run on very heavy ground, which most of the competitors struggled on, especially through the ploughed land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0019-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Finishing order\nThe starter, Lord Sefton attempted to recall the runners from a false start but was drowned out by the crowd in the proximity of the start whose shouts of encouragement made a recall impossible. Despite the starter stating clearly that the race was a false start the result was allowed to stand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0020-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Finishing order\nThe race was noted for a pile up at the third fence on the second circuit, which may have accounted for some of the six runners whose fate is not recorded. In addition a journalist, writing for the London Illustrated News, reported that he walked the course some twenty minutes after the race and found three horses at the second, third and fourth fences, each lying dead where they fell, having been destroyed by the vet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022849-0021-0000", "contents": "1849 Grand National, Finishing order\nUnquoted horses were those offered by bookmakers at any price they felt fair, usually 66 or 100/1. Bookmakers only issued a quoted price for a horse when the odds being asked for by the public suggested that the bookmaker stood to make a loss if said horse were to win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022850-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Kres\u00e1k\n1849 Kres\u00e1k (prov. designation: 1942 AB) is a carbonaceous Eos asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in the middle of World War II on 14 January 1942. The asteroid was later named after Slovak astronomer \u013dubor Kres\u00e1k.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022850-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 Kres\u00e1k, Orbit and classification\nKres\u00e1k is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,950 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 6 days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022850-0002-0000", "contents": "1849 Kres\u00e1k, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Slovak astronomer \u013dubor Kres\u00e1k (1927\u20131994) from the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava and president of IAU's Commission 20 in the 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022850-0003-0000", "contents": "1849 Kres\u00e1k, Naming\nKres\u00e1k is known for his theoretical work on meteors and the question of their relationship with comets and minor planets, as well as for the rediscovery of the short-period comet 41P/Tuttle\u2013Giacobini\u2013Kres\u00e1k at the Skalnat\u00e9 Pleso Observatory in 1951. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3935).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022850-0004-0000", "contents": "1849 Kres\u00e1k, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Kres\u00e1k was obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. In the R-band, it gave a rotation period of 19.10 hours with a brightness variation of 0.19 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022850-0005-0000", "contents": "1849 Kres\u00e1k, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kres\u00e1k measures 21.7 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.114, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 26.1 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.64.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022851-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Liberian constitutional referendum\nA constitutional referendum was held in Liberia on 1 May 1849, alongside general elections. The constitutional changes would increase the number of members of the House of Representatives for Sinoe County from one to three. The proposals were approved by voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022852-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Liberian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Liberia on 1 May 1849, alongside a constitutional referendum. The result was a victory for incumbent President Joseph Jenkins Roberts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Thursday 1 November 1849. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election\nThe major issues were the Rivington Pike Water Scheme and the imposition of rates on the dock and corporation estates. In several wards Candidates with the same party affiliation stood for election against each other over these issues", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0002-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result\nOf the sixteen councillors elected, fourteen were opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme and two were in favour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0003-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Abercromby\nBernard Hall was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme and in favour of imposing rates on the docks and corporation estate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0004-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Castle Street\nThomas Avison was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme, whereas James Aikin was in favour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0005-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Everton\nThomas Chalmer was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0006-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Exchange\nJames Tyrer was in favour of the Rivington Pike water scheme and opposed to imposing rates on the docks and corporation estate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0007-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Great George\nJohn Rogers was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme and in favour of imposing rates on the docks and corporation estate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0008-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Lime Street\nJames Allanson Picton was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0009-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, North Toxteth\nThomas Lloyd was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0010-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Pitt Street\nThomas Toulmin was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0011-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Rodney Street\nSamuel Holmes was in favour of the Rivington Pike water scheme, which Algernon Frederick Jones opposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0012-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Anne Street\nWilliam Bennett was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0013-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Paul's\nThomas Godfrey was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme and in favour of imposing rates on the dock and council estates, as was Dr. John Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0014-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Peter's\nJohn Charles Fernihough and Thomas Clarke were both opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0015-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland\nJohn Bingham was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme, but James Holme was in favour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0016-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland\nThere were two cases of Personation. John Jones of Cazneau-street, who intended to vote for Mr. Bingham, discovered that he had been personated by someone who had voted for James Holme. David Starke of Waterloo-road discovered that someone else had voted for Mr. Bingham in his name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0017-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland\nJohn Holmes of Dryden-street, gave in his voting paper for Mr. Bingham, but as he walked away before his name was recorded, his vote was lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0018-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, South Toxteth\nWilliam Joseph Horsfall was in favour of the Rivington Pike water scheme, whereas Richard Harbord was opposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0019-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Vauxhall\nJonathan Atkinson was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme, whereas William Rathbone V was in favour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0020-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, West Derby\nArthur Henderson was opposed to the Rivington Pike water scheme, Daniel Matherwas a supporter of collecting rates from the dock and council estates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0021-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, West Derby\nAt about half past two the chairman of Mr. Mather's committee proposed to the chairman of Mr. Henderson's committee that Mr. Mather withdrew from the contest and that \"all double votes be sent down to Castle-street ward in favour of Mr. Avison\". This was agreed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022853-0022-0000", "contents": "1849 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic By Election 29 October 1850\nAt a meeting of the Council on Tuesday 29 October 1950 Cllr. James Parker (Conservative, St. Anne Street, elected 1 November 1847) was elected as an Alderman to take the place of Alderman William Nicol (elected as an Alderman on Tuesday 9 November 1847), who had resigned. As Cllr. Parker's term of office as a Councillor was due to expire on 1 November 1850, there was no need to hold a by election to fill this post, as it would be filled at the municipal elections on 1 November 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022854-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1849 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the last of two elections to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1845. The new constitution abolished the provision in the 1812 constitution that required a gubernatorial candidate to win a vote of the legislature to get elected, leaving the final decision up to the people. The new constitution also cut incumbent Governor Alexandre Mouton's term short by one year thus moving the election from July 1846 to January 1846 with the inauguration of the new governor in February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022855-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Maltese general election\nGeneral elections were held in Malta between 16 and 20 August 1849, the first in the country's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022855-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 Maltese general election, Background\nIn 1835, Malta was granted a Government Council by the British authorities. It consisted of the Governor, four officials and three members appointed by the governor. In June 1849 Governor Richard More O'Ferrall passed a new constitution that increased the Council to 18 members, of which ten would be appointed and eight elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022855-0002-0000", "contents": "1849 Maltese general election, Results\nA total of 3,767 people were registered to vote, of which 3,315 cast votes, giving a turnout of 88%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022856-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 70th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1849 during the governorship of George N. Briggs. Joseph M. Bell served as president of the Senate and Francis Crowninshield served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022857-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1849 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1849. Democratic nominee John S. Barry defeated Whig nominee Flavius J. Littlejohn with 54.22% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022858-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Naval Air Squadron\n1849 Naval Air Squadron (1849 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022859-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 New York state election\nThe 1849 New York state election was held on November 6, 1849, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022859-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 New York state election, History\nAfter the split in 1847 and 1848 which had led to the loss of all state offices, Barnburners and Hunkers now combined again and nominated a Democratic ticket. The Hunker state convention met on September 6 in Syracuse and nominated Lott, Chatfield, Follett, Clark, Hiram Denio for the Court of Appeals, Jesse C. Dana for Secretary of State, Darius A. Ogden for Treasurer and John D. Fay for State Engineer, and offered the Barnburners to substitute the latter four. The Barnburner state convention met on September 12 in Utica and nominated Jewett, Randall, Welch and Campbell, to complete the joint ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022859-0002-0000", "contents": "1849 New York state election, Results\nThe whole cross-endorsed Anti- Rent ticket was elected again, this time four Whigs and four Democrats. The incumbents Morgan, Washington Hunt, Alvah Hunt and Jewett were re-elected. The incumbent Beach was defeated. Three Hunkers and only one Barnburner were elected on the Democratic ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022859-0003-0000", "contents": "1849 New York state election, Results\n17 Whigs and 15 Democrats were elected to a two-year term (1850\u201351) in the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022859-0004-0000", "contents": "1849 New York state election, Results\n64 Democrats and 64 Whigs were declared elected to the New York State Assembly of the 73rd New York State Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022860-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1849 saw the election of Joel Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022860-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022861-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Texas gubernatorial election\nThe 1849 Texas gubernatorial election was held on August 6, 1849 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Governor George Tyler Wood was running for reelection, but was defeated by Peter Hansborough Bell, winning 40% of the vote to Bell's 48%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022862-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1849 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 6, 1849, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022862-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nBarnburner John Adams Dix had been elected in 1845 to this seat after the resignation of Silas Wright, and Dix's term would expire on March 3, 1849. In November 1848, Dix was the Barnburners/Free-Soilers candidate for Governor of New York, but was defeated by Whig Hamilton Fish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022862-0002-0000", "contents": "1849 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt this time the Democratic Party in New York was split in two fiercely opposing factions: the \"Barnburners\" and the \"Hunkers\". The Barnburners organized the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nominated Martin Van Buren for U.S. President. Due to the split, the Whig Party won most of the elective offices by pluralities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022862-0003-0000", "contents": "1849 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1847, 24 Whigs and 8 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1848-1849) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1848, 106 Whigs, 15 Free Soilers and 7 Hunkers were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1849. The 72nd New York State Legislature met from January 2 to April 11, 1849, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022862-0004-0000", "contents": "1849 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nEx-Governor of New York William H. Seward was nominated by a caucus of Whig State legislators on February 1, 1849. The vote was 88 for Seward, 12 for John A. Collier, 18 scattering and 4 blanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022862-0005-0000", "contents": "1849 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe incumbent U.S. Senator John Adams Dix ran for re-election supported by the Free Soilers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022862-0006-0000", "contents": "1849 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nEx-Chancellor Reuben H. Walworth was the candidate of the Hunkers. Walworth had been third place in the last gubernatorial election, behind Fish and Dix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022862-0007-0000", "contents": "1849 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nEx-Congressman Daniel D. Barnard (Whig) received 2 scattering votes in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022862-0008-0000", "contents": "1849 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nWilliam H. Seward was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022862-0009-0000", "contents": "1849 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nSeward took his seat on March 5, 1849, and was re-elected in 1855. He remained in office until March 3, 1861, and two days later became U.S. Secretary of State, appointed by President Abraham Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022863-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1849 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 10, 1849. James Cooper was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022863-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nIncumbent Democrat Simon Cameron, who was elected in 1845, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 10, 1849, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1849. Three ballots were recorded. The results of the third and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022864-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1849 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 4, 1849, and resulted in the reelection of Whig Party candidate Carlos Coolidge to another one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022865-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nThe 1849 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1849. Democrat Nelson Dewey won the election with 52% of the vote, winning his second term as Governor of Wisconsin. Dewey defeated Whig Party candidate Alexander L. Collins and Free Soil Party candidate Warren Chase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022865-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nThis was the second Wisconsin gubernatorial election, and the first election for a full two-year gubernatorial term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022865-0002-0000", "contents": "1849 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party\nNelson Dewey was the incumbent governor, having been elected in the 1848 election. He was a prominent lawyer and real-estate investor in Grant County, Wisconsin. He did extensive business with the lead-mining industry, which was a major component of the economy of the Wisconsin Territory. He had been a member of nearly every session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, first as a member of the Territorial Assembly, from 1838 to 1842, then as a member of the Territorial Council from 1842 to 1846. He served as Speaker of the Territorial Assembly in 1840, and President of the Territorial Council in 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022865-0003-0000", "contents": "1849 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party, Other candidates\nAlthough Dewey was renominated on the first ballot, two other names were placed in candidacy for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination at the 1849 State Democratic Convention, held in Madison:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022865-0004-0000", "contents": "1849 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Free Soil Party\nWarren Chase was, at the time of the 1849 election, a member of the Wisconsin State Senate, having been elected on the Democratic Party ticket in 1848. He represented Fond du Lac and Winnebago counties. Chase was an abolitionist and temperance advocate, and was one of only three delegates to attend both the first and second Wisconsin constitutional conventions. Chase was also notable for his fourierist beliefs, having participated in the founding of the Wisconsin phalanx (commune) at Ceresco, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022865-0005-0000", "contents": "1849 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Whig Party\nAlexander L. Collins was a prominent lawyer in Madison. At the time of the 1849 election, he was a member of the first Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin. He had been the Whig Party candidate for United States Congress in the 2nd congressional district in 1848. He also served in the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature from 1846 until the territorial government was replaced by the state government in 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022866-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1849 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022870-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1849 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022877-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in Liberia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1849 in Liberia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022878-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1849 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022878-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1849 is 67,000 M\u0101ori and 19,543 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022878-0002-0000", "contents": "1849 in New Zealand, Sport, Horse racing\nThe committee which has been controlling the racing at Epsom ceases to function. (see also 1841)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022883-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1849 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022885-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in Switzerland\nThe following is a list of events, births, and deaths in 1849 in Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022886-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1849 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022889-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022889-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 in literature\nWhether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022890-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022891-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022891-0001-0000", "contents": "1849 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022891-0002-0000", "contents": "1849 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022892-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022893-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in science\nThe year 1849 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022894-0000-0000", "contents": "1849 in sports\n1849 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022897-0000-0000", "contents": "18493 Demoleon\n18493 Demoleon /d\u026a\u02c8mo\u028ali\u0259n/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 33 kilometers (21 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile on 17 April 1996. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 14.4 hours. It was named after the Trojan warrior Demoleon from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022897-0001-0000", "contents": "18493 Demoleon, Orbit and classification\nDemoleon is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind on its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8\u20135.8\u00a0AU once every 12 years and 2 months (4,454 days; semi-major axis of 5.3\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at Palomar Observatory in November 1989, more than 6 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022897-0002-0000", "contents": "18493 Demoleon, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan warrior Demoleon, son of Antenor (2207 Antenor), who was a counselor to King Priam. Demoleon, a valiant champion of war was killed by Achilles, whose spear struck Demoleon on the temple through his bronze-cheeked helmet, crushing the bone so that the brain inside was shed in all directions. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 May 2010 (M.P.C. 70409).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022897-0003-0000", "contents": "18493 Demoleon, Physical characteristics\nDemoleon is an assumed C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-types. It has a low V\u2013I color index of 0.775 (see table below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022897-0004-0000", "contents": "18493 Demoleon, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Demoleon was obtained over a total of seven nights of photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 14.43\u00b10.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.18 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022897-0005-0000", "contents": "18493 Demoleon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Demoleon measures 33.47 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.083, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 40.33 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022897-0006-0000", "contents": "18493 Demoleon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022898-0000-0000", "contents": "184th (2nd South Midland) Brigade\nThe 184th (2nd South Midland) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army raise for service in both the First and the Second World Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022898-0001-0000", "contents": "184th (2nd South Midland) Brigade, First World War\nThe brigade was raised as a duplicate of the 145th (1/1st South Midland) Brigade and consisted of those men in the Territorial Force who had not volunteered for overseas service when asked at the outbreak of war. It originally acted as a reserve to the 145th Brigade, sending drafts of officers and men as battle-casualty replacements and participated in home defence duties. It was assigned to the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division and, from May 1916 onwards, served on the Western Front in the trenches. In April 1917 Company Sergeant Major Edward Brooks of the 2/4th Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry was awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022898-0002-0000", "contents": "184th (2nd South Midland) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade was disbanded after the war in 1919, along with the rest of the Territorial Force which was reformed in the 1920s as the Territorial Army. In early 1939, war with Nazi Germany was becoming increasingly likely and, as a result, the Territorial Army was ordered to be doubled in size, in order to meet the threat. The brigade was reformed, now as the 184th Infantry Brigade, in 1939, prior to the outbreak of the Second World War and consisted of units from the South Midlands area of England. It was assigned to the 61st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022898-0002-0001", "contents": "184th (2nd South Midland) Brigade, Second World War\nHowever, despite being raised for service in war, the brigade never saw active service abroad and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war, acting in a training role. In July 1945 the division was reorganised as a light division in preparation for a deployment to the Far East to fight the Imperial Japanese Army. However, the Japanese surrendered in August 1945 and the move cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022898-0003-0000", "contents": "184th (2nd South Midland) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle\n184th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the Second World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022898-0004-0000", "contents": "184th (2nd South Midland) Brigade, Bibliography\nThis article about a specific British military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0000-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States)\nThe 184th AAA Gun Battalion was an American antiaircraft artillery battalion of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0001-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States)\nThe 184th was activated in 1943 as part of the reorganization of the 61st Coast Artillery Regiment. After training in England, it took part in the air defense of London in 1944. Shortly after D-Day, the 184th landed at Omaha Beach in Normandy, where they defended the beach as well as the port of Cherbourg from Luftwaffe air attacks. After a two-month stay in Paris, the battalion was moved into positions around Antwerp, Belgium to defend the important port against German V-1 attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0001-0001", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States)\nAs the Battle of the Bulge progressed, the 184th was moved to a position on the Meuse River, where in addition to its normal anti-aircraft role, it was prepared to provide field artillery support as well. Returning to Antwerp in early 1945, the 184th was able to earn more victories against V-1s than any other AAA unit in the region. In April 1945, the 184th moved into Germany, where they defended bridges over the Rhine River. After V-E Day, the unit moved into the heart of Germany to take part in disarmament duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0002-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Organization\nThe 184th \u2013 like most American AAA battalions in Europe \u2013 was never permanently attached to any one parent unit. Instead, they were assigned to various organizations on an as-needed basis. Batteries were also attached individually to other units, and batteries from other AAA battalions were attached to the 184th as needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0003-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Organization\nThe 184th was divided into four batteries: A, B, C, and D. Each battery had 4 90mm Antiaircraft guns. The unit also included a headquarters battery, that was responsible for the overall operation of the battalion. The 184th was classified as a \"mobile\" battalion, which meant it provided its own means of transporting its guns and troops, instead of relying on a separate transportation unit. The M4 Tractor was used for moving the 90mm guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0004-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Activation and training\nThe 61st Coast Artillery Regiment \u2013 after spending 18 months training in Iceland \u2013 arrived in Scotland on 8 August 1943, disembarking in the mouth of the River Clyde near Glasgow. They then moved by train to the south of England in the county of Devon, where they were stationed at Camp Heathfield in Honiton. It was here on 10 August 1943 that the 61st Coast Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion was renamed the 184th AAA Gun Battalion. The new unit spent the next several months training on the new 90mm guns and conducting field maneuvers, moving from camp to camp with some regularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0005-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), London\nOn 1 January 1944, Battery A was detached from the rest of the battalion and took up a position on Lippits Hill, 10 miles (16\u00a0km) northeast of London to take an active role in the defense of London. The remaining batteries, after completing mobile training, were stationed around London as of 3 March 1944. Headquarters Battery took up position with Battery A at Lippits Hill, Batteries B and C were moved to Middlesex county north and northeast of London, respectively. Battery D was stationed on an island in the Thames River 35 miles (56\u00a0km) east of London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0006-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), London\nShortly thereafter, Battery A was replaced at Lippits Hill by Battery B of the 115th AAA Battalion in order to perform the training they had missed while on duty defending London. They returned to their former position on 21 April. During their time defending London, the 184th fired a total of 875 rounds of 90mm ammunition and were credited with 2 enemy planes shot down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0007-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Normandy\nThe 184th arrived at Southampton on 9 June 1944 in preparation for the cross-channel trip to the mainland, but did not leave for Normandy until 16\u201318 June. Batteries A, C, and D were all offloaded on Omaha Beach between 17\u201320 June, but Battery B and HQ Battery were prevented from landing by strong storms until 25 June. The unit was located about 5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) inland and had the mission of protecting the beach from Luftwaffe air attacks against the Allied shipping that was still offloading personnel and supplies. These raids took place mainly at night, due to the daytime air superiority enjoyed by the Allies. During their time at Omaha Beach, the 184th was credited with five confirmed planes shot down, with an additional four probable kills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0008-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Normandy\nThe 184th left the Omaha Beach area on 2 August 1944 and moved to the port of Cherbourg, where they were stationed to the west of the city. They remained here only until the end of August, and saw little action. They turned over their positions to British units 23\u201324 August. From 26 August \u2013 3 September 1944, the 184th was in a defensive position around the town of Rennes in Brittany, but again, saw no action", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0009-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Paris\nThe 184th left Rennes on 4 September 1944 and travelled to Paris, where they arrived on 6 September. They took up positions southeast of the French capital. Battery B was set up in an old French fort, while the other batteries occupied various former German anti-aircraft sites. Even though Paris had been liberated on 25 August, it was feared that it might still be the target of German air raids. However, once again, the 184th saw no action during their two-month stay in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 42], "content_span": [43, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0010-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Antwerp\nOn 6 November 1944, the 184th left Paris and travelled for two days to the region of Antwerp, Belgium to protect the vital port against attack from German V-1s. Montgomery and the British 21st Army Group had captured Antwerp on 4 September, and it was one of few ports that had not been damaged by the retreating Germans. Other options, such as Cherbourg or the Normandy invasion beaches were more than 500 miles (800\u00a0km) behind the front lines by that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0010-0001", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Antwerp\nAntwerp had the capacity to supply six different U.S., British, and Canadian armies, and was much closer to the fighting. The Germans realized it was necessary to destroy Antwerp if they had any hope of cutting off the Allied supply line. To that end, the first V-1 attack on the port was launched on 24 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0011-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Antwerp\nWhen the 184th arrived on 9 November, they took up position about 14 miles (23\u00a0km) east of the port as part of a \"gun belt\" of anti-aircraft units that had been set up side-by-side in an arc across the expected line of attack. The batteries of the 184th were sited about 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) apart and during the action that followed, normally all fired on the same target to maximize the chances of destroying the incoming V-1s. Between 9 November and 21 December, the 184th claimed 13 V-1s destroyed in the air, while causing another 48 to crash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0012-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Battle of the Bulge\nOn 16 December 1944, the German army launched Operation Watch on the Rhine, by attacking the Allied front line in the lightly defended Ardennes Forest region of Belgium, with the object of capturing Antwerp to disrupt the flow of supplies to the Allied armies. By 20 December, advance elements of the 2nd Panzer Division had penetrated 25 miles (40\u00a0km), reaching the Ourthe River near the town of Ourtheville. To meet this threat, any units in the region that could be spared were sent to stop the German advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0012-0001", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Battle of the Bulge\nThe AAA battalions around Antwerp were no exception, and on 21 December, the 184th was underway to Namur, Belgium, which was strategically located at the confluence of the Meuse and Sambre rivers. They arrived the next day and set up positions in the hills surrounding the town. Since American AAA units were trained to use their 90mm guns against ground targets as well as aircraft, the 184th was prepared to provide field artillery support to the infantry and tank units in Namur, should the need arise. This never proved necessary \u2013 while the 2nd Panzer Division reached the town of Dinant, about 15 miles (24\u00a0km) south of Namur on 23 December, its advance was halted there by counterattacks from Patton's Third Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0013-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Battle of the Bulge\nWhile in Namur, the 184th performed its primary AAA role by defending the bridges over the Meuse. Between 24 and 31 December, the 184th was in action almost every night against attacking German bombers. During this time, they fired 1341 rounds of 90mm ammunition, including 721 rounds with the new proximity fuze. They were credited with 10 enemy planes confirmed shot down, with another 5 probable kills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0014-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Return to Antwerp\nWith the threat subsiding in the Ardennes, the 184th turned over their positions in Namur to the 143rd AAA Gun Battalion on 3\u20134 January 1945, and returned to the defense of Antwerp, this time setting up near the town of Meer, about 30 miles (48\u00a0km) northeast of Antwerp near the border with the Netherlands. The main direction of attack came from the northeast by this time, and the 184th had the good fortune of being positioned by itself in the first of several gun belts, about 15,000 yards (14,000\u00a0m) from the next AAA gun battalions in line. Because of this, they had the first opportunity at every V-1 that came from the main launching areas in the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0015-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Return to Antwerp\nThere were only five days between 5 January \u2013 29 March 1945, on which the 184th did not fire at oncoming V-1s. They shot down an average of 73% of the buzz bombs that flew over their positions, with a 100% score on 13 February. During a six-day stretch in February, the whole of Antwerp X claimed a kill ratio of over 97%, shooting down 89 out of 91 V-1s. The 184th fired a total of 75,500 90mm rounds, including more than 13,800 armed with a proximity fuze. They claimed 365 V-1 victories, more than any other AAA unit under the command of Antwerp X. For their participation in the defense of Antwerp, the 184th was twice cited in the Belgian Army Order of the Day, earning them the Belgian Croix de Guerre ribbon with Fourrag\u00e8re.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0016-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Germany\nOn 16 April 1945, the 184th left the Antwerp region and moved into Germany, reaching Mainz on 18 April. Batteries B, C, and D were positioned in Mainz to guard the Rhine River crossing. Battery A was moved 15 miles (24\u00a0km) north to the town of Bingen, where it performed the same duties until 26 April, when it returned to Mainz. The 184th remained here until Germany surrendered, and did not have any encounters with enemy planes during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0017-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Germany\nAfter V-E Day, the 184th took part in the disarming of German AAA sites. Their area of responsibility was in an area outlined by the cities Leipzig, Eisenach, Muhlhausen, and Magdeburg. This work began on 15 May 1945 and lasted through 24 June. The main objective was the gathering of anything of intelligence value, but from 28 July until the end of September, also included moving scrap material from the German AAA installations to dump sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022899-0018-0000", "contents": "184th AAA Battalion (United States), Germany\nDuring disarmament duties, many replacements joined the unit to offset the losses of officers and men being shipped back to the United States. A large contingent left between 30 May and 7 June; many more departed in August and September. The remainder of the unit was transferred stateside in October, ending the 184th AAA Gun Battalion's WWII operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0000-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron\nThe 184th Attack Squadron (184 ATKS) is a unit of the Arkansas Air National Guard 188th Wing located at Ebbing Air National Guard Base, Fort Smith, Arkansas. The 184th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper. In June 2014 the squadron transitioned from A-10C to the MQ-9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0001-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, Overview\nThe 184th Attack Squadron MQ-9 Reaper Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) mission is to provide close air support (CAS), air interdiction, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), and attack to eliminate threats when present. The multi-role capabilities of these RPAs allows Combat Search and Rescue operations and extended time over targets to locate, track, target, strike, and assess time sensitive targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0002-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nAuthorized by the National Guard Bureau in 1953 at the 184th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. Organized at Fort Smith Regional Airport, Arkansas and extended recognition as a new unit on 15 October 1953. The squadron was assigned to the Tennessee ANG 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, Berry Field, Nashville, for administration, operational control was exercised by the Arkansas Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0003-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nThe 184th TRS was initially equipped with World War II-era RB-26C Invader night photo-reconnaissance aircraft. The black-painted RB-26s were originally medium bombers that were modified for aerial reconnaissance in the late 1940s. Most of the aircraft received were Korean War veterans, were unarmed and carried cameras and flash flares for night aerial photography. In 1956, the B-26 was reaching the end of its operational USAF service, and the squadron was re-equipped with RF-80A Shooting Star daylight reconnaissance aircraft that were also nearly obsolescent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0004-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nIn January 1957, the 184th retired its worn-out RF-80s and received new RF-84F Thunderstreak reconnaissance aircraft, manufactured for Air National Guard use. During the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the squadron was federalized and assigned to the mobilized Kentucky ANG 123d Tactical Reconnaissance Group however it remained at Fort Smith and was released from active duty and returned to Arkansas state control on 22 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0005-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nOn 22 August 1962, the 184th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 188th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 184th TRS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 188th Headquarters, 188th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 188th Combat Support Squadron, and the 188th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0006-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, Tactical Reconnaissance\nIn 1970 with the winding-down of the Vietnam War, the 184th began receiving McDonnell RF-101C Voodoos, replacing the RF-84Fs the unit had been flying for over a decade. The USAF had, however, planned for the RF-101C to be gradually phased out of USAF service in favor of the McDonnell RF-4C Phantom II and the aircraft remained with the 184th TRS for only a brief period of time, and in 1970 was retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0007-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, Tactical Fighter\nFollowing their withdrawal from the Vietnam War, numerous USAF F-100D Super Sabres were turned over to the Air National Guard. Tactical Air Command realigned the 151st into a Tactical Fighter Group in 1972, and equipping the unit with Vietnam Veteran F-100D and twin-seat F-100F Trainers. In 1979, the Super Sabre was being retired and the 184th TFS began receiving F-4C Phantom IIs to be used in an air defense role. In 1988, as part of the retirement of the Phantom II, the squadron began receiving Block 15 F-16A Fighting Falcons. The first F-16 delivery to the squadron was on 1 July 1988 and the formal acceptance of the F-16 happened on 15 October. On 15 March 1992 the 184th dropped the Tactical name from the squadron as the parent 184th converted to the USAF Objective organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0008-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, Tactical Fighter\nIn early 2001 the 184th FS began to retire its F-16A/B block 15s to AMARC in exchange for F-16C block 32s. They never received any D-models. Because the squadron flew the rarely seen block 32, the squadron became a source for spare F-16s for the USAF Thunderbirds flight demonstration team. In the end the 184th FS never had to give up any of their aircraft as the Thunderbirds took needed aircraft from home based Nellis 57th Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0009-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, Tactical Fighter\nDeployed to Prince Sultan AB, Saudi Arabia (24 October 2002 to December 2002) in support of Operation Southern Watch. In 2005, the 188th deployed nearly 300 Airmen and multiple F-16C Fighting Falcons to Balad Air Base, Iraq, in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0010-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, BRAC 2005\nBRAC 2005 initially decided to inactivate the 188th Fighter Wing and close Fort Smith ANGB. With a great deal of effort by Arkansas' leaders caused the BRAC panel to change its decision on the 184th FS and give it a new mission. The squadron would still lose its F-16s but in their place would get a total of eighteen A-10 Thunderbolt II ground attack aircraft. One of the deciding factors was Fort Smiths location near Fort Chaffee, a former National Guard training post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0011-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, BRAC 2005\nOn 18 October 2006 the 184th FS began giving up F-16s when two departed for the 194th Fighter Squadron located at Fresno Air National Guard Base, California. By April 2007 the 184th FS had already begun to receive the A-10 from the Massachusetts ANG 104th Fighter Wing and pilots had already commenced cross training in October. On 14 April 2007 the 184th FS marked the day with a celebration 'Viper Out/Warthog In' day. The 184th FS took the opportunity to display their new A-10 paint scheme and to still fly the F-16 but the 184th FS at this point was officially an A-10 unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0012-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, Current status\nIn early 2012 the Air Force planned to realign the 188th Fighter Wing and replace its 20 A-10 aircraft, converting the 184th FS to operate the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). However, after extensive discussions in August 2012 it was announced that the 188th Fighter Wing would retain its A-10s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0013-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, Current status\nIn July 2012, the Wing deployed 275 airmen and aircraft to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. They were assigned to the 455th Air Expeditionary Wing, Bagram Airfield, near Kabul. This was the second AEF deployment for the 188th as a unit since receiving A-10 Thunderbolt II \"Warthogs\" 14 April 2007. The 188th's last AEF deployment transpired in 2010 when the unit deployed about 300 Airmen and 12 A-10Cs to the 451st Air Expeditionary Wing at Kandahar Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0014-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, Current status\nThe guardsmen remained in Afghanistan until October, flying close-air support in response to ground troops who may be in contact with the enemy, or to escort convoys in particularly hostile areas. When not supporting ground troops, A-10s patrol designated sectors and provided aerial reconnaissance on locations of interest to ground commanders. In three months, Arkansas ANG A-10s delivered more than 60,000 30mm cannon rounds and more than 250 precision munitions on enemy targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022900-0015-0000", "contents": "184th Attack Squadron, History, Current status\nIn June 2014, the last of the units A-10C aircraft departed and the unit was re-designated the 184th Attack Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022901-0000-0000", "contents": "184th Battalion, CEF\nThe 184th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city and in southern Manitoba. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 11th Reserve Battalion on November 11, 1916. The 184th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. H. Sharpe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022902-0000-0000", "contents": "184th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 184th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c184\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 43rd Brigade, 15th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced to 18th Military Sub-district of Taiyue Military District formed in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022902-0001-0000", "contents": "184th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 550th, 551th and 552th Infantry Regiments. As a part of 61st Corps the division took part in the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022902-0002-0000", "contents": "184th Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom April 1950, the division was combined with Xichang Military Sub-district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022902-0003-0000", "contents": "184th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1951, the division's 550th and 551st Regiment were detached from the military sub-district and formed the new 184th Division with 554th Infantry Regiment from 185th Division. Artillery Regiment, 184th Division was activated simultaneously. The division then became a part of 10th Corps. In April, the division moved to Qinhuangdao, Hebei as the reserve force of the People's Volunteer Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022902-0004-0000", "contents": "184th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1952, the plan of deploying 10th Corps into Korea was cancelled. The 184th Divisions was then disbanded:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0000-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 184th Infantry Regiment (Second California) is an infantry regiment of the United States Army consisting of soldiers from the California Army National Guard. Only the regiment's 1st Battalion remains an active military unit. The battalion supports state and federal missions in the State of California, United States of America and at overseas locations. The 184th Infantry Regiment can trace its lineage to the mid-19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0001-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), Current status\nThe regiment's 1st Battalion is currently one of two infantry battalions in the 79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. The battalion is currently conducting training and maintenance in order to prepare for future state and federal missions. In May 2012, the battalion conducted training in the National Training Center at Fort Irwin as part of the first Army National Guard brigade to rotate through the center's new training environment, designed to refocus the Army's training efforts as a result of the end of the Iraq War and the planned drawdown for the Afghanistan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0002-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 184th Infantry Regiment is a descendant of a number of unofficial militias that were formed in California in the mid-to-late-19th century. Bravo Company is the direct descendant of the Sarsfield Grenadier Guards. Charlie Company is the direct descendant of the Auburn Greys. In its dual role in service to both the United States of America and the State of California, the regiment can be mobilized to serve under state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0003-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 184th Infantry Regiment was formed on 20 October 1924 from what had been known as the 2d Infantry Regiment (California).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0004-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1864\u201395 Precursors to 2d Infantry (California)\nOn 9 December 1895, the 2d Infantry Regiment (California) was formed by consolidating the 1st Artillery Regiment (California) with the 8th Infantry Regiment (California). The headquarters of the 2d Infantry Regiment (California) was in Sacramento and the unit was part of the California National Guard. The lineage of these two units is described below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0005-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1895\u20131924 2d Infantry (California), Spanish\u2013American War\nFrom 6\u20139 July 1898, three of the companies from the 2d Infantry Regiment (California) were mustered into federal service in Fruitvale as part of the 8th California Volunteer Infantry for service during the Spanish\u2013American War. Although the units were mobilized for federal service, they never left the United States. From 28 January 1899 through 6 February 1899, the three companies were demobilized in Washington and California and returned to the 2d Infantry Regiment (California).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 106], "content_span": [107, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0006-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1895\u20131924 2d Infantry (California), Spanish\u2013American War\nOn 11 May 1907, the 2d Infantry Regiment (California) was reduced and consolidated with the 6th Infantry Regiment (California) (which had originally been organized on 22 July 1885 as the 6th Infantry Battalion (California)) to form the 2d Infantry Regiment (California), with headquarters in Sacramento, as part of the California National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 106], "content_span": [107, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0007-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1895\u20131924 2d Infantry (California), 1916 Mexican Border Crisis\nOn 18 June 1916, the 2d Infantry Regiment (California) was mobilized for border security duty during the Mexican Border Crisis. On 15 November 1916, the unit was demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 112], "content_span": [113, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0008-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1895\u20131924 2d Infantry (California), World War I\nOn 26 March 1917, the 2d Infantry Regiment (California) was mobilized into federal service for World War I. Many of the units were well prepared for the mobilization because of the recent experience of mobilizing in support of the Mexican Border Crisis. In response to the consolidation of so many state militias, the United States Army created a new division system, and needed to fit the various state militias into the system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0008-0001", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1895\u20131924 2d Infantry (California), World War I\nOriginally, the 2d Infantry Regiment (California) was organized as part of the 19th Division, which consisted of various elements of state militias from Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. On 16 September 1917, the 19th Division was redesignated as the 40th Division at Camp Kearny near San Diego, California. At that time, the division was referred to simply as the 40th Division because there were no armored or cavalry divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0009-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1895\u20131924 2d Infantry (California), World War I\nOn 24 September 1917, the 2d Infantry Regiment (less the 2d Battalion, Companies L and M, and the Sanitary Detachment) was consolidated with the 5th Infantry Regiment (California) and redesignated the 159th Infantry Regiment, 40th Division. On 25 September 1917, the 2d Infantry Regiment's 2d Battalion, companies L and M, and the Sanitary Detachment were consolidated with the 7th Infantry Regiment (California) and redesignated the 160th Infantry Regiment, 40th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0010-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1895\u20131924 2d Infantry (California), World War I\nIn November 1917, the 40th Division moved to continue training at either Camp Lewis near Seattle, Washington, which had finished construction and opened for training purposes only two months earlier, or Fort Funston near San Francisco, California. Although the units had received an infusion of new soldiers and equipment and had begun training for war in earnest, almost immediately the soldiers and equipment were being siphoned off to form new units. This was the start of what the unit would experience for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0011-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1895\u20131924 2d Infantry (California), World War I\nIn August 1918, the 40th Division arrived in France. At that moment, the Germans had just completed a series of offensives that started on 21 March and ended on 15 July. These offensives were designed to destroy the American Expeditionary Force before it could be fully constituted, and they almost succeeded. Upon the arrival of the 40th Division in France, it was decided that the division would be used as a depot and it was redesignated as the 6th Depot Division, supplying fresh troops to the more experienced combat divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0011-0001", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1895\u20131924 2d Infantry (California), World War I\nBy the end of the war, the 40th Division provided more than 27,000 replacements to the 26th, 28th, 32d, 77th, 80th, 81st, 82d, and 89th Divisions. Of those soldiers provided from the 40th Infantry Division, 2,587 members were killed in action and 11,596 were wounded. An additional 103 were to die of their wounds at the Post Hospital in Camp Kearny near San Diego, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0012-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1895\u20131924 2d Infantry (California), World War I\nOn 20 April 1919, the 40th Division was demobilized at Camp Kearny near San Diego, California, where they had been formed just two years before. On 1 May 1919, those elements of the 2d Infantry Regiment (California) that were used to create the 159th Infantry Regiment were released from federal service at the Presidio of San Francisco near San Francisco, California. On 7 May 1919, those elements of the 2d Infantry Regiment (California) that were used to create the 160th Infantry Regiment were returned to the 2d Infantry Regiment (California) at Camp Kearny near San Diego, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0013-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1895\u20131924 2d Infantry (California), Decorations\nThe 2d Infantry Regiment (California) received a campaign streamer (without inscription) for service. The 184th Infantry Regiment proudly displays this streamer as a descendant of the 2d Infantry Regiment (California).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 97], "content_span": [98, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0014-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry\nOn 20 October 1924, the 184th Infantry Regiment was formed as a result of the reconstitution and reorganization of the northern and central California elements of the 2nd Infantry Regiment (California). The San Francisco area elements of the 2nd Infantry Regiment (California) were not included. The headquarters of the 184th Infantry Regiment (California) was in Sacramento and the unit was once again a part of the 40th Division of the California National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0015-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 1927 Folsom State Prison riots\nIn November 1927, elements of the 184th Infantry Regiment were mobilized to assist with quelling a riot at Folsom State Prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 109], "content_span": [110, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0016-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 1927 Folsom State Prison riots\nFrom 18 February 1929 through 1 April 1929, the 185th Infantry Regiment was formed as a result of the withdrawal, expansion, reorganization, and redesignation of the central California elements of the 184th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 109], "content_span": [110, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0017-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 1934 West coast waterfront strike\nOn 9 May 1934, longshoremen and sailors throughout the West Coast of the United States began a strike that would last for 83 days. On 5 July, elements of the 184th Infantry Regiment, along with other members of the California National Guard, were mobilized to restore order in San Francisco's waterfront when hostilities during the strike escalated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 112], "content_span": [113, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0018-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nOn 3 March 1941, the entire 184th Infantry Regiment was mobilized as part of a general mobilization of the United States Army National Guard, and mustered at Camp San Luis Obispo. Most of the soldiers believed that they would be mobilized for a year and then sent home, which changed on 7 December 1941 when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Within 48 hours of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the regiment moved to the San Diego area and took up defensive positions for the expected attack or invasion of the West Coast of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0018-0001", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nThe regiment was scattered throughout a number of areas including Del Mar, La Mesa, and Lindbergh Field, while Company A was sent to San Clemente Island. If the Japanese attack had occurred, this lone company of Sacramentans would have been decimated since there was no avenue of retreat or reinforcement. The regiment remained in the greater San Diego area until April, when (similar to the mobilization for World War I) they were stationed at Fort Lewis near Seattle, Washington and later to the Presidio of San Francisco near San Francisco, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0019-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nIn June 1942, while at the Presidio, the regiment was relieved from the 40th Infantry Division and attached directly to the Western Defense Command. In November 1942, while still officially under the control of the Western Defense Command, the regiment was attached to the 7th Infantry Division at Fort Ord and later Amphibious Training Force Nine. It was during this period that the regiment was reinforced and its title modified to \"184th Regimental Combat Team\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0020-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nIn July 1943, the regiment left San Francisco bound for the Japanese-held Kiska in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska during the Aleutian Islands Campaign. The 184th arrived on Adak Island for training, and was assigned to the 7th Infantry Division as its third regiment. On 15 August 1943, the regiment participated in Operation Cottage, the retaking of the last Japanese-held island in the Aleutians. The regiment, augmented by the 1st Battalion, 87th Mountain Infantry Regiment, and with the 13th Canadian Infantry Brigade Group on its right, made its first of many assault landings at Long Beach on Kiska Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0020-0001", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nWhen the regiment landed, its commander, Colonel Curtis D. O'Sullivan, ordered the regiment's band to play. They responded with \"California, Here I Come,\" and \"The Maple Leaf Forever.\" After an unopposed landing, the regiment found that the Japanese garrison had been evacuated by a large cruiser and destroyer force on 28 July. The enemy had left in such a hurry that they left mess tables still set with meals, and blankets soaked in fuel oil, but not lit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0020-0002", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nNevertheless, the regiment did have the honor of being the only National Guard regiment to regain lost American soil from a foreign enemy in World War II, the first since the War of 1812. On 23 August 1943, the regiment was officially assigned to the 7th Infantry Division. In September 1943, when the island was declared secure, the regiment moved to Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. This was a welcome change for the men who just spent over three months on the Alaskan islands, but it did not last long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0021-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nOn 20 January 1944, the regiment left Hawaii bound for the Marshall Islands. Kwajalien Atoll had been Japanese territory for decades. As such, they had many opportunities to build a complex system of fortifications. On 1 February 1944, the regiment, along with the 32d Infantry Regiment assaulted the heavily defended atoll. Two days later, Companies A, B and C were given the assignment to clear the highly fortified blockhouse sector. Approximately five days later, when the battle for Kwajalien was over, more than 8,000 Japanese soldiers of the 61st Naval Guard Force were killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0021-0001", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nGeneral George C. Marshall, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, later said that the operations on Kwajalien were the most efficient of the war. Once again, the regiment achieved another first, as they were the first National Guard unit to seize and hold territory that Japan held prior to the start of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0022-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nWith the island secure, the regiment re-embarked on to their transports and returned to Hawaii for rehabilitation and more training. On 15 September 1944, they departed Hawaii, bound for Eniwetok Island. Initially, this was to be a staging area for the invasion of Yap Island. When they arrived, however, they found that the operation had been canceled in favor of a larger landing, the liberation of the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0023-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nOn the morning of 20 October 1944, the regiment landed on the beaches near Dulag on the east coast of the island of Leyte. With the beachhead secured, they moved inland. The island provided the Japanese with an ideal defensive terrain, as Leyte is a large island, covered with mountains, rain forests, and swamps. The Japanese were long accustomed to fighting in the jungle, and had over three years of occupation to learn the terrain and plan defenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0023-0001", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nAdditionally, it was easy for the Japanese to reinforce their garrison on Leyte from Luzon in the north and Mindanao in the south. The Japanese 34th Army, consisting of four divisions, including the infamous 16th Division that was credited for the \"Rape of Nanking\" and the \"Bataan Death March,\" was the primary opponent on Leyte. The 184th Infantry Regiment pushed through the Dulag Valley and experienced high casualties. When the Japanese counterattacked the 32d Infantry Regiment, which had spread out along the Palanas River, the 184th was sent to reinforce them. Several attacks were repulsed and the enemy was driven into the bamboo thickets. This action later became known as The Battle of Shoestring Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0024-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nOn 28 November 1944, the 11th Airborne Division relieved the division, less the 17th Infantry Regiment. The division then moved to Baybay, and the 184th started a drive from Damulaan towards the port of Ormac. They then seized the town Albuere and had joined up with soldiers of the 77th Infantry Division, which had landed near Ormac. The remainder of the 7th then moved to Ormac to regroup. From there, they spent several weeks landing on and securing several of the small islands that surround Leyte. On 10 February 1945, they were relieved by the Americal Division and started to prepare for the Ryukyus Campaign. When the division left, they were credited with inflicting more than 54,000 enemy deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0025-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nOn 1 April 1945, the division landed on Okinawa. Initially, the 7th and 96th Infantry Divisions were to clear the southern end of the island. Fortunately for these thinly spread forces, an expected counterattack did not occur. If it had, there was a possibility that the Japanese could have driven the invasion force into the sea. On 5 April, the 184th Infantry Regiment encountered typically fierce Japanese opposition at a rocky pinnacle located about 1,000 yards southwest of Arakachi (later dubbed \"The Pinnacle\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0025-0001", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nA few days after the landing, the 184th came into contact with elements of the Japanese 32d Army on the heavily fortified Kakazu Ridge. On 9 April, with the assistance of massed artillery fire, Tomb Hill was captured. By now, companies were losing 30 to 50 men per day. Rifle companies of 40 or 50 men became the rule. On 1 May, despite the presence of infiltrators, the 184th attacked and briefly held Gala Ridge before losing it to a counterattack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0025-0002", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nBoth sides traded blow for blow until the Japanese fell back to their final defensive positions along the Naha-Shuri-Yanabarau Road. In keeping with their motto, \"Let's Go,\" the 184th, using a rainstorm to cover their movements, outflanked the Japanese positions and effectively cut off their forces on the Chenin Peninsula. All that was left to do was mop up the scattered pockets of resistance on the peninsula. When the campaign ended, the Japanese 32d Army had lost tens of thousand of its soldiers. The 184th had lost hundreds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0026-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nThe 7th Infantry Division began planning for an invasion that was to make Okinawa look easy \u2013 the invasion of the Japanese Home Islands. The dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ended the need for the landings. If they had taken place, some predicted that over a million deaths would have occurred on both sides. Instead, the 7th was rushed to Korea to disarm the Japanese garrison there and to provide an occupation force. When the regiment arrived in Seoul, they had the honor of accepting the surrender of all Japanese forces in that region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0026-0001", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nWhile there, the regiment would lose many of its members to rotation, although there were few of the original members of regiment left by now. Those who didn't have enough points to be rotated home were used to help reform the 31st Infantry Regiment that had been destroyed on Bataan. It is ironic that the 184th, who helped destroy the Japanese 16th Division, would be rebuilding the regiment destroyed by the 16th. When the 31st Infantry Regiment was fully reconstituted, it replaced the 184th in the 7th Infantry Division's Order of Battle. On 20 January 1946, the 184th Infantry Regiment was inactivated in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0027-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nOn 5 August 1946, the 184th Infantry Regiment was relieved from assignment to the 7th Infantry Division and was assigned to the 49th Infantry Division of the California National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0028-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, World War II\nThe 184th Infantry Regiment received four Asiatic Pacific Theater streamers with the following inscriptions: ALEUTIAN ISLANDS 1942\u20131943, EASTERN MANDATES 1944 (with arrowhead), LEYTE 1944\u20131945 (with arrowhead) and RYUKYUS 1945. The regiment also received a Philippine Presidential Unit Citation with an accompanying streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945 and a Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation with an accompanying streamer embroidered KOREA 1945\u20131946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0029-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, Post\u2013World War II era\nOn 10 October 1946, the 184th Infantry Regiment was reorganized and federally recognized, with headquarters in Sacramento, as part of the 49th Infantry Division of the California National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0030-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, Post\u2013World War II era\nOn 1 May 1959, the 184th Infantry Regiment was reorganized as the 184th Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st and 2d Battle Groups, elements of the 49th Infantry Division of the California National Guard. The lineage of Company A, 184th Infantry Regiment was used to form HHC, 1st Battle Group, 184th Infantry, while the lineage of Company B, 184th Infantry Regiment was used to form HHC, 2d Battle Group, 184th Infantry. The term \"regiment\" was no longer used because regiments were no longer in the force structure, having been replaced by battle groups, and regimental numbers were only used for purposes of lineage and honors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0031-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, Post\u2013World War II era\nOn 1 March 1963, the 184th Infantry was reorganized to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions, elements of the 49th Infantry Division of the California National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0032-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, Post\u2013World War II era\nIn August 1965, the 1st and 2d Battalions of the 184th Infantry were mobilized in response to the Watts riots. The battalions were mobilized as part of the 49th Infantry Division, which arrived after much of the rioting had ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0033-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, Post\u2013World War II era\nOn 4 December 1965, the 184th Infantry was reorganized to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 49th Infantry Division of the California National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0034-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, Post\u2013World War II era\nOn 29 January 1968, the 184th Infantry was reorganized to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 49th Infantry Brigade of the California National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0035-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, Post\u2013World War II era\nOn 1 November 1976, the 184th Infantry was reorganized to consist of the 1st battalion, an element of the 40th Armored Division of the California National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0036-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, Post\u2013World War II era\nIn April 1992, elements of the first battalion were mobilized under state and federal control in response to the Los Angeles riots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0037-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nIn 2001, Companies A and B of the 1st Battalion (augmented with soldiers from other battalion elements) were mobilized under federal control for deployment to Kuwait. The soldiers conducted readiness processing and training at Camp Roberts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0038-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nIn July 2001, Company A arrived in Kuwait. In January 2002, Company A was replaced by Company B and returned to California in July 2002. Soldiers from the 1st Battalion provided security at Camp Doha and at several Patriot missile battery sites along the border with Iraq. Although the deployment was scheduled as a routine mission, the 11 September 2001 attacks occurred while Company A was in Kuwait, thus the mission changed to become part of the Global War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0039-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nCompany A returned to California as scheduled in January 2002. Company B returned to California as scheduled in July 2002. Both units returned from theater to Camp Roberts near Paso Robles, California for demobilization activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0040-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nWhile the 1st Battalion did not receive campaign participation credit, those soldiers who served with Companies A and B during this mobilization received either the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal or the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0041-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nIn August 2004, the entire 1st Battalion was mobilized for a deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 05\u201306. The battalion was initially mobilized to Camp Roberts near Paso Robles, California for initial readiness processing. On 16 August 2004, the battalion was transferred to Fort Bliss near El Paso, Texas for four months of pre-deployment training. In early January 2005, the battalion moved to Fort Polk in Louisiana for a readiness evaluation prior to movement into theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0042-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nIn late January 2005, the battalion arrived in Kuwait to acclimate and conduct final training and organization prior to moving into Iraq. In late February 2005, the battalion arrived in Baghdad, Iraq and was attached to the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 3d Infantry Division. On 23 March, the battalion assumed control of an area of operations in central and southern Baghdad from the 1st Battalion, 153d Infantry Regiment, and conducted full spectrum combat operations out of FOB Falcon and the Green Zone. The battalion's area of operations included the Karrada and Dora neighborhoods of southern Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0042-0001", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nSeveral active duty units were attached to the 1st Battalion to form \"Task Force Nightstalker\" under the command of the battalion HQ, including one company of M1A1 Abrams tanks from the 4th Battalion, 64th Armor Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0042-0002", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nThe battalion's Charlie company was temporarily assigned to provide security at the Convention Center in the Green Zone during the 16 March first meeting of the transitional National Assembly that was elected on 30 January, assuming control of the Convention Center from a company of the 2d Battalion, 325th Infantry Regiment and relinquishing control less than two months later to the 13th \"Shavnabada\" Infantry Battalion from the Republic of Georgia. The battalion provided security during the constitutional referendum held on 15 October and the election of the Council of Representatives on 15 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0042-0003", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nIn January, the battalion was relieved by a company of the 2d Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment as part of planned operations to increase the role of Iraqi Army and Police forces in the area as a substitute for United States forces. A list of twelve of the soldiers assigned to the battalion who were killed in action during this mobilization, not including five soldiers from units who were attached to Task Force Nightstalker, is available . Not since the Korean War had a unit from California had as many combat casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0043-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nThe battalion returned to Fort Bliss near El Paso, Texas in January for demobilization processing, and returned to California in January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0044-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nThe battalion received two Iraq Campaign streamers with the following inscriptions: IRAQI GOVERNANCE 2004\u20132005 and NATIONAL RESOLUTION 2005\u20132007. The battalion also received a Valorous Unit Award and streamer with the inscription BAGHDAD 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0045-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nOn 1 September 2005, Soldiers assigned to the first battalion's rear detachment (not forward deployed to Iraq) were mobilized under federal control as part Task Force California in response to Hurricane Katrina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0046-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nThe Soldiers were sent to New Orleans, Louisiana as part of Task Force California to help restore order to the city and surrounding area and provide humanitarian assistance. The Soldiers assisted the local residents in the aftermath of one of the most severe natural disasters to occur in the United States. The Soldiers who mobilized in support of relief operations in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina were released from active duty on 11 November 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0047-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nIn August 2006, elements of the 1st Battalion were mobilized under state control in response to a planned terrorist attack that was disrupted in the planning stages in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0048-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nOn 22 October 2007, elements of the 1st Battalion were mobilized under state control in response to widespread wildfires near San Diego. Elements of the battalion, although they mustered in northern California, were nonetheless some of the first California National Guard elements to occupy Montgomery Airfield in San Diego. In addition to other elements of the California National Guard, the battalion used Montgomery Airfield as their primary base of operations to conduct local civil support missions throughout San Diego County. The battalion augmented local security at several sites, including Qualcomm Stadium, that were established to support local residents who were forced to evacuate their homes. In addition, elements of the battalion augmented local authorities throughout the area, conducting patrols of evacuated neighborhoods and manning checkpoints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 958]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0049-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nAs a link to their progenitors of the 2d Infantry Regiment (California) in World War I, Montgomery Airfield is located two miles south of MCAS Miramar, which was previously named Camp Kearny. Camp Kearny was the site where many of the soldiers in the 2d Infantry Regiment (California) were mobilized and demobilized for service during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0050-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nIn July 2008, elements of the 1st Battalion were mobilized under state control in response to widespread wildfires throughout California. The battalion completed hand crew training for wildland fire fighting in conjunction with the United States Forest Service at McClellan Airfield, but the battalion was never selected to perform actual wildland fire fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0051-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nIn August 2008, the 1st Battalion's Companies A and B (augmented with soldiers from other battalion elements) were mobilized for a deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 08\u201309. The companies were released from the 184th Infantry Regiment and reassigned to the 1st Battalion, 185th Armor Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0052-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nThe two companies performed combat logistical patrols throughout northern Iraq. In August 2009, the two companies returned to California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0053-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nWhile the 1st Battalion did not receive campaign participation credit, those soldiers who served with Companies A and B during this deployment earned Iraq Campaign credit for IRAQI SURGE and IRAQI SOVEREIGNTY. The two companies also were awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation as part of the 230th Combat Support Sustainment Battalion, Tennessee Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0054-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nIn December 2008, the 1st Battalion's HQ and Company D were mobilized for a deployment in support of Operation Joint Guardian. In addition to these companies, \"Task Force Nightstalker\" consisted of Company A from the 1st Battalion, 185th Armor Regiment and Company E from the Special Troops Battalion, 79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Task Force Nightstalker was once again assigned to the 40th Infantry Division. The task force conducted initial readiness processing and training at Camp Roberts in November 2008. In December 2008, the task force moved to Camp Atterbury in Indiana for additional training. In January 2009, the task force moved to JMRC Hohenfels for final validation training prior to moving into the Kosovo theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0055-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nThe task force operated in Kosovo as part of Multinational Task Force East (KFOR 11). The task force operated as one of two maneuver task forces tasked with providing a safe and secure environment and ensuring freedom of movement in accordance with United Nations Resolution 1244. On 7 March, the task force assumed control of an area of operations in the Gnjilane, Kamenica, and Novo Brdo areas of eastern Kosovo from the 1st Battalion, 129th Field Artillery Regiment. The majority of the stability and support operations were conducted by the task force out of Camp Bondsteel. In addition to normal operations, task force Soldiers also maintained their proficiency with live fire exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0056-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nIn October 2009, Task Force Nightstalker began familiarization training with their relief force, the 231st Maneuver Task Force, a unit consisting of soldiers from both the 231st Brigade Support Battalion (ND ARNG) and the 137th Infantry Regiment (KS ARNG). In late October, Task Force Nightstalker officially handed over responsibility for their area of operations to the 231st Maneuver Task Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0057-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nIn November 2009, the task force departed Kosovo to conduct demobilization operations at Fort Lewis near Seattle, Washington and returned to California a few weeks later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0058-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nThe battalion received one Kosovo Campaign streamer with the following inscription: KOSOVO DEFENSE CAMPAIGN. Individual Soldiers may also have received the Kosovo Campaign Medal and the NATO Non-Article 5 Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0059-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nFor a year, elements of the Regiment, deployed to Jordan for Operation Spartan Shield. In 2018, they were relieved by elements of the 18th Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0060-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1924\u2013present 184th Infantry, 21st century\nFor a year, elements of the Regiment, deployed to Qatar to provide security for the Al Udeid Air Base. Other elements of the Regiment went to Bahrain, Kosovo as well as the aforementioned deployment to Jordan. After the deployments some elements went to Hawaii to assist in training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 91], "content_span": [92, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0061-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), Subordinate units\nOnly the 1st Battalion remains an active unit. The 2d Battalion was inactivated on 29 January 1968 during a reorganization of California Army National Guard forces. The 3d Battalion (pre-Pentomic battle group era) was inactivated when the regiment was reorganized on 1 May 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022903-0062-0000", "contents": "184th Infantry Regiment (United States), Subordinate units, First Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion currently serves as one of two infantry battalions of the 79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Companies A, B, and C are line infantry units, while Company D provides anti-armor support for the battalion. These are the locations for companies of the 1st Battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0000-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature\nThe 184th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7, 1981, to December 31, 1982, during the seventh and eighth years of Hugh Carey's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0001-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938 and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1971, and amended in 1974, by the Legislature, 60 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned contiguously without restrictions regarding county boundaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0002-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Liberal Party, the Conservative Party, the Right to Life Party, the Libertarian Party, the Communist Party, the Workers World Party and the Socialist Workers Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0003-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1980, was held on November 4. The only statewide elective office up for election was a U.S. Senator from New York. Republican Al D'Amato was elected with Conservative and Right to Life endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. Senator, was: Republicans 2,272,000; Democrats 2,619,000; Liberals 665,000; Conservatives 275,000; Right to Life 152,000; Libertarians 21,500; Communists 4,000; Workers World 3,500; and Socialist Workers 3,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0004-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Elections\nTwelve of the thirteen women members of the previous legislature\u2014State Senators Carol Berman (Dem. ), of Lawrence; Mary B. Goodhue (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Kisco; Olga A. M\u00e9ndez (Dem. ), of East Harlem, and Linda Winikow (Dem. ), of Spring Valley; and Assemblywomen Elizabeth Connelly (Dem. ), of Staten Island; Pinny Cooke (Rep.), of Rochester; Joan B. Hague (Rep.), of Glens Falls; Rhoda S. Jacobs (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; and Gerdi E. Lipschutz (Dem. ), of Queens; May W. Newburger (Dem. ), of Great Neck; Toni Rettaliata (Rep.), of Huntington; and Florence M. Sullivan (Rep.), a lawyer of Brooklyn\u2014were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0004-0001", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Elections\nGeraldine L. Daniels (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Gloria Davis (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Eileen C. Dugan (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Gail S. Shaffer (Dem. ), of North Blenheim; Carol A. Siwek (Rep.), of Buffalo; and Helene Weinstein (Dem. ), a lawyer of Brooklyn; were also elected to the Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0005-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1981, was held on November 3. No statewide elective offices were up for election. One vacancy each in the State Senate and the Assembly were filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0006-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Elections\nOn April 20, 1982, Aurelia Greene (Dem. ), of the Bronx, was elected to fill a vacancy in the Assembly. Thus the 184th Legislature finished having 19 women members, surpassing the previous record of 13 in the 183rd New York State Legislature (1979\u20131980).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0007-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 204th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1981; and recessed indefinitely on July 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0008-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWarren M. Anderson (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0009-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met again on September 16, 1981, to enact amendments to the election laws, concerning the primary elections in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0010-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met again from October 26 to 30, 1981, to consider welfare and tax matters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0011-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met again on December 3, 1981, to override Governor Carey's veto of a new property tax bill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0012-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 205th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1982; and recessed indefinitely on July 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0013-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 26, 1982, a special panel of federal judges, consisting of Lawrence W. Pierce, Robert J. Ward and Vincent L. Broderick, ordered the Legislature to re-apportion the legislative districts by April 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0014-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 19, the federal judges noted that the Legislature had not agreed upon a re-apportionment, and announced that they would appoint somebody to elaborate a proposal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0015-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn May 8, Senate Republicans and Assembly Democrats announced that they had agreed upon a new apportionment. The number of seats in the State Senate was increased from 60 to 61. The new district lines were gerrymandered by the Republican Senate majority to increase Republican strength, and by the Democratic Assembly majority to increase Democratic strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0016-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn June 23, the feral judges ordered Special Master Robert P. Patterson Jr. to revise the new apportionment proposed by the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0017-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn July 3, the revised re-apportionment was approved by the U.S. Department of Justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0018-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session from December 13 to 22, 1982, to consider again measures to balance the budget and to keep the mass transit fare in New York City down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0019-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. L. Paul Kehoe changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0020-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0021-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022904-0022-0000", "contents": "184th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022905-0000-0000", "contents": "184th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 184th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 184th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 184th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022905-0001-0000", "contents": "184th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 184th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio September through October 1864 and mustered in for one year service on February 1, 1865, under the command of Colonel Henry S. Commager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022905-0002-0000", "contents": "184th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio for Nashville, Tennessee, February 21; then moved to Chattanooga and to Bridgeport, Alabama, March 21. Guarded the railroad bridge over the Tennessee River at Bridgeport, and also the railroad between Bridgeport and Chattanooga, Tennessee, with frequent skirmishes with Rebel cavalry and guerrillas, March 21 through July 25. Served garrison duty at Edgefield, Tennessee, July 25 through September 20, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022905-0003-0000", "contents": "184th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 184th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 20, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee, and was discharged at Camp Chase on September 27, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022905-0004-0000", "contents": "184th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 60 men during service; 1 enlisted man killed, 1 officer and 58 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022906-0000-0000", "contents": "184th Ordnance Battalion (EOD)\nThe 184th Ordnance Battalion (EOD) of the United States Army accomplishes the explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) support activity. The EOD battalion operates under United States Army Forces Command (52nd Ordnance Group (EOD)) command and control with several companies (EOD) strategically located within each control area. Installations and MACOMs do not have a direct area support EOD responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022906-0001-0000", "contents": "184th Ordnance Battalion (EOD), Organization\nSix Ordnance Units (5 Ordnance Companies and 1 Ordnance Battalion) EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022906-0002-0000", "contents": "184th Ordnance Battalion (EOD), Organization\nFort Campbell, Kentucky-49th Ordnance Company EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal)-717th Ordnance Company EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal)-723rd Ordnance Company EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal)-744th Ordnance Company EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal)-Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment (HHD), 184th Ordnance Battalion EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022907-0000-0000", "contents": "184th Paratroopers Division \"Nembo\"\n184th Paratroopers Division \"Nembo\" (Italian: 184\u00aa Divisione paracadutisti \"Nembo\") was an airborne division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The \"Nembo\" Division was formed in December 1942 from the 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Folgore\" (which has been detached from the 185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", which was joined in the new division by the 183rd Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\" and 184th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022907-0001-0000", "contents": "184th Paratroopers Division \"Nembo\"\nWhile fighting Allied forces in North Africa, the 183rd Regiment was destroyed. The 185th Regiment was sent to fight Yugoslav partisans, and afterwards fought against the Allied landings in Sicily. It also fought on the mainland after being evacuated from Sicily. The rest of the division was sent to Sardinia in June 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022907-0002-0000", "contents": "184th Paratroopers Division \"Nembo\"\nAfter the Armistice of Cassibile and formation of the Allied-aligned Italian Co-belligerent Army, the main part of the \"Nembo\" continued to fight on the Axis side as part of Mussolini's National Republican Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022907-0003-0000", "contents": "184th Paratroopers Division \"Nembo\", History\nThe Nembo was sent to Yugoslavia in the spring of 1943, on anti-partisan operations near the Italian border city of Gorizia. In June 1943, the 183 and 184 Parachute Regiments were sent to Sardinia to defend the island against what was expected to be the main Allied landing. The 185 Parachute Regiment was sent to Calabria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022907-0004-0000", "contents": "184th Paratroopers Division \"Nembo\", History\nWhen the Allies landed in Sicily in July 1943, the 185th Regiment was sent to reinforce the island but it arrived too late to affect the outcome. It was selected to form the rear guard and protect the withdrawing Italian and German forces, which were evacuating to the mainland. After the allied landings in Southern Italy the division engaged the British 8th Army in the Aspromonte massif, with a notable battle fought against Canadian troops on 8 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022907-0005-0000", "contents": "184th Paratroopers Division \"Nembo\", History\nAfter the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces the XII Paratroopers Battalion of the 184th Regiment and the majority of the III Paratroopers Battalion of the 185th Regiment sided with the retreating Germans and formed part of the German 4th Fallschirmj\u00e4ger Division, while the rest of the division joined the Italian Co-Belligerent Army. Some of the \"Nembo\" parachutists who joined the Allies later participated in Operation Herring, the war's final airborne combat drop over Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022907-0006-0000", "contents": "184th Paratroopers Division \"Nembo\", History\nIn January 1944, the Allies launched Operation Shingle, and the division fought against them in the landings at Anzio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022908-0000-0000", "contents": "184th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 184th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022908-0001-0000", "contents": "184th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 184th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in May 1864 and mustered in under the command of Colonel John Hubler Stover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022908-0002-0000", "contents": "184th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022908-0003-0000", "contents": "184th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 184th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on July 14, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022908-0004-0000", "contents": "184th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to join Army of the Potomac in the field, and reported May 28, 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 28-June 12. Totopotomoy May 28-31. Cold Harbor June 1-12. Before Petersburg June 16-18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864 to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22-23, 1864. Demonstration on north side of the James at Deep Bottom July 27-29. Deep Bottom July 27-28. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30 (reserve). Demonstration north of the James at Deep Bottom August 13-20. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14-18. Ream's Station August 25. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27-28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022908-0004-0001", "contents": "184th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nReconnaissance to Hatcher's Run December 9-10. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5-7, 1865. Watkins' House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Boydton and White Oak Roads March 30-31. Crow's House March 31. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge and Farmville April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Washington, D.C., May 2-12. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022908-0005-0000", "contents": "184th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 235 men during service; 3 officers and 110 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 122 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022909-0000-0000", "contents": "184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment\nThe 184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian Latin: 184. izvi\u0111a\u010dki avijacijski puk, 184. \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0452\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) was an aviation regiment established in 1948 as the Night Bomber Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Vazduhoplovni no\u0107ni bombarderski puk, \u0412\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u045b\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a), then the 184th Light Night Bomber Aviation Regiment, before adopting its final name from 1952 until its disestablishment in 1966. It was equipped with a number of reconnaissance aircraft, from the Soviet-made Polikarpov Po-2 to the North American F-86D Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022909-0001-0000", "contents": "184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, History, Night Bomber Aviation Regiment and 184th Light Night Bomber Aviation Regiment\nThe Night Bomber Aviation Regiment was formed in May 1948 at Polje Airport, Ljubljana in the People's Republic of Slovenia of Yugoslavia. A few months later it was renamed using a pattern adopted for all units of the Yugoslav Air Force, becoming the 184th Light Night Bomber Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 126], "content_span": [127, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022909-0002-0000", "contents": "184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, History, Night Bomber Aviation Regiment and 184th Light Night Bomber Aviation Regiment\nThe regiment was initially equipped with Soviet-made Polikarpov Po-2 biplanes, and was part of the 32nd Aviation Division. In 1949, it has relocated from Ljubljana to Banja Luka airfield, where it remained for a year. The regiment again relocated to the Borongaj airfield near Zagreb, and in 1951 it moved to its final base at Pleso airport, also near Zagreb. The regiment was disbanded in January 1952, when it joined with the 715th Independent Reconnaissance Squadron to form the 184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment. Throughout its existence, the commander of regiment was Branko Glumac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 126], "content_span": [127, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022909-0003-0000", "contents": "184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, History, 184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment\nThe newly established regiment remained at Pleso until it was disbanded. It was armed with British-made de Havilland Mosquito aircraft until 1960, when they were replaced with US made Republic F-84 Thunderjet reconnaissance jet-aircraft. The Thunderjet aircraft were subsequently replaced with North American F-86D Sabre aircraft in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022909-0004-0000", "contents": "184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, History, 184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment\nIn 1961, the application of the \"Drvar\" reorganisation of the Yugoslav Air Force called for a new designation system to identify squadrons, so the two squadrons of the 184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment became the 352nd and 353rd Reconnaissance Aviation Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022909-0005-0000", "contents": "184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, History, 184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment\nThe regiment was disbanded in 1966 at Pleso. The 353rd Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron was disbanded, while the 352nd Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron was transferred to the 82nd Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022909-0006-0000", "contents": "184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, History, 184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of regiment were Spasen Zarevski, Petrovi\u0107 Nikola, Lazar Savi\u0107evi\u0107, Milan Crnomarkovi\u0107 and Mitar Mitrovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022910-0000-0000", "contents": "184th TLC Support Battalion \"Cansiglio\"\nThe 184th TLC Support Battalion \"Cansiglio\" (Italian: 184\u00b0 Battaglione Sostegno TLC \"Cansiglio\") is a telecommunications (TLC) support battalion of the Italian Army's signal corps. The battalion is based in Treviso in Veneto and operationally assigned to the Army Logistic Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022910-0001-0000", "contents": "184th TLC Support Battalion \"Cansiglio\", Current Structure\nAs of 2019 the 184th TLC Support Battalion \"Cansiglio\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022910-0002-0000", "contents": "184th TLC Support Battalion \"Cansiglio\", Current Structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0000-0000", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company\nThe 184th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0001-0000", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0002-0000", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0002-0001", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0002-0002", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0003-0000", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0004-0000", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history\n184th Tunnelling Company included a significant number of miners from South Wales, as did the 170th, 171st, 172nd, 253rd and 254th Tunnelling Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0005-0000", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme\n184th Tunnelling Company was formed in Rouen in October 1915, moved immediately to the Somme area, for work at Maricourt. From its formation until the end of the war the company served under Second Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0006-0000", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nBy spring 1916, the 184th Tunnelling Company was active at Vimy, an area of busy underground activity for much of the war. British tunnellers progressively took over mining in the area from the French between February and May 1916. In addition to 184th Tunnelling Company, other units active around Vimy were 172nd,  175th, 176th, 182nd and 185th Tunnelling Companies. From spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge, and  during the first two months of their tenure in the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0006-0001", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nBetween October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this 7 kilometres (4.3\u00a0mi) sector of the Western Front. In May 1916, a German infantry attack, which forced the British back 640 metres (700\u00a0yd), was aimed at neutralising British mining activity by capturing the shaft entrances. From June 1916, however, the Germans withdrew many miners to work on the Hindenburg Line and also for work in coal mines in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0006-0002", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nIn the second half of 1916 the British constructed strong defensive underground positions, and from August 1916, the  Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme to support a large-scale infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was subsequently postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of 12 kilometres (7.5\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0007-0000", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nThe Canadian Corps was posted to the northern part of Vimy Ridge in October 1916 and preparations for an attack were revived in February 1917. Prior to the Battle of Vimy Ridge (9 \u2013 12 April 1917), the British tunnelling companies secretly laid a series of explosive charges under German positions in an effort to destroy surface fortifications before the assault. The original plan had called for 17 mines and 9 Wombat charges to support the infantry attack, of which 13 (possibly 14) mines and 8 Wombat charges were eventually laid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0007-0001", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nAt the same time, 19 crater groups existed along this section of the Western Front, each with several large craters. In order to assess the consequences of infantry having to advance across cratered ground after a mining attack, officers from the Canadian Corps visited La Boisselle and Fricourt where the mines on the first day of the Somme had been blown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0007-0002", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nTheir reports and the experience of the Canadians at St Eloi in April 1916 \u2013 where mines had so altered and damaged the landscape as to render occupation of the mine craters by the infantry all but impossible \u2013, led to the decision to remove offensive mining from the central sector allocated to the Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0007-0003", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nFurther British mines in the area were vetoed following the blowing by the Germans on 23 March 1917 of nine craters along no man's land as it was probable that the Germans were aiming to restrict an Allied attack to predictable points. The three mines already laid by 172nd Tunnelling Company were also dropped from the British plans. They were left in place after the assault and were only removed in the 1990s. Another mine, prepared by 176th Tunnelling Company against the German strongpoint known as the Pimple, was not completed in time for the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0007-0004", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916\nThe gallery had been pushed silently through the clay, avoiding the sandy and chalky layers of the Vimy Ridge, but by 9 April 1917 was still 21 metres (70\u00a0ft) short of its target. In the end, two mines were blown before the attack, while three mines and two Wombat charges were fired to support the attack, including those forming a northern flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0008-0000", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Arras 1916/17\nBefore the Battle of Arras (9 April \u2013 16 May 1917), the 184th Tunnelling Company were engaged in Arras on Fish Avenue Tunnel, and in helping construct emplacements for heavy mortars. The British forces controlling Arras had decided to re-use the ancient underground quarries in the town to aid a planned offensive against the Germans, whose trenches ran through what are now the eastern suburbs of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0008-0001", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Arras 1916/17\nThe underground quarries were to be linked up by tunnels so that they could be used both as shelters from the incessant German shelling and as a means of conveying troops to the front in secrecy and safety. From October 1916, the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers had been constructing tunnels for the troops, focusing on Carri\u00e8re Wellington, a former underground quarry in Ronville near Arras. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company had carried out a first exploration of the underground quarries in the Ronville and Saint-Sauveur districts of Arras on 5 November 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0008-0002", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Arras 1916/17\nWhile the New Zealanders were moving into place, the 184th Tunnelling Company began work on connection tunnels at Saint-Sauveur on 25 November 1916. The scale of this undertaking was enormous: in one sector alone four Tunnelling Companies (of 500 men each) worked around the clock in 18-hour shifts for two months. By the end of January 1917, the Royal Engineers had constructed 20\u00a0kilometres of tunnels linking the ancient underground quarries of Arras. The tunnel system could accommodate 24,000 men and was equipped with running water, electric light, kitchens, latrines, a small power station and a medical centre with a fully equipped operating theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0009-0000", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Passchendaele 1917\n184th Tunnelling Company moved to Nieuwpoort in June 1917. Worked on underground shelters along the coast to De Panne. 184th Tunnelling Company then moved to Ypres-Brielen sector to prepare tank crossings over Ypres canal for attack on 31 July 1917, the beginning of the Battle of Passchendaele. In connection with that battle, the unit helped six fighting tanks (of 8 Company, C Battalion, with 15th Division, XIX Corps, 5th Army) cross the Steenbeek on 22 August 1917. On that day, 8 Company had 10 fighting tanks and two supply tanks in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022911-0010-0000", "contents": "184th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, German spring offensive\nIn April 1918, the 184th and several other tunnelling companies (171st, 173rd, 183rd, 255th, 258th and 3rd Australian) were forced to move from their camps at Boeschepe, when the enemy broke through the Lys positions during the German spring offensive. These units were then put on duties that included digging and wiring trenches over a long distance from Reningelst to near Saint-Omer. The operation to construct these fortifications between Reningelst and Saint-Omer was carried out jointly by the British 171st, 173rd, 183rd, 184th, 255th, 258th, 3rd Canadian and 3rd Australian Tunnelling Companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022912-0000-0000", "contents": "184th Warsaw Infantry Regiment\nThe 184th Warsaw Infantry Regiment (Russian: 184 \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a) was an infantry regiment of the Imperial Russian Army. The regiment was formed on March 27, 1811 in the reign of Alexander I of Russia. The distinctive \"Warsaw\" received during Congress Poland. The festival was celebrated on March 27. In 1914 the unit was stationed in Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast, located 300 miles northeast of Moscow. In the 46 infantry division (xxv army corps). soldier regiment was, inter alia, Pavel Argeyev, p\u00f3\u017anieszy as hunting of World War I, and from 1907 - 1909 Konstantin Kalinin known aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0000-0000", "contents": "184th Wing\nThe 184th Wing (184 WG) is a unit of the Kansas Air National Guard, stationed at McConnell Air Force Base, Wichita, Kansas. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Sixteenth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0001-0000", "contents": "184th Wing\nThe 127th Command and Control Squadron assigned to the Wings 184th Regional Support Group, is a descendant organization of the 127th Observation Squadron, established on 30 July 1940. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0002-0000", "contents": "184th Wing, Overview\nThe Kansas Air National Guard's 184th Intelligence Wing, Wichita, officially changed its name 1 Aug. 2019 to the 184th Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0003-0000", "contents": "184th Wing, Overview\nIn April 2008 the 184th Intelligence Wing became the first Intelligence Wing in the Air National Guard. The Wing encompasses a variety of missions at the federal, state, and community levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0004-0000", "contents": "184th Wing, History\nOn 1 October 1962, the Kansas Air National Guard 127th Tactical Fighter Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 184th Tactical Fighter Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 127th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 184th Headquarters, 184th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 184th Combat Support Squadron, and the 184th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0005-0000", "contents": "184th Wing, History\nIn January 1968, following North Korea's seizure of the USS\u00a0Pueblo, the 127th TFS was ordered to extended active duty, and deployed to Kunsan Air Base, South Korea and assigned to the PACAF 354th Tactical Fighter Wing at Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. As a result of this federalization, the 184th TFG was placed in a non-operational status. The 127th was released from active duty in June 1969, being returned to Kansas state control. When returned to the 184th TFG, the group was returned to operational status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0006-0000", "contents": "184th Wing, History\nOn 25 March 1971, the 184th was designated the 184th Tactical Fighter Training Group and acquired the F-105 Thunderchief aircraft, receiving Vietnam War returning aircraft. As the USAF Combat Crew Training School, the unit conducted pilot training in the F-105 for nine years. On 1 October 1973, the 184th assumed the responsibility of operating and maintaining the Smoky Hill Weapons Range at Salina, Kansas. With over 36,000 acres, Smoky Hill is the Air National Guard's largest weapons range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0007-0000", "contents": "184th Wing, History\nOn 7 August 1979, the unit received its first F-4D Phantom II, and on 8 October 1979, was designated as the 184th Tactical Fighter Group, equipped with 50 F-4D's. In April 1982, the 184th was tasked to develop a F-4D Fighter Weapons Instructor Course to meet the needs of the Air Reserve Forces and the USAF Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0008-0000", "contents": "184th Wing, History\nIn January 1987, the 184th was tasked to activate a squadron of F-16A/B Fighting Falcon aircraft, and conduct conversion and upgrade training in the F-16. On 8 July 1987, the 161st Tactical Fighter Training Squadron was established as the third flying squadron at the 184th TFG. Formal activation ceremonies for the 161st occurred on 12 September 1987, with the unit flying 10 F-16s and conducting its first student training class. A third training squadron, the 177th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron was activated on 1 February 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0009-0000", "contents": "184th Wing, History\nIn August 1988, the 127th Tactical Fighter Squadron graduated its final Fighter Weapons Instructor Course Class. The 127th TFS converted as the second F-16 training squadron. The last F-4D departed from the 184th TFG on 31 March 1990. The first F-16C Fighting Falcon arrived at the 184th TFG in July 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0010-0000", "contents": "184th Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nIn July 1993, the 184th Fighter Group changed gaining commands and became part of the new Air Education and Training Command. In July 1994, the 184th Fighter Group was designated at the 184th Bomb Wing and again became part of the Air Combat Command, flying the B-1B Lancer. The 184th was the first Air National Guard unit to fly bombers. The 127th Bomb Squadron received its B-1Bs from the former 28th Bomb Squadron/384th Bomb Wing at McConnell. With the receipt of the B-1, the 161st and 177th Fighter Squadrons were inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0011-0000", "contents": "184th Wing, History, Post Cold War era\nIn order to save money, the USAF agreed to reduce its active fleet of B-1Bs from 92 to 60 aircraft. The first B-1B was flown to storage at AMARC on 20 August 2002. In total, 24 B-1Bs were consigned to storage at AMARC, with ten of these being retained in \"active storage\" which means that they could be quickly returned to service should circumstances dictate. The remaining 14 in storage at AMARC will be scavenged for spare parts to keep the remainder flying. The remaining 8 aircraft to be withdrawn from service were placed on static display at various museums. In exchange for retiring its B-1s, the 184th was redesigned the 184th Air Refueling Wing on 16 September 2002, flying the KC-135R tanker. In addition to the tanker mission, the 184th also took on several new missions within the information operations mission set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0012-0000", "contents": "184th Wing, History, BRAC 2005\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign McConnell Air National Guard (ANG) Base by relocating the 184th Air Refueling Wing (ANG) nine KC-135R aircraft to the 190th Air Refueling Wing at Forbes Field AGS, which would retire its eight assigned KC-135E aircraft. The 184th Air Refueling Wing 's operations and maintenance manpower would transfer with the aircraft to Forbes. Realigning ANG KC-135R aircraft from McConnell to Forbes would replace the 190th's aging, higher maintenance KC-135E aircraft with newer models while retaining the experienced personnel from one of the highest-ranking reserve component tanker bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022913-0013-0000", "contents": "184th Wing, History, BRAC 2005\nIn June 2007, the 190 ARW gained custody of all KC-135R aircraft from the 184th ARW. This action consolidated all of the Kansas ANG's KC-135R assets into a single wing located at Forbes Field. In April 2008, the 184th Air Refueling Wing was designated the 184th Intelligence Wing making it the first Intelligence Wing in the Air National Guard. With the loss of the flying mission the \"Flying Jayhawks\" are now the \"Fighting Jayhawks\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022914-0000-0000", "contents": "185\nYear 185 (CLXXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lascivius and Atilius (or, less frequently, year 938 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 185 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022915-0000-0000", "contents": "185 (number)\n185 (one hundred [and] eighty-five) is the natural number following 184 and preceding 186.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022916-0000-0000", "contents": "185 BC\nYear 185 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pulcher and Puditanus (or, less frequently, year 569 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 185 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022917-0000-0000", "contents": "185 Eunike\nEunike (minor planet designation: 185 Eunike) is a dark and very large main-belt asteroid, with an approximate diameter of 157 kilometres. It has a primitive carbonaceous composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022917-0001-0000", "contents": "185 Eunike\nIt was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on March 1, 1878, in Clinton, New York and named after Eunike, a Nereid in Greek mythology whose name means 'happy victory'. The name was chosen to celebrate the Treaty of San Stefano (1878).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022917-0002-0000", "contents": "185 Eunike\nBased upon photometric observations made between 2010 and 2014, this asteroid has a rotation period of 21.812 \u00b1 0.001 hours and a brightnessvariation of 0.08 \u00b1 0.01 in magnitude. At opposition, the absolute magnitude was measured at 7.45 \u00b1 0.01. It displays a hemispheric albedo dichotomy similar to that on 4 Vesta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022917-0003-0000", "contents": "185 Eunike\nAs of 17 September 2020, there have been thirteen observed occultations of stars by Eunike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022918-0000-0000", "contents": "185 empty chairs\n185 empty chairs, also known as 185 white chairs or 185 empty white chairs or simply as 185 chairs, is an unofficial memorial for the 185 individuals who died in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Envisaged as a short-term installation made from chairs painted white, it has become a major tourist attraction in Christchurch, New Zealand. Installed at the day of the earthquake's first anniversary, it preceded the official earthquake memorial\u2014the Canterbury Earthquake National Memorial\u2014by five years. As of 2017, there is a desire to turn the temporary installation into a permanent fixture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022918-0001-0000", "contents": "185 empty chairs, History\nChristchurch was struck by an earthquake on 22 February 2011 that killed 185 people. On the day of the earthquake's first memorial, local artist Peter Majendie arranged 185 empty chairs that he had painted white on the site of the demolished Oxford Terrace Baptist Church. The day after the installation, the local newspaper The Press reported that the artist's intention was for the memorial to stay for a week. The artist himself said later that he thought the chairs should stay for three weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022918-0002-0000", "contents": "185 empty chairs, History\nMajendie's main inspiration for the installation came from paintings by Vincent van Gogh of empty chairs, representing their owners' different personalities. When he created his artwork, Majendie was aware of the Field of Empty Chairs as part of the Oklahoma City National Memorial, and the chairs in New York's Bryant Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022918-0003-0000", "contents": "185 empty chairs, History\nIn October 2012, the installation moved a few hundred metres south to the site of the demolished St Paul's Church, as building activity was to start at the Baptist Church site. This second site is diagonally opposite the CTV Building site where 115 people died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022918-0004-0000", "contents": "185 empty chairs, History\nWhen the winning design for the Canterbury Earthquake National Memorial was announced in May 2015, Majendie started considering the future of his temporary installation. He pondered the idea of having the chairs made into a permanent fixture. In January 2017, Majendie firmed up on the idea and proposed to turn the temporary installation into a permanent one by casting chairs in aluminium and having them powder-coated white. It was also necessary to find a new site, as the St Paul's Church site was designated by the government for the proposed Christchurch Stadium. Majendie favoured the CTV site for the installation. The placement at the CTV site was rejected by some of the relatives of the victims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022918-0005-0000", "contents": "185 empty chairs, History\nThe official earthquake memorial was unveiled on 22 February 2017, six years after the earthquake causing the 185 deaths, and five years after Majendie installed his installation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022918-0006-0000", "contents": "185 empty chairs, Reception\nThe American travel website TripAdvisor lists 185 empty chairs as the city's top landmark attraction (ahead of the Christchurch Gondola and the Cardboard Cathedral), and puts it in fourth place across New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0000-0000", "contents": "185 series\nThe 185 series(Japanese: 185\u7cfb) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) primarily on mid-distance limited express services centering on Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0001-0000", "contents": "185 series\nThe class is broadly divided into two variants: 185-0 series for use south-west of Tokyo, and 185-200 series originally for use north of Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0002-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-0 series\nThe 185 series was primarily intended to replace ageing 153 series EMUs used on Izu express trains from Tokyo to the Izu Peninsula. The requirement was also for a \"general-purpose\" train that could also be used occasionally on local services. This resulted in a design featuring 1,000\u00a0mm wide doors at either end of each car, compared with the standard limited express (e.g. 183 series) layout with 700\u00a0mm wide doors at one end of each car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0003-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-0 series\nA total of eight 10-car sets (sets A1 to A8, including two Green cars) and seven 5-car sets (sets C1 to C7) were built between 1979 and 1980 (115 vehicles in total), and delivered to Tamachi depot. Initially, they were phased in on Izu express trains from March 1981, working alongside (and sometimes coupled with) the older 153 series trains. In October 1981, the Izu express was upgraded to become the Odoriko limited express, with all trains formed of 185 series sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0004-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-0 series\nThe Tamachi Depot fleet was transferred to \u014cmiya Depot from the start of the 16 March 2013 timetable revision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0005-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-0 series, Formations, 10-car sets A1 to A8\nThe 10-car sets A1 to A8 are formed as follows, with car 1 at the Izu end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0006-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-0 series, Formations, 10-car sets A1 to A8\nCars 3, 7, and 9 each have one lozenge-type pantograph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0007-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-0 series, Formations, 5-car sets C1 to C7\nThe 5-car sets C1 to C7 are formed as follows, with car 11 at the Izu end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0008-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-0 series, Refurbishment\nBetween 1993 and 1998, the original Japanese-style toilets in cars 1, 5, and 10 of the A sets, and cars 11 and 15 of the C sets were replaced with western-style toilets. In 1998, the Green car seats were upgraded. Then, from 1999 to 2002, all sets underwent refurbishment, which primarily involved replacing the original flip-over seating in standard-class cars with rotating/reclining seats to bring the level of accommodation in line with other limited express rolling stock. Externally, the sets were repainted from the original white livery with diagonal green stripes to white with \"Sh\u014dnan\" green and orange blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0009-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series\nSixteen 7-car sets (112 vehicles) including one Green car were delivered between 1980 and 1981 to Shin-Maebashi depot to replace ageing 165 series EMUs. Compared with the earlier 185-0 series sets, these had cold-region specifications, including snow-resistant brakes, front-end horn covers, and were able to operate over the Usui Pass between Yokokawa and Karuizawa in conjunction with JNR Class EF63 electric locomotives. Livery was white with a single green band running the length of each car below the windows. The first trains were introduced on express services such as the Kusatsu and Karuizawa from December 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0010-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series\nThe \u014cmiya-based sets are used on Kusatsu (Ueno - Manza-Kazawaguchi), Minakami (Ueno - Minakami), and Akagi (Ueno - Maebashi) limited express services, as well as Weekend Akagi services. The Tamachi-based B sets are used on Ohay\u014d Tochigi (Shinjuku - Kuroiso/Utsunomiya) and Hometown Tochigi (Shinjuku - Kuroiso) services as well as Odoriko and Hamakaiji limited express services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0011-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series\nFrom March 2013, the \"OM\" sets were reversed and reformed with the Green car moved from Car 6 to Car 4 to match the \"B\" sets transferred from Tamachi Depot. As of 1 April 2013, sets OM03, OM06, OM08, and OM09 remain unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0012-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series, Formations, 7-car sets OM01 to OM09\nThe 7-car sets OM01 to OM09 are formed as follows, with car 1 at the south (Ueno/Izu) end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0013-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series, Formations, 7-car sets B1 to B7\nThe 7-car sets B1 to B7 (former Tamachi sets) are formed as follows, with car 1 at the south (Ueno/Izu) end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 59], "content_span": [60, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0014-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series, Formations, Original \"OM\" 7-car sets\nThe 7-car \"OM\" sets based at \u014cmiya were formed as follows prior to March 2013, with car 1 at the south (Ueno) end. As of 1\u00a0April\u00a02013, sets OM03, OM06, OM08, and OM09 remain unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 64], "content_span": [65, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0015-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series, Shinkansen Relay\nBetween 23 June 1982 and March 1985, the 185-200 series trains were also used on special Shinkansen Relay shuttle services operating between Ueno in Tokyo and \u014cmiya, the then southern terminus of the newly opened T\u014dhoku Shinkansen. These services ended in March 1985 when the shinkansen line was extended to Ueno. Four sets were then transferred to Tamachi depot for use on Odoriko services. These sets were reformed with the Green car moved from car 6 to car 4, and were repainted with diagonal green stripes to match the 185-0 series sets based at Tamachi depot. A further three sets were transferred to Tamachi between 1988 and 1991, becoming sets B1 to B7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0016-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series, Refurbishment\nBetween 1993 and 1998, the original Japanese-style toilets in cars 1, 4, and 7 of the Tamachi-based B sets were replaced with western-style toilets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0017-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series, Refurbishment\nThe nine sets remaining at Shin-Maebashi depot were all refurbished between September 1995 and November 1996. Refurbishment involved replacing the original flip-over seating in standard-class cars with rotating/reclining seats. Externally, the sets were repainted in white with yellow/grey/red blocks intended to represent the J\u014dm\u014d mountain range together with \"EXPRESS 185\" markings below the windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0018-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series, Refurbishment\nIn March 2006, the Shin-Maebashi-based sets were transferred to \u014cmiya depot, becoming sets OM01 to OM09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0019-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series, Refurbishment\nBetween March and June 1996, three of the 7-car sets based at Tamachi (B3 to B5) were fitted with ATC equipment for use on the Keihin-T\u014dhoku Line and Negishi Line when operating on Hamakaiji services. These sets were upgraded with D-ATC equipment between January 2006 and March 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0020-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series, Interior\nStandard-class seating in refurbished 185-200 series train in September 2006", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0021-0000", "contents": "185 series, 185-200 series, Interior\nGreen-class seating in refurbished 185-200 series train in September 2006", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0022-0000", "contents": "185 series, Reliveried sets, Sh\u014dnan-livery OM03\nIn September 2010, 7-car set OM03 was repainted into the Sh\u014dnan colour scheme of orange and green (never previously carried by this type) to recreate the appearance of the early 80 series EMUs, as part of the 50th anniversary celebrations of the Kusatsu limited express service scheduled for October of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0023-0000", "contents": "185 series, Reliveried sets, Original Odoriko-livery A8\nIn July 2011, 10-car Tamachi-based set A8 was repainted into the original Odoriko colour scheme of white with green diagonal stripes at \u014cmiya Works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0024-0000", "contents": "185 series, Reliveried sets, Original Odoriko-livery C1\nIn June 2012, 5-car Tamachi-based set C1 was repainted into the original Odoriko colour scheme of white with green diagonal stripes at \u014cmiya Works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0025-0000", "contents": "185 series, Reliveried sets, Amagi-livery OM08\nIn February 2012, 7-car set OM08 was repainted into the JNR colour scheme of beige and maroon (never previously carried by this type) at \u014cmiya Works to recreate the appearance of the early 157 series EMUs used on Amagi services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022919-0026-0000", "contents": "185 series, Withdrawal\nEast Japan Railway Company has recently announced, that all 185 series sets will be scrapped by 2022. Currently they are serving as Temporary trains", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022920-0000-0000", "contents": "1850\n1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1850th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 850th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 50th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1850, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1850 Atlantic hurricane season was the last season excluded from the scope of the official Atlantic hurricane database. Although meteorological records are sparse and generally incomplete, they indicate that three significant tropical cyclones affected land, each causing some degree of damage. The first system struck North Carolina on July 18, causing significant damage before battering the Mid-Atlantic states with high tides, strong winds, and heavy rainfall. Torrential rainfall caused river flooding from Baltimore to Philadelphia, particularly along the Schuylkill River, which took the lives of 20 people in various incidents. Strong winds damaged property and public facilities in and around New York City, and damaging floods extended into central and northern New England. Crops and railroad infrastructure suffered throughout the entire region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season\nOn August 22, a strong hurricane impacted Havana, Cuba, destroying fruit trees and disrupting shipping, before making landfall on the Florida Panhandle with an enormous storm surge. Coastal flooding was severe around Apalachicola, and as the storm moved inland, it generated destructive winds across the southeastern United States. Abundant precipitation fell from Georgia through Virginia, causing extensive flooding; one river swelled over 20 feet (6 m) above its normal height. The storm blew down crops and trees along its course, and toppled a large railroad bridge near Halifax, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0001-0001", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season\nOffshore, a pilot boat collided with a larger ship in the rough seas and sank. Considered the worst storm in nearly 30 years in the tidewater region of Virginia, the cyclone briefly reentered the Atlantic off New Jersey before making landfall over New England. Strong winds and moderate to heavy rains plagued much of New England on August 24 and 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season\nOn September 7 and 8, a hurricane brushed the coastline from New York to Cape Cod with gusty winds and appreciable rainfall, and left many ships in distress. The system later struck Atlantic Canada, likely causing \"great loss of property and lives\", though damage reports were limited. Fragmented records exist of other hurricanes, including two which remained over open seas in early September and the middle of October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Background\nAttempts to catalog Atlantic hurricanes in the first half of the 19th century began as early as 1855, when Andr\u00e9s Poey compiled information on just over 400 tropical cyclones from 1493 to 1855. However, Poey listed only three of the five or more hurricanes that developed in 1850. In his 1963 book, Early American Hurricanes, 1492\u20131870, weather researcher David M. Ludlum discusses, in greater detail, three significant tropical cyclones that impacted the United States in 1850. Unusually, all three heavily impacted the northeastern states; Ludlum compares the season to 1954, in which three major tropical systems impacted the Eastern Seaboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0003-0001", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Background\nMore traditional hurricane targets, such as Florida, were spared the brunt of seasonal tropical cyclone activity in 1850, while the atmosphere farther north was abnormally tropical. Newark, New Jersey, had its warmest\u2014and one of its rainiest\u2014summers on record at the time, owing to frequent nearby hurricanes and the influx of tropical air. Meteorological reports pertaining to the season were largely lost in a Smithsonian Institution fire in 1856, limiting what is known about hurricane activity in 1850. As the season falls outside the scope of the Atlantic hurricane database (1851 onward) and its associated reanalysis project, records are regarded as incomplete. Extant accounts of the storms in 1850 are chiefly based on private weather records and press reports, and only approximate storm tracks are known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0004-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Mid-July\nThe first documented hurricane in 1850 originated in the Caribbean Sea, where it wrecked dozens of ships along the Windward Islands on July 11 and 12. On July 18, the storm struck North Carolina from the south as a hurricane of at least Category 1 intensity (on the modern-day Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale) and proceeded northward. Although the exact point of landfall is unknown, the system is believed to have moved ashore south of Cape Hatteras. Ships just off the state's coast battled three days of hurricane conditions from July 15 to July 18. Onshore, \"great damage\" occurred from Wilmington to Elizabeth City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0005-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Mid-July\nIntense wave action churned the Chesapeake Bay, while storm-heightened tides up to 6\u00a0ft (1.8\u00a0m) above normal flooded  wharves and coastal communities. The Baltimore area endured persistent gale-force winds accompanied by torrential rainfall. As streams and rivers swelled above their banks, cellars and streets became inundated by floodwaters. Many trees were blown down and numerous poorly built or unfinished buildings were destroyed. The storm cut telegraph communications between Baltimore and surrounding areas. In the countryside, low-lying hay fields were flooded and most of the corn crop was decimated. At Bladensburg, Maryland, a train station and locomotive were washed into an adjacent flooded waterway. Arrivals of ships into port were delayed by the storm, which one captain held to be the worst he had ever observed, and some vessels incurred extensive damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0006-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Mid-July\nThe storm's effects quickly spread northward. Winds at Philadelphia began to increase in the morning on July 18, becoming severe by the evening hours. Air pressure fell to 993 millibars (29.3\u00a0inHg) early on July 19 as the hurricane's center passed to the west, and the city received more than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) of rainfall. The storm wrought significant damage throughout the city, including to trees, signs, and structures. A number of houses were demolished, and many more\u2014including a large brick building near Rittenhouse Square\u2014suffered damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0006-0001", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Mid-July\nMajor freshwater flooding was observed in the area, especially along the Schuylkill River, which rapidly rose to its highest level since 1838. A large quantity of lumber was swept away, and several docks were submerged. Their \"worst apprehensions realized\", hundreds of residents worked hurriedly to mitigate damage from the flooding. Bridges over the river at Phoenixville were washed away, resulting in the deaths of four individuals. A lock of a dam upstream of Phoenixville gave way, destroying a boat and killing its occupants. Four men and a child reportedly drowned on the river's banks near Conshohocken. Railways were covered with up to 3 feet of water in low-lying spots. Numerous small craft capsized on the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers. Overall, 20 people died in various storm-related tragedies along the Schuylkill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0007-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Mid-July\nThe hurricane took a heavy toll on agriculture in the Mid-Atlantic states. Rampant flooding outside Philadelphia destroyed fruit orchards, and in nearby Burlington, New Jersey, strong winds and heavy rainfall inflicted significant damage to crops on the night of July 18, leaving entire fields of corn blown down. The Delaware River burst its banks at Burlington, inundating nearby lowlands. Notable flooding also took place along the Lehigh River. Telegraph lines north of Philadelphia were crippled, limiting communications in the storm's aftermath. Throughout the region, downed trees blocked railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0008-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Mid-July\n\"The parks are literally carpeted with boughs and leaves, and many beautiful trees are prostrate.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0009-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Mid-July\nHurricane-force gusts buffeted Newark, New Jersey, and rainfall exceeded a weather observer's rain gauge capacity of 4.75\u00a0in (121\u00a0mm). Strong winds imperiled New York City late on July 18 into the next morning; there was widespread tree damage, with branches and leaves littering the ground, and many specimens uprooted or snapped. The storm ruined awnings and tore metal roofs off several buildings. Some ships in New York Harbor were ripped from their anchors and blown aground; further east, multiple coaster vessels were wrecked along the coast of Long Island. The winds and storm tides destroyed bath houses and other facilities at Coney Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0010-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Mid-July\nAs the storm tracked northward through central New York State, it produced high southeasterly winds and heavy rainfall across most of New England. At Fort Trumbull along the coast of Connecticut, heavy rainfall starting early on July 19 accumulated to 3.24\u00a0in (82\u00a0mm). At Hartford, flooding caused about $100,000 (1850 USD) in losses. Southeasterly winds peaked at tropical storm-force. Damage to property and crops was confined to western New England, leaving areas such as eastern Massachusetts unscathed. Less substantial rain was reported at Providence, amounting to 1\u00a0in (25\u00a0mm). The rain shield extended into far-northern New England, producing 5\u00a0in (130\u00a0mm) of precipitation at Montpelier, Vermont, and 3.23\u00a0in (82\u00a0mm) at Burlington. The resultant flooding was in some cases the greatest in recent memory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0011-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late August\nA tropical system first observed near Barbados on August 16 proceeded to affect the Windward Islands before yielding hurricane conditions at Ponce, Puerto Rico, on August 20. Two days later, the hurricane tracked over western Cuba, causing severe weather conditions around Havana. The storm destroyed large swaths of banana and plantain trees, and all vessels in Havana Harbor dragged anchors at the height of the hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0012-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late August\nThe storm moved north over the eastern Gulf of Mexico, striking the Florida Panhandle between Pensacola and Panama City on August 23. Extremely high tides bombarded the Apalachicola area, resulting in extensive coastal flooding. The hurricane destroyed wharves and left many ships damaged or foundered. Sea water intrusion inundated warehouses and streets in Apalachicola, and one street was made impassable by strewn debris and fallen trees. Farther east, a bridge over the Wakulla River was washed away by raging floodwaters. A long period of high winds was reported at the state's capital city of Tallahassee. The storm produced some strong winds in interior Georgia on its way to the Carolinas. The destruction of homes, crops, and trees was reported from Griffin through Augusta. Adverse conditions extended westward to Montgomery, Alabama, where the night of August 23 was marked by high winds and heavy rainfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 971]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0013-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late August\nSoutheasterly gales had a large impact on shipping interests off North Carolina. Several vessels were imperiled; in one case a pilot boat capsized after colliding with another ship. In light of this incident, the hurricane is listed in the National Hurricane Center's contemporary compilation of tropical cyclones that \"may have\" caused at least 25 fatalities. The storm grounded the schooner H. Wescott near Cape Fear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0014-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late August\nGales were reported from Savannah, Georgia, to Wilmington, North Carolina. Near Halifax, North Carolina, the winds toppled a railroad bridge about 450\u00a0ft (140 m) long and 60\u00a0ft (20 m) high. The storm also ravaged farmland in the area, destroying crops, fences, trees, and structures, and injuring several people. Much damage was reported in the Raleigh area, and many trees in New Bern suffered at least some limb breakage; several large trees were fully uprooted. The local corn crop\u2014already diminished from the July hurricane\u2014was judged completely lost, though property damage was negligible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0014-0001", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late August\nOffshore winds from the storm created a negative storm surge on the Neuse River, leaving docks dry for a time. Torrential rains over a large area from Georgia to Virginia triggered severe river flooding. The Dan River, which flows through North Carolina and Virginia, swelled 20\u00a0ft (6 m), amplified to 40\u00a0ft (12\u00a0m) above normal in narrow channels. In the Carolinas, mills, dams, and roads were washed out, and losses in central North Carolina alone totaled an estimated $7 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0015-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late August\nGale-force winds lashed the tidewater region of Virginia in what was considered the worst storm on the lower Chesapeake Bay since the 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane. A ship called the Osceola lost its wheelhouse to the winds, while onshore, the storm razed crops and a few small structures such as barns and outhouses. Affecting many of the same areas as the July hurricane, the cyclone downed trees in and around Baltimore and caused street flooding in Washington, D.C., where a railroad bridge was swept away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0015-0001", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late August\nThe storm began to influence the weather at Philadelphia on the night of August 24. Strong winds out of the north and northeast at Philadelphia and Newark, New Jersey, suggest the center moved off the New Jersey coast and reemerged into the Atlantic. In addition to the gales, more than 3 in (75\u00a0mm) of rain fell on Newark on August 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0016-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Late August\nWinds at New London, Connecticut, and Providence, Rhode Island, veered from southeast to south, then west, so the storm center likely tracked somewhere over Connecticut. The storm adversely affected shipping on the Long Island Sound, and heavy rain fell across much of New England. Fort Trumbull recorded 4.43\u00a0in (113\u00a0mm) of rain, while 2.5\u00a0in (64\u00a0mm) fell at Providence; the deluge triggered flash flooding, though few details are known about the extent of the damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0017-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early September\nThe third and final widely documented hurricane to affect the U.S. East Coast in 1850 remained predominately offshore, but still impacted ships and coastal cities on September 7 and 8. A vessel about 140\u00a0mi (230\u00a0km) east of Atlantic City, New Jersey, intercepted the hurricane's center and recorded a pressure of 988 mbar (29.18 inHg) on the night of September 7. Numerous ships near the Delaware coast were stricken. Gusty winds snapped tree branches in New York City, while Newark received 2.6\u00a0in (66\u00a0mm) of rain as the hurricane brushed the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0017-0001", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early September\nThe system probably continued toward the northeast, passing south of Nantucket, Massachusetts. There, gale-force winds initially blew out of the southeast before shifting to north midday on September 8. Similarly, Cape Cod experienced blustery conditions accompanied by heavy rainfall, though damage in eastern New England was generally inconsequential. Providence, Rhode Island, received 2\u00a0in (51\u00a0mm) of rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0018-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Early September\nThe storm later affected the Canadian Maritimes, causing heavy disruption in Nova Scotia. Downed telegraph wires in the region delayed damage reports until repairs were completed. The cyclone \"undoubtedly caused great loss of property and lives along the coast\", according to a report from the telegraph office at Halifax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0019-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Other storms\nA strong squall swept across Matagorda Bay in southeastern Texas on June 27. High winds ripped a ship from its anchor and drove it aground, and at least one other vessel suffered structural damage. Although it is included in the Weather Prediction Center's publication, Texas Hurricane History, little is known about the nature of the storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0020-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Other storms\nShipping data indicates a hurricane formed near Cape Verde on September 2 and tracked northward into the northeastern Atlantic over the next week. Andr\u00e9s Poey listed this system as two distinct cyclones, later confirmed by Chenoweth (2006) to be a single storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022921-0021-0000", "contents": "1850 Atlantic hurricane season, Storms, Other storms\nA final hurricane is believed to have existed over the central Atlantic in mid-October, moving from near 24.5\u00b0N, 47\u00b0W to 25.5\u00b0N, 41\u00b0W over the course of four days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022922-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Belgian general election\nPartial general elections were held in Belgium on 11 June 1850. In the Chamber of Representatives elections the result was a victory for the Liberal Party, who won 69 of the 108 seats. Voter turnout was 69.1%, although only 40,435 people were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022922-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Belgian general election\nUnder the alternating system, elections were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022923-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of 1850, Democrat James Curtiss defeated Levi Boone and Lewis C. Kerchival by a double-digit margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022923-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Chicago mayoral election\nThe incumbent mayor James H. Woodworth did not run for a third term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022923-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 Chicago mayoral election\nCurtiss had previously served one term as mayor, having previously been elected in 1847. This was Curtiss' fourth mayoral campaign, as he also ran unsuccessful campaigns in 1839 and 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022923-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 Chicago mayoral election\nKerchival had also been an unsuccessful candidate in the previous election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022924-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1850 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 3, 1850. Former congressman and Democratic Party nominee Thomas H. Seymour defeated former state legislator and Whig nominee Lafayette S. Foster with 48.11% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022924-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nSeymour won a plurality of the vote, but he did not receive a majority. As a result, the Connecticut General Assembly elected the governor, per the state constitution. Seymour won the vote over Foster 122 to 108 in the General Assembly, and became the governor. The constitutional inauguration date was May 1, and Seymour was inaugurated on May 4, possibly due to delays over the state legislature vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022925-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1850 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1850. Incumbent Democratic Governor William Tharp was unable to seek re-election. Banker William H. H. Ross ran as the Democratic nominee to succeed Tharp and he faced former State Representative Peter F. Causey, the 1846 Whig nominee, and Temperance nominee Thomas Lockwood. Ross defeated Causey by a narrow margin, winning by just 23 votes and falling short of a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022925-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022926-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Dutch general election\nGeneral elections were held in the Netherlands on 27 July 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022927-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Grand National\nThe 1850 Grand National was, at the time, the 15th annual running of a handicap steeplechase horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England on Wednesday, 27 February 1850. It was later retrospectively recorded as the twelfth official running in 1864. It attracted a then record field of thirty-two runners and was won by the unconsidered Irish entrant, Abd El Kader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022927-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Grand National, Leading Contenders\nPeter Simple was the long time favourite of the general public on the back of his winning the 1849 Grand National although there seemed to be some confusion over his ownership as most contemporary reports differ as to whose colours he was to carry. His trainer Tom Cunningham remained in the saddle, as he had been last year in victory. Contemporary reports stated that, in what proved to be Cunningham's second and final ride in the race, Peter Simple was stated by some contemporary newspaper sources as having finished the race in fifth position. Records of those that did not finish in the first three however were not officially recorded and modern records state that the horse did not complete the course. The proved to be Cunningham's final ride in the Grand National, although Peter Simple would return in 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022927-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 Grand National, Leading Contenders\nSir John Was backed down to 7/1 to win in the colours of Lord Waterford, who himself had ridden in the 1840 Grand National and provided John Ryan with the best backed mount of the seventeen riders making their debut in the race. Ryan matched the owner's performance in the race by finishing third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022927-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 Grand National, Leading Contenders\nRat Trap or Rattrap, as it was listed in some contemporary reports was the mount of John Frisby and was quoted at 9/1 on the course. The partnership did not complete the course, though it was not recorded what fate befell them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022927-0004-0000", "contents": "1850 Grand National, Leading Contenders\nThe Victim was quoted at 12/1 by bookmakers and betting rooms. In the company of his rider, William Taylor, they failed to complete the course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022927-0005-0000", "contents": "1850 Grand National, Leading Contenders\nThe Knight of Gwynne had finished second the previous year so was naturally well supported to improve on that performance. The horse this year ran in the colours of a Mr Fort and so had a new rider with the 1847 winning rider, Denny Wynne. The 12/1 shot again put in a good showing but was beaten before the winner came back into the view of those in the stands, running on gamely to finish second yet again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022927-0006-0000", "contents": "1850 Grand National, Leading Contenders\nThe only other competitors that came under the consideration of the Bookmakers were Farnham and Vengeance at 13/1,  The 1848 winner Chandler was at 16/1 with Columbine, Maria Day, Little Fanny and The Oaks attracting the lesser public money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022927-0007-0000", "contents": "1850 Grand National, Leading Contenders\nAbd El Kader lay among the 'any price these others' category as to be so unconsidered that the Bookmakers did not see fit to offer a price to the public. With Chris Green in the saddle they began attracting attention during the race with Bookmakers offering odds of 20/1 in running until it became gradually clear that the Irish entry might stay the course and win. Known as \"Little Ab\" due to his diminutive stature, the horse was a little under fifteen hands high. He would go on to become the first dual winner of the race and the first to win in consecutive years when repeating the feat in 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022927-0008-0000", "contents": "1850 Grand National, Finishing order\nNo official returns for the Grand National exist prior to 1865. The return below is taken from the account published by the reporter of The Times newspaper the day after the race. Contemporary news reports agree only on the finishing order of the first three and none make any report of the fate of those that did not complete the course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022927-0009-0000", "contents": "1850 Grand National, Finishing order\nIn Victorian horse racing, riders who fell from their mounts would have felt obliged and even encouraged to remount and continue the chase unless they or their horse suffered injury or the horse could not be caught. It is probable that most of the competitors completed the course in some shape or form but at such a long interval from the winner that their completion went totally ignored by the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022927-0010-0000", "contents": "1850 Grand National, Finishing order\nIn the 1980s the Reg Green book, A race Apart recorded just seven finishers, in the order below, omitting Peter Simple and Columbine however none of the known contemporary news reports support this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022927-0011-0000", "contents": "1850 Grand National, Finishing order\nThe official records for Aintree racecourse state that the winner completed the course in a time of 9 minutes 57 seconds, making this the first sub ten minute Grand National, however none of the contemporary newspapers reports of the time support this information with the few that did record the time stating that it was won in a time of 10 minutes 20 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022928-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Greek legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Greece on 20 October 1850. Supporters of Antonios Kriezis won a majority of the 131 seats. Kriezis remained Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022929-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 House\nThe Louisiana State Museum's 1850 House is an antebellum row house furnished to represent life in mid-nineteenth-century New Orleans. It is located at 523 St. Ann Street on Jackson Square in the French Quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022929-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 House, History\nThe Upper and Lower Pontalba Buildings, which line the St. Ann and St. Peter Street sides of Jackson Square, were built in 1850 by Micaela Almonester, Baroness de Pontalba, the daughter of Don Andres Almonaster y Rojas, the Spanish colonial landowner appointed to the Cabildo for life, and who built the Cathedral and Presbytere. Inspired by the imposing Parisian architecture the Baroness favored, the distinctive row houses were intended to serve as both elegant residences and fine retail establishments. In 1921 the Pontalba family sold the Lower Pontalba Building to philanthropist William Ratcliff Irby who subsequently, in 1927, bequeathed it to the State Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022929-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 House, History\nBaroness Pontalba engaged noted local architect James Gallier, Sr. to design the row houses, though she dismissed him before construction was begun, and she employed Samuel Stewart as the builder. She also convinced authorities to renovate the Square, Cabildo and Presbytere, and church authorities to enlarge the Cathedral. When the Pontalba buildings were completed in 1849 and 1851, each contained sixteen separate houses on the upper floors and self-contained shops on the ground floors. The \"A and P\" monograms that decorate the cast-iron railings signify the Almonaster and Pontalba families.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022929-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 House, History\nDuring the mid-19th century, the first floor of the Pontalba buildings housed businesses, including dry goods stores, clothing stores, law offices and even a bank and railroad company. Upstairs are the parlor, dining room and three bedrooms. The house also comprises a back wing (called the \"kitchen building\" in the builder's contract), which served a variety of purposes, including storage, additional workspace and housing for slaves or servants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022929-0004-0000", "contents": "1850 House, Residents\nCity directories from the 1850s and the 1860 census show that many Pontalba heads of household were merchants who were affluent enough to afford to rent in one of New Orleans's most fashionable locations. Children, slaves and servants completed the Pontalba household. An average of nine residents occupied each dwelling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022929-0005-0000", "contents": "1850 House, Museum\nThe Louisiana State Museum took possession of the building in 1927 and opened the 1850 House to the public in 1948. To illustrate the landmark's historical significance, the State Museum has re-created what one of the residences would have looked like during the Antebellum era when the Baroness Pontalba first opened her doors. Faithfully furnished with domestic goods, decorative arts and art of the period, the 1850 House depicts middle-class family life during the most prosperous period in New Orleans' history. Limited docent- and curator-led tours are available as is self-directed viewing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022929-0006-0000", "contents": "1850 House, Museum\nBecause residents of this row house were tenants who lived here for a few years at a time, the 1850 House does not represent any single family. Rather it reflects mid-nineteenth-century prosperity, taste, and daily life in New Orleans. Some pieces have a history of ownership in Louisiana, while local furniture shops made or sold others. The house comprises several revival styles that were popular in the 1850s, including rococo revival, Gothic revival, and classical revival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022929-0007-0000", "contents": "1850 House, 1850 House Museum Store\nThe Friends of the Cabildo operates the 1850 House Museum Store, the official gift shop for the Louisiana State Museum properties in New Orleans. The 1850 House Museum Store is located on Jackson Square in the historic Lower Pontalba Buildings. In addition to membership and fundraising endeavors, the Friends of the Cabildo is able to provide financial support to the Louisiana State Museum through the sales of daily French Quarter Walking Tours and merchandise at the 1850 House Museum Store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022929-0007-0001", "contents": "1850 House, 1850 House Museum Store\nAt the store one can find handmade art, jewelry, pottery and crafts by local artists, books on everything from history to food to voodoo, and exhibit-related merchandise from Louisiana State Museum properties. French Quarter walking tours are also available (which also includes free admission to the 1850 House Museum). The houses were smallerat that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022930-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Iowa Senate election\nIn the 1850 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the third Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held for 11 of the state senate's 19 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022930-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Iowa Senate election\nFollowing the previous election in 1848, Democrats had control of the Iowa Senate with 11 seats to Whigs' eight seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022930-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 Iowa Senate election\nTo claim control of the chamber from Democrats, the Whigs needed to net two Senate seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022930-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 Iowa Senate election\nDemocrats maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1850 general election with the balance of power shifting to Democrats holding 14 seats and Whigs having five seats (a net gain of 3 seats for Democrats). Democratic Senator Enos Lowe was chosen as the President of the Iowa Senate for the third General Assembly, succeeding Democratic Senator John Jackson Selman in that leadership position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022931-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Iowa's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election to the United States House of Representatives for Iowa's 1st congressional district was held September 24, 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022931-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Iowa's 1st congressional district special election\nThe winning candidate would serve briefly in the United States House of Representatives to represent Iowa in the 31st Congress until the General election on October 8, 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022931-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 Iowa's 1st congressional district special election, Background\nIn 1848, the Whig Party nominated Miller to run against incumbent Democratic Congressman William Thompson. Thompson was declared the winner by the state's election canvassers, but Miller accused Thompson of absconding with the voting rolls from the election. The U.S. House resolved the contest over two years after it occurred, by deciding that neither Thompson nor Miller was entitled to the seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022932-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Kohoutek\n1850 Kohoutek, provisional designation 1942 EN, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was named after Czech astronomer Lubo\u0161 Kohoutek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022932-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Kohoutek, Discovery\nKohoutek was discovered during World War II on 23 March 1942, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, Ten days prior to its discovery, the body was observed at Turku Observatory, Finland. However, these observations are not considered for the asteroid's orbital computation and its observation arc begins with the discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022932-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 Kohoutek, Discovery\nSince the discovery was made in the second half of March, the letter \"E\" in the provisional designation is erroneous. It should have been \"F\", but the initially incorrect assignment has persisted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022932-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 Kohoutek, Classification and orbit\nIt is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids in the asteroid belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,233 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022932-0004-0000", "contents": "1850 Kohoutek, Physical parameters, Rotation period\nIn December 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Kohoutek was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.68 hours with a brightness variation of 0.31 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022932-0005-0000", "contents": "1850 Kohoutek, Physical parameters, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kohoutek measures 5.91 and 7.64 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.181 and 0.383, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, a S-type asteroid and the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 6.05 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022932-0006-0000", "contents": "1850 Kohoutek, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the Czech astronomer, Lubo\u0161 Kohoutek (b. 1935), former staff member of the Hamburg-Bergedorf Observatory and prolific observer and discoverer of minor planets and comets, most notably 75D/Kohoutek, 76P/West\u2013Kohoutek\u2013Ikemura, and the long-period Comet Kohoutek. He has also contributed in the fields of planetary nebulae and emission-line stars. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3935).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022933-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Friday 1 November 1850. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022933-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nOn 9 November 1850, the term of office of eight aldermen who were elected on 9 November 1844 expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022933-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nThe following were elected as Aldermen by the council on 9 November 1850 for a term of office of six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022933-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 10, Rodney Street, 1 November 1950\nA signed declaration, dated 27 October 1850, from Councillors Bernard Hall, Thomas Wagstaff and John Charles Fernihough was submitted to the council on 29 October 1850 stating that Councillor George Booker (Conservative, Rodney Street, elected 1 November 1848) had been absent from the borough for more than six months. This disqualified Councillor Booker and initiated the by election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022933-0004-0000", "contents": "1850 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 1, Everton, 15 November 1850\nCaused by the election of Councillor Edward Langsdale (Reformer, Everton, elected 1 November 1848) as an alderman by the council on 9 November 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022933-0005-0000", "contents": "1850 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 3, Vauxhall, 15 November 1850\nCaused by the election of Councillor William Preston (Reformer, Vauxhall, elected 1 November 1850) as an alderman by the council on 9 November 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 85], "content_span": [86, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022933-0006-0000", "contents": "1850 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 8, Pitt Street, 15 November 1850\nCaused by the election of Councillor Thomas Robinson (Conservative, Pitt Street, elected 1 November 1848) as an alderman by the council on 9 November 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022933-0007-0000", "contents": "1850 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 13, St. Anne Street, 15 November 1850\nCaused by the election of Cllr. William Bennett (Conservative, St. Anne Street, elected 1 November 1849) as an alderman by the council on 9 November 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022933-0008-0000", "contents": "1850 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 7, St. Peter's, 4 August 1851\nCaused by the death of Councillor John Ferguson (Conservative, elected 1 November 1848).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 85], "content_span": [86, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022934-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1850 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022934-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Whig Governor George N. Briggs ran for an eighth term in office, but was defeated by the Democratic-Free Soil coalition, which successfully maneuvered to deny him a popular majority and gain control of the legislature. The coalition elected George S. Boutwell, a Democratic businessman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022934-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background\nDuring his failed campaign for Governor in 1849, Democrat George S. Boutwell became acquainted with Free Soil Party leaders Charles Sumner and Henry Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022934-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background\nIn 1850, the United States Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act and Compromise of 1850, increasing anti-slavery agitation in Massachusetts. Democrats and Free Soilers formed a coalition in an attempt to unseat the Whig majority in the Massachusetts General Court, an alliance of the state's wealthy merchants and textile manufacturers, both groups dependent on Southern cotton and in turn, slave labor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022934-0004-0000", "contents": "1850 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Background\nAs part of this agreement, Free Soilers agreed to support Boutwell for Governor and fellow Democrat Nathaniel Prentice Banks for Speaker of the Massachusetts House, while Sumner would be elected U.S. Senator and Wilson would become President of the Massachusetts Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022934-0005-0000", "contents": "1850 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Legislative vote\nThe Massachusetts House of Representatives certified the popular returns on January 12. The House voted to nominate Boutwell and Phillips for consideration by the Senate. On the first House ballot, Boutwell defeated Briggs 218\u2013171. On the second, Phillips defeated Briggs 216\u2013170. In the Massachusetts State Senate, Boutwell was elected unanimously with 32 votes with three blanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022934-0006-0000", "contents": "1850 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Aftermath\nWilson and Banks were also elevated to Speaker and Senate President, but Sumner's election to the U.S. Senate was far more contentious due to opposition by conservative Democrats, who joined with the Whig minority. The election took several months to reach a conclusion, with Sumner prevailing by only one vote in the House. Sumner blamed Boutwell's failure to intercede for his difficulty and would continue to blame Boutwell for the coalition's eventual collapse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022935-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 71st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1850 during the governorship of George N. Briggs. Marshall Pinckney Wilder served as president of the Senate and Ensign H. Kellogg served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022936-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Montgomeryshire by-election\nThe 1850 Montgomeryshire by-election to the Parliament of the United Kingdom was held on 11 October 1850 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP Charles Williams-Wynn. It was retained by the Conservative candidate Herbert Watkin Williams-Wynn, who was elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022936-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Montgomeryshire by-election, Result\nHe went on to be re-elected unopposed until his own death in 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022937-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Naval Air Squadron\n1850 Naval Air Squadron (1850 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022938-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 New Jersey gubernatorial election\nThe 1850 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1850. Democratic nominee George Franklin Fort defeated Whig nominee John Runk with 53.84% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022939-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 New York state election\nThe 1850 New York state election was held tuesday on November 5, 1850, to elect the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, a Canal Commissioner, an Inspector of State Prisons and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022939-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 New York state election, History\nThe Democratic state convention met on September 11 in Syracuse and nominated Hunker Seymour and Barnburners Church, Mather, Angel and Benton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022939-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 New York state election, History\nThe Liberty convention met on September 12, and nominated Chaplin and Plumb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022939-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 New York state election, History\nThe Whig state convention met on September 27 in Syracuse; Francis Granger presided. After the nominations of Hunt (the sitting State Comptroller), Cornell, Blakely, Baker and Smith had been made, the majority of the convention passed a resolution approving the political course of United States Senator William H. Seward, and the minority, led by Granger, withdrew from the convention and re-assembled elsewhere. This faction, the conservative Whigs which favored a compromise on the slavery question and supported President Millard Fillmore's course, became known as the \"Silver Grays\", after Granger's white hair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022939-0004-0000", "contents": "1850 New York state election, History\nThe Silver Grays state convention met on October 17 in Utica, Granger presided again. Nevertheless, the Syracuse nominations were endorsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022939-0005-0000", "contents": "1850 New York state election, History\nThe Anti-Rent state convention met in Albany and nominated a cross-endorsed ticket with Whigs Hunt and Blakely, and Democrats Church, Angel and Benton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022939-0006-0000", "contents": "1850 New York state election, Results\nHunt won this election with one of the smallest majorities in New York history, only 262 votes. Four out of five candidates on the cross-endorsed Anti- Rent ticket were elected, showing their still present but waning influence. The incumbent Benton was re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022939-0007-0000", "contents": "1850 New York state election, Results\n82 Whigs, 44 Democrats, 1 Free Soil and 1 Independent were elected to the State Assembly of the 74th New York State Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022940-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1850. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 105 to 106. Voter turnout was 50.3%, although only 5.2% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022941-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1850 saw the reelection of Charles Gilpin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022941-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022942-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe 1850 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Monday, October 7, 1846 to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 32nd Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including the senatorial election and various state and local elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022942-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1851, to March 4, 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022942-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign\nDespite the weakness of the Whig Party after the death of President Zachary Taylor, Beard was a source of great controversy. Beard, a staunch advocate of nullification while he was in North Carolina, became one of Florida's earliest secessionists. Beard claimed that with the admission of Texas to the United States, the South had enough power to break free through war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022942-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign\nCabell ran on the complete opposite as Beard, arguing that the Compromise of 1850 will bring peace and an end to the slavery question. Many Floridians were also skeptical of breaking free from a Union they had just joined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022943-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 United States census\nThe United States census of 1850 was the seventh census of the United States. Conducted by the Census Office, it determined the resident population of the United States to be 23,191,876\u2014an increase of 35.9 percent over the 17,069,453 persons enumerated during the 1840 census. The total population included 3,204,313 slaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022943-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 United States census\nAlthough the official date of the census date was June 1, 1850, completed census forms indicate that the surveys continued to be made throughout the rest of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022943-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 United States census\nThis was the first census where there was an attempt to collect information about every member of every household; women and children were named. Slaves were included by gender and estimated age on Slave Schedules, listed by the name of the owner. Prior to 1850, census records had recorded only the name of the head of the household and broad statistical accounting of other household members (three children under age five, one woman between the age of 35 and 40, etc.). This was also the first census to ask about place of birth of free residents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022943-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 United States census\nHinton Rowan Helper made extensive use of the 1850 census results in his politically notorious book The Impending Crisis of the South (1857).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022943-0004-0000", "contents": "1850 United States census, Census questions\nThe 1850 census, Schedule 1, Free Inhabitants, collected the following information:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022943-0005-0000", "contents": "1850 United States census, Census questions\nFull documentation for the 1850 population census, including census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022943-0006-0000", "contents": "1850 United States census, Economy\nThe 1850 United States census collected a great amount of data that gave insight into the state of the U.S. economy in 1850. Some of the data revealed the growth of the economy with regard to agricultural and manufactured production, international trade, federal debt, taxation, transportation, education, and land expansion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022943-0007-0000", "contents": "1850 United States census, Economy\nThis census was conducted during a very important period of growth and innovation in the United States, the Industrial Revolution. The statistics in this census provide data on the rate of growth that was taking place in 1850, which resulted in the emergence of the United States as an economic world power. Many of the statistics were compared to those of Great Britain and other world powers. This shows where the United States stood economically relative to the rest of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022943-0008-0000", "contents": "1850 United States census, Data availability\nMicrodata from the 1850 population census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022943-0009-0000", "contents": "1850 United States census, Controversy\nThe Utah Territorial census was taken in 1851. Secretary Broughton Harris refused to certify the census of Utah territory. Harris complained that Brigham Young had conducted the census without him, claimed several irregularities, and consequently withheld funds reserved for the census. The controversy contributed to Harris' decision to join other Runaway Officials of 1851 and abandon his post in Utah Territory. Relationships with the federal government continued to sour and eventually resulted in the Utah War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022943-0010-0000", "contents": "1850 United States census, Controversy\nLocal government officials feared having an enslaved population might impede the territory's quest for statehood, since certain members of Congress were concerned about expansion of slavery into the western territories. The 1850 census slave schedule for Utah Territory reported only 26 slaves, with a note that all of them were heading to California, and did not include any enslaved people remaining in the territory. John David Smith estimates that there were 100 blacks in Utah by 1850, with two-thirds of them enslaved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022944-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 United States elections\nThe 1850 United States elections occurred part way through Whig President Millard Fillmore's term, during the Second Party System. Fillmore had become president on July 9, 1850 upon the death of his predecessor, Zachary Taylor. Members of the 32nd United States Congress were chosen in this election. Democrats kept control of both houses of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022944-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 United States elections\nIn the House, Democrats won several seats from the Whigs, building on their control of the chamber. Several supporters of the Georgia Platform also won election as Unionists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022944-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Whigs lost a small number of seats to Democrats and the Free Soil Party. Democrats retained a strong majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022945-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1850 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 3, 1850, and resulted in the election of Whig Party candidate Charles K. Williams to a one-year term as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022946-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 Yams\u00e9 Ghoon Riots\nThe 1850 Yams\u00e9 Ghoon Riots refer to violent clashes which erupted in Port Louis, the capital of British Mauritius in November 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022946-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 Yams\u00e9 Ghoon Riots, Clash of ethnic groups\nMuslims of Indian ancestry were commemorating the Mourning of Muharram in the form of an annual procession in the suburb of Port Louis which was known as Camp Des Malabars (or Plaine Verte nowadays). The event was also known as Yams\u00e9 or Ghoon. However they were attacked by former slaves of Creole origins, also known as ex-apprentices. The Muslims were forced to abandon their Ghoon structures or Ta'zieh as they were chased around the streets in broad daylight by the Creole assailants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022946-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 Yams\u00e9 Ghoon Riots, Aftermath of riots\nSeveral fatalities were reported. However the inaction of the Chief of Police Charles Anderson was criticised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 32nd Congress were held at various dates in different states from August 1850 to November 1851. The Democrats gained 17 seats, increasing their majority relative to the rival Whigs, who lost 22 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections\nIncumbent Whig President Millard Fillmore, who succeeded to the Presidency in July 1850 after the death of more charismatic General Zachary Taylor, lacked a strong political base. The Compromise of 1850, which admitted California alone as a free state in exchange for concessions to slave state interests, began integration of the Mexican Cession. It appeared in the short term that Congress had politically feasible options to contain sectionalism and to reduce tensions over expanding slavery in the West. This optimism soon would prove unfounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe Unionist Party, formed in support of the Compromise of 1850, gained 10 seats in the South, as did the States' Rights Party. The Free Soil Party, which opposed the expansion of slavery into the Western territories, lost five seats and was reduced to four Representatives, all in New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nOne district in Massachusetts had been vacant in the 31st Congress. No new seats were added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0004-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama\nElections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0005-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Arkansas\nThe election was held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0006-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, California\nCalifornia's members were elected late, at-large statewide, September 3, 1851. There were nevertheless seated with the rest of the House at the beginning of the first session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0007-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nElections were held April 7, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0008-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Indiana\nElections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0009-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nElections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0010-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana\nElections were held November 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0011-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nElections were held October 1, 1851 elections were after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the new term, but still before the Congress convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0012-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nElections were held November 11, 1850, but at least one district's elections went to multiple ballots into 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0013-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nElections were held November 3\u20134, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0014-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nElections were held March 11, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0015-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nElections were held August 7, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0016-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nElections were held April 2, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0017-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nElections were held August 7, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0018-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Texas\nElections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 69], "content_span": [70, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022947-0019-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nElections were held October 23, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1850 and 1851 were elections which had the Democratic Party lose seats, but retain a majority in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections\nAs this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 31st Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were seated during 1850 or in 1851 before March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 32nd Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1851; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0004-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 32nd Congress\nIn late these elections, the winners were elected in 1851 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0005-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Race leading to the 33rd Congress\nIn this regular election, the winner was elected for the term beginning March 4, 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0006-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, Kentucky, Kentucky (Early)\nOne-term Whig Joseph R. Underwood retired and the Know Nothing Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky John Burton Thompson was elected early, December 15, 1851, far in advance of the 1853 term, as was common practice at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0007-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, Kentucky, Kentucky (Special)\nLong-term Whig and former-U.S. Secretary of State Henry Clay announced his resignation December 17, 1851 from the class 3 seat, to be effective September 6, 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0008-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, Kentucky, Kentucky (Special)\nAfter many ballots, the vote in the final deciding ballot was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0009-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, Kentucky, Kentucky (Special)\nBefore Clay's resignation was effective, he died June 24, 1852. Democratic Secretary of State of Kentucky David Meriwether was appointed July 6, 1852 pending the effective date of the special election. Dixon was then seated September 1, 1852 to finish the term that would end in 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0010-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts\nIn 1851, Democrats gained control of the legislature in coalition with the Free Soilers. However, the legislature deadlocked on this Senate race, as Democrats refused to vote for Charles Sumner (the Free Soilers' choice).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0011-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe election in New York was held on February 4 and March 18 and 19, 1851. Daniel S. Dickinson (Democratic) had been elected in 1845 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1851. The Whig Party in New York was split in two opposing factions: the Seward/Weed faction (the majority, opposed to the Compromise of 1850) and the \"Silver Grays\" (supporters of President Millard Fillmore and his compromise legislation, led by Francis Granger whose silver gray hair originated the faction's nickname). The opposing factions of the Democratic Party in New York, the \"Barnburners\" and the \"Hunkers\", had reunited at the State election in November 1850, and managed to have almost their whole State ticket elected, only Horatio Seymour was defeated for Governor by a plurality of 262 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0012-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, New York\nAt the State election in November 1849, 14 Seward Whigs, 3 Silver Gray Whigs and 15 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1850\u20131851) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1850, a Whig majority was elected to the Assembly for the session of 1851. The 74th New York State Legislature met from January 7 to April 17, and from June 10 to July 11, 1851, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0013-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, New York\nEx-Governor of New York Hamilton Fish was the candidate of the Whig Party, but was also a close friend of Henry Clay who was one of the leaders of the Fillmore faction in Washington, D.C. He was thus considered the only viable compromise candidate. The Silver Grays asked Fish to pledge his support for the Compromise, but Fish refused to make any comment, saying that he did not seek the office, and that the legislators should vote guided by Fish's known political history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0013-0001", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, New York\nFish had earlier stated his opposition against the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 but was believed to support most of the remainder of the Compromise. Nevertheless, Silver Gray State Senator James W. Beekman declared that he would not vote for Fish for personal reasons, a dislike stemming from the time when they were fellow students at Columbia University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0014-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe State Legislature met on February 4, the legally prescribed day, to elect a U.S. Senator. In the Assembly, Fish received a majority of 78 to 49. In the State Senate the vote stood 16 for Fish and 16 votes for a variety of candidates, among them Beekman's vote for Francis Granger. After a second ballot with the same result, Beekman moved to adjourn, which was carried by the casting vote of the lieutenant governor, and no nomination was made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0015-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, New York\nOn February 14, Senator George B. Guinnip offered a resolution to declare John Adams Dix elected to the U.S. Senate. On motion of Senator George R. Babcock, the resolution was laid on the table, i.e. consideration was postponed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0016-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, New York\nOn February 15, Guinnip again offered a resolution to declare John Adams Dix elected to the U.S. Senate. Senator Stephen H. Johnson offered an amendment to this resolution, declaring Daniel S. Dickinson elected. On motion of Senator Marius Schoonmaker, the resolution was laid on the table too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0017-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, New York\nOn March 18, when two Democratic State Senators were absent, having gone to New York City, the Whigs persuaded the Democrats in a 14-hour session to re-open the U.S. Senate election, and  Senate electionin the small hours of March 19 Fish was nominated by a vote of 16 to 12 (Beekman, Johnson (both Whigs), Thomas B. Carroll and William A. Dart (both Democratic) did not vote).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0018-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, New York\nFish was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0019-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, Ohio\nIncumbent Senator Thomas Corwin (Whig) resigned July 20, 1850 to become U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Thomas Ewing (Whig) was appointed July 20, 1850 to finish the term. Benjamin Wade (Whig) was elected late on March 15, 1851 on the 37th ballot over Ewing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 50], "content_span": [51, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022948-0020-0000", "contents": "1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nThe Pennsylvania election was held January 14, 1851. Richard Brodhead was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022949-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1850 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022952-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1850 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022957-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in India, Events\nThe ceremony of turning the first sod for the Great Indian Peninsula Railway from Mumbai to Kalyan was performed by J. P. Willoughby at a place near Sion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022957-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 in India, Births\nThis Indian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022959-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1850 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022959-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1850 is 65,650 M\u0101ori and 22,108 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022963-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in Siam\nThe year 1850 was the 69th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam (now known as Thailand). It was the twenty-seventh year in the reign of King Rama III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022964-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1850 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022966-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in Switzerland\nThe following is a list of events, births, and deaths in 1850 in Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022967-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1850 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022968-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in architecture\nThe year 1850 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022970-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in birding and ornithology\nBirds described in 1850 include bee hummingbird, Wilson's bird-of-paradise,  blue swallow, blue-shouldered robin-chat, Bornean banded pitta, Cape white-eye, grey-collared oriole, long-billed crow, purple-bearded bee-eater, Shoebill", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022971-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022972-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022973-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in poetry\nI feel it when I sorrow most; 'Tis better to have loved and lostThan never to have loved at all. * * *Who trusted God was love indeedAnd love Creation's final lawTho' Nature, red in tooth and claw", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022973-0001-0000", "contents": "1850 in poetry\n\u2014 From Cantos 27 and 56, In Memoriam A.H.H., by Alfred Tennyson, published this year", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022973-0002-0000", "contents": "1850 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022973-0003-0000", "contents": "1850 in poetry, Works published in English\nHow Do I Love Thee? How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and heightMy soul can reach, when feeling out of sightFor the ends of being and ideal grace. I love thee to the level of every day'sMost quiet need, by sun and candle-light. I love thee freely, as men strive for right. I love thee purely, as they turn from praise. I love thee with the passion put to useIn my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith. I love thee with a love I seemed to loseWith my lost saints. I love thee with the breath,Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose,I shall but love thee better after death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022973-0004-0000", "contents": "1850 in poetry, Works published in English\nSonnet XLIII from Sonnets From the Portuguese by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, written 1845, published this year", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022973-0005-0000", "contents": "1850 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022973-0006-0000", "contents": "1850 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022974-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022975-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in science\nThe year 1850 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022976-0000-0000", "contents": "1850 in sports\n1850 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022979-0000-0000", "contents": "1850-51 Australian cricket season\n1850-51 was the first season of First-class cricket in Australia. There was only first-class match played, Tasmania v Victoria in Launceston, Tasmania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022980-0000-0000", "contents": "1850s\nThe 1850s (pronounced \"eighteen-fifties\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1850, and ended on December 31, 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022980-0001-0000", "contents": "1850s\nIt was a very turbulent decade, as wars such as the Crimean War, shifted and shook European politics, as well as the expansion of colonization towards the Far East, which also sparked conflicts like the Second Opium War. In the meantime, the United States saw its peak on mass migration to the American West, that particularly made the nation experience an economic boom, as well as a rapidly increasing population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022981-0000-0000", "contents": "1850s Pacific typhoon seasons\nThis article encompasses the 1850s Pacific typhoon seasons. The list is very incomplete; information on early typhoon seasons is patchy and relies heavily on individual observations of travellers and ships. There were no comprehensive records kept by a central organisation at this early time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022981-0001-0000", "contents": "1850s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1850 season\nA typhoon struck Manila Bay in the Philippines in May. Around 1850, a typhoon killed about 50\u00a0people on Rongelap Atoll in the Marshall Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022981-0002-0000", "contents": "1850s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1852 season\nTyphoon recorded at Miyako in the Ryukyu Islands. Miyako was also hit by a storm surge. 3,000 people died in the subsequent famine and disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022981-0003-0000", "contents": "1850s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1853 season\nOn 17\u00a0July, ships near Okinawa reported falling pressure and increasing winds, a sign of an approaching storm. During the subsequent days, swells became stronger as the storm moved toward northeastern China. On 22\u00a0July, the barometer aboard USS Supply subsided to 28.74\u00a0inHg (973\u00a0mbar), and winds increased to force-10. The winds split the inner jib and the foresail of the British schooner Eament. The storm stalled off the east coast of China, and when the Eament encountered the eye, it reported a barometric pressure of 28.14\u00a0inHg (953\u00a0mbar). Turning back east, the storm moved through the Ryukyu Islands. The ship-based observations suggest a spatially enormous, slow moving tropical storm (or typhoon) in the East China Sea, and force-6 winds continued to be reported through 31\u00a0July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022981-0004-0000", "contents": "1850s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1858 season\nThere were two tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1858, one of which was a typhoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022982-0000-0000", "contents": "1850s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1850\u20131859 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0000-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion\n1850s fashion in Western and Western-influenced clothing is characterized by an increase in the width of women's skirts supported by crinolines or hoops, the mass production of sewing machines, and the beginnings of dress reform. Masculine styles began to originate more in London, while female fashions originated almost exclusively in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0001-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nIn the 1850s, the domed skirts of the 1840s continued to expand. Skirts were made fuller by means of flounces (deep ruffles), usually in tiers of three, gathered tightly at the top and stiffened with horsehair braid at the bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0002-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nEarly in the decade, bodices of morning dresses featured panels over the shoulder that were gathered into a blunt point at the slightly dropped waist. These bodices generally fastened in back by means of hooks and eyes, but a new fashion for a [jacket] bodice appeared as well, buttoned in front and worn over a chemisette. Wider bell-shaped or pagoda sleeves were worn over false undersleeves or engageantes of cotton or linen, trimmed in lace, broderie anglaise, or other fancy-work. Separate small collars of lace, tatting, or crochet-work were worn with morning dresses, sometimes with a ribbon bow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0003-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nEvening ball gowns were very low-necked, off-the-shoulder, and had short sleeves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0004-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Gowns\nThe introduction of the steel cage crinoline in 1856 provided a means for expanding the skirt still further, and flounces gradually disappeared in favor of a skirt lying more smoothly over the petticoat and hoops. Pantalettes were essential under this new fashion for modesty's sake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0005-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Fabrics\nThe fabrics were made commonly of linen and now more widely available cotton, and also could be made of such materials as silk or wool, though the former two plants were most widespread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0006-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear\nCape-like jackets were worn over the very wide skirts. Another fashionable outer garment was an Indian shawl  or one woven in Paisley, Renfrewshire in a paisley pattern in imitation of Indian styles. Hooded cloaks were also worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0007-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear\nRiding habits had fitted jackets with tight sleeves, worn over a collared shirt or (more often) chemisette. They were worn with long skirts and mannish top hats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0008-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nHair was dressed simply, middle parted and in a bun or wound braid at the back, with the sides puffed out over the ears or with clusters of curls to either side in imitation of early 17th century fashions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0009-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear\nThe indoor cap became little more than a lace and ribbon frill worn on the back of the head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0010-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Beginnings of dress reform\n1851 marked the birth of the Victorian dress reform movement, when New England temperance activist Libby Miller adopted what she considered a more rational costume: loose trousers gathered at the ankles, topped by a short dress or skirt hemmed just below the knees. The style was promoted by editor Amelia Bloomer and was immediately christened a Bloomer suit by the press. Despite its practicality, the Bloomer suit was the subject of much ridicule in the press and had little impact on mainstream fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0011-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Caricature gallery\nThe crinoline style gave wide scope to satirists, and many cartoons and comic odes to the crinoline appeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0012-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nShirts of linen or cotton featured high upstanding or turnover collars The trend of detachable shirt collars and cuffs (although first appearing in men's fashion in the 1820s) became highly popularized during this time period. The newly fashionable four-in-hand neckties were square or rectangular, folded into a narrow strip and tied in a bow, or folded on the diagonal and tied in a knot with the pointed ends sticking out to form \"wings\". Heavy padded and fitted frock coats (in French redingotes), now usually single-breasted, were worn for business occasions, over waistcoats or vests with lapels and notched collars. Waistcoats were still cut straight across at the waist in front in 1850, but gradually became longer; the fashion for wearing the bottom button undone for ease when sitting lead to the pointed-hemmed waistcoat later in the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0013-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nA new style, the sack coat, loosely fitted and reaching to mid-thigh, was fashionable for leisure activities; it would gradually replace the frock coat over the next forty years and become the modern suit coat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0014-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nThe slightly cutaway morning coat was worn for formal day occasions. The most formal evening dress remained a dark tail coat and trousers, with a white cravat; this costume was well on its way to crystallizing into the modern \"white tie and tails\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0015-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nFull -length trousers were worn for day. Breeches remained a requirement for formal functions at the British court (as they would be throughout the century). Breeches continued to be worn for horseback riding and other country pursuits, especially in Britain, with tall fitted boots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0016-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nCostumes consisting of a coat, waistcoat and trousers of the same fabric were a novelty of this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0017-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nStarting in the 1850s and surviving until about the early 1900s (decade), facial hair became extremely popular, featuring a vast array of styles. This is well documented in famous photography of the era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0018-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nTall top hats were worn with formal dress and grew taller on the way to the true stovepipe shape, but a variety of other hat shapes were popular. Soft-crowned hats, some with wide brims, were worn for country pursuits. The bowler hat was invented in 1850 but remained a working-class accessory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022983-0019-0000", "contents": "1850s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Caricature gallery\nVicissitudes of the Cravat compares \"The Fast Man's Neckerchief in 1809\" and \"The Fast Man's Neck-Tie in 1859\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022984-0000-0000", "contents": "1850s in association football\nThe following are events in the 1850s decade which are relevant to the development of association football. Included are events in closely related codes, such as the Sheffield Rules. All events happened in English football unless specified otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022985-0000-0000", "contents": "1850s in sociology\nThe following events related to sociology occurred in the 1850s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022986-0000-0000", "contents": "1851\n1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1851st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 851st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 51st  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1851, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022987-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 $50 Humbert\nThe 1851 Humbert $50 gold ingot was an ingot produced by Moffat and Company, under the direction of Augustus Humbert (U.S. Assayer of the treasury) This \"coin\" while technically an ingot, was still used and unofficially considered currency. It was also the largest ingot produced during the California Gold Rush, weighing almost 2.5 oz. During the gold rush of 1849, the US Treasury department hired private companies to mint coins before they could properly set up a mint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022987-0000-0001", "contents": "1851 $50 Humbert\nThe U.S. Treasury was much more practical and would often mint coins near the location of the precious metals used in the coins, however, this did not always happen overnight. Augustus Humbert, who was originally a watchmaker from NY, took a lifestyle change and moved out to California during the gold rush in 1850. The U.S. Treasury had commissioned him to be an assayer. One of the first necessities was a mint to produce the octagonal ingots. The original mint, to be built, was for Moffat and Company was called the Mount Ophir Mint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022987-0000-0002", "contents": "1851 $50 Humbert\nThis was only a temporary mint before a real branch mint of the treasury could be built and commissioned into service. The ironic part is that despite Moffat and Company producing the $50 Dollar Ingots, they didn't have their mint mark or name stamped on the gold (until the $10 gold coin produced in 1852). These $50 Ingots are very rare and prices can range anywhere from $10,000 and up. Currently, the auction record stands at $14,460,000. Another high profile auction record was made in a 2008 auction by Bowers and Merena. This particular specimen is among the highest known of its variety, professionally graded by NGC, at a grade of MS-65. (The only MS-65 known to exist of its variety) NGC Chairman Mark Salzburg called it \"the most memorable coin I have graded all year\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022988-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1851 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 4, 1851, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democrat Henry W. Collier won his second term with a big majority of the votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022989-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 America's Cup\nThe 100 Guineas Cup, also known as the Hundred Guinea Cup (\u00a3100 Cup), or the Cup of One Hundred Sovereigns, was a regatta in 1851 which was the first competition for the trophy later named America's Cup. The trophy was valued at 100 pounds-sterling which led to its various names, all variations on 100 Pound Cup. The race was won by the yacht America, leading to the trophy being renamed \"America's Cup\". The official event known as \"The America's Cup\" was founded in 1857, when the deed of gift established the racing regattas. The 1851 competition was a fleet race, whereas modern America's Cups finals are match races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022989-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 America's Cup, History\nThe race originated with an invitation for the Great Exhibition of 1851 by the Earl of Winton, then Commodore of the Royal Yacht Squadron (RYS), inviting the recently formed New York Yacht Club (NYYC) to enjoy the facilities of the clubhouse of the RYS. John Cox Stevens, Commodore of the NYYC responded positively, and anticipated racing. Due to the RYS rules of the time, other races in the 1851 RYS Regatta were restricted to RYS members and their self-owned yachts, so the R. Y. S. \u00a3100 Cup was established, open to anyone to enter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022989-0001-0001", "contents": "1851 America's Cup, History\nAt a RYS meeting on 9 May 1851, the race was scheduled for 22 August 1851. This race was to be the first of a series of challenge races for successive \u00a3100 Cups. At the time, it was normal practise for the winners to own the cups that were won, and not to return them for the next race to be won by others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022989-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 America's Cup, Trophy\nThe trophy is a bottomless ewer made out of 134\u00a0oz (3.8\u00a0kg) of silver, and is 27\u00a0in (69\u00a0cm) tall. The ewer was a stock item obtained from jeweler Robert Garrard in 1848. After the race, it was engraved with the names of the yachts that raced against America, except the runner-up Aurora.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022989-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 America's Cup, Race\nThe regatta, held on 22 August 1851, raced clockwise around the Isle of Wight in a fleet race. The course was called \"The Queen's Course\". The course was near Cowes Castle on the Isle of Wight, where the Royal Yacht Squadron headquarters are located. The race took place as part of the 1851 Royal Yacht Squadron Regatta. The signal gun for sailing was fired at 10am, and the winner saluted by a gun from the flag-ship at 8:34pm (8:37pm railway time).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022989-0004-0000", "contents": "1851 America's Cup, Race\n18 yachts were entered for the race, but only 15 yachts started the race. The yacht Fernande did not make the start, while Strella and Titania both got to the starting line, though did not start the race. Those yachts that raced were America, Alarm, Arrow, Aurora, Bacchante, Beatrice, Brilliant, Constance, Eclipse, Freak, Gipsy Queen, Ione, Mona, Volante, and Wyvern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022989-0005-0000", "contents": "1851 America's Cup, Gallery\nA flyer from the RYS for, among other things, the race. In it, the race is referred to as the  \"R.Y.S. \u00a3100 Cup\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1851 Atlantic hurricane season was the first Atlantic hurricane season to be included in the official Atlantic tropical cyclone record. Six known tropical cyclones occurred during the season, the earliest of which formed on June\u00a025 and the latest of which dissipated on October\u00a019. These dates fall within the range of most Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. None of the cyclones existed simultaneously with another. Of the six storms, three only have a single point in their track known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season\nTwo other hurricanes were reported during the season, one near Tampico and the other near Jamaica; however, they are not in the official hurricane database. There may have been other unconfirmed tropical cyclones during the season. Meteorologist Christopher Landsea estimates that between zero and six storms were missed from the official database, due to small tropical cyclone size, sparse ship reports, and relatively unpopulated coastlines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary\nFive of the six tropical cyclones affected land, including three making landfall with winds of over 74\u00a0mph (119\u00a0km/h). The first struck Texas as a hurricane, which caused moderate to heavy damage, particularly to shipping in Matagorda Bay. One death was indirectly related to the hurricane, as well as at least two injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary\nThe strongest and deadliest hurricane of the season tracked from east of the Lesser Antilles, through the Greater Antilles, and across the southeastern United States before last being observed near Newfoundland; it was tied for having the longest duration for a hurricane prior to 1870. When it hit near Panama City, Florida with winds of 115\u00a0mph (185\u00a0km/h), it caused at least 23\u00a0deaths, including five when a lighthouse was destroyed. Many houses were destroyed along its path, primarily along the Florida Panhandle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0004-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary\nThe other landfalling hurricane was one that struck near Tampico, where it caused heavy damage. The last tropical storm of the season made landfall on Rhode Island, though associated damage is unknown. A tropical storm affected the Lesser Antilles in early July, and another tropical storm remained nearly stationary for three days to the southeast of North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0005-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nA small 90\u00a0mph (150\u00a0km/h) hurricane was first observed on June\u00a025, about 75\u00a0miles (120\u00a0km/h) southeast of Freeport, Texas. It tracked westward, moving ashore near Matagorda Bay later that night near peak intensity, with an estimated minimum barometric central pressure of 977\u00a0mbar; due to lack of observations, it is possible the hurricane struck as the equivalent of a Category\u00a02 hurricane on the Saffir\u2013Simpson scale. The cyclone slowly weakened as it turned northwestward, with hurricane-force wind gusts reported 24\u00a0hours after landfall in current-day Medina County. It is estimated that the storm dissipated early on June\u00a028 over central Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0006-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nThe hurricane produced heavy damage near where it moved ashore, having been described as the most disastrous experienced there to date. The winds destroyed every wharf and several houses in Port Lavaca. On Matagorda Island, the saltwater contaminated the fresh water supply, and in Matagorda Bay, heavy shipping losses were reported. As the cyclone progressed inland, it dropped light to moderate rainfall, peaking at around 3\u00a0inches (75\u00a0mm) in Corpus Christi. A fort near current day Laredo reported 2.48\u00a0inches (63\u00a0mm) of precipitation. Across its path, the winds downed several trees and houses, leaving two people injured and contributing to a death when a sick person was exposed to the storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0007-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nA moderate hurricane made landfall near Tampico, which was described as having moved ashore before July\u00a07; the Hurricane Research Division assessed the date as July\u00a05. Heavy damage was reported in Tampico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0008-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Three\nA tropical storm passed through the southern Lesser Antilles on July\u00a010. Overall documentation on the storm was weak, and its track elsewhere is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0009-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nGreat Florida Middle Panhandle Hurricane of August 1851 or Hurricane San Agapito of 1851 was first observed on August\u00a016 about 775\u00a0miles (1250\u00a0km) east of Barbados. It tracked west-northwestward, attaining hurricane status on August\u00a017 as it approached the Lesser Antilles. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane passed between Antigua and Saint Kitts and later south of Saint Croix. On August\u00a018 it brushed the southern coast of Puerto Rico, though it affected the entire island due to a large size of the storm. The next day it made landfall on the southern coast of the Dominican Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0009-0001", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nThe cyclone rapidly weakened to tropical storm status over Hispaniola, though it regained hurricane status as it paralleled the southern coast of Cuba just offshore. Late on August\u00a020, the cyclone crossed western Cuba, briefly weakening to tropical storm status before again regaining hurricane status in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. It quickly strengthened and reached peak winds of 115\u00a0mph (185\u00a0km/h) early on August\u00a023 about 215\u00a0miles (345\u00a0km) south-southeast of Pensacola, Florida. Turning northeastward, the hurricane moved ashore near Panama City, Florida at peak intensity, with an estimated barometric pressure of 960\u00a0mbar. It accelerated across the Southeastern United States, weakening to a tropical storm before exiting North Carolina into the Atlantic Ocean on August\u00a025. On August\u00a027, it was last observed over Newfoundland as a weak tropical storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0010-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nThe hurricane passed near Saint Lucia on August\u00a017, where high tides and rough seas were reported. Flooding was reported in northern Puerto Rico during its passage. Impact is unknown in Hispaniola and Cuba. The hurricane produced an estimated storm tide of 12\u00a0feet (3.7\u00a0m) at Saint Marks; the combination of waves and the storm tide flooded coastal areas, destroying 50% of the cotton crops in some areas. Rough seas destroyed a brig, killing 17\u00a0people, and another person drowned due to a shipwreck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0010-0001", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nMany ships were expected to have been lost in the storm, resulting in fear of potentially hundreds of deaths. The storm caused heavy damage along the coastline, and in Apalachicola the winds destroyed the roofs of all but two or three buildings. Dog Island Light was destroyed, resulting in five deaths. Further inland, many houses were blown over in Tallahassee, totaling $60,000 in damage (1851\u00a0USD). Heavy damage was reported in Alabama, including destroyed crops and damaged houses; damage in the state was less than in Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0010-0002", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nHurricane-force winds extended into southwestern Georgia, while tropical storm force winds were reported along the coastline. In Savannah, the winds damaged many houses and downed many trees. In North Carolina and Virginia, winds from the storm destroyed crop fields and small buildings; in the region, it was described as the worst storm in 30\u00a0years. Storm damage was reported as far north as Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0011-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Five\nOn September\u00a013, a tropical storm was first observed about 225\u00a0miles (360\u00a0km) southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. A nearby ship with the call sign Cushnoc reported estimated winds of 60\u00a0mph (95\u00a0km/h), which was judged to be the peak intensity of the tropical storm. Another ship on September\u00a016 reported similar winds in the same location; Thus, it was estimated to have remained nearly stationary for three days. Its complete track is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0012-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Six\nA tropical storm developed on October\u00a016 about 155\u00a0miles (250\u00a0km) east of Cape Canaveral, Florida. It tracked northeastward, gradually strengthening to attain peak winds of 70\u00a0mph (110\u00a0km/h) early on October\u00a017. On October\u00a018, the storm turned more to the north-northeast as its forward motion increased. Gradually weakening, the storm dissipated late on October\u00a019 after making landfall on Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0013-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems\nOn August\u00a02, a hurricane was reported in the vicinity of Tampico. However, it was not listed as a tropical cyclone in the official hurricane database.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022990-0014-0000", "contents": "1851 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems\nAn assessment by scholar Michael Chenoweth indicated the presence of a hurricane in the vicinity of western Jamaica around November\u00a07. It is not currently listed in the official hurricane database.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022991-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Belgian general election\nSenate elections were held in Belgium on 27 September 1851. The snap elections (solely for the Senate) were called by Royal Order on 4 September, due to a lack of support among the wealthy senators for the introduction of an inheritance tax pushed for by the liberal Minister of Finance Walth\u00e8re Fr\u00e8re-Orban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022991-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Belgian general election\nThe Liberal Party and Catholics won 27 seats each. Voter turnout was 64.0%, although only 79,296 people (1.8% of the population) were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022992-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Boundary Treaty (Brazil\u2013Uruguay)\nThe 1851 Boundary Treaty established between Brazil and Uruguay as a result of the Uruguayan Civil War and conflicts with Brazil and Argentina; the result of the treaty was a step towards the acceptance of Uruguay's independence from neighboring territories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022992-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Boundary Treaty (Brazil\u2013Uruguay), Treaties\nUruguay rewarded Brazil's financial and military support by signing five treaties in 1851 that provided for perpetual alliance between the two countries. The Treaty of Montevideo (1828) confirmed Brazil's right to intervene in Uruguay's internal affairs. The treaties also allowed joint navigation on the Uruguay River and its tributaries, and tax exempted cattle and salted meat exports. The treaties also acknowledged Uruguay's debt to Brazil for its aid against the Blancos, and Brazil's commitment for granting an additional loan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022992-0001-0001", "contents": "1851 Boundary Treaty (Brazil\u2013Uruguay), Treaties\nIn addition, Uruguay renounced its territorial claims to a border in the Ibicu\u00ed River and accepted the Quara\u00ed River as northernmost border with Brazil, thereby reducing its area the size of the Cisplatina Province, and recognized Brazil's exclusive right of navigation in the Lagoa Mirim and the Jaguar\u00e3o River , the natural border between the countries. However, a dispute still exists in the vicinity of Masoller over which creek was meant to mark the border in that area. Uruguay also allowed Brazilians to legally own slaves in their properties despite the fact that after 1842 slavery wasn't legal in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022993-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 California gubernatorial election\nThe 1851 California gubernatorial election was held on September 3, 1851, to elect the governor of California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022993-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 California gubernatorial election\nDuring the 1851 convention, the Democratic Party refused to renominate incumbent John McDougall as the party's choice for governor. Instead, state Democrats nominated Assembly Speaker John Bigler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022994-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the 1851 Chicago mayoral election, Walter S. Gurnee defeated incumbent mayor James Curtiss as well as Eli B. Williams and Edward K. Rogers by a landslide 36.25% margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022994-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Chicago mayoral election\nThe Whig Party decided against nominating a ticket in the 1851 Chicago municipal elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022994-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 Chicago mayoral election, Results\nGurnee defeated incumbent Democrat James Curtiss as well as Eli B. Williams and Edward K. Rogers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022994-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 Chicago mayoral election, Results\nOwing to a large number voters not being in compliance with new election laws, an unprecedented number of voters were refused tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022994-0004-0000", "contents": "1851 Chicago mayoral election, Results\nGurnee received a plurality of votes from all major political parties. It is believed that his vote total from Whigs was as great as his vote total from Democrats. Many political analysts treated the election (which unseated incumbent Democrat James Curtiss) as a \"Whig Party victory\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution\nThe Revolution of 1851 (or Civil War of 1851) was an attempt by Chilean liberals to overthrow the conservative government of president Manuel Montt and repeal the Chilean Constitution of 1833. After various battles and sieges, by late December 1851 government forces had subdued the revolutionaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution, Background\nAfter the Battle of Lircay ended the Chilean Civil War of 1829\u201330, Chile formed a conservative political system under the 1833 Constitution, drafted by Mariano Ega\u00f1a, which established a one-party presidential polity. In the succeeding decades, various liberal social and political movements emerged, led by intellectuals like Santiago Arcos, Francisco Bilbao, Jos\u00e9 Victorino Lastarria and Benjam\u00edn Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna. These and others formed institutions such as the Literary Society of 1842 and the Society of Equality, which sought to rally the population to achieve an increase in civil rights. The European Revolutions of 1848 also inspired and encouraged opposition political movements, who increasingly saw armed action as the most realistic means of forcing political change.\u00b7", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution, 1851 Election and Uprisings, 20 April uprising\nIn early 1851, the opposition advanced candidate Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda de la Cruz in the presidential election to oppose then-president Manuel Bulnes's preferred successor, Manuel Montt. Concerned that the election might not end in their favor, Cruz and other opposition groups decided to attempt a military coup, to be carried out in Santiago by Colonel Pedro Urriola Balbont\u00edn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution, 1851 Election and Uprisings, 20 April uprising\nAt dawn on 20 April, Urriola and his companions seized the main streets of Santiago and stormed the army barracks to arm more men, but few of the soldiers they had hoped for joined in the uprising. Two loyalist battalions organized to face the rebels and prepared a counteroffensive from the Alameda and Santa Lucia Hill. The fighting lasted about five hours, after which Urriola was killed along with more than 200 others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0004-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution, 1851 Election and Uprisings, 25\u201326 June presidential elections\nWhen the government announced that Montt had won the election by a wide margin, Cruz accused the regime of electoral fraud and declared the election void. He also alleged that government agents were conspiring to assassinate him, but the men accused were acquitted by the Chilean courts. After that Cruz withdrew to Concepci\u00f3n from Santiago. Small protests began in Concepci\u00f3n, Coquimbo and Maule, which would gradually escalate into open rebellion. In the meantime, the government began arresting political opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 87], "content_span": [88, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0005-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution, 1851 Election and Uprisings, September uprisings\nDays before Manuel Montt assumed power on 18 September 1851, dissident uprisings seized power in Concepci\u00f3n and La Serena. According to historian Alberto Edwards the uprising  was not only rooted in liberalism but also in provincialism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0006-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution, 1851 Election and Uprisings, September uprisings\nThe revolution in La Serena was led by Pedro Pablo Mu\u00f1oz, the brothers Antonio and Ignacio Alfonso, and other notable residents of the city, who organized a revolutionary militia of 600 men from La Serena, Ovalle and Illapel. Calling themselves the \"Restorers of the North,\" they were commanded by Jos\u00e9 Miguel Carrera Fontecilla. A revolutionary government was formed in the city, declaring the abolition of the Constitution of 1833. After a defeat by government forces in the Battle of Petorca, the city was besieged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0007-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution, 1851 Election and Uprisings, September uprisings\nThe uprising in Concepci\u00f3n, by contrast, had little to do with liberalism, as Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda de la Cruz and other Concepci\u00f3n strongmen were pelucones (conservatives). Instead, historian Fernando Silva (1974) claims that the election of Montt meant the loss of the political hegemony Concepci\u00f3n had enjoyed in the 1829\u20131851 period under the presidents Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn Prieto and Manuel Bulnes, both of whom were from that city. Because of this the Concepci\u00f3n elite would have supported the overthrow of the Montt regime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0007-0001", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution, 1851 Election and Uprisings, September uprisings\nCruz armed a group of four thousand men, including liberal supporters, rebel troops, mountaineers, and warriors of the Mapuche chieftain Ma\u00f1il. According to historian Jos\u00e9 Bengoa, the Mapuches saw the central government in Santiago as their main enemy, explaining their participation on the side of Cruz in the Concepci\u00f3n-based revolt. Cruz had previously been in charge of the Army of the South and had helped to prevent a possible Mapuche-Chilean war arising from the wreck of Joven Daniel in 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0008-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution, 1851 Election and Uprisings, Later uprisings\nOn 28 October another uprising began in Valpara\u00edso, led by artisans of the Society of Brotherhood (the surviving local chapter of Society of Equality). The Valpara\u00edso mutiny was led by Rafael Bilbao and Jos\u00e9 Antonio Riquelme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0009-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution, 1851 Election and Uprisings, Later uprisings\nOn 21 November a Chilean naval officer named Jos\u00e9 Miguel Cambiazo led a mutiny in Punta Arenas, which was eventually put down by the Chilean navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0010-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution, Consequences of the Revolution\nAfter the failure of the Revolution, the government of Montt began a program of political persecution against the instigators of the uprisings, led by his minister Antonio Varas, which included arrests and deportations. Dozens of notable government opponents were driven into exile, including Arcos, Bilbao, Lastarria and Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna. Thousands more had died in the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022995-0011-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean Revolution, Consequences of the Revolution\nA major rift developed within Chile's political opposition, dividing them into a group headed by Francisco Bilbao, who called for renewed armed revolution, and one headed by Aubrey, seeking a return to democracy by an institutional route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022996-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean presidential election\nThe Chilean presidential election of 1851 took place through a system of electors, and resulted in the election as President of Manuel Montt. Montt was the first non-military president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022996-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Chilean presidential election\nMontt's opponent, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda de la Cruz, refused to accept the results and started a rebellion, the Revolution of 1851, in Concepci\u00f3n. He was defeated by former president Manuel Bulnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022997-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1851 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 2, 1851. It was a rematch of the 1850 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Incumbent governor and Democratic Party nominee Thomas H. Seymour defeated former state legislator and Whig nominee Lafayette S. Foster with 48.94% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022997-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nSeymour won a plurality of the vote, but he did not receive a majority. As a result, the Connecticut General Assembly elected the governor, per the state constitution. The Whig Party had a majority in the Connecticut State house, but they were divided over their choice. Seymour won the vote over Foster by a mere one-vote margin, 122 to 121, in the General Assembly, and became the governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022998-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 French constitutional referendum\nA referendum was held in France on 20 and 21 December 1851. Voters were asked whether they approved of the continuation of the authority of Louis Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte and to delegate the powers required to produce a new constitution. It was approved by 92% of voters with an 81.7% turnout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022998-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 French constitutional referendum, Results\n92.03% of French voters voted in favor of the amendment, while 18.35% of electors abstained from voting. The official tally and free nature of the vote were questioned by dissidents like Victor Hugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat\nThe Coup d'\u00e9tat of 2 December 1851 was a self-coup staged by Louis-Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte (later Napoleon III), at the time President of France under the Second Republic. Code-named Operation Rubicon and timed to coincide with the anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation and victory at Austerlitz, the coup dissolved the National Assembly, granted dictatorial powers to the president and preceded the establishment of the Second French Empire the next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat\nFaced with the prospect of having to leave office in 1852, Louis-Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte (nephew of Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte) staged the coup in order to stay in power and implement his reform programs; these included the restoration of universal male suffrage previously abolished by the legislature. The continuation of his authority and the power to produce a new constitution were approved days later by a constitutional referendum, resulting in the Constitution of 1852, which greatly increased the powers and the term length of the president. A year after the coup, Bonaparte proclaimed himself \"Emperor of the French\" under the regnal name Napoleon III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat, Causes\nIn 1848, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte was elected President of France through universal male suffrage, taking 74% of the vote. He did this with the support of the Party of Order after running against Louis Eug\u00e8ne Cavaignac. Subsequently, he was in constant conflict with the members (d\u00e9put\u00e9s) of the National Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat, Causes\nContrary to the Party's expectations that Louis-Napoleon would be easy to manipulate (Adolphe Thiers had called him a \"cretin whom we will lead [by the nose]\"), he proved himself an agile and cunning politician. He succeeded in imposing his choices and decisions upon the Assembly, which had once again become conservative in the aftermath of the June Days uprising in 1848. He broke away from the control of the Party of Order and created the Minist\u00e8re des Commis, appointing General Hautpoul as its head, in 1849. On 3 January 1850, he dismissed Changarnier, a dissident in the Party of Order, thereby provoking an open conflict within the party. He also actively encouraged the creation of numerous anti-parliament newspapers and acquired the support of 150 members of Parliament, the \"Parti de l'Elys\u00e9e\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0004-0000", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat, Causes\nThe provisions of the constitution that prohibited an incumbent president from seeking re-election appeared to force the end of Louis-Napoleon's rule in December 1852. He therefore spent the first half of 1851 trying to force changes to the constitution through Parliament so he could be re-elected. Bonaparte travelled through the provinces and organised petitions to rally popular support. Two-thirds of the General Council supported Louis-Napoleon's cause, but in the Assembly, supporters of the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, led by Thiers, concluded an alliance with the far left to oppose Louis-Napoleon's plans. In January 1851, the Parliament voted no confidence in the Minist\u00e8re des Commis. On 19 July, it refused the constitutional reform proposed by Louis-Napoleon, also scrapping universal male suffrage in an effort to break popular support for Bonaparte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0005-0000", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat, Preparations for the coup\nThe coup d'\u00e9tat was meticulously planned from 20 August 1851. Preparations and planning for this coup took place at Saint-Cloud. Among the conspirators were Jean-Gilbert Victor Fialin, a loyal companion of Louis-Napol\u00e9on, Charles de Morny, Louis-Napol\u00e9on's half-brother, and General Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud. On 14 October, Louis-Napoleon asked the Parliament to restore universal male suffrage but the request was turned down. His request for a reconsideration of the constitutional reform proposal was also turned down on 13 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0005-0001", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat, Preparations for the coup\nPrepared to strike, Louis-Napoleon appointed General Saint-Arnaud as the Minister of War and a circular was issued reminding soldiers of their pledge of \"passive obedience\". Followers of the President were appointed to various important positions: General Magnan as the Commander of the Troops of Paris, and Maupas, Prefect of Haute-Garonne as Prefect of Police of Paris. Convinced that the coup was now inevitable after the latest refusal, Louis-Napoleon fixed the anniversary of the coronation of Napoleon in 1804, and the victory at Austerlitz in 1805, as the day for the coup. The operation was christened Rubicon, alluding to Julius Caesar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0006-0000", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat, The coup of 2 December 1851\nOn the morning of 2 December, troops led by Saint-Arnaud occupied strategic points in Paris, from the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es to the Tuileries. Top opposition leaders were arrested and six edicts promulgated to establish the rule of Louis-Napoleon. The National Assembly was dissolved, and universal male suffrage restored. Louis-Napoleon declared that a new constitution was being framed and said he intended to restore the \"system established by the First Consul\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0007-0000", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat, The coup of 2 December 1851\nReacting to this coup, parliamentarians took refuge in the mayor's office of the 20th arrondissement of Paris, and 220 of them voted to oust Louis-Napoleon from power. Most prominent among these were liberals like Remusat and moderates like Pascal Duprat, who were arrested soon after. A Parisian insurrection led by the likes of Victor Hugo and Victor Schoelcher erupted despite tight control by the Army. The insurgents were soon defeated. On 3 December parliamentarian Jean-Baptiste Baudin was killed, and on 4 December 200 more people fell victim to the suppression of the revolt. The Italian journalist Ferdinando Petruccelli della Gattina was among the rebels and was expelled from France. By evening, the revolt of Paris was suppressed and the city returned to normal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0008-0000", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat, Revolt in other places\nThe coup triggered revolts in other places across France. On 5 December, rebellions were reported in big cities, small towns and rural areas in the south-west of France. The department of Basses-Alpes even declared itself administered by a \"Committee of Resistance\" but the army, still loyal to the President, succeeded in quelling the rebellion. A total of 32 departments were put under a state of alert from 8 December and the rebellious areas were controlled in a few days. Opponents were arrested and some were forced to flee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0008-0001", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat, Revolt in other places\nVictor Hugo fled to Brussels, then Jersey, and finally settled with his family on the Channel Island of Guernsey at Hauteville House, where he would live in exile until Napoleon III\u2019s downfall in 1870 and collapse of the regime during the Franco-Prussian War. By the end of the rebellion, 26,000 people were arrested, 9,530 were sent to Algeria and 250 to the prison of Cayenne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0009-0000", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat, Peace returns and aftermath\nThe Bonapartists were finally assured of a victory. Generals Vaillant and Harispe became Marshals of France on 11 December. A new constitution was being drafted. A referendum was organised to ratify the new order and the coup was portrayed as a security operation. On 20 and 21 December, the French population were recorded as having voted for acceptance of the new regime by an overwhelming majority of 7,145,000 to 600,000, although the official tally and free nature of the vote were questioned by dissidents like Victor Hugo. Bonaparte now had the power to draft a new constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0010-0000", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat, Peace returns and aftermath\nFollowing a referendum in December 1851, a new constitution was adopted in January 1852. It dramatically expanded the powers of the president, who was elected for a period of 10 years with no term limits. He not only possessed executive power, but was vested with the power of legislative initiative, thereby reducing the scope of the Parliament. Bonaparte was automatically reelected to a fresh term as president. For all intents and purposes, he now held all governing power in the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00022999-0011-0000", "contents": "1851 French coup d'\u00e9tat, Peace returns and aftermath\nThe authoritarian republic proved to be only a stopgap, as Bonaparte immediately set about restoring the Empire. In less than a year, following another referendum on 7 November 1852, the Second French Empire was proclaimed. Again on the symbolic and historic date of 2 December, President Louis-Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte became Napoleon III, Emperor of the French. The 1851 constitution concentrated so much power in Louis-Napol\u00e9on's hands that when the Empire was proclaimed, the only substantive changes to the document were to replace the word \"president\" with the word \"emperor\" and make the post hereditary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023000-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe 1851 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on October 6, 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023000-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Georgia gubernatorial election\nThe Constitutional Union Candidate, Howell Cobb defeated the Southern Rights Candidate, Charles McDonald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023000-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 Georgia gubernatorial election\nGovernor Howell Cobb became the first and only Constitutional Union Governor of Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National\nThe 1851 Grand National was, at the time, the 14th renewal of a handicap steeplechase horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 26 February 1851. However, this was later retrospectively recorded as the 13th official running by the Steeplechase Calendar of 1864 when the race of 1838 was disregarded as official.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National\nThe race was won by Abd-El-Kader, becoming the first dual winner and the first to do so in consecutive years (discounting The Duke, 1836/1837 whose wins are not included in official race records). Known affectionately as \"Little Ab\", the horse stood at just under fifteen hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, Course Changes\nThe start area from previous years was sowed with wheat so the grass field to the left of this was used instead, although the runners did pass over the wheat field at the start of the second circuit. The span of the water jump in front of the stands was also increased to 15 feet", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, Course Changes\nThe third fence, which had previously been a post and rails, was replaced with a ditch and bank and an additional hurdle was placed between the Canal bridge and the racecourse proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0004-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, Course Changes\nThe first fence was described as the Wheat Fence due to the wheat field that preceded it this year. The Anchor Bridge Crossing was described as Proceed's lane after the well backed horse, which had fallen there two years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0005-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, Leading contenders\nThere was an element of criticism of the event this year due to several highly fancied withdrawals in the days prior to the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0006-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, Leading contenders\nRat Trap was listed as an 11/2 favourite after the eve of race betting exchanges, which this year predominantly took place in Lucas' Repository on Great Charlotte Street. This stretched to 6/1 before the off and was based largely on the fact he was being partnered by former winning jockey, Jem Mason and was also carrying eleven lbs less than when failing to complete the course last year. The favourite was prominent as the leaders took the Water jump and remained just off the leaders on the second circuit, unable to mount a challenge, finishing fifth or sixth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0007-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, Leading contenders\nSir John had finished third last year when sent off as favourite and remained well supported, despite having to give weight to all his rivals. Trained by Richard I'Anson at Curraghmore, Ireland  and ridden by John Ryan, Lord Waterford's colours went to the front early on the first circuit and lay at the head of the pack in third place as two runners cut out the second circuit pace. After the final hurdle Sir John was well placed to challenge but remained a couple of lengths adrift of the two in front of him to finish third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0008-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, Leading contenders\nAbd-El-Kader Last year's winner wasn't heavily backed until the day of the race when his appearance on the course attracted the attention of the spectators. Carrying just six lbs more than in victory last year, his owner, Dublin based owner of the Steeplechase Calendar and Irish reporter for sports paper, Bell's Life, Joe Osborne, had secured fellow countryman, Terry Abbott for the ride, which was considered by the public as an improvement on last year's winning partner, Chris Green. This ensured 'Little Ab' was sent off as co second favourite at 7/1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0008-0001", "contents": "1851 Grand National, Leading contenders\nAbbott kept the champion handy on the first circuit, lying a close eighth at the Canal Turn and moving up to third at the Water Jump. The Irish rider showed excellent judgement on the second circuit, remaining calm to allow others to gain a lead of over ten lengths before he moved Little Ab up to challenge Sir John for third place coming to proceed's Lane. Abbott then kicked on when entering the racecourse to challenge Maria Day after the final hurdle, going on to win a tight finish by half a neck. As much of the press of the time had already disregarded the races of 1836 and 1837 as Grand National's, he was regarded as the first duel winner of the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0009-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, Leading contenders\nVain Hope sometimes listed as Vainhope was the winner of the Wolverhampton Chase in December, beating many of his Aintree opponents. He was also one of two entries for William Vevers, which led the owner to declare which of his two competitors he was placing his faith. The betting public followed and respected Vever's judgement and led to his declared runner being a 7/1 morning second favourite, although he drifted slightly to 8/1 by the off. Under Sam Darling Junior, Vain Hope was kept well to the rear for most of the contest, only starting to make progress after jumping Becher's for the second time. Unfortunately he never gave his backers a run for their money and was never closer than fifth on the run in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0010-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, Leading contenders\nTipperary Boy Impressed when finishing fourth last year when completely unconsidered by the public. He also impressed again with a front running performance in finishing second in the Worcestershire Grand Annual Chase in December when ridden by Ablett. Duel National winner, Tom Olliver took the mount at Aintree, leading to his being well backed to 10/1 on race day. Olliver took his mount to the front rank right from the off, disputing the lead for much of the first circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0010-0001", "contents": "1851 Grand National, Leading contenders\nTipperary Boy led at the Water jump before Olliver set out to win the race early, increasing the pace to lead by six lengths at Becher's Brook. He maintained his gallop all the way back to the race course when challenged approaching the final hurdle. Tipperary Boy kicked through the timber and rapidly faded to finish unplaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0011-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, The race\nOfficial records only state the first three finishers, the remainder listed merely as having also ran. However, the race was recorded in detail by most national and regional newspapers of the time, largely in agreement with the record published by the Liverpool Mercury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0012-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, The race\nSir John and Tipperary Boy cut out the early running. Hope came to the front at Becher's Brook but Chris Green's stirrup leather broke at the Canal Turn and the horse retreated rapidly with no further mention of them, suggesting the horse was pulled up soon after. Peter Simple came to the lead along the Canal Side of the course and was the subject of a large bet that he would be the first to take the Water jump, then known as the Artificial Brook, situated in front of the stands. Tubb's mount led over the fence at the distance chair but was headed by Tipperary Boy over the Water, thus losing the bet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0013-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, The race\nSir John was third at this stage followed by Rat Trap, Abd El Kader, Half and Half, Maria Day and Mulligan leading the main body of runners with Vainhope, Volatile and Fugleman bringing up the rear. Volatile fell here and, although remounted, pulled up before reaching the first fence on the second circuit, reported as the Wheat fence. Penrith had been seen to the rear from an early stage and reports suggested he fell on the first circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0014-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, The race\nPeter Simple struggled in the wheat field leaving the racecourse and was pulled up as Tipperary Boy upped the pace, opening up a lead of a length or two to Maria Day and Mulligan who in turn led Sir John by three lengths with Abd El Kader just behind in the main pack. The pace increased with the order remaining the same until the vicinity of the Canal Turn where Mulligan suffered a heavy fall but was quickly remounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0014-0001", "contents": "1851 Grand National, The race\nAlong the Canal side of the course Tipperary Boy maintained a two length lead over Maria Day, in turn four lengths clear of Sir John as Abd El Kader and Half and Half moved up to dispute third. Vainhope was now steadily improving from the rear and Mulligan was also gaining ground after his fall. The Greysteel Mare and Shinrone both fell at some point along this part of the course, although the latter was remounted while several others retired from the race with victory beyond them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0015-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, The race\nComing back onto the racecourse, Maria Day moved up to challenge Tipperary Boy. Abd El Kader moved past the one paced Sir John in third as the remainder failed to make progress. The two leaders jumped the final hurdle together but both crashed through the timber. Maria Day continued but Tipperary Boy tired rapidly to leave Abd El Kader as the only challenger to the mare. Abbott's mount drew level on the run in and got the better of a close finish to claim victory by half a neck. Sir John was a further two lengths down in third with Half and Half fourth. The contemporary reports differ on the order of the remaining finishers but a majority suggest the order was that listed in the finishing order below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0016-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, The race\nNo injury was reported to any of the horses but William Taylor suffered a broken collarbone when he fell from The Victim at Proceed's Lane fence, which is no longer on the course but was where the runners cross Anchor Bridge in the modern era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023001-0017-0000", "contents": "1851 Grand National, Finishing Order\nOnly the first three were officially recorded. However there are several detailed reports of the race published in the national and regional newspapers of the time. While each report presents some minor differences, a more detailed picture of the fate of each runner can be taken from the agreement of the majority of reports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023002-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Lacroute\n1851 Lacroute, provisional designation 1950 VA, is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023002-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Lacroute\nIt was discovered on 9 November 1950, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in the capital of Algeria, Northern Africa, and named after French astronomer Pierre Lacroute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023002-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 Lacroute, Orbit and classification\nLacroute orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (1,996 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023002-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 Lacroute, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Lacroute measures 16.9 and 18.2 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.049 and 0.074, respectively. As of 2016, the body's spectral type, as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023002-0004-0000", "contents": "1851 Lacroute, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of French astronomer Pierre Lacroute (1906\u20131993), a known astrometrist, president of IAU's Commission 24 in the 1970s, and director of the Observatory of Strasbourg, instrumental in the establishment of the Stellar Data Center (also see SIMBAD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023002-0005-0000", "contents": "1851 Lacroute, Naming\nLacroute also made an independent reduction of the astrometric star catalogue AGK3, using a technique involving overlapping photographic plates. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4419).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023003-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Liberian general election\nPresidential elections were held in Liberia in 1851. The result was a victory for incumbent President Joseph Jenkins Roberts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023004-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Saturrday 1 November 1851. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023005-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1851 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023005-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Democratic Governor George S. Boutwell was re-elected to a second term in office. Although Whig Robert C. Winthrop won a plurality of the popular vote, a majority was required for election. Instead, the election was put to the Massachusetts General Court, where a coalition of Free Soil and Democratic legislators elected Boutwell to a second term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023005-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Legislative vote\nThe Massachusetts House of Representatives certified the popular returns on January 12. Governor Boutwell was the first candidate nominated with 200 votes to Winthrop's 194. On a second ballot, Winthrop was nominated with 240 votes, with 30 for Palfrey and 16 for Cogswell. In the Massachusetts State Senate, Boutwell defeated Winthrop 28-11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023006-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 72nd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1851 during the governorship of George S. Boutwell. Henry Wilson served as president of the Senate and Nathaniel Prentice Banks served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023007-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1851 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1851. Democratic nominee Robert McClelland defeated Whig nominee Townsend E. Gidley with 58.50% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023008-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Naval Air Squadron\n1851 Naval Air Squadron (1851 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023009-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 New York state election\nThe 1851 New York state election was held on November 4, 1851, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the State Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023009-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 New York state election, Background\nThe Democratic state convention met on September 10 in Syracuse. The Whig state convention met on September 11 in Syracuse. Horace Wheaton, candidate for Canal Commissioner, was the sitting Mayor of Syracuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023009-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 New York state election, Results\nSix out of eight state offices were won by the Democrats, the most important ones by margins of a few hundred votes out of about 400,000 cast. The incumbent Chatfield was re-elected. The incumbents Seymour, Foot and Wells were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023009-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 New York state election, Results\nSix Democrats and four Whigs were elected to the district benches of the New York State Supreme Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023009-0004-0000", "contents": "1851 New York state election, Contested election\nThe Whig candidate James M. Cook was declared elected state treasurer with a majority of only 228 votes, but Attorney General Chatfield contested the result in the New York Supreme Court in favor of Welch, claiming that ballots with a name similar to that of the candidate Benjamin Welch, Jr., had been counted as \"scattering\" but had been intended for Welch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023009-0004-0001", "contents": "1851 New York state election, Contested election\nIn fact the official state canvass shows ballots for \"Benjamin Welch\" in Chemung (68), Kings (1), Saratoga (1) and Tompkins (47), \"B. Welch\" in Chenango (1), Livingston (1) and New York (1), \"B. J. Welch\" in Livingston (1), and \"Benjamin C. Welch, Jr.\" in Ontario (32); a total of 153. On the other side, the official canvass also shows votes for \"J. M. Cook\" in Kings (1), \"J. W. Cook\" in Livingston (2), \"Cook\" in New York (2), \"James Cook\" in Saratoga (1), \"James A. Cook\" in Suffolk (15) and \"John M Cook\" in Yates (1), a total of 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023009-0004-0002", "contents": "1851 New York state election, Contested election\nBesides, votes from several election districts were disallowed on technicalities (49 for Welch and 24 for Cook in Chesterfield, Essex County, New York; 332 for Welch and 66 for Cook in the second election district of the 14th Ward in New York City). On September 30, 1852, the election result was reversed by the Supreme Court, but Cook refused to deliver the office and the books. Welch sued for the delivery of the books, but the motion was denied. After some more legal proceedings, Welch took office as Treasurer for the remainder of the term on November 20, 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023010-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 New Zealand census\nThe 1851 New Zealand census was the first national population census held in the Crown colony of New Zealand. The day used for the census was Saturday 1 November 1851. The enumeration was left to the governments of New Ulster and New Munster, the two provinces into which the country was then divided and was ordered by the Census Ordinance of 1851. The census, which only surveyed European New Zealanders, revealed a population of 26,707.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023010-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 New Zealand census, Summary, Data availability\nThe Blue Books were statistical information from New Zealand's early Colonial period (1840\u20131855). They have information about population, revenue, military, trade, shipping, public works, legislation, civil servants, foreign consuls, land transactions, churches, schools, and prisons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023010-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 New Zealand census, Population and dwellings\nPopulation counts for the New Zealand districts. The original six were Auckland, New Plymouth, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago, though in 1858 New Plymouth was renamed Taranaki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023010-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 New Zealand census, Population and dwellings, Religion\nMembers of Christian denominations formed 93.35 per cent. of those who made answer to the inquiry at the census; non-Christian sects were 0.24 per cent. ; whilst \"other\" religions constituted 6.41 per cent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023010-0004-0000", "contents": "1851 New Zealand census, Numbers of livestock\nShowing the numbers of livestock in the possession of Europeans in the several settlements in 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023011-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1851 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 14, 1851. Incumbent governor William F. Johnston, a Whig, was a candidate for re-election but was defeated by Democratic candidate William Bigler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023012-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1851 saw the reelection of Charles Gilpin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023012-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023013-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Portuguese legislative election\nThe Portuguese legislative election, 1851 was held on 2 and 16 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023014-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Research Fellowship\nThe 1851 Research Fellowship is a scheme conducted by the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 to annually award a three-year research scholarship to approximately eight \"young scientists or engineers of exceptional promise\". The fellowship is open to all nationalities and fields of science, including physical or biological sciences, mathematics, applied science, and any branch of engineering. The fellowship can be held anywhere in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023014-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Research Fellowship\nSeveral other Fellowships are also awarded by the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851, including the Research Fellowship in the Built Environment, Industrial Fellowships and the Research Fellowship in Design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023014-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 Research Fellowship, Alumni\nThe research fellowship known as the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, has been awarded to numerous scientists and engineers over the years, many of whom have become leaders in their fields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023015-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 South Australian colonial election\nColonial elections were held in South Australia on 21 February 1851. Only 16 of the 24 seats in the unicameral Legislative Council were popularly elected but was the first occurrence of voting franchise in the colony. The 1855 election was the second and last of this type. The 1857 election was the first contest which popularly elected all members to the new bicameral Parliament of South Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023015-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 South Australian colonial election\nThe first six Governors of South Australia oversaw governance from proclamation in 1836 until self-government in 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023016-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Swiss federal election\nFederal elections were held in Switzerland on 26 October 1851. The Radical Left remained the largest group in the National Council, winning 78 of the 120 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023016-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Swiss federal election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held under the Federal law concerning the elections to the National Council, which had been passed on 21 December 1850. The 120 members of the National Council were elected in 49 single- and multi-member constituencies; there was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population. The 1850 law reduced the number of constituencies from 52, but increased the number of seats from 111; Aargau, Glarus, Lucerne, Neuch\u00e2tel, Vaud and Z\u00fcrich gained one seat each, whilst Bern gained three seats. The law also set the election date as the last Sunday in October and introduced a three-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023016-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 Swiss federal election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held using a three-round system; candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. In six cantons (Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Glarus, Nidwalden, Obwalden and Uri), National Council members were elected by the Landsgemeinde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023017-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Texas gubernatorial election\nThe 1851 Texas gubernatorial election was held on August 4, 1851 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Governor Peter Hansborough Bell was reelected to a second term, receiving 48% of the vote. His nearest challenger, Middleton T. Johnson, won just 19%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census\nThe United Kingdom Census of 1851 recorded the people residing in every household on the night of Sunday 30 March 1851, and was the second of the UK censuses to include details of household members. However, this census added considerably to the fields recorded in the earlier 1841 UK Census, providing additional details of ages, relationships and origins, making the 1851 census a rich source of information for both demographers and genealogists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census\nThe 1851 census for England and Wales was opened to public inspection at the Public Record Office in 1912 (the 100-year closure rule was not in effect at the time), and is now available from The National Archives as part of class HO 107. The 1851 census for Scotland is available at the General Register Office for Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0001-0001", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census\nAn 1851 census was taken in Ireland but most of the records have been destroyed; those that remain are held by the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (for those counties of Ireland which remain in the UK) or the National Archives of Ireland (for those counties now in the Republic of Ireland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census\nThe census was held concurrently with a census of religion in England and Wales, which recorded religious institutions and attendance at religious services on 30 March. The returns for this are also held at The National Archives as class HO 129.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Developments from previous censuses\nThe 1851 census was the first to record the full details of birth location for individuals. Where 1841 had only recorded if an individual was born in a county, the 1851 census states the county and parish or town of birth as well. The purpose behind asking for this information was to answer one of the critical questions of the time which was the rate and intensity of migration from rural to urban areas. The results confirmed there had been a significant shift from the countryside to the towns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0004-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Developments from previous censuses\nThe 1851 census was the first to record each person's marital status and relationship to the head of the household, as well as details of disability being recorded \u2014 with a field for recording the information that an individual was \"blind, deaf or imbecile\". Each individual's exact age was also recorded (to the nearest year) rather than rounding adult ages down to the nearest five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0005-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Developments from previous censuses\nIn 1851, much greater detail was asked about people's occupations than in previous censuses. This enabled government analysis of occupations into \"classes\" and \"sub-classes\". Masters in trade and manufacture were asked to state the word \"master\" after the description of their occupation and to state the number of men employed on the day of the census. A full transcript of the 1851 Census can be found online.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0006-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Developments from previous censuses\nFull documentation for the 1851 population census, including census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from the North Atlantic Population Project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0007-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Developments from previous censuses, Census of religion\nThe Government also conducted a census in England and Wales of churches and chapels, endowments, sittings, attendance at religious services on Sunday 30 March 1851 and average numbers during the preceding twelve months. Reports were collected from local ministers. The attendance count was 10,896,066 out of a population of 17.9 million. There were 5,292,551 attending Church of England services, 4,536,264 attending the other Protestant churches, and 383,630 attending Catholic services. This was a unique experiment, not repeated at any later census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0008-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Developments from previous censuses, Census of religion\nThe religious census returns are now held in The National Archives as class HO 129.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0009-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Government analysis\nSince the 1841 Census the population of Ireland had dropped by 1.7 million due to mass starvation caused by the Great Famine, as well as emigration abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0010-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Government analysis\nThe additional information on ages and occupations permitted considerable contemporary analysis of the census data for England and Wales. Not only were 332 different occupations analysed by age group, but they were also correlated with death records from civil registration, allowing statisticians, led by William Farr, \"to compare the living in each well defined occupation with the number dying registered at the corresponding ages; and thus to determine the influence of employment on health and life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0011-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Government analysis\nMiners die in undue proportions, particularly at the advanced ages, when their strength begins to decline... Tailors die in considerable numbers at the younger ages (25\u201345)... Labourers' mortality is as nearly the same rate as that of the whole population, except in the very advanced ages, when the Poor Law apparently affords inadequate relief to the worn-out workman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0012-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Genealogical value\nThe 1851 census is seen as one of the key sources for British genealogical research of the nineteenth century. The information about the relationship of individuals to the head of household enables relationships between people to be established accurately. Furthermore, the inclusion of exact ages and details of each person's place of birth, provides the researcher with a pointer to the location of birth or baptism records. In many cases, this allows the researcher to pin-down the parish of birth with relative ease: in other cases, the situation is not so simple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0013-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Genealogical value\nAn example of the problems encountered is that the census may accurately record a person's place of birth, although their baptism (which may be the only record relating to their birth) may be in a different place. Conversely, a person may have been born and baptised in one place, but brought up in a different place, which is the one they remember as their place of origin and duly record it as such in the census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0013-0001", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Genealogical value\nA further problem is that the information about a household was normally provided to the census enumerator by the head of household\u2014and heads of household varied in the conscientiousness with which they elicited information from each person in the household. In cases where a person was born outside the country, only the country of origin is given (not the location within the country). Hence, for example, there are many people in the English census whose place of birth is given simply as \"Scotland\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0014-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Data availability and publication\nThe 1851 schedules have been digitized and are available at subscription websites. The schedules are of high importance to genealogists since 1851 was the first year in which a place of birth or parish was recorded. Microdata from the 1851 population census are freely available through the North Atlantic Population Project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0015-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Data availability and publication, Religious census\nThe religious census returns (The National Archives, HO 129) are available to download free of charge as part of the Digital Microfilm project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023018-0016-0000", "contents": "1851 United Kingdom census, Data availability and publication, Religious census\nThe returns for a number of counties have been published by county record societies and similar bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nThe 1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held during January 1851. Free Soil Party candidate Charles Sumner was elected by a coalition of Free-Soil and Democratic legislators over Whig incumbent Robert C. Winthrop, who had been appointed to finish the term of retiring Senator Daniel Webster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nAt the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a majority vote of each separate house of the Massachusetts General Court, the House and the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background, Democratic-Free Soil coalition\nAt the time, Massachusetts elected governors by a majority of the popular vote. If no candidate received a majority, the election was decided by a vote of the General Court. In 1850, the Massachusetts electorate split between three major parties: the Whigs, the Democrats, and the anti-slavery Free Soil Party. To overcome the much larger Whig Party, the Democrats and Free-Soilers entered a coalition. Under their power-sharing agreement, the state Democratic Party adopted an anti-slavery platform. Democrats George S. Boutwell and Nathaniel Prentiss Banks would be elected Governor and Speaker of the House, respectively. Free Soil leader Henry Wilson was elected Senate President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background, Democratic-Free Soil coalition\nFinally, abolitionist activist Charles Sumner would be elected to the United States Senate in the January election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0004-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background, Legislative composition\nIn the Senate, 14 Whigs, 14 Democrats, and 12 Free-Soilers were elected. In the House, 175 Whigs, 108 Democrats, and 113 Free-Soilers were elected. Although the Democratic-Free Soil coalition held a clear majority in each house, some Democratic legislators voiced their opposition to the election of the radical abolitionist Sumner. Conservative representatives who sought reconciliation with the South feared that Sumner's election would be a step toward civil war and sought to deny him the majority in the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 88], "content_span": [89, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0005-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the House\nThe election for Senator began in the House on January 14, but the House adjourned after no candidate received a majority on the first two ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0006-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the House, First ballot\nFollowing the first ballot, a motion was made to postpone the election until February 15. Pending that motion, another motion was made to adjourn. The motion to adjourn failed 180-190, and the motion to postpone failed 159-193. The House proceeded to a second ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 88], "content_span": [89, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0007-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the House, Second ballot\nFollowing the failure of the second ballot, the House adjourned for the day. They also adjourned on January 15 without electing a Senator. Following this adjournment, the House Free Soilers threatened that if Sumner was not elected on the next ballot, then they would request the resignation of Democratic Governor George S. Boutwell, who owed his seat to the coalition's support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 89], "content_span": [90, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0008-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the House, Twentieth and twenty-first ballots\nOn the twentieth ballot, April 23, Sumner was found to be one vote shy of a majority. However, a single vote had Sumner's name written but crossed out in pencil. After debate, this vote was counted and it was reported that Sumner had a one-vote majority, but a Whig member of the House moved to count a previously-discarded vote as \"scattering.\" After another half hour of debate, the motion carried without opposition and Sumner's majority was erased. It was reported that there were two more votes than members voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 110], "content_span": [111, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0009-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the House, Twentieth and twenty-first ballots\nAfter it was erroneously reported that Sumner had won by one vote, abolitionists throughout the Commonwealth began celebrating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 110], "content_span": [111, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0010-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the House, Twenty-third ballot\nOn the twenty-third ballot, Sumner fell two votes short of a majority. It was reported that two votes for Sumner found \"doubled together\" were thrown out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0011-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the House, Twenty-sixth and final ballot\nOn the twenty-sixth ballot, it was moved that votes be cast by envelope. Two Whigs were reported to have supported Sumner, one being Nathaniel B. Borden after instructions to do so from his constituents. Sumner was declared the victor with a majority of one. Two blank ballots were not counted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 105], "content_span": [106, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0012-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the Senate\nOn January 20, between the fifth and sixth House ballots, Sumner was victorious over Winthrop in the Senate, receiving three votes more than the necessary 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0013-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the Senate\nVotes for Sumner: Austin, Joseph T. Buckingham, Cazneau, Dean, Dewitt, Graves, Whiting Griswold, Howe, Kimball, Keyes, Morrison, Mosely, Robinson, Saunders Jr., Tabor, Usher, Welch, Whitney, Warner, Wellington, Wood, Senate President Wood, and Henry Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023019-0014-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the Senate\nVotes for Winthrop: Barney, Bassett, Boynton, Daniels, Hyde, Charles Hubbard, Hawley, Hilliard, Kuhn, Newell, Russell, Sears, Benjamin Seaver, Wilkins", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1851 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 4 and March 18/19, 1851, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nDaniel S. Dickinson (Dem.) had been elected in 1845 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt this time the Whig Party in New York was split in two opposing factions: the Seward/Weed faction (the majority, opposed to the Compromise of 1850) and the \"Silver Grays\" (supporters of President Millard Fillmore and his compromise legislation, led by Francis Granger whose silver gray hair originated the faction's nickname). The opposing factions of the Democratic Party in New York, the \"Barnburners\" and the \"Hunkers\", had reunited at the State election in November 1850, and managed to have almost their whole State ticket elected, only Horatio Seymour was defeated for governor by a plurality of 262 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1849, 14 Seward Whigs, 3 Silver Gray Whigs and 15 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1850\u20131851) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1850, a Whig majority was elected to the Assembly for the session of 1851. The 74th New York State Legislature met from January 7 to April 17, and from June 10 to July 11, 1851, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0004-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nEx-Governor of New York Hamilton Fish was the candidate of the Whig Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0005-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nHamilton Fish belonged to the Seward/Weed faction, but was also a close friend of Henry Clay who was one of the leaders of the Fillmore faction in Washington, D.C. He was thus considered the only viable compromise candidate. The Silver Grays asked Fish to pledge his support for the Compromise, but Fish refused to make any comment, saying that he did not seek the office, and that the legislators should vote guided by Fish's known political history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0005-0001", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nFish had earlier stated his opposition against the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 but was believed to support most of the remainder of the Compromise. Nevertheless, Silver Gray State Senator James W. Beekman declared that he would not vote for Fish for personal reasons, a dislike stemming from the time when they were fellow students at Columbia University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0006-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nThe State Legislature met on February 4, the legally prescribed day, to elect a U.S. Senator. In the Assembly, Fish received a majority of 78 to 49. In the State Senate the vote stood 16 for Fish and 16 votes for a variety of candidates, among them Beekman's vote for Francis Granger. After a second ballot with the same result, Beekman moved to adjourn, which was carried by the casting vote of the lieutenant governor, and no nomination was made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0007-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nOn February 14, Senator George B. Guinnip offered a resolution to declare John Adams Dix elected to the U.S. Senate. On motion of Senator George R. Babcock, the resolution was laid on the table, i.e. consideration was postponed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0008-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nOn February 15, Guinnip again offered a resolution to declare John Adams Dix elected to the U.S. Senate. Senator Stephen H. Johnson offered an amendment to this resolution, declaring Daniel S. Dickinson elected. On motion of Senator Marius Schoonmaker, the resolution was laid on the table too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0009-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nOn March 18, when two Democratic State Senators were absent, having gone to New York City, the Whigs persuaded the Democrats in a 14-hour session to re-open the U.S. Senate election, and in the small hours of March 19 Fish was nominated by a vote of 16 to 12 (Beekman, Johnson [both Whigs], Thomas B. Carroll and William A. Dart [both Dem.] did not vote).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0010-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nFish was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023020-0011-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nFish took his seat on December 1, 1851, and remained in office until March 3, 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023021-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1851 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 14, 1851. Richard Brodhead was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023021-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 14, 1851, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1851. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023022-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1851 Vermont gubernatorial election was held on September 2, 1851. The state continued its support for the Whig party, and Whig Governor Charles K. Williams was easily re-elected to a one-year term. The strong showing of the Free Soil Party candidate Timothy P. Redfield also showed that Vermont was on its way to becoming an anti-slavery bastion. The Democratic nominee, John S. Robinson went on to win the governorship in 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023023-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Virginia gubernatorial election\nThe 1851 Virginia gubernatorial election was held on December 8, 1851 to elect the governor of Virginia. It was the first gubernatorial election in Virginia in which the governor was elected by direct popular vote, instead of being selected by the state legislature. The change was brought about by the adoption of the Virginia Constitution of 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023024-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nThe 1851 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1851. Whig candidate Leonard J. Farwell won the election with 51% of the vote, winning his first term as Governor of Wisconsin. Farwell defeated Democratic candidate Don A. J. Upham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023024-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party\nDon A. J. Upham had been Mayor of Milwaukee for two years just prior to his run for Governor. Before that, he had served extensively in the government of the Wisconsin Territory prior to statehood\u2014as a member of the Council (upper chamber of the legislature) and as President of the first Constitutional Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023024-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Whig Party\nLeonard J. Farwell owned a considerable amount of land in the Madison area and had invested in improvements. He had been active in establishing the Wisconsin Historical Society, the state agricultural society, the state public school system, and the state university.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023026-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in Australia\n1851 in Australia was a watershed year. It saw the start of the Australian gold rushes with significant gold discoveries in both New South Wales (near Bathurst) in February and Victoria in July. As a result of the Gold Rushes, the European population of Victoria increased from 97,489 in 1851 to 538,628 in 1861 and the population of NSW increased from 197,265 in 1851 to 350,860 in 1861. Victoria became a self-governing colony. Sentiment in the eastern Australian colonies moved decisively against penal transportation leading to the end of transportation to Tasmania in 1853. Melbourne's major suburb/satellite city in the Dandenong Ranges, Belgrave was first settled, making it the oldest town in the Dandenong Ranges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023037-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1851 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023037-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1851 is 64,350 M\u0101ori and 26,707 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023041-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in Siam\nThe year 1851 was the 70th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam (now known as Thailand). It was the 28th and last year in the reign of King Nangklao (Rama III), and the first year in the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023042-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1851 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023044-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in Switzerland\nThe following is a list of events, births, and deaths in 1851 in Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023045-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1851 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023046-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in archaeology\nThe year 1851 in archaeology included many events, some of which are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023047-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in architecture\nThe year 1851 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023049-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in birding and ornithology, Birds\nBirds described in 1851 include the bare-necked umbrellabird, common \u02bbamakihi, dusky-headed parakeet, Madeira firecrest, Madeiran storm petrel, North Island brown kiwi, olive sparrow, grey-crowned palm-tanager, red-headed fody, rufous-throated tanager, silver-throated tanager, Sri Lanka bush warbler, yellow-bellied tanager and yellow-eared bulbul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023050-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023052-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023053-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023053-0001-0000", "contents": "1851 in poetry, Events\nJune \u2013 While waiting to cross the English Channel on honeymoon, English poet Matthew Arnold probably begins to compose the poem \"Dover Beach\" (published 1867).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023053-0002-0000", "contents": "1851 in poetry, Births\nDath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023053-0003-0000", "contents": "1851 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023054-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023055-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in science\nThe year 1851 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023056-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in sports\n1851 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023057-0000-0000", "contents": "1851 in the United Kingdom\nThe following is a list of events that occurred in the year 1851 in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023059-0000-0000", "contents": "1851-52 Australian cricket season\n1851-52 was the second season of First-class cricket in Australia. There was only one first-class match played, Victoria v Tasmania in Melbourne, Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023060-0000-0000", "contents": "1851\u20131855 Yellow River floods\nThe 1851-1855 Yellow River floods resulted in a change of the Yellow River's course, thereafter emptying into the Bohai Sea\u00a0rather than into the Yellow Sea. This natural disaster is thought to have been a major cause of the Taiping Rebellion and Nian Rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023061-0000-0000", "contents": "1852\n1852 (MDCCCLII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1852nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 852nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 52nd  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1852, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023062-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Acapulco earthquake\nThe 1852 Acapulco earthquake occurred in Acapulco on 4 December 1852 and totally destroyed the town. It had an estimated magnitude of Mw\u202f7.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023062-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Acapulco earthquake, Description\nThe earthquake was registered at about 10:10 p.m. on 4 December 1852, totally destroying Acapulco. There were few deaths but many injuries. The cost of damage was estimated at $5 million or more. The earthquake generated a small tsunami that caused the sea to retreat about 6 metres (20\u00a0ft) from the coast in Acapulco. Despite fears that it would return and flood the town, the normal sea level was gradually restored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023062-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 Acapulco earthquake, Description\nAccording to a local newspaper published the next day: \u201cLast night at 10:24 a strong earthquake was felt in this capital (Acapulco), which was tremulous at first, and in which later we thought we noticed three oscillations from North to south. The earthquake lasted about ten seconds and caused great alarm in the population. So far we do not know that any unfortunate accident has occurred.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023062-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 Acapulco earthquake, Technical\nThe earthquake occurred on the Jalisco\u2013Michoac\u00e1n\u2013Guerrero subduction zone. It was reported at 16 locationswith a maximum intensity at IX. Magnitude of the quake is estimated at Mw\u202f7.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023063-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1852 Atlantic hurricane season was one of only three Atlantic hurricane seasons in which every known tropical cyclone attained hurricane status. Five tropical cyclones were reported during the season, which lasted from late August through the middle of October; these dates fall within the range of most Atlantic tropical cyclone activity, and none of the cyclones coexisted with another. Though there were officially five tropical cyclones in the season, hurricane scholar Michael Chenoweth assessed two of the cyclones as being the same storm. There may have been other unconfirmed tropical cyclones during the season, as meteorologist Christopher Landsea estimated that up to six storms were missed each year from the official database; this estimate was due to small tropical cyclone size, sparse ship reports, and relatively unpopulated coastlines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023063-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary\nEvery tropical cyclone in the season was of hurricane status, or with winds at or exceeding 74\u00a0mph (119\u00a0km/h). In only two other seasons did every cyclone attain hurricane status; those years were 1858 and 1884. All five cyclones affected land; the strongest was the first storm, which caused severe damage and loss of life when it made landfall near the border between Mississippi and Alabama. The second storm of the season struck Puerto Rico, where it caused over 100\u00a0deaths, primarily from flooding. In the middle of September, the third storm moved across Florida with strong wind gusts and light rainfall, and a week later the fourth storm passed over or north of the Lesser and Greater Antilles. The last storm hit the Florida Panhandle, though damage was less than expected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023063-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nThe Great Mobile Hurricane of 1852 was the first tropical cyclone of the year. It was first observed on August 19 about 140\u00a0mi (230\u00a0km) north of Puerto Rico. It moved on a west-northwest motion before passing through the Bahamas as it attained hurricane status on August 20. After paralleling the northern coast of Cuba, the storm passed between the Dry Tortugas and Key West, Florida on August 22, and two days later it is estimated the hurricane attained peak winds of 115\u00a0mph (185\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023063-0002-0001", "contents": "1852 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nThe storm slowed on August 25 before turning northward, and early on August 26 it made landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi at peak strength, and the hurricane rapidly weakened to tropical storm status as it accelerated east-northeastward. On August 28 it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from South Carolina, and after turning to the northeast, it was last observed on August 30 about 130\u00a0mi (200\u00a0km) southeast of Cape Cod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023063-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nIn the Florida Keys, rough waves forced several ships ashore, leaving some damaged. Strong waves created four new channels in the Chandeleur Islands, and the storm's passage also destroyed the island lighthouse; the three keepers were found three days later. Two schooners were also washed ashore along Cat Island. The hurricane produced an estimated storm tide of 12\u00a0feet (3.7\u00a0m) in Mobile, Alabama, where strong winds damaged much of the city, leaving the majority of the houses destroyed. Trees were downed up to 30\u00a0miles (50\u00a0km) inland, and coastal areas were flooded. Damage along the coastline was estimated at around $1\u00a0million (1852\u00a0USD, $26\u00a0million 2008\u00a0USD), and several lives were lost. While crossing the southeastern United States, the storm brought light rainfall but moderately strong winds; in Charleston, South Carolina, the storm destroyed several bridges and crop fields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 945]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023063-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nEarly on September 5, a hurricane was first observed about 65\u00a0mi (110\u00a0km) southeast of Christiansted in the Danish Virgin Islands. One meteorologist assessed the hurricane as being located near Antigua on September 3. Tracking steadily west-northwestward, it quickly moved ashore near Ponce, Puerto Rico with winds estimated at 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h). After crossing southwestern Puerto Rico, the hurricane emerged into the Mona Passage as a tropical storm. Late on September 5 it made landfall on eastern Dominican Republic; it quickly weakened over Hispaniola, dissipating on September 6 over the northwestern portion of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023063-0004-0001", "contents": "1852 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nAn assessment by scholar Michael Chenoweth in 2006 indicated this storm was the same as the next hurricane, with it continuing northwestward and ultimately reaching the Gulf of Mexico. Due to not being considered the same cyclone in the official hurricane database, this hurricane and the following hurricane are listed separately. There, the passage of the storm caused severe flooding, which destroyed large quantities of crops and damaged several roads. Storm damage was heaviest between Guayanilla and Mayag\u00fcez. More than 100\u00a0people were killed in Puerto Rico, many of whom died due to flooding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023063-0005-0000", "contents": "1852 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nA hurricane was located in the central Gulf of Mexico on September 9, potentially the same hurricane as the previous storm. It tracked generally eastward toward the coast of Florida, with its hurricane intensity estimation based on two ship reports. At about 0000\u00a0UTC on September 12, it moved ashore near Clearwater, Florida as a minimal hurricane, with an estimated minimum barometric central pressure of 985\u00a0mbar. Accelerating east-northeastward while crossing the state, the cyclone emerged into the Atlantic Ocean as a weakened tropical storm before regaining hurricane status on September 13. Later that day, it was last observed about 250\u00a0mi (400\u00a0km) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023063-0006-0000", "contents": "1852 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nA post in Fort Meade, Florida reported at least 0.55\u00a0in (14\u00a0mm) of rainfall during the storm's passage. The hurricane was considered \"violent\", and gusts were estimated to have reached hurricane force. Rough seas and strong easterly winds beached a vessel near St. Augustine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023063-0007-0000", "contents": "1852 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nOn September 22, a tropical storm was located about 200\u00a0mi (330\u00a0km) east of Guadeloupe. With a steady west-northwest path, the storm moved across the northern Lesser Antilles on September 23, during which it intensified into a hurricane. It passed a short distance north of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic as it reached its peak intensity of 90\u00a0mph (150\u00a0km). Late on September 26 the hurricane turned northwestward, bringing it through the Turks and Caicos Islands and eastern Bahamas. Recurving north-northeastward, the cyclone moved into open waters, and was last classified as a tropical cyclone on September 30 about 390\u00a0mi (630\u00a0km) east of Cape Hatteras. However, one hurricane researcher assessed the hurricane as lasting until October 3, with the cyclone turning eastward and dissipating near the Azores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023063-0008-0000", "contents": "1852 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nA moderately strong hurricane with winds of 105\u00a0mph (165\u00a0km/h) was first spotted on October 6 east of Jamaica. Passing a short distance south of the island, the hurricane tracked northwestward and brushed the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula before turning north-northeastward into the Gulf of Mexico. Late on October 9, it made landfall a short distance east of Apalachicola, Florida at peak winds with an estimated pressure of 969\u00a0mbar. Rapidly weakening to tropical storm status, the cyclone continued northeastward and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina on October 11. Later that day, it was last observed about 250\u00a0mi (400\u00a0km) southeast of Cape Cod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023063-0009-0000", "contents": "1852 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nHeavy damage was reported in Jamaica. Upon making landfall in Florida, the hurricane produced a 7\u00a0ft (2\u00a0m) storm tide, and in Georgia, hurricane-force winds extended into the southwestern portion of the state, while tropical storm force winds occurred along the coastline. In the state, moderate winds damaged trees and roofs, though the destruction was less than anticipated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake\nThe 1852 Banda Sea earthquake struck on 26 November, 1852 at 07:40 local time, affecting coastal communities on the Banda Islands. The earthquake had an estimated moment magnitude of 7.5 or 8.4 to 8.8. It caused violent shaking lasting five minutes, and was assigned IX on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale in the Maluku Islands. A tsunami measuring up to 8 meters slammed into the islands of Banda Neira, Saparua, Haruku and Ceram. The tsunami caused major damage, washing away many villages, ships and residents. At least 60 people were killed in the earthquake and tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Banda Sea is situated in a region of complex convergence involving the Australian and Sunda plates. This complex tectonic interaction has broken the crust into a number of minor plates and microplates including the Banda Sea, Timor, Molucca Sea and Bird's Head plates. Resembling an arch, this convergent boundary is one of the most complex in the world. Oceanic lithosphere subduct to a depth greater than 600 km beneath the Banda Sea. As a consequence, the Banda Sea is a seismically active region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0001-0001", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Tectonic setting\nMany large earthquakes in the Banda Sea occur at a hypocenter depth of up to 600 km, including an Mw\u202f 7.6 which struck at 397 km depth. These intermediate-focus (70\u2013300 km) and deep-focus (>300 km) earthquakes are the result of dip-slip faulting within the oceanic lithosphere, which usually do not result in significant impact. The 1938 Banda Sea earthquake, an Mw\u202f 8.5 event was an intermediate-focus thrust earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake\nAt about 07:40 to 07:50 local time, the island of Banda Neira was rocked by a series of intense \"vertical shocks\" which developed into rolling motions. The rocking motion was directed in a northwest-southeast orientation for five minutes. The first shock was so strong that nearly every home on the island collapsed. The houses that withstood the shaking suffered so much cracks that they became uninhabitable. Papenberg, a small peak on the island reportedly collapsed as well. Many large cracks were formed at the beach on the island. A similar situation was also described on Banda Besar. The tremors were accompanied by a loud rumble described as \"cannon shots\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake\nOn the islands of Rosengain and Pulau Ai, the earthquake was also felt with a great force, assigned IX on the Mercalli intensity scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake\nOn Haruku Island, the earthquake formed cracks in the walls of a fort and church. Damage to structures was also reported on Saparua. The island of Ambon was undamaged but felt the tremors for five minutes intensely. The swaying of trees and flagstaffs was observed on Bacan Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0005-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake\nThree newly formed but small islands were seen after the earthquake. The islands were \"soft and had a yellow golden color\" to them. Coral remains and yellow sand were likely the composition of the islands. One of the islands later washed away while the remaining two had vegetation grown on them. Another island located at 5\u00b0 35' S and 133\u00b0 0' E, 250 meters in diameter was also discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0006-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake\nIn Surabaya, Java, weak tremors were felt, but they were likely due to a separate event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0007-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Tsunami\nThe highest tsunami wave was recorded on the island of Banda Neira with a height of 8 meters. It struck the island approximately 25 minutes after the shaking had stopped. Many residents who witnessed the oncoming waves were frightened and fled for the hills. Sixty boat crews died when the tsunami overcame the breakwater and embankments where they had sought refuge. The waves carried with it many proas, smashing them against the embankment. Waves also wiped out buildings at the coast. Four separate waves were observed with regular intervals until 10:30 when the water began to calm down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0008-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Tsunami\nOn Pulau Ai, the tsunami was significant, being one meter higher than the usual flood tide level. Descriptions of the tsunami in Ambon is unclear, with sources claiming the waves were 8 meters tall while other stating 20 cm higher than the flood tide mark. Flooding damage to homes, proas and beaches was seen on Ceram Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0009-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins\nDue to the lack of instrumental data, the mechanism of the earthquake is still debatable, with published sources suggesting the event was a large megathrust earthquake with an estimated moment magnitude (Mw\u202f) of 8.4 or greater. Other research journals claim it was a shallow normal faulting event with a smaller magnitude of 7.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0010-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Fisher and Harris' study\nIn a research paper published by Fisher and Harris in 2016, they concluded that the Banda Sea earthquake and tsunami was the result of thrust faulting on a subduction zone. A series of reconstructions with varying locations and maximum slip yielded moment magnitudes of 8.4 to 8.8. Using the models, they concluded that the earthquake was a thrust faulting, megathrust event which ruptured a subduction zone along the Tanimbar Trough. They estimate at least 10 to 15 meters of slip had been cumulated, which would suggest this event had a minimum moment magnitude of 8.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0011-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Cummins' study\nOn the other hand, a recent study in 2020 led by Phil Cummins suggest the event did not occur on a megathrust fault, but rather, a shallow normal fault in the Banda Sea. The normal fault has was determined as being the Banda Detachment, a shallow-dipping structure that accommodates extension of the Banda Sea. It is thought to be the only major potentially seismogenic structure to cause heavy shaking and a large tsunami. The earthquake potential and history of this structure is still poorly understood, and never been considered a tsunami and seismic hazard to the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0011-0001", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Cummins' study\nThe Weber Deep, a 7.2-km deep forearc basin located between the megathrust front and Banda Arc volcanic chain is a massive fault scarp which formed when extension along the Banda Detachment started. However, there have been no instrumentally recorded earthquakes on this fault therefore it is suggested that the structure is creeping aseismically, or that earthquakes on this fault have occurred before the birth of modern seismic instruments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0012-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Cummins' study\nThe research presented a much smaller earthquake moment magnitude of only 7.5 with a rupture close to the Banda Islands. An earthquake anywhere on the megathrust is unlikely to result in violent ground motions as described in the historical accounts because it is too far from the islands. The study dismissed all reports of shaking felt in Surabaya, Java as being a separate, local earthquake which timing coincided with the one in the Banda Sea. The event in Java, named the 1852 Grati earthquake, is thought to have a magnitude of Mw\u202f 5.7 to 6.0 and occurred on the Pasuruan Fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0013-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Cummins' study\nIn addition, explicit descriptions of the tsunami in the Banda Islands described a rise in sea level, followed by a drop. This meant the earthquake could not be sourced from a subduction zone megathrust event as such a tsunami would be observed as a drawback of the water first in the same location. The Banda Islands situated on the overriding plate would experience a negative wave first, before a large tsunami could hit, thus a drawback would be observed. Furthermore, a megathrust earthquake-sourced tsunami would take much longer for it to hit the islands, while historic descriptions stated that the tsunami arrived 20 minutes after the five minutes of shaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0014-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Cummins' study\nThe research paper presented two nearby plausible tsunami sources; the western seafloor expression of the Banda Detachment at 100 km south southeast of Banda Neira, or a slump located on the eastern edge of the Weber Deep. Modelling the tsunami sourced by a slump fits the well-documented accounts of the tsunami better. The associated tsunami therefore was caused by submarine slumping triggered by the Mw 7.5 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0015-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Ringer's study\nA 2021 paper led by Ringer discussed the earthquake and concluded that this event on the subduction zone had a larger moment magnitude of 8.8, located southeast of Seram Island. The authors noted Cummins' conclusion that the resulting tsunami was by an earthquake-triggered slump of low possibility because the Banda Sea earthquake of 1938 did not trigger a large tsunami therefore a major submarine landslide did not happen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0016-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Ringer's study\nThey also noted the tsunami reached distant locations with heights greater than what would be expected for a landslide-induced tsunami. Had the tsunami been triggered by a submarine landslide, the waves would have weakened significantly at a faster rate than if triggered by faulting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0017-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Ringer's study\nFurthermore, Cummins' counter-argued the megathrust earthquake and tsunami claim by Fisher and Harris on the absence of a drawback along the coast which was not described in observational accounts but reflected in their model. The accounts of survivors recalled a surge in seawater first, followed by the tsunami waves. Ringer's paper stated that the non-existent record of a drawback associated with the negative wave does not rule out the plausibility of a megathrust earthquake. His team also distinguished the day and period of the event, which was during the spring tide, meaning tide levels were at the extreme lows. This would mean even a negative wave would not result in a significant difference in sea level. It is therefore unlikely that Dutch officials who took account of the earthquake and tsunami would document a barely noticeable change in tide level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 942]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023064-0018-0000", "contents": "1852 Banda Sea earthquake, Earthquake and tsunami origins, Ringer's study\nModelling of their earthquake show that the 1852 event had a magnitude of approximately 8.8 Mw\u202f. The earthquake epicenter coordinate is located at 4.5\u00b0S, 131.5\u00b0E, southeast of Seram Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023065-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Belgian general election\nPartial general elections were held in Belgium on 8 June 1852. In the elections for the Chamber of Representatives the result was a victory for the Liberal Party, who won 57 of the 108 seats. Voter turnout was 69.2%, although only 42,053 people were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023065-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Belgian general election\nUnder the alternating system, Chamber elections were only held in four out of the nine provinces: East Flanders, Hainaut, Li\u00e8ge and Limburg. Thus, 54 of the 108 Chamber seats were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023065-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 Belgian general election, Constituencies\nThe division of seats among the electoral districts was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023066-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Carpenter\n1852 Carpenter, provisional designation 1955 GA, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 1 April 1955, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023066-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Carpenter, Description\nCarpenter is a core member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,913 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023066-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 Carpenter, Description\nThis minor planet was named after American astronomer Edwin Francis Carpenter (1898\u20131963), second director of the Steward Observatory who researched spectroscopic binaries and interacting galaxies. He played a major role in enabling the construction of the Kitt Peak National Observatory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5282).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023067-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the 1852 Chicago mayoral election, incumbent Democrat Walter S. Gurnee defeated former mayor James Curtiss (running as an independent) as well as Temperance candidate Amos G. Throop and Mechanics candidate Peter Page by a ten-point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023067-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nB.W. Raymond was the initial nominee of the Temperance (Prohibition) Party. However, for unspecified reasons, his candidacy was withdrawn in late February in favor of Throop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023067-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nThe election was an energetic one, particularly due to the debate over liquor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023067-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nOther issues that were debated in the election were the reduction of taxes, avoiding an increase in city debt, preventing lawyers from obtaining gratuities, eliminating connection between the city government and private corporations, and suffrage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023067-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nIt was alleged during the campaign that a candidate in the previous election had spent $3,000 in buying voters liquor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023068-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1852 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 7, 1852. Incumbent governor and Democratic Party nominee Thomas H. Seymour defeated incumbent Lieutenant Governor and Whig nominee Green Kendrick  with 50.39% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom\nThe 1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, written in both English and Hawaiian, was constructed by King Kamehameha III. The purpose of its construction was to not only revise, but add to the 1840 Constitution in great length. The new constitution created a more democratic government much like those of the United States and Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, King Kamehameha III\nThe writer of the Hawaiian Constitution of 1852 was Kauikeaouli, referred to by the Hawaiian public as King Kamehameha III. He was the successor of Liholiho, King Kamehameha II. Kauikeaouli was the brother of Liholio and son of Kamehameha I. Kauikeaouli took over the throne at age eleven under the \"regency\" of his mother Ka\u2018ahumanu. Kauikeaouli enacted the first constitution of Hawaii in 1840 which created a more western-like government with a two-body legislature. This was later revised in 1852. King Kamehameha III was the first Hawaiian monarch to rule as a \"constitutional monarch\" rather than an absolute monarch like his predecessors. This means he ruled in accordance with the sovereign people and a constitution declaring their rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Transition from 1840 Constitution to 1852 Constitution\nThe 1840 constitution was the first written constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom and was heavily influenced by Europeans and Americans living on the Island and especially by Protestant missionaries who had arrived in 1820. It created two houses; the House of Nobles and House of Representatives. It also created a judicial branch similar to the one used in the continental U.S., which established a supreme court of which the king would be the chief judge. This first written constitution did effectively split the government in a European fashion, however it was very general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 97], "content_span": [98, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0002-0001", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Transition from 1840 Constitution to 1852 Constitution\nIt contained nothing about foreign affairs or even civil affairs regarding land rights and organization of the communities. Because of the notable gaps becoming evident in the existing constitution, King Kamehameha III and the Hawaiian Kingdom Legislature picked three commissioners to revise the constitution of 1840. One commissioner was chosen by the King, one by the House of Nobles, and one by the House of Representatives. These commissioners were given the daunting task of revising the constitution and in doing so, practically rewrote it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 97], "content_span": [98, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Transition from 1840 Constitution to 1852 Constitution\nThe new Constitution contained 106 sections. This was a major increase from the 47 that made up the previous constitution. The 1852 version created a much more specific Declaration of Rights than the previous. This helped to clearly outline the rights of the people in regards to land and the organization of communities which solved the confusion left unaddressed in the 1840 edition. The new constitution also served to declare freedom from servitude for all adult males. It also restructured the House of Nobles so that the members were no longer determined by heredity, but were rather appointed for life by the King. The delegated powers of the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive (Monarchy) branches of the Hawaiian government were also specified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 97], "content_span": [98, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852\nThe Constitution of 1852 served as the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom from 1852 through 1864. It heavily liberalized the structure of the Hawaiian government compared to the previous 1840 constitution, introducing new elements of democracy into the government and reducing the influence of the monarch in kingdom affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0005-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852\nThe 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawai\u02bbi was divided into seven parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0006-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852\nThe Declaration of Rights stated that the Hawaiians were a free people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0007-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852\nThe Form of Government stated that Hawai\u02bbi was a Constitutional Monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0008-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852\nThe section \"Of the Executive Power\" declared the powers of the executive power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0009-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852\nThe section \"Of the Legislative Power\" declared the powers of the legislative power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0010-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852\nThe section \"Of the Judiciary\" declared the powers of the judiciary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0011-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitution of 1852\nThe General Provisions stated anything unmentioned earlier besides the amending power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0012-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856\nAn amendment to the constitution of 1852 was proposed during the legislative session in the year 1855. It was ratified on September 15, 1856. The amendment contained eight articles. The primary focus of the amendment was to allow the legislature to meet biennially rather than annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0013-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856\nArticle 1 changed the 27th article of the constitution but only in the native language. One word was changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0014-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856\nArticle 2 amended the 29th article of the constitution. The 29th article of the constitution allowed the king to convene the legislature at the seat of the government or at a different location if safety was an issue. It also allowed the king to adjourn the legislature for up to one year in case of a disagreement between the two houses or with the king himself. Under the new amendment, the king had the discretion to adjourn the legislature for up to two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0015-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856\nArticle 3 amended the 32nd article of the constitution to remove the King's power to appoint the head of any executive office. The amended article would now only give the King the authority to remove the head of an executive office as well as to demand written information from any department head or officer regarding the oversight of their office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0016-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856\nArticle 4 amended the 43rd article of the constitution. The original constitution stated that any Chief of Rank as appointed by the King would have the title \"highness\". The amendment removed this title and instead declared that any Chief of Rank would be known by their birth title or any other title the King gave them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0017-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856\nArticle 5 amended the 54th article of the constitution. Article 5 of the 1856 amendment changed the requirement of each governmental department to report its transactions and business. The reports were now due by the start of each new fiscal year rather than just being a general annual requirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0018-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856\nArticle 6 amended the 61st article of the constitution. Under the amendment, the legislature was only required to meet on behalf of the welfare of the nation biannually rather than annually as previously defined by the constitution. This biannual convention would be held when and where the king dictated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0019-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856\nArticle 7 amended the 100th article of the constitution. Under the new amendment the legislature would vote every two years on the appropriations based on an analysis of the previous two years revenue and spending as well as the projected revenue and spending of the next two years as given by the finance minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0020-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Amendment of 1856\nArticle 8 amended the 72nd article of the constitution. The amendment addressed the possibility of members of the House of Nobles being able to resign from their position. Under the amendment the king would appoint members of the House of Nobles who would hold their seats for life except in cases of resignation. Members of the House of Nobles were subject to provisions stated in article 67 of the constitution and there would be a maximum of 30 members allowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0021-0000", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Transition from 1852 Constitution to 1864 Constitution\nThe constitution of 1852 lasted through the reign of King Kamehameha III and King Kamehameha IV. When King Kamehameha IV died in 1863, King Kamehameha V resumed power but refused to endorse the constitution of 1852. King Kamehameha V despised the liberal nature of the 1852 constitution and wanted to restore power to the monarchy. He gathered a small group of delegates consisting of chiefs from the House of Nobles, some common citizens, and some missionaries to assemble a convention to re-write the constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 97], "content_span": [98, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023069-0021-0001", "contents": "1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Transition from 1852 Constitution to 1864 Constitution\nMembers at the convention refused to ratify the new constitution, so King Kamehameha V dismissed them and implemented the new constitution himself. The constitution of 1864 expanded the powers of the king, created a unicameral legislature, restricted freedom of the press, weakened the judicial, and discriminated against the poor through the institution of a property requirement for people to vote or serve in the legislature. The new constitution of 1864 contained 80 articles compared to the 106 articles in the constitution of 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 97], "content_span": [98, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023070-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Danish Folketing election\nFolketing elections were held in Denmark on 4 August 1852. Although the National Liberal Party became the largest party, Christian Albrecht Bluhme of the H\u00f8jre party remained Prime Minister after the elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023070-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 15% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as \"dependents\" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention\nThe 1852 Democratic National Convention was a presidential nominating convention that met from June 1 to June 5 in Baltimore, Maryland. It was held to nominate the Democratic Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1852 election. The convention selected former Senator Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire for president and Senator William R. King of Alabama for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention\nFour major candidates vied for the presidential nomination- Lewis Cass of Michigan, the nominee in 1848, who had the backing of northerners in support of the Compromise of 1850; James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, popular in the South as well as in his home state; Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, candidate of the expansionists and the railroad interests; and William L. Marcy of New York, whose strength was centered in his home state. Cass led on the first nineteen ballots of the convention, but was unable to win the necessary two-thirds majority. Buchanan pulled ahead on the twentieth ballot, but he too was unable to win a two-thirds majority. Pierce won votes for the first time on the 35th ballot, and was nominated almost unanimously on the 49th ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention\nKing was nominated on the second vice presidential ballot, defeating Senator Solomon W. Downs and several other candidates. The Democratic ticket went on to win the 1852 election, defeating the Whig ticket of Winfield Scott and William Alexander Graham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention, Location\nThe Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, then an academic institution founded 1825-1826 with a variety of curriculums including mechanical arts along with visual art and design, was located on the second floor of their recently constructed 1851 landmark structure with two clock towers at each end of the long structure set atop arched, stone and brick piers which covered the ancient \"Centre Market\", founded in the 1760s as the original main marketplace of old Baltimore Town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0003-0001", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention, Location\nLocated at Market Place (formerly Harrison Street) and South Frederick Street between East Baltimore Street on the north and Water Street (old colonial shoreline) to the south. It was also known as \"Marsh Market\" because of the old colonial marsh of Thomas Harrison then located along the western bank of the Jones Falls stream which flowed through downtown Baltimore to the Harbor, and east of \"The Basin\" (today's \"Inner Harbor re-developed entertainment, commercial and hotel area) along the northern shore of the Patapsco River's Northwest Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0003-0002", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention, Location\n16th President Abraham Lincoln spoke at the Institute a decade later with his \"Liberty Address\" or \"Baltimore Address\" during the Sanitary Fair to raise money to benefit orphans and widows of Union Army soldiers and sailors, held by the United States Sanitary Commission in April 1864. Old Maryland Institute and the Centre Market buildings perished in the Great Baltimore Fire of February 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0003-0003", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention, Location\nThe Institute's buildings were rebuilt with three new parallel structures here for the marketplace and the second floors for the M.I. 's mechanical arts along with another \"Main Building\" at Mount Royal Avenue in northwestern city in 1906. They were razed in the 1980s for an entranceway into the new Baltimore \"Metro\" subway system, and one building (the old \"Fish Market\") was renovated as the \"Port Discovery\" children's museum, part of the new \"Power Plant Live!\" entertainment complex of the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention, Officials\nThe convention was called to order by Democratic National Committee chairman Benjamin F. Hallett. Romulus M. Saunders served as the temporary convention chairman and John W. Davis served as the permanent convention president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0005-0000", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Balloting\nAs Democrats convened in Baltimore in June 1852, four major candidates vied for the nomination - Lewis Cass of Michigan, the nominee in 1848, who had the backing of northerners in support of the Compromise of 1850; James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, popular in the South as well as in his home state; Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, candidate of the expansionists and the railroad interests; and William L. Marcy of New York, whose strength was centered in his home state. Throughout the balloting, numerous favorite son candidates received a few votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0006-0000", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Balloting\nWith a two-thirds majority required to win, Cass led on the first 19 ballots, with Buchanan second and Douglas and Marcy exchanging third and fourth places. Buchanan took the lead on the 20th ballot and retained it on each of the next nine tallies. Douglas managed a narrow lead on the 30th and 31st ballots. Cass then recaptured first place through the 44th ballot. Marcy carried the next four ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0007-0000", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Balloting\nFranklin Pierce of New Hampshire, a former Congressman and Senator, did not get on the board until the 35th ballot, when the Virginia delegation brought him forward as a compromise choice, selecting Pierce as their dark horse by one vote over former New York Congressman and Brooklyn Mayor Henry C. Murphy, and then supporting him as a unit. After being nominated by the Virginia delegation, Pierce's support remained steady until the 46th ballot, when it began to increase at Cass's expense. Pierce's support was consolidated in subsequent voting, and he was nominated nearly unanimously on the 49th ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0008-0000", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Balloting\nAccording to Edward Stanwood, there was \"no doubt that the nomination of General Pierce was carefully planned before the convention met. The originator of the scheme was James W. Bradbury, then a senator from Maine, a college mate and lifelong friend of Pierce.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023071-0009-0000", "contents": "1852 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined\nIn a peace gesture to the Buchanan wing of the party, Pierce's supporters allowed Buchanan's allies to fill the second position, knowing that they would select Alabama Senator William R. King, to whom Pierce had no objections. King won the nomination on the second ballot. During the ensuing campaign, King's tuberculosis, which he believed he had contracted while living in Paris, denied him the active behind-the-scenes role that he might otherwise have played, although he worked hard to assure his region's voters with the statement that New Hampshire's Pierce was a \"northern man with southern principles.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023072-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 East Suffolk by-election\nThe 1852 East Suffolk by-election was held on 1 May 1852 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP Frederick Thellusson, Lord Rendlesham. It was retained by the Conservative candidate Fitzroy Kelly, the Solicitor General for England and Wales and previously MP for Harwich, who was elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023073-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Florida gubernatorial election\nThe 1852 Florida gubernatorial election was held on October 4, 1852. Democratic nominee James E. Broome defeated the Whig nominee George T. Ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023073-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Florida gubernatorial election\nThe Election was only decided by the slim margin of 211 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023074-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 French Second Empire referendum\nA referendum on re-establishing the Empire was held in France on 21 and 22 November 1852. Voters were asked whether they approved of the re-establishment of the Empire in the person of Louis Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte and family. It was approved by 96.9% of voters with a 79.8% turnout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023075-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 French legislative election\nThe 1852 general election organized the first legislature of the French Second Empire. The election was held on 29 February and 14 March. Out of 9,836,043 registered voters, 6,222,983 voted (representing an abstention rate of 36.73%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023075-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 French legislative election\nEmperor Napoleon III's Bonapartists won a huge majority consisting of 258 seats out of 261. (5 Royalists allied with the Bonapartists). The Parti de l'Ordre that had won a majority in the 1849 election was banned following their opposition to the 1851 coup by President Louis Napoleon Bonaparte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023075-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 French legislative election, Sources\nThis French elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023076-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Grand National\nThe 1852 Grand National was the 14th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 3 March 1852. The winning jockey, Alec Goodman, was also to ride the 1866 winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023077-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1852 Illinois gubernatorial election was the tenth election for this office. Democratic governor Augustus C. French did not seek re-election. Democrat Joel Aldrich Matteson was elected to succeed him. At this time in Illinois history the Lieutenant Governor was elected on a separate ballot from the governor. This would remain the case until the adoption of the 1970 constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023078-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Iowa Senate election\nIn the 1852 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the fourth Iowa General Assembly. Following the expansion of the Iowa Senate from 19 to 31 seats in 1852, elections were held for 22 of the state senate's 31 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023078-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Iowa Senate election\nFollowing the previous election in 1850, Democrats had control of the Iowa Senate with 14 seats to Whigs' five seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023078-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 Iowa Senate election\nTo claim control of the chamber from Democrats, the Whigs needed to net 11 Senate seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023078-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 Iowa Senate election\nDemocrats maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1852 general election with the balance of power shifting to Democrats holding 20 seats and Whigs having 11 seats (a net gain of 6 seats for both Democrats and Whigs). Democratic Senator William E. Leffingwell was chosen as the President of the Iowa Senate for the fourth General Assembly, succeeding Democratic Senator Enos Lowe in that leadership position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023079-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 1 November 1852. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023080-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1852 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the first election to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1852. The new constitution shortened the term of Governor Walker and also the term of his successor to make calendar adjustments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023081-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1852 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023081-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nDemocratic Governor George S. Boutwell declined to run for a third term in office. John H. Clifford won the race to succeed him. Because no candidate received a majority of the vote, the legislature selected Clifford as the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023081-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Legislative vote\nThe Massachusetts House of Representatives certified the popular returns on January 12. John Clifford was the first candidate nominated for Governor with 148 votes. On a second ballot, Henry Bishop was nominated with 189 votes. In the Massachusetts State Senate, Clifford defeated Bishop 29-5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023082-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 73rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1852 during the governorship of George S. Boutwell. Henry Wilson served as president of the Senate and Nathaniel Prentice Banks served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023083-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1852 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1852. Incumbent Democrat Robert McClelland defeated Whig nominee Zachariah Chandler with 51.07% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023084-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 1852 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 2, 1852, the Democratic nominee, Sterling Price, defeated Whig candidate James Winston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023085-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Naval Air Squadron\n1852 Naval Air Squadron (1852 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023085-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Naval Air Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023086-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 New York state election\nThe 1852 New York state election was held on November 2, 1852, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023086-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 New York state election, History\nThe Democratic state convention met on September 1 and 2 in Syracuse. Wheeler H. Bristol was Temporary President on September 1, Henry Stevens from Cortland County was elected president on September 2. Seymour was nominated for governor on the second ballot (Seymour 78, Augustus Schell 21, 5 other candidates with fewer votes). Lt . Gov. Church was re-nominated on the first ballot (Church 69, Augustus Schell 54, 2 other candidates with a few votes). Canal Commissioner Follett was re-nominated on the first ballot with 81 votes. Prison Inspector Clark was re-nominated on the first ballot with 82 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023086-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 New York state election, History\nThe Whig state convention met on September 22 at the City Hall in Syracuse, Henry W. Taylor from Ontario County presided. Governor Hunt was re-nominated by acclamation. Judge Kent was nominated for Lt. Gov. on the second ballot (Kent 64, James M. Cook 28, 4 other candidates with fewer votes). Kempshall was nominated for Canal Commissioner by acclamation. Crosby, from Dutchess County, was nominated for Prison Inspector on the second ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023086-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 New York state election, History\nThe Free Democratic state convention met on September 29 in Syracuse, New York, and passed a series of strong free soil resolutions. They nominated Tompkins, Gates, Wheaton, Curtis, and Hiram Barney and Alfred Babcock for presidential electors at large.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023086-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 New York state election, Candidates\nMinthorne Tompkins was the son of U.S. Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins, William Kent was the son of Chancellor James Kent. Seth M Gates and Charles A. Wheaton ran for the second time (also 1848) unsuccessfully for Lt. Gov. and Canal Commissioner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023086-0005-0000", "contents": "1852 New York state election, Results\nThe incumbent governor Hunt was defeated, the incumbent Church, Follett and Clark were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023086-0006-0000", "contents": "1852 New York state election, Results\n86 Democrats, 41 Whigs and one Independent were elected for the session of 1853 to the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023087-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Newfoundland general election\nThe 1852 Newfoundland general election was held in 1852 to elect members of the 5th General Assembly of Newfoundland in Newfoundland Colony. There were 9 Liberals and 6 Conservatives elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023088-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1852 saw the reelection of Charles Gilpin to a third consecutive term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023088-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023089-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Portuguese legislative election\nThe Portuguese legislative election, 1852 was held on 12 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023090-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 State of the Union Address\nThe 1852 State of the Union Address was given by the 13th president of the United States, Millard Fillmore, on Monday, December 6, 1852. It was spoken to the 32nd United States Congress by a clerk, not the president. He said, \"Besides affording to our own citizens a degree of prosperity of which on so large a scale I know of no other instance, our country is annually affording a refuge and a home to multitudes, altogether without example, from the Old World. We owe these blessings, under Heaven, to the happy Constitution and Government which were bequeathed to us by our fathers, and which it is our sacred duty to transmit in all their integrity to our children.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election\nThe 1852 United Kingdom general election was a watershed in the formation of the modern political parties of Britain. Following 1852, the Tory/Conservative party became, more completely, the party of the rural aristocracy, while the Whig/Liberal party became the party of the rising urban bourgeoisie in Britain. The results of the election were extremely close in terms of the numbers of seats won by the two main parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election\nAs in the previous election of 1847, Lord John Russell's Whigs won the popular vote, but the Conservative Party won a very slight majority of the seats. However, a split between Protectionist Tories, led by the Earl of Derby, and the Peelites who supported Lord Aberdeen  made the formation of a majority government very difficult. Lord Derby's minority, protectionist government ruled from 23 February until 17 December 1852. Derby appointed Benjamin Disraeli as Chancellor of the Exchequer in this minority government. However, in December 1852, Derby's government collapsed because of issues arising out of the budget introduced by Disraeli. A Peelite\u2013Whig-Radical coalition government was then formed under Lord Aberdeen. Although the immediate issue involved in this vote of \"no confidence\" which caused the downfall of the Derby minority government was the budget, the real underlying issue was repeal of the Corn Laws which Parliament had passed in June 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 1003]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Corn Laws\nA group within the Tory/Conservative Party called the \"Peelites\" voted with the Whigs to achieve the repeal of the Corn Laws. The Peelites were so named because they were followers of Prime Minister Robert Peel. In June 1846, when Peel was the Prime Minister of a Tory government, he led a group of Tory/Conservatives to vote with the minority Whigs against a majority of his own party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Corn Laws\n\"Corn\" was important to the cost of living of the average person in Britain during the early 19th century. The term \"corn\" did not refer to maize, as it did in the United States. In Britain, \"corn\" refers to wheat, rye and/or other grains. Wheat, or corn, was used in the baking of bread and was the \"staff of life\". Thus the price of wheat was a very substantial part of the cost of living. The Corn Laws enforced a very high \"protective\" tariff against the importation of wheat into England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0003-0001", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Corn Laws\nThese high tariffs raised the cost of living and increased the suffering of poor people in England. Agitation for the repeal of the Corn Laws had begun in England as early as 1837, and bills for their repeal had been introduced in Parliament each year from 1837 until their actual repeal in 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Split in the Tory party\nFor some parliamentary leaders, like John Bright, Richard Cobden and Charles Pelham Villiers, the repeal of tariffs on imported corn was not enough. They wished to reduce the tariffs on all imported consumer products. These parliamentary leaders became known as \"free traders\". The repeal of the Corn Laws irrevocably split the Tory/Conservative party. The Peelites were not free traders, but both the Peelites and the free traders were originally Tories. Thus both the free traders and the Peelites tended to side with the Whigs against the Tories on international trade issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0004-0001", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Split in the Tory party\nThis presented a real threat to any government the Tories attempted to form. The effect of this split was felt in the election of July\u2013August 1847, when the Whig party won a 53.8% majority of seats in Parliament. The Whigs knew that they could count on the Peelite Conservatives when an international trade issue came before Parliament. In June 1852, the effects of the split in the Tory/Conservative party was having even more effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0005-0000", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Split in the Tory party\nThe period 1847\u201348 had been one of economic stagnation in Britain, but 1849\u201352 saw a return to prosperity. Indeed, 1852 proved to be \"one of the most signal years of prosperity England ever enjoyed\". The Whigs and Peelites felt that the repeal of the Corn Laws had brought about the prosperity, and wished to take credit for this. The Free Traders agreed, and continued to press for the repeal of all tariffs on consumer goods to achieve continued prosperity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0006-0000", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Ministerialists and Oppositionists\nThe split in the Tory party was a significant cause of the reformation of the political parties in Britain in the February 1852 election. To understand this, it may be easier to consider the British political party structure in 1852 by using the labels \"Ministerialists\" (the protectionist Tory/Conservatives) and the Oppositionists (the Whigs, Free Traders and Peelites).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0007-0000", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Ministerialists and Oppositionists\nAs noted above, in the election of 1852 the Ministerialists became the party of the rural landholders, while the Oppositionists became the party of the towns, boroughs and growing urban industrial areas of Britain. In the 1852 election, the borough constituencies of England elected 104 Ministerialists to Parliament and 215 Oppositionists; while the (more rural) county constituencies of England elected 109 Ministerialists and only 32 Oppositionists. There were similar results in Wales and Scotland: the boroughs of Wales elected 10 Oppositionists and only 3 Ministerialists, while the counties of Wales elected 11 Ministerialists and 3 Oppositionists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0007-0001", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Ministerialists and Oppositionists\nThe Scottish boroughs elected 25 Oppositionalists and not a single Ministerialist, while Scottish counties elected 14 Ministerialists and 13 Oppositionists. Only in Ireland was this political formation less clear-cut, as the boroughs in Ireland elected 14 Ministerialists and 25 Oppositionists,  while the counties of Ireland elected 24 Ministerialsts and 35 Oppositionists. The Irish Oppositionists were known as the \"Irish Brigade\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0008-0000", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Fall of the government in December 1852\nAlthough the Ministerialists, elected in 1852, were initially loyal to the Tory/Conservatives, the Irish Brigade knew that they would be able to count on support from some of the Irish Ministerialists if and when a purely Irish issue arose in Parliament. The Irish were seeking tenant rights for Ireland. An opportunity for the Irish Oppositionists to pull some Irish Ministerialists over to the Opposition arose in December 1852 when the Chancellor of Exchequer, Benjamin Disraeli, introduced the budget of the Derby minority government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0008-0001", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Fall of the government in December 1852\nThis budget imposed a number of tax increases on the profits of the rising bourgeoisie and granted a number of tax cuts for the rural landed aristocracy. This budget also extended the income tax to the Irish bourgeoisie, thus angering some of the Irish Ministerialists who had been supporting the minority government. Consequently, a number of Irish Ministerialists voted against the minority government on the Disraeli budget on 17 December 1852. This vote of \"no confidence\" caused the government to fall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0009-0000", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Fall of the government in December 1852\nFollowing the fall of the minority government, Lord Aberdeen was called on to form a government, and he formed a Peelite/Whig government on 19 December 1852. This government served until 30 January 1855, when it too collapsed due to issues surrounding British involvement in the Crimean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023091-0010-0000", "contents": "1852 United Kingdom general election, Results\nWhile the Conservatives had, in theory, a slim majority over the Whigs, the party was divided between Protectionist and Peelite wings: the former numbered about 290 and the latter 35\u201340. The Whigs themselves represented a coalition of Whigs, Liberals, Radicals, and Irish nationalists. The above numbers therefore do not represent the true balance of support in Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023092-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe 1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Tuesday, October 5, 1852 to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 33rd Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including the presidential election, the gubernatorial election, and various state and local elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023092-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023092-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign\nDespite a very popular tenure as a compromise candidate, by 1852, Cabell became very unpopular among Democrats in Florida after a number of smear campaigns accused him of supporting abolitionism. In reality, Cabell was one of Congress' biggest supporters of slavery, and was one of the spearheads behind the Compromise of 1850. Cabell also refused to support the Whig candidate for president, General Winfield Scott, as Scott was perceived to be a trojan horse for abolitionism among many Southern Whigs, most of whom supported President Millard Fillmore at the 1852 Whig National Convention. Cabell opted instead to support the Democratic candidate, former New Hampshire Senator Franklin Pierce, drawing the ire of many staunch Whig supporters in Pensacola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023092-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign\nBy the time of the election, after guaranteeing that no Democrat would vote for him and Whig turnout for him would be significantly lower, Cabell narrowly lost the election to Maxwell by just 22 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023093-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States elections\nThe 1852 United States elections elected the members of the 33rd United States Congress. The election marked the end of the Second Party System, as the Whig Party ceased to function as a national party following this election. Democrats won the presidency and retained control of both houses of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023093-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States elections\nIn the presidential election, Democratic former senator Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire defeated Whig General Winfield Scott. Pierce won the popular vote by a margin of seven percent, and dominated the electoral college. John P. Hale of the Free Soil Party also took about five percent of the popular vote. Pierce won on the 49th ballot of the 1852 Democratic National Convention, defeating 1848 nominee Lewis Cass, former Secretary of State James Buchanan, former Secretary of War William L. Marcy, and Senator Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023093-0001-0001", "contents": "1852 United States elections\nIncumbent Whig president Millard Fillmore ran for a full term, but the 1852 Whig National Convention chose Scott, another popular general similar to former Whig presidents William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor. Fillmore became the first incumbent president to lose his party's presidential nomination. Scott was the last Whig presidential candidate, as the party collapsed during the 1850s. However, this election was also the last time a Democratic candidate would win a majority of the popular and electoral vote until Franklin D. Roosevelt did so in 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023093-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States elections\nIn the House, Democrats won several seats, boosting their majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023093-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democrats won minor gains, maintaining their commanding majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election\nThe 1852 United States presidential election was the 17th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1852. Democrat Franklin Pierce, a former Senator from New Hampshire, defeated Whig nominee General Winfield Scott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election\nIncumbent Whig President Millard Fillmore had succeeded to the Presidency in 1850 upon the death of President Zachary Taylor. Endorsement of the Compromise of 1850 and enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law earned Fillmore Southern voter support and Northern voter opposition. On the 53rd ballot of the sectionally divided 1852 Whig National Convention, Scott defeated Fillmore for the nomination. Democrats divided among four major candidates at the 1852 Democratic National Convention. On the 49th ballot, dark horse candidate Franklin Pierce won nomination by consensus compromise. The Free Soil Party, a third party opposed to the extension of slavery in the United States and into the territories, as in their name free-soil meaning land should be free instead of slave, nominated New Hampshire Senator John P. Hale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election\nWith few policy differences between the two major candidates, the election became a personality contest. Though Scott had commanded in the Mexican\u2013American War, Pierce also served. Scott strained Whig Party unity as his anti-slavery reputation gravely damaged his campaign in the South. A group of Southern Whigs and a separate group of Southern Democrats each nominated insurgent tickets, but both efforts failed to attract support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election\nPierce and running mate William R. King won a comfortable popular majority, carrying 27 of the 31 states. Pierce won the highest share of the electoral vote since James Monroe's uncontested 1820 re-election. Overwhelming defeat and disagreement about slavery soon drove the Whig Party to disintegrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election\nNot until 1876 would Democrats again win a popular majority vote for president and not until 1932 would they win both a popular majority vote and the Presidency with Democratic nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0005-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations\nThe 1852 presidential election conventions of the parties are considered below in order of the party's popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0006-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nAs Democrats convened in Baltimore in June 1852, four major candidates vied for the nomination: Lewis Cass of Michigan, the nominee in 1848, who had the backing of northerners in support of the Compromise of 1850; James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, popular in the South as well as in his home state; Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, candidate of the expansionists and the railroad interests; and William L. Marcy of New York, whose strength was centered in his home state. Throughout the balloting, numerous favorite son candidates received a few votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0007-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nCass led on the first nineteen ballots, with Buchanan second, and Douglas and Marcy exchanging third and fourth places. Buchanan took the lead on the 20th ballot and retained it on each of the next nine tallies. Douglas managed a narrow lead on the 30th and 31st ballots. Cass then recaptured first place through the 44th ballot. Marcy carried the next four ballots. Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire, a former Congressman and Senator, did not get on the board until the 34th ballot, when the Virginia delegation brought him forward as a compromise choice. He consolidated his support in subsequent voting and was nominated nearly unanimously on the 49th ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0008-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination\nIn a peace gesture to the Buchanan wing of the party, Pierce's supporters allowed Buchanan's allies to fill the second position, knowing that they would select Alabama Senator William R. King. On the second ballot, with only minor opposition, King finally obtained the Democratic vice-presidential nomination. During the ensuing campaign, King's tuberculosis, which he believed he had contracted while in Paris, France, denied him the active behind-the-scenes role that he might otherwise have played, although he worked hard to assure his region's voters that New Hampshire's Pierce was a \"northern man with southern principles.\" King died shortly after his inauguration on April 18, 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0009-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nThe 1852 Whig National Convention, held in Baltimore, Maryland, was bitterly divided. Supporters of President Fillmore pointed to the successful Compromise of 1850 and the failure of a nascent secession movement in the Southern states in 1850\u20131851. The northern Whigs believed that the Compromise of 1850 favored the slaveholding South over the North. Northern Whigs favored heroic Mexican\u2013American War General Winfield Scott of New Jersey. Scott had earned the nickname of \"Old Fuss and Feathers\" in the military due to his insistence on appearance and discipline, and while respected, was also seen by the people as somewhat foppish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0009-0001", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nA deadlock occurred because most New England delegates supported Daniel Webster. On the first ballot, Fillmore received all delegate votes from the South save four, but only received eighteen northern delegate votes. The vote was 133 for Fillmore, 131 for Scott, and 29 for Webster. Scott was nominated on the 53rd ballot by a margin of 159\u2013112 (with 21 for Webster), again with a highly sectional vote; Scott won the North by a 142\u201311 vote (with 21 for Webster) while Fillmore won the South by a margin of 101\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0010-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nWilliam Alexander Graham was chosen as the vice-presidential nominee. 1852 would be the last time the Whig Party would nominate its own candidate for president, albeit it would endorse Fillmore's run as a Know Nothing candidate in 1856. Within the decade, the party fell apart and ceased to exist, principally due to regional divisions caused by the slavery issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0011-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Free Soil Party nomination\nThe Free Soil Party was still the strongest third party in 1852. However, following the Compromise of 1850, most of the \"Barnburners\" who supported it in 1848 had returned to the Democratic Party while most of the Conscience Whigs rejoined the Whig Party. The second Free Soil National Convention assembled in the Masonic Hall in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. New Hampshire Senator John P. Hale was nominated for president with 192 delegate votes (sixteen votes were cast for a smattering of candidates). George Washington Julian of Indiana was nominated for vice-president over Samuel Lewis of Ohio and Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0012-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Union Party nomination\nThe Union party was formed in 1850, an offshoot of the Whig party in several Southern states, including Georgia. As the 1852 presidential election approached, Union party leaders decided to wait and see who was nominated by the two major parties. The movement to nominate Daniel Webster as a third-party candidate began in earnest following the Whig Convention, largely driven by those who had been strenuously opposed to Winfield Scott's nomination, among them Alexander Stephens, Robert Toombs, and George Curtis. While Webster was against what he perceived as a \"revolt\" from the Whig Party and preferred not to be nominated, he let Americans vote for him should the party choose to nominate him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 77], "content_span": [78, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0013-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Union Party nomination\nThe Union Party held its Georgia state convention on August 9, 1852, and nominated Webster for president and Charles J. Jenkins of Georgia for vice-president. A formal convention was held at Faneuil Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, on September 15, affirming the nominations made at the state convention in Georgia and rejecting Winfield Scott as nothing more than a military figure. The Webster/Jenkins ticket received nationwide support, particularly among Southern Whigs, but also in Massachusetts and New York, but it was largely perceived by many as nothing more than getting voters who would, in different circumstances, support Scott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 77], "content_span": [78, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0014-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Union Party nomination\nWebster had no real chance of winning the election, but even the new Know-Nothing party endorsed Webster, nominating him without even his own permission. However, Webster died nine days before the election of a cerebral hemorrhage on October 24, 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 77], "content_span": [78, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0015-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Native American (Know-Nothing) Party nomination\nAround the mid-1830s, nativists were present in New York politics, under the aegis of the American Republican Party. The American Republican party was formed in 1843 in major opposition to immigration and Catholicism. In 1845, the party changed its name to the Native American Party. Their opponents nicknamed them the \"Know Nothings\" and the party liked the name and it became the nickname of the party after that until it collapsed in 1860. In 1852, the original candidate planned by the Native American Party was Daniel Webster, the nominee of the Union party as well as Secretary of State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 102], "content_span": [103, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0015-0001", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Native American (Know-Nothing) Party nomination\nThey nominated Webster without his permission, with George Corbin Washington (grandnephew of George Washington) as his running mate. Webster died of natural causes nine days before the election, and the Know-Nothings quickly replaced Webster by nominating Jacob Broom as president and replaced Washington with Reynell Coates. With Webster collecting a few thousand votes, Broom received too few and lost the election. In the future, former president Millard Fillmore would be their candidate in 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 102], "content_span": [103, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0016-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Rights Party nomination\nThe Southern Rights Party was an offshoot of the Democratic party in several Southern states which advocated secession from the Union, electing a number of Congressmen and holding referendums on secession in a number of southern states, none of which were successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0017-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Rights Party nomination\nIt was unclear in early 1852 if the Party would contest the presidential election. When the Alabama state convention was held in early March, only nine counties were represented. The party decided to see who was nominated by the two major national parties and support one of them if possible. When Georgia held its state convention, it acted as the state Democratic Party and sent delegates to the national convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0018-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Rights Party nomination\nAfter the Democratic National Convention, the Party was not sure that it wanted to support Franklin Pierce, the Democratic nominee. Alabama held a state convention from July 13\u201315 and discussed at length the options of running a separate ticket or supporting Pierce. The convention was unable to arrive at a decision, deciding to appoint a committee to review the positions of Scott and Pierce with the option of calling a \"national\" convention if the two major-party candidates appeared deficient. The committee took its time reviewing the positions of Pierce and Scott, finally deciding on August 25 to call a convention for a Southern Rights Party ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0019-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Rights Party nomination\nThe convention assembled in Montgomery, Alabama, with 62 delegates present, a committee to recommend a ticket being appointed while the delegates listened to speeches in the interim. The committee eventually recommended former Senator George Troup of Georgia for President, and former Governor John Quitman of Mississippi for Vice-President; they were unanimously nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0020-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Rights Party nomination\nThe two nominees accepted their nominations soon after the convention, which was held rather late in the season. Troup stated in a letter, dated September 27 and printed in the New York Times on October 16, that he had planned to vote for Pierce and had always wholeheartedly supported William R.D. King. He indicated in the letter that he preferred to decline the honor, as he was rather ill at the time and feared that he would die before the election. The Party's executive committee edited the letter to excise those portions which indicated that Troup preferred to decline, a fact which was revealed after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0021-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination\nThe Liberty Party had ceased to become a significant political force after most of its members joined the Free Soil Party in 1848. Nonetheless, some of those who rejected the fusion strategy held a Liberty Party National Convention in Buffalo, New York. There were few delegates present, so a ticket was recommended and a later convention called. The Convention recommended Gerrit Smith of New York for president and Charles Durkee of Wisconsin for vice-president. A second convention was held in Syracuse, New York, in early September 1852, but it too failed to draw enough delegates to select a nominee. Yet a third convention gathered in Syracuse later that month and nominated William Goodell of New York for president and S.M. Bell  of Virginia for vice-president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0022-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, General election, Fall campaign\nThe Whigs' platform was almost indistinguishable from that of the Democrats, reducing the campaign to a contest between the personalities of the two candidates. The lack of clearcut issues between the two parties helped drive voter turnout down to its lowest level since 1836. The decline was further exacerbated by Scott's antislavery reputation, which decimated the Southern Whig vote at the same time as the pro-slavery Whig platform undermined the Northern Whig vote. After the Compromise of 1850 was passed, many of the southern Whig Party members broke with the party's key figure, Henry Clay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0023-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, General election, Fall campaign\nFinally, Scott's status as a war hero was somewhat offset by the fact that Pierce was himself a Mexican\u2013American War brigadier general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0024-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, General election, Fall campaign\nThe Democrats adopted the slogan: The Whigs we Polked in forty-four, We'll Pierce in fifty-two, playing on the names of Pierce and former President James K. Polk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0025-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, General election, Fall campaign\nJust nine days before the election, Webster died, causing many Union state parties to remove their slates of electors. The Union ticket appeared on the ballot in Georgia and Massachusetts, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0026-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nWhen American voters went to the polls, Pierce won the electoral college in a landslide; Scott won only the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Massachusetts, and Vermont, while the Free Soil vote collapsed to less than half of what Martin Van Buren had earned in the previous election, with the party taking no states. The fact that Daniel Webster received a substantial share of the vote in Georgia and Massachusetts, even though he was dead, shows how disenchanted voters were with the two main candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0027-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nIn the popular vote, while Pierce outpolled Scott by 220,000 votes, 17 states were decided by less than 10%, and eight by less than 5%. A shift of 69,000 votes to Scott in Delaware, Maryland, New York, North Carolina, Ohio and Pennsylvania would have left the electoral college in a 148\u2013148 tie, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0028-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nAs a result of the devastating defeat and the growing tensions within the party between pro-slavery Southerners and anti-slavery Northerners, the Whig Party quickly fell apart after the 1852 election and ceased to exist. Some Southern Whigs would join the Democratic Party, and many Northern Whigs would help to form the new Republican Party in 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0029-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nSome Whigs in both sections would support the so-called \"Know-Nothing\" party in the 1856 presidential election. Similarly, the Free Soil Party rapidly fell away into obscurity after the election, and the remaining members mostly opted to join the former Northern Whigs in forming the Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0030-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThe Southern Rights Party effectively collapsed following the election, attaining only five percent of the vote in Alabama, and a few hundred in its nominee's home state of Georgia. It would elect a number of Congressmen in 1853, but they would rejoin the Democratic Party upon taking their seats in Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0031-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, General election, Results\nThis was the last election in which the Democrats won Michigan until 1932, the last in which the Democrats won Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio or Rhode Island until 1912, the last in which the Democrats won Wisconsin until 1892, the last in which the Democrats won Connecticut until 1876 and the last in which the Democrats won New York until 1868. It was, however, the last election in which the Democrats' chief opponent won Kentucky until 1896, and indeed the last until 1928 in which the Democrats' opponent obtained an absolute majority in the Bluegrass State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023094-0032-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election, Results by state\nSource: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836\u20131892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247\u201357.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023095-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Alabama\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023095-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Alabama\nAlabama voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Alabama by a margin of 26.77%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023096-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023096-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nArkansas voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Arkansas by a margin of 24.36%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023097-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in California\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in California was held on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Votes chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023097-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in California\nCalifornia voted in its first ever presidential election, having become the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The state was won by the Democratic nominee, New Hampshire Senator Franklin Pierce, who defeated the Whig nominee, United States Army general Winfield Scott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023098-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023098-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nConnecticut voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won the state by a narrow margin of 4.33%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023099-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Delaware\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023099-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Delaware\nDelaware voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Delaware by a very narrow margin of 0.19%, only 25 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023100-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Florida\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023100-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Florida, Results\nDemocrat Franklin Pierce defeated Whig Party candidate Winfield Scott by a margin of 20.06% or 1,443 votes. Pierce won all of Florida's 3 electoral votes and was the first Democrat to win the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023101-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Georgia\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023101-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Georgia\nGeorgia voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Commanding General Winfield Scott, the nominee of the Whig Party, and Senator Daniel Webster. Having been denied the Whig nomination at the party's 1852 National Convention, Webster was placed on the ballot without permission by a group of former Whigs, known as the Know Nothings, but died of natural causes shortly before the election. Pierce won Georgia by a margin of 38.10%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023102-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Illinois\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023102-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Illinois\nIllinois voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott and Free Soil candidate John P. Hale. Pierce won Illinois by a margin of 10.10%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023103-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023103-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Indiana\nIndiana voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Illinois by a margin of 7.88%. This would be the last occasion Porter County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate until Bill Clinton won a plurality in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023104-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Iowa\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023104-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Iowa\nIowa voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Iowa by a margin of 5.39%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023105-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023105-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nKentucky voted for the Whig candidate, Winfield Scott, over Democratic candidate Franklin Pierce. Scott won Kentucky by a margin of 3.12%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023105-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nKentucky was one of the four states to vote for Scott in the 1852 election with the other three being Massachusetts, Tennessee and Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023105-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nWith 51.44% of the popular vote, Kentucky would prove to be Scott's strongest victory in the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023106-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023106-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nLouisiana voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Louisiana by a narrow margin of 3.88%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023107-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Maine\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023107-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Maine\nMaine voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won the state by a margin of 11.03%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023107-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Maine\nPierce would be the last Democratic candidate to win Maine until Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and the last one until Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 to win a majority of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023108-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Maryland\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023108-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Maryland\nMaryland voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Maryland by a margin of 6.59%. This was the first presidential election in which Maryland voted Democratic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023109-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023109-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts voted for the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott, over the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce. Scott won the state by a narrow margin of 6.38%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023109-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts was one of the only four states to vote for Scott. The other three were Kentucky, Tennessee and Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023109-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nFree Soil Party candidate John P. Hale won 22.05% of the vote in the state, making Massachusetts his strongest state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023109-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nDaniel Webster died 9 days before the election of a cerebral hemorrhage on October 24, 1852. This caused many Union and Native American state parties to remove him and his running mate Charles Jones Jenkins from their slates of electors and was replaced by Jacob Broom and Reynell Coates. The Webster-Jenkins Union ticket however, remained on the ballot in both Massachusetts and Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023110-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Michigan\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023110-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Michigan\nMichigan voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott and Free Soil candidate John P. Hale. Pierce won Michigan by a margin of 9.62%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023110-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Michigan\nAs of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last and only time Sanilac County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. It would be the last time Michigan would send a full slate of Democratic electors to the Electoral College until Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932, although it did send five Grover Cleveland electors in 1892.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023111-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023111-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nMississippi voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Mississippi by a margin of 21.00%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023112-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Missouri\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023112-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Missouri\nMissouri voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won Missouri by a margin of 12.84%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023113-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023113-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won his home state by a margin of 25.76%. His margin of victory in New Hampshire is the second largest for a Democrat, surpassed only by Lyndon B. Johnson's 27.78% in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023113-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nBoth Pierce and Free Soil Party candidate John P. Hale were from New Hampshire. Pierce had been born in Hillsborough while Hale was born in Rochester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023113-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThis would be the last election when New Hampshire voted for the Democratic Party until Woodrow Wilson won it in 1912 with a narrow plurality, as the anti-slavery Republican Party would monopolize the state at a presidential level between 1856 and 1908. It was to also be the last election that a Democrat won a majority of the vote in the state until Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940. Cheshire County would indeed never again vote Democratic until supporting Lyndon Johnson in 1964, and Sullivan County would not do so for a Democrat until Wilson in 1916. This would also be the last time a Democrat would carry every single county until Barack Obama in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023114-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023114-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won the state by a margin of 6.91%, making him the first Democratic presidential candidate since Andrew Jackson in 1832 to win the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023115-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 35 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023115-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in New York\nNew York voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won the state by a margin of 5.21%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023116-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023116-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over Whig candidate Winfield Scott. Pierce won North Carolina by a margin of 0.94%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023117-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Ohio was held on November 2, 1852 as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. State voters chose 23 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023117-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Ohio\nOhio was narrowly won by the Democratic Party candidate, Franklin Pierce, who won the state with a plurality of 47.83 percent of the popular vote. The Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott, garnered 43.18 percent of the popular vote, and Free Soil Party candidate John P. Hale gained 8.98 percent, a figure exceeded by a third-party candidate in Ohio only six times since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023117-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Ohio\nPierce would become the final Democrat to win Ohio until Woodrow Wilson won it in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023118-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 27 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023118-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won Pennsylvania by a margin of 5.02%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023119-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023119-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island voted for the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce, over the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott. Pierce won the state by a margin of 6.52%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023119-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nThis would be the final time until 1912 that a Democratic presidential candidate was able to win Rhode Island and the final time until 1928 that a Democratic candidate won a majority of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023120-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 9 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023120-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina cast eight electoral votes for the Democratic candidate Franklin Pierce. These electors were chosen by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023121-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023121-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nTennessee voted for the Whig candidate, Winfield Scott, over Democratic candidate Franklin Pierce. Scott won Tennessee by a narrow margin of 1.46%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023121-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nTennessee was one of the four states to vote for Scott in the 1852 election with the other three being Kentucky, Massachusetts and Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023121-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nWith 50.73% of the popular vote, Tennessee would prove to be Scott's second strongest state in the nation after Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023122-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Texas\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Texas was held on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. State voters chose four electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023122-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Texas\nTexas voted for the Democratic nominee Franklin Pierce, who received 73.068% of Texas's votes. Texas was Pierce's strongest state by about 9% (Georgia was 2nd with 62.7% of the vote from the state).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023123-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Vermont took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023123-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Vermont\nVermont voted for the Whig Party candidate, Winfield Scott, over the Democratic candidate, Franklin Pierce. Scott won the state by a margin of 20.8%. This would be the last election until 1916 where a Democratic candidate won more than 40% of the vote in a Vermont county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023123-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Vermont\nVermont was one of the only four states to vote for Scott. The other three were Massachusetts, Kentucky, and Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023123-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Vermont\nWith 50.52% of the popular vote, Vermont would prove to be Scott's third strongest state after Kentucky and Tennessee. It was also Scott's strong state by margin by victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023123-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Vermont\nFree Soil Party candidate John P. Hale won 19.64% of the popular vote in the state, making Vermont his second strongest state after neighboring Massachusetts. Lamoille County was won by Hale, which would make him the final third party candidate to win a single county in Vermont until Progressive Party candidate Theodore Roosevelt won six counties in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023123-0005-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Vermont\nAfter this election, Vermont would vote for the nominee of the Republican Party, which would be formed in 1854, for 27 consecutive elections, from 1856 through 1960--as of 2020, still the most of any state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023124-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023124-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia voted for the Democratic candidate, former U.S. Senator Franklin Pierce over the Whig candidate, military lieutenant general Winfield Scott. Pierce won the state by a margin of 11.42%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023125-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Wisconsin\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 2, 1852 as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. State voters chose five electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023125-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Wisconsin\nDemocratic Party candidate Franklin Pierce won the state with 52.04 percent of the popular vote, winning Wisconsin's five electoral votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023125-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 United States presidential election in Wisconsin\nThis would be the final time a Democratic presidential candidate would win Wisconsin until Grover Cleveland won the state in 1892. No Democratic presidential candidate would again win a majority of Wisconsin\u2019s popular vote until Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023126-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1852 Vermont gubernatorial election was held on Tuesday, September 7. Incumbent governor Charles K. Williams, a Whig, was not a candidate for reelection. In the voting, Whig Erastus Fairbanks received 49.2 percent, Democrat John S. Robinson 31.3 percent, and Free Soil Party nominee Lawrence Brainerd 19.6 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023126-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Vermont gubernatorial election\nIn accordance with the Vermont Constitution, because no candidate received 50 percent of the vote, the election was decided by the Vermont General Assembly. On October 16, with 110 votes by the combined Vermont House of Representatives and Vermont Senate necessary for a choice, Fairbanks won on the first ballot with 117 votes to 61 for Robinson and 40 for Brainerd. On Monday October 18, Fairbanks took the oath of office and began a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention\nThe 1852 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held from June 17 to June 20, in Baltimore, Maryland. It nominated the Whig Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1852 election. The convention selected General-in-Chief Winfield Scott (commanding the United States Army and led in the recent war with Mexico) for president and U.S. Secretary of the Navy William A. Graham for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention\nIn the aftermath of the Mexican\u2013American War (1846\u20131848) and the Compromise of 1850, the Whig Party was torn over the issue of slavery. President Millard Fillmore, who had succeeded to the presidency in July 1850 after the death of President Zachary Taylor, had the strong backing of Southern Whigs. However, his enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 had alienated many Northern Whigs, who supported either Scott or Secretary of State Daniel Webster. Scott and Fillmore essentially tied on the first presidential ballot, while a smaller fraction of the vote went to Webster. There was little delegate movement over the next 46 ballots, but Scott gained momentum on the 48th ballot and clinched the nomination on the 53rd ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention\nGraham, Edward Bates of Missouri, and James Pearce of Maryland all won significant support on the first vice presidential ballot, but Graham clinched the nomination on the second ballot. In the general election, Scott and Graham were defeated by the Democratic candidates, Franklin Pierce and William R. King who took office the following March 1853. This 1852 convention was the last Whig Party presidential convention to be held independent of other parties, as the 1856 Whig National Convention was held by a rump faction of Whigs and nominated the ticket previously selected by the competing 1856 American National Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Schedule\nThe Congressional Whig caucus, led by North Carolina Senator Willie P. Mangum, a supporter of Scott, met on April 9, 1852, to decide the date and location for the 1852 convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0003-0001", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Schedule\nThe party chose to hold the convention in Baltimore, Maryland, at the Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts (now the Maryland Institute College of Art), an assembly hall/auditorium with classrooms on second floor built above arched brick piers for Centre Market (also known as \"Marsh Market\" from the colonial era Harrison's Marsh area) below on ground level), built 1851, on East Baltimore Street at Market Place/South Frederick Street on the west bank of the Jones Falls (stream \u2013 flows into the Patapsco River and Baltimore harbor) during the second week of June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0003-0002", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Schedule\nAlso later site of \"Sanitary Fair\" held to support Union Army and Navy soldiers and sailors' domestic and health needs sponsored by U.S. Sanitary Commission during the Civil War and site of famous Abraham Lincoln visit and \"Liberty Speech\" (or \"Baltimore Address\") on April 18, 1864. The site often used for numerous assemblies, mass meetings and conventions during the later half of the 19th century, burned during the Great Baltimore Fire of February 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Pre-convention\nIn late 1851 and early 1852, state conventions began to meet to select delegates to the national convention. The party was split between those who felt that Fillmore could not win the election and those who favored the president's nomination. Northern Whigs favored Scott while Southern Whigs tended to prefer Fillmore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0005-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Pre-convention\nThe party was also torn on the issue of slavery. Most in the party wanted to prevent slavery from becoming the dominating issue in the election. However, the Whigs were split on the issue of the Compromise of 1850, proposed and designed by Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky. President Zachary Taylor, a Southern Whig, had tried to avoid the issue altogether by proposing that California and New Mexico be admitted as free states immediately. After Taylor's death in July 1850, Fillmore, a moderate Whig, had supported Clay's compromise and was instrumental as president in its passage. Northern Whigs, led by William Henry Seward of New York, (former Governor and Senator), adamantly opposed the compromise because it did not apply the Wilmot Proviso (which banned slavery in any federal territory acquired from Mexico after the Mexican-American War) to the western territories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 926]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0006-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Pre-convention\nNorthern Whigs launched an effort to associate Scott with the Free Soil wing of the party. Scott did not agree with the Free Soilers, who opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Just days before the convention was scheduled to begin, Southern Whigs warned that they would not support Scott unless he pledged to disavow the Free Soilers and to exclude them from his administration if he was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0007-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Pre-convention\nEncouraged by Fillmore's professed lack of desire to pursue the Whig nomination, Webster launched another campaign for the presidency in 1851. Fillmore was sympathetic to the ambitions of his secretary of state, but he was unwilling to completely rule out accepting the party's 1852 nomination, as he feared doing so would allow Seward to gain control of the party through Scott. Scott had supported the Compromise of 1850, but his association with Seward made him unacceptable to Southern Whigs. As Southerners retained a lingering distrust of Webster, they threw their backing behind Fillmore. Thus, Scott emerged as the preferred candidate of most Northern Whigs, Fillmore became the main candidate of Southern Whigs, and Webster was only able to win backing from a handful of delegates, most of whom were from New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0008-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Pre-convention\nOn the eve of the convention, The New York Times estimated that Fillmore would have the support of 133 delegates, Scott 120 and Webster 40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0009-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Pre-convention\nTwo weeks before the Whig convention was set to begin, the Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce, a northerner from New Hampshire. Supporters of DanielWebster in the North decided that Scott, not Fillmore, could defeat Pierce in the general election, and several switched their support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0010-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, The convention, Day 1\nDelegates to the fourth Whig Party National Convention assembled also in the same Maryland Institute auditorium, above \"Centre Market\" at Market Place/South Frederick and East Baltimore Streets, alongside the Jones Falls stream in eastern downtown Baltimore, Maryland. Although each state was granted one delegate for each of their electoral votes, several sent more than their allotted number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0011-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, The convention, Day 1\nThe convention convened on June 17, 15 minutes before the scheduled time. Delegates quickly selected former Senator George Evans of Maine as temporary chairman. Because a large number of delegates had not yet arrived, many on the floor objected to the selection. The delegates also appointed the Whig Party's National Committee, as well as a Committee on Credentials and a Committee on Permanent Organization, before adjourning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0012-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, The convention, Day 1\nAn evening session was held later in the day. The Credentials Committee submitted a report which was adopted and the Committee on Permanent Organization was assembled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0013-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, The convention, Day 2\nThe second day began with the organization of the convention. Several states had sent delegations that far outnumbered their allowed size. Virginia was allotted 15 votes and sent 45 delegates. Delegates voted to restrict states to one delegate for each of its electoral votes. The convention also adopted the party's platform. Southern delegates submitted a platform, but it was rejected in favor of a relatively weak one which caused little controversy and was easily passed by a vote of 227 to 66.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0014-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nThe divided convention began the process of nominating a candidate. Fillmore led on the first ballot, receiving 133 votes. Scott placed a close second with 131 votes. Webster received 29 votes. Five more ballots were held with little change in the vote before the convention adjourned for the weekend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0015-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nAlthough both Webster and Fillmore were willing to withdraw in favor of the other, their respective delegates at the convention were unable to unite around either candidate during the weekend adjournment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0016-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nThe delegates resumed voting on Monday. On the 8th ballot, Scott took the lead with 133 votes to 131 for Fillmore, but neither received the necessary majority for nomination. The convention was deadlocked, and a number of delegates unsuccessfully moved to allow a nomination with a plurality, rather than a majority, of votes. After the 46th ballot, with Scott ahead by seven votes (but still without a majority), the delegates voted to adjourn for the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0016-0001", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nOn the first ballot of the final day of the convention, the 47th overall, Scott still had not received the majority of votes necessary for nomination. Several more votes were taken. Fillmore lost votes on each successive ballot. On the 52nd ballot, Scott received exactly half of the vote. Scott was finally nominated on the next ballot, obtaining a majority when several delegates from New England and Virginia switched their support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023127-0017-0000", "contents": "1852 Whig National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined\nSecretary of the Navy William A. Graham was nominated unanimously by the convention after the second ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023128-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 33rd Congress were held at various dates in different states from August 1852 to November 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023128-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections\nDemocrats increased their House majority while electing national compromise candidate Franklin Pierce, a Northerner favorable to Southern interests, to the Presidency. Effects of the Compromise of 1850 temporarily had reduced sectional tensions, and both major parties, Democrats and Whigs, unified around the 1852 Presidential campaign, with Whig unity more tenuous. Two small parties, the Constitutional Unionists and States' Rights parties, collapsed before this election, while the Free Soil Party, opposing slavery in the Western territories, retained four seats. One Independent, Caleb Lyon, was elected from New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023128-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nFollowing the 1850 Census, the House was reapportioned. In the initial apportionment bill, the number of seats was unchanged at 233, but later one seat was added to California's delegation, increasing the total apportionment to 234, due to returns from California being determined to be incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023128-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections, California\nNote: From statehood to 1864, California's representatives were elected at-large, with the top two vote-getters winning election from 1849 to 1858; in 1860 when California gained a seat in the House the top three vote-getters were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023128-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nThe elections were held November 8, 1852. However, many of the districts went to a December 13, 1852 second ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1852 and 1853 were elections which had the Democratic Party gain two seats in the United States Senate, and which coincided with the 1852 presidential election. Only six of the twenty senators up for election were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections\nAs this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 32nd Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were seated during 1852 or in 1853 before March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0003-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections leading to the 33rd Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1853; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 100], "content_span": [101, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0004-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 33rd Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were elected in 1853 on or after March 4; ordered by date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0005-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Alabama, Alabama (Regular)\nThe legislature had failed to elect a senator for the other seat, previously held by Democrat Jeremiah Clemens. On November 28, 1853, Democrat Clement Claiborne Clay was elected late to the seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0006-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Alabama, Alabama (Special, Class 3)\nOn December 20, 1852, Democrat William R. King resigned due to poor health. On January 14, 1853, Democrat Benjamin Fitzpatrick was appointed to continue the term, and he was elected November 28, 1853 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 81], "content_span": [82, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0007-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Arkansas\nDemocratic senator William K. Sebastian had been appointed May 12, 1848 to continue the term, to which he was elected later that year to finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0008-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, California (Special)\nThe California legislature had failed to elect a successor to Democrat John C. Fr\u00e9mont in time for the 1851 beginning of the class 1 term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0009-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, California (Special)\nIn fact, this time it took eight ballots for Democrat John B. Weller (71 votes, 80.7%) to be elected January 30, 1852 over Whig Pierson B. Reading (17 votes, 19.3%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0010-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Connecticut (Special)\nThe Connecticut legislature had failed to elect a senator for the term beginning in 1851. Democrat Isaac Toucey was elected in May 1852 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0011-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Delaware\nFirst-term Whig Presley Spruance retired and Whig former senator John M. Clayton was elected January 12, 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0012-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Delaware\nClayton received 17 votes and there were 13 blank ballots cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0013-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Georgia\nSecond-term Whig John M. Berrien resigned May 28, 1852 and Democrat Robert M. Charlton was appointed May 31, 1852 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0014-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Georgia\nDemocrat Robert Toombs was elected in 1852 and would serve through re-election in 1858 and until he withdrew in 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0015-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Illinois\nTwo-term Democrat Stephen A. Douglas was re-elected January 5, 1853. He would be re-elected in 1859 and serve until his 1861 death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0016-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Indiana (Special)\nFirst term Democrat James Whitcomb died December 4, 1852 and Democrat Charles W. Cathcart was appointed December 6, 1852, pending a special election to finish the term that would end in 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 63], "content_span": [64, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0017-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Iowa\nFirst-term Democrat George Wallace Jones was re-elected to a second term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 50], "content_span": [51, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0018-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Iowa\nHe received the Democratic nomination on December 20, 1852 by the narrowest of margins: 30 to 29 votes. The general election was held the next day, December 21, in which Jones easily won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 50], "content_span": [51, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0019-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Kentucky\nOne-term Whig Joseph R. Underwood retired from the class 2 seat and the Know Nothing Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky John Burton Thompson had already been elected early, December 15, 1851, far in advance of the 1853 term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0020-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Louisiana, Louisiana (Regular)\nDemocrat Solomon W. Downs lost re-election to Whig businessman Judah P. Benjamin in January 1852. Some Whig newspapers thought Benjamin too young and inexperienced at forty, despite his undoubted talent, but the Whig legislative caucus selected him on the second ballot, and he was elected by the legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0021-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Louisiana, Louisiana (Special)\nFirst-term Democrat Pierre Soul\u00e9 was appointed U.S. Minister to Spain and resigned April 11, 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0022-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Louisiana, Louisiana (Special)\nFormer-Democratic congressman and diplomat John Slidell was elected April 28, 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0023-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Louisiana, Louisiana (Special)\nSlidell would be re-elected in 1858 and serve until he withdrew in 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0024-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Maine\nFirst-term Democrat James W. Bradbury retired and the Maine legislature failed to elect his replacement until long after the new Congress began. It wasn't until 1854 that a new senator would be elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0025-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts\nLong-time senator Whig John Davis retired. Whig U.S. Secretary of State and former Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett was elected in 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0026-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts\nEverett was resign just one year into his term due to his distaste dealing with the politics of slavery and abolition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0027-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Michigan\nFirst-term Democrat Alpheus Felch retired. Fellow Democratic congressman  Charles E. Stuart was elected January 11, 1853, over Whig Mayor of Detroit Zachariah Chandler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0028-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Michigan\nStuart only served one term, retiring in 1859. Chandler, meanwhile, would be elected to the other seat and serve for three terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0029-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Mississippi, Mississippi (Special, Class 1)\nIncumbent Democrat Jefferson Davis resigned in 1851 to run for Governor of Mississippi. Democrat John J. McRae was appointed December 1, 1851 to continue Davis's term, pending a special election. Democrat Stephen Adams won the March 17, 1852 special election to finish the term that would continue until 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0030-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Mississippi, Mississippi (Special, Class 2)\nIncumbent Democrat Henry S. Foote resigned January 8, 1852 to become Governor of Mississippi. Whig Walker Brooke was elected February 18, 1852 to finish the term that would end the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0031-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Mississippi, Mississippi (Regular)\nThe Mississippi legislature failed to elect a replacement for Brooke, and the seat remained vacant until early 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0032-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, New Hampshire\nFree Soil senator John P. Hale ran for U.S. President, coming in third place in the popular vote, but failing to win any states. He lost to the Democratic fellow-New Hampshire senator Franklin Pierce. He then lost re-election to his senate seat when Democrats took over the New Hampshire legislature in 1852 state elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0033-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, New Hampshire\nDemocratic former-senator Charles G. Atherton was returned to the Senate in Hale's place on November 25, 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0034-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, New Hampshire\nAtherton died from pulmonary tuberculosis in the first year of his term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0035-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, New Hampshire\nAfter Republicans retook the New Hampshire legislature in 1854, Hale was re-elected to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0036-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, New Jersey, New Jersey (Regular)\nTwo-term Whig Jacob W. Miller lost re-election to Democratic former-Congressman William Wright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0037-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, New Jersey, New Jersey (Regular)\nWright would lose re-election in 1859 but be returned to the Senate in 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0038-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, New Jersey, New Jersey (Special)\nFirst-term Democrat Robert F. Stockton resigned from the Class 1 seat January 10, 1853 to become President of the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0039-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, New Jersey, New Jersey (Special)\nDemocrat John Renshaw Thomson was elected February 11, 1853 over Whig former-senator William L. Dayton to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0040-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, New Jersey, New Jersey (Special)\nThomson would be re-elected in 1857 to a full term and serve until his death in 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0041-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, North Carolina\nLong-time Whig Willie Mangum was a candidate for re-election. Although Democratic former-congressman James C. Dobbin was a top choice of the North Carolina Legislature, no candidate received a majority of votes in either house, so the seat was left unfilled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0042-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, North Carolina\nThe seat would remain vacant until a 1854 special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0043-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, North Carolina\nDobbin would then be appointed U.S. Secretary of the Navy and Magnum retired from public service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0044-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island\nThe Rhode Island General Assembly failed to elect, so first-term Whig John Hopkins Clarke thereby lost re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0045-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island\nAfter the term began, Democrat Philip Allen was elected July 20, 1853, to fill the seat. Allen would serve only one term, retiring in 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0046-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, South Carolina\nDemocrat Robert Rhett resigned May 7, 1852 and Democratic judge of the chancery court William F. De Saussure was appointed May 10, 1852 to continue the term, pending a special election. The term would end in March 1853, so there was an election to finish the term and an election to the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0047-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, South Carolina, South Carolina (Special)\nDe Saussure was elected November 29, 1852, just to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 86], "content_span": [87, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0048-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, South Carolina, South Carolina (Regular)\nDemocrat Josiah J. Evans was elected December 1, 1852 on the fourth ballot to the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 86], "content_span": [87, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0049-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Tennessee\nFirst-term Whig John Bell was re-elected October 29, 1853 on the 49th ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0050-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Tennessee\nBell would fall out of favor with the Tennessee legislature over the sectionalism that was rife in the late 1850s and lost their vote for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0051-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Texas\nTwo-term Democrat Sam Houston \u2014 a Texas founder who had served as senator since statehood \u2014 was re-elected January 15, 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0052-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Texas\nHouston would retire at the end of this term in 1859, and be replaced by John Hemphill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0053-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Virginia\nFirst-term Democrat Robert M. T. Hunter was re-elected January 22, 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023129-0054-0000", "contents": "1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections, Virginia\nHunter would be re-elected again in 1858 and serve until his 1861 expulsion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023131-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1852 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023135-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1852 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023143-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1852 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023143-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1852 is 63,100 M\u0101ori and 27,633 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023143-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law\nWith the passing by the Parliament of the United Kingdom of New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 the way is set for New Zealand\u2019s first general election. It will be held on 1 October 1853. (see also 1846).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023147-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1852 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023149-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in Switzerland\nThe following is a list of events, births, and deaths in 1852 in Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023150-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1852 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023151-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in architecture\nThe year 1852 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023153-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in birding and ornithology\nThis article about ornithology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023154-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023155-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023156-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023156-0001-0000", "contents": "1852 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023156-0002-0000", "contents": "1852 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023157-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023158-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in science\nThe year 1852 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023159-0000-0000", "contents": "1852 in sports\n1852 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023162-0000-0000", "contents": "1853\n1853 (MDCCCLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1853rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 853rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 53rd  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1853, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023163-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1853 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 1, 1853, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democrat John A. Winston won his first term. Henry W. Collier did not run because he was term-limited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1853 Atlantic hurricane season featured eight known tropical cyclones, none of which made landfall. Operationally, a ninth tropical storm was believed to have existed over the Dominican Republic on November\u00a026, but HURDAT \u2013 the official Atlantic hurricane database \u2013 now excludes this system. The first system, Tropical Storm One, was initially observed on August\u00a05. The final storm, Hurricane Eight, was last observed on October\u00a022. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. At two points during the season, pairs of tropical cyclones existed simultaneously. Four of the cyclones only have a single known point in their tracks due to a sparsity of data, so storm summaries for those systems are unavailable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season\nOf the season's eight tropical cyclones, four reached hurricane status. Furthermore, two of those four strengthened into major hurricanes, which are Category\u00a03 or higher on the modern-day Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale. The strongest cyclone of the season, the third hurricane, peaked at Category\u00a04 strength with 150\u00a0mph (240\u00a0km/h) winds. With a minimum barometric pressure of 924\u00a0mbar (27.3\u00a0inHg), it was the most intense tropical cyclone recorded in the Atlantic basin until the 1924 Cuba hurricane. The hurricane caused 40\u00a0fatalities after a brig went missing off the coast of North Carolina. Despite remaining offshore, Tropical Storm Five brought very strong winds to the Mexican city of Veracruz. Hurricane Eight brought strong winds and rough seas to North Florida and Georgia, causing significant damage in the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One\nThe barque W.B. Bowen encountered a gale with winds of 60\u00a0mph (95\u00a0km/h) near 33.5\u00b0N, 69.2\u00b0W on August\u00a05, which is located about 255 miles (410\u00a0km) east of Bermuda. This system would later be listed in HURDAT records as Tropical Storm One. However, due to heavy prevailing weather, further data on this storm is unavailable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two\nA publication by meteorologist Ivan R. Tannehill indicates that Tropical Storm Two was centered near Barbados on August\u00a010. However, due its weak nature \u2013 maximum sustained winds were only 45\u00a0mph (75\u00a0km/h) \u2013 only a single data point is known of the storm's path.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0004-0000", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nMeteorologist William C. Redfield first observed the season's third tropical storm south of Cape Verde on August\u00a030, which was the first Cape Verde-type hurricane ever recorded. Initially, the storm moved west-northwestward and gradually strengthened, becoming a hurricane on September\u00a01. Over the next two days, the hurricane intensified significantly and reached Category\u00a02 strength early on September\u00a02.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0004-0001", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nThe system strengthened into a Category\u00a04 hurricane by September\u00a03, attaining its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 150\u00a0mph (240\u00a0km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 924\u00a0mbar (27.3\u00a0inHg) was recorded by the barque Hermann soon thereafter. It was the most intense storm in the Atlantic until the 1924 Cuba hurricane, a Category\u00a05 hurricane with a minimum pressure of 910\u00a0mbar (27\u00a0inHg). The Great Havana Hurricane of 1846 may have been stronger, though it is discounted because HURDAT records did not begin until the 1851 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0005-0000", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nBy September\u00a05, the hurricane curved toward the northwest and began to weaken. Early on September\u00a07, it turned northward and fell to Category\u00a03 intensity, situated about 340 miles (550\u00a0km) east of Charleston, South Carolina. The hurricane passed offshore North Carolina later that day, and its outer rainbands produced heavy rainfall along the state's southern coastlines. The brig Albermarle was lost at sea on September\u00a07 with 40 of its crewmen missing; they were later presumed to have drowned. The hurricane recurved east-northeastward and continued to deteriorate steadily, weakening to Category\u00a01 status by September\u00a09. The storm was last observed late on September\u00a010, centered about 525 miles (845\u00a0km) north-northwest of Flores Island in the Azores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0006-0000", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nThe ship Gilbert Gallatin encountered the fourth hurricane of the season on September\u00a08, which was centered about 1,000 miles (1,600\u00a0km) east of the third hurricane. Sustained winds were initially observed to have reached 115\u00a0mph (185\u00a0km/h), indicative of a Category\u00a03 hurricane. Several other ships reportedly encountered this storm as it tracked northeastward. With winds decreasing to 105\u00a0mph (165\u00a0km/h), it weakened to a Category\u00a02 hurricane on September\u00a010. The storm was last noted by the ship Josephine later that day, while located about 615 miles (990\u00a0km) north-northeast of Graciosa in the Azores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0007-0000", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Five\nTropical Storm Five was reported to have existed on September\u00a021 at 20\u00b0N, 95\u00b0W, which is located in the Bay of Campeche. The Elize and Crichton encountered a heavy \"norther\" upon arriving at Veracruz, Veracruz on that day. Although it was centered offshore, very strong winds were reported in Veracruz, possibly induced by the funneling effect from the Sierra Madre Oriental. Further information of this tropical storm is sparse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0008-0000", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six\nThe sixth hurricane of the season was first observed as a tropical storm to the southeast of Bermuda on September\u00a026. Initially, the storm headed north-northwestward, before curving north-northeastward on September\u00a027, while bypassing Bermuda. Later that day, the storm strengthened into a hurricane. The brig Samuel and Edward encountered the hurricane on September\u00a02, reporting winds of 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h); this was the maximum sustained wind speed associated with the storm. Thereafter, the storm executed a cyclonic loop, which lasted until September\u00a030. It curved northeastward on October\u00a01 and was last noted at 0600\u00a0UTC, while located about 590 miles (950\u00a0km) northeast of Bermuda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0009-0000", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven\nTwo separate reports by meteorologists Ivan R. Tannehill and Edward B. Garriott indicate that the seventh tropical storm of the season existed at 15\u00b0N, 37\u00b0W on September\u00a028, which is located west of Cape Verde. Observations noted that maximum sustained winds reached 60\u00a0mph (95\u00a0km/h). With only a single data point, no further information is available on this storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0010-0000", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight\nThe barque Edward reported a hurricane about 50 miles (80\u00a0km) north of Grand Bahama on October\u00a019. Several other ships encountered the storm between October\u00a019 and October\u00a020. It moved slowly north-northwestward and gradually strengthened. On October\u00a020, the storm reached maximum sustained winds of 105\u00a0mph (165\u00a0km/h), making it a Category\u00a02 hurricane. Additionally, ships reported a minimum barometric pressure of 996\u00a0mbar (29.4\u00a0inHg). After weakening back to a Category\u00a01 hurricane on October\u00a021, the storm veered east-northeastward, avoiding a landfall in the Southeastern United States. It was last noted on October\u00a022, while centered about 80 miles (130\u00a0km) east-southeast of Charleston, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023164-0011-0000", "contents": "1853 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight\nStrong winds, combined with tides in Jacksonville, Florida, pushed water over wharfs and onto Bay Street. William Gaston Captain Thomas E. Shaw reported that the gale at Brunswick, Georgia caused significant damage to the town. An engine-house belonging to the Brunswick Railroad Company was flattened, as was a large cotton shed, a blacksmith shop, and a new frame house, and a number of other buildings were damaged. The new railroad wharf was washed away and its remains were floating in the harbor. Offshore, there were numerous shipwrecks, including the schooners W. Mercer, G. W. Pickering, Mary Ann, and the Steamer Planter. Additionally, the schooner James House reported \"a perfect hurricane\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023165-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 California gubernatorial election\nThe 1853 California gubernatorial election was held on September 7, 1853, to elect the governor of California. Incumbent governor John Bigler successfully ran for reelection, winning over Whig nominee William Waldo in a close race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023166-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the 1853 Chicago mayoral election, Charles McNeill Gray defeated Josiah L. James in a landslide, winning by a 54 point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023166-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Chicago mayoral election\nIncumbent mayor Walter S. Gurnee did not run for reelection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023166-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Chicago mayoral election\nJosiah L. James was a businessman in the lumber industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023167-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1853 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 6, 1853. Incumbent governor and Democratic Party nominee Thomas H. Seymour defeated former state legislator and Whig nominee Henry Dutton and former state legislator and Free Soil nominee Francis Gillette with 51.01% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023167-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nSeymour would resign on October 13, 1853, to become Minister to Russia, and Lieutenant Governor Charles H. Pond served as acting governor until the following May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023168-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak\nThe 1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera which occurred in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1853 as part of the third cholera pandemic. It killed about 4,800 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023168-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak, Background\nMedical professionals had since the 1840s warned against the dismal sanitary conditions in the city as a combination of a lack of proper sanitary installations and services and increasing overpopulation due to the ban of urban development outside the City Walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023168-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak, Outbreak\nThe outbreak struck on 11 June 1853 and lasted until October when it faded out. A total of 7,219 infections were reported of whom 4,737 (56,7%) died. From Copenhagen the outbreak spread to the provinces where 24 towns were hit and 1,951 people died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023168-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak, Aftermath\nThe cholera outbreak was a key factor in the decision to decommission Copenhagen's fortifications, although the step was long overdue and had been underway for decades. The cholera outbreak also contributed to the city's decision to build a new cattle market, the so-called Brown Meat District, and a safer municipal water supply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023168-0004-0000", "contents": "1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak, Aftermath\nIt also resulted in several housing developments built by philanthropic organisations to provide healthy homes outside the city centre for people of few means. The Medical Society completed the first stage of the housing development now known as Brumleby in \u00d8sterbro in 1857. They are considered Denmark's first example of social housing. The Classenske Fideicommis acquired a three-hectare site in Frederiksberg in 1856 and constructed the Classen Terraces (De Classenske Boliger) between 1866 and 1881.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023169-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Costa Rican general election\nThe Costa Rican general election of 1853 was held on April 4, 1853. President Juan Rafael Mora Porras was re-elected as the sole candidate, who had been elected in 1849 to end the period of Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Castro Madriz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023169-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Costa Rican general election\nAccording to the historian Ivan Molina from this date and for the next four decades the elections would play a secondary role in the selection of the president limited to a symbolic legitimating function. The presidents were chosen through a series of political alliances between the coffee bourgeoisie and the Army until the beginning of the Liberal State of Costa Rica. On the second-degree election Mora received 83 electoral votes and 8 were null.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023170-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Dutch general election\nGeneral elections were held in the Netherlands on 17 May 1853. They followed the dissolution of the House of Representatives as a result of a government crisis caused by the restoration of the episcopal hierarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023170-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Dutch general election\nThe result of the elections was a defeat for Prime Minister Johan Rudolph Thorbecke and his liberals. Only the province of Groningen and Twente remained a liberal stronghold. The conservative Van Hall-Donker Curtius cabinet thus received ample support in the House of Representatives and Floris Adriaan van Hall became Prime Minister. However, the restoration of the episcopal hierarchy that had caused the government crisis was not reversed, although the Roman Catholic Church was restricted in its freedom of movement by the introduction of the Law on Church Societies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023170-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Dutch general election, Background\nDuring the Constitutional Reform of 1848, the Catholic Church was allowed to determine ecclesiastical divisions within the Netherlands in the context of the separation of church and state. In 1853 this law was applied, and Pope Pius IX divided the Netherlands into five dioceses, including an archdiocese in Utrecht. Among the Dutch Protestants, there was much dislike of this action, which culminated in the April movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023170-0002-0001", "contents": "1853 Dutch general election, Background\nThe submission of the complaints by the April movement to King William III led to a crisis between the king and the Thorbecke I cabinet, which felt that the king had answered the April movement too positively and had not been sufficiently neutral. As a result, the cabinet resigned and the House of Representatives was dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023170-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 Dutch general election, Background\nAccording to the then electoral law, this was an exceptional situation: normally half the House was elected every two years, and not the House as a whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023171-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Grand National\nThe 1853 Grand National was the 15th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 2 March 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023172-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Greek legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Greece on 23 September 1853. Supporters of Antonios Kriezis won a majority of the 138 seats. Kriezis remained Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023173-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Liberian general election\nPresidential elections were held in Liberia in 1853. The result was a victory for incumbent President Joseph Jenkins Roberts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023174-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Thursday 1 November 1853. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023174-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nOn 9 November 1853, the term of office of eight aldermen who were elected on 9 November 1847 expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023174-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nThe following were elected as Aldermen by the council on 9 November 1853 for a term of office of six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023174-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 Liverpool Town Council election, By Elections, No. 11, Abercromby, November 1853\nCaused by Councillor Richard Cardwell Gardner (Conservative, elected 1 November 1853) being elected as an alderman on 9 November 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 85], "content_span": [86, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023174-0004-0000", "contents": "1853 Liverpool Town Council election, By Elections, No. 8, Pitt Street, November 1853\nCaused by Councillor Thomas Toulmin (Conservative, elected 1 November 1852) being elected as an alderman on 9 November 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 85], "content_span": [86, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023174-0005-0000", "contents": "1853 Liverpool Town Council election, By Elections, No. 15, South Toxteth, November 1853\nCaused by Councillor Samuel Holme (Conservative, elected 1 November 1853) being elected as an alderman on 9 November 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023175-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Liverpool by-election\nThe 1853 Liverpool by-election was held due to the previous election of two Conservative MPs being declared void. It resulted in the election of the Conservative MPs Charles Turner and Thomas Horsfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023176-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Maryland independence referendum\nAn independence referendum was held in the Maryland Colony on 31 January 1853. Only 122 people voted in the referendum, all in favor of independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023176-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Maryland independence referendum, Background\nThe Maryland State Colonization Society was established in Maryland in the United States in 1830. The group established the Maryland Colony in Africa on 22 February 1834. After Liberia declared independence in 1847, the desire for independence also grew in Maryland, and the settlers presented a petition to the authorities for a referendum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023176-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Maryland independence referendum, Aftermath\nFollowing the referendum, elections were held for a Constitutional Council in February 1854, a new constitution was approved in a referendum in March 1854, and Maryland declared independence as the Republic of Maryland on 8 June 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023177-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1853 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023177-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nWhig Governor John H. Clifford declined to run for a second term in office. Emory Washburn won the race to succeed him. Because no candidate received a majority of the vote, the legislature selected Washburn as the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023177-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nWashburn was the last governor selected by the legislature; the popular majority requirement was eliminated in 1855. This was also the last election in which the Free Soil Party was a major factor; it was effectively supplanted by the Republican Party in 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023177-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Legislative vote\nThe Massachusetts House of Representatives certified the popular returns on January 9. Emory Washburn was the first candidate nominated for Governor with 187 votes. On a second ballot, Bradford Wales was nominated with 156 votes. In the Senate, Washburn defeated Wales with 29 out of 30 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023178-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 74th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1853 during the governorship of John H. Clifford. Charles Henry Warren served as president of the Senate and George Bliss served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023179-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 McElroy\n1853 McElroy, provisional designation 1957 XE, is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 December 1957, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and named for American biochemist William D. McElroy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023179-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 McElroy, Orbit and classification\nMcElroy orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,958 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023179-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 McElroy, Orbit and classification\nIt was first identified as 1930 YP at Lowell Observatory in 1930. However the observation remained unused and the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023179-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 McElroy, Physical characteristics\nMcElroy is characterized as a generic X-type and carbonaceous C-type asteroid by the Lightcurve Data Base and by PanSTARRS' photometric survey, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023179-0004-0000", "contents": "1853 McElroy, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween 2004 and 2011, three rotational lightcurves of McElroy were obtained at Brian Warner's Palmer Divide Observatory and at the Palomar Transient Factory, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 8.016 and 8.026 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18\u20130.30 magnitude (U=3-/2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023179-0005-0000", "contents": "1853 McElroy, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, McElroy measures between 17.47 and 24.07 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.197 to 0.304.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023179-0006-0000", "contents": "1853 McElroy, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.194 and a diameter of 20.89 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023179-0007-0000", "contents": "1853 McElroy, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of American biochemist William David McElroy (1917\u20131999), chairman of the biology department at Johns Hopkins University during the 1950s and 1960s, later director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the early 1970s and chancellor of the University of California at San Diego from until 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023179-0008-0000", "contents": "1853 McElroy, Naming\nDuring his tenure as director of NSF the U.S. government decided to fund the Very Large Array, now officially known as the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1980 (M.P.C. 5450).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023180-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Naval Air Squadron\n1853 Naval Air Squadron (1853 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023180-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Naval Air Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023180-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Naval Air Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023181-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 New Jersey gubernatorial election\nThe 1853 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 1, 1853. Democratic nominee Rodman M. Price defeated Whig nominee Joel Haywood with 52.60% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023182-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 New York state election\nThe 1853 New York state election was held on November 8, 1853, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, two Judges of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioner, an Inspector of State Prisons and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023182-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 New York state election, Background\nAfter the split of the Democratic Party in 1848 over the slavery question, a large part of the Barnburner faction, who had joined the Free Soil Party, returned to the Democratic Party and re-united with the Hunkers. During the following years, the Hunkers split over the question of reconciliation with the Barnburners. The Hards were against it, denying the Barnburners to gain influence in the Party. The Softs favored reconciliation with the intention of maintaining enough strength to win the elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023182-0001-0001", "contents": "1853 New York state election, Background\nBoth Hards and Softs favored a compromise on the slavery question: to maintain the status quo and to leave the decision to the local population in new Territories or States if they want slavery or not, as expressed in the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act. The Barnburners were against the permission of slavery in new Territories or States, but were now the minority in the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023182-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 New York state election, Nominations\nThe Free Democratic, or Independent Democratic, Party was the radical anti-slavery faction of the disbanding Free Soil Party, which advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. Their State convention was held on August 31 in Syracuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023182-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 New York state election, Nominations\nThe Democratic state convention met in September in Syracuse. Two chairmen, one Hard and one Soft, were elected who sat one beside the other and commenced proceedings ignoring each other. After some ensuing confusion, the Hards moved out, convened elsewhere, and nominated a state ticket. The Softs and Barnburners nominated their own ticket. Only the nominees for the two judgeships of the Court of Appeals were nominated jointly by Hards and Softs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023182-0004-0000", "contents": "1853 New York state election, Nominations\nThe Whig state convention met on October 5 in Syracuse. Benjamin F. Bruce was Temporary Chairman until the choice of Ex-Governor Washington Hunt to preside over the convention. James M. Cook was nominated for Comptroller on the first ballot (vote: Cook 88, Spaulding 29, Josiah B. Williams 8). Elias W. Leavenworth was nominated for Secretary of State on the first ballot (vote: Leavenworth 82, Samuel J. Wilkin 41, Spaulding 3). Elbridge G. Spaulding was nominated for Treasurer on the first ballot (vote: Spaulding 82, Jeremiah Ellsworth 19, Epenetus Crosby 11, Myron H. Clark 10).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023182-0004-0001", "contents": "1853 New York state election, Nominations\nOgden Hoffman was nominated for Attorney General on the third ballot (first ballot: Daniel Ullmann 49, Hoffman 45, Roscoe Conkling 27, J. M. Van Cott 4, Thompson 3; second ballot: Hoffman 56, Ullmann 54, Conkling 16, blank 1; third ballot: Hoffman 74, Ullmann 48, Conkling 5, blank 1). Cornelius Gardinier was nominated for Canal Commissioner on the second ballot (first ballot: Gardinier 30, David S. Wright 28, Ebenezer Blakely 19, Samuel P. Russell 16, Thomas Clowes 13, Ogden N. Chapin 13; second ballot: Gardinier 75, Blakely 19, Wright 18, Russell 5, Clowes 3, Chapin 1, Peabody 1, blank 1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023182-0004-0002", "contents": "1853 New York state election, Nominations\nThomas Kirkpatrick was nominated for Inspector of State Prisons on the third ballot (first ballot: Kirkpatrick 22, Henry Underwood 21, Josiah T. Everest 14, Norwood Bowne 13, Alexander H. Wells 9, A. F. Crocker 9, Henry Bradley 9, Abner Baker 7, Benjamin Squire 7, William Lyons 6, Epenetus Crosby 5, Joseph Garling House 5; second ballot: Kirkpatrick 55, Underwood 45, Bowne 17, Everest 11; third ballot: Kirkpatrick 70, Underwood 60). John T. Clark was nominated for State Engineer by acclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023182-0004-0003", "contents": "1853 New York state election, Nominations\nBenjamin F. Harwood was nominated for Clerk of the Court of Appeals on the first ballot (vote: Harwood 62, E. P. Cole 22, A. T. McCarty 10, J. T. Lamport 8, P. Smith 5, Robinson 2). George Wood was nominated for a full term as Judge of the Court of Appeals on the second vote (88 ayes, 20 noes) after William Rockwell had been rejected in the first vote. Joseph Mullin was nominated for the short term by acclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023182-0005-0000", "contents": "1853 New York state election, Results\nDue to the split of the Democratic Party, almost the whole Whig ticket was elected. Only the jointly nominated Democratic judges of the Court of Appeals, Ruggles and Denio, were elected. The incumbent Ruggles was re-elected, the incumbent Mather was defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023182-0006-0000", "contents": "1853 New York state election, Results\n23 Whigs, 7 Hards and 2 Softs were elected to a two-year term (1854\u201355) in the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023182-0007-0000", "contents": "1853 New York state election, Results\n78 Whigs, 24 Hards, 24 Softs and 2 Free Democrats were elected for the session of 1854 to the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023183-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand general election\nThe 1853 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 1st term. It was the first national election ever held in New Zealand, although Parliament did not yet have full authority to govern the colony, which was part of the British Empire at that time. Elections for the first provincial councils and their Superintendents were held at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023183-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand general election, Background\nThe New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, established a bicameral New Zealand Parliament, with the lower house (the House of Representatives) being elected by popular vote. Votes were to be cast under a simple FPP system, and the secret ballot had not yet been introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023183-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand general election, Background\nTo qualify as a voter, one needed to be male, to be a British subject, to be at least 21 years old, to own a certain value of land, and to not be serving a criminal sentence. One of the candidates elected (on 27 August, for Christchurch Country) was a landowner, but at 20 years and 7 months was not yet 21: he was James Stuart-Wortley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023183-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand general election, Background\nAt the time of the 1853 elections, there were no political parties in New Zealand. As such, all candidates were independents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023183-0004-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand general election, The election\nIn the 1853 elections, election day was different in each seat. The first seat to be elected was Bay of Islands on 14 July, and the final election day was on 1 October. Hugh Carleton (Bay of Islands) was the first MP ever elected in New Zealand (though he was elected unopposed), so he liked to be called the Father of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023183-0005-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand general election, The election\nThere were 5,849 people registered to vote. The number of electoral districts was 24, and some districts elected multiple MPs. The total number of seats was 37. Some parts of the colony were not part of any district, and did not have representation in Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023184-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand provincial elections\nThe 1853 New Zealand provincial elections were the first elections in New Zealand to elect members and superintendents to the newly created Provinces of New Zealand. The elections were held between July and September 1853, at the same time as the 1853 New Zealand general elections for the central government, which were held between July and October. The provincial elections had higher voter turnouts than the general elections, with the elections for provincial superintendents (where they were contested) having the highest voter turnout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023184-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand provincial elections, Results, Provincial councils, Auckland\nThe Auckland Provincial Council was originally made up by 24 members from six electorates: City of Auckland (6), Suburbs of Auckland (4), Pensioner Settlements (4), Northern Division (4), Southern Division (4), and Bay of Islands (2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023184-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand provincial elections, Results, Provincial councils, New Plymouth\nThe New Plymouth Provincial Council (with the province later known as Taranaki Province) was originally made up by nine members from three electorates:Town of New Plymouth (2), Grey and Bell (4), and Omata (3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023184-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand provincial elections, Results, Provincial councils, Wellington\nThe Wellington Provincial Council was originally made up by eighteen members from five electorates: City of Wellington (7), Wellington Country (3), Hutt (4), Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay (2), and Wanganui and Rangitikei (2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023184-0004-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand provincial elections, Results, Provincial councils, Nelson\nThe Nelson Provincial Council was originally made up by fifteen members from seven electorates: Town of Nelson (5), Waimea East (2), Waimea South (2), Wairau (2), Motueka and Massacre Bay (2), Waimea West (1), and Suburban Districts (1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023184-0005-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand provincial elections, Results, Provincial councils, Canterbury\nThe Canterbury Provincial Council was originally made up by twelve members from four electorates: Town of Christchurch (3), Christchurch Country District (4), Town of Lyttelton (3), and Akaroa (2). In Akaroa, there was a draw for second place between Rev. William Aylmer and William Sefton Moorhouse. The returning officer gave his vote to Aylmer; Moorhouse had a week earlier been elected to the House of Representatives beating Rhodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023184-0006-0000", "contents": "1853 New Zealand provincial elections, Results, Provincial councils, Otago\nThe Otago Provincial Council was originally made up by nine members from two electorates: Town of Dunedin (3) and Dunedin Country District (6).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023185-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1853. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 106 to 107. Voter turnout was 45.4%, although only 5.1% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023186-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1853 saw the reelection of Charles Gilpin to a fourth consecutive term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023186-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThis would ultimately be the last mayoral election before Philadelphia's county-city consolidation. It would also be the last held for a single-year term as Philadelphia mayor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023186-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Philadelphia mayoral election, Electoral system\nBeginning in 1839, the city operated under a mixed electoral system. Citizens voted for mayor in a general election. If a candidate receive a majority of the vote, they would be elected mayor. However, if no candidate received a majority, the City Council would select a mayor from the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023187-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Providence and Worcester head-on collision\nOn August 12, 1853, a head-on collision occurred on a single track between Providence, Rhode Island and Worcester, Massachusetts. The collision resulted in 14 deaths and is considered to be the first photographed major train accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023187-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Providence and Worcester head-on collision, Background\nThe Providence and Worcester Railroad line was on a single track. Engineers would base their travels off of time tables that were provided, as well as keep track of time on their own watches. By using this method, strict time schedules ensured the line was clear for individual trains to pass by. One train would wait in the siding for the allotted time to pass, after which, it was assumed that the tracks were clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023187-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Providence and Worcester head-on collision, Incident\nThe train bound for Providence had reached its double-track siding and waited the necessary five minute span. After which, the engineer proceeded to go back onto the single track. The Worcester-bound train had not reached the siding yet. At a blind curve, the two trains collided, resulting in a boiler explosion and telescoping of the first cars on the Providence-bound excursion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 57], "content_span": [58, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023187-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 Providence and Worcester head-on collision, Aftermath\nFourteen people were killed and seventeen severely injured in the collision. It was revealed the Worcester-bound engineer was behind schedule and had attempted to make up time by traveling at full speed. The accident was immediately photographed and would later be published in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper on August 27, 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023188-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak\nThe 1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera which occurred in Stockholm, Sweden in 1853 as part of the third cholera pandemic. It killed about 3,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023188-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak\nIt was the second cholera epidemic in Stockholm, and the first one since the 1834 Stockholm cholera outbreak, which had been the first in the city. The epidemics of 1834 and 1853 were also the biggest cholera outbreaks in Stockholm, as both of them resulted in about 3.000 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023188-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak, History\nAt the time, it was not known what caused cholera. However, there were theories that the epidemics were affected by poor hygiene. In this period, the latrine and waste systems in Stockholm were handled by private entrepreneurs and were in very bad condition, and the drinking water was not filtered. In 1859, Stockholm inaugurated its own central system for tending to the latrine and waste of the city, which radically improved the hygiene in Stockholm, a reform which was reportedly influenced by the 1853 outbreak. In 1861, Stockholm proceeded by also inaugurating its first water works for the filtering and cleansing of the city's drink water, a reform which resulted in fewer deaths by cholera in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023188-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak, History\nThe 1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak was not the last cholera outbreak in Stockholm. On the contrary: from 1853 onward, it returned almost every year until it finally disappeared in 1894. However, it was never again as bad as it had been in the first two outbreaks of 1834 and 1853, and the deaths and the number of infected became smaller each time until the last time in 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident\nThe Straffan Rail Disaster occurred on 5 October 1853, when a goods train ran into the back of a stationary passenger train one-quarter mile (400\u00a0m) south of Straffan station in County Kildare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Background\nThe Great Southern and Western Railway line from Dublin to Cork had only been in operation six years when 18 people died in what is still Ireland's third-worst railway tragedy, having only been surpassed by the Armagh rail disaster of 1889 (80 killed) and the Ballymacarrett rail crash of 1945 (23 killed).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Events\nAt 6:20 pm on 5 October 1853, the piston rod on a locomotive snapped, stranding the newly introduced noon express train from Cork 975 yards (892\u00a0m) south of Straffan Station, towards Baronrath, in a dense fog and gathering twilight. There were a total of 45 passengers in the two first- and three second-class carriages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Events\nEdward Croker Barrington, a solicitor for the company, who was a passenger on the train, directed the fireman, John O\u2019Hara, to signal a warning to a 20-wagon goods train which had been passed in Portarlington and was approaching from behind, so that it might push the train into Dublin. O'Hara was gone 15 minutes when the goods train was seen approaching and, reassured, some of the passengers got back on their train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0003-0001", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Events\nHowever, the goods train crashed into the stationary carriages at full speed, smashing through the first-class carriage at the back of the train, overturning the second-class carriage, shearing the roof off another carriage, and driving the rest one-quarter mile (400\u00a0m) the other side of Straffan Station, reduced to \"a heap of ruins\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0004-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Events\nWilliam Hutchinson from Clownings was one of the first on the scene, having gone to the railway line investigate the stalled train. Dr Geoghegan tended the injured, and Edward Kennedy, who was hunting nearby, helped summon aid. The injured were kept in the station house, and three orphaned children were brought to Lyons House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0005-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Inquest and enquiry\nThe inquest was performed initially at Straffan station house and adjourned to Barry\u2019s Hotel at Thirteenth Lock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0005-0001", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Inquest and enquiry\nThe victims came from Cork, Mallow, Kenmare, Birr, Laois, Kildare and Dublin, and included Jesse Hall from County Kildare, Daniel and Anastasia McSwiney of Kenmare, TW Jelly of Straboe, John Egan of Birr, Emma Pack of Birr, Kate Hamilton Haimes, (the wife of a mill owner from Mallow, originally identified from a note in her pocket by her maiden name, Kate Smith), Christopher McNally, a solicitor of Dublin, Claire Kirwan from 82 Lwr Abbey St in Dublin, Margaret Leathley from 62 Eccles St in Dublin, Joseph Sherwood a servant boy of the household of Richard Stokes, Cherry Agnes Knapp from London, Margaret Palmer, a cousin of Mrs Knapp, William Bateman a solicitor from Cork, Mrs Latham Blacker from London and four children. A total of \u00a327,000 compensation was paid to victims, the equivalent of \u20ac2.37m today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0006-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Inquest and enquiry\nThe unionist Dublin Evening Mail alleged that the bodies of the dead and the dying were plundered by local people, an allegation disproved by the inquest and condemned by the rival Freeman\u2019s Journal: \"The people did not plunder the dead and dying but, on the contrary, assisted with the greatest alacrity and to the utmost of their power.\" The only criticism at the inquest was of a carter named Connor, from Celbridge, who refused to carry the wounded until he was given half a crown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0007-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Inquest and enquiry\nThe inquiry found that no warning was given by either red light or detonators. The fireman, John O\u2019Hara, the engine driver, James Gass, and the guard of the luggage train, James Prey, were arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0008-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Inquest and enquiry\nCommenting on the accident, an editorial in The Times of London called for clockwork event recorders to be carried in locked boxes on all trains in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0009-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Folklore: The Ghost Story\nAccording to Ireland's Own, the Wexford weekly magazine which reports the supernatural, the site of the crash has been haunted by a man with a red lamp ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0010-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Allingham Poem\nNor hour nor distance heeds;With heat and roar and whistle shrill,On through the dusk it speeds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0011-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Allingham Poem\nOur friends in Dublin city gay,Expectant name our names;\"The fog is out to-night,\" they say,And stir the kindly flames.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0012-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Allingham Poem\nOh! chiller than October's touchIs freezing many a smile! Terror and mortal torments clutchWhat love expects the while.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0013-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Allingham Poem\nLove's self, however true and warm,Might fail to recogniseThe dear, the well-remember'd form,If set before its eyes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0014-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Allingham Poem\n'Mong twisted metal, splinter'd wood,Half buried in the ground,'Mong heaps of limbs crush'd up in blood,Must wife, child, friend he found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023189-0015-0000", "contents": "1853 Straffan rail accident, Allingham Poem\nNo hostile cannonade, or mine,Perform'd the cruel wrong;Through peaceful fields they sped to join", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023190-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Texas gubernatorial election\nThe 1853 Texas gubernatorial election was held on August 1, 1853 to elect the Governor of Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023190-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Texas gubernatorial election\nIncumbent Governor Peter Hansborough Bell did not run for a third term. The election was won by Elisha M. Pease, who received 37% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023191-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1853 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 6. The same three candidates who ran for governor of Vermont in 1852 ran again in 1853: Whig and incumbent Erastus Fairbanks, Democratic candidate John S. Robinson, and Lawrence Brainerd, the nominee of the Free Soil Party. The results showed that Fairbanks had received 43.9 percent of the vote, with Robinson receiving 38.5 percent, and Brainerd 17.6 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023191-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Vermont gubernatorial election\nBecause no candidate received a majority, the Vermont Constitution required the contest to be settled by the Vermont General Assembly. In the October 27 voting, 119 to 121 votes were necessary for a choice, depending on how many members of the Vermont Senate and Vermont House of Representatives took part in each ballot. On the 20th ballot, with 120 votes required for a choice, enough Brainerd supporters voted for Robinson to give Robinson the win with 120 votes. Fairbanks received 104, and Brainerd received 7. Robinson took the oath of office and began a one-year term on October 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023191-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Vermont gubernatorial election\nRobinson was the only Democrat elected governor of Vermont until the election of Philip H. Hoff in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023192-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nThe 1853 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1853. Democratic candidate William A. Barstow won the election with 55% of the vote, winning his first term as Governor of Wisconsin. Barstow defeated Free Soil Party candidate Edward D. Holton and Whig candidate Henry S. Baird.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023192-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party\nWilliam A. Barstow was a resident of Waukesha County, and had previously served as Wisconsin's Secretary of State. Before Wisconsin became a state, he was instrumental in creating Waukesha County from what had been the western half of Milwaukee County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023192-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party\nThe Wisconsin Democratic Party Convention was held in Janesville in September 1853. Barstow did not intend to seek the nomination for Governor, and, in fact, was supporting A. Hyatt Smith for the nomination. Nevertheless, Barstow's popularity resulted in him receiving five votes on the first ballot, and after Smith deadlocked with Jairus C. Fairchild for seven ballots, Smith withdrew his name and instead endorsed Barstow. Barstow received the nomination on the 13th ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023192-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Free Soil Party\nEdward D. Holton was a resident of Milwaukee. He was a businessman and banker, interested in building a railroad to stretch from Milwaukee to the Mississippi River. He was an avowed abolitionist, first as a member of the Liberty Party, and then its successor the Free Soil Party. He was also a supporter of temperance legislation in Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023192-0004-0000", "contents": "1853 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Whig Party\nHenry S. Baird was a resident of Green Bay, and was said to be the first practicing lawyer in the Wisconsin Territory. He had served as Attorney General of the Wisconsin Territory, appointed by Territorial Governor Henry Dodge, and served on the Territorial Council. He was a delegate to Wisconsin's first Constitutional Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023193-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1853 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023193-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 in Australia, Events\nThis was a year of intense political agitation by miners on the Victorian goldfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023196-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in Canada\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 19:30, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023197-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1853 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023203-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1853 in the Qajar dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023206-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1853 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023206-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 in New Zealand\nThe old provinces of New Munster and New Ulster are abolished and replaced by the Provinces of New Zealand. The first general election is held marking a major step on the way to self-government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023206-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1853 is 61,850 M\u0101ori and 29,600 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023206-0003-0000", "contents": "1853 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law\nNew Zealand's first general election, held on 1 October. The House of Representatives has 37 elected members, and 14 members are appointed to the first Legislative Council. The 1st Parliament opens on 24 May 1854", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023206-0004-0000", "contents": "1853 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law\nThe first Speaker of the House is not elected until Parliament opens on 24 May 1854. There is neither an official Prime Minister/Premier/Colonial Secretary or Finance Minister/Colonial Secretary until after the 2nd New Zealand Parliament is formed after the 1855 election. (see also 1st New Zealand Parliament).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023211-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1853 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023213-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in Switzerland\nThe following is a list of events, births, and deaths in 1853 in Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023214-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1853 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023215-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in architecture\nThe year 1853 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023217-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in birding and ornithology\nBirds described in 1853 include white-thighed swallow, black oropendola, black-breasted barbet,  butterfly coquette, carunculated caracara, Fraser's eagle-owl, oriole whistler, ornate flycatcher, Philippine megapode, three-wattled bellbird, yellow-breasted racket-tail", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023218-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023219-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023219-0001-0000", "contents": "1853 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023219-0002-0000", "contents": "1853 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023220-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023221-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in science\nThe year 1853 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023222-0000-0000", "contents": "1853 in sports\n1853 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023225-0000-0000", "contents": "1853-54 Australian cricket season\n1853-54 was the third season of First-class cricket in Australia. There was only one first-class match played, Tasmania v Victoria in Launceston, Tasmania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023226-0000-0000", "contents": "1854\n1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1854th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 854th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 54th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1854, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023227-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Argentine presidential election\nThe Argentine presidential election of 1854 was held on 20 February  to choose the first president of the Argentine Confederation for the period 1854-1860. Justo Jos\u00e9 de Urquiza was elected president by a wide margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023227-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Argentine presidential election\nIt was the first presidential election after the unification of the country in 1852, after Justo Jos\u00e9 de Urquiza defeated Juan Manuel de Rosas at the Battle of Caseros on 3 February 1852. The State of Buenos Aires seceded on 11 September 1852 and did not participate in elections until 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023228-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1854 Atlantic hurricane season featured five known tropical cyclones, three of which made landfall in the United States. At one time, another was believed to have existed near Galveston, Texas in September, but HURDAT \u2013 the official Atlantic hurricane database \u2013 now excludes this system. The first system, Hurricane One, was initially observed on June\u00a025. The final storm, Hurricane Five, was last observed on October\u00a022. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. No tropical cyclones during this season existed simultaneously. One tropical cyclone has a single known point in its track due to a sparsity of data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023228-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Atlantic hurricane season\nOf the season's five tropical cyclones, three reached hurricane status. Furthermore, one of those strengthened into a major hurricane, which is Category\u00a03 or higher on the modern-day Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale. The strongest cyclone of the season, the third hurricane, peaked at Category\u00a03 strength with 125\u00a0mph (205\u00a0km/h) winds. After making landfall near the Georgia-South Carolina border, the storm caused 26\u00a0fatalities and extensive damage in the area. Hurricane Four caused four deaths and approximately $20,000 (1854\u00a0USD) in damage after striking the coast of Texas. Hurricane One also caused moderate damage in Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023228-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nA tropical storm was first observed in the Gulf of Mexico on June\u00a025, while located about 240 miles (390\u00a0km) south-southwest of Marsh Island, Louisiana. It headed westward and strengthened into a hurricane about 12\u00a0hours later. Peaking with maximum sustained winds 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 982\u00a0mbar (29.0\u00a0inHg), the storm maintained this intensity until making landfall in South Padre Island, Texas at 1200\u00a0UTC on June\u00a026. It quickly weakened inland and fell to tropical storm strength about six hours later. The system continued in a west-northwestward direction over northern Mexico, until dissipating in a rural area of Coahuila on June\u00a027.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023228-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nThis system brought near tropical storm-force winds to Texas as far north as Galveston. Brazos Island experienced the brunt of this storm, where winds blew a \"perfect hurricane\". Many buildings in the area lost their roofs or were moved by the winds. Additionally, a cistern at the Quartermaster\u2019s Department was destroyed. The coast of Texas was also impacted by storm surge, with several bath houses washed away at Lavaca. Precipitation in the region was generally light, peaking at 6.63 inches (168\u00a0mm) at Fort Ringgold, which is near modern-day Rio Grande City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023228-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two\nThe ships Highflyer and Osceola encountered a \"very violent\" gale on August\u00a023, while located at 33.0\u00b0N,  55.0\u00b0W, which is about 565\u00a0miles (910\u00a0km) east-northeast of Bermuda. A sustained wind speed of 70\u00a0mph (110\u00a0km/h) was recorded, indicative of a strong tropical storm. No further information is available of this storm. However, the barque Pilgrim experienced a severe gale on August\u00a029, which may have been the extratropical remnants of this system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023228-0005-0000", "contents": "1854 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nThe Coastal Hurricane of 1854 or The South Carolina Hurricane of 1854 closely duplicated the path of the famous 1804 Antigua\u2013Charleston hurricane. The brig Reindeer sighted a hurricane about 25 miles (40\u00a0km) east of Hope Town in The Bahamas on September\u00a07. With winds of 125\u00a0mph (205\u00a0km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 938\u00a0mbar (27.7\u00a0inHg), this was the strongest tropical cyclone of the season. It moved northwestward and weakened slightly on September\u00a08. Later that day at 2000\u00a0UTC, the hurricane made landfall near St. Catherines Island, Georgia with winds of 115\u00a0mph (185\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023228-0005-0001", "contents": "1854 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nEarly on September\u00a09, it weakened to a Category\u00a01 hurricane, then a tropical storm several hours later. Thereafter, the storm accelerated northeastward and re-emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Virginia Beach, Virginia on September\u00a010. The system re-strengthened, becoming a hurricane again on September\u00a011. It eventually began to weaken again while moving rapidly eastward and was last noted about 515\u00a0miles (830\u00a0km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023228-0006-0000", "contents": "1854 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nGales were reported in Florida, including as far south as St. Augustine. In Georgia, the entire coast suffered significant impacts, with damage more severe from St. Simons northward. About 110 acres (45\u00a0ha) of rice crops were destroyed, equivalent to a loss of approximately 6,000\u00a0bushels. Between Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina, \"extraordinary tides\" were reported. Hutchinson Island, Georgia was completely submerged, while there was significant inundation in eastern Savannah. Storm surge also brought coastal flooding to much of South Carolina, from Beaufort to Georgetown. Wind damage in that area was mainly confined to downed trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023228-0006-0001", "contents": "1854 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nHowever, in Charleston, South Carolina, a two-story wooden building was destroyed and there was slight to moderate damage to other structures, limited to roofs and the destruction of fences. This hurricane compared similarly to hurricanes that struck Charleston in 1752, 1783, 1804, 1811, and 1822 in flooding and strength. Throughout the United States, this storm resulted in at least 26\u00a0fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023228-0007-0000", "contents": "1854 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nReports first indicated a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico on September\u00a018, while centered about 110 miles (180\u00a0km) south-southwest of Cameron, Louisiana. The storm drifted west-northwestward with winds of 105\u00a0mph (165\u00a0km/h), equivalent to a Category\u00a02 hurricane. The lowest barometric pressure estimate was 965\u00a0mbar (28.5\u00a0inHg). At 2100\u00a0UTC on September\u00a018, the storm made landfall near Freeport, Texas at the same intensity. It weakened to a Category\u00a01 hurricane early on the following day. The system further weakened to a tropical storm at 1200\u00a0UTC on September\u00a019. Re -curving northeastward, the storm persisted until dissipating over eastern Texas on September\u00a020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023228-0008-0000", "contents": "1854 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nThe steamship Louisiana reported that a gale struck Matagorda, Texas with \"unparalleled fury\", with nearly all buildings and vessels in the area destroyed. Several vessels also capsized near Galveston, including the Nick Hill and Kate Ward. Within the city of Galveston, merchants, businesses, and houses suffered significant water damage due to an 8 feet (2.4\u00a0m) storm surge. Cotton and sugar cane crops throughout the area were ruined. The storm caused at least four deaths, with several more occurring later due to a yellow fever outbreak. Damage in the region totaled approximately $20,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023228-0009-0000", "contents": "1854 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Five\nThe barque Southerney observed a tropical storm on October\u00a020, while located about 460 miles (740\u00a0km) north-northwest of San Juan, Puerto Rico. The storm strengthened slowly while heading northward, until peaking with winds of 70\u00a0mph (110\u00a0km/h) on October\u00a021. The storm then began to re-curve northeastward. Early on October\u00a022, it passed near Bermuda, though no impact was reported on the island. Several hours later, this system was last noted about 365\u00a0miles (585\u00a0km) east-northeast of Bermuda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023229-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Belgian general election\nPartial general elections were held in Belgium on 13 June 1854. In the elections for the Chamber of Representatives the Liberal Party and Catholics won 54 seats each. Voter turnout was 61%, although only 45,884 people were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023229-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Belgian general election\nUnder the alternating system, elections were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023230-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Boston mayoral election\nThe Boston mayoral election of 1854 saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Jerome V. C. Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak\nThe Broad Street cholera outbreak (or Golden Square outbreak) was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) in the Soho district of the City of Westminster, London, England, and occurred during the 1846\u20131860 cholera pandemic happening worldwide. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician John Snow's study of its causes and his hypothesis that germ-contaminated water was the source of cholera, rather than particles in the air (referred to as \"miasma\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0000-0001", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak\nThis discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the mid-19th century. Later, the term \"focus of infection\" started to be used to describe sites, such as the Broad Street pump, in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. Snow's endeavour to find the cause of the transmission of cholera caused him to unknowingly create a double-blind experiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Background\nIn the mid-19th century, the Soho district of London had a serious problem with filth due to the large influx of people and a lack of proper sanitary services: the London sewer system had not reached Soho. Cowsheds, slaughter houses and grease-boiling dens lined the streets and contributed animal droppings, rotting fluids and other contaminants to the primitive Soho sewer system. Many cellars had cesspools underneath their floorboards, which formed from the sewers and filth seeping in from the outside. Since the cesspools were overrunning, the London government decided to dump the waste into the River Thames, contaminating the water supply. London had already suffered from a \"series of debilitating cholera outbreaks\". These included outbreaks in 1832 and 1849 which killed a total of 14,137 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Competing theories of cholera\nPreceding the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, physicians and scientists held two competing theories on the causes of cholera in the human body: miasma theory and germ theory. The London medical community debated between these causes for the persistent cholera outbreaks in the city. The cholera-causing bacterium Vibrio cholerae was isolated in 1854, but the finding did not become well known and accepted until decades later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 65], "content_span": [66, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Competing theories of cholera, Miasma theory\nMiasma theorists concluded that cholera was caused by particles in the air, or \"miasmata\", which arose from decomposing matter or other dirty organic sources. \"Miasma\" particles were thought to travel through the air and infect individuals, and thus cause cholera. Dr William Farr, the commissioner for the 1851 London census and a member of the General Register's Office, believed that miasma arose from the soil surrounding the River Thames. It contained decaying organic matter which contained miasmatic particles and was released into the London air. Miasma theorists believed in \"cleansing and scouring, rather than through the purer scientific approach of microbiology\". Farr later agreed with Snow's germ theory following Snow's publications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 80], "content_span": [81, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Competing theories of cholera, Germ theory\nIn contrast, the germ theory held that the principal cause of cholera was a germ cell that had not yet been identified. Snow theorized that this unknown germ was transmitted from person to person by individuals ingesting water. John Simon, a pathologist and the lead medical officer for London labeled Snow's germ theory as \"peculiar\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0005-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Competing theories of cholera, Germ theory\nThis doctrine is, that cholera propagates itself by a 'morbid matter' which, passing from one patient in his evacuations, is accidentally swallowed by other persons as a pollution of food or water; that an increase of the swallowed germ of the disease takes place in the interior of the stomach and bowels, giving rise to the essential actions of cholera, as at first a local derangement; and that 'the morbid matter of cholera having the property of reproducing its own kind must necessarily have some sort of structure, most likely that of a cell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0006-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Competing theories of cholera, Germ theory\nEven though Simon understood Snow's theory, he questioned its relation to the cause of cholera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0007-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Investigation by John Snow\nThe Broad Street outbreak was an effect rather than a cause of the epidemic. Snow's conclusions were not predominantly based on the Broad Street outbreak, as he noted that he hesitated to come to a conclusion based on a population that had predominantly fled the neighborhood and redistributed itself. He feared throwing off results of the study.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0008-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Investigation by John Snow\nFrom a mathematics perspective, John Snow's innovation was focusing on death rates in districts served by two water companies which drew water from the River Thames, rather than basing it on data from victims of the Broad Street pump (which drew water from a well). Snow's work also led to a far greater health and safety impact than the removal of the Broad Street pump handle. Deactivating the pump \"hardly made a dent in the citywide cholera epidemic, which went on to claim nearly 3,000 lives\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0009-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Investigation by John Snow\nSnow was skeptical of the prevailing miasma theory, which held that diseases such as cholera or the Black Death were caused by pollution or a noxious form of \"bad air\". The germ theory was not established at this point (Louis Pasteur did not propose it until 1861). Snow did not understand the mechanism by which disease was transmitted, but the evidence led him to believe that it was not due to breathing foul air. Based on the pattern of illness among residents, Snow hypothesized that cholera was spread by an agent in contaminated water. He first published his theory in 1849, in an essay titled \"On the Mode of Communication of Cholera\". In 1855 he published a second edition, including a more elaborate investigation of the effect of the water supply in the 1854 Soho outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0010-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Investigation by John Snow\nThe cholera epidemic of 1849\u20131854 was also related to the water supplied by companies in London at the time. The main players were the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company, and the Lambeth Waterworks Company. Both companies provided water to their customers that was drawn from the River Thames, which was highly contaminated with visible and invisible products and bacteria. Dr Hassall examined the filtered water and found it contained animal hair, among other foul substances. He made the remark that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0011-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Investigation by John Snow\nIt will be observed, that the water of the companies of the Surrey Side of London, viz., the Southwark, Vauxhall, and Lambeth, is by far the worst of all those who take their supply from the Thames", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0012-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Investigation by John Snow\nOther companies, such as the New River Company and Chelsea Company, were observed to have better filtered water; few deaths occurred in the neighborhoods which they supplied. These two companies not only obtained their water from cleaner sources than the Thames, but they filtered the water and treated it until there were no obvious contaminants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0013-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Investigation by John Snow\nAs mentioned above, Snow is known for his influence on public health, which arose after his studies of the cholera epidemic. In attempting to figure out who was receiving impure water in each neighborhood, what is now known as a double-blind experiment fell right into his lap. He describes the conditions of the situation in his essays:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0014-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Investigation by John Snow\nIn many cases a single house has a supply different from that on either side. Each company supplies both rich and poor, both large houses and small; there is no difference in the condition or occupation of the persons receiving the water of the different companies...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0014-0001", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Investigation by John Snow\nAs there is no difference whatever either in the houses or the people receiving the supply of the two Water Companies, or in any of the physical conditions with which they are surrounded, it is obvious that no experiment could have been devised which would more thoroughly test the effect of water supply on the progress of Cholera than this, which circumstances placed ready made before the observer. The experiment too, was on the grandest scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0014-0002", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Investigation by John Snow\nNo fewer than three hundred thousand people of both sexes, of every age and occupation, and of every rank and station, from gentlefolks down to the very poor, were divided into two groups without their choice, and, in most cases, without their knowledge; one group being supplied water containing the sewage of London, and amongst it, whatever might have come from the cholera patients, the other group having water quite free from such impurity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0015-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Investigation by John Snow\nSnow went on to study the water contents from each home through a test performed on each sample. In this way, it could be deduced from which supplier the home was receiving their water. He concluded that it was indeed impure water from the big companies that allowed the spread of cholera to progress rapidly. He went on to prove his theory through the observation of prisons in London, finding that cholera ceased in these places only a few days after switching to cleaner water sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0016-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nOn 31 August 1854, after several other outbreaks had occurred elsewhere in the city, a major outbreak of cholera occurred in Soho. Snow, the physician who eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water, later called it \"the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in this kingdom.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0017-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nOver the next three days, 127 people on or near Broad Street died. During the next week, three quarters of the residents had fled the area. By 10 September, 500 people had died and the mortality rate was 12.8 percent in some parts of the city. By the end of the outbreak, 616 people had died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0018-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nMany of the victims were taken to the Middlesex Hospital, where their treatment was superintended by Florence Nightingale, who briefly joined the hospital in early September in order to help with the outbreak. According to a letter from Elizabeth Gaskell, \"She herself [Nightingale] was up night and day from Friday afternoon (Sept. 1) to Sunday afternoon, receiving the poor creatures (chiefly fallen women of that neighbourhood - they had it the worst) who were being constantly brought in - - undressing them - putting on turpentine stupes, et cetera, doing it herself to as many as she could manage\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0019-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nBy talking to local residents (with the help of Reverend Henry Whitehead), Snow identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) at Cambridge Street. Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a sample of the water from this Broad Street pump water did not conclusively prove its danger, his facts about the patterns of illness and death among residents in Soho persuaded the St James parish authorities to disable the well pump by removing its handle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0020-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nAlthough this action has been popularly reported as ending the outbreak, the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline, as explained by Snow:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0021-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nThere is no doubt that the mortality was much diminished, as I said before, by the flight of the population, which commenced soon after the outbreak; but the attacks had so far diminished before the use of the water was stopped, that it is impossible to decide whether the well still contained the cholera poison in an active state, or whether, from some cause, the water had become free from it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0022-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nSnow later used a dot map to illustrate how cases of cholera occurred around this pump. Snow's efforts to connect the incidence of cholera with potential geographic sources was based on creating what is now known as a Voronoi diagram. He mapped the locations of individual water pumps and generated cells which represented all the points on his map which were closest to each pump. The section of Snow's map representing areas in the city where the closest available source of water was the Broad Street pump included the highest incidence of cholera cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0022-0001", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nSnow also performed a statistical comparison between the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company, and a waterworks at Seething Wells (owned by the Lambeth Waterworks Company) that was further upriver and hence had cleaner water; he showed that houses supplied by the former had a cholera mortality rate 14 times that of those supplied by the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0023-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nRegarding the decline in cases related to the Broad Street pump, Snow said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0024-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nIt will be observed that the deaths either very much diminished, or ceased altogether, at every point where it becomes decidedly nearer to send to another pump than to the one in Broad street. It may also be noticed that the deaths are most numerous near to the pump where the water could be more readily obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0025-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nThere was one significant anomaly\u2014none of the workers in the nearby Broad Street brewery contracted cholera. As they were given a daily allowance of beer, they did not consume water from the nearby well. During the brewing process, the wort (or un-fermented beer) is boiled in part so that hops can be added. This step killed the cholera bacteria in the water they had used to brew with, making it safe to drink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0025-0001", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nSnow showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames and delivering it to homes, resulting in an increased incidence of cholera among its customers. Snow's study is part of the history of public health and health geography. It is regarded as the founding event of epidemiology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0026-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nOn proceeding to the spot, I found that nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short distance of the [Broad Street] pump. There were only ten deaths in houses situated decidedly nearer to another street-pump. In five of these cases the families of the deceased persons informed me that they always sent to the pump in Broad Street, as they preferred the water to that of the pumps which were nearer. In three other cases, the deceased were children who went to school near the pump in Broad Street\u00a0...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0027-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nWith regard to the deaths occurring in the locality belonging to the pump, there were 61 instances in which I was informed that the deceased persons used to drink the pump-water from Broad Street, either constantly or occasionally\u00a0...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0028-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nThe result of the inquiry then was, that there had been no particular outbreak or prevalence of cholera in this part of London except among the persons who were in the habit of drinking the water of the above-mentioned pump-well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0029-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nI had an interview with the Board of Guardians of St. James's parish, on the evening of Thursday, the 7th September, and represented the above circumstances to them. In consequence of what I said, the handle of the pump was removed on the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0030-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nIt was discovered later that this public well had been dug 3 feet (0.9\u00a0m) from an old cesspit that had begun to leak faecal bacteria. Waste water from washing nappies, used by a baby who had contracted cholera from another source, drained into this cesspit. Its opening was under a nearby house that had been rebuilt further away after a fire and a street widening. At the time there were cesspits under most homes. Most families tried to have their raw sewage collected and dumped in the Thames to prevent their cesspit from filling faster than the sewage could decompose into the soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0031-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nAt the same time, an investigation of cholera transmission was being conducted in Deptford. Around 90 people died within a few days in that town, where the water was known to be clean, and there had been no previous outbreaks of cholera. Snow was informed that the water had recently turned impure. Residents were forced to let the water run for a while before using it, in order to let the sudsy, sewer-like water run until it was clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0031-0001", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nSnow, finding that the water the residents were using was not different from the usual water from their pump, determined that the outbreak must be caused by a leak in the pipes that allowed surrounding sewage and its contaminants to seep in to the water supply. This scenario was similar to that of the Broad Street outbreak. The incoming water was being contaminated by the increasing levels of sewage, coupled with the lack of proper and safe plumbing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0032-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broad Street outbreak\nAfter the cholera epidemic had subsided, government officials replaced the Broad Street pump handle. They had responded only to the urgent threat posed to the population, and afterwards they rejected Snow's theory. To accept his proposal would have meant indirectly accepting the oral-faecal method of transmission of disease, which was too unpleasant for most of the public to contemplate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0033-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Snow's post-outbreak evaluation\nSnow's analysis of cholera and cholera outbreaks extended past the closure of the Broad Street pump. He concluded that cholera was transmitted through and affected the alimentary canal within the human body. Cholera did not affect either the circulatory or the nervous system and there was no \"poison in the blood...in the consecutive fever...the blood became poisoned from urea getting into the circulation\". According to Snow, this \"urea\" entered the blood through kidney failure. (Acute kidney failure is a complication of cholera.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0034-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Snow's post-outbreak evaluation\nTherefore, the fever was caused by kidney failure, not by a poison already present in the subject's bloodstream. Popular medical practices, such as bloodletting, could not be effective in such a case. Snow also argued that cholera was not a product of Miasma. \"There was nothing in the air to account for the spread of cholera\". According to Snow, cholera was spread by persons ingesting a substance, not through atmospheric transmittal. Snow cited a case of two sailors, one with cholera and one without. Eventually the second became sick as well from accidentally ingesting bodily fluids of the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0035-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Involvement of Henry Whitehead\nThe Reverend Henry Whitehead was an assistant curate at St. Luke's church in Soho during the 1854 cholera outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0036-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Involvement of Henry Whitehead\nA former believer in the miasma theory of disease, Whitehead worked to disprove false theories. He was influenced by Snow's theory that cholera spreads by consumption of water contaminated by human waste. Snow's work, particularly his maps of the Soho area cholera victims, convinced Whitehead that the Broad Street pump was the source of the local infections. Whitehead joined Snow in tracking the contamination to a faulty cesspool and the outbreak's index case (the baby with cholera).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0037-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Involvement of Henry Whitehead\nWhitehead's work with Snow combined demographic study with scientific observation, setting an important precedent for epidemiology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0038-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Board of Health\nThe Board of Health in London had several committees, of which the Committee for Scientific Inquiries was placed in charge of investigating the cholera outbreak. They were to study the atmospheric environment in London; however, they were also to examine samples of water from several water companies in London. The committee found that the most contaminated water supply came from the South London water companies, Southwark and Vauxhall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0039-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Board of Health\nAs part of the Committee for Scientific Inquiries, Richard Dundas Thomson and Arthur Hill Hassall examined what Thomson referred to as \"vibriones\". Thomson examined the occurrence of vibriones in air samples from various cholera wards and Hassall observed vibriones in water samples. Neither identified vibriones as the cause of cholera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0040-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Board of Health\nAs part of their investigation of the cholera epidemic, the Board of Health sent physicians to examine in detail the conditions of the Golden Square neighbourhood and its inhabitants. The Board of Health ultimately attributed the 1854 epidemic to miasma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0041-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Dr Edwin Lankester's evaluation\nDr Edwin Lankester was a physician on the local research conglomerate that studied the 1854 Broad Street Cholera Epidemic. In 1866, Lankester wrote about Snow's conclusion that the pump itself was the cause of the cholera outbreak. He agreed with Snow at the time; however, his opinion, like Snow's, was not publicly supported. Lankester subsequently closed the pump due to Snow's theory and data on the pattern of infection, and infection rates dropped significantly. Lankester eventually was named the first medical officer of health for the St. James District in London, the same area where the pump was located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0042-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Broadwick Street Pump in the 21st century\nA replica pump was installed in 1992 at the site of the 1854 pump. Every year the John Snow Society holds \"Pumphandle Lectures\" on subjects of public health. Until August 2015, when the pump was removed due to redevelopment, they also held a ceremony here in which they removed and reattached the pump handle to pay tribute to Snow's historic discovery. The original location of the historic pump is marked by a red granite paver. In addition, plaques on the John Snow pub at the corner describe the significance of Snow's findings at this site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 77], "content_span": [78, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0043-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Gallery\nThe pub, close by to the new location of the pump, named after John Snow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0044-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Gallery\nA wider image of the pub named after John Snow with the pump centre-right", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0045-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Gallery\nThe new location of the pump whose handle John Snow removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0046-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Gallery\nA wider image of the pump, with the red granite slab in view in the bottom-left corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0047-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Gallery\nThe plaque that rests on the new foundation of the pump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0048-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Gallery\nA plaque marking the significance of the red granite and the pump. Located on the wall of the John Snow pub, straight across from the pump itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023231-0049-0000", "contents": "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, Gallery\nBroadwick Street showing the John Snow memorial and public house. The memorial pump was removed due to new construction in March 2016. It was replaced, on the pavement outside the pub, in 2019. A plaque affixed to the public house reads: The Red Granite kerbstone mark is the site of the historic Broad Street pump associated with Dr John Snow's discovery in 1854 that cholera is conveyed by water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023232-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Cape Colony parliamentary election\nThe first election for the Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope were held in 1854. There were no clear party lines, however many representatives for Eastern electoral districts subscribed to a common programme which emphasised separation from the Cape Colony or moving the seat of colonial government eastward, a vagrancy law, or increasing the property qualification part of the franchise (which would have reduced the number of non-Whites able to vote).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023232-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Cape Colony parliamentary election, Electoral system, Voting system\nThe election was conducted on the basis of the multi-racial Cape Qualified Franchise: Cape residents qualified as voters based on a universal minimum level of property ownership, regardless of race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023232-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Cape Colony parliamentary election, Electoral system, Voting system\nElections to the upper house, the Cape Legislative Council, were conducted under a cumulative voting electoral system. This gave each voter several votes, which they could give to a single candidate, or split amongst several. This was justified by the Report from a Committee of the Board of Trade and Plantations on the basis that it would prevent any single group gaining a monopoly on power, as a minority voting in unison could ensure the return of their preferred candidate. The Cape Colony population at the time was majority Boer, with British settlers forming a minority. The British Government had pushed for the franchise property qualification to be low, thereby extending the franchise to the non-white population, who it was believed were more likely to side with the British than the Boers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023232-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 Cape Colony parliamentary election, Electoral system, Voting system\nThe population for the colony was estimated at 225,000 in 1853, with blacks outnumbering whites by a ratio of 55:45. The ratio of registered voters however was heavily in favour of whites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023232-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 Cape Colony parliamentary election, Electoral system, Constituencies\nFor elections to the House of Assembly, the Cape was divided into 22 electoral divisions, returning a total of 46 members. The electoral division boundaries corresponded with the existing Cape Colony fiscal divisions. The only exceptions to this were for Albany, and the urban areas of Cape Town-Green Point and Grahamstown, (which were not included in the Cape electoral division), which had their own electoral divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023233-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Cardiganshire by-election\nThe 1854 Cardiganshire by-election was a parliamentary by-election held on 22 February 1854 for the British House of Commons constituency of Cardiganshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023233-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Cardiganshire by-election, Previous Member of Parliament\nThe seat had become vacant when the constituency's Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), William Edward Powell (16 February 1788 \u2013 10 April 1854) retired from Parliament. He died not long after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023233-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Cardiganshire by-election, Candidates\nVaughan was a prominent landowner in Cardiganshire and the 4th Earl of Lisburne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023233-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 Cardiganshire by-election, Candidates\nVaughan's political views and allegiance to the Conservative Party were expected to attract opposition and Thomas Lloyd of Bronwydd was mentioned as a possible candidate. However, Lloyd declined to stand and the Liberals, following the lead of the Pryse family of Gogerddan, chose not to contest the seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023234-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the 1854 Chicago mayoral election, Democrat Isaac Lawrence Milliken defeated Temperance Party nominee Amos G. Throop by a landslide 19.5% margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023234-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Chicago mayoral election\nIncumbent mayor Charles McNeill Gray did not run for reelection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023234-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nThroop had the support of the city's temperance forces. Milliken supported giving Catholics a portion of the school fund and did not support temperance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023235-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 City of Auckland by-election\nThe 1854 City of Auckland by-election was a by-election held in the multi-member City of Auckland electorate on 4 August 1854 during the 1st New Zealand Parliament. It was one of the earliest by-elections in New Zealand political history and was triggered by the resignation of Thomas Bartley. Bartley resigned on 11 July 1854 to take up a place in the Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023235-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 City of Auckland by-election\nThe election was won by William Brown over John Williamson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023235-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 City of Auckland by-election, Nomination meeting\nThe nomination meeting was held on 1 August, at a time soon after midday. Thomas Beckham, the returning officer and a future MP of the electorate, kicked off the meeting by reading out the writ. Alexander Black was the first elector to nominate someone, that person being John Williamson. Coolahan seconded that nomination, his reasons being that Williamson had acted well in the Provincial Council. Joseph Newman then counterproposed William Brown, an action seconded by James George. With no other electors advancing a nomination, Beckham declared a show of hands to be called. After the show of hands Beckham stated that it was in favour of Brown. Williamson then demanded a poll, which was won by Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023236-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1854 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 5, 1854. Former state legislator and Whig Party nominee Henry Dutton defeated former congressman and Democratic nominee Samuel Ingham and former congressman Charles Chapman with 31.89% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023236-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nAlthough Ingham won a large plurality of the vote, he did not receive a majority. As a result, the Connecticut General Assembly elected the governor, per the state constitution. Dutton won the vote over Ingham, 140 to 93, in the General Assembly, and became the governor. This was the first of two elections in which Ingham would receive a plurality of more than 10% in the popular vote and lose the election, the second being 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023236-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nDutton won even though he earned a smaller percentage of the popular vote than the previous four elections that the Whigs lost, winning with fewer than one third of the votes. The deterioration of the Whig vote share was similar to the national party collapse, as part of the political transition from the Second Party System to the Third Party System. This was the last time the Whigs won election to the governor's office, the last time the Whigs would finish second in the popular vote, and the last such election in which the Free Soil Party participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023237-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Danish Folketing election\nFolketing elections were held in Denmark on 1 December 1854. Following the elections, Peter Georg Bang became Prime Minister on 12 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023237-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 14% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (additionally disqualifying those who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as \"dependents\" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023238-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1854 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1854. Incumbent Democratic Governor William H. H. Ross was unable to seek re-election. His 1850 opponent, former State Representative Peter F. Causey, ran as the American Party candidate, and faced former Kent County Sheriff William Burton, the Democratic nominee. Causey ultimately defeated Burton by a slim, but decisive, margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023238-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election\nThe Frome by-election of 1854 was a parliamentary by-election held in England on 24 October 1854 for the House of Commons constituency of Frome, a parliamentary borough in Somerset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election, Vacancy\nThe vacancy had been caused by the death of the borough's 45-year-old Liberal MP Colonel Robert Edward Boyle, who had held the seat since the 1847 general election. Serving with the Coldstream Guards in the Crimean War, he died of fever in Varna, and was buried at sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election, Vacancy\nBoyle had been returned opposed in 1847 and in 1852, and was also unopposed at the by-election in 1853 which followed the annulment on petition of the 1852 result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election, Candidates\nTwo candidates were nominated. Donald Nicoll was a tailor from London, and a former Sheriff of London. Richard Boyle, Viscount Dungarvan was a grandson of the 8th Earl of Cork, and a nephew of the late MP Robert Edward Boyle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election, Candidates\nThe Earls of Cork had long dominated the borough in alliance with the Conservative-supporting Marquess of Bath, but their support for Dungarvan was controversial. At the West Somerset by-election in 1851, Dungarvan had stood as a Conservative, opposed to the Liberal government of Lord John Russell. He had staunchly opposed the Liberal principle of free trade, and Liberal opinion in Frome was further alarmed by tractarian support for Dungarvan. Nicoll had issued a statement supporting Liberal principles, and was invited to stand. He rapidly became the leading candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0005-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election, Candidates\nA Mr Curling from Southwark also addressed the voters, but soon abandoned his campaign and left Frome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0006-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election, Election\nThe secret ballot was not used in British parliamentary elections until the passage of the Ballot Act 1872, so elections were still held in public. That was one of the many points of difference between the two candidates in Frome, with Nicoll supporting secret ballots while Dungarvan preferred public polls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0007-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election, Election\nThe election in Frome began on Saturday 21 October, amidst such an uproar from the crowd that even those closest to speakers were unable to hear all that they said. Once the nomination formalities had been completed, both candidates addressed the crowd. Dungarvan spoke of his family's long history association with Frome, and how a secret ballot was un-needed because the townspeople were \"not slaves\". He derided Nicoll's claim to have given employment to the town, saying it was the \"toil and sweat of the poor man\" which allowed Nicoll to travel in such style from Regent Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0008-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election, Election\nWhen it was Nicoll's turn to speak, the majority of the crowd cheered him. He proclaimed that he had always had been a free trader, and remained so. He was opposed to unfair and excessive taxation, and had no titled relatives to be supported by public sinecures. He said that while canvassing, the vast majority of those to whom he had spoken supported a secret ballot, and that all other reforms would be undermined without it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0009-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election, Election\nOn a show of hands, the vast majority of those present supported Nicoll. However, Lord Dungarvan demanded a poll, which was set for Monday 23 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0010-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election, Election\nVoting took place throughout the day on Monday, amidst scenes of disorder which The Times reported as involving \"innumerable broken windows, and not a few broken heads\". By 9am, Dungarvan had established a lead of 9 votes out of the 131 cast, and by the close of poll at 4pm his total of 181 votes was 52 ahead of Nicoll's 129. The disorder escalated, and at 7.15pm the Riot Act was read, and a unit of yeomanry with swords drawn entered the town to disperse the crowd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0011-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election, Aftermath\nDungarvan held the seat for less than two years, before he succeeded to the peerage in 1856. This triggered another by-election, at which Nicoll was again an unsuccessful candidate, losing by only 1 vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023239-0012-0000", "contents": "1854 Frome by-election, Aftermath\nNicoll went on to win the seat at the 1857 general election, serving as Frome's MP for two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023240-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Grand National\nThe 1854 Grand National was the 16th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 1 March 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023241-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Iga\u2013Ueno earthquake\nThe 1854 Iga\u2013Ueno earthquake (Japanese: \u4f0a\u8cc0\u4e0a\u91ce\u5730\u9707) occurred on July 9, 1854, and struck the Kansai region of central Japan. According to the official confirmed report, 2,576 houses and buildings were damaged, with 995 human fatalities and 994 injures in the affected area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023242-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Iowa Senate election\nIn the 1854 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the fifth Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held for 19 of the state senate's 31 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023242-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Iowa Senate election\nFollowing the previous election in 1852, Democrats had control of the Iowa Senate with 20 seats to Whigs' 11 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023242-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Iowa Senate election\nTo claim control of the chamber from Democrats, the Whigs needed to net 5 Senate seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023242-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 Iowa Senate election\nDemocrats maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1854 general election with the balance of power shifting to Democrats holding 17 seats and Whigs having 14 seats (a net gain of 3 seats for Whigs). Democratic Senator Maturin L. Fisher was chosen as the President of the Iowa Senate for the fifth General Assembly, succeeding Democratic Senator William E. Leffingwell in that leadership position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023243-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Thursday 1 November 1854. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023243-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 9, Great George, Wednesday 1 November 1854\nCaused by the resignation of Councillor John McNichol (Conservative, elected 1 November 1852)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023244-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Macedonian rebellion\nThe Macedonian rebellion of 1854 (Greek: \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1854) was a Greek rebellion which took place in 1854 and is divided into two phases: the first phase took place in Western and Southern Macedonia and the second in Chalkidiki. However, after pressure from the United Kingdom and France on the government of King Otto of Greece, he was forced to recall the chieftain taking part in the rebellions throughout the Greek-inhabited regions of the Ottoman Empire, including Macedonia. The governments of the United Kingdom and France had assumed that the rebellions were related to the Crimean War (1854\u20131856).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023244-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Macedonian rebellion\nIn Southern Macedonia, the chieftains of Mount Olympos and fighters from independent Greece and Thessaly and Magnesia captured the Vale of Tempe and some parts of Pieria. In Western Macedonia, the revolutionaries led by Theodoros Ziakas took control of the western Pindus and attacked the area of Grevena, but the numerical superiority of the Ottoman army and the hostile stance of the United Kingdom and France resulted in the signing of an armistice and the return of the chieftains to Greece on June 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023244-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Macedonian rebellion\nThe second phase took place in Chalkidiki and it was led by Tsamis Karatasos, former adjutant of King Otto. Karatasos had disembarked in Sithonia in April 1854, but he confronted the French forces which continuously fired on him, as they were afraid of his possible entrance into Thessaloniki. After a brief capture of Karyes in Mount Athos, whose monks hadn't supported the rebellion, Karatasos had to return to Greece on a French naval ship. The consuls of the United Kingdom and France took over the protection of the non-combatants and of the fighters who had supported Karatasos from a possible Ottoman invasion of Mount Athos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023245-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Maltese general election\nGeneral elections were held in Malta between 3 and 11 November 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023245-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Maltese general election, Background\nThe elections were held under the 1849 constitution, which provided for an 18-member Government Council, of which ten members would be appointed and eight elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023245-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Maltese general election, Results\nA total of 4,348 people were registered to vote, of which 3,882 cast votes, giving a turnout of 89%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023246-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Maryland constitutional referendum\nA constitutional referendum was held in Maryland Colony on 29 March 1854. The new constitution was approved by voters and general elections were subsequently held on 15 May, before independence was declared on 8 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023246-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Maryland constitutional referendum, Background\nThe Maryland State Colonization Society was established in Maryland in the United States in 1830. The group established the Maryland Colony in Africa on 22 February 1834. After Liberia declared independence in 1847, the desire for independence also grew in Maryland, and the settlers presented a petition to the authorities for a referendum, which was held in January 1853 and approved by 100% of voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023246-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Maryland constitutional referendum, Background\nIn February 1854 elections for a Constitutional Council were held. The Council subsequently produced a constitution making the territory a presidential republic with a bicameral legislature. The House of Representatives would have five members serving two year terms and the Senate four members serving four year terms. The presidential term would be two years. Elections would be held under universal suffrage for \"colored\" men, and only Maryland citizens would be able to own property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 15. Know-Nothing candidate Henry J. Gardner was elected to his first term as Governor, defeating incumbent Whig Governor Emory Washburn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nFuture Senator and Vice President of the United States Henry Wilson also ran as a candidate for the new Massachusetts Republican Party. This marks the first campaign in which the new party participated, following its founding on Worcester Common in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe election was also the first after the 1853 legislature repealed the secret ballot law passed a few years earlier, returning the state to public balloting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican convention\nThe new Republican Party held their founding convention on Worcester Common on September 7. A highlight of the convention was the speech of Charles Sumner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican convention, Candidates\nAll of the candidates were considered free-soilers, except Samuel Hoar, though he had founded the Free Soil Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 76], "content_span": [77, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0005-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican convention, Balloting\nA Democrat, Increase Sumner of Great Barrington, was nominated for Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0006-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican convention, Balloting\nA platform was adopted opposing the acquisition of Cuba or any other territory without a free vote of its residents, denouncing the Boston Municipal Government for the arrest of Anthony Burns and calling for state intervention, and pledging \"to make the question of freedom paramount to all other political questions.\" The platform proposed the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act, restoration of abolition in Kansas and Nebraska, prohibition of slavery in all territories, refusal of admission for new slave states, and abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0007-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Democratic convention\nThe Democratic Party held their convention in Lowell on September 26. Isaac Adams was elected President with 297 out of 553 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0008-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Democratic convention, Candidates\nHenry Bishop was nominated by acclamation, despite his letter declining the nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 76], "content_span": [77, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0009-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Democratic convention, Candidates\nA state party platform was passed endorsing the national Democratic platform of 1852, the Pierce administration, the principle of democratic self-government, and a recent act of Congress \"changing the superintendence of our National armories from the military to the civil.\" The platform also included a plank emphasizing the freedom of religion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 76], "content_span": [77, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0010-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Free Soil convention\nAt the Free Soil convention in Springfield on October 17, the party voted to disband and endorse the Republican ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0011-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Native American convention\nThe Native American Party (better known as the \"Know Nothings\") held their first convention at Tremont Temple in Boston on October 18. Henry J. Gardner served as President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0012-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Native American convention, Balloting\nAfter the contentious first ballot, Henry Wilson withdrew his name from consideration. A motion was passed disqualifying any person who had joined the party within the prior month, effectively eliminating front-runner Marshall Wilder as well. There was some accusation that the Boston Whig Party had inordinate influence at the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 80], "content_span": [81, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0013-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Native American convention, Balloting\nAfter balloting was concluded, the party secretary was instructed to misinform the Boston newspapers as to which candidates had been nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 80], "content_span": [81, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023247-0014-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, General election, Campaign\nA dominant issue in the campaign was the Fugitive Slave Act. Allen and Wilson both strongly opposed it and Allen charged Gardner with having supported it, which he denied. Gardner advocated for the repeal or modification of the law and said that he had, in the past, favored a fusion between the Whig and Free Soil parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023248-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 75th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1854 during the governorship of Emory Washburn. Charles Edward Cook served as president of the Senate and Otis P. Lord served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023248-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Massachusetts legislature\nNotable legislation included incorporation of the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company and funding for a \"project to build a railroad tunnel through Hoosac Mountain that cost state taxpayers more than $10 million and took 21 years to complete.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023249-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Mexican presidential referendum\nA referendum on whether Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna should remain President., and if not, who should replace him, was held in Mexico on 1 December 1854. The proposal was approved by 99.07% of voters. On 11 December Santa Anna ordered reprisal measures against those who had voted no. On 2 January 1855 he declared that the country had confirmed his position in office. He was subsequently overthrown on 8 December that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023249-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Mexican presidential referendum, Background\nSanta Anna took over as President for a year in 1853. On taking office on 20 April, he abolished the 1824 constitution and ruled as a dictator. On 16 December he declared himself President for Life. After the Plan of Ayutla was proclaimed in March 1854, aimed at reinstituting the 1824 constitution, a revolt started. As it spread, the decision was made to hold a referendum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023249-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Mexican presidential referendum, Background\nHowever, the press was only allowed to announce the referendum on the day it was held. Voting was not secret and voters had to name and sign their ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023249-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 Mexican presidential referendum, Results\nShould the current President of the Republic continue in the supreme command with the same broad powers as currently exercised?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023249-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 Mexican presidential referendum, Results\nIf he does not continue with the same broad powers as now vested, who shall immediately command?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023250-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1854 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1854. Republican nominee Kinsley S. Bingham defeated Democratic nominee John S. Barry with 53.02% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023251-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Nankai earthquake\nThe 1854 Nankai earthquake occurred at about 16:00 local time on 24 December. It had a magnitude of 8.4 and caused a damaging tsunami. More than 30,000 buildings were completely destroyed and there were at least 3,000 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023251-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Nankai earthquake\nIt was the second of the three Ansei great earthquakes; the 1854 T\u014dkai earthquake of identical magnitude had hit northwest the previous morning, and the third 1855 Edo earthquake struck less than a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023251-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Nankai earthquake, Background\nThe southern coast of Honshu runs parallel to the Nankai Trough, which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A\u2013E) that can rupture independently, the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1300 years. Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them. In addition to the two events in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. In each case the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023251-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 Nankai earthquake, Damage\nThe damage due to the earthquake was severe with 5,000 houses being destroyed and 40,000 houses badly damaged. A further 6,000 homes were damaged by fire. The tsunami washed away a further 15,000 houses and a total of 3,000 people died from either the earthquake or the tsunami. The death toll associated with the tsunami was less than would be expected in comparison to the 1707 tsunami, because many people had left the coastal area following the large earthquake the previous day. In Hiro (now Hirogawa), Goryo Hamaguchi set fires using rice straw to help guide villagers to safety. This story was turned into \"A living god\" by the Greek-born writer Lafcadio Hearn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023251-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 Nankai earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nMuch of southwestern Honshu, Shikoku and Ky\u016bsh\u016b experienced shaking of 5 or more on the JMA scale, with most of Shikoku and nearby coastal areas of Kansai suffering an intensity of 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023251-0005-0000", "contents": "1854 Nankai earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nOn Shikoku, the greatest inundation heights were 7.5\u00a0m in Mugi, 7.5 m in Kamikawaguchi (Japanese: \u4e0a\u5ddd\u53e3) of Kuroshio, 7.2\u00a0m at Asakawa on the Tokushima coast, 7.4\u00a0m at Usa, 8.4\u00a0m at \u014cnog\u014d in the Susaki area, 8.3\u00a0m at Kure on the K\u014dchi coast and 5\u00a0m at both Hisayoshiura and Kaizuka on the coast of Ehime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023251-0006-0000", "contents": "1854 Nankai earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nA tsunami was observed in Shanghai, China, and a water surge of about 2 to 3 Chi was recorded in Huangpu River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023252-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 New York state election\nThe 1854 New York state election was held on November 7, 1854, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023252-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 New York state election, History\nThe National Democratic (in the press referred to as Hards) state convention met in July and nominated Greene Bronson for governor as well as candidates for the other down-ballot offices. They informed the nominees by letter on July 12 of their nominations. Their letters of acceptance were published on September 11 in the New-York Daily Times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023252-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 New York state election, History\nThe Democratic (in the press referred to as Softs) state convention met on September 6 at Wieting Hall in Syracuse. Lorenzo B. Shepard was Temporary Chairman until the choice of William H. Ludlow as President. The convention appointed a Democratic State Central Committee which included John Cochrane and Horatio Ballard, and then adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023252-0002-0001", "contents": "1854 New York state election, History\nOn September 7, the convention passed a resolution approving the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act, which led to the eventual withdrawal of delegates Preston King, Charles G. Myers, Abijah Mann, Philip Dorsheimer and few more Barnburners, all of whom would be the next year among the founders of the Republican Party. Governor Horatio Seymour was re-nominated \"by acclamation\" with a few contrary votes. William H. Ludlow was nominated for Lieutenant Governor on the first ballot (vote: Ludlow 234, Philip H. Crook 28, Oakley 14, Albert Lester 7, Isaiah Rynders 2, Preston King 2). Jason Clark was nominated for Canal Commissioner by acclamation. W. R. Andrews was nominated for Inspector of State Prisons on the first ballot (vote: Andrews 92, Amos Pilsbury 56, Henry Storms [incumbent] 27).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023252-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 New York state election, History\nThe Free-Soil Democratic state convention met on September 25 in Auburn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023252-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 New York state election, History\nThe Anti- Nebraska state convention met on September 26 in Auburn. Myron H. Clark was nominated for Governor by acclamation. Henry J. Raymond was nominated for Lieutenant Governor on the first ballot (Raymond 127, Bradford R. Wood 84). After this vote, a minority of about 20 seceded from the convention and re-assembled at the Court House and nominated their own ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023252-0005-0000", "contents": "1854 New York state election, History\nThe Temperance state convention met on September 27 in Auburn. Myron H. Clark was nominated for Governor by acclamation. Henry J. Raymond was nominated for Lieutenant Governor on the first ballot (Raymond 163, Bradford R. Wood 112).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023252-0006-0000", "contents": "1854 New York state election, History\nThe Liberty state convention met on September 28 at the Market Hall in Syracuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023252-0007-0000", "contents": "1854 New York state election, History\nThe Anti-Rent state convention met on October 26 at Beardsley's Hall in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023252-0008-0000", "contents": "1854 New York state election, Results\nDue to the split of the Democratic Party, the whole Whig ticket was elected. The American Party (in the press referred to as the Know Nothings, and ridiculed) showed a surprisingly big strength. Myron H. Clark won this election with the lowest percentage in any New York gubernatorial election. The incumbent Governor Seymour was defeated, the incumbent Fitzhugh was re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023252-0009-0000", "contents": "1854 New York state election, Results\n82 Whigs, 26 Softs, 16 Hards and 3 Temperance man were elected for the session of 1855 to the New York State Assembly. \"Know Nothings are sprinkled miscellaneously among Whigs, Hards and Softs; and exactly how many there are of these gentry in the Assembly Nobody Knows.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023253-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1854 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 10, 1854. Incumbent governor William Bigler, a Democrat, was a candidate for re-election but was defeated by Whig candidate James Pollock. Bigler became the last sitting Governor of Pennsylvania to be defeated for reelection until Tom Corbett in 2014. Also the last time someone that a candidate that wasn\u2019t part of the Democratic or Republican parties won a governor election in Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023254-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1854 saw the election of Robert T. Conrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023254-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThis was the first mayoral election since Philadelphia's county-city consolidation. It was also the first election to a two-year term, with previous elections having been to only a single-year term. It was also the last won by the Whig Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023255-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Skvortsov\n1854 Skvortsov (prov. designation: 1968 UE1) is a stony background asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 October 1968, by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. It is named after astronomer Evgenii Skvortsov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023255-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Skvortsov, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4.04 years (1,477 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Skvortsov was first observed at Goethe Link Observatory in 1962, when it was identified as 1962 HC, extending the body's observation arc by 6 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023255-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Skvortsov, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Evgenii Skvortsov (1882\u20131952), an instructor of astronomy in the Simferopol Pedagogical Institute, an active observer of minor planets at the Crimean Simeiz Observatory, and the discoverer of several minor planets, including 1149 Volga, 1167 Dubiago and 1381 Danubia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3825).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023255-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 Skvortsov, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2006, a rotational lightcurve for Skvortsov was obtained from photometric observations made by American astronomer Brian D. Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. It gave a rotation period of 78.5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.56 magnitude (U=2). This is a rather slow rotation rate compared to the average asteroid spin of 2\u201320 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023255-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 Skvortsov, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Skvortsov measures between 9.60 and 10.27 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.203 to 0.252. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.97 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023256-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Swiss federal election\nFederal elections were held in Switzerland on 29 October 1854. The Radical Left remained the largest group in the National Council, winning 80 of the 120 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023256-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Swiss federal election, Electoral system\nThe 120 members of the National Council were elected in 49 single- and multi-member constituencies; there was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population. The elections were held using a three-round system; candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. In six cantons (Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Glarus, Nidwalden, Obwalden and Uri), National Council members were elected by the Landsgemeinde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023257-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Town of Nelson by-election\nThe 1854 Town of Nelson by-election was a by-election held in the multi-member electorate of Town of Nelson during the 1st New Zealand Parliament, on 17 June 1854, and was the first by-election in New Zealand political history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023257-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Town of Nelson by-election\nThe Town of Nelson member of parliament William Travers and the neighbouring Waimea electorate's MP William Cautley resigned on 26 May 1854, two days after the start of the first Parliamentary session of the 1st New Zealand Parliament. On nomination day (17 June) Samuel Stephens and Francis Jollie were nominated (both candidates were nominated in absentia), and after a show of hands Stephens was declared elected. The outgoing MP Travers was subsequently elected two days later in the Waimea by-election, as expected, Jollie coming second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023257-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Town of Nelson by-election, Nomination meeting\nThe nomination meeting was held on Saturday, 17 June 1854 at the Court House. The Returning Officer was J. Poynter. No contest was expected, so a minimal number of electors were present. First the writ was read by Poynter, and after it was read Poynter called for the small number of electors to proceed with the nominations. As the first nomination, Mr. Webb proposed Francis Jollie, which was seconded by Mr. Cann. B. Walmsley nominated Samuel Stephens, seconded by the outgoing MP William T. L. Travers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023257-0002-0001", "contents": "1854 Town of Nelson by-election, Nomination meeting\nBoth the candidates could not come to the meeting, since Stephens was in the Auckland Region, and Jollie had moved to Peel Forest in Canterbury in late 1853, and therefore there were no speeches from the candidates. Following a show of hands, Stephens was declared elected, as Jollie's supporters did not demand a poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023258-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Treaty Authority\nThe 1854 Treaty Authority is an intertribal, co-management agency committed to the implementation of off-reservation treaty rights on behalf of its two-member Ojibwa tribes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023258-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Treaty Authority\nBased out of Duluth, Minnesota, 1854 Treaty Authority's policy is set by the Board of Commissioners composed of the tribal chairperson from each member tribe or a designee. 1854 Treaty Authority has three divisions including Administration, Conservation Enforcement and Resource Management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023258-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Treaty Authority, History\nIn 1985, The Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa filed suit in U.S. District Court seeking a declaratory judgment that the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe reserved the Band's right to hunt and fish in the 1854 Treaty-Ceded Territory free of state regulation. The other Bands that signed the treaty and resided in the territory (Fond du Lac, Bois Forte) subsequently joined the lawsuit. By 1988, an out of court agreement was negotiated and ultimately ratified by the Minnesota State Legislature:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023258-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 Treaty Authority, History\nIn 1988, the Tri-Band Authority was established to implement the agreement and was governed by a Board of Directors, which consisted of the duly elected officials of each of the Grand Portage, Bois Forte, and the Fond du Lac Bands. However, in 1989, Fond du Lac (who is now a party to the Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission) withdrew from the agreement. The Tri-Band Authority then became the 1854 Authority and subsequently changed their name in 2006 to the 1854 Treaty Authority and continued to implement the agreement for the Grand Portage and Bois Forte Bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023259-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 T\u014dkai earthquake\nThe 1854 T\u014dkai earthquake was the first of the Ansei great earthquakes (1854\u20131855). It occurred at about 09:00 local time on 23 December 1854. It had a magnitude of 8.4 and caused a damaging tsunami. More than 10,000 buildings were destroyed and there were at least 2,000 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023259-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 T\u014dkai earthquake\nIt was the first of the three Ansei great earthquakes; the 1854 Ansei-Nankai earthquake of similar size hit southern Honshu the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023259-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 T\u014dkai earthquake, Background\nThe southern coast of Honshu runs parallel to the Nankai Trough, which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A-E) that can rupture independently, the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1300 years. Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them. In addition to the two events in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. In each case the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023259-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 T\u014dkai earthquake, Damage\nMuch of central Japan experienced seismic intensities of 5 (on the JMA scale). Damage from this earthquake was particularly severe in the coastal areas of Shizuoka Prefecture from Numazu to Tenry\u016b River, with many houses being damaged or destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023259-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 T\u014dkai earthquake, Damage\nOn the east side of the Izu Peninsula, Shimoda was hit by the tsunami one hour after the earthquake. A series of nine waves struck the city, destroying 840 houses and claiming 122 lives. Diana, the flagship of a visiting Russian admiral, Putyatin, in Japan to negotiate what would become the Treaty of Shimoda, was spun round 42 times on its moorings and was so badly damaged that it sank in a later storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023259-0005-0000", "contents": "1854 T\u014dkai earthquake, Damage\nAt Suruga Bay, on the west side of the Izu Peninsula, the village of Iruma was destroyed and a 10\u00a0m high sand dome was deposited, on which the village was later reconstructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023259-0006-0000", "contents": "1854 T\u014dkai earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nThe rupture area, magnitude and epicenter have been estimated from seismic intensity measurements, information about tsunami arrival times and evidence of co-seismic uplift/subsidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023259-0007-0000", "contents": "1854 T\u014dkai earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nIn most of the affected areas, run-up heights were in the range of 4\u20136\u00a0m.At Iruma, run-up heights of 13.2 and 16.5\u00a0m have been measured, much higher than most of the surrounding area. This and the deposition of the unusual sand dome, with an estimated volume of 700,000\u00a0m3, is interpreted to have been caused by the effects of resonance in the V-shaped Iruma bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023260-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe 1854 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Monday, October 2, 1854 to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 34th Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including the senatorial election and various state and local elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023260-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1855, to March 4, 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023260-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign\nDespite Brown leaving office as a popular governor, the national Whig Party had all but collapsed by this election. Additionally, many Southerners who were formerly sympathetic to the Whigs now aligned fully with the Democratic Party, due to the perception that the Whigs were willing to compromise with abolitionist Northerners. To take advantage of this, Maxwell actively campaigned in Pensacola, a former Whig stronghold, as well as running up his margins in deeply conservative North Central Florida, particularly in Columbia and Jefferson counties, both of which had high enslaved populations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023261-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 United States House of Representatives elections in New York\nThe 1854 United States House of Representatives elections in New York were held on November 7, 1854, to elect 33 U.S. Representatives to represent the State of New York in the United States House of Representatives of the 34th United States Congress, and two representatives to fill vacancies in the 33rd United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023261-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Background\n33 U.S. Representatives had been elected in November 1852 to a term in the 33rd United States Congress, beginning on March 4, 1853. Gilbert Dean was appointed to the New York Supreme Court and resigned his seat on July 3, 1854; Gerrit Smith resigned his seat on August 7, 1854; leaving vacancies in the 12th and the 22nd District. The other representatives' term would end on March 3, 1855. The elections were held with the annual State election on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, about four months before the congressional term began, and a little more than a year before Congress actually met on December 3, 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 77], "content_span": [78, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023261-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nThe geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1852, which were apportioned by the New York State Legislature on July 10, 1851. In 1854, the City of Williamsburgh was annexed by the City of Brooklyn, and became the 13th through 16th Ward of Brooklyn. It is unclear if the annexation happened before or after this election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023261-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Congressional districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. Bronx and Nassau counties had not yet been established. The area of the Bronx was at this time in Westchester County; and the area of Nassau in Queens County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 90], "content_span": [91, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023261-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\n25 Whigs, 4 Softs, 3 Know Nothings and 1 Hard were elected to the 34th Congress; and 2 Whigs were elected to fill the vacancies in the 33rd Congress. The incumbents Wheeler, Sage, Simmons, Matteson, Bennett, Morgan, Oliver, Pringle, Flagler and Haven were re-elected; the incumbents Walsh, Hughes, Hastings, Carpenter and Fenton were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023261-0005-0000", "contents": "1854 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Result\nNote: For candidates running on more than one ticket, the number of votes is the total polled on all tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 73], "content_span": [74, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023261-0006-0000", "contents": "1854 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath\nIsaac Teller and Henry C. Goodwin took their seats in the 33rd United States Congress at the beginning of the second session on December 4, 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023261-0007-0000", "contents": "1854 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath\nThe House of Representatives of the 34th United States Congress met for the first time at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on December 3, 1855. Thomas Child, Jr., never took his seat, due to a prolonged illness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023261-0008-0000", "contents": "1854 United States House of Representatives elections in New York, Aftermath\nOrsamus B. Matteson resigned his seat on February 27, 1857; and Francis S. Edwards and William A. Gilbert resigned on February 28. The three seats remained vacant for the remaining days of this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023262-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 United States elections\nThe 1854 United States elections was the midterm election choosing members of the 32nd United States Congress during the middle of Democratic President Franklin Pierce's term. It was part of the transition from the Second Party System to the Third Party System, as the Whigs collapsed as a national party and were replaced by a coalition running on the Opposition Party ticket and the nascent Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023262-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 United States elections\nIn the House, Democrats suffered a massive defeat, losing seats to the Opposition Party, and to the American Party; the latter (also known as the Know Nothings) won more seats in the House than any other third party in the history of the chamber. Nathaniel Banks, a member of the American Party and the Free Soil Party, won election as Speaker of the House after a protracted battle, defeating Democrat William Aiken. In the Senate, Democrats retained a strong majority, while the Opposition replaced the Whigs as the second largest party in the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023263-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1854 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont took place on September 5. The Whig nominee was Stephen Royce, former Chief Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. The Democratic nominee was Merritt Clark, and Lawrence Brainerd ran as the nominee of the Free Soil Party even as he was one of the organizers of the new anti-slavery Republican Party and appeared as a Whig candidate for the Vermont Senate on the ballot in Franklin County. Whig William C. Kittredge was nominated for governor against his wishes by advocates of the Temperance movement and Democrat Horatio Needham also attracted the support of some Free Soil advocates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023263-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Vermont gubernatorial election\nWith the Whig Party splintering nationally over the slavery issue, the Republican Party was formed as the main abolitionist party, and Royce was endorsed by the new organization. In the September voting, Free Soil advocates, Republicans, and anti-slavery Whigs largely backed Royce, who was easily elected with 62.6 percent to 33.9 for Clark and 1.4 for Brainerd. Kittredge, Needham, William R. Shafter, and other write-in candidates all received less than one percent each. Royce took the oath of office and began a one-year term on October 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023264-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 Waimea by-election\nThe 1854 Waimea by-election was a by-election held in the multi-member electorate of Waimea during the 1st New Zealand Parliament, on 21 June 1854, and was the second by-election in New Zealand political history (and the first contested by-election), coming two days after the Town of Nelson by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023264-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 Waimea by-election\nThe Waimea member of parliament William Cautley and the neighbouring Town of Nelson electorate's MP  William Travers both resigned on 26 May 1854, two days after the start of the first Parliamentary session of the 1st New Zealand Parliament. On nomination day (20 June) William Travers and Francis Jollie were nominated (Jollie was nominated in absentia), and after a show of hands in favour of Jollie, Travers demanded a poll. William Travers was subsequently elected the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023264-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 Waimea by-election, Run up to the election\nUp to 17 June 1854 it was unknown in the public that multiple candidates would seek nomination by the electors; Francis Jollie was thought to be the only candidate. On that date William Travers, who had resigned from the Town of Nelson electorate on the same date as Cautley, announced his candidacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023264-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 Waimea by-election, Run up to the election, Nomination meeting\nThe nomination meeting was held on 20 June 1854 in Richmond, with the polling date set for 21 June. There was a reasonable number of electors present. The Returning Officer then read the writ. F. Otterson proposed Francis Jollie, as expected, seconded by Mr. Harkness. J. W. Saxton said he was happy to propose Mr. William L. T. Travers, a nomination seconded by S. Wells. A show of hands then happened after speeches, which was declared in favour of Jollie, to which Travers demanded a poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023265-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 34th Congress were held during President Franklin Pierce's term at various dates in different states from August 1854 to November 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023265-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections\nThis midterm election was among the most disruptive in American history, auguring the collapse of the Second Party System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023265-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections\nBoth major parties, the Democratic Party and the Whig Party, organized as rivals for roughly 20 years, lost critical voter support. Northern voters strongly opposed to the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act shifted sharply against Democrats, who lost 69 seats, nearly half their House delegation. Whigs also lost seats as the party disintegrated over slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023265-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe elected majority temporarily coalesced as the Opposition Party. This transitional party included Whigs, Free Soil members, American Party members (or Know Nothings), the People's Party of Indiana, Anti- Nebraska candidates, disaffected Northern Democrats, and members of the nascent Republican Party, which would soon absorb most of these factions and replace the Whigs as rival to the Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023265-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections\nCandidates opposed to the Democratic Party won widely in the North through November 1854. The American Party, ignoring slavery and opposing immigration (particularly by Catholics from Ireland and Germany) won seats from both major parties, but to the net loss of Democrats, in New England and the South from November 1854 into 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023265-0005-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections\nCongress had passed the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act in May 1854 after aggressive sponsorship by the Pierce Administration and Democrats led by Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas, including radical pro-slavery legislators. The Act repealed the 1820 Missouri Compromise and triggered the Bleeding Kansas conflict. With widely foreseen risks and immediately negative results, the Act publicly discredited the Democratic Party, fueling new partisan and sectional rancor. It created violent uncertainty on the frontier by abruptly making slavery potentially legal in territories originally comprising the northern portion of the Louisiana Purchase and attractive to contemporary settlers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023265-0005-0001", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections\nSettlers were expected to determine the status of slavery locally. This idea appealed to Democratic politicians and to some voters in its shape and intent, but proved unworkable in Kansas where the status of slavery would be violently disputed between more numerous Northern settlers and geographically closer Southern settlers. Even some pro-slavery legislators and voters, particularly Southern Whigs, felt repealing the Missouri Compromise was politically reckless and attempting to push slavery by law and force into territories where most settlers predictably were unlikely to want it endangered its continued legal protection anywhere, even in the South. These fears proved prescient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023265-0006-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections\nMore than 21 Representatives vied for the post of Speaker. After two months and 133 ballots, American Party Representative Nathaniel Banks of Massachusetts, also a Free Soiler, defeated Democrat William Aiken of South Carolina by plurality, 103-100. Banks is also the only Speaker from a third party to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023265-0007-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were two special elections to the 33rd United States Congress, listed here by date and district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023265-0008-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections, California\nNote: From statehood to 1864, California's representatives were elected at-large, with the top two vote-getters winning election from 1849 to 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023266-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1854 and 1855 were elections which saw the final decline of the Whig Party and the continuing majority of the Democrats. Those Whigs in the South who were opposed to secession ran on the \"Opposition Party\" ticket, and were elected to a minority. Along with the Whigs, the Senate roster also included Free Soilers, Know Nothings, and a new party: the Republicans. Only five of the twenty-one senators up for election were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023266-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections\nAs this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023266-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 33rd Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1854 or in 1855 before March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023266-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections leading to the 34th Congress\nIn these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1855; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 100], "content_span": [101, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023266-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 34th Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were elected in 1855 after March 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023266-0005-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections, Kentucky\nOn January 10, 1854 the Kentucky legislature elected Whig U.S. Attorney General (and former-senator and former-Governor of Kentucky) John J. Crittenden to succeed Dixon, beating the then-incumbent Governor of Kentucky, Lazarus W. Powell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023266-0006-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe election was held on February 6, 1855. William H. Seward had been elected in 1849 to this seat and his term would expire on March 3, 1855. At the time the Democratic Party was split into two opposing factions: the \"Hards\" and the \"Softs\". After most of the \"Barnburners\" had left the party, joining the Whigs, the majority of \"Hunkers\" split over the question of reconciliation with the minority of Barnburners who had remained Democrats. The Hard faction (led by Daniel S. Dickinson) was against it, in true Hunker fashion claiming all patronage for themselves; the Soft faction (led by William L. Marcy, which included the former Barnburners, advocated party unity as a necessity to defeat the Whigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023266-0007-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections, New York\nIn 1854, the Republican Party was founded as a national party, but in New York the Whigs and the Anti- Nebraska Party ran concurrently at the State election. The unification of these occurred in New York only during the nomination convention for the State election in November 1855. Also running in the 1854 election were the American Party and nominees of the Temperance movement. In a general way, party lines were blurred until the re-alignment during the late 1850s after the disbanding of the American Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023266-0008-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections, New York\nAt the State election in November 1853, 23 Whigs, 7 Hards and 2 Softs were elected for a two-year term (1854-1855) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1854, Whig State Senator Myron H. Clark was elected Governor of New York, and 82 Whigs, 26 Softs, 16 Hards and 3 Temperance men were elected for the session of 1855 to the New York State Assembly. \"Know Nothings are sprinkled miscellaneously among Whigs, Hards and Softs; and exactly how many there are of these gentry in the Assembly Nobody Knows.\" The 78th New York State Legislature met from January 2 to April 14, 1855, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023266-0009-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections, New York\nIn the Assembly, Seward received 69 votes, given by 65 Whigs; 1 Democrat; 1 Temperance man; 1 Republican and 1 Whig-Republican. Dickinson received 14 votes, given by 13 Democrats and 1 American. Horatio Seymour received the votes of 12 Democrats. Dix received 7 votes, given by 5 Democrats; 1 Independent Democrat and 1 Temperance man. Fillmore received 4 votes, given by 2 Whigs; 1 Democrat and 1 Temperance-American. Horatio Seymour, Jr., received the votes of 2 Americans. King, Butler, Lester, Wait and Bronson received 1 Democratic vote each. Campbell received 1 Temperance-American vote. Howell received 1 American vote. Hoffman and Haven received 1 Whig vote each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023266-0010-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections, New York\nIn the State Senate, Seward received 18 Whig votes, Dickinson 5 Hard votes, and Allen 2 Whig votes. Preston and Church received 1 Soft vote each. Hoffman, Babcock, Ullmann and Fillmore received 1 American vote each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023266-0011-0000", "contents": "1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections, New York\nSeward was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023267-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1854 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023267-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 in Australia, Events\nThis was a year of intense political agitation by miners on the Victorian goldfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023271-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1854 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023277-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1854 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023277-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1854 is 60,650 M\u0101ori and 32,554 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023277-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law\nAfter New Zealand's first general election, held on 1 October 1853 the 1st Parliament opens on 24 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023277-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law\nThere is neither an official Prime Minister/Premier/Colonial Secretary or Finance Minister/Colonial Secretary in the government at this point in time. (see 1st New Zealand Parliament)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023281-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1854 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023283-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in Switzerland\nThe following is a list of events, births, and deaths in 1854 in Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023284-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1854 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023285-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in architecture\nThe year 1854 in architecture involved some significant events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023287-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023288-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023289-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in poetry\nWas there a man dismay'd? Not tho' the soldiers knew", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 67]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023289-0001-0000", "contents": "1854 in poetry\nTheir's not to make reply,Their's not to reason why,Their's but to do and die:Into the valley of Death", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023289-0002-0000", "contents": "1854 in poetry\n\u2014 From \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" by Alfred Lord Tennyson, first published this year", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023289-0003-0000", "contents": "1854 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023289-0004-0000", "contents": "1854 in poetry, Works published in English, United Kingdom\nHalf a league, half a league,\u2003 Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death\u2003 Rode the six hundred. ' Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns' he said:Into the valley of Death\u2003 Rode the six hundred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023289-0005-0000", "contents": "1854 in poetry, Works published in English, United Kingdom\n'Forward, the Light Brigade!' Was there a man dismay'd? Not tho' the soldiers knew\u2003 Some one had blunder'd:Theirs not to make reply,Theirs not to reason why,Theirs but to do and die:Into the valley of Death\u2003 Rode the six hundred. Cannon to right of them,Cannon to left of them,Cannon in front of them\u2003 Volley'd and thunder'd;Storm'd at with shot and shell,Boldly they rode and well,Into the jaws of Death,Into the mouth of Hell\u2003 Rode the six hundred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023289-0005-0001", "contents": "1854 in poetry, Works published in English, United Kingdom\nFlash'd all their sabres bare,Flash'd as they turned in airSabring the gunners there,Charging an army while\u2003 All the world wonder'd:Plunged in the battery-smokeRight thro' the line they broke;Cossack and RussianReel'd from the sabre-strokeShatter'd and sunder'd. Then they rode back, but notNot the six hundred. Cannon to right of them,Cannon to left of them,Cannon behind them\u2003 Volley'd and thunder'd;Storm'd at with shot and shell,While horse and hero fell,They that had fought so wellCame thro' the jaws of Death,Back from the mouth of Hell,All that was left of them,\u2003 Left of six hundred. When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made! All the world wonder'd. Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade,\u2003 Noble six hundred!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023289-0006-0000", "contents": "1854 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023289-0007-0000", "contents": "1854 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023290-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023291-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in science\nThe year 1854 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023292-0000-0000", "contents": "1854 in sports\n1854 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023295-0000-0000", "contents": "1855\n1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1855th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 855th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 55th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  6th   year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1855, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023296-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1855 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 6, 1855, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democrat John A. Winston won his second term as Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023296-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Alabama gubernatorial election, Candidates, Know Nothing\nAt the time, the Know Nothing Party was known as the American Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023297-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1855 Atlantic hurricane season featured tropical cyclone landfalls in the Gulf Coast of the United States, the Greater Antilles, and Mexico, but none along the East Coast of the United States. It was inactive, with only five known tropical cyclones. Operationally, another tropical storm was believed to have existed offshore Atlantic Canada in late August and early September, but HURDAT \u2013 the official Atlantic hurricane database \u2013 now excludes this system. The first system, Hurricane One, was initially observed on August 6. The final storm, Hurricane Five, was last observed on September 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023297-0000-0001", "contents": "1855 Atlantic hurricane season\nThese dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. At one point during the season, two tropical cyclones existed simultaneously. Two of the cyclones only have a single known point in their tracks due to a sparsity of data, so storm summaries for those systems are unavailable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023297-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Atlantic hurricane season\nOf the season's five tropical cyclones, four reached hurricane status. Furthermore, one of those four strengthened into a major hurricane, which are Category\u00a03 or higher on the modern-day Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale. The strongest cyclone of the season, Hurricane Five, peaked at Category\u00a03 strength with 125\u00a0mph (200\u00a0km/h) winds. It brought only minor impact to Louisiana and Mississippi. The first storm of the season brought locally severe impact to Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico in early August. Tropical Storm Four caused severe damage in the Lesser Antilles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023297-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nBased on newspaper reports, the first hurricane of the season was within the vicinity of Tampico, Tamaulipas on August 6. Maximum sustained winds were at 105\u00a0mph (170\u00a0km/h), indicating a Category\u00a02 hurricane. No further information is available on the meteorological history of this storm. However, it is possible that the storm developed in the Caribbean in late July, due to data obtained from the barque Bercaldine. Torrential rainfall in the Tampico area caused disastrous flooding, with heavy damage to goods and property. Eleven vessels were docked at Tampico, some of which lost their cargo. At the mouth of the P\u00e1nuco River, a pilot station and a fort were swept away. The event was considered \"the worst inundation of Tampico over the last 30 years\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023297-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nThe ship James Foster Jr. encountered a hurricane on August 10, while located about 575 miles (925\u00a0km) east-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Sustained winds of 105\u00a0mph (170\u00a0km/h) were observed, equivalent to a Category\u00a02 hurricane. Data from the James Foster Jr. and Rebecca indicate that the storm moved rapidly northeastward. This system was last noted about 560 miles (900\u00a0km) west of Ireland on August\u00a011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023297-0004-0000", "contents": "1855 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nHMS Walverine reported a hurricane at 12.5\u00b0N, 83.0\u00b0W, which is located about 15 miles (24\u00a0km) north of Corn Islands, Nicaragua. A sustained wind speed of 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h) was observed. Shortly thereafter, HMS Walverine was wrecked and no further information is known about this storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023297-0005-0000", "contents": "1855 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Four\nBased on reports of a strong gale, a tropical storm was first tracked about 250 miles (400\u00a0km) east-southeast of Barbados early on August 24. It initially headed westward, before re-curving west-northwestward early on the following day. Shortly thereafter, the storm passed through the Windward Islands between Grenada and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The storm peaked with winds of 70\u00a0mph (115\u00a0km/h) while moving northwestward across the Caribbean Sea. It weakened slightly before making landfall near San Pedro de Macor\u00eds, Dominican Republic with winds of 60\u00a0mph (95\u00a0km/h) early on August 27. The storm slowly weakened over Hispaniola and was last noted near Bombardopolis, Haiti later that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023297-0006-0000", "contents": "1855 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Four\nThere was considerable damage in the Lesser Antilles. On Saint Vincent, rains destroyed roads and a number of houses. Many sugar cane fields were also ruined. Several vessels were lost there and on other islands, including Barbados, Dominica, and Martinique. On Saint Croix in the present-day U.S. Virgin Islands, at least one vessel was destroyed by the heavy gales. There were also strong gales reported in Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023297-0007-0000", "contents": "1855 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nThe ship Orphan encountered a hurricane with winds of 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h) in the central Gulf of Mexico on September 15. It strengthened quickly while moving northward, becoming a Category\u00a02 hurricane later that day. By 0000\u00a0UTC on September 16, the storm peaked as a Category\u00a03 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 125\u00a0mph (200\u00a0km/h), making it the strongest tropical cyclone of the season. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane made landfall near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana at the same intensity. It weakened after moving inland, decreasing to Category\u00a01 intensity later on September 16. Early on the following day, the system weakened to a tropical storm, several hours before dissipating over central Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023297-0008-0000", "contents": "1855 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nThis was regarded as the worst hurricane in the region since 1819. In Louisiana, winds and storm surge impacted the eastern portions of the state. The wharf and bathhouse in Proctorville were swept away. About 4 feet (1.2\u00a0m) of water was reported at Proctor's Landing. A combination of strong winds and storm surge destroyed a number of houses along the shores of Lake Borgne. Along the coast of Mississippi, most structures were swept to sea. The foundation of the Biloxi Lighthouse was endangered due to erosion from this storm. The Cat Island Lighthouse was also left in \"severe peril\". Several ships were damaged or capsized in the Mississippi River, including Atchafalaya, J.S. Chenoweth, Ship Shoal, and Venice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023297-0009-0000", "contents": "1855 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems\nIn addition to the five tropical systems, another storm was operationally believed to have existed in late August and early September. The ship Atlantic encountered a very heavy gale while located west of Sable Island, Nova Scotia on August\u00a031. The storm moved rapidly east-northeastward offshore Atlantic Canada. It was last noted on September\u00a02 and was thought to have transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. However, HURDAT no longer includes this system in its database.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023298-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Belgian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Belgium on 12 June 1855. In the Senate elections, Catholics won 31 seats and the Liberal Party won 23. Voter turnout was the lowest in Belgian history at just 35.0%, although only 42,907 people were eligible to vote. The Chamber was not up for election this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023299-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Boston mayoral election\nThe Boston mayoral election of 1855 saw the election of Alexander H. Rice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023299-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Boston mayoral election\nThis was an early victory for a young Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023300-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Bursa earthquake\nThe 1855 Bursa earthquake occurred on 28 February, with an estimated magnitude of 7.02\u00b10.64 Mw A devastating precursor quake that took place in Kemalpa\u015fa, a town of Bursa, Turkey caused severe destruction all over Bursa and other neighboring cities. 300 people died and thousands of homes and workplaces were wrecked, and some of the historical monuments and buildings including mosques collapsed. Subsequently, fire spread out in the city, which increased the death toll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023300-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Bursa earthquake\nOn 11 April 1855, an aftershock of the 28 February earthquake was recorded as Mw\u202f 6.65\u00b10.33. This aftershock affected the region from Gemlik to Mudanya. 1,300 people died. G\u00f6kmen-z\u00e2de Seyyid el-H\u00e2c\u00ee H\u00fcseyin R\u0131fat Efend\u00ee Bursav\u00ee wrote about these earthquakes in his book \u0130\u015faret-numa, written in the Ottoman Turkish language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023301-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 California gubernatorial election\nThe 1855 California gubernatorial election was held on September 5, 1855, to elect the governor of California. Incumbent governor John Bigler lost his bid for reelection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023302-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Cardigan Boroughs by-election\nThe Cardigan Boroughs by-election of 1855 was fought in February 1855. The byelection arose because of the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, Pryse Loveden. It was won by the Conservative candidate John Lloyd Davies. Davies defeated the Liberal candidate, John Evans, former MP for Haverfordwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023302-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Cardigan Boroughs by-election, Background\nFor nearly forty years, the seat had been held by members of the Pryse family of Gogerddan. Pryse Pryse served from 1816 until his death in 1849 and was succeeded by his son, Pryse Loveden. Loveden died in 1855 at an early age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023302-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 Cardigan Boroughs by-election, Candidates\nJohn Lloyd Davies was first in the field. There were also rumours that Thomas Lloyd of Bronwydd would be a candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023302-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 Cardigan Boroughs by-election, Candidates\nAt the hustings at Cardigan, Lloyd Davies criticized his opponent fear being the candidate of the Gogerddan interest, and stated that he would not have stood had a member of the Pryse family chosen to do so. He also expressed sympathy with those who objected to church rates. This may have gained sympathy in a traditionally Liberal seat", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023302-0004-0000", "contents": "1855 Cardigan Boroughs by-election, Result\nDavies secured a narrow majority of twelve votes. At the following General Election he was opposed by Edward Pryse and withdrew his candidature prior to the contest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023303-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Catalan general strike\nIn 1855, Catalonian workers went on strike following the dubious trial and execution of labor leader Josep Barcel\u00f3 Cassad\u00f3. It was the first general strike in Spanish history. A factory director was killed in Sants during the strike. As labor unions expanded in the next century, strikes became commonplace in Barcelona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023303-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Catalan general strike, Context\nThe strike took place during the Baldomero Espartero government of the Bienio progresista during the reign of Isabella II which began with the revolution of 1854 which included the proclamation of June 28 and the coup lead by Leopoldo O'Donnell, with the support of France and Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023303-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 Catalan general strike, Origin\nWorkers initially mobilized against mechanization, specifically in relation to the spinning of yarn. This was called the Conflicto de las selfactinas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023303-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 Catalan general strike, Origin\nDue to new freedoms acquired after the Revolution of 1854 and the tolerance of the Espartero government, workers' associations were developed, with thirty associations forming a central council. But the newly appointed captain general of Catalonia, General Zapatero, put an end to tolerance and began a policy of repression of the labor movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023304-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the 1855 Chicago mayoral election, Know Nothing candidate Levi Boone defeated Democratic incumbent Isaac Lawrence Milliken by a 5.75% margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023304-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nThe mayoral election was unusual in that no candidate had entered the race until five days before the day of the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023304-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nThe campaign for the municipal elections of 1855 began very early in the year, before any candidates had emerged for the mayoral race. Religious, ethnic, and political leaders debated for weeks on many issues. The race quickly took a nativist tone. Topics included the role of foreigners on night police duty, controversy regarding the city's school fund, bar fights. Debate also arose from the split amongst Democrats around the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act, which would take an even more prominent role in the following year's election. One of the greatest controversies was about the state legislature's decision to allow a referendum for that June regarding possible prohibition of alcoholic beverages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023304-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nBoone received support from a coalition of Know-Nothing and pro-temperance voters. As was typical of his party, Boone's platform was anti-immigrant, anti-alcohol, and anti-catholic. Boone had run for mayor once before, having been an unsuccessful candidate in the 1850 mayoral election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023304-0004-0000", "contents": "1855 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nBoone benefitted from an article published by the Chicago Tribune that blamed Milliken for an Irish beer riot and stoked fears by warning, \"Every vote given for Milliken is a vote given for whisky, Jesuitism, for Irish rule, for crime and pauperism, and for the ruin of Chicago.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023304-0005-0000", "contents": "1855 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nThe management of 24 German saloons announced that their establishments would be closed on the day of the election. This was a largely unprecedented move, and received praise from both by the press and from religious leaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023304-0006-0000", "contents": "1855 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nThere were allegations that Irish and German voters from Bridgeport, which was then outside the city limits, were brought in to vote illegally for Milliken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023304-0007-0000", "contents": "1855 Chicago mayoral election, Aftermath\nBoone's victory was also a victory for the burgeoning Know Nothing party, which had been established the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023304-0008-0000", "contents": "1855 Chicago mayoral election, Aftermath\nDespite nearly half of Chicagoans being of foreign origin, Boone had won on a nativist platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023304-0009-0000", "contents": "1855 Chicago mayoral election, Aftermath\nPrivately, Illinois politician (and future United States President) Abraham Lincoln was vehemently opposed to the platform upon which Boone had run; however, he did not publicly denounce it out of concern that doing so would alienate the support he needed in order to build a successful anti-slavery coalition in Illinois and to win the Illinois' United States Senate election three years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023304-0010-0000", "contents": "1855 Chicago mayoral election, Aftermath\nIn his term as mayor, Boone cracked down on immigrants. He barred them from working for the municipal government. He also enforced liquor policies which were perceived to target German immigrants, which led to the Lager Beer Riot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023305-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1855 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 4, 1855. Former state legislator and American Party nominee William T. Minor defeated former congressman and Democratic nominee Samuel Ingham and incumbent governor and Whig nominee Henry Dutton with 43.51% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023305-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe results reflected the national transition from the Second Party System to the Third Party System. The Know Nothings would win the first of two such elections, and the incumbent Whig Party's vote share collapsed, with Dutton finishing a distant third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023305-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nAlthough Minor won a plurality of the vote, he did not receive a majority. As a result, the Connecticut General Assembly elected the governor, per the state constitution. Minor won the vote over Ingham, 117 to 70, in the General Assembly, and became the governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023306-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Danish Folketing election\nFolketing elections were held in Denmark on 14 June 1855 in order to approve amendments to the constitution. Peter Georg Bang remained Prime Minister following the elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023306-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 15% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as \"dependents\" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023307-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Edo earthquake\nThe 1855 Edo earthquake (\u5b89\u653f\u6c5f\u6238\u5730\u9707, Ansei Edo Jishin), was the third Ansei Great Earthquake, which occurred during the late-Edo period. It succeeded the 1854 Nankai earthquake, which took place about a year prior. The earthquake occurred at 22:00 local time on 11 November. It had an epicenter close to Edo (now Tokyo), causing considerable damage in the Kant\u014d region from the shaking and subsequent fires, with a death toll of 7,000\u201310,000 people and destroyed around 14,000 buildings. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale and reached a maximum intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The earthquake triggered a minor tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023307-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Edo earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Kanto area lies above a complex part of the convergent boundaries between the subducting Pacific and Philippine Sea Plates and the overriding Eurasian and North American Plates. Earthquakes with epicenters in the Kant\u014d region may occur within the Eurasian Plate, at the Eurasian Plate/Philippine Sea Plate interface, within the Philippine Sea Plate, at the Philippine Sea Plate/North American Plate interface (under the Sagami Trough), at the Philippine Sea Plate/Pacific Plate interface (Izu\u2013Bonin\u2013Mariana Arc), or within the Pacific Plate. In addition to this set of major plates it has been suggested that there is also a separate 25\u00a0km thick, 100\u00a0km wide body, a fragment of Pacific Plate lithosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023307-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 Edo earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe cause of the 1855 earthquake is unknown; it is consistent with a rupture along the interface between the Eurasian and Philippine Sea Plates, adjacent to, and down dip from, the rupture that caused the 1923 Great Kant\u014d earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023307-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 Edo earthquake, Damage\nA total of about 50,000 houses and over 50 temples were either destroyed by the earthquake shaking or subsequent fires. The area burned down in Edo was about 2.3\u00a0km2. The earthquake's destruction and associated death toll were especially great for the time, as Ansei Tokyo was composed largely of plaster-and-tile structures that were resistant to fires but prone to tremors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023307-0003-0001", "contents": "1855 Edo earthquake, Damage\nIn spite of Japan's long history with earthquakes, as of 1855 Tokyo had not experienced a major quake for about 154 years; in the minds of the citizenry, earthquakes were either a thing of the past or simply too unlikely to reasonably plan for. This lack of structural preparation, combined with the fact that most of the well-populated areas of Tokyo were built on former wetlands artificially filled in with unstable alluvial soil, left the city undefended from the massive force of the Ansei quake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023307-0004-0000", "contents": "1855 Edo earthquake, Characteristics\nThe earthquake was followed by 78 aftershocks in the first month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023307-0005-0000", "contents": "1855 Edo earthquake, Aftermath\nTwo days after the earthquake, prints began to appear, with more than 400 different types being available in the following weeks. Most of the prints depicted giant catfish, a type of image known as Namazu-e. The significance being that earthquakes at the time were popularly attributed to the thrashing about of a mythological catfish under the earth, normally kept under control by the deity Kashima using a large rock. The number of prints produced during the 1855 earthquake was unprecedented and has been related to the political and social effects of the disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023307-0005-0001", "contents": "1855 Edo earthquake, Aftermath\nThe prints show the people's anger with Kashima who became replaced by the solar deity Amaterasu. Some of the prints also depict the redistribution of wealth. The earthquake has been described as an act of yonaoshi or 'world rectification', in the light of the two great earthquakes of 1854 and the arrival of Perry's Black Ships in 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023307-0006-0000", "contents": "1855 Edo earthquake, Aftermath, Era of disaster\nThree large earthquakes, the 1854 Ansei-T\u014dkai earthquake, 1854 Ansei-Nankai earthquake, and the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake are collectively called the Ansei great earthquakes (\u5b89\u653f\u306e\u5927\u5730\u9707, Ansei no Dai Jishin). Combining the effects of these disasters with a major cholera outbreak killing over 100,000 people, a fire at Edo Castle, and the 1858 Hietsu earthquake, the Ansei era was one of quite catastrophic upheaval. Due to the cumulative effects of these disasters, the reign name was changed in 1860 to usher in a 'clean slate' and better \"fortune\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023308-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Grand National\nThe 1855 Grand National was the 17th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 7 March 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023308-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Grand National\nThe race was marred by the fatal fall of former winner, Miss Mowbray, who suffered a broken back and neck when taking off too soon at Becher's Brook on the second circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023309-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Kentucky gubernatorial election\nThe 1855 Kentucky gubernatorial election was held on August 6, 1855. Know Nothing Charles S. Morehead defeated Democratic nominee Beverly L. Clarke with 51.63% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023310-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Korolev\n1855 Korolev (prov. designation: 1969 TU1) is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. Discovered in 1969, it was later named after Soviet rocket engineer Sergei Korolev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023310-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Korolev, Discovery\nKorolev was discovered by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on 8 October 1969. On the same night, she also discovered 1856\u00a0R\u016f\u017eena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023310-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 Korolev, Discovery\nIt was first identified as 1961 JD at Goethe Link Observatory in 1961, extending the body's observation arc by 8 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023310-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 Korolev, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,231 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023310-0004-0000", "contents": "1855 Korolev, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Sergei Korolev (1907\u20131966), a designer, integrator, organizer and strategic planner. He was the lead Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer in the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s until his early death. The lunar and Martian craters Korolev are also named in his honour. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3825).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023310-0005-0000", "contents": "1855 Korolev, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Korolev measures 6.79 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a high albedo of 0.319, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of its orbital family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 7.47 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023310-0006-0000", "contents": "1855 Korolev, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2008, three rotational lightcurves of Korolev were obtained from photometric observation made by astronomers James W. Brinsfield, Petr Pravec and Ren\u00e9 Roy, giving a well-defined rotation period of 4.65\u20134.66 hours with a brightness variation 0.75 and 0.76 magnitude, respectively (U=3/2/3). Another concurring lightcurve was published in March 2016, using sparse-in-time photometry data from the Lowell Photometric Database (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023311-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Liberian general election\nPresidential elections were held in Liberia in 1855. The result was a victory for Vice-President Stephen Allen Benson, who defeated the incumbent Joseph Jenkins Roberts. Benson took office as the country's second president on 7 January 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023312-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Thursday 1 November 1855. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023313-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Liverpool by-election\nThe 1855 Liverpool by-election was held on 29 March 1855 after the incumbent Conservative MP Henry Liddell succeeded to the peerage as Baron Ravensworth. The election was won by the Whig candidate Joseph Christopher Ewart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023314-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1855 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the second election to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1852. As a result of this election Robert C. Wickliffe became Governor of Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023315-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1855 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 6. Know-Nothing candidate Henry J. Gardner was re-elected to a second term as Governor in a multi-partisan race, defeating Republican Julius Rockwell and Democrat Erasmus Beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023315-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThis was the first election in which the new Republican Party fielded a candidate. This was also the first election won by a direct plurality vote, after the majority requirement was abolished by the legislature on May 23. Gardner won without ratification by the General Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023316-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 76th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1855 during the governorship of Henry Gardner. Henry Wetherby Benchley served as president of the Senate and Daniel C. Eddy served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023316-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Massachusetts legislature\n\"Know-Nothings won all 40 state Senate seats and all but three of the 379 state House seats in 1854, in addition to the governorship.... Once in power, the Know-Nothings passed legislation to deport poor or mentally ill Irish residents; to 'inspect' Catholic schools and convents; and to order daily readings from the Protestant Bible in public schools.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023316-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 Massachusetts legislature\nOn May 9, 1855, Joseph Hiss became the first Massachusetts state representative to be expelled from the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023316-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 Massachusetts legislature, Notable legislation\nThis legislature passed the nation's first statute racially integrating public education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023317-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 New York state election\nThe 1855 New York state election was held on November 6, 1855, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, two judges of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023317-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 New York state election, Nominations\nBoth the Whig state convention and the Anti- Nebraska state convention met on September 26 at Syracuse, New York. John Alsop King presided at the Whig convention, Reuben E. Fenton at the Anti- Nebraska convention. After organizing the Whigs, the delegates decided to join the Anti-Nebraskans, and marched to their assembling place. There the two parties merged and adopted the name Republican Party, and continued as the Republican state convention with King and Fenton as co-chairmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023317-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 New York state election, Results\nDue to the chaotic political situation with the major parties split over the slavery question, a new party being founded by the fusion of factions of all previous parties, and four tickets competing, the American Party had the most surprising election victory in the history of the State of New York, winning eight of the nine state offices. Only the jointly nominated Democrat Henry L. Selden could defeat his American and Republican opponents. The incumbents Cook, Follett and Darius Clark were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023317-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 New York state election, Results\n16 Republicans, 11 Americans, four Democrats and one Temperance man were elected to a two-year term (1856\u201357) in the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023317-0004-0000", "contents": "1855 New York state election, Results\n47 Democrats, 44 Americans, 35 Republicans and 2 Whigs were elected to the New York State Assembly of the 79th New York State Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023318-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 New Zealand general election\nThe 1855 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 2nd term. It was the second national election ever held in New Zealand, and the first one which elected a Parliament that had full authority to govern the colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023318-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 New Zealand general election, Background\nThe first New Zealand elections had been held after the passage of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The 1st Parliament did not have the ability to appoint the executive branch (Cabinet) of the New Zealand government, however, and a major dispute arose between Parliament and the Governor. In the 2nd Parliament, Parliament gained the powers it sought \u2014 for this reason, some see the 1855 elections, not the 1853 elections, as the beginning of New Zealand democracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023318-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 New Zealand general election, Background\nAt the time of the 1855 elections, there were no political parties in New Zealand. As such, all candidates were independents. Governments were formed based on loose coalitions, with prospective Prime Ministers needing to seek support from enough individual MPs to command a majority. This means that nobody could truly be said to have \"won\" an election \u2014 a government usually rose or fell based on its ability to make deals with MPs, not on election results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023318-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 New Zealand general election, The election\nIn the 1855 elections, voting occurred on a different day for each individual seat. The first seat was elected on 26 October, and the final seat was elected on 28 December. An estimated 9,891 people were eligible to vote, although records are poor for some areas. The number of electoral districts was 24, with some districts electing multiple MPs. The total number of seats was 37. Some parts of the colony were not part of any district, and did not have representation in Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023319-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Newfoundland general election\nThe 1855 Newfoundland general election was held in 1855 to elect members of the 6th General Assembly of Newfoundland. This was the first election after responsible government was introduced to Newfoundland Colony. The Liberal Party led by Philip Francis Little formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023320-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Ohio gubernatorial election\nThe 1855 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 9, 1855. Incumbent Democratic Governor of Ohio William Medill became governor after the resignation of Reuben Wood to accept a consulship, and Lt. Governor Medill became elected in his own right in 1853. The 1855 election was one of the first major tests of the fledgling Republican Party, then still a coalition of various anti-slavery forces, including former rival Democrats and Whig members. This election led them to quickly dominate Ohio politics for the next half-century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023320-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Ohio gubernatorial election\nThe election is also unique in that it was a contest of three Governors, past, present, and future. With Allen Trimble having served in the 1820s, William Medill serving at the time of the election, and Salmon Chase succeeding Medill. Trimble proved to be somewhat of a spoiler candidate, leaving Chase to win with only a plurality of the votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023321-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 South Australian colonial election\nColonial elections were held in South Australia on 20/21 September 1855. Only 16 of the 24 seats in the unicameral Legislative Council were popularly elected, the second occurrence of voting franchise in the colony. The 1851 election was the first of this type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023321-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 South Australian colonial election\nThe election resulted in violence on 20 September 1855 in Hindley Street between opponents and supporters of Anthony Forster, editor and part-owner of the South Australian Register and also one of the candidates for election. A consequence of the violence was the introduction of secret ballots from the following election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023321-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 South Australian colonial election\nThe 1857 election was the first contest which popularly elected all members to the new bicameral Parliament of South Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023321-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 South Australian colonial election\nThe first six Governors of South Australia oversaw governance from proclamation in 1836 until self-government in 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023322-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Texas gubernatorial election\nThe 1855 Texas gubernatorial election was held on August 6, 1855 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Governor Elisha M. Pease was reelected to a second term, winning 57% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023323-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1855 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 6, 1855, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023323-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nWilliam H. Seward had been elected in 1849 to this seat and his term would expire on March 3, 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023323-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the time the Democratic Party was split into two opposing factions: the \"Hards\" and the \"Softs\". After most of the \"Barnburners\" had left the party, joining the Whigs, the majority of \"Hunkers\" split over the question of reconciliation with the minority of Barnburners who had remained Democrats. The Hard faction (led by Daniel S. Dickinson) was against it, in true Hunker fashion claiming all patronage for themselves; the Soft faction (led by William L. Marcy, which included the former Barnburners, advocated party unity as a necessity to defeat the Whigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023323-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nIn 1854, the Republican Party was founded as a national party, but in New York the Whigs and the Anti- Nebraska Party ran concurrently at the State election. The unification of these occurred in New York only during the nomination convention for the State election in November 1855. Also running in the 1854 election were the American Party and nominees of the Temperance movement. In a general way, party lines were blurred until the re-alignment during the late 1850s after the disbanding of the American Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023323-0004-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1853, 23 Whigs, 7 Hards and 2 Softs were elected for a two-year term (1854-1855) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1854, Whig State Senator Myron H. Clark was elected Governor of New York, and 82 Whigs, 26 Softs, 16 Hards and 3 Temperance men were elected for the session of 1855 to the New York State Assembly. \"Know Nothings are sprinkled miscellaneously among Whigs, Hards and Softs; and exactly how many there are of these gentry in the Assembly Nobody Knows.\" The 78th New York State Legislature met from January 2 to April 14, 1855, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023323-0005-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe incumbent U.S. Senator William H. Seward ran for re-election as a Whig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023323-0006-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nIn the Assembly, Seward received 69 votes, given by 65 Whigs; 1 Democrat; 1 Temperance man; 1 Republican and 1 Whig-Republican. Dickinson received 14 votes, given by 13 Democrats and 1 American. Horatio Seymour received the votes of 12 Democrats. Dix received 7 votes, given by 5 Democrats; 1 Independent Democrat and 1 Temperance man. Fillmore received 4 votes, given by 2 Whigs; 1 Democrat and 1 Temperance-American. Horatio Seymour, Jr., received the votes of 2 Americans. King, Butler, Lester, Wait and Bronson received 1 Democratic vote each. Campbell received 1 Temperance-American vote. Howell received 1 American vote. Hoffman and Haven received 1 Whig vote each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023323-0007-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nIn the State Senate, Seward received 18 Whig votes, Dickinson 5 Hard votes, and Allen 2 Whig votes. Preston and Church received 1 Soft vote each. Hoffman, Babcock, Ullmann and Fillmore received 1 American vote each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023323-0008-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nWilliam H. Seward was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023323-0009-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nSeward remained in the U.S. Senate until March 3, 1861, and two days later became U.S. Secretary of State, appointed by President Abraham Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023324-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts\nThe 1855 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts was held during January 1855. Henry Wilson was elected to fill the remainder of the term left vacant by the resignation of Edward Everett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023324-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts\nEverett had resigned in 1854 over poor health and protest following his failure to vote against the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Prior to the election, Julius Rockwell had been appointed to the seat on an interim basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023324-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts\nAt the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a majority vote of each separate house of the Massachusetts General Court, the House and the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023324-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, Background\nIn 1854, the anti-immigration, anti-slavery American Party (better known as Know-Nothings) swept the Massachusetts elections, taking nearly every seat in the legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023324-0004-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, Background, American Party caucus\nHenry Wilson was nominated as the American Party candidate in a legislative caucus on January 13. Most of the House participated; none of the Senators did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 94], "content_span": [95, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023324-0005-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, Background, Opposition to Wilson\nFollowing Wilson's endorsement by the caucus, public opposition was aroused against his election. On January 15, a printed circular called for a caucus of \"all members in the House who believe in the freedom of debate, who refuse to sanction a high-handed course of political action, and who are opposed to the election of Hon. Henry Wilson to the United States Senate.\" The opposition caucus met and endorsed Alexander Bullock for Senator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023324-0006-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, Election in the House\nMuch of the debate in the House surrounded Wilson's loyalty to the American Party, or his lack thereof. Wilson had been the Free Soil Party candidate for Governor in 1854 but aligned himself with the nativist Know Nothing movement after their sweeping victory, in an effort to strengthen the party's emphasis on opposition to slavery. (The Free Soil Party had been dissolved into the new Republican Party.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 82], "content_span": [83, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023324-0007-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, Election in the House\nOn January 23, the House convened and elected Wilson on the first ballot. His candidacy was then sent to the Senate for ratification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 82], "content_span": [83, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023324-0008-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, Election in the Senate\nOn January 31, the State Senate convened and ratified the House's choice of Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 83], "content_span": [84, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023324-0009-0000", "contents": "1855 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, Aftermath\nWilson joined Samuel Hoar's new anti-slavery Republican Party upon entering the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 70], "content_span": [71, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023325-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1855 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont was held on September 4. With the Whig Party defunct after 1854, incumbent Stephen Royce, who had run with the support of both Whigs and the new Republican Party in 1854, ran as the nominee of the Republicans. The Democratic candidate was Merritt Clark, who had run unsuccessfully against Royce in 1854. James M. Slade, the Clerk of the Vermont House of Representatives was the nominee of the Know Nothing Party, also called the American Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023325-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Vermont gubernatorial election\nWith Vermont firmly in the anti-slavery camp and the Republican Party established as the main abolitionist party, Royce was easily re-elected with 58.4 percent of the vote to 22.9 for Clark and 8.4 for Slade. Royce took the oath of office and began a one-year term on October 13, 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023325-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1855 election also marked Republican extension of the \"Mountain Rule\" for the governor's and lieutenant governor's offices. As originally implemented, the Mountain Rule called for one U.S. Senator to be from the west side of the Green Mountains, and one from the east, and for the governorship and lieutenant governorship to rotate between east and west. With the Republican Party's expansion of the rule, it dictated that the governor and lieutenant governor would not only be from alternate sides of the Green Mountains, but that they would also be limited to two years in office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023326-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Virginia gubernatorial election\nThe 1855 Virginia gubernatorial election was held on May 24, 1855 to elect the governor of Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023327-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Wairarapa earthquake\nThe 1855 Wairarapa earthquake occurred on 23 January at about 9 p.m., affecting much of the Cook Strait area of New Zealand, including Marlborough in the South Island and Wellington and Wairarapa in the North Island. In Wellington, close to the epicenter, shaking lasted for at least 50 seconds. The moment magnitude of the earthquake has been estimated as 8.2, the most powerful recorded in New Zealand since systematic European colonisation began in 1840. This earthquake was associated with the largest observed movement on a strike-slip fault, maximum 18 metres (59\u00a0ft). It has been suggested that the surface rupture formed by this event helped influence Charles Lyell to link earthquakes with rapid movement on faults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023327-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Wairarapa earthquake, Tectonic setting\nNew Zealand lies along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates. In the South Island most of the relative displacement between these plates is taken up along a single dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault with a major reverse component, the Alpine Fault. In the North Island the displacement is mainly taken up along the Kermadec subduction zone, although the remaining dextral strike-slip component of the relative plate motion is accommodated by the North Island Fault System (NIFS). A group of dextral strike-slip structures, known as the Marlborough Fault System, transfer displacement between the mainly transform and convergent type plate boundaries in a complex zone at the northern end of the South Island. The earthquake occurred on the Wairarapa Fault which is part of the NIFS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023327-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 Wairarapa earthquake, Earthquake characteristics\nThe earthquake was associated with the rupturing of approximately 150\u00a0km (93\u00a0mi) of the Wairarapa Fault. A horizontal displacement of up to 18 metres (59\u00a0ft) was accompanied by uplift and tilting of the Rimutaka Range on the northwestern side of the fault with vertical offsets of about 6 metres near the fault reducing to almost nothing on the western coast of the Wellington Peninsula. The estimated magnitude of about 8.2 is unusually large for an earthquake associated with movement on a mainly strike-slip fault, and the coseismic offset would have been the largest known for such an event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023327-0002-0001", "contents": "1855 Wairarapa earthquake, Earthquake characteristics\nIt has been suggested that this was caused by the rupture propagating down to where the fault links through to the top of the subducting Pacific Plate. Geomorphological evidence, particularly the uplifted beach ridges observed at Turakirae Head, appears to record three previous coseismic uplifts of the Rimutaka Range caused by earthquakes similar in magnitude to the 1855 event, with a recurrence interval of about 2200 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023327-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 Wairarapa earthquake, Damage\nWellington experienced severe shaking but the resulting damage was reduced as the city had been extensively rebuilt following the 1848 Marlborough earthquake using mainly wooden structures; only one recorded fatality (in a brick building) occurred. Reports identify at least another four people (possibly as many as eight) as having died in the surrounding countryside during the earthquake. Numerous landslides were associated with the earthquake, including numerous events along the slopes of the Rimutaka Range. Minor damage was recorded in places as far away as Lyttelton and Christchurch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023327-0004-0000", "contents": "1855 Wairarapa earthquake, Damage\nThe uplift of the northwestern side of Wellington Harbour rendered many of the jetties in the harbour unusable, although this new area of land provided a new rail and road route to the north. Much of modern Wellington's central business district is formed from land raised from the harbour by the event, as shown by the series of \"Shoreline 1840\" plaques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023327-0005-0000", "contents": "1855 Wairarapa earthquake, Damage\nAlong with other historic earthquakes in the Wellington region, the severe uplift and landslides along the coastline caused by the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake would have likely extirpated local populations of Durvillaea antarctica southern bull kelp. For comparison, a large-scale die off of Durvillaea was observed following the 2016 Kaik\u014dura earthquake. The removal of D. antarctica along the Wellington coastline in 1855 (or earlier) would have created an ecological opportunity, which may have facilitated a northward range expansion for Durvillaea poha from the South Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023327-0006-0000", "contents": "1855 Wairarapa earthquake, Tsunami\nThe earthquake generated New Zealand's largest historical locally generated tsunami, with a maximum run-up of 10\u201311\u00a0m (33\u201336\u00a0ft). New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research created an animated tsunami simulation model based on the 1855 Wairarapa event, which was screened on the television tele-drama \"Aftershock\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023328-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nThe 1855 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1855. Republican Party candidate Coles Bashford was declared the winner after a court challenge, defeating Democratic incumbent William A. Barstow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023328-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nBarstow was initially declared the winner of the election, having apparently received just over 50% of the vote. However, Bashford and the Wisconsin Attorney General, George Baldwin Smith, filed suit in the Wisconsin Supreme Court in the case Atty. Gen. ex rel. Bashford v. Barstow. They alleged that Barstow's allies had created fraudulent election returns in several fake precincts in Wisconsin's northern counties. The court found that Bashford had won the election, and was entitled to the governorship. Before the court could formally remove him from office, Barstow resigned, leaving his Lieutenant Governor Arthur MacArthur, Sr., as acting Governor, until Bashford was sworn in four days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023329-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1855 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023331-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in Brazil\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Dom Pedro IV (talk | contribs) at 15:17, 27 March 2020 (Periods at the end of the bullet points.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023333-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1855 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023340-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1855 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023340-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1855 is 59,500 M\u0101ori and 37,192 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023340-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law\nThe 1st Parliament is dissolved on 15 September in preparation for the 1855 general election. The election starts on 26 October and concludes on 28 December. The 2nd Parliament is not formed until 15 April 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023340-0003-0000", "contents": "1855 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law\nThere is neither an official Prime minister/Premier/Colonial Secretary or Finance Minister/Colonial Secretary in the government at this point in time. (see 1st New Zealand Parliament)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023340-0004-0000", "contents": "1855 in New Zealand, Sport, Horse racing\nThe Canterbury Jockey Club holds its first meeting, at Riccarton Racecourse, including the Canterbury Cup (which is run in heats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023345-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1855 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023347-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in Switzerland\nThe following is a list of events, births, and deaths in 1855 in Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023348-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1855 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023350-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in architecture\nThe year 1855 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023352-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023353-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023354-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023354-0001-0000", "contents": "1855 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023354-0002-0000", "contents": "1855 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023355-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023356-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in science\nThe year 1855 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023357-0000-0000", "contents": "1855 in sports\n1855 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023360-0000-0000", "contents": "1856\n1856 (MDCCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1856th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 856th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 56th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  7th   year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1856, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023361-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 American National Convention\nThe 1856 American National Convention was held in National Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on February 22 to 25, 1856. The American Party, formerly the Native American Party, was the vehicle of the Know Nothing movement. The American Party absorbed most of the former Whig Party in 1854, and by 1855 it had established itself as the chief opposition party to the Democrats. In the 82 races for the House of Representatives in 1854, the American Party ran 76 candidates, 35 of whom won. None of the six Independents or Whigs who ran in these races was elected. The party then succeeded in electing Nathaniel P. Banks as Speaker of the House in the 34th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023361-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 American National Convention\nFollowing the decision by party leaders in 1855 not to press the slavery issue, the convention had to decide how to deal with the Ohio chapter of the party, which was vocally anti-slavery. The convention closed the Ohio chapter and re-opened it under more moderate leadership. Delegates from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, New England, and other Northern states bolted when a resolution declaring that no candidate that opposed prohibiting slavery north of the 36'30' parallel would be granted the nomination was voted down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023361-0001-0001", "contents": "1856 American National Convention\nThis removed a greater part of the American Party's support in the North outside of New York, where the conservative faction of the Whig Party remained faithful. Former President Millard Fillmore was nominated for president with 179 votes out of the 234 votes cast. The convention chose Andrew J. Donelson of Tennessee for vice president with 181 votes to 30 scattered votes and 24 abstentions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023361-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 American National Convention, North American Seceders Party nomination\nA group of North American delegates called the North American Seceders withdrew from the convention and met separately. They objected to the attempt to work with the Republican Party. The Seceders held their own national convention on 6/16-17/1856. 19 delegates unanimously nominated Robert F. Stockton for president and Kenneth Raynor for vice-president. The Seceders' ticket later withdrew from the contest, with Stockton endorsing Millard Fillmore for the Presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 75], "content_span": [76, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023362-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Argentina\u2013Chile treaty\nThe Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation of 1856 between Chile and Argentina (Spanish: Tratado de paz, amistad, comercio y navegaci\u00f3n entre la Rep\u00fablica de Chile y la Confederaci\u00f3n Argentina) was the first boundary treaty  between Argentina and Chile. Article 39 of the treaty proposed the use of direct diplomatic negotiations and arbitration to resolve disputes. It established that the boundaries should be based on the uti possidetis principle based on what each country possessed before the Chilean and Argentine wars of independence beginning in 1810. It also postponed the solution of disputes into the future. Article 40 of this treaty established a 12 year limit on the effect of its articles about commerce and navigation. The Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina mentions this treaty to say that the later treaty is \"in fulfillment\" of Section 39 of this treaty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 932]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023363-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1856 Atlantic hurricane season featured six tropical cyclones, five of which made landfall. The first system, Hurricane One, was first observed in the Gulf of Mexico on August\u00a09. The final storm, Hurricane Six, was last observed on September\u00a022. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Only two tropical cyclones during the season existed simultaneously. One of the cyclones has only a single known point in its track due to a sparsity of data. Operationally, another tropical cyclone was believed to have existed in the Wilmington, North Carolina area in September, but HURDAT \u2013 the official Atlantic hurricane database \u2013 excludes this system. Another tropical cyclone that existed over the Northeastern United States in mid-August was later added to HURDAT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023363-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Atlantic hurricane season\nFour tropical cyclones reached hurricane status, including two which became major hurricanes, Category\u00a03 or higher on the modern-day Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are currently known, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to four cyclones per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. The strongest cyclone of the season, the first hurricane, peaked at Category\u00a04 strength with 150\u00a0mph (240\u00a0km/h) winds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023363-0001-0001", "contents": "1856 Atlantic hurricane season\nKnown as the 1856 Last Island hurricane, it brought devastation to southern Louisiana. More than 200 people were killed after a storm surge submerged Last Island, making it one of the deadliest hurricanes in Louisiana history. Hurricane Two brought heavy rains and squalls to Barbados and Grenada, causing \"considerable\" damage. Tropical Storms Three and Four had a minor impact on the Northeastern United States and Cuba, respectively. Additionally, Hurricane Five caused four deaths in Inagua, Bahamas and had a minor impact on Cuba and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023363-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe season's activity was reflected with a low accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 49.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023363-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nOn August 9, a minimal hurricane was observed near the Dry Tortugas. The storm moved northwestward and strengthened, becoming a Category\u00a02 hurricane about 12\u00a0hours later. The hurricane reached Category\u00a03 strengthened late on August\u00a09. It continued to deepen and became a Category\u00a04 hurricane on the following day. At 1800\u00a0UTC on August\u00a010, the hurricane attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 150\u00a0mph (240\u00a0km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 934\u00a0mbar (27.6\u00a0inHg). Simultaneously, the storm made landfall in Last Island, Louisiana. It rapidly weakened inland and fell to tropical storm intensity on August\u00a011. The system then drifted northeastward, until dissipating over Mississippi early on August\u00a012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023363-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nOffshore, at least 183\u00a0people drowned after steamers and schooners sunk in rough seas produced by the hurricane. A storm surge between 11 and 12 feet (3.4 and 3.7\u00a0m) lashed Last Island, Louisiana. The island was completely submerged, with virtually every structure destroyed, including the hotels and casinos, while all crops were ruined. Additionally, Last Island itself split in two. Inland, heavy rainfall caused the Mermentau River to oveflow, destroying crops and every house in Abbeville. The storm produced up to 13.14 inches (334\u00a0mm) of precipitation to New Orleans. In Plaquemines Parish, rice fields were under several feet of water, while many orange trees lost their fruit. The storm resulted in at least 200\u00a0fatalities, making it one of the deadliest tropical cyclones in the history of Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023363-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nA hurricane with winds of 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h) was initially observed about 750\u00a0miles (1,000\u00a0km) northwest of the coast of Venezuela on August\u00a013. The cyclone tracked due westward and crossed Grenada, before entering the eastern Caribbean. Heavy rain and squalls were reported in Barbados and Grenada. This system was last noted near La Orchila, Venezuela on August\u00a014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023363-0006-0000", "contents": "1856 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Three\nThe third tropical storm of the season developed on August\u00a019 about 170\u00a0miles (270\u00a0km) southeast of Cape Fear, North Carolina. At 1100\u00a0UTC that day, it made landfall near Cape Lookout with winds of 60\u00a0mph (95\u00a0km/h). The storm traveled north and emerged into the Chesapeake Bay near Norfolk, Virginia. The storm continued travelling northward just offshore of the east coast of the US before finally dissipating off Rhode Island on August 21. Heavy rains and strong winds were reported in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Washington, D.C. This system was known as the Charter Oak Storm, because it felled the famed Charter Oak in Hartford, Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023363-0007-0000", "contents": "1856 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Four\nA limited number of sources indicate that a tropical storm was briefly active in the vicinity of Havana, Cuba on August\u00a021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023363-0008-0000", "contents": "1856 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nA hurricane formed north of Hispaniola on August 25. It moved westward, passing over the Inagua Islands before striking the north coast of Cuba as a Category 2 hurricane on August\u00a027. The cyclone weakened to Category 1 strength as it crossed the island, close to Matanzas, but regained first Category 2 and then Category 3 strength as it moved north through the Gulf of Mexico. The cyclone made landfall near Panama City, Florida, on August\u00a031 as a Category\u00a02 hurricane. Thereafter, it then quickly weakened to a tropical storm while moving northward through Georgia and South Carolina. The storm entered the Atlantic from the state of Virginia on next day and dissipated on September\u00a03.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023363-0009-0000", "contents": "1856 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nThe hurricane destroyed thirty houses on Inagua and four people died there. Several vessels were run ashore on the Cuban coast. In Florida, high tides were reported along the coast. The SS Florida was tossed ashore at St. Joseph Bay and completely destroyed, while streets were inundated with water in Apalachicola. Inland, strong winds and heavy winds brought very damage inland, especially at Marianna, which was considered \"a wreak.\" In Key West, it was reported that the hurricane completely washed away all of the island above water. In Georgia, flooding damaged numerous bridges, dams, and corn and cotton crop fields. Many streets and sidewalks in Columbus were blocked by falling trees. At Norfolk, Virginia, on September\u00a01, the spire of a church was blown down by the storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023363-0010-0000", "contents": "1856 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six\nA sixth tropical storm was first observed by the brig Caroline E. Kelly on September\u00a018, which experienced a heavy gale while located about 930 miles (1,500\u00a0km) east-southeast of Bermuda. With initial winds of 60\u00a0mph (95\u00a0km/h), the storm slowly strengthened while moving north-northwestward. At 1200\u00a0UTC on September\u00a019, it reached hurricane status and peaked with winds of 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h). The storm decelerated and remained at this intensity for over 24\u00a0hours. Late on September\u00a021, the system re-curved westward and weakened to a tropical storm. It was last seen by the Pride of the Sea on September\u00a022, while located about 695 miles (1,120\u00a0km) south of Cape Race, Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023364-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Bathurst County colonial by-election\nA by-election was to be held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Bathurst County on 19 June 1856 because John Plunkett had been elected to two seats and chose to represent Argyle and resigned from Bathurst County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023365-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Belgian general election\nPartial general elections were held in Belgium on 10 June 1856. In the elections for the Chamber of Representatives the result was a victory for the Catholics, who won 63 of the 108 seats. Voter turnout was 60.6%, although only 43,573 people were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023365-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Belgian general election\nUnder the alternating system, Chamber elections were only held in four out of the nine provinces: East Flanders, Hainaut, Li\u00e8ge and Limburg. Thus, 54 of the 108 Chamber seats were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023366-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Boston mayoral election\nThe Boston mayoral election of 1856 saw the reelection of Alexander H. Rice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023367-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the 1856 Chicago mayoral election, Thomas Dyer defeated former mayor Francis Cornwall Sherman. The race was shaped by the divisive national political debate surrounding the issue of slavery, particularly debate surrounding the controversial Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act. The election was treated by many as a referendum on the Kansas-Nebraska Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023367-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nFirst-term incumbent Know Nothing mayor Levi Boone did not seek reelection. His tenure had been very unpopular, and his anti-immigrant policies had led to a strong blowback from Chicago's immigrant community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023367-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nTaking place several years prior to the start of the American Civil War, the election was shaped by the tenuous national debate surrounding slavery. The campaign was particularly shaped by debate surrounding the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act (such as whether or not popular sovereignty should be applied in determining the status of new states as slave or free states). The debate was so central to the election that rather than affiliate with traditional political parties, both (Democratic) candidates for mayor instead ran under the banner of \"Pro-Nebraska\" (Dyer) and Anti- Nebraska (Sherman).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023367-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nDemocratic US Senator Stephen A. Douglas, an author of the Nebraska-Kansas Act who was seeking the 1856 Democratic presidential nomination and who would be up for reelection as a senator in two years, sought to bolster his electoral prospects by utilizing the Chicago mayoral election to illustrate popular support in Illinois for his stance on slavery (he was a prominent supporter of applying the principle of popular sovereignty to slavery). Douglas strongly backed Dyer and sought to frame the mayoral race as a referendum about his stance on slavery. He and his allies had much to gain by making that the key issue of the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023367-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nIn February 1856, two organizations that sided with Douglas' side of the debate had nominated separate candidates. \"Douglas Democracy\" nominated L. M. Keith, and a fusion organization that included \"Nebraska Democrats\" nominated Dyer. However, Keith refused to accept the mayoral nomination, thus Dyer was also supported by \"Douglas Democracy\" (who voted by acclamation to support his candidacy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023367-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nDyer was nominated alongside a ticket of candidates for other municipal offices. Sherman was not. However, his candidacy was supported by the Know Nothings, who placed his name atop their own ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023367-0006-0000", "contents": "1856 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nThe campaign was very contentious. Individuals on either side of the debate resorted to issuing character attacks against those on the opposing side. Among incidents that arose from the political tension was a public fight between Sherman-supporting Chicago Journal editor C. L. Wilson and Dyer-supporting United States District Attorney Thomas Hoyne in late-February, which resulted in them both tumbling through a plate-glass window at the Illinois State Bank Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023367-0007-0000", "contents": "1856 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nSherman was regarded to be the \"anti-slavery extension\" candidate, and received the backing of many Whig Party members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023367-0008-0000", "contents": "1856 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nIt was alleged that Douglas Democrats, in an effort to stack the vote in Dyer's favor, brought in as many as 1,500 Irish voters from neighboring Bridgeport, which was then outside the city limits, to vote illegally in the election as well as German voters. It was believed that German voters were inclined to support the \"Pro Nebraska\" ticket not out of their stance on the issue of the Nebraska Act but the presence of liquor candidates on the ticket. Similar allegations had previously arisen in the previous election. If that is true for the 1856 election, electoral fraud would have contributed to Dyer's margin of victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023368-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Chilean presidential election\nIndirect presidential elections were held in Chile on 25 July 1856. Incumbent President Manuel Montt was re-elected by a system of electors", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023369-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Christchurch Country by-election\nThe Christchurch Country by-election 1856 was a by-election held in the multi-member Christchurch Country electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 14 October 1856,  and was, along with the Grey and Bell 1856 by-election, the second equal contested by-election in New Zealand political history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023369-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Christchurch Country by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Dingley Brittin on 7 July 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023369-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Christchurch Country by-election\nThe election was won by John Ollivier. On nomination day (13 October) Ollivier and Crosbie Ward were nominated, and after a show of hands in favour of Ollivier, Ward demanded a poll. Ollivier was subsequently elected the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023370-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1856 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 2, 1856. Incumbent governor and American Party nominee William T. Minor defeated former congressman and Democratic nominee Samuel Ingham and former Comptroller of Connecticut and Republican nominee Gideon Welles with 38.99% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023370-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nIn accordance with the national transition from the Second Party System to the Third Party System, this was the first such election in which the Republicans fielded a candidate, the last in which the Know-Nothings would run (and win), and the last in which the Whig Party participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023370-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nAlthough Ingham won a strong plurality of the vote, he fell just short of a majority. As a result, the Connecticut General Assembly elected the governor, per the state constitution. Minor won the vote over Ingham, 135 to 116, in the General Assembly, and became the governor. This was the second election in which Ingham would receive a plurality of more than 10% and still lose, the first being 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023371-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Dallas municipal election\nThe 1856 Dallas municipal election was the first mayoral election in Dallas, Texas. The election was held on April 5, 1856. In the election, Dr. Samuel B. Pryor defeated challenger and eventual mayor A. D. Rice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention\nThe 1856 Democratic National Convention was a presidential nominating convention that met from June 2 to June 6 in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was held to nominate the Democratic Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1856 election. The convention selected former Secretary of State James Buchanan of Pennsylvania for president and former Representative John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention\nIncumbent Democratic President Franklin Pierce's standing with the public had been badly damaged by \"Bleeding Kansas,\" the civil strife in Kansas Territory over slavery. Many dissatisfied Democrats lined up behind Buchanan, who had served as Pierce's ambassador to Britain and thus had avoided the controversy over Bleeding Kansas, while a smaller group of Democrats supported Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. Buchanan led on the first ballot and slowly grew his support on subsequent ballots, leading Pierce to instruct his delegates to back Douglas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0001-0001", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention\nDouglas agreed to withdraw his name after receiving assurances that Buchanan would not seek re-election in 1860, allowing Buchanan to clinch the nomination on the seventeenth ballot. Pierce became the first and only elected president who was an active candidate for reelection to be denied his party's nomination for a second term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention\nEleven candidates received votes on the first vice presidential ballot, with Congressman John A. Quitman winning a plurality of the vote. The delegates lined up unanimously behind Breckinridge on the second ballot, giving him the vice presidential nomination. The Democratic ticket went on to win the 1856 election, defeating the Republican ticket of John C. Fremont and William L. Dayton and the American Party ticket of Millard Fillmore and Andrew J. Donelson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention, Background\nThe Democratic Party was wounded from its devastating losses in the 1854\u20131855 midterm elections. The party faced continued North-South sectional division over slavery-related issues, especially the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act of 1854 and subsequent violence known as \"Bleeding Kansas\" from the civil strife in the Kansas Territory during its campaign for statehood. Two notable Democratic politicians, President Pierce and Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, were seen as being at the center of the controversies, which led many party members to look elsewhere for a new compromise candidate for president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention, Background\nJames Buchanan had been a candidate for president at the 1852 Democratic National Convention, and after the 1852 election he agreed to serve as Pierce's ambassador to Britain. Buchanan's service abroad conveniently placed him outside of the country while the debate over the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act roiled the nation. Powerful Senators like John Slidell, Jesse Bright, and James A. Bayard lined up behind Buchanan, presenting him as an experienced leader who could appeal to the North and South. While Buchanan did not overtly seek the presidency, he most deliberately chose not to discourage the movement on his behalf, something that was well within his power on many occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nCalled to order at noon on Monday, June 2, by the National Committee chair Robert Milligan McLane, Samuel Medary was made the temporary president. The first day, the convention did little more than appoint committees on credentials, organization, and resolutions (writing a \"platform\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0006-0000", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nOn the second day the organization committee (John L. Dawson chair) report was adopted and John Elliot Ward of Georgia was made the convention's president. The committee on credentials (James A. Bayard, Jr. chair) settled a dispute over the Missouri delegation, but needed more time for the thorny problem of competing delegations from New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0007-0000", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nJune 4 saw the adoption of a platform (former National Committee chair Benjamin F. Hallett headed the committee on resolutions); the domestic portions were supported unanimously, the foreign policy planks by large margins. A separately reported plank on a railroad to the Pacific coast failed by a vote of 120 to 154.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0008-0000", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention, Proceedings\nOn June 5, the New York problem was finally settled by seating half of each of the competing delegations. Nominations for President were then made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0009-0000", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nOn the first ballot, Pierce received 122 votes, many of them from the South, to Buchanan's 135, with Douglas and Lewis Cass receiving the remaining votes. By the following morning fourteen ballots had been completed, but none of the three main candidates were able to get two-thirds of the vote. Pierce, whose support had been slowly declining as the ballots passed, directed his supporters to break for Douglas, withdrawing his name in a last-ditch effort to defeat Buchanan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0009-0001", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates\nDouglas, only 43 years of age, believed that he could be nominated in 1860 if he let the older Buchanan win this time, and received assurances from Buchanan's managers that this would be the case. After two more deadlocked ballots, Douglas's managers withdrew his name, leaving Buchanan as the clear winner. To soften the blow to Pierce, the convention issued a resolution of \"unqualified approbation\" in praise of his administration. This loss marked the only time in U.S. history that an elected president who was an active candidate for reelection was not nominated for a second term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0010-0000", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined\nEleven candidates were nominated for the vice presidency, but a number of them attempted to withdraw themselves from consideration, among them the eventual nominee, John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. Breckinridge supported fellow Kentuckian Linn Boyd for the vice presidential nomination. However, following a draft effort led by the delegation from Vermont, Breckinridge was nominated on the second ballot. As Vermont's David Allen Smalley stated, \"No Democrat has a right to refuse his services when his country calls.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023372-0011-0000", "contents": "1856 Democratic National Convention, Aftermath\nThe Buchanan-Breckinridge ticket went on to win the 1856 presidential election, defeating John C. Fremont with William L. Dayton from the new Republican Party, and a strong third party showing from the American Party of the \"Know Nothings\" represented by former President Millard Fillmore and Andrew J. Donelson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023373-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Djijelli earthquakes\nThe 1856 Djijelli earthquakes occurred on August 21 and 22 near the coastal area of northern Algeria. The magnitude of the two shocks are unknown, but each had a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Each of these high intensity shocks were felt as far as Genoa in northern Italy and were followed by a tsunami that affected the Mediterranean Sea. Three people were killed as a result of the second event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023374-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 East Suffolk by-election\nThe 1856 East Suffolk by-election was held on 26 December 1856 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP Sir Edward Gooch. It was won by the unopposed Conservative MP, John Henniker-Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023375-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Ecuadorian presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Ecuador in 1856. The elections were held using an electoral college, and resulted in a victory for Francisco Robles, who received 60% of the vote. He took office on 1 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023376-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Florida gubernatorial election\nThe 1856 Florida gubernatorial election was held on October 6, 1856. Democratic Nominee Madison S. Perry defeated Know Nothing candidate David S. Walker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023377-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Fox Ministry\nThe Fox Ministry was the second responsible government to be formed in New Zealand. It formed in 1856, but lasted less than a month, from 20 May to 2 June 1856. From the outset, William Fox served as Prime Minister as well as Attorney-General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023377-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Fox Ministry, Background\nFox was the leader of a 'Wellington Party' of provincial supporters in opposition to the government of Henry Sewell during the 1856 session of Parliament. He moved resolutions which led to the Sewell Ministry's demise. Fox subsequently formed a new ministry at the Governor's invitation. His provincial policies were seen as too extreme for many members, particularly from Auckland. Fox remained much respected in Wellington though had few supporters elsewhere. His administration lasted only weeks and it was not long before he in turn was succeeded by a more centrist, long-lasting administration led by Edward Stafford, which governed until 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023378-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Grand National\nThe 1856 Grand National was the 18th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 27 February 1856. The race was won by Freetrader. This was the first of five times that George Stevens rode the winner of the Grand National.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023378-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Grand National\nThis was the last time that the race was held in February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023379-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Greek legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Greece on 6 October 1856. Supporters of Dimitrios Voulgaris won a majority of the 138 seats. However, Voulgaris remained Prime Minister only until 25 November the following year, when he was replaced by Athanasios Miaoulis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023380-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Grey and Bell by-election\nThe Grey and Bell by-election 1856 was a by-election held in the Grey and Bell electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 14 October 1856, and was, along with the Christchurch Country 1856 by-election, the second equal contested by-election in New Zealand political history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023380-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Grey and Bell by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Charles Brown and was won by John Lewthwaite. On nomination day (13 October) John Lewthwaite and Mr R. Pheney were nominated, and after a second show of hands in favour of Lewthwaite, Pheney demanded a poll. John Lewthwaite was subsequently elected the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic\nAn epidemic of smallpox in 1856 on the west Pacific island of Guam, then under the control of Spain, resulted in the death of over half of the population, or about 4,500 people. The population collapse led Spanish authorities to transfer the population of Pago to Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, ending a settlement dating back before colonization. It also led the Governor of the Spanish Mariana Islands to encourage immigration to Guam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, Background\nThe 1856 epidemic was part of a long decline in the population of the Guam under Spanish rule. While Jesuit missionary Diego Luis de San Vitores, who established the first permanent presence on Guam in 1668, estimated the CHamoru population to be 100,000, estimates by his contemporaries ranged as low as 24,000 indigenous inhabitants. Scholars dispute whether the CHamoru population at the time of San Vitores had already fallen due to exposure to disease brought by the up to 100 ships that had passed through the Mariana Islands before his arrival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, Background\nEpidemics of influenza, smallpox, or whooping cough are recorded throughout the Spanish-Chamorro Wars of the late seventeenth century. In a measure to control the population, Spanish authorities transferred the population of the many small villages into six towns, which may have compounded the spread of the infectious diseases. While some histories blame the depopulation on a genocide of the CHamorus by the Spanish, the historical record records relatively few deaths in the sporadic violence of the Wars. Meanwhile, 650 CHamorus died in an influenza epidemic in 1700.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0002-0001", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, Background\nBetween 1698 and 1702, there was an average 600 deaths per year, compared to 240 births, for a net population loss of 1,800 for these five years. In 1706, a famine was recorded, apparently due to the severe social disruption. The population nadir was reached in the Spanish census of 1795, which recorded a total population on Guam of 3,500, of which only 1,894 were classified as \"natives.\" From about 1800 to the smallpox epidemic of 1856, the population rebounded. The population in 1856, before the pandemic, was 8,207.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, Background\nThere is very little evidence of the Spanish authorities providing medical care for the population. Records make occasional mention of individuals, often of doubtful credentials, providing treatment, but no mention of any organized effort to provide general care or treat individuals. The medical needs of the majority of the population were addressed by suruh\u00e5na , traditional herb doctors. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, a Spanish doctor named Balmis took the newly developed smallpox vaccine to half a dozen Spanish colonies, arriving in Manila in 1805. However, he never made it to the Spanish Marianas and none of Guam's indigenous population was vaccinated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, History\nIn late February 1856, the American schooner Edward L. Frost anchored in Apra Harbor after completing its voyage from the Philippines. A passenger who had died from smallpox on the trip was buried at sea before anchoring. The Spanish government required a three-day quarantine, but two passengers were allowed to go ashore immediately. After the first island resident became symptomatic, Governor Felipe Mar\u00eda de la Corte y Ruano Calder\u00f3n initiated home quarantines, isolation zones, and construction of isolation wards. However, the administration did not have a medical officer or any medical advisors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, History\nThe Spanish priest Aniceto del Carmen wrote an account of the progress of the outbreak:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0006-0000", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, History\nIn the beginning the infested were only from Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a. By the end of August, the epidemic had spread throughout the whole island and at the speed of lightning. The spectacle that the island presented by September was terrible, sad, very sad indeed and overwhelmingly heartbreaking. The (Filipinos) who resided in Guam, could do nothing else all day but carry the corpses in their carts to the hospital of (Adelup) and there give them burial in wide trenches where were laid as many corpses as would possibly fit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0007-0000", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, History\nThe initial vaccines that arrived from Manila were spoiled. Useable vaccine eventually arrived and was used to inoculate the uninfected and stop the spread. The pandemic peaked between March and September 1856 and burnt itself out by November. Of Guam's pre-outbreak population of 8,207, survivors numbered 3,644. The smallpox pandemic had killed 4,563 people, or over 55% of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0008-0000", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, Effects\nThe Honolulu newspaper The Polynesian printed an account by the whaleship Champion, which had anchored at Guam on January 17, 1857 and reported \"the inhabitants are starving by the thousands. Four thousand had died with smallpox in three months.\" It is possible that the lack of people to tend crops resulted in a food shortage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0009-0000", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, Effects\nThe number of villagers in Pago fell from 356 to 108 and the Spanish authorities decided to abandon the village and transferred the survivors. In 1952, a marker at the site of old village stated, \"abandoned in 1857 after the smallpox epidemic, the survivors moving to Sumay.\" The Catholic mission at Pago was also moved to Sumay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0010-0000", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, Effects\nGovernor de la Corte encouraged immigration to the Marianas to recover the population, even seriously considering encouraging mating between Carolinians and Chinese immigrants to create a race that he believed would not be as vulnerable to disease. The rate and variety of immigration to Guam increased significantly in the decade after the pandemic. About 35 Japanese agricultural laborers arrived in 1867. Perhaps 63 Chinese laborers arrived in 1858, and about 39 more over the course of the 1860s. About 600 Carolinians were brought to Guam on labor contracts around 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0010-0001", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, Effects\nThey were followed between 1865 and 1869 by 1000 Carolinians, sent throughout the Marianas, to develop the copra industry. By 1868, 430 Carolinians were listed as residents of Tamuning. Nearly as many Filipinos as Carolinians also arrived, under a government-sponsored program. Anthropologist Jane H. Underwood, who uses the term \"Neo-Chamorro,\" discusses the 1856 pandemic as a landmark date for her contention that \"[t]he rise of a mestizo group was more likely to have involved mixed marriages between Filipinos and natives than a massive infusion of European and Asian genes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023381-0011-0000", "contents": "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic, Effects\nJose Bernardo Palomo y Torres, who was 20 years old when he lost both of his parents to the 1856 pandemic, stated that the experience convinced him to become the first CHamoru priest. Years later, construction at both Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a and Asan uncovered three-foot deep trenches, each with 50 or more bodies piled on top of each other without ceremony. Over fifty years later in 1917, a U.S. military officer noted, \"The scenes occurring during this terrible plague are recalled with the utmost horror by the oldest inhabitants, who describe them with much vividness.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake\nThe 1856 Heraklion earthquake, also known as the Crete earthquake or Rhodes earthquake occurred on the morning of October 12 at 02:45 am local time. This extremely catastrophic earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.7 to 8.3 at a depth of approximately 61 to 100\u00a0km. The earthquake was felt over a very wide area extending from Sicily, Italy to the Levant and North Africa. On the Greek island of Crete, the effects of the earthquake were cataclysmic, over 500 bodies were recovered in the city of Heraklion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0000-0001", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake\nShockwaves from the earthquake were felt intensely, covering all of the Ottoman Empire; present-day Turkey, Cyprus and the Middle East where damage and human losses were reported. In Malta, the earthquake collapsed the G\u0127ajn \u0126adid Tower\u2014a coastal watchtower built around the year 1638. In Cairo, Egypt, the earthquake destroyed buildings, created seiches in canals, and killed several people. Off the Egyptian and Italian coasts, sailors reported feeling a seaquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Tectonic background\nAlong the southern coast of the Dodecanese Islands, Rhodes, Crete and the Ionian Islands, the African Plate made of oceanic crust is subducting beneath the Aegean Sea Plate (part of the Eurasian Plate) along a convergent plate boundary at a rate of 5 to 10\u00a0mm/yr. The interface of the subduction zone occasionally rupture in large megathrust earthquakes such as those in 365 and 1303. Tsunamis are produced along the Hellenic Trench as one side of the fault is suddenly thrust upwards, displacing trillions of gallons of seawater during a massive earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Earthquake\nThe Heraklion earthquake of 1856 was an intermediate-depth earthquake with a hypocenter depth of 60 to 90\u00a0km, occurring on a fault within the subducting African Plate. The epicenter is most likely located off the northern coast of Crete, based on evaluating where the strongest isoseismic contours were. For a moment magnitude 7.7 (Mw\u202f) event, the estimated fault dimensions is 64\u00a0km by 64\u00a0km at a depth of 90\u00a0km beneath the Aegean Sea while an 8.1\u20138.3 Mw\u202fwould involve a 120\u00a0km by 120\u00a0km fault rupture at a deeper depth of 130\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Effects\nThe earthquake caused widespread damage not just in Greece, but in the Middle East and North Africa, where additional deaths and damage was reported. An exact time of occurrence is still debated between 02:38 am or 02:45 am.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Effects, Greece\nThe earthquake reached XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale in the central part of Crete. The city of Heraklion was almost destroyed, with only 18 or 40 of the 3,600 houses left standing. The seaside cities of Sitia and Chania were also severely damaged. A total of 538 inhabitants on Crete were killed while 637 persons were injured. On the island of Rhodes, several villages were destroyed and the coast experienced uplift. Ground failures were widely observed amidst the destruction. Sixty lives were lost on the island. The island of Thera also reported some damage. In Kasos and Karpathos, 8,000 homes were wiped-out, with about 20 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Effects, Greece\nOn mainland Greece, the cities Ioannina and Kyparissia also felt the quake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0006-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Effects, Malta\nIn the Maltese Islands, the earthquake was felt much stronger than most earthquakes from Greece when felt on the islands, making this very unusual and of interest to many seismologists. The quake disrupted the night and woke everyone on the island. Shaking lasted between 22 to 60 seconds, causing many residents to lose their balance and threw down many items in houses. Large cracks developed in the homes of some places such as Valletta and Gozo Region. Many churches had cracks in the walls and domes and had hanging crucifixes falling off. In some cases, the damage was more serious, some churches experiencing a total collapse. The dome of Saint Paul's Cathedral in Mdina collapsed from the inside, which caused some \u00a31,000 in damages. Another church, the Carmelite Church, had its steeple rebuilt because the earthquake had damaged it so severely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0007-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Effects, Malta\nDamage to structures corresponded to intensity VII, higher than expected for the 1,000 km distance from the earthquake in Greece. A typical earthquake should only be felt with intensties IV to V. The occurrence of very strong shaking is likely attributed to long period ground motion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0008-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Effects, Malta\nIt was this earthquake that collapsed the G\u0127ajn \u0126adid Tower. An eyewitness present at the tower one month before the earthquake said large cracks opened in the ground around the tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0009-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Effects, Malta\nShaking was also felt in Syracuse and Pozzallo, Sicily, Italy where some minor damage occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0010-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Effects, Egypt\nIn Cairo, the shaking was still perceivable and strong enough to cause damage. Shaking intensity in the Egyptian capital reached VII to VIII. Three distinct shocks were felt with durations between 1 and 2 minutes. Twenty homes collapsed and another 200 were affected, while some 20 mosques were also crippled. Seiches in canals caused water to splash all over while clocks stopped working as a result of the ground motions. At least ten people died in the city. Following the aftermath, many survivors slept outside their homes for fear of a collapse during the night for several days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0011-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Effects, Egypt\nIn Alexandria, only some old construction fell but there were no major implications to the city. Two people were killed and some injuries were sustained to people. Around the Nile Delta, collapses of homes and falling minarets killed an additional number of people in the towns of Tanta and Damanhur. In other parts of the delta, many residents found it difficult to stand, which terrified many. Ground motions were strong enough to shift furniture and cause water in tanks to slosh around. Sailors off the coasts reported feeling the strong earthquake as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0012-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Effects, Other places\nThe shock also caused damage to places like Syria and Palestine. Eyewitnesses along the coasts of Haifa and Lebanon reported a small \"tsunami\" wave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023382-0013-0000", "contents": "1856 Heraklion earthquake, Legacy\nIn the book Domestic Life in Palestine, author Mary Eliza Rogers described her experience of the strong tremors in Haifa, Israel but she dated the event incorrectly between the night of 10 and 11 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023383-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Honduran presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Honduras in 1856. The result was a victory for Jos\u00e9 Santos Guardiola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023383-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Honduran presidential election, Results\nNo candidate received a majority in the popular vote, resulting in the General Chamber electing conservative Jos\u00e9 Santos Guardiola as president and Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Lazo Guill\u00e9n as vice president on 14 February. The two took office on 17 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023384-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Hutt by-election\nThe Hutt by-election 1856 was a by-election held in the multi-member Hutt electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 27 November 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023384-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Hutt by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Alfred Ludlam and was won by Samuel Revans. On nomination day (26 November) Samuel Revans and George Hart were nominated, and after a show of hands in favour of Revans, Hart demanded a poll. Samuel Revans was subsequently elected the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023385-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1856 Illinois gubernatorial election was the eleventh election for this office. Democratic governor Joel Aldrich Matteson did not seek re-election. Former Democratic Congressman William Henry Bissell was nominated by the newly formed Republican Party at the Bloomington Convention. Former Whig Mayor of Chicago Buckner S. Morris was nominated on the Know-Nothing Party ticket. This was the first election of a Republican governor in Illinois history. At this time in Illinois history the Lieutenant Governor was elected on a separate ballot from the governor. This would remain the case until the adoption of the 1970 constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023386-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Iowa Senate election\nIn the 1856 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the sixth Iowa General Assembly. Following the expansion of the Iowa Senate from 31 to 36 seats in 1856, elections were held for 21 of the state senate's 36 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023386-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Iowa Senate election\nFollowing the previous election in 1854, Democrats had control of the Iowa Senate with 17 seats to Whigs' 14 seats. However, three changes occurred during the fifth general assembly. In the first district, Democratic Senator James M. Love resigned on July 1, 1856, causing a vacancy in his seat that was filled by special election. Democrat David Trowbridge Brigham succeeded Senator Love, holding the seat for the Democrats. In the twentieth district, Democratic Senator Theophilus Bryan was originally declared the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023386-0001-0001", "contents": "1856 Iowa Senate election\nHowever, the members of the Iowa Senate voted on January 7, 1855 to remove Senator Bryan and replace him with his Whig opponent, Senator James Cunningham Jordan, thereby flipping the seat to Whig control. In the twenty-fourth district, Democratic Senator John G. Shields died on June 25, 1856, causing a vacancy in his seat. Therefore, by election day in 1856, the Democrats held 15 seats, the Whigs held 15 seats, and one seat was vacant (the seat that had been held by Democratic Senator John Shields).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023386-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Iowa Senate election\nPrior to the 1856 election, nearly all Whigs switched political party affiliation to become Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023386-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Iowa Senate election\nTo claim control of the chamber from Democrats, the Republicans needed to garner 19 Senate seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023386-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 Iowa Senate election\nRepublicans claimed control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1856 general election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 23 seats, Democrats having 12 seats, and a lone seat for the Know Nothing Party (a net gain of 23 seats for Republicans and 1 seat for Know Nothings). This was the first time Democrats lost control of the chamber. Republican Senator William W. Hamilton was chosen as the President of the Iowa Senate for the sixth General Assembly, succeeding Democratic Senator Maturin L. Fisher in that leadership position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023386-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 Iowa Senate election\nThe 1856 general election was the first in which the Iowa Senate's districts expanded to cover all the land area currently recognized as Iowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane\nThe 1856 Last Island hurricane (also known as the Great Storm of 1856) was a deadly and destructive tropical cyclone that is tied with Hurricane Laura and Hurricane Ida as the strongest hurricane on record to make landfall in the U.S. state of Louisiana, as measured by maximum sustained winds. The first known tropical cyclone of the season, it was observed first as a minimal hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico near Dry Tortugas on August\u00a09. Moving northwestward, the cyclone quickly intensified into a strong Category\u00a04 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir\u2013Simpson scale by the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0000-0001", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane\nLate on August\u00a010, the hurricane made landfall on Last Island, Louisiana, with winds at 150\u00a0mph (240\u00a0km/h), hours before striking near New Iberia. The system rapidly weakened after moving inland, falling to tropical storm intensity on August\u00a011. The storm would be last noted over Mississippi on the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane\nOffshore, at least 183\u00a0people drowned after steamers and schooners sank in rough seas produced by the hurricane. A storm surge between 11 and 12 feet (3.4 and 3.7\u00a0m) completely submerged Last Island in Louisiana, destroying virtually every structure, including the hotels and casinos, while all crops were ruined. Additionally, Last Island itself was split in two. Inland, heavy rainfall caused the Mermentau River to flood, destroying crops and every house in Abbeville. The storm produced as much as 13.14 inches (334\u00a0mm) of precipitation in New Orleans. In Plaquemines Parish, rice fields were under several feet of water, while many orange trees lost their fruit. Overall, the hurricane resulted in at least 200\u00a0fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, Meteorological history\nThe cyclone was first detected in the eastern Gulf of Mexico 125\u00a0miles (200\u00a0km) west-northwest of Key West, Florida, on August 8, 1856. Because it was already a hurricane when it was first observed, it probably had developed further east than here. It advanced steadily northwest, strengthening to the equivalent of a Category 3 hurricane. The hurricane gradually slowed prior to landfall on August 10, and it attained its estimated peak intensity of 150\u00a0mph (240\u00a0km/h). It was a tropical cyclone of small diameter, and its maximum sustained winds may have reached Category 5 status, but were unrecorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0002-0001", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, Meteorological history\nDuring the early evening of August 10 the northeastern edge of the eye crossed over Last Island (Official name: Isle Derni\u00e8re) before making landfall a few hours later south of New Iberia, Louisiana. The cyclone is believed to have struck southern Louisiana at peak intensity with an approximate central pressure of 934\u00a0mbar (27.58\u00a0inHg). A ship reported a peripheral pressure of 955\u00a0mbar (28.20\u00a0inHg), so a lower pressure was based on the small size of the hurricane. It quickly weakened over land, and it diminished to a tropical storm on August 11. It dissipated over southwestern Mississippi on August 12 with fully tropical characteristics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, Impact and aftermath, Last Island\nMany vacationers hoping to escape were awaiting the scheduled arrival of the ship Star, which provided regular service to the mainland. However, the Star was blown off course, barely escaping sailing into the open gulf, directly into the hurricane, where it would have almost certainly been lost. Passenger Tom Ellis, an experienced captain in local waters, and a few other passengers observed the ship was off course. Ellis alerted Captain Abe Smith, who corrected the course and barely making headway against the winds, managed to pull into the channel behind the hotel. The Star was swept, crashing into shore and beached on the sand, where it stayed through the storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, Impact and aftermath, Last Island\nVisibility during the storm was extremely limited and eyes were blasted by sand until water covered the beaches. Sometime between 4:00 and 5:00 PM the storm surge occurred suddenly, with the water rising several feet in a matter of minutes. The storm surge submerged the entire island and destroyed all of the buildings. The hotel, which held many women and children on the second floor and men on the first, collapsed, crushing many and sweeping others out to sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, Impact and aftermath, Last Island\nSeveral survivors managed to make their way to the hull of the Star. By tying himself with a rope to the Star, Captain Abe Smith was able to rescue at least 40 people from the storm surge. The Star would serve as a shelter for the survivors until rescuers arrived three days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0006-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, Impact and aftermath, Last Island\nMany managed to survive by sheltering in or behind overturned cisterns, which were large wooden cylindrical tanks reinforced with iron hoops. Some clung to the raised foundations of the cisterns and a few to trees. A dozen people survived by clinging to a large piece of rotating playground equipment atop a levee. Many people floated on debris, including wall sections, logs and furniture. A sturdy wooden enclosure that held large terrapins, a regional delicacy, provided enough protection to save several individuals. Another group survived by burying their feet in the sand and holding hands. Some survivors were carried to the marshes on the mainland, although some perished from injuries or lack of food and water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0007-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, Impact and aftermath, Last Island\nOf the approximately 400 vacationers on the island, 198 were known or presumed dead and 203 were known survivors. Dixon (2009) provides lists of survivors and the dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0008-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, Impact and aftermath, Last Island\nSeveral of the victims were enslaved people. Some of the enslaved people were credited with rescuing others, including several children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0009-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, Impact and aftermath, Last Island\nThe tragedy had a major impact on the planter society, which lost many members. At the time of the hurricane approximately two-thirds of the millionaires in the U.S. lived in Louisiana, many of those being plantation owners, especially sugar growers. Of the social group affected, many were friends, acquaintances, or related by marriage or known through business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0010-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, Impact and aftermath, Last Island\nThe family home of three of the Last Island casualties was Shadows-on-the-Teche in New Iberia, Louisiana, now a National Historic Landmark. Mrs. Frances Weeks (Magill) Pruett and her children Mary Ida Magill and Augustine Magill died in the natural disaster. The two children were buried in the plantation's cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0011-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, Impact and aftermath, Last Island\nThe island itself was split into the Last Islands (Isles Dernieres). The island reportedly stayed submerged for several days before parts of it re-emerged as large sandbars. After the storm surge, the remains of the Star were the only sign that an island had ever existed there. Presently, the area is the Isles Dernieres Barrier Islands Refuge owned and managed by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries to provide protected nesting grounds for pelicans and other waterbirds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0012-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, Impact and aftermath, Elsewhere\nOn Calliou Island, which was located near Last Island, four homes were destroyed and the others suffered substantial damage. Tides generated by the storm capsized two boats and swept away stock. The city of New Orleans was inundated with 13.14\u00a0inches (335\u00a0mm) of rain. Every building in Abbeville was destroyed, including St. Mary Magdalen Church. Crops along the Mermentau River suffered large losses from freshwater flooding. Farther east, storm surge and abnormally high tides left some sections of Plaquemines Parish inundated by several feet of water, resulting in a near-total loss of rice crops. Severe losses to orange crops were reported in the area. Extensive damaged occurred in St. Tammany Parish at Lewisburg, Mandeville, and other areas near the Tchefuncte River. The storm swept away bathhouses and wharves, while also downing fences, trees, and vegetation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 932]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0013-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, In print\nThe disaster became national news as soon as three survivors salvaged a small boat and sailed to the mainland for help.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023387-0014-0000", "contents": "1856 Last Island hurricane, In print\nIn addition to the several first hand accounts, the story of Last Island has been republished periodically. The list below includes only a few versions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023388-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 2 November 1856. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023388-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result\nBecause of the large number of uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023388-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nOn 10 November 1856, the term of office of eight aldermen who were elected on 9 November 1850 expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023388-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nThe following were elected as Aldermen by the Council on 10 November 1856 for a term of office of six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023389-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1856 Massachusetts gubernatorial election on November 4. Incumbent Know-Nothing Governor Henry J. Gardner was re-elected to a third term, though his support largely came from his endorsement on the Republican Party ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023389-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThis was the last election in which the Whig Party participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023389-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Know-Nothing convention\nThe American Party convention was held at Faneuil Hall, Boston, on July 24, 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023390-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 77th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1856 during the governorship of Henry Gardner. Elihu C. Baker served as president of the Senate and Charles A. Phelps served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023390-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Massachusetts legislature\nTopics discussed included banks, bridges, fisheries, hospitals, prisons, railroads, schools, and other matters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023391-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1856 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1856. Incumbent Republican Kinsley S. Bingham defeated Democratic nominee Alpheus Felch with 56.90% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023392-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 1856 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 2, 1852, the Democratic nominee, Trusten Polk, defeated Know-Nothing candidate Robert C. Ewing (running under the American Party label), and former Senator Thomas H. Benton. Benton ran as an Independent Democrat under the label \"Benton Democrat.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023392-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Missouri gubernatorial election\nIn February 1857, Trusten Polk would be elected to the United States Senate; he therefore resigned the governorship, was replaced by Lt. Gov. Hancock Lee Jackson, and forced a special election to be called for August 1857 to fill the remainder of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023393-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Motueka and Massacre Bay by-election\nThe 1856 Motueka and Massacre Bay by-election was a by-election held in the Motueka and Massacre Bay electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 19 May 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023393-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Motueka and Massacre Bay by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Charles Parker on 15 April 1856, and was won unopposed by Herbert Curtis. It is widely believed his electoral capitulation was related to the health of his eldest daughter. He was re-elected to parliament representing Motueka and Massacre Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023394-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 New Brunswick general election\nThe 1856 New Brunswick general election was a very close election. The conservative members of Parliament manage to claim 21 seats, to the liberals' 20. Premier Charles Fisher's alliance of Liberal MLAs were ousted from government, and John Hamilton Gray became the new Premier of the colony. The main issue of the election was Prohibition. In 1855, the Liberals had passed a legislation banning alcohol in the colony, following Maine's example. The new administration repealed this act in a special session immediately after forming government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023395-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 New Jersey gubernatorial election\nThe 1856 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1856. William A. Newell, running on a fusion ticket opposed to the Franklin Pierce administration, defeated Democratic nominee William Cowper Alexander with 51.29% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023395-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Fusion\nA group of thirty-four legislators opposed to the administration of President Franklin Pierce called for a mass meeting to nominate an opposition candidate for Governor. On Wednesday, June 4 at Temperance Hall in Trenton, Whigs, Republicans, Know-Nothings, and Free-Soilers joined to nominate former U.S. Representative William A. Newell for Governor by acclamation. The meeting was presided over by William Dayton with William Pennington and Theodore Frelinghuysen among those in attendance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023395-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Fusion\nNewell's nomination was later ratified at a meeting of Fillmore-Donelson supporters in Jersey City on July 9. He was also co-ratified by supporters of the Republican Fremont-Dayton ticket on July 11 in New Brunswick. Their resolution referred to Newell as the \"opposition candidate.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023395-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nThe Democratic Party met in Trenton on August 6 and nominated New Jersey Senate President William Cowper Alexander for Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023395-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nThe names of John W. Fennimore, Joseph C. Potts, Edwin R. V. Wright, Joseph Kille, and Charles Skelton were also placed in nomination, though Skelton's name was immediately withdrawn by Philemon Dickinson. Wright's name was also withdrawn by his request, communicated to the convention by Edmund Charles. As voting continued and Alexander built a majority, the names of Fennimore, Potts, and Kille were also successively withdrawn, leaving Alexander as the convention's unanimous nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023396-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 New South Wales colonial election\nThe 1856 New South Wales colonial election was held between 11 March and 19 April 1856. This election was for all of the 54 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in 18 single-member constituencies, 13 2-member constituencies, two 3-member constituencies and one 4-member constituency, all with a first past the post system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023396-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 New South Wales colonial election\nThis was not a secret ballot and voters were required to write their name and address on the ballot paper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023396-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 New South Wales colonial election\nOnly men aged over 21 who owned at least a certain amount of land or had above a certain income, could vote. If a man fulfilled these requirements in multiple constituencies, then he was allowed to cast a vote in each. This was known as plural voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023396-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 New South Wales colonial election\nIndigenous men were allowed to vote in theory (there was no specific law against them voting), but in practice they were generally not aware of the process, not encouraged to enrol, and were mostly excluded and unable to participate in the election. In 1856, the Australian frontier wars were ongoing between various Aboriginal First Nations and the NSW government and colonists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023396-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 New South Wales colonial election\nThis was the first election held since the introduction of self-government in New South Wales. The resulting parliament, devoid of anything resembling party structure, ran for two weeks before Stuart Donaldson assumed the premiership, and struggled to deliver stable government during its term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023396-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 New South Wales colonial election, Results\nNew South Wales colonial election, 11 March 1856 \u2013 19 April 1856\u200aLegislative Assembly \u20131858 >>", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023397-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 New York state election\nThe 1856 New York state election was held on November 4, 1856, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner, an Inspector of State Prisons and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023397-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 New York state election, History\nAfter losing the elections of 1853, 1854 and 1855 due to the split of the Party and running separate tickets, the national organization of the Democratic Party urged the factions to re-unite. The Soft state convention met on July 30 at Market Hall in Syracuse, New York, Gouverneur Kemble was Temporary Chairman. The Hard state convention met at the same time at Corinthian Hall in the same city, Samuel Fowler was Temporary Chairman. The Soft delegates adopted a resolution to unite with the Hards and marched to Corinthian Hall where both factions assembled together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023397-0001-0001", "contents": "1856 New York state election, History\nWilliam C. Crain was chosen President, William M. Tweed was one of the secretaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023397-0001-0002", "contents": "1856 New York state election, History\nJudge Amasa J. Parker (a Soft) was nominated for Governor on the fourth ballot (first ballot:Addison Gardiner 69, David L. Seymour 46, Parker 33, Fernando Wood 25, John Vanderbilt 21, Horatio Seymour 21, Augustus Schell 11, E. Corning 9, Judge Brown 8, Henry W. Rogers 7, Daniel S. Dickinson 1, Samuel Fowler 1, Brownson 1, Porter 1; second ballot: Gardiner 78, D. L. Seymour 67, Parker 39, Wood 26, Schell 22, Vanderbilt 18, Corning 3, Fowler 1; third ballot: Gardiner 80, D. L. Seymour 60, Parker 39, Schell 30, Wood 22, Vanderbilt, 15; then the names of Schell, Gardiner and Wood were withdrawn). The convention then adjourned and re-assembled the next day to complete the ticket with John Vanderbilt (a Hard) for Lieutenant Governor, and John Leslie Russell (the father of later Attorney General Leslie W. Russell) for Canal Commissioner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023397-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 New York state election, History\nThe American state convention met on September 23 and 24 at Rochester, New York, J. W. Barker presided. Erastus Brooks, the editor of the New York Express, was nominated for Governor by acclamation. Lyman Odell was nominated for Lieutenant Governor on the first ballot (the other candidates were Jesse C. Dann and Goodwin Denniston). Amos H. Prescott was nominated for Canal Commissioner. Alexander Mann, of Monroe County, was nominated for Clerk of the Court of Appeals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023397-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 New York state election, History\nThe North American state convention, a secession from the American Party which had considered joining the Republicans, met on the same day at the Court House in the same city, F. W. Walker presided. In the afternoon, after some debate, they marched into the American convention and re-united, endorsing their ticket, and declaring support of the American presidential candidates Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023397-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 New York state election, Result\nThe whole Republican ticket was elected. None of the incumbents ran for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023397-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 New York state election, Result\n81 Republicans, 31 Democrats and 8 Americans were elected for the session of 1857 to the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023398-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Northumberland Boroughs colonial election re-count\nIn August 1856 the Committee of Elections and Qualifications conducted a re-count of the 1856 election for the district of Northumberland Boroughs, in which Bourn Russell had been declared elected by a margin of 8 votes over Elias Weekes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023398-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Northumberland Boroughs colonial election re-count\nThe returning officer was Isaac Gorrick who was a friend of Bourn Russell. The nomination of Russell was moved by Edward Close and seconded by John Kingsmill. Once a poll was called for, Gorrick appointed Close and Kingsmill as deputy returning officers. In January Close had also chaired a meeting at Morpeth where Weekes had addressed the voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023398-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Northumberland Boroughs colonial election re-count\nWilliam Christie lodged a petition with a \u00a3100 deposit, against the election alleging that more than 20 people who were unqualified to vote had voted for Russell. This was not a secret ballot and voters were required to write their name and address on the ballot paper. Christie subsequently published a list of the 21 people whose votes had been struck off. Because the committee was able to identify the ballot papers for people who were unable to vote, they recounted the eligible votes and declared that Elias Weekes had been elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023399-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1856. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was increased from 107 to 111. Voter turnout was 44.1%, although only 5% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023400-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Parramatta colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Parramatta on 11 October 1856 because Henry Parker had been appointed Premier and Colonial Secretary, forming the Parker ministry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023401-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1856 saw the election of Richard Vaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023402-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Philadelphia tornado\nOn  April 12, 1856, there was a strong tornado that struck the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At morning, Philadelphia was experiencing high westernly winds, with little rain and humid air. It was around 10 pm where winds started to pick up, occupied with lightning, and hail. The storm was most felt at Northern Philadelphia, where the tornado struck. This tornado might have been part of a tornado family, as 30 minutes before the Philadelphia tornado struck, another tornado struck West Chester, killing one. This tornado also may have been part of a Derecho event producing an outbreak, as another strong tornado struck Alliance, Ohio, and storm damage reported from Chicago to Cleveland down to New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023402-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Philadelphia tornado, Impact\nThe tornado formed in Chester County, between 9:30 and 10 pm moving east, striking Norristown, tearing fences. The tornado continued to move east, knocking down a train and then turned more southeast until it struck Northeast Philadelphia at 10 pm, lasting for 10 to 15 minutes, immediately smashing windows, lifting signs, damaging and unroofing 200 houses. The estimated damage caused by the tornado is said to be around $100,000 ($2.51 million in 2018). The tornado continued southeast and struck Camden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023402-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Philadelphia tornado, Impact\nSeveral trains were knocked off of their rails; one loaded with 10 cars was moved 100 yards on the track, with 5 of the cars blown off. Two large brick churches and three factories were unroofed in Kensington, with parts of the roof landing and demolishing a two-story frame building that had 6 children in the lower floor. Five houses were completely destroyed. The worst damage from this tornado was a large boiler house of the Franklin Iron Works that was completely demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023402-0002-0001", "contents": "1856 Philadelphia tornado, Impact\nAfter the tornado dissipated, the storm itself would still cause damage, lifting a shed 150 yards in Tacony, stripping and damaging many buildings in Newark, blowing down a house near Elkton, killing two, blowing in a church in Bridgewater, ripping a roof off of a bridge in Beaver, and blowing down the York Furnace Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023402-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Philadelphia tornado, Impact\nThe tornado caused telegraph line outages lasting several days west of Philadelphia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023402-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 Philadelphia tornado, Aftermath\nThe tornado left North Philadelphia in ruins, leaving 9 injured. The storm damaged most of eastern Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023403-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Portuguese legislative election\nThe Portuguese legislative election, 1856 was held on 9 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023404-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Republican National Convention\nThe 1856 Republican National Convention was a presidential nominating convention that met from June 17 to June 19 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the first national nominating convention in the history of the Republican Party, and was held to nominate the party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1856 election. The convention selected former Senator John C. Fr\u00e9mont of California for president and former Senator William L. Dayton of New Jersey for vice president. The convention also appointed the members of the newly-established Republican National Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023404-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Republican National Convention\nThe Republican Party had been organized by opponents of the expansion of slavery in the territories following the passage of the 1854 Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act. With William Seward, Salmon P. Chase, and Charles Sumner all taking their names out of consideration, Fr\u00e9mont entered the Republican convention as the front-runner for the presidential nomination. Fr\u00e9mont had previously been nominated by the North American Party, which consisted of anti-slavery members of the American Party who were unwilling to support the American Party candidate, Millard Fillmore. Though Associate Justice John McLean of Ohio had the backing of some delegates, Fr\u00e9mont clinched the presidential nomination on the first formal ballot of the Republican convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023404-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Republican National Convention\nDayton was nominated on the first formal vice presidential ballot, defeating former Congressman Abraham Lincoln of Illinois and several other candidates. The Republican ticket carried several Northern states in the general election, but the Democratic ticket of James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge won the 1856 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023404-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Republican National Convention, History, Background\nOn June 19, 1855, a small gathering of like-minded individuals met in Washington, D.C. where they passed a resolution noting the recent abrogation of \"all compromises, real or imaginary\" by the opening of Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory to the possible institution of slavery. These proclaimed themselves the \"Republican Association of Washington, District of Columbia\" and passed a simple four plank platform including the demand that \"There should be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for the punishment of crime, in any of the Territories of the United States.\" A number of state organizations were soon established along similar lines and the Republican Party was effectively born.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023404-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 Republican National Convention, History, Background\nOn January 17, 1856, representatives of Republican Party organizations in Ohio, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wisconsin \u2014 all Northern states in which slavery was prohibited \u2014 issued a joint call for an \"informal Convention\" to be held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on February 22, 1856, in order to perfect the national organization and to call a formal, properly delegated national convention to nominate candidates for President and Vice-President of the United States for the forthcoming November 1856 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023404-0004-0001", "contents": "1856 Republican National Convention, History, Background\nThe gathering elected a governing National Executive Committee and passed various resolutions calling for the repeal of laws enabling slaveholding in free territories and \"resistance by Constitutional means of Slavery in any Territory,\" defense of anti-slavery individuals in Kansas who were coming under physical attack, and a call to \"resist and overthrow the present National Administration\" of Franklin Pierce, \"as it is identified with the progress of the Slave power to national supremacy.\" One speaker from Kansas was Samuel Newitt Wood who was central to all of the Bleeding Kansas events and according to The New York Times was the \"lion of the evening.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023404-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 Republican National Convention, History, Background\nThe 22-member Republican National Committee, which included one representative from each state attending the Pittsburgh Convention, met in plenary session on March 27, 1856, at the Willard Hotel in Washington, DC, and issued a call for a formal presidential nominating convention. This was slated to begin on June 17, 1856, in Philadelphia. Each state organization was to be allocated six at-large delegates, plus three delegates for each congressional district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023404-0006-0000", "contents": "1856 Republican National Convention, History, North American Party convention\nThe candidates to be nominated by the new Republican party were first nominated by the anti-slavery rump of the American Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023404-0007-0000", "contents": "1856 Republican National Convention, History, North American Party convention\nOthers from the North who were opposed to slavery formed their own party after the nomination of former President Millard Fillmore in Philadelphia. This party called for its national convention to be held in New York, New York, just before the Republican National Convention. Party leaders hoped to nominate a joint ticket with the Republicans to defeat Buchanan. The national convention was held on June 12 to 20, 1856 in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023404-0007-0001", "contents": "1856 Republican National Convention, History, North American Party convention\nAs John C. Fr\u00e9mont was the favorite to attain the Republican nomination there was a considerable desire for the North American party to nominate him, but it was feared that in doing so they may possibly injure his chances to actually become the Republican nominee. The delegates voted repeatedly on a nominee for president without a result. Nathaniel P. Banks was nominated for president on the 10th ballot over John C. Fr\u00e9mont and John McLean, with the understanding that he would withdraw from the race and endorse John C. Fr\u00e9mont once he had won the Republican nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023404-0007-0002", "contents": "1856 Republican National Convention, History, North American Party convention\nThe delegates, preparing to return home, unanimously nominated Fr\u00e9mont on the 11th ballot shortly after his nomination by the Republican Party in Philadelphia. The chairman of the convention, William F. Johnston, had been nominated to run for vice-president, but later withdrew when the North Americans and the Republicans failed to find an acceptable accommodation between him and the Republican nominee, William Dayton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023404-0008-0000", "contents": "1856 Republican National Convention, The First Republican Convention\nThe first Republican National Convention was held in the Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 17 to 19, 1856. The convention approved an anti-slavery platform that called for congressional sovereignty in the territories, an end to polygamy in Mormon settlements, and federal assistance for a transcontinental railroad. John C. Fr\u00e9mont, John McLean, William Seward, Salmon Chase, and Charles Sumner all were considered by those at the convention, but the latter three requested that their names be withdrawn. McLean's name was initially withdrawn by his manager Rufus Spalding, but the withdrawal was rescinded at the strong behest of the Pennsylvania delegation led by Thaddeus Stevens. Fr\u00e9mont was nominated for president overwhelmingly on the formal ballot, and William L. Dayton was nominated for vice president over Abraham Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023405-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 R\u016f\u017eena\n1856 R\u016f\u017eena, provisional designation 1969 TW1, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1969, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchny, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after R\u016f\u017eena Petrovicova, staff member at Kle\u0165 Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023405-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 R\u016f\u017eena, Orbit and classification\nR\u016f\u017eena orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,222 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as 1941 FP at the Finnish Iso-Heikkil\u00e4 Observatory. The body's observation arc, however, starts with its official discovery observation at Nauchnyj in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023405-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 R\u016f\u017eena, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, R\u016f\u017eena measures 6.62 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.335. As of 2016, the body's rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023405-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 R\u016f\u017eena, Naming\nThis asteroid was named in honor of R\u016f\u017eena Petrovicova, observer of comets and minor planets and staff member of the Kle\u0165 Observatory, located in what is now the Czech Republic. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3825).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023406-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Sewell Ministry\nThe Sewell Ministry was the first responsible government in New Zealand. Unlike previous executives, its members were held accountable to Parliament. This would form the basis for future governments in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023406-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Sewell Ministry\nThe ministry formed in 1856, but lasted only one month, from 18 April to 20 May. From 7 May onwards, Henry Sewell held office as colonial secretary, considered to be the equivalent of a prime minister or premier. Thus, Sewell is regarded as the first prime minister of New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023406-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Sewell Ministry, Historic context\nSir George Grey, the 3rd Governor of New Zealand, greatly influenced the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 (UK). The British colony was granted self-government in 1853, which allowed for a bicameral Parliament consisting of an elected House of Representatives of 24 to 42 members, and an appointed Legislative Council of not fewer than ten members. It also allowed for provinces to be formed, each presided over by an elected Superintendent, for initially Auckland, Taranaki, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury and Otago. Elections were held in 1853 for the provincial councils, the superintendents, and the House of Representatives. In this federal system, the central government had responsibility over defence and native affairs, and the provincial governments had substantial powers of their own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023406-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Sewell Ministry, Historic context\nThe governance system was set up where European settlements were scattered in small settlements, and communications and travel were rather difficult. Virtually all long distance transport was by sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023406-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 Sewell Ministry, Historic context\nTo be eligible to vote in either the provincial or national elections, voters had to be male owners of property valued at \u00a350, or leasehold valued at \u00a310. The first Parliament had 37 members, elected by 5849 voters, of which around 100 were Maori. Once the provincial governments had been set up, New Zealand had given itself six miniature parliaments, endeavouring to emulate Westminster as best they could, for a total European population of about 30,000. And all of that in addition to the bicameral Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023406-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 Sewell Ministry, Historic context\nAt the very first meeting of first Parliament in May 1854, a resolution was passed that the House be given responsible and representative government immediately, i.e. the power to appoint an Executive Council that has decision-making powers. Robert Wynyard, the administrator filling in after Grey's departure and before the arrival of the next Governor, Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, formed an Executive Council led by James FitzGerald (the Fitzgerald Ministry). When it became clear that the first ministers had no power, they resigned as the Executive after seven weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023406-0005-0001", "contents": "1856 Sewell Ministry, Historic context\nWynyard prorogued Parliament as the members refused to accept his claim that responsible government was not possible without royal assent, which had not been given. In the next session, Thomas Forsaith, a member of the minority that supported Wynyard, was appointed by Wynyard to lead an Executive (the Forsaith Ministry). This appointed ministry did not have the confidence of Parliament and lasted only from 31 August to 2 September 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023406-0006-0000", "contents": "1856 Sewell Ministry, Historic context\nWhen Browne arrived, he announced that self-government would begin with the 2nd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023406-0007-0000", "contents": "1856 Sewell Ministry, First responsible government\nHenry Sewell, who had been a member of the 1st Parliament, stood for re-election in the Town of Christchurch electorate, and was returned. As a result of his previous service on Fitzgerald's first Executive Council, Sewell was asked by Browne to form a government. He was appointed to the Executive Council on 18 April 1856, and became Colonial Secretary (considered to be the equivalent of Prime Minister), at the head of New Zealand's first responsible government, on 7 May. Dillon Bell became Colonial Treasurer, Frederick Whitaker became Attorney-General, and Henry Tancred became a minister without portfolio. Whitaker and Tancred were both members of the Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023406-0008-0000", "contents": "1856 Sewell Ministry, First responsible government\nPreviously, the Executive Council had functioned as an advisory group to the Governor, and ministerial functions were performed by appointed officials, not politicians. The various \"ministers\" serving on the Council, such as Andrew Sinclair (Colonial Secretary since 1844) and Alexander Shepherd (Colonial Treasurer since 1842), retired from their roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023407-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 State of the Union Address\nThe 1856 State of the Union Address was given by Franklin Pierce, the 14th president of the United States. It was presented to the 34th United States Congress by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023407-0000-0001", "contents": "1856 State of the Union Address\nHe said, \"it is necessary only to say that the internal prosperity of the country, its continuous and steady advancement in wealth and population and in private as well as public well-being, attest the wisdom of our institutions and the predominant spirit of intelligence and patriotism which, notwithstanding occasional irregularities of opinion or action resulting from popular freedom, has distinguished and characterized the people of America.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023407-0000-0002", "contents": "1856 State of the Union Address\nHe also stated, \"In the long series of acts of indirect aggression, the first was the strenuous agitation by citizens of the Northern States, in Congress and out of it, of the question of Negro emancipation in the Southern States.\" President Pierce supported the Kansas-Nebraska act. This neutralized the issue of slavery in the central states, and did not say whether to allow it or not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023408-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Tasmanian colonial election\nThe 1856 Tasmanian colonial elections took place from 8 to 22 September 1856 (for the House of Assembly) and 6 to 17 October 1856 (for the Legislative Council). The elections were the first to be held under the Electoral Act 1856, which established responsible government in Tasmania (until 1 January 1856 called Van Diemen's Land) and created a bicameral parliament consisting of the 30-member Tasmanian House of Assembly and the 15-member Tasmanian Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023408-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Tasmanian colonial election\nMembers were elected using first-past-the-post voting. Following the election, William Champ became the first Premier of Tasmania on 1 November 1856, but his government lasted only 117 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023408-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Tasmanian colonial election, Results, House of Assembly\nElections for members of the House of Assembly took place between 8 and 22 September 1856. Members were elected from single-member 24 single-member divisions, while Hobart Town returned 5 members and Launceston returned 3 members. 16 members were elected unopposed, while the other members were elected using first-past-the-post voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023409-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Town of Christchurch by-election\nThe Town of Christchurch by-election of 1856 was a by-election held in the Town of Christchurch electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 18 November 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023409-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Town of Christchurch by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Henry Sewell and was won by Richard Packer. Packer had been invited to stand for election in the 1855 election, but he had declined the requisition because of the popularity of Sewell, the incumbent. Sewell resigned on 16 August 1856, the final day of the first session of the 2nd New Zealand Parliament. This was in preparation of his departure for England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023409-0001-0001", "contents": "1856 Town of Christchurch by-election\nSewell was a member of the first Stafford Ministry and had agreed with Stafford to remain in Auckland, where the seat of Parliament was at the time, so that Stafford could attend to business in his home town Nelson for one or two months. Sewell left at the end of October from Auckland on the William Denny for England via Sydney, i.e. he did not return to Canterbury first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023409-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Town of Christchurch by-election\nThe by-election was held on Tuesday, 18 November 1856. The Lyttelton Times, one of two newspapers in Canterbury at the time, merely reported that there was a general lack of excitement about the election. The lack of reporting of the voting suggests that Packer was elected unopposed; an advertised writ would confirm whether nomination day was the same as the date recorded for the election (the two only fall on the same day if there is only one candidate), but no writ appears in the Lyttelton Times. It is likely that the writ was advertised in Joseph Brittan's Canterbury Standard, as that newspaper was printed in Christchurch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023409-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Town of Christchurch by-election\nPacker served in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament until his resignation on 28 December 1859. The resulting by-election was contested by the publican and political novice Michael Hart, and by Sewell, who had returned from England. Hart accused Packer of having been a locum tenens (i.e. a place holder) for Sewell. This may or may not have been true, but at the very least, it could not have easily been arranged before Packer's election, as Sewell had not returned from Auckland before his return to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023410-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe 1856 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Monday, October 6, 1856 to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 35th Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including the presidential election, the senatorial election, the gubernatorial election, and various state and local elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023410-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1857, to March 4, 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023410-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Background\nFlorida's single seat in the House of Representatives had been held by the Democrats since 1852. In the 1854 election, the Democratic Party made key gains in the former Whig strongholds of Pensacola and Jacksonville. By 1856, the Whig Party had collapsed, and they were replaced in the South by the Know Nothing Party, also known as the American Party, which was serving as a successor to the prior Anti-Masonic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 75], "content_span": [76, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023410-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign\nBaker campaigned heavily alongside the Know Nothing candidates for president and governor, former President Millard Fillmore and former Tallahassee Mayor David S. Walker, respectively. However, Baker fell severely ill during the election and was not able to campaign properly for the last few months, instead relying on Walker to campaign for him. This put Baker, a political unknown, at a severe disadvantage to Hawkins, who was a popular judge throughout the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023411-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1856 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 14, 1856. William Bigler was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023411-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Background\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on February 13, 1855, for the regularly scheduled Senate election for the term beginning on March 4, 1855. Two ballots were recorded on February 13, followed by three on February 27, 1855. On the fifth and final ballot during this convention, former Senator Simon Cameron had led with 55 votes to future Senator Charles R. Buckalew's 23. No candidate was elected, however, and the hung election convention adjourned by a vote of 66 to 65. Upon the expiration of incumbent James Cooper's term on March 4, 1855, the seat was vacated and would remain vacant until William Bigler's election in January 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023411-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nOn January 14, 1856, the election convention of the General Assembly re-convened and elected Democratic former Governor of Pennsylvania William Bigler on the first ballot to serve the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1855 and would expire on March 4, 1861. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023412-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States elections\nThe 1856 United States elections elected the members of the 35th United States Congress and the President to serve from 1857 until 1861. The elections took place during a major national debate over slavery, with the issue of \"Bleeding Kansas\" taking center stage. Along with the 1854 elections, these elections saw the start of the Third Party System, as the Republican Party absorbed the Northern anti-slavery representatives who had been elected in 1854 under the \"Opposition Party\" ticket (consisting largely of former Whigs) as the second-most powerful party in Congress. Minnesota and Oregon joined the union before the next election, and elected their respective Congressional delegations to the 35th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023412-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States elections\nIn the Presidential election, Democratic former Secretary of State James Buchanan defeated Republican General John Fremont and the American Party candidate, former President Millard Fillmore. Buchanan swept the South and split the North with Fremont, while Fillmore won Maryland. Buchanan had defeated incumbent President Franklin Pierce (the first elected president to lose his party's presidential nomination) and Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois on the 17th ballot at the 1856 Democratic National Convention. Fremont defeated Supreme Court Justice John McLean at the 1856 Republican National Convention to take the Republican nomination. Fillmore's third-party candidacy took over twenty percent of the popular vote, the best popular vote showing by a third party until Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 candidacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023412-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States elections\nIn the House, the Democratic Party won several seats to take the plurality, but narrowly missed taking the majority. The Republican Party established itself as the second-largest party in the House, replacing the Opposition Party. The American Party lost numerous seats, but continued to maintain a presence in the House. Democrat James Lawrence Orr won election as Speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023412-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Democrats made minor gains, maintaining their commanding majority. The Republican Party replaced the Opposition Party as the second-largest party, while the American Party picked up a small number of seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election\nThe 1856 United States presidential election was the 18th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1856. In a three-way election, Democrat James Buchanan defeated Republican nominee John C. Fr\u00e9mont, and Know Nothing nominee and former President Millard Fillmore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election\nThis was the only time in U.S. history in which a political party denied renomination to the incumbent president and won. Incumbent Democratic President Franklin Pierce was widely unpopular in the North because of his support for the pro-slavery faction in the ongoing civil war in territorial Kansas, and Buchanan defeated Pierce at the 1856 Democratic National Convention. Buchanan, a former Secretary of State, had avoided the divisive debates over the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act by virtue of his service as the Ambassador to the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election\nSlavery was the main issue, and with it the question of survival of the United States as it then existed. The Democrats were seen as the pro-slavery party; the new Republican party, though certainly in favor of national abolition, limited its efforts to the politically more manageable question of the extension of slavery into federal territories (and its removal from the District of Columbia). The nativist Know Nothings (known formally as the American Party) competed with the Republicans to replace the moribund Whig Party as the primary opposition to the Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election\nThe 1856 Republican National Convention nominated a ticket led by Fr\u00e9mont, an explorer and military officer who had served in the Mexican\u2013American War. The Know Nothings, who ignored slavery and instead emphasized anti-immigration and anti-Catholic policies, nominated a ticket led by former Whig President Millard Fillmore. Domestic political turmoil was a major factor in the nominations of both Buchanan and Fillmore, who appealed in part because of their recent time abroad, and with it the fact that they had not had to take a position on the divisive questions related to slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election\nThe Democrats supported expansionist slave-holding policies generally of varying intensities. They called for \"popular sovereignty\", which in theory would allow the residents in a territory to decide for themselves what the status of enslavement would be before statehood were to be achieved. In practice, in Kansas Territory, it produced a state-level civil war which they blamed on abolitionists in general and John Brown in particular. Fr\u00e9mont opposed the expansion of slavery. Buchanan called that position \"extremist\", warning that a Republican victory would lead to disunion, a then constant issue of political debate which had already been long discussed and advocated. The Know Nothings attempted to present themselves as the one party capable of bridging the sectional divides. All three major parties found support in the North, but the Republicans had virtually no backing in the South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 938]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election\nBuchanan won a plurality of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote, taking all but one slave state and five free states. His popular vote margin of 12.2% was the greatest margin between 1836 and 1904. However, the election was far closer than it appeared: if Fillmore had won any two of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Louisiana (or all three) and Fr\u00e9mont had won Illinois\u2014a total shift of fewer than 25,000 votes\u2014a contingent election would have been required in the House of Representatives, controlled by a new coalition of inchoate parties united in opposing the Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0006-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election\nFr\u00e9mont won a majority of electoral votes from free states and finished second in the nationwide popular vote, while Fillmore took 21.5% of the popular vote and carried Maryland. The Know Nothings soon collapsed as a national party, as most of its anti-slavery members joined the Republican Party after the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford Supreme Court ruling. 1856 also proved to be the last Democratic presidential victory until 1884, as Republicans emerged as the dominant party during and after the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0007-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations\nThe 1856 presidential election was primarily waged among three political parties, though other parties had been active in the spring of the year. The conventions of these parties are considered below in order of the party's popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0008-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Democratic candidates gallery\nThe Democratic Party was wounded from its devastating losses in the 1854\u20131855 midterm elections. U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, who had sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, entered the race in opposition to President Franklin Pierce. The Pennsylvania delegation continued to sponsor its favorite son, James Buchanan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 113], "content_span": [114, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0009-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Democratic candidates gallery\nThe Seventh Democratic National Convention was held in Smith and Nixon's Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio, on June 2 to 6, 1856. The delegates were deeply divided over slavery. On the first ballot, Buchanan placed first with 135.5 votes to 122.5 for Pierce, 33 for Douglas, and 5 for Senator Lewis Cass, who had been the nominee in 1848. With each succeeding ballot, Douglas gained at Pierce's expense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 113], "content_span": [114, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0009-0001", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Democratic candidates gallery\nOn the 15th ballot, most of Pierce's delegates shifted to Douglas in an attempt to stop Buchanan, but Douglas withdrew when it became clear Buchanan had the support of the majority of those at the convention, also fearing that his continued participation might lead to divisions within the party that could endanger its chances in the general election. For the first time in American history a man who had been elected president was denied re-nomination after seeking it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 113], "content_span": [114, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0010-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Democratic candidates gallery\nA host of candidates were nominated for the vice presidency, but a number of them attempted to withdraw themselves from consideration, among them the eventual nominee, John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. Breckinridge, besides having been selected as an elector, was also supporting former Speaker of the House Linn Boyd for the nomination. However, following a draft effort led by the delegation from Vermont, Breckinridge was nominated on the second ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 113], "content_span": [114, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0011-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican candidates gallery\nThe Republican Party was formed in early 1854 to oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act. During the midterm elections of 1854\u20131855, the Republican Party was one of the patchwork of anti-administration parties contesting the election, but they were able to win thirteen seats in the House of Representatives for the 34th Congress. However, the party collaborated with other disaffected groups and gradually absorbed them. In the elections of 1855, the Republican Party won three governorships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 113], "content_span": [114, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0012-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican candidates gallery\nThe first Republican National Convention was held in the Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 17 to 19, 1856. The convention approved an anti-slavery platform that called for congressional sovereignty in the territories, an end to polygamy in Mormon settlements, and federal assistance for a transcontinental railroad\u2014a political outcome of the Pacific Railroad Surveys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 113], "content_span": [114, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0012-0001", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican candidates gallery\nJohn C. Fr\u00e9mont, John McLean, William Seward, Salmon Chase, and Charles Sumner all were considered by those at the convention, but the latter three requested that their names be withdrawn; Seward and Chase did not feel that the party was yet sufficiently organized to have a realistic chance of taking the White House and were content to wait until the next election, while Sumner, even had he been interested, was in no fit condition to run after being violently assaulted on the Senate floor a month before the convention. McLean's name was initially withdrawn by his manager Rufus Spalding, but the withdrawal was rescinded at the strong behest of the Pennsylvania delegation led by Thaddeus Stevens. Fr\u00e9mont was nominated for president overwhelmingly on the formal ballot, and William L. Dayton was nominated for vice-president over Abraham Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 113], "content_span": [114, 967]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0013-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, American (Know-Nothing) Party nomination, American Party candidates gallery\nThe American Party, formerly the Native American Party, was the vehicle of the Know Nothing movement. The American Party absorbed most of the former Whig Party that had not gone to either the Republicans or Democrats in 1854, and by 1855 it had established itself as the chief opposition party to the Democrats. In the 82 races for the House of Representatives in 1854, the American Party ran 76 candidates, 35 of whom won. None of the six independents or Whigs who ran in these races were elected. The party then succeeded in electing Nathaniel P. Banks as Speaker of the House in the 34th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 130], "content_span": [131, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0014-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, American (Know-Nothing) Party nomination, American Party candidates gallery\nThe American National Convention was held in National Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on February 22 to 25, 1856. Following the decision by party leaders in 1855 not to press the slavery issue, the convention had to decide how to deal with the Ohio chapter of the party, which was vocally anti-slavery. The convention closed the Ohio chapter and re-opened it under more moderate leadership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 130], "content_span": [131, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0014-0001", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, American (Know-Nothing) Party nomination, American Party candidates gallery\nDelegates from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, New England, and other northern states bolted when a resolution that would have required all prospective nominees to be in favor of prohibiting slavery north of the 36'30' parallel was voted down. This removed a greater part of the American Party's support in the North outside of New York, where the conservative faction of the Whig Party remained faithful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 130], "content_span": [131, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0015-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, American (Know-Nothing) Party nomination, American Party candidates gallery\nThe only name with much support was former President Millard Fillmore. Historian Allan Nevins says Fillmore was not a Know-Nothing or a nativist. He was out of the country when the nomination came and had not been consulted about running. Furthermore, Fillmore was neither a member of the party nor had he ever attended an American [Know-Nothing] gathering nor had he by \"spoken or written word [...] indicated a subscription to American tenets\". Fillmore was nominated with 179 votes out of the 234 votes cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 130], "content_span": [131, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0015-0001", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, American (Know-Nothing) Party nomination, American Party candidates gallery\nThe convention chose Andrew Jackson Donelson of Tennessee for vice-president with 181 votes to 30 scattered votes and 24 abstentions. Although the nativist argument of the American party had considerable success in local and state elections in 1854\u201355, candidate Fillmore in 1856 concentrated almost entirely on national unity. Historian Tyler Anbinder says, \"The American party had dropped nativism from its agenda.\" Fillmore won 22% of the national popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 130], "content_span": [131, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0016-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, North American Party nomination, North American Party candidates gallery\nThe anti-slavery \"Americans\" from the North formed their own party after the nomination of Fillmore in Philadelphia. This party called for its national convention to be held in New York, New York, just before the Republican National Convention. Party leaders hoped to nominate a joint ticket with the Republicans to defeat Buchanan. The national convention was held on June 12 to 20, 1856 in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 127], "content_span": [128, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0016-0001", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, North American Party nomination, North American Party candidates gallery\nAs John C. Fr\u00e9mont was the favorite to attain the Republican nomination there was a considerable desire for the North American party to nominate him, but it was feared that in doing so they may possibly injure his chances to actually become the Republican nominee. The delegates voted repeatedly on a nominee for president without a result. Nathaniel P. Banks was nominated for president on the 10th ballot over John C. Fr\u00e9mont and John McLean, with the understanding that he would withdraw from the race and endorse John C. Fr\u00e9mont once he had won the Republican nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 127], "content_span": [128, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0016-0002", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, North American Party nomination, North American Party candidates gallery\nThe delegates, preparing to return home, unanimously nominated Fr\u00e9mont on the eleventh ballot shortly after his nomination by the Republican Party in Philadelphia. The chairman of the convention, William F. Johnston, had been nominated to run for vice-president, but later withdrew when the North Americans and the Republicans failed to find an acceptable accommodation between him and the Republican nominee, William Dayton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 127], "content_span": [128, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0017-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, North American Seceders Party nomination, North American Seceders Party candidates gallery\nA group of North American delegates called the North American Seceders withdrew from the North American Party's convention and met separately. They objected to the attempt to work with the Republican Party. The Seceders held their own national convention on June 16 and 17, 1856. 19 delegates unanimously nominated Robert F. Stockton for president and Kenneth Rayner for vice-president. The Seceders' ticket later withdrew from the contest, with Stockton endorsing Millard Fillmore for the presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 145], "content_span": [146, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0018-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nThe Whig Party was reeling from electoral losses since 1852. Half of its leaders in the South bolted to the Southern Democratic Party. In the North the Whig Party was moribund with most of its anti-slavery members joining the Republican Party. This party remained somewhat alive in states like New York and Pennsylvania by joining the anti-slavery movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0019-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, Whig Party nomination\nThe fifth (and last) Whig National Convention was held in the Hall of the Maryland Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, on September 17 and 18, 1856. There were one hundred and fifty delegates sent from twenty-six states. Though the leaders of this party wanted to keep the Whig Party alive, it became irretrievably doomed once these one hundred and fifty Whig delegates decided unanimously to endorse the American Party's national ticket of Fillmore and Donelson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0020-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty Party nomination\nBy 1856, very little of the Liberty Party remained. Most of its members joined the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nearly of all what remained of the party joined the Republicans in 1854. What remained of the party ran 1848 candidate Gerrit Smith under the name of the \"National Liberty Party.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0021-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nNone of the three candidates did any public campaigning. The Republican Party opposed the extension of slavery into the territories: in fact, its slogan was \"Free speech, free press, free soil, free men, Fr\u00e9mont and victory!\" The Republicans thus crusaded against the Slave Power, warning it was destroying republican values. Democrats warned that a Republican victory would bring a civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0022-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe Republican platform opposed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise through the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act, which enacted the policy of popular sovereignty, allowing settlers to decide whether a new state would enter the Union as free or slave. The Republicans also accused the Pierce administration of allowing a fraudulent territorial government to be imposed upon the citizens of the Kansas Territory, thus engendering the violence that had raged in Bleeding Kansas. They advocated the immediate admittance of Kansas as a free state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0023-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nAlong with opposing the spread of slavery into the continental territories of the United States, the party also opposed the Ostend Manifesto, which advocated the annexation of Cuba from Spain. In sum, the campaign's true focus was against the system of slavery, which they felt was destroying the republican values that the Union had been founded upon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0024-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe Democratic platform supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and popular sovereignty. The party supported the pro-slavery territorial legislature elected in Kansas, opposed the free-state elements within Kansas, and castigated the Topeka Constitution as an illegal document written during an illegal convention. The Democrats also supported the plan to annex Cuba, advocated in the Ostend Manifesto, which Buchanan helped devise while serving as minister to Britain. The most influential aspect of the Democratic campaign was a warning that a Republican victory would lead to the secession of numerous southern states. The main Democratic campaign was a counter-crusade against the Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0024-0001", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThey ridiculed Fr\u00e9mont's military record and warned that his victory would bring civil war. Much of the private rhetoric of the campaign focused on unfounded rumors regarding Fr\u00e9mont\u2014talk of him as president taking charge of a large army that would support slave insurrections, the likelihood of widespread lynchings of slaves, and whispered hope among slaves for freedom and political equality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0025-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nBecause Fillmore was considered by many incapable of securing the presidency on the American ticket, Whigs were urged to support Buchanan. Democrats also called on nativists to make common cause with them against the specter of sectionalism even if they had once attacked their political views.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0026-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nFillmore and the Americans, meanwhile, insisted that they were the only \"national party\" since the Democrats leaning in favor of the South and the Republicans were fanatically in favor of the North and abolition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0027-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nA minor scandal erupted when the Americans, seeking to turn the national dialogue back in the direction of nativism, put out a rumor that Fr\u00e9mont was in fact a Roman Catholic. Because of the Republican candidate's French-Canadian ancestry and surname, many voters accepted the allegation at face value. The Democrats ran with it, and the Republicans found themselves unable to counteract the rumor effectively given that while the statements were false, any stern message against those assertions might have crippled their efforts to attain the votes of German Catholics. Attempts were made to refute it through friends and colleagues, but the issue persisted throughout the campaign and might have cost Fr\u00e9mont the support of a number of American Party members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0028-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe campaign had a different nature in the free states and the slave states. In the free states, there was a three-way campaign, which Fr\u00e9mont won with 45.2% of the vote to 41.5% for Buchanan and 13.3% for Fillmore; Fr\u00e9mont received 114 electoral votes to 62 for Buchanan. In the slave states, however, the contest was for all intents and purposes between Buchanan and Fillmore; Buchanan won 56.1% of the vote to 43.8% for Fillmore and 0.1% for Fr\u00e9mont, receiving 112 electoral votes to 8 for Fillmore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0029-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nNationwide, Buchanan won 174 electoral votes, a majority, and was thus elected. Fr\u00e9mont received no votes in ten of the fourteen slave states with a popular vote; he obtained 306 in Delaware, 285 in Maryland, 283 in Virginia, and 314 in Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0030-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nOf the 1,713 counties making returns, Buchanan won 1,083 (63.22%), Fr\u00e9mont won 366 (21.37%), and Fillmore won 263 (15.35%). One county (0.06%) in Georgia split evenly between Buchanan and Fillmore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0031-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThis would be the final presidential election where the Know Nothing Party put up a campaign, as the party began to splinter. After the Supreme Court's controversial Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling in 1857, most of the anti-slavery members of the party joined the Republicans. The pro-slavery wing of the American Party remained strong on the local and state levels in a few southern states, but by the 1860 election, they were no longer a serious national political movement. Most of their remaining members either joined or supported the Constitutional Union Party in 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0032-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThis was the last election in which the Democrats won Pennsylvania until 1936, the last in which the Democrats won Illinois until 1892, the last in which the Democrats won California until 1880, the last in which the Democrats won Indiana and Virginia until 1876 and the last in which the Democrats won Tennessee until 1872. This also started the long Republican trend in Vermont, which would not be broken until 1964, over a century later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0032-0001", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign\nThe presidential election of 1856 was also the last time to date that a Democrat was elected to succeed a fellow Democrat as president, and the last one in which a former president ran for election to the presidency on a third party ticket until 1912, when Theodore Roosevelt ran on the Progressive Party ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0033-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, General election, Results\n(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0034-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Results by state\nSource: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836\u20131892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247\u201357.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0035-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Counting Wisconsin electors: February 11, 1857\nDuring the Joint session of Congress to count the electoral votes, a kerfuffle took place that some, well over a century and a half later, would attempt to use as a precedent to try to overturn a presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 88], "content_span": [89, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023413-0036-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election, Counting Wisconsin electors: February 11, 1857\nThe electors of Wisconsin, delayed by a snowstorm, did not cast their votes for Fr\u00e9mont and Dayton until several days after the appointed time and sent a certificate mentioning this fact. When the votes for the state were opened by acting Vice President James Mason, he counted them over the objections of the leadership of both Houses of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 88], "content_span": [89, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023414-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Alabama\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Alabama was held on November 4, 1856. Alabama voters chose 9 electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023414-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Alabama\nAlabama was won by Senator James Buchanan (D\u2013Pennsylvania), running with Representative and future presidential candidate in the 1860 presidential election John C. Breckinridge, with 62.08% of the popular vote, against the 13th president of the United States Millard Fillmore (A\u2013New York), running with the 2nd United States Ambassador to Germany Andrew Jackson Donelson, with 37.92% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023414-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Alabama\nThe Republican Party nominee John C. Fr\u00e9mont was not on the ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023415-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Arkansas was held on November 4, 1856. Arkansas voters chose four electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023415-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nArkansas voted for the Democratic nominee James Buchanan, who received 67% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023415-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nRepublican Party nominee John C. Fr\u00e9mont was not on the ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023416-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in California\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in California took place on November 4, 1856 as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023416-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in California\nCalifornia voted for the Democratic nominee, former Secretary of State James Buchanan, over the American Party nominee, former Whig President Millard Fillmore, and the Republican nominee, former U.S. Senator and Military Governor of California John C. Fr\u00e9mont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023416-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in California, Campaign\nNone of the three candidates took to the stump. The Republican Party opposed the extension of slavery into the territories\u00a0\u2014 in fact, its slogan was \"Free speech, free press, free soil, free men, Fr\u00e9mont and victory!\" The Republicans thus crusaded against the Slave Power, warning it was destroying republican values. Democrats counter-crusaded by warning that a Republican victory would bring a civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 64], "content_span": [65, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023416-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in California, Campaign\nThe Republican platform opposed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise through the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act, which enacted the policy of popular sovereignty, allowing settlers to decide whether a new state would enter the Union as free or slave. The Republicans also accused the Pierce administration of allowing a fraudulent territorial government to be imposed upon the citizens of the Kansas Territory, thus engendering the violence that had raged in Bleeding Kansas. They advocated the immediate admittance of Kansas as a free state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 64], "content_span": [65, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023416-0003-0001", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in California, Campaign\nAlong with opposing the spread of slavery into the continental territories of the United States, the party also opposed the Ostend Manifesto, which advocated the annexation of Cuba from Spain. In sum, the campaign's true focus was against the system of slavery, which they felt was destroying the Republican values that the Union had been founded upon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 64], "content_span": [65, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023416-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in California, Campaign\nThe Democratic platform supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and popular sovereignty. The party supported the pro-slavery territorial legislature elected in Kansas, opposed the free-state elements within Kansas, and castigated the Topeka Constitution as an illegal document written during an illegal convention. The Democrats also supported the plan to annex Cuba, advocated in the Ostend Manifesto, which Buchanan helped devise while serving as minister to Britain. The most influential aspect of the Democratic campaign was a warning that a Republican victory would lead to the secession of numerous southern states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 64], "content_span": [65, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023416-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in California, Results\nThis would prove the last occasion the Democratic Party carried Alameda County until Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932, the last in which the Democrats carried Santa Cruz County and Placer County until Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and the last when Napa, Solano and Marin Counties voted Democratic until Wilson in 1912. California's electoral votes would not be again carried by the Democratic Party until 1880.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023417-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023417-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nConnecticut voted for the Republican candidate, John C. Fr\u00e9mont, over the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, and the Know Nothing candidate, Millard Fillmore. Fr\u00e9mont won the state by a margin of 9.61%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023418-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Delaware\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023418-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Delaware\nDelaware voted for the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, over the Republican candidate, John C. Fr\u00e9mont, and the Know Nothing candidate, Millard Fillmore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023419-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Florida\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023419-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Florida\nFlorida voted for the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, over American Party candidate Millard Fillmore. Buchanan won Florida by a margin of 13.62%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023419-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Florida\nRepublican Party candidate John C. Fr\u00e9mont was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023420-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Georgia\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023420-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Georgia\nGeorgia voted for the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, over American Party candidate Millard Fillmore. Buchanan won Georgia by a margin of 14.28%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023420-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Georgia\nRepublican Party candidate John C. Fr\u00e9mont was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023421-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Illinois\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023421-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Illinois\nIllinois voted for the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, over Republican candidate John C. Fr\u00e9mont and American Party candidate Millard Fillmore. Buchanan won Illinois by a narrow margin of 3.86%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023421-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Illinois\nThis would be the final time a Democratic presidential candidate would win Illinois until Grover Cleveland won it in 1892.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023422-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023422-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Indiana\nIndiana voted for the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, over Republican candidate John C. Fr\u00e9mont and American Party candidate Millard Fillmore. Buchanan won Indiana by a margin of 10.32%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023423-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Iowa\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023423-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Iowa\nIowa voted for the Republican candidate, John C. Fr\u00e9mont, over Democratic candidate, James Buchanan and American Party candidate Millard Fillmore. Fr\u00e9mont won Iowa by a margin of 8.13%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023424-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023424-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nKentucky voted for the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, over American Party candidate Millard Fillmore. Buchanan won Kentucky by a margin of 5.08%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023424-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nRepublican Party candidate John C. Fr\u00e9mont was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023425-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1852 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023425-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nLouisiana voted for the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, over American Party candidate Millard Fillmore. Buchanan won Louisiana by a narrow margin of 3.40%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023425-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nRepublican Party candidate John C. Fr\u00e9mont was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023426-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Maine\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023426-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Maine\nMaine voted for the Republican candidate, John C. Fr\u00e9mont, over the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, and the Know Nothing candidate, Millard Fillmore. Fr\u00e9mont won the state by a margin of 25.66%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023426-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Maine\nWith 61.34% of the popular vote, Maine would prove to be Fr\u00e9mont's third strongest state in the 1856 election after Vermont and Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023427-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Maryland\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023427-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Maryland\nMaryland voted for the Know Nothing candidate, former president Millard Fillmore, over the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, and Republican candidate, John C. Fr\u00e9mont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023427-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Maryland\nFillmore won the state by a margin of 9.59%. Maryland became the only state to vote for Fillmore during the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023428-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023428-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts voted for the Republican candidate, John C. Fr\u00e9mont, over the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, and the Know Nothing candidate, Millard Fillmore. Fr\u00e9mont won Massachusetts by a margin of 40.53%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023428-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nWith 63.61% of the popular vote, Massachusetts would prove to be Fr\u00e9mont's second strongest state in the 1856 election after neighboring Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023429-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Michigan\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023429-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Michigan\nMichigan voted for the Republican candidate, John C. Fr\u00e9mont, over Democratic candidate, James Buchanan. Fr\u00e9mont won Michigan by a margin of 15.63%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023429-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Michigan\nWith 57.15% of the popular vote, Michigan proved to be Fremont's fifth strongest in the 1856 election after Vermont, Massachusetts, Maine and Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023430-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Mississippi was held on November 4, 1856. Mississippi voters chose seven electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023430-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nMississippi was won by Senator James Buchanan (D\u2013Pennsylvania), running with Representative and future presidential candidate in the 1860 presidential election John C. Breckinridge, with 59.44% of the popular vote, against the 13th president of the United States Millard Fillmore (A\u2013New York), running with the 2nd United States Ambassador to Germany Andrew Jackson Donelson, with 40.56% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023430-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nThe Republican Party nominee John C. Fr\u00e9mont was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023431-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Missouri\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Missouri was held on November 4, 1856. Voters chose nine electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023431-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Missouri\nMissouri voted for the Democratic nominee James Buchanan, who received 54% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023431-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Missouri\nRepublican Party nominee John C. Fr\u00e9mont was not on the ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023431-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Missouri\nAs of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last time Gasconade County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023432-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in the New Hampshire took place on November 4, 1856 as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023432-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire was won by former California Senator John C. Fr\u00e9mont, who won the state by a narrow vote margin of less than 6,000 votes. He then lost nationally to former United States Minister to the United Kingdom James Buchanan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023433-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023433-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey voted for the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, over Republican candidate, John C. Fr\u00e9mont, and the Know Nothing candidate, Millard Fillmore. Buchanan won the state by a margin of 13.43 percentage points, and would be the last Democratic presidential candidate to carry Cumberland County until Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936, and the last to carry Passaic County until Roosevelt in 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023434-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose 35 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023434-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in New York\nNew York was won by California Senator John C. Fr\u00e9mont (R\u2013California), running with former Senator William L. Dayton (New Jersey), with 46.27% of the popular vote, against Senator James Buchanan (D\u2013Pennsylvania), running with Representative and future presidential candidate in the 1860 presidential election John C. Breckinridge, with 32.84% of the popular vote and the 13th president of the United States Millard Fillmore (A\u2013New York), running with the 2nd U.S. Ambassador to Germany Andrew Jackson Donelson, with 20.89% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023434-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in New York\nJames Buchanan went on to win the presidential election but this election would end the Democratic Party's support from New York which they won five out of seven times since 1828 and for the next 12 years a Democrat would not win New York until Horatio Seymour's narrow victory in 1868.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023434-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in New York\nFr\u00e9mont's victory in the state made him the first Republican presidential candidate to win New York as well as the first one to win the state without winning the election. The other 2 Republican presidential candidates to win New York without winning the election were Charles Evans Hughes in 1916 and Thomas E. Dewey in 1948. It was also the first time since voting for DeWitt Clinton in 1812 that New York backed a losing presidential candidate. This remains the only presidential election in history where New York voted Republican while neighboring Pennsylvania voted Democratic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023435-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023435-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina voted for the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, over Whig candidate Millard Fillmore. Fillmore ran under the American Party ticket in most states, but ran as a Whig in North Carolina after receiving the endorsement of the party at the 1856 Whig National Convention. Buchanan won North Carolina by a margin of 13.56%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023435-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nRepublican Party candidate John C. Fr\u00e9mont was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023436-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Ohio took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose 23 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023436-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Ohio\nOhio was won by California Senator John C. Fr\u00e9mont (R\u2013Georgia), running with New Jersey Senator William L. Dayton, with 48.51% of the popular vote, against Senator James Buchanan (D\u2013Pennsylvania), running with Representative and future presidential candidate in the 1860 presidential election John C. Breckinridge, with 44.21% of the popular vote and the 13th president of the United States Millard Fillmore (A\u2013New York), running with the 2nd United States Ambassador to Germany Andrew Jackson Donelson, with 7.28% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023437-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose 27 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023437-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, over the Republican candidate, John C. Fr\u00e9mont, and the Know Nothing candidate, Millard Fillmore. Buchanan, a lifelong Pennsylvanian, won his home state by a margin of 18.12%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023437-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nFollowing the election, Pennsylvania would establish itself as a Republican stronghold. This would be the final time that the Keystone State would vote for a Democratic candidate until Franklin D. Roosevelt won the state in 1936. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the final time Snyder County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023438-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023438-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island voted for the Republican candidate, John C. Fr\u00e9mont, over the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, and the Know Nothing candidate, Millard Fillmore. Fr\u00e9mont won the state by a margin of 24.15%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023438-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nWith 57.85% of the popular vote, Rhode Island proved to be Fr\u00e9mont's fourth strongest state in the 1856 election after Vermont, Massachusetts and Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023439-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 8 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023439-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina cast 8 electoral votes for the Democratic candidate James Buchanan. These electors were chosen by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023440-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023440-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nTennessee voted for the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, over American Party candidate Millard Fillmore. Buchanan won Tennessee by a margin of 4.36%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023440-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nRepublican Party candidate John C. Fr\u00e9mont was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023440-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nThis was the only instance between 1832 and 1876 when a Democrat won Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023441-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Texas\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Texas was held in November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. State voters chose four electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023441-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Texas\nTexas voted for the Democratic nominee James Buchanan, who received 67% of the vote. Texas was Buchanan's second strongest state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023441-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Texas\nRepublican Party nominee John C. Fr\u00e9mont was not on the ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023442-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Vermont took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023442-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Vermont\nVermont voted for the Republican candidate, John C. Fr\u00e9mont, over the Democratic candidate, James Buchanan, and the Know Nothing candidate, Millard Fillmore. Fr\u00e9mont won the state by a margin of 57.12%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023442-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Vermont\nWith 77.96% of the popular vote, Vermont would be his strongest victory in the Union in terms of percentage in the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023442-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Vermont\nFr\u00e9mont's victory also started the 104 year long streak of Republican presidential candidate victories within the Green Mountain State, which would last for 27 consecutive presidential elections from 1856 through 1960--as of 2020, still the most of any state. A Democratic presidential candidate would not win Vermont until Lyndon B. Johnson won the state against Barry Goldwater 108 years later in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023443-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 4, 1856, as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15  representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023443-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia voted for the Democratic candidate, former United States Minister to the United Kingdom James Buchanan over the American candidate, former President Millard Fillmore. Former U.S. Senator John C. Fr\u00e9mont was also the Republican candidate in this election, but he was not on the ballot in Virginia. Buchanan won the state with a margin of 19.92%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023444-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Wisconsin\nThe 1856 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 4, 1856 as part of the 1856 United States presidential election. State voters chose five electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023444-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 United States presidential election in Wisconsin\nJohn C. Fr\u00e9mont of the newly formed Republican Party won Wisconsin with 55% of the popular vote, winning the state's five electoral votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023445-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Vancouver Island election\nMembers elected to the First House of Assembly of Vancouver Island which sat from August 12, 1856, to December 7, 1859. The election was two years before the first newspaper started so there is no known record of the actual vote totals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023446-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1856 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont was held on Tuesday, September 2. In keeping with the \"Mountain Rule\", incumbent Republican Stephen Royce was not a candidate for a third one-year term. The Republican nomination was won by Ryland Fletcher, the incumbent lieutenant governor. The Democratic nominee was Henry Keyes, a former member of the Vermont House of Representatives and Vermont Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023446-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Vermont gubernatorial election\nVermont continued its strong support for abolitionism and Republicans, and Fletcher was easily elected to succeed Royce. Fletcher took the oath of office for a one-year term that began on October 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023447-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Western Division of Camden colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Western Division of Camden on 16 June 1856 because James Macarthur was concerned about the constitutionality of the transition to responsible government and resigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023448-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 Whig National Convention\nThe 1856 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held from September 17 to September 18, in Baltimore, Maryland. Attended by a rump group of Whigs who had not yet left the declining party, the 1856 convention was the last presidential nominating convention held by the Whig Party. The convention nominated a ticket consisting of former President Millard Fillmore and former Ambassador Andrew J. Donelson; both had previously been nominated by the 1856 American National Convention. The Whig ticket finished third in the 1856 presidential election behind the winning Democratic ticket of James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge, the runner-up Republican ticket of John C. Fremont and William L. Dayton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023448-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 Whig National Convention, Fall of the Whigs\nThe Whig party had been declining in power for some time before its last national convention in 1856. In the 1850 midterm elections, Democrats strengthened their majority as the Whigs lost 23 seats in the House and 2 seats in the Senate. In 1852, the Whigs lost another 14 House seats and one Senate seat. Furthermore, they lost the 1852 presidential election, their third loss in five campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023448-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 Whig National Convention, Fall of the Whigs\nA major reason for the Whig party's decline was a loss of its most influential leaders. Whig leaders from Southern slave states joined the Democratic party. Additionally, the Whigs' New York state convention in Syracuse voted to join with the newly formed Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023448-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 Whig National Convention, Fall of the Whigs\nOn March 10, 1856, the Whig National Committee met and voted to reject the New York Whigs' merger with the Republican party. Whig leaders from Kentucky met and held their state convention in April. There they voted to call a national convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023448-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 Whig National Convention, Fall of the Whigs\nIn the months leading up to the national convention, Whigs met in convention in several states to select which delegates would be sent to Baltimore in September. Delegates to these state conventions debated several options for the upcoming general election: the party could choose former President Millard Fillmore as its candidate, nominate another Whig, or endorse the Democratic candidate James Buchanan. As the state conventions met, Fillmore emerged as the clear choice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023448-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 Whig National Convention, Convention site\nThe convention was held at the 1851 landmark Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts over the old Centre (\"Marsh\") Market in Market Place (formerly Harrison Street) between East Baltimore Street and Water Street along South Gay Street and the west bank of the Jones Falls stream through downtown Baltimore, in Maryland on September 17 and September 18, 1856. The same site had hosted the 1852 Whig National Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023448-0006-0000", "contents": "1856 Whig National Convention, The Last Whig Convention\nTwenty-six states out of thirty-one sent 150 delegates to the national convention in late September 1856. The convention met for only two days and on the second day (and only ballot) quickly nominated Fillmore for president, who had already been nominated for president by the Know Nothing party. Andrew J. Donelson was nominated for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023448-0007-0000", "contents": "1856 Whig National Convention, The Last Whig Convention\nAmong the delegates to the convention was John Bell of Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023449-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 35th Congress were held at various dates in different states from August 1856 to November 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023449-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe elections briefly returned a semblance of normalcy to the Democratic Party, restoring its House majority alongside election of Democratic President James Buchanan. However, superficial victory masked severe, ultimately irretrievable divisions over slavery. Voters next would return a Democratic House majority only in 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023449-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections\nParty realignments continued. In 1856, the Whig Party disbanded, the Know Nothing movement declined, and its vehicle, the American Party, began to collapse. Many Northern Whig, American, and other Opposition Party Representatives joined the new, rapidly consolidating Republican Party, which contested the Presidency in 1856. Though the Republican Party did not yet demand abolition, its attitude toward slavery was stridently negative. It was an openly sectional Northern party opposing fugitive slave laws and slavery in the territories, and for the first time offered a mainstream platform to outspoken abolitionists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023449-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections\nIn March 1857, after almost all Northern states had voted, the Supreme Court issued its infamous Dred Scott decision, amplifying tensions and hardening voter divisions. Remaining elections were concentrated in the South. Southern voters widely drove the American Party from office, rallying to the Democrats in firm opposition to the Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023449-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections\nIn October 1857, the pending new state of Minnesota elected its first Representatives, to be seated by the 35th Congress. Between the admissions of Vermont in 1791 and Wisconsin in 1848, Congress had admitted new states roughly in pairs: one slave, one free. California was admitted alone as a free state in 1850 only as part of a comprehensive compromise including significant concessions to slave state interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023449-0004-0001", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections\nAdmission of Minnesota in May 1858, also alone but with no such deal, helped expose the declining influence of the South, destroying the formerly binding concept that slave and free state power was best kept in balance even in the Senate while solidifying a sense that the West would exclude slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023449-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nTwo seats were added for the new state of Minnesota, which was unrepresented for part of the 1st session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023449-0006-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1856 and 1857 during the 34th United States Congress and 35th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023449-0007-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections, Minnesota\nMinnesota Territory elected three members in advance of Minnesota's 1848 statehood. \"Although three men won this election, which was held before Minnesota was actually a state, only two representatives from Minnesota were allowed in the congressional bill creating the state in 1858. George L. Becker lost in the drawing of lots to decide who would present their credentials, therefore he did not serve in Congress.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1856 and 1857 were elections which had the young Republican Party assume its position as one of the United States's two main political parties. The Whigs and Free Soilers were gone by the time the next Congress began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections\nAs this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 34th Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were seated during 1856 or in 1857 before March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 35th Congress\nIn these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1857; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0004-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 35th Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were elected in 1857 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0005-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, New York\nThe New York election was held February 3, 1857, by the New York State Legislature. Whig Hamilton Fish had been elected in 1851 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0006-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, New York\nIn 1855, the Whig Party and the Anti- Nebraska Party merged in New York to form the Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0007-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, New York\nAt the State election in November 1855, 16 Republicans, 11 Americans, 4 Democrats and 1 Temperance man were elected for a two-year term (1856-1857) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1856, 81 Republicans, 31 Democrats and 8 Americans were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1857. The 80th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 18, 1857, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0008-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, New York\nPreston King was nominated by a caucus of Republican State legislators. King had been a Democratic congressman from 1843 to 1847, a Free Soil congressman from 1849 to 1853, and had joined the Republican Party upon its foundation at the State convention in September 1855. The convention nominated King for Secretary of State, but he was defeated by Joel T. Headley in a four-way race. Secretary of State Joel T. Headley was the candidate of the American Party. State Senator Daniel E. Sickles was the candidate of the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0009-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, New York\nIn the Assembly the vote confirmed the party caucus selections. When State Senator Sickles received votes, the same objection to his eligibility was raised as was in 1833 regarding Nathaniel P. Tallmadge. This time, Speaker DeWitt C. Littlejohn ruled that the objection was \"partially tenable and partially not so.\" However, the Speaker held that any member could vote for anybody, and only if the candidate received sufficient votes to win the election, a decision would be required. Otherwise, like in this case, the eligibility of an also-ran was irrelevant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0010-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, New York\nIn the State Senate, only 24 votes were given. Zenas Clark (Rep.) and John B. Halsted (Rep.) were sick at home. Eaton J. Richardson (Rep.) paired with Sidney Sweet (Am.). Joseph H. Petty (Am.) was absent. William Kelly (Dem. ), Mark Spencer (Dem. ), and the Democratic candidate Sickles himself, declined to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0011-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, New York\nState Senator Justin A. Smith (Am.) raised the question if the vote for Sickles could be counted. A new State Constitution had been adopted in 1846, which had clarified the question of eligibility of State legislators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0011-0001", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, New York\nSmith quoted from the State Constitution: \"No member of the Legislature shall receive any civil appointment within this State, or to the Senate of the United States, from the Governor, the Governor and Senate, or from the Legislature, during the term for which he shall have been elected; and all votes given for any such member, for any such office or appointment, shall be void.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0011-0002", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, New York\nLt. Gov. Henry R. Selden (later a judge of the New York Court of Appeals) decided to count the vote, holding that the United States Constitution described the eligibility for the office and devolved on the State legislatures only the power to prescribe the \"times, places and manners of holding the elections for that office\", thus not implying a right for the State governments to exclude any person who would be eligible under the U.S. Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0012-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, New York\nPreston King was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 79], "content_span": [80, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0013-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (special)\nThe Class 3 election was held on January 14, 1856. William Bigler was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 107], "content_span": [108, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0014-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (special)\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly had previously convened on February 13, 1855, for the regularly scheduled Senate election for the term beginning on March 4, 1855. Two ballots were recorded on February 13, followed by three on February 27, 1855. On the fifth and final ballot during this convention, former Senator Simon Cameron had led with 55 votes to future Senator Charles R. Buckalew's 23. No candidate was elected, however, and the hung election convention adjourned by a vote of 66 to 65. Upon the expiration of incumbent James Cooper's term on March 4, 1855, the seat was vacated and would remain vacant until William Bigler's election in January 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 107], "content_span": [108, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0015-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (special)\nOn January 14, 1856, the election convention of the General Assembly re-convened and elected Democratic former Governor of Pennsylvania William Bigler on the first ballot to serve the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1855 and would expire on March 4, 1861. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 107], "content_span": [108, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0016-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (regular)\nThe Class 1 election in Pennsylvania was held on January 13, 1857. Simon Cameron was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 107], "content_span": [108, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023450-0017-0000", "contents": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections, Complete list of states, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (regular)\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1857, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1857. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 107], "content_span": [108, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023451-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1856 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023455-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1856 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023459-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in France\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BrownHairedGirl (talk | contribs) at 17:17, 19 June 2020 (use Template:Year in France header, which needs no parameters and applies categories, replaced: {{Year in France|1856}} \u2192 {{Year in France header}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023461-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in India, Deaths\nThis Indian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023464-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1856 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023464-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 in New Zealand\nAfter several previous attempts, New Zealand finally achieves \"Responsible Government\", with a majority of the members of the House of Representatives supporting the Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023464-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1856 is 58,300 M\u0101ori and 45,540 non-M\u0101ori. The total population reaches the 100,000 mark during the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023464-0003-0000", "contents": "1856 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law\nThe 2nd Parliament is formed on 15 April. The election of its members had in fact concluded on 28 December the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023469-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1856 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023471-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in Switzerland\nThe following is a list of events, births, and deaths in 1856 in Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023472-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1856 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023473-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in architecture\nThe year 1856 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023475-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023476-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023476-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 in paleontology, Insects\nA protosmyline Osmylid lance lacewing Moved to \"Protosmylus\" picta (1913) moved to Osmylidia picta (2021)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023476-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 in paleontology, Vertebrates, Archosauromorphs, Newly named dinosaurs\nPreoccupied by a genus erected by Fischer von Waldheim in 1847. Renamed Gresslyosaurus", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 74], "content_span": [75, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023477-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023477-0001-0000", "contents": "1856 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023477-0002-0000", "contents": "1856 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023478-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023479-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in science\nThe year 1856 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023480-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in sports\n1856 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023482-0000-0000", "contents": "1856 in the United States\n1856 in the United States included some significant events that pushed the nation closer towards civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023483-0000-0000", "contents": "185638 Erwinschwab\n185638 Erwinschwab, provisional designation 2008 EU7, is a potentially sub-kilometer Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 1 March 2008, by OAM-astronomers at the La Sagra Observatory in southern Spain. The asteroid is estimated to measure between 950 meters and 1.8 kilometers in diameter and was named after German astronomer Erwin Schwab in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023483-0001-0000", "contents": "185638 Erwinschwab, Orbit and classification\nErwinschwab is a member of the Nysa family (405), the main belt's largest asteroid family with nearly 20 thousand members. The family also known as the Nysa-Polana complex, consisting of several distinct subfamilies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023483-0002-0000", "contents": "185638 Erwinschwab, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,342 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023483-0003-0000", "contents": "185638 Erwinschwab, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1995 UZ53 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak Observatory in October 1995, more than 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Sagra in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023483-0004-0000", "contents": "185638 Erwinschwab, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid's spectral type is unknown. The Nysa family complex consist of S-, F- and C-type asteroids (SFC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023483-0005-0000", "contents": "185638 Erwinschwab, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nErwinschwab has not been observed by any space-based telescope such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite or the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. Based on an assumed albedo of 0.20, which is typical for silicaceous asteroid, the asteroid measures 0.95 kilometers in diameter for an absolute magnitude of 17.5. Since members of the Nysa family complex also include carbonaceous asteroid, Erwinschwab's albedo may also be estimated at 0.057, which translates into a larger diameter of 1.8 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023483-0006-0000", "contents": "185638 Erwinschwab, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Erwinschwab has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole axis and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023483-0007-0000", "contents": "185638 Erwinschwab, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German amateur astronomer Erwin Schwab (born 1964), a prolific discoverer of minor planets at the Starkenburg Observatory, Tzec Maun and Taunus observatories since the early 1980s. During his astrometric observation at Taunus, Schwab has collaborated with astronomer Rainer Kling. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 7 June 2009 (M.P.C. 66244).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023484-0000-0000", "contents": "1857\n1857 (MDCCCLVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1857th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 857th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 57th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  8th   year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1857, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023485-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 (film)\n1857   is a 1946 Indian Bollywood film. It was the fifth highest grossing Indian film of 1946. The film was directed by Mohan Sinha for Murari Pictures. The story was by M. Zahur with screenplay and dialogue by Safdar 'Ah'. The film starred the singer-actor pair of Surendra and Suraiya, along with Wasti, Nigar, Munshi Khanjar, Madan Puri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023485-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 (film)\n1857 was a historical fiction drama set against the backdrop of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 also known as the First war of independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023485-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 (film), Soundtrack\nThe music composer was Sajjad Hussain and the lyricists were Anuum Pilibhiti, Pandit Ankur, Shewan Rizvi, and Y.N.Joshi. The singers were Suraiya, Surendra, Shamshad Begum, Khan Mastana and Rajkumari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023486-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1857 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 3, 1857, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democrat Andrew B. Moore won his first term as Governor. John A. Winston did not run because he was term-limited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023487-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Argyle colonial by-election\nA by-election was to be held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Argyle on 17 February 1857 because the seat of John Plunkett was declared vacant due to his appointment as President of the Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023488-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1857 Atlantic hurricane season was the earliest season documented by HURDAT \u2013 the official Atlantic hurricane database \u2013 to feature no major hurricanes. A total of four tropical cyclones were observed during the season, three of which strengthened into hurricanes. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are known, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated. Additionally, documentation by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz included a fifth tropical cyclone near Port Isabel, Texas; this storm has since been removed from HURDAT as it was likely the same system as the fourth tropical cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023488-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe first storm was tracked beginning on June\u00a030 offshore North Carolina. It moved eastward and was last noted on the following day. However, no tropical cyclones were reported in the remainder of July or August. Activity resume when another tropical storm was located southeast of the Bahamas on September\u00a06. It intensified into a hurricane before making landfall in North Carolina and was last noted over the north Atlantic Ocean on September\u00a017. The SS Central America sank offshore, drowning 424 passengers and crew members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023488-0001-0001", "contents": "1857 Atlantic hurricane season\nAnother hurricane may have existed east of South Carolina between September\u00a022 and October\u00a026, though little information is available. The final documented tropical cyclone was initially observed east of Lesser Antilles on September\u00a024. It traversed the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, striking the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula and later Port Isabel, Texas. The storm dissipated on September\u00a030. In Texas, damage was reported in several towns near the mouth of the Rio Grande River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023488-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe season's activity was reflected with a low accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 43. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39\u00a0mph (63\u00a0km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023488-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One\nThe ship Star of the South experienced heavy gales offshore the East Coast of the United States on June\u00a030. HURDAT lists the first tropical cyclone of the season beginning at 0000\u00a0UTC, while located about 100 miles (160\u00a0km) southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The storm moved slightly north of due east with winds of 60\u00a0mph (95\u00a0km/h). It was last noted about 265\u00a0miles (425\u00a0km) north-northwest of Bermuda by the bark Virginia late on July\u00a01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023488-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nA tropical storm was first observed east of the Bahamas on September\u00a06. It moved slowly northwestward towards the coast of the United States and attained hurricane strength early on September\u00a09. The cyclone continued travelling northwest along the US coast, becoming a Category 2 hurricane whilst off the coast of Georgia on September 11. On September 13 the cyclone made landfall near Wilmington, North Carolina, but then quickly weakened to a tropical storm and turned eastward into the Atlantic on September\u00a014. Throughout September\u00a015, whilst over water, the storm regained hurricane strength and continued northward before becoming extratropical in the mid-Atlantic on September\u00a017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023488-0005-0000", "contents": "1857 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nThe hurricane caused much coastal damage particularly in the Cape Hatteras area during September 9 and September 10 and then to other parts of the North Carolina coast. Flooding was reported at New Bern. Considerable wind damage also occurred. An article from the Wilmington Journal reported that, \"It looked as though everything that could be blown down, was down. Fences were prostrated in all directions, and the streets filled with the limbs and bodies of trees up-rooted or twisted off.\". Several ships were caught in rough seas of the East Coast of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023488-0005-0001", "contents": "1857 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nThe Norfolk was abandoned in pieces ten miles south of Chincoteague early on the morning of September 14. Further south, on September\u00a011, the hurricane struck the steamer Central America which sprung a leak and eventually sank on the night of September\u00a012 with the loss of 424 passengers and crew. Also on board the ship were 30,000\u00a0pounds of gold, the loss of which contributed to the financial Panic of 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023488-0006-0000", "contents": "1857 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nBased on reports bark Aeronaut and the schooner Alabama indicating a severe gale, Partagas and Diaz identified a Category\u00a01 hurricane about 405\u00a0miles (650\u00a0km) east of Charleston, South Carolina between September\u00a022 and September\u00a026. Sustained wind speeds of 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h) were observed. No evidence was found for a storm track so the hurricane was assigned a stationary position, at latitude 32.5\u00b0N, 3.5\u00b0W. Among the ships which encountered the hurricane was the brig Jerome Knight, which sprung a leak and sunk on the night of September\u00a022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023488-0007-0000", "contents": "1857 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nThe final tropical cyclone was first observed at 0000\u00a0UTC on September\u00a024, while located about 420 miles (680\u00a0km) east of Guadeloupe. Initially a tropical storm, it strengthened slightly before crossing the Leeward Islands on September\u00a025. In Guadeloupe, several ships at the port in Basseterre were swept out to sea. Continuing eastward, the storm soon entered the Caribbean Sea. Early on September\u00a026, the system strengthened into a hurricane. By September 28, it was west of the Cayman Islands and had reached Category\u00a02 strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023488-0007-0001", "contents": "1857 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nThe storm weakened to a tropical storm after passing Canc\u00fan early on September\u00a029 and impacted the Gulf coastline, near the United States\u2013Mexico border, at that strength the next day before dissipating. At Port Isabel, Texas, several hundred homes were swept away, and several towns near the mouth of the Rio Grande also sustained damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023489-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Basilicata earthquake\nThe 1857 Basilicata earthquake (also known as the Great Neapolitan earthquake) occurred on December 16 in the Basilicata region of Italy southeast of the city of Naples. The epicentre was in Montemurro, on the western border of the modern province of Potenza. Several towns were destroyed, and estimated fatalities were around 10,000. At the time it was the third largest known earthquake, and has been estimated to have been of magnitude 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023489-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Basilicata earthquake, Earthquake\nThe principal shock occurred at about 10pm on December 16, 1857, and had been preceded by minor disturbances and was followed by numerous aftershocks which continued for some months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023489-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Basilicata earthquake, Effects\nThe earthquake was felt as far away as Terracina to the northwest, the main places suffering damage being Potenza, Polla, Diano, Sala, and Padula in the Val di Diano, and Tito, Sarconi, Spinoso, Marsico Nuovo, Saponara, and Montemurro. The latter two places, along with Padula and Polla, were virtually completely destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023489-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 Basilicata earthquake, Scientific study\nEarly in 1858, aided by a grant from the Royal Society, Robert Mallet visited the devastated area, and spent over two months studying the effects of the disaster, paying special attention to the damage caused to buildings. His extensive report was published in 1862, and remains a memorable work in the history of seismology. It is believed that Mallet was the first to use photography to record the aftermath of an earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023489-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 Basilicata earthquake, Scientific study\nMuch of Mallet's work was devoted to determining the position and magnitude of the subterranean focus of the earthquake. He calculated that the focal cavity was a curved fissure, about 10 miles (16\u00a0km) long and 31 miles (50\u00a0km) high and of negligible width. He estimated that the central point of the fissure, the theoretical seismic centre, was 62 miles (100\u00a0km) deep. Mallet located his epicentre near the village of Caggiano, not far from Polla, but later examination of his data suggested that there was a second focus near Montemurro, about 25 miles (40\u00a0km) to the southeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023490-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Belgian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Belgium on 10 December 1857, the first full general elections since 1848. The elections were called by royal order of 12 November 1857, dissolving the Chamber of Representatives that had convened in a new session only two days earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023490-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Belgian general election\nGoing into the elections, Liberals held a majority in the Senate and the Catholics in the Chamber of Representatives. The unionist (Catholic\u2013liberal) De Decker government resigned and a liberal government led by Charles Rogier took over shortly before the elections were called.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023490-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Belgian general election\nIn the elections for the Chamber of Representatives the result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 70 of the 108 seats. The Liberal Party now had a majority in both chambers of parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023490-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 Belgian general election\nVoter turnout was 79.3%, although only 90,543 men (2% of the country's population) were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023490-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 Belgian general election, Campaign\nTwelve of the 108 seats were uncontested, of which the Liberals won three and the Catholics nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023491-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Bharuch riot\nThere was communal violence between Parsis and Bohra Muslims in May 1857 in Broach (now Bharuch, Gujarat) in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023491-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Bharuch riot, Background\nBharuch was a major trading port on the west coast of India. As Bharuch was an old settlement of Parsis, there were a  considerable number of Parsis in the town. Bahram Mowbed, the younger brother of Zanhosht Mowbed, was one of the early priests to settle in Bharuch. A tower of silence in Bharuch was established in 1309. There was a riot in Bombay six months before the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023491-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Bharuch riot, Riot\nOn 10 May 1857, just five days after the beginning of the Indian rebellion of 1857, a Parsi named Bejonji Sheriaiji Bharuch was accused of disrespecting a mosque by some Muslims and the riots broke out. After five days, 200 Muslims gathered near Bawa Rahan shrine in the north of the town. The police approached but were unable to stop the mob. The mob attacked Dastur Kamdin Dar-e Mihr, a fire temple, and killed its High Priest, Ervad Ardeshir Hormazdji Kamdin. They lynched Bejonji Sheriaiji Bharuch and dragged his body for several lanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023491-0002-0001", "contents": "1857 Bharuch riot, Riot\nThey also attacked Shapurji Narielwala Fire Temple (consecrated in 1783) and also injured its High Priest, Ervad Meherwanji Muncherji Kamdin. Mr. Davies, the Magistrate of Bharuch and the Collector, could not stop the riots. The troops were brought in from nearby towns of Vagra, Amod, Ankleshwar and Hansot. Lt . Richardson led the British contingent sent to bring the peace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023491-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 Bharuch riot, Aftermath\nThe Parsis of Bharuch petitioned the Chief of Police of the Bombay Presidency, Bettington, on 19 May 1857 to examine the role of Head Constable. They also petitioned the Governor's Council to establish a commission for investigation. They told Parsi Panchayat to use their influence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023491-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 Bharuch riot, Aftermath\nAlexander Kinloch Forbes, the Sessions Judge, sentenced imprisonments to 39 out of 61 persons arrested. Two were hanged for the killing of Bharucha and the High Priest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023491-0005-0000", "contents": "1857 Bharuch riot, Aftermath\nThe riots were examined in their connection with the rebellion in 1857 by historians. Taking advantage of the situation, there were attempts to incite the Muslim population to organise disturbance against the British government by the rebels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023491-0006-0000", "contents": "1857 Bharuch riot, Aftermath\nThere was another riot between Parsis and Muslims on 26 November 1885 when a land to build Dargah was not granted by the authorities. As there were Parsi members in the Municipal Council, they were accused for not granting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023491-0007-0000", "contents": "1857 Bharuch riot, Aftermath\nKhasumate Gujarat (August 1858), compiled by a school teacher, Ervad Kaikhushru Pestonji Vakil, in Gujarati, gives a detailed account of the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023492-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Boston mayoral election\nThe Boston mayoral election of 1857 saw the election of Frederic W. Lincoln Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023493-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 California gubernatorial election\nThe 1857 California gubernatorial election was held on September 2, 1857, to elect the governor of California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023494-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Carmarthenshire by-election\nThe Carmarthenshire by-election of 1857 was fought in June 1857. The by-election arose because of the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, David Arthur Saunders Davies. It was won by the Conservative candidate David Pugh, who prevailed against the opposition of many within the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023494-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Carmarthenshire by-election, Candidates\nJohn Lloyd Davies, who had stood down as member for Cardigan Boroughs at the recent election, having faced certain defeat when opposed by Edward Pryse, was first in the field. He issued an address within days of the late member's death and emphasised his role in the public life of the county for thirty years. However, it was soon rumoured that David Pugh had the support of a large proportion of the county gentry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023494-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Carmarthenshire by-election, Candidates\nOn 3 June, Charles Bishop convened a meeting at the Ivy Bush Hotel in Carmarthen to choose a candidate. The meeting was chaired by Sir John Mansel and addressed by two of the aspirants, John Lloyd Davies and Sir James Hamilton. David Pugh was not present and it was unclear whether he would abide by the decision of the meeting. Howel Gwyn, former MP for Falmouth, was also mentioned but had little support. A lengthy discussion ensued, which ended with Pugh being omitted from a ballot in which John Lloyd Davies secured a majority over Sir James Hamilton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023494-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 Carmarthenshire by-election, Candidates\n|the county that he would have been heavily defeated at a contested election. Pugh's selection was described by the Welshman as a reflection of a consensus which enabled moderate supporters of both the Liberal and Conservative factions to support him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023494-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 Carmarthenshire by-election, Outcome\nPugh was duly returned after the hustings at Llandeilo on 12 June, when he was proposed by W.R.H. Powell of Maesgwynne. The Welshman stated that Pugh \"was chosen, not by any party, but by the constituents as a body, without any reference to political distinctions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023495-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the 1857 Chicago mayoral election, Republican John Wentworth defeated Democrat Benjamin F. Carver by a ten-point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023495-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Chicago mayoral election, Background\nThe Democratic Party were coming off of the success of their presidential ticket in November 1856 (both nationally, as well as in Illinois). At a celebratory bonfire held across from the Tremont House, Stephen A. Douglas delivered a speech predicting a Democratic victory in the coming municipal elections, declaring \"Chicago will yet redeem herself, she will do so at the next election, and after that she will be right at every election.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023495-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Chicago mayoral election, Election\nBoth the Republican Party and Democratic Party held nominating conventions on February 28. Republicans nominated congressman John Wentworth for mayor (who had previously served several terms as a Democratic congressman). Former congressman (and future president) Abraham Lincoln delivered an impassioned speech at the Republican convention on behalf of its ticket. Democrats nominated Benjamin F. Carver, cashier of the Marine Bank and the Chicago Marine and Fire Insurance Company and a relative unknown when compared to political the heavyweight Wentworth. The results of the Democratic convention were not made public until March 2, one day before the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023495-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 Chicago mayoral election, Election\nWentworth's platform aroused some anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiments. Wentworth had well-established support for abolitionist policies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023495-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 Chicago mayoral election, Election\nElection day was chaotic, with many instances of violence arising across the city. Wentworth ultimately won by a wide margin and demonstrated a possible coattail effect, with his Republican ticket sweeping the city's other municipal elections as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023496-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Colombian presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in the Republic of New Granada in 1857. Following constitutional reforms in 1853, they were the first direct presidential elections in the country. The result was a victory for Mariano Ospina Rodr\u00edguez of the Conservative Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023497-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1857 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 1, 1857. Former Lieutenant Governor and Republican nominee Alexander H. Holley defeated former congressman and Democratic nominee Samuel Ingham with 50.44% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023498-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Cumberland (North Riding) colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Cumberland North Riding on 11 December 1857 because of the resignation of John Darvall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023499-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Cumberland (South Riding) colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Cumberland South Riding on 12 June 1856 because William Manning resigned in May 1857 due to ill-health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake\nThe 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake occurred at about 8:20\u00a0a.m. (Pacific time) on January 9 in central and Southern California. One of the largest recorded earthquakes in the United States, with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9, it ruptured the southern part of the San Andreas Fault for a length of about 225 miles (350 kilometers), between Parkfield and Wrightwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake\nThough the shock was centered near Parkfield, the event is referred to as the Fort Tejon earthquake, because that was the location of the greatest damage. Fort Tejon is just north of the junction of the San Andreas and Garlock Faults, where the Tehachapi, San Emigdio, and Sierra Pelona Transverse Ranges come together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake\nThe earthquake is the most recent large event to occur along that portion of the San Andreas Fault, and is estimated to have had a maximum perceived intensity of IX (Violent) on the Modified Mercalli scale (MM) near Fort Tejon in the Tehachapi Mountains, and along the San Andreas Fault from Mil Potrero (near Pine Mountain Club) in the San Emigdio Mountains to Lake Hughes in the Sierra Pelona Mountains. Accounts of the events' effects varied widely, including the time of the main shock as well as foreshocks that occurred at several locations earlier in the morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe 1857 earthquake ruptured about 350 kilometers (220\u00a0mi) of the southern part of the San Andreas Fault, the structure that accommodates most of the displacement along the transform boundary between the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate. The Pacific Plate is moving north relative to the Sierra Nevada-Great Valley Block of the North American Plate at about 38 millimeters (1.5\u00a0in) per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0003-0001", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe displacement rate along the various sections that ruptured is 34 millimeters (1.3\u00a0in) per year along the Parkfield, Cholame, Carrizo and Big Bend sections and 27 millimeters (1.1\u00a0in) and 29 millimeters (1.1\u00a0in) per year along the Mojave north and Mojave south sections. Paleoseismic studies have found evidence for many prehistoric earthquakes in the last 3,000 years on this part of the San Andreas Fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake ruptured a substantial portion of the southern San Andreas fault, but not the entire length. Thomas H. Jordan, director of the Southern California Earthquake Center, stated that the slip likely stopped in the area near Cajon Pass, perhaps because the tectonic stresses on that part of the fault had been released several decades earlier during the 1812 Wrightwood earthquake. The average slip along the fault was 4.5 meters (15\u00a0ft), and a maximum offset of 6 meters (20\u00a0ft) was recorded in the Carrizo Plain area in southeastern San Luis Obispo County. With an estimated magnitude of 7.9, this was the last \"Big One\" in Southern California. The extreme southernmost portion of the San Andreas fault, which terminates near Bombay Beach at the Salton Sea, last ruptured in 1680.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0005-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake\nSurface faulting may have extended beyond the boundaries of the regularly acknowledged slip length. Researchers recorded first and second-hand accounts of the ground crack, which was understood to be recent surface faulting and not just the topography of the existing rift. On the extreme northern end of the rupture zone, the surface cracking extended 80 kilometers (50\u00a0mi) north of Cholame into San Benito County. On the southern end, the population centers were not as close to the fault, and early observers were probably limited to the stretch of the fault between Fort Tejon and Elizabeth Lake, as that was close to the Stockton \u2013 Los Angeles Road, the primary inland north\u2212south route then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0006-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake\nEvidence of uprooted and displaced trees south of Elizabeth Lake indicates surface faulting along a mole track (an \"array of en echelon primary Riedel shears with linking compressional rolls and minor thrusts\") that ran directly under three Jeffrey Pines. Two of the three trees examined were tilted in their lower extremity, while the upper portions remained relatively untilted. Tree ring dating confirmed that the trees had originated 10 and 25 years before 1857 and also that the rings began to grow twice as thick on the side in the direction of the tilt. This is a frequently noted compensation of tree tilt. Seismologist Kerry Sieh determined that fault slip and the associated ground disturbance was the source of the mole track and subsequent tree tilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0007-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake, Foreshocks\nVarious accounts of the event indicate the presence of foreshocks between one and nine hours before the main event, and based on the (uncertain) distribution of those shocks, it is assumed that the beginning of the fault rupture (the epicenter) was in the area between Parkfield and Cholame, about 97 kilometers (60\u00a0mi) northwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0008-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake, Foreshocks\nThe lack of standardized timekeeping during this period of California's history contributed to some of the inaccurate reports of when the pre-shocks occurred. Local solar time was being used in 1857 and San Francisco would have been the locality with the most accurate time kept as it was a center of commerce and other activity. Standard time was not followed until the 1880s, with the Pacific Time Zone being aligned with the 120th meridian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0008-0001", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake, Foreshocks\nThe differences in local times were substantial, with San Francisco at 122.43 W and San Diego at 117.10 W, the difference between the two would be around 22 minutes (4 minutes per degree). At least one individual reported foreshock times that varied by as much as half an hour when speaking to two different newspapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0009-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake, Foreshocks\nThe firsthand reports were most abundant for the shocks felt at 1, 2, and 4 hours before the main shock which were later labeled the predawn, dawn, and sunrise shocks. The predawn event shook residents of San Francisco (MM II \u2013 III), San Jose (MM IV), and Santa Cruz (MM IV). The dawn shock was felt in those locales plus Fort Tejon and possibly the Carrizo Plain. The sunrise shock was felt in San Francisco (MM III), Monterey (MM IV), and Visalia (MM II \u2013 III). Sacramento and Los Angeles did not report any of these events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0010-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake, Foreshocks\nSeveral mid-twentieth-century earthquakes had similar felt reports to the dawn and sunrise shocks and with close inspection, Sieh theorizes that both events were local to coastal central California, probably between Point Conception and Monterey. Also, during that period, no central California earthquake with a magnitude of less than five had a felt area as large as the two foreshocks, while events larger than magnitude six have had \"somewhat larger\" felt areas, so it could be said that the foreshocks most likely were between magnitude five and six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0011-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake, Foreshocks\nParkfield earthquakes occurred with exceptionally regular intervals (between 20 and 30 years) between 1857 and 1966. Sieh studied four of these events (1901, 1922, 1934, and 1966) and found that they helped to determine the southeast boundary for the origination of the dawn foreshock. The coverage and intensities of felt reports for that earthquake show a solid resemblance to the Parkfield events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0011-0001", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake, Foreshocks\nOnly one of the four Parkfield events was not felt further southeast than the dawn shock, so Sieh concluded that if the San Andreas was the source of the event, then it was reasonable to assume that the Parkfield to Cholame stretch of the fault was responsible for producing the dawn felt intensities, though the San Andreas is not the only possible source for the dawn event. For example, the November 22, 1952, magnitude six Bryson earthquake \"nearly duplicates\" the felt reports. That event may have occurred west of the San Andreas on the Nacimiento fault, though the highest felt reports were along the Rinconada fault around 56 kilometers (35\u00a0mi) southwest of the San Andreas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0012-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake, Damage\nMost of the adobe buildings at Fort Tejon were badly damaged and several people were injured there. More buildings were destroyed along a twenty-mile stretch between Fort Tejon and southeast to Elizabeth Lake, a sag pond that was formed directly on the San Andreas fault. Streams and springs experienced disturbances in San Diego and Santa Barbara Counties, while the Kern River, Kern Lake, and Los Angeles River all spilled over their banks. Farther north in Santa Clara County the flow of well water was affected. Ground cracks from liquefaction of swampy ground were observed near the Pueblo de Los Angeles and in the Oxnard Plain, and ground fissures were reported near the Los Angeles, Santa Ana, and Santa Clara Rivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0013-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake, Damage\nCentral and southern California were thinly populated at the time and this likely helped limit the damage from the earthquake, but the lack of people present also reduced the number of perspectives to use in determining intensity estimates. Areas with the highest population density like San Francisco, Stockton, and Los Angeles provided enough information about the effects of the earthquake to provide the best estimates of intensity. At downtown Los Angeles, with a maximum perceived intensity of VI, some homes and buildings were cracked, but no major damage was reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0013-0001", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake, Damage\nIn Ventura (MM VII) the roof of Mission San Buenaventura collapsed and the bell tower was damaged, and farther north, the front wall of the old adobe Mission Santa Cruz chapel collapsed. One of the two deaths reported included a woman who was killed by a collapsing adobe house in nearby Gorman, and an elderly man may have collapsed and died in the Los Angeles area as a result of the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0014-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks\nThe main shock was followed by a series of aftershocks that continued for at least 3.75 years, although the total number of large aftershocks was less than would be expected for an earthquake of this size. The four largest aftershocks all had magnitudes greater than 6, although there are large uncertainties in both location and magnitude due to the limited number of data points available. On the night of January 9 there was a large aftershock with an estimated magnitude of about 6.25, with a possible epicenter near the Garlock Fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0014-0001", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks\nThe largest aftershock occurred on the afternoon of January 16 with an estimated magnitude of about 6.7, with a possible offshore location, and high felt intensities in Southern California communities. Santa Barbara and San Bernardino reported an MM intensity of V and Los Angeles reported V and VI. Two significant events occurred in the San Bernardino area on December 15\u201316, 1858, with the latter having an estimated magnitude of about 6. The last recorded major aftershock occurred on April 16, 1860, with an estimated magnitude of about 6.3, with an epicenter close to the Parkfield section of the San Andreas Fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0015-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Future threat\nScientists and public service officials have speculated on the threat of another very large earthquake occurring in southern California and what type and scale of damage might result. The portion of the fault that ruptured in 1857 has settled into a period of dormancy and this has given rise to suggestions that future slip along that zone may be characterized by a very large 1857-type event followed by another period of inactivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0015-0001", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Future threat\nThe communities of Frazier Park, Palmdale, and Wrightwood are all located very close to the San Andreas fault, though much of the Los Angeles area could be affected even at a greater distance from the rupture area if a similar event were to reoccur there. Swaminathan Krishnan, assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology, said that if a similar rupture from Parkfield to Wrightwood were to happen again, it would severely affect the Los Angeles area, with the San Fernando Valley being particularly hard hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023500-0016-0000", "contents": "1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, Future threat\nThe Los Angeles Aqueduct and California Aqueduct, two of the principal water transfer infrastructure systems supplying Greater Los Angeles, both cross the San Andreas fault within the main damage zone of the Fort Tejon earthquake, in the Tehachapi and Sierra Pelona Mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023501-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 French legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in France on 28 February 1857, with a second round on 5 March. According to the constitution of the empire, partisans of the regime ran as \"official candidates\" of the regime in often gerrymandered circonscriptions. As official candidates, their campaign expenditures were paid by the government and their campaigns led by the local government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023502-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Gate\nThe 1857 Gate (or Class of 1857 Gate) is a triple-arched gate on the Harvard University campus, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. According to Harvard Magazine, \"members of the class were killed on both sides of the fight in the Civil War\", making the gate \"a very touching memorial to the unbroken bonds of friendship that this class had\". Students on both sides helped fund the gate. It has a Latin inscription from Horace's Odes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023502-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Gate\nThe gate was relocated 40 feet in 1924. It is on axis with the 1876 Gate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023503-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Grand National\nThe 1857 Grand National was the 19th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 4 March 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023504-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Iowa Senate election\nIn the 1857 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the seventh Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held for 15 of the state senate's 36 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023504-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Iowa Senate election\nFollowing the previous election in 1856, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 23 seats to Democrats' 12 seats and one member from the Know Nothing Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023504-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Iowa Senate election\nTo claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to garner seven Senate seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023504-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 Iowa Senate election\nRepublicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 22 seats and Democrats having 14 seats (a net gain of 2 seats for Democrats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023505-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Kranti (TV series)\n1857 Kranti  is an Indian historical drama television series directed by Sanjay Khan and produced by Numero Uno International Limited. The drama, aired on Doordarshan National from 2002 to 2003, tells the story of the Indian Revolt of 1857. The drama was temporarily interrupted after four episodes in its earlier run due to change in commissioning norms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023505-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Kranti (TV series), Background and production\nSpeaking at the launch of the drama, Sanjay Khan, Chairman and Managing Director of the Numero Uno said, \"The revolt of 1857 referred to as the Second Mutiny by the British is a very important facet of India\u2019s freedom struggle. Therefore, in the age of low-cost family dramas, I have attempted to bring serials which have qualities of an epic and good cinematic values. India's first war of independence of 1857 is not more than three pages in any school textbook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023505-0001-0001", "contents": "1857 Kranti (TV series), Background and production\nWhat we are presenting is the drama and the sacrifices that people made for the nation so that nationalistic fervour is never lessened, but enhanced.\" There are quite a few songs in the drama that don't stop the progression of the story. We have recorded three songs out of the 20 planned. \"We are proud to say this is the most expensive serial on Indian television, a television series on a cinematic scale,\" claims Hormuzda Davar, the CEO of the Numero Uno. The crew included over 150 technicians, 80 artistes, 150 horses, 10 elephants, 50 camels and over 2000 sword fighters. The drama approximately cost Rs 16 crore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023505-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Kranti (TV series), Background and production\nThe first 12 episodes of the drama was shot in Rajasthan, Chambal, Trichur, Red Fort, Umargaon and Cochin at a cost of Rs 2.5 crore. From 6 April 2003, the 1857 Kranti shifted to the Sunday prime time (at 2130 instead of 1100 hours) on DD National to boost the viewership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023506-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Lewisham rail crash\nOn 28 June 1857, two trains collided just east of Lewisham railway station in London, killing 11 and injuring 30 more. The 14-carriage 9:15pm from Strood, which was running 15 minutes late, pulled up 200 yards short of Lewisham station at a red signal. The guard took a red lamp to the rear of the train to warn the 9:30 train following. When he heard the approaching train he ran towards it blowing his whistle and waving the lamp. It appears that he was not seen by the driver and the standing train was struck at a speed of around 20\u00a0mph (30\u00a0km/h), destroying the brake van and rear carriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023506-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Lewisham rail crash\nA telegraph system was in place which should have prevented the second train from leaving the preceding Blackheath station until the leading train had cleared Lewisham, using a system of signal bells being rung in the signal boxes. The signals sent and received were recorded in registers kept in the signal boxes: the investigation determined that the line-clear signal had not been sent by the Lewisham signal box, despite being recorded in the Blackheath book. The driver and fireman of the second train and the Blackheath signalman were charged with \"neglect of duty causing the deaths of 11 persons\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023507-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Liberian general election\nPresidential elections were held in Liberia in 1857. The result was a victory for incumbent President Stephen Allen Benson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023508-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 2 November 1857. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023508-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result\nBecause of the large number of uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023509-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Maryland annexation referendum\nA referendum on annexation by Liberia was held in the Republic of Maryland on 24 February 1857. All voters voted in favor, and an agreement with Liberia was signed on 28 February. On 6 April 1857 the Liberian Legislature accepted Maryland into the republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023509-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Maryland annexation referendum, Background\nWhilst neighboring Liberia had become independent in 1847, Maryland remained a colony for a further seven years. Following a 1853 referendum, Maryland became a separate independent state on 8 June 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023509-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Maryland annexation referendum, Background\nIn December 1856 Maryland became involved in a war against the native population. Liberian troops arrived to assist in February 1857, by which time Maryland could no longer see a future as an independent state. Demands were put to the legislature for a referendum on integration into Liberia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023510-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1857 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 3. Incumbent Know-Nothing Governor Henry J. Gardner ran for a fourth term in office, but lost the support of the Republican Party, which nominated Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nathaniel P. Banks. Banks prevailed over Gardner to become the first Republican Governor of Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023510-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nGardner's loss also began an informal tradition of no Governor serving more than three consecutive one-year terms, which persisted until 1920, when the Governor's term was extended to two years. The only exception to this tradition was made for Governor John Albion Andrew, who held office during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023511-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 78th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1857 during the governorship of Henry Gardner. Charles Wentworth Upham served as president of the Senate and Charles A. Phelps served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023511-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Massachusetts legislature\nThere were 395 men in the combined house and senate, with the following occupations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023511-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Massachusetts legislature\n\"farmers and horticulturists, 77; merchants, 65; lawyers, 33; shoe manufacturers, 31; manufacturers, 29; clergymen, 13; physicians and housewrights, 12 each, 24; teachers, 10; master mariners, 9; lumber dealers and clerks, 6 each, 12; editors and shipwrights, 5 each, 10; blacksmiths, druggists and publishers, 4 each, 12; bakers, carriage makers, paper makers, sail makers, and grain dealers, 3 each, 16; cabinet makers, chair makers, clothiers, civil engineers, conveyancers, gentlemen, ship joiners, printers, tin plate workers, machinists, 2 each; 20; auctioneer, axe maker, auger and bitt maker, butcher, broker, balance maker, book-binder, book-keeper, book-seller, calico printer, dentist, engineer, forwarding agent, gilder, iron founder, hotel keeper, leather and hides, land surveyor, law student, reporter, provision dealer, manufacturer of cotton, silk and safes, real estate dealer, pianoforte maker, friction match, shuttle maker, bonnet maker, tanner, ship builder, tailor, mechanic, ship chandler, painter, 1 each, 35.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 1066]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023512-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Mexican general election\nGeneral elections were held in Mexico in September 1857. They were the first to be held under the February 1857 constitution, which introduced direct elections for the presidency, abolished the Senate, and introduced universal male suffrage for citizens aged 18 (if married) or 20 (if single), as long as they had an \"honest mode of living\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023512-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Mexican general election\nIncumbent president Ignacio Comonfort was re-elected with over 92% of the vote, defeating Miguel Lerdo de Tejada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023513-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Minnesota gubernatorial election\nThe 1857 Minnesota gubernatorial election was held on October 13, 1857 to elect the inaugural governor of Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023514-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Missouri gubernatorial special election\nThe 1857 Missouri gubernatorial special election was held on August 7, 1857. The election was called to fill the remainder of the term of Trusten Polk, who had resigned in February 1857 upon his election to the United States Senate. In the special election, held on August 7, 1857, the Democratic nominee, Robert Marcellus Stewart, defeated Know-Nothing candidate James S. Rollins (running under the American Party label) by a margin of only 334 votes. This was Rollins' second run for Governor of Missouri, having also lost in the 1848 gubernatorial election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023515-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett, Maranoa, Leichhardt and Port Curtis colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett, Maranoa, Leichhardt and Port Curtis on 19 November 1857 because Gordon Sandeman resigned to concentrate on his business interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 89], "section_span": [89, 89], "content_span": [90, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023516-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Natal parliamentary election\nElections to the Legislative Council were held in the Colony of Natal for the first time in February 1857. They were the first elections after the territory had become a British Colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023516-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Natal parliamentary election\nFollowing the elections, the 15-seat Legislative Council met for the first time on 23 March in the government schoolroom in Pietermaritzburg, and was opened by the Governor the following day. Donald Moodie was elected as Speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023517-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 New Brunswick general election\nThe 1857 New Brunswick general elections happened less than a year after the 1856 elections. The new government of the colony, lead by John Hamilton Gray, had trouble passing bills because of its slim majority of one member. One of the government MLA had a tendency to abstain on most objects, resulting in ties and gridlocks. Eventually, the government lost a vote of confidence, and the colony held new elections. The elections resulted in a defeat for the government and a victory for the Liberal MLAs. After the election, Charles Fisher returned to power as premier of the colony for the second time. He did not re-enact the prohibition law that caused his government to fall less than a year earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023518-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 New York state election\nThe 1857 New York state election was held on November 3, 1857, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023518-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 New York state election, History\nThe Democratic state convention met on September 10 and 11 at Syracuse, New York. Gideon J. Tucker (Tammany) was nominated for Secretary of State \"by acclamation\" after a first informal ballot showed a large majority for him and the other candidate George B. Wood was withdrawn. Sanford E. Church (Soft) was nominated for Comptroller \"unanimously\" after a first informal ballot showed a large majority and the other candidates Alfred M. Wood and Thomas B. Mitchell were withdrawn. Lyman Tremain, Benjamin Bailey and Francis Kernan were proposed for Attorney General but Tremain (Hard) was nominated by acclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023518-0001-0001", "contents": "1857 New York state election, History\nIsaac V. Vanderpoel, Joseph M. Lyon and Thomas Osborne were proposed for Treasurer, but Vanderpoel (Soft) was nominated unanimously. John M. Jaycox (Hard) was nominated for Canal Commissioner. The nomination for State Engineer caused much excitement when Charles R. Graham was proposed and had his party allegiance questioned when it was remembered that he had chaired a Whig convention in New York City four years previously. After much controversy, including speeches by Daniel E. Sickles and Mayor Fernando Wood, Van Rensselaer Richmond (Soft) was nominated on the first ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023518-0001-0002", "contents": "1857 New York state election, History\nWilliam C. Rhodes (Hard) was nominated unanimously on the first ballot for Prison Inspector. The re-nomination of Hiram Denio caused another even bigger controversy. Ex-Governor Horatio Seymour rose to urge Denio's nomination, Mayor Fernando Wood spoke fiercely against it, because Denio had made decisions against Wood, and was accused of not being a Democrat. Replying to Wood, Sickles defended Denio in a speech and John Cochrane also endorsed Denio who was nominated on the first ballot with 67 out of 117 votes cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023518-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 New York state election, History\nThe American state convention met on September 15 at Syracuse, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023518-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 New York state election, History\nThe Republican state convention met on September 23 at Wieting Hall in Syracuse, New York. Almon M. Clapp was Temporary Chairman until the choice of Abijah Mann, Jr. as President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023518-0003-0001", "contents": "1857 New York state election, History\nTimothy Jenkins was nominated for the Court of Appeals on the second ballot after much debate on the proposal to endorse Democrat Hiram Denio which course was defended by David Dudley Field (first ballot: Jenkins 119, Henry Wells 50, William B. Wright 45, Denio 12, E. G. Chase 4, H. H. Shankland 2, Ward Hunt 1, this was a small majority for Jenkins, but after much debate if the nomination could be made \"unanimous\", the roll was called again; second ballot: Jenkins 129, Wright 24, Wells 13, Denio 9).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023518-0003-0002", "contents": "1857 New York state election, History\nWilliam Curtis Noyes was nominated for Attorney General, and Robert Denniston for Comptroller by acclamation. Almon M. Clapp was nominated for Secretary of State on the ballot (informal ballot: William W. Campbell 91, Clapp 85, John T. Hogeboom 49; first ballot: Clapp 121, Campbell 92, Hogeboom 30; second ballot: Clapp 152, Campbell 64). John T. Hogeboom was nominated for Treasurer by acclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023518-0003-0003", "contents": "1857 New York state election, History\nAriel S. Thurston was nominated for Canal Commissioner on the third ballot (first ballot: Thurston 74, Alexander B. Williams 64, Samuel H. Barnes 51, Ansell Bascom 16, William Mallory 15, George Geddes 11; second ballot: Thurston 98, Williams 78, Barnes 52, Bascom 3, Mallory 1; third ballot: Thurston 120, Williams 59, Barnes 58). George Geddes was nominated for State Engineer on the first ballot (vote: Geddes 140, Silas Seymour 94, scattering 4). Thomas Kirkpatrick was nominated for Prison Inspector on the second ballot (first ballot: Kirkpatrick 62, Norwood Bowne [incumbent] 39, David P. Forrest 26, Luther Caldwell 25, some more scattering; second ballot: Kirkpatrick 102, Bowne 40, Caldwell 27, Forrest 16).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023518-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 New York state election, Results\nThe whole Democratic state ticket was elected with a plurality of less than 20,000 votes over the Republican ticket while only in New York County, the stronghold of Tammany Hall, the ticket had a plurality of about 24,000 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023518-0005-0000", "contents": "1857 New York state election, Results\n15 Republicans, 14 Democrats, two Americans and one Independent Republican were elected to a two-year term (1858\u201359) in the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023518-0006-0000", "contents": "1857 New York state election, Results\n61 Republicans, 58 Democrats and 9 Americans were elected for the session of 1858 to the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023519-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Northumberland Boroughs colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Northumberland Boroughs on 6 November 1857 because of the death of Bob Nichols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023520-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Ohio gubernatorial election\nThe 1857 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 13, 1857. Incumbent Republican Salmon P. Chase defeated Democratic nominee Henry B. Payne with 48.67% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023521-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Parchomenko\n1857 Parchomenko, provisional designation 1971 QS1, is a stony asteroid and suspected binary from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023521-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Parchomenko\nIt was discovered on 30 August 1971, by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula, and named after astronomer Praskoviya Parchomenko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023521-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Parchomenko, Orbit and classification\nParchomenko orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,228 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023521-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 Parchomenko, Orbit and classification\nFirst identified as 1931 XT at Lowell Observatory, the body's first used observation was taken at Nice Observatory in 1939, extending its observation arc by 32 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnyj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023521-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 Parchomenko, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Parchomenko is a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023521-0005-0000", "contents": "1857 Parchomenko, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Parchomenko measures 7.99 and 9.84 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.295 and 0.333, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.5 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 12.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023521-0006-0000", "contents": "1857 Parchomenko, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Parchomenko was obtained from a photometric observations by Robert Stephens, Brian Warner and Petr Pravec. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.1177 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023521-0007-0000", "contents": "1857 Parchomenko, Physical characteristics, Suspected binary\nThree possible occultation events were observed, suggesting that Parchomenko might be a binary asteroid, having a minor-planet moon as companion. However, no new findings have been made since. In October 2008, Italian amateur astronomer Silvano Casulli measured a similar period of 3.08 hours with an amplitude of 0.27 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023521-0008-0000", "contents": "1857 Parchomenko, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Russian astronomer Praskoviya Parchomenko (1886\u20131970), who observed and discovered the minor planets 1129 Neujmina and 1166 Sakuntala at the Crimean Simeiz Observatory during the 1930s and 1940s. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3826).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023522-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1857 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 13, 1857. Incumbent governor James Pollock, a Whig, was not a candidate for re-election. Democratic candidate William F. Packer defeated Republican candidate David Wilmot and American Party candidate Isaac Hazlehurst to become Governor of Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023523-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 South Australian colonial election\nColonial elections were held in South Australia on 9 March 1857. All 36 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly, and all 18 seats in the Legislative Council were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023523-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 South Australian colonial election, Pre-party Premiers\nNo parties or solid groupings would be formed until after the 1890 election, which resulted in frequent changes of the Premier of South Australia. If for any reason the incumbent Premier lost sufficient support through a successful motion of no confidence at any time on the floor of the house, he would tender his resignation to the Governor of South Australia, which would result in interested members declaring their intent to run for the vacant position. A parliamentary ballot would then take place, resulting in the member with the most votes being sworn in by the Governor as the next Premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023523-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 South Australian colonial election, Pre-party Premiers\nInformal groupings began and increased government stability occurred from the 1887 election. The United Labor Party would be formed in 1891, while the National Defence League would be formed later in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023523-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 South Australian colonial election, Pre-party Premiers\nThe first six Governors of South Australia oversaw governance from proclamation in 1836 until self-government and an elected bicameral Parliament of South Australia was enacted in the year prior to the inaugural 1857 election. The pre-1857 unicameral Legislative Council was partially represented from earlier 1851 and 1855 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023524-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Swiss federal election\nFederal elections were held in Switzerland on 28 October 1857. The Radical Left remained the largest group in the National Council, winning 80 of the 120 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023524-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Swiss federal election, Electoral system\nThe 120 members of the National Council were elected in 49 single- and multi-member constituencies; there was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population. The elections were held using a three-round system; candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. In six cantons (Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Glarus, Nidwalden, Obwalden and Uri), National Council members were elected by the Landsgemeinde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023524-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Swiss federal election, Electoral system\nCompulsory voting was introduced in the Canton of Schaffhausen for the elections, with the canton seeing the highest turnout at 86.4% compared to the 46.5% figure nationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023525-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Texas gubernatorial election\nThe 1857 Texas gubernatorial election was held on August 3, 1857 to elect the Governor of Texas. The election pitted Lieutenant Governor Hardin Richard Runnels against former President of the Republic of Texas Sam Houston and Lieutenant Governor hopeful French Smith. Runnels won the election with 53% of the vote, becoming the only person to ever defeat Sam Houston in a political contest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023526-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 United Kingdom general election\nIn the 1857 United Kingdom general election, the Whigs, led by Lord Palmerston, won a majority in the House of Commons as the Conservative vote fell significantly. The election had been provoked by a vote of censure in Palmerston's government over his approach to the Arrow affair which led to the Second Opium War. Aged 72 Palmerston is the oldest person to win a general election for the first time in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023526-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 United Kingdom general election\nThere is no separate tally of votes or seats for the Peelites. They did not contest elections as an organised party but more as independent Free trade Conservatives with varying degrees of distance from the two main parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023527-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 United Kingdom general election in Ireland\nThe 1857 British general election in Ireland produced a victory in Ireland for the Whigs under Lord Palmerston. The election was the first to be contested by the Independent Irish Party under their own banner. The Independent Irish Party had been formed following the 1852 election by Liberal candidates who had pledged to form an independent party in parliament should they be elected. A total of 48 Liberal candidates made the pledge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023528-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nThe 1857 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held in January 1857. Incumbent Charles Sumner was re-elected to a second term in office as a member of the Republican Party. Sumner was elected in 1851 by a single vote after twenty-five inconclusive ballots by a coalition of Free-Soil and Democratic legislators. He had since become a founding member of the Massachusetts Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023528-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nAt the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a majority vote of each separate house of the Massachusetts General Court: the House and the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023528-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nDuring the election, Sumner was still recovering from a brutal attack by a fellow member of Congress, Preston Brooks. He would not permanently return to the Senate until 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023528-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background\nOn May 22, 1856, Congressman Preston Brooks used a walking cane to attack incumbent Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the Senate. Brooks considered his attack retaliation for a Sumner's speech given two days earlier, in which Sumner fiercely criticized slaveholders including South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Brook's relative. The beating nearly killed Sumner and contributed to the country's polarization over the issue of slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023528-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background\nIn the 1856 legislative elections, supporters of the Republican ticket, including Republicans and nominal members of the Know-Nothing Party, won an overwhelming majority in both houses of the General Court, securing Sumner's re-election without opposition. Representatives-elect included 218 Republicans, 5 Fremont Americans, 6 Fillmore Americans, 4 Democrats, and 2 Whigs. 24 seats were left vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023528-0005-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, House\nIn a noted contrast from the divisive and lengthy 1851 election, Sumner was re-elected overwhelmingly by the House on January 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023528-0006-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, House\nIn the House, Sumner received votes from 333 of 345 voting. Some protest votes were cast for conservative former Whig politicians who had become independents or Democrats following the party's dissolution in 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1857 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 3, 1857 by the New York State Legislature. Incumbent Whig Senator Hamilton Fish did not stand for re-election. The seat was won by Preston King, a former U.S. Representative and member of the newly-formed Republican Party. King was the first Republican elected to represent New York, although William H. Seward had joined the party after being elected as a Whig in 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nWhig Hamilton Fish had been elected in 1851 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nIn 1855, the Whig Party and the Anti- Nebraska Party merged in New York to form the Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1855, 16 Republicans, 11 Americans, 4 Democrats and 1 Temperance man were elected for a two-year term (1856-1857) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1856, 81 Republicans, 31 Democrats and 8 Americans were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1857. The 80th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 18, 1857, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nPreston King was nominated by a caucus of Republican State legislators. King had been a Democratic congressman from 1843 to 1847, a Free Soil congressman from 1849 to 1853, and had joined the Republican Party upon its foundation at the State convention in September 1855. The convention nominated King for Secretary of State, but he was defeated by Joel T. Headley in a four-way race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0005-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nSecretary of State Joel T. Headley was the candidate of the American Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0006-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nState Senator Daniel E. Sickles was the candidate of the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0007-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nIn the Assembly the vote confirmed the party caucus selections. When State Senator Sickles received votes, the same objection to his eligibility was raised as was in 1833 regarding Nathaniel P. Tallmadge. This time, Speaker DeWitt C. Littlejohn ruled that the objection was \"partially tenable and partially not so.\" However, the Speaker held that any member could vote for anybody, and only if the candidate received sufficient votes to win the election, a decision would be required. Otherwise, like in this case, the eligibility of an also-ran was irrelevant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0008-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nIn the State Senate, only 24 votes were given. Zenas Clark (Rep.) and John B. Halsted (Rep.) were sick at home. Eaton J. Richardson (Rep.) paired with Sidney Sweet (Am.). Joseph H. Petty (Am.) was absent. William Kelly (Dem. ), Mark Spencer (Dem. ), and the Democratic candidate Sickles himself, declined to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0009-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nState Senator Justin A. Smith (Am.) raised the question if the vote for Sickles could be counted. A new State Constitution had been adopted in 1846, which had clarified the question of eligibility of State legislators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0009-0001", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nSmith quoted from the State Constitution: \"No member of the Legislature shall receive any civil appointment within this State, or to the Senate of the United States, from the Governor, the Governor and Senate, or from the Legislature,  during the term for which he shall have been elected; and all votes given for any such member, for any such office or appointment, shall be void.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0009-0002", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nLt. Gov. Henry R. Selden (later a judge of the New York Court of Appeals) decided to count the vote, holding that the United States Constitution described the eligibility for the office and devolved on the State legislatures only the power to prescribe the \"times, places and manners of holding the elections for that office\", thus not implying a right for the State governments to exclude any person who would be eligible under the U.S. Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0010-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nPreston King was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023529-0011-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nKing served one term, and remained in office until March 3, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023530-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1857 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 13, 1857. Simon Cameron was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023530-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 13, 1857, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1857. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023531-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1857 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont was held on Tuesday, September 1. In keeping with the \"Mountain Rule\", incumbent Republican Ryland Fletcher was a candidate for a second one-year term. The Democratic nominee was Henry Keyes, a former member of the Vermont House of Representatives and Vermont Senate who had run against Fletcher in 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023531-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Vermont gubernatorial election\nVermont continued to strongly support abolitionism and the Republican Party, and Fletcher was easily re-elected. Fletcher took the oath of office for a one-year term that began on October 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election\nElections for the ad hoc Divan were held in Wallachia in September 1857. They restored a liberalizing trend that had been repressed following the 1848 revolution, also giving expression to the national awakening that was taking part among the Romanians. The toppling of the conservative Regulamentul Organic regime in both Danubian Principalities made them possible: following the 1856 Treaty of Paris, Wallachia and Moldavia functioned as a protectorates of the European powers; both were also clients of the Ottoman Empire. Excluding the spontaneous rallies of 1848, this was the first public consultation to be held in eleven years. It ran in conjunction with the Moldavian Divan elections, and, like them, had unusually lax criteria for participation, allowing peasants and guilds to vote by indirect suffrage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election\nThe result in both countries was a sweep for parties which demanded the union. In Wallachia, the progressive National Party, chaired by Constantin A. Cre\u021bulescu, was on this topic indistinguishable from the conservative unionist factions, respectively led by brothers Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Dimitrie \u0218tirbei. A fourth party, supporting Alexandru II Ghica and Dimitrie Ghica, cooperated with Cre\u021bulescu's Committee, although disagreeing over some core policies. These groups held an absolute majority in the Divan, with only some seats going to non-unionists. Together, they formulated demands for union and increased autonomy, postponing debates about universal suffrage; middle-class progressives and the boyar elite also dissuaded peasant deputies from demanding land reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election\nThe Divan resolutions were taken into account by the European powers, and some were written into the Paris Convention of 1858, which became the new organic law for the \"United Principalities\". This document outlawed class privilege, but also reinforced old suffrage laws, eliminating the peasant vote. It also prevented the two states from fully merging, keeping the key institutions separate\u2014but a loophole in the text allowed a personal union. In the repeat elections of January 1859, Wallachia voted a conservative \"elective assembly\", dominated by Bibescu supporters. Pressured by the National Party, which threatened violence, this new legislature gave its vote to a Moldavian, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, who became Hospodar, then Domnitor, of both countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Regulamentul background\nThe Principalities had been occupied by the Russian Empire during the latter's war with the Ottomans (1829). The result was a shared Russian\u2013Ottoman custody, with Regulamentul Organic as a constitutional law imposed on both vassals. Introducing modernizing principles such as the separation of powers, Regulamentul also reformed representation for the estates of the realm, producing the \"Ordinary National Assembly\"; in Wallachia, this comprised 42 members\u201419 of whom were elected by the 17 counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0003-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Regulamentul background\nThe electoral corps was exceedingly small: 20 representatives of the upper-crust boyar aristocracy were voted in by 56 electors, and the county representatives, generally low-ranking boyars, by some 400 electors. This mixture of modernizing and traditional elements was arrived at by repressing both the emerging liberal current, which wanted more complete freedoms, and the traditionalist boyars, who resented power-sharing combinations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Regulamentul background\nBy 1836, the Assembly and the titular Prince of Wallachia, Alexandru II Ghica, were in open conflict, the boyars having discovered that sections of Regulamentul had been forged, giving legislative oversight to the Russian envoys. Although the event ended in defeat for the deputies, it helped consolidate a \"National Party\", which was increasingly anti-Russian. This period saw early projects to unite Wallachia and Moldavia, with even liberal Russians encouraging the idea of a \"Dacian\" dukedom; at least one such proposal, drafted by the Moldavian boyar Leonte Radu, also included the Principality of Serbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0005-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Regulamentul background\nFollowing Ghica's ouster, his replacement was to be elected by the estates and then recognized by Sultan Abdulmejid I. The vote took place in December 1842, confronting two Russophile brothers with discreet nationalist agendas\u2014Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Dimitrie \u0218tirbei\u2014, with each other, with the anti-Russian Iordache Filipescu, and with the arch-conservative Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea. Bibescu won by exhaustive ballot, picking 69% of the votes in the last round. Although nepotistic, his government introduced various liberal reforms, including a customs union with Moldavia, the defense of education in the national language, and the first steps toward abolishing Roma slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0005-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Regulamentul background\nHe soon found himself at odds with the National Party over the issue of mines concessions and dismissed the Assembly, effectively ruling as an absolute monarch from 1844 to 1846. When finally elections were held in November 1846, the Prince clamped down on the boyars' electoral privilege by outlawing multiple registrations and by imposing his own candidates: 18 of 20 elected by the first estate were his close associates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0006-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Regulamentul background\nHowever, within two years, he and his friendly Assembly were toppled by the liberal-and-nationalist Revolution. Regulamentul was denounced and publicly burned. During this brief interregnum, the Proclamation of Islaz promised universal male suffrage (tempered by indirect elections) within a republicized elective monarchy. Most revolutionaries agreed that there was still no social grounding for universal direct suffrage. Some elections based on these quasi-democratic principles were held at Vla\u0219ca, but the process was cut short by more pressing political issues. The new forms of representation allowed peasant deputies such as Ene Cojocaru to demand the abolition of corv\u00e9e, which survived despite there being no formal serfdom. The issue became entangled with a lengthy and divisive discussion about land reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0007-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Repressive regime\nThe clampdown by a joint Ottoman\u2013Russian intervention, and the Convention of Balta Liman, restored Regulamentul but suspended the elective monarchy. Princes were designated by Abdulmejid, with \u0218tirbei taking the throne of Wallachia for a period of seven years. The Assembly, reconstituted as the \"National Divan\", mainly preserved consultative functions, being composed entirely of bureaucrats, judges, and bishops of the Wallachian Orthodox Church. Most revolutionary leaders were either expelled or self-exiled. This group only included 23 men; however, the government also began a clampdown on political activities, persecuting even those remotely associated with the 1848 cause\u2014for instance, the architect Iacob Melic. The poet Constantin D. Aricescu, who circulated revolutionary poetry in manuscript form, was arrested and imprisoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0008-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Repressive regime\nThe National Party was reconstructed in exile by the 1848 revolutionaries, who, from ca. 1850, began pressing for union above all other points on the agenda, although its leaders remained committed to international republican and European federalist causes to 1856. In this context, there was a noticeable rapprochement between Bibescu and the exiled revolutionaries, pushing \u0218tirbei to adopt an even more conservative stance, and making him more reliant on the military. His repressive regime was cut short by the Crimean War, in which Western powers sided with the Ottomans against Russia. The events also interrupted Nicolae Ple\u0219oianu's designs to participate with other former revolutionaries in the New South Wales gold rush. However, most failed to enlist in the Ottoman Army, as they had intended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0009-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Repressive regime\nThe Austrian Empire intervened to clamp down on revolutionary activity in Oltenia (the western third of Wallachia). Here, the Ottoman authorities had allowed the liberals to put out a newspaper, Jurnalul Craiovei, which, in June 1854, hosted Dimitrie Bolintineanu's editorial in support of union under Ottoman suzerainty. Also in June, Austrian troops occupied both Principalities, preventing Russia from maintaining a presence in the Balkans. With Count Coronini as military supervisor, \u0218tirbei was reconfirmed as Prince. Alongside his minister Nicolae Cre\u021bulescu, he consolidated conservatism, refusing to grant entry permits to exile radicals, and instituting heavy censorship of the media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0009-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Repressive regime\nBoth however endorsed the unionist cause, explicitly so from 1855, when Cre\u021bulescu lobbied the Palmerston cabinet and Napoleon III for a unified Romania, governed from Bucharest and possibly ruled upon by \u0218tirbei. In such proposals, \u0218tirbei also insisted that Wallachia preserve its dominant role, and campaigned against moving the capital to Ia\u0219i. He found an ally in Ioan Maiorescu, the former revolutionary, who drafted a unionist project stressed the need for a Wallachian on the throne, and also promised to draw the resulting state into Austria's sphere of influence\u2014though both regarded the latter proposal as unrealistic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0010-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Repressive regime\n\u0218tirbei and Maiorescu's vision was endorsed by some of the more conservative exiles, including Gheorghe Magheru and Ion Heliade R\u0103dulescu; others, including the Romanian Revolutionary Committee of Paris, militated both against \u0218tirbei and for unification. Another wing of the unionist movement was a \"bourgeois group\", clandestinely formed during autumn 1854 to support Alexandru II Ghica's return on the throne. Its members included Ion Ghica, Constantin Bosianu, economist Gheorghe Costaforu, and banker Cristache Polihroniadi, who together sponsored the newspaper Timpul. As noted by diplomat Henry Stanley, the Wallachians were also divided along geopolitical priorities. Boyars, who were especially fearful of land reform, included \"many Russian partizans  [sic]\", while the middle classes were mostly against Russia, with students and peasants generally pro-Ottoman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 948]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0011-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Repressive regime\nWhile still present in the Principalities, Austrian envoys gave some endorsement to the more radical projects for peasant emancipation. According to historian Alexandru Lapedatu, they did so in order to stoke social conflict, as the unionist nationalism embraced by boyars raised the issue of irredentism among the Romanians of Transylvania and Bukovina. Although he welcomed constitutionalism, Viscount Palmerston rejected the proposal to make Wallachia and Moldavia a condominium of the West and the Ottomans, regarding them as inalienably Ottoman. He remained agnostic about union, although Villiers of Clarendon and Napoleon came to support the idea. Napoleon, \"eager as he was to dismantle the creation of the 1815 Vienna treaties\", also envisaged a foreign dynasty for the new state, moving either Francis of Modena or Robert of Parma to the new throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 935]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0012-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Historical context, Repressive regime\n\u0218tirbei, who emerged as the Austrian favorite in a close race with Bibescu, continued to preserve an ambiguous, \"extremely prudent\", course. In 1855, seeking to curtail the Ghicas' influence, he repressed Timpul and encouraged radical unionists to publish a more left-wing paper called Patria. During September, members of this group, led by a 19-year-old Eugeniu Carada, publicly celebrated the fall of Sevastopol. \u0218tirbei again attempted to contain the movement by co-opting Carada as a junior Dragoman in his ministry. Writing at the time, Maiorescu also advised \u0218tirbei to seek counsel from the more \"mature\" among Wallachia's revolutionary exiles. In February 1856, \u0218tirbei issued letters of protest, directed against the Ottomans' attempt to re-annex the Principalities\u2014but also criticizing the Wallachian revolutionaries active in Ottoman ranks. He also pressed for a boyar assembly to review and reform Regulamentul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 1000]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0013-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Ghica's regency\nWith the defeat of Russia drawing near, exiled unionists began presenting their case to the Ottoman statesmen, introducing their project as a moderate guarantee against both Pan-Slavism and Greek nationalism; some in this group also wished for union to be effected under Grigore V Ghica, who was at the time the reigning Prince of Moldavia. Still a conditional \u0218tirbeist, Maiorescu opposed the ideological threat posed by Ottomanism, and, with Constantin Hurmuzachi, prepared for print a brochure accusing the Sublime Porte of pervasive encroachment on Wallachian and Moldavian autonomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0013-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Ghica's regency\nDuring those weeks, Ottoman and Austrian diplomats met with envoys of Britain and Imperial France to discuss the property regime in Wallachia and Moldavia. Though divided between a radical anti-boyar position taken by Austria's Prince Prokesch-Osten and a strongly conservative project advanced by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, they eventually agreed on the need to suspend the corv\u00e9e and eliminate all remaining forms of personal servitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0014-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Ghica's regency\nIn March 1856, a Western protectorate was established under the Treaty of Paris; Ottoman sovereignty was kept in check by Austria, Russia, Britain, France, Prussia, and Sardinia. The Treaty also specified the notion of representation and public consultation, instituting the ad hoc Divans. Consultation was going to take place including in respect to the Principalities' union\u2014although the latter was opposed by the Ottomans and the Austrians. The Ottoman viewpoint was embraced by Palmerston and Clarendon, who tried to persuade the French into renouncing the foreign dynasty scheme, which was particularly disliked by Abdulmejid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0015-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Ghica's regency\nWith censorship laws still in place, the unionist campaign was supported from Moldavia by the National Party magazine St\u00e9oa Dun\u0103rei. Public disputes were focused on conflicts between the conservatives \u0218tirbei and Alexandru Ghica, who took over as Caimacam (regent); the National Party was organizing more discreetly, with Ioan I. Filipescu forming a club for what he called the Bucharest sans-culottes. In July, Grigore Ioranu of the National Party informed the Moldavian Mihail Kog\u0103lniceanu that \"Bucharest is now crisscrossed by committees overseen by the Central committee. This was replicated in just about every district.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0015-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Ghica's regency\nIn Buz\u0103u, the Union Committee, formed on March 16, was confronted two days later by the Assembly of Landowners, which rejected the unionist agenda; St\u00e9oa Dun\u0103rei reported that the latter only had 6 members, less than half of those who had registered with the Committee. Unionism of various hues was also spread by the Freemasonry. A Masonic Lodge established for this purpose was particularly active in the border town of Foc\u0219anii Munteniei, reuniting boyar and bourgeois activists: Alexandru Plagino, Grigore D. Marghiloman, Constantin Robescu, Alecu Sihleanu, and Panaite Tufelcic\u0103. Filipescu also contacted Aga Constantin A. Cre\u021bulescu, brother of the resigning minister, asking him to sponsor a unionist gazette. Cre\u021bulescu refused, reportedly because he disliked the movement's anti-boyar radicalization and \"anarchism\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0016-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Ghica's regency\nBy August 1856, Caimacam Ghica, who remained an anti-unionist and \"not a man of progress\", sought to clamp down perceived unionist cells in the state apparatus. He tried to depose Iancu Marghiloman from his position as governor of Buz\u0103u County, but did not consider doing the same for conservative governors who were \"persecuting the unionists\". He had also split the conservatives by ordering a purge of \u0218tirbeists from the administration; Barbu \u0218tirbei, his son George, and Plagino were all driven into passivity or collaboration with the National Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0016-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Ghica's regency\nMost boyars rallied with yet another conservative-and-unionist faction, which was headed by Bibescu; Ghica sought to counter the trend, outing himself as a backer of Timpul. Filipescu also used this confusion to set up a clandestine Unionist Committee, which branched out into all Wallachian cities and began petitioning foreign governments to obtain a timetable for the unification. The Committee was also behind the enthusiastic welcoming of the French Commissioner, Baron Talleyrand, which doubled as an anti-Ottoman and anti-Austrian demonstration. Some 80 men also greeted Talleyrand in Buz\u0103u, asking him to promote the \"union of both principalities as a strong state\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0017-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Ghica's regency\nOver those months, the revolutionary exiles began testing Caimacam Ghica's resolve by making their way back into the country, sometimes with \u0218tirbei's tacit endorsement: Magheru, Alexandru G. Golescu and Grigore Serrurie had regained Bucharest before the end of 1856. Ion Br\u0103tianu returned in the early months of 1857. At that stage, authorities began observing that unionist propaganda was already being taken to the streets and the villages\u2014in November, schoolteacher Constantin T\u0103nase of Olt was under surveillance for having collected signatures in support of the National Party agenda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0017-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Ghica's regency\nIn September, Alexandru's nephew, Beizadea Dimitrie Ghica, who had kept a low profile ever since 1848, publicized his own manifesto, which offered a crossover of liberal and conservative doctrines, chiding youth for the Talleyrand incident. This younger Ghica did not oppose union with Moldavia, but advised its partisans not to draw too much attention to their project. This revival failed to impress the returning exiles, with Serrurie writing in November that boyardom needed to be \"burned alive and its ashes scattered\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0017-0002", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Ghica's regency\nHeliade's conservatives, who maintained some links with the Ghicas, also began reorganizing themselves into a more cohesive group: by November, Heliade and his associate Niculae Rusu Locusteanu were putting out their own newspaper, Conservatorul, from exile in Bellinzona. It published political essays critical of other emergent factions, and praised the Caimacam as a balanced reformist. They differed from all other factions in their solution to the peasant issue, advocating collective farming and utopian socialism, and even suggesting the violent expropriation of boyar estates; Bolintineanu described their agenda as \"something out of a madman's brain\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0018-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Election firman\nAfter consultations with Western plenipotentiaries, the Sultan took the initiative and, on January 13, 1857, issued a firman sanctioning elections. This was read out publicly in Bucharest in March, and signed into law by Ghica in April. It set the voting age at 30, while splitting the electoral corps into five classes of voters, with massive enfranchisement. There were 10,141 qualified electors in Wallachia, as opposed to only 2,954 in Moldavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0018-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Election firman\nAt core, the Divans would still preserve corporatism as the electoral principle, retaining a characteristic of its 1840s predecessors; however, the firman introduced radically new divisions of the body politic, such as recognizing the political importance of liberal professions. Although, in the 1850s, guilds \"no longer controlled production\", they maintained some local importance as \"professional and fiscal organizations\", and were still assigned an electoral function. The document was also expressly against the political enfranchisement of Romanies who had been enslaved until 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0019-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Election firman\nOverall, there were 94 to 100 deputies. Accounts differ because of the unspecified number of supplementary seats for the Wallachian clergy, which now enfranchised priests and stare\u021bi. The bishops were members by right; clergy also elected 6 or 10 deputies altogether\u20144 of which represented the high clergy. Outside the church class, there were 90 Divan deputies, representing the 17 counties, with at least one deputy per county capital and at least 4 from the rural constituencies. Dolj and Prahova had 6 deputies each, and Ilfov had 8, 4 of them representing Bucharest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0020-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Election firman\nBoyars were controversially merged into a single group, and, except for the wealthiest, were not allowed to vote outside their home county, partially confirming Bibescu's earlier limitations of suffrage. High-ranking boyars, comprising some 90 people, were thus fused with the 2,700 of the low-and-middle boyar category; the only requirement for membership was owning an estate over 111 hectares (0.4 square miles), although candidates had to own at least 334 hectares (1.3 square miles). By September, the category had been restructured to include 753 voters, about 20% of whom were concentrated in Ilfov and Buz\u0103u.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0021-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Election firman\nUrban constituencies included all 17 county capitals, each electing one deputy, except for Bucharest's 4, and for 2 each in Craiova and Br\u0103ila. Br\u0103ila was eventually relegated to one deputy, and Ploie\u0219ti moved up to where it had two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0021-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Election firman\nVoting rights were only extended to some portions of the urban class, with various grandfather clauses attached; groups included: state-recognized professionals, regardless of wealth, who had been living in the respective town or city for no less than three years; homeowners with a taxable wealth set at 8,000 kuru\u015flar\u2014or 20,000 in Bucharest; attested tradesman and master craftsmen; and journeymen (voting indirectly\u2014with 4 electors per guild). This electoral geography produced an urban constituency comprising, overall, 3,000 voters: 1,300 were in Bucharest (about 2% of that city's population), and 285 at Craiova, with as few as 43 for T\u00e2rgu Jiu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0022-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Preparation, Election firman\nThe other two classes, both rural, voted indirectly: 8,000 non-aristocratic landowners were defined as having at least 11 hectares (27 acres), and sent 5 electors and 1 deputy per county (although their numbers ranged from 1,630 in Romana\u021bi to only 12 in Br\u0103ila County); 220,000 peasants were represented through their 2,931 village assemblies, which elected two delegates each, with all county delegates electing one deputy per county. The latter provision was especially unpopular with the boyars, who feared a surge of \"mean passions\". Resigning from the ministry in April 1857, N. Cre\u021bulescu asked \u00c9douard Thouvenel, France's Ambassador to the Porte, to withdraw that requirement (although he conceded on the inclusion of non-boyars and guilds).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0023-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Forging alliances\nTimpul was again published from December 1856, signalling the lifting of censorship. By then, its \"anti-feudal\" campaign was also assisted by Costaforu's theoretical journal, Magazinul Judec\u0103toresc. In February of the following year, C. A. Cre\u021bulescu was finally allowed to put out a moderate unionist paper, Concordia, published in Bucharest. Eventually, Caimacam Ghica also renounced anti-unionism and, alongside the Timpul faction, moved closer to the National Party, hoping to defeat Bibescu. Also in February, two of the Caimacam's counsels, Costaforu and Bosianu, alongside his nephew Dimitrie and Barbu Bellu, published an \"ultra-liberal\" manifesto for the foreseeable elections. They now attacked Concordia for its views on class collaboration\u2014according to historian Vasile Maciu, Bellu was infiltrated into the group by Bibescu partisans such as Constantin N. Br\u0103iloiu and Barbu Catargiu, who hoped that ideological conflicts would distract both groups from pushing an egalitarian agenda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 1077]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0024-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Forging alliances\nDuring the last days of February, Costaforu and Bosianu split with Bellu, establishing a \"free assembly\" of the National Party. Writing for Timpul, Costaforu invited the grand boyars to voluntarily relinquish all privilege or risk placing themselves \"outside the nation.\" His party did not support land reforms, but stated its opposition to the corv\u00e9e system, declaring it a breach on personal sovereignty. Union, Costaforu argued, was an \"old idea of our nation\", the \"political tendency of the whole people\", and was therefore inevitable. Concordia's Ion B\u0103l\u0103ceanu joined the club on its creation, but left within days, alleging that it only existed to serve the Ghicas; in fact, Costaforu was attempting to energize the middle class into preventing all boyar candidacies for the Divan, and hinted at designs for a democratic republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0025-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Forging alliances\nBeyond Concordia and Timpul, the unionist campaign also relied on direct tactics, including oratory: voter interest was exceptionally high, with as many as 700 attendees at campaign meeting in Bucharest in March (almost half of the entire electoral basin). Majority groups rejected the radical platform advanced by the Ghicas, leading Bosianu to withdraw from the National Party. Before March 3 (New Style: March 15), he was talked into rejoining and awarded with a seat on the Unified Committees, alongside Costaforu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0025-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Forging alliances\nThe party as a whole, co-chaired by C. A. Cre\u021bulescu and banker Laz\u0103r (Lazaros) Kalenderoglu, issued a program demanding union under a foreign dynasty, with autonomy, perpetual neutrality, extended suffrage, and representative government. The extended agenda proposed equality before the law, a codified right to property, freedom of contract and the suspension of corv\u00e9es.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0026-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Forging alliances\nFrom April, coordination between the two branches of the National Party was enhanced by the arrival to Bucharest of a Moldavian delegation comprising, among others, Kog\u0103lniceanu, Vasile Alecsandri, and Dimitrie Rallet. The established platform was communicated to the local party branches of Wallachia, which also organized in the open. While heading the National Party as a whole, C. A. Cre\u021bulescu also organized the Br\u0103ila County section. At Vla\u0219ca, Serrurie held a chair on the regional Committee, alongside State Ariton and Ioni\u021b\u0103 Gurki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0026-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Forging alliances\nAricescu emerged as the radical unionist leader in Muscel County, where he and Nicolae Ruc\u0103reanu staged political plays which propagated the nationalist slogans. The Bucharest trend was also witnessed in Prahova, were, as historian Silvia Marton notes, \"liberals and unionists feverishly organized themselves\". Before May, Costaforu had traveled around Wallachia, spreading his philosophy among the various clubs. This activity was observed and criticized by the Russian consul, Konstantin Basily, who argued that calls for a \"social revolution\" would compromise any \"political reform\" that was expected of the union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0027-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Emerging consensus\nAlso fearing the growth of democratic unionism, Bibescu's party channeled the conservative vote, forming its own Unionist Committee on March 10 (March 22). This faction insisted on maintaining boyar representation; however, Bibescuists also claimed authorship for the core unionist program, accusing the Cre\u021bulescu group of plagiarism. In their version, it included references to a hereditary monarch, or Domnitor; representative government and meritocracy; a limited Ottoman rule with adherence to the Capitulations; and full respect for the property rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0027-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Emerging consensus\nThis was a significant moment in history, signaling that the staunchest conservatives had renounced the notion of boyar-only representation, and only slightly amended the language of liberal ideologists. Hoping to attract support from the lower classes, they also reputedly promised a confiscation of monastery land. Bibescu himself held no official seat on the organization, which was nominally headed by Catargiu, Ion Emanuel Florescu, and Scarlat B\u0103rc\u0103nescu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0028-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Emerging consensus\nBefore April, some conservatives quit this group to join Cre\u021bulescu's Committee, which now clarified its stance by declaring itself against land reforms. Bibescuists remained especially strong at Craiova, where party organizers included Emanoil Quinezu and Nicolae Haralambie. Bibescu himself was welcomed in triumph by the city, but remained hesitant about capturing the unionist movement for his own goals. In April, however, Quinezu displayed his conversion to liberal radicalism. Alongside Petru \"Pera\" Opran, he put out the draft of a constitution which rejected any attempted return of Regulamentul Princes. He created an especially vibrant unionist cell and electoral committee, which also comprised figures such as Barbu B\u0103lcescu, Gheorghe Chi\u021bu, and Grigore L\u0103ceanu; together, they put out a nationalist paper, Vocea Oltului. They ended up rejecting Bibescu, whom they found to be \"timid\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 979]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0029-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Emerging consensus\nIn May, Konstantin Basily arrived in Bucharest to observe the situation on Russia's behalf. He was welcomed by the Bibescu party, whose members complained that Costaforu was inciting an anti-boyar revolution in the provinces. Basily was upset, and demanded that Costaforu tone down his party's propaganda; Costaforu diverted attention from his own radicalism by informing him that Bibescu had preemptively endorsed secularization. Basily became disappointed by both camps, promising them that Russia would never allow for monastery land to be confiscated. \u0218tirbei, meanwhile, also published a constitutional project with virtually the same proposals as Cre\u021bulescu's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0029-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Emerging consensus\nThe Caimacam party also reemerged, once Bosianu again withdrew from the National Party venture, establishing his own Unionist Committee, and hoping to elect Dimitrie Ghica as Prince. Very few joined him, since, at the time, the Beizadea himself supported the notion of electing a foreigner. Bosianu established his own newspaper, called Rom\u00e2nia. It depicted itself as a moderate and dispassionate voice in politics, and on such grounds presented arguments in support of the common unionist platform; by June, Bosianu himself had endorsed the project to import a Western European ruling house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0030-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Emerging consensus\nOn March 11 (March 23), 1857, the Austrians evacuated Bucharest, and the longest ever campaigning in Romanian political history began officially. Its staples now included political imagery. At an early stage, most unionist propaganda art was produced by Constantin Lecca, with historical scenes that reminded Wallachians about an earlier union, under Michael the Brave. In July 1857, the debuting painter Theodor Aman of Craiova completed an allegorical canvass, the Union of the Principalities. Hailed as a milestone in patriotic artistry, it was followed soon after by mass prints of Petre Alexandrescu's similarly titled piece. Aricescu and Ruc\u0103reanu's work in theater was taken up in Bucharest by brothers Costache and Iorgu Caragiale. Their vaudevilles ridiculed an emerging mass panic, according to which a comet would strike Wallachia before the union could take place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0031-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Emerging consensus\nThe democratic side of unionism was by then completely free to organize, and its most radical proponents, C. A. Rosetti and Christian Tell, regained Bucharest during June. Highly popular with what B\u0103l\u0103ceanu called the \"socialist youth\", they joined Concordia and shunned Timpul. As reported in late 1857 by a disgruntled Bolintineanu, radical \u00e9migr\u00e9s \"are creating intrigue and division\". Elsewhere, differences of opinion between the unionists were muted by agreements between voters. For instance, all 292 voters registered in Vla\u0219ca vowed to support the candidate deemed best during Unionist Committee primaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0031-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Unionist consolidation, Emerging consensus\nIn that context, very few Wallachians still rejected union, and those who did never formed a party of their own. As noted by historian A. D. Xenopol, they included Colonel Dimitrie Papazoglu, and also those boyars who feared competition from the more numerous Moldavians for the ranks and offices of the court. Opposition to the unionist project came from the outsiders Heliade and Rusu Locusteanu. They endorsed the union on principle, but objected to the Divans being convened by the Porte; overall, they also favored a crowned republic under a native ruler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 80], "content_span": [81, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0032-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\nThe principles behind the suffrage were first put to the test in the Moldavian election of July, where conflicts opposed an anti-unionist Caimacams, Teodor Bal\u0219 and Nicolae Vogoride, to the National Party. Vogoride's attempt to repress Moldavian unionism alienated Wallachian conservatives, who denounced him as a conspirator. As clampdown was signaled by the closure of St\u00e9oa Dun\u0103rei, which reappeared from Brussels with Nicolae Ionescu as editor. The prolonged dispute culminated in attempted fraud by Vogoride and an election boycott by the unionists. This tactic invalidated the scrutiny there, and Moldavia had its own repeat election in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0032-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\nUnbeknown to the Romanian unionists of both countries, in August 1857 Britain and France agreed not to recognize union, regardless of the election results. However, the unionists could still count on unofficial backing by their French contacts, who hinted that all one had to do to obtain the union was to get the mass of the people to vote for it. Russia also kept favorably neutral: Basily condemned Vogoride's act, privately expressing hopes that a politically diverse landscape would weaken Ottoman control of both countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0033-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\n\"Severe and sound\" supervision by the Caimacam ensured that election in Wallachia was beyond reproach. Ghica also postponed the final date of voting from September 17 (New Style: September 29) to September 21 (October 3). The results came in as a landslide for the unionist camps: according to St\u00e9oa Dun\u0103rei, a near-complete count revealed that \"only 3 or 4 deputies were doubtfully unionist, but even they will likely follow the general mood\"; all of the 17 second-class peasant deputies were selected from among National Party affiliates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0033-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\nThis was similar to the concurrent Moldavian election, where a minuscule number of the September Divan were separatists. C. A. Cre\u021bulescu and party colleague Grigore N. Filipescu were elected as grand boyars for Br\u0103ila County, part of an all-unionist sweep which also gave seats to Mihalache Marghiloman, Marcu N. Dulie, and the peasant Stroe Iva\u0219cu. Of the prominent revolutionaries in Wallachia, Ion Br\u0103tianu won by four votes in the landowners college at Arge\u0219, while Rosetti took a seat for the bourgeois class at Bucharest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0033-0002", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\nTwo of the three Bucharest seats also went to Concordia men, with only one taken by a Ghica partisan, the merchant Dimitrie Culoglu. Dimitrie Br\u0103tianu won the seat at Pite\u0219ti, taking all 78 bourgeois votes, with Scarlat Turnavitu as peasant deputy; in neighboring Muscel, Alexandru and \u0218tefan Golescu, alongside Aricescu, were among the elected (although Aricescu's victory was touched by allegations of fraud).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0034-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\nThe same trend was observed throughout the country, with Basily noting that the \"men of '48\" and the \"unhinged\" were in control of the Divan. Nicolae Golescu came first in the Bucharest constituency, taking 1,004 votes, while Magheru took a seat as a great landowner for Gorj County. Serrurie won the vote of Giurgiu city constituents; with the other Vla\u0219ca deputies being Aga Emanuel Lahovari and Paharnic Nae T\u0103t\u0103ranu (for the boyars), Postelnic Constantin R\u0103dulescu (for the landowners), and Stan Panaiti (for the peasantry). Winners for the National Party also included, among the boyars of Teleorman, Captain Eliodor Lapati and Nicolae Butculescu, with both Marghiloman and Robescu elected for R\u00e2mnicu S\u0103rat County. Guilds also gave their votes to former revolutionaries, including Iancu Iona\u0219cu at Slatina and Constantin T. Grigorescu at Ploie\u0219ti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0035-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\nHowever, the Caimacam was able to prevent his conservative critics from getting elected, in particular Catargiu. The unionist sweep was balanced by Olt, which elected unionists Constantin T\u0103nase and Iancu Iona\u0219cu, along with the arch-conservative Ioan Solomon, and the non-affiliated Constantin V\u0103leanu and Ioan Sl\u0103vi\u021bescu. The Solomon family, which had a hold on the county, attempted to replace T\u0103nase with the more conservative Ioan Niculescu; arrested for fraud, then exonerated, T\u0103nase was able to take his seat in the Divan during November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0035-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\nIalomi\u021ba also contrasted the general trend, having elected as a boyar deputies Ioan C. Roset\u2014a member of the Caimacam party who initially announced that he would not endorse the union; and Bibescu's son-in-law, Aga Alexandru Emanuel Florescu, who declared that he would. Ialomi\u021ba's richer peasant category had sent R\u0103ducanu Cucuti, a supporter of the Caimcam, while the other deputies, Stoica Radu Cojocariu and Ion Vasile, declared for the National Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0036-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\nOther prominent conservatives elected to the Divan included Princes Bibescu and \u0218tirbei. Both ran at Buz\u0103u, but lost by large margins: Bibescu had 11 votes, and \u0218tirbei 2, whereas the winners, Nicolae N. P\u00e2cleanu and Scarlat Voinescu, had 49 and 44, respectively. The latter two, alongside fellow delegates Constantin Ciochinescu and Nae St\u0103nescu, were pledged to the National Party\u2014P\u00e2cleanu had only arrived there as a supporter of Caimacam Ghica. Both former Princes were able to recover from this setback: as titular grand boyars, they could still run in two or more constituencies, taking Divan seats at Dolj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0036-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\n\u0218tirbei also ran (and lost) in V\u00e2lcea County, where the boyar seats went to Logothete Ioan Otetele\u0219anu (who had nearly been invalidated over questions regarding his estate outside B\u0103lce\u0219ti) and Nicolae Lahovari. Both were contested by conservative voters, as was the peasant deputy Stamate Budurescu (allegedly a career criminal). The issues subsided when all deputies, most of whom were unaffiliated, agreed to support the shared platform of conservative and progressive unionists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0037-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\nIn the church sections, the bishops led campaigns for or against union. As early as April 1857, Calinic, the Bishop of R\u00e2mnic, described union as \"the crowning of our battles and of the blood we shed for the Cross\", pushing his monks to vote in favor; Metropolitan Neofit II was more reserved about his opinions at that stage, and described by church historian Natalia Manoilescu-Dinu as \"duplicitous\". Calinic's enthusiasm was replicated by Filotei, the Bishop of Buz\u0103u, who openly adhered to the National Party platform. Clergymen elected in their respective class included four protopopes, represented four sees: Constantin of R\u00e2mnic (a \"fully committed partisan of the Union\"), Iancu of Bucharest, Constantin of Arge\u0219, and Vasile of Buz\u0103u. Other seats were taken by Atanasie Stoenescu of Sadova Monastery and Ieronim of Bistri\u021ba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0038-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\nWallachia's ad hoc Divan opened on September 29 (October 10), seven days after its Moldavian counterpart. The rainy weather did not chase away the crowd gathering in a show of support on Dealul Mitropoliei, Bucharest. The celebration lasted into the night, with Bucharest festively lit with the newly introduced gas lighting and adorned with the National Party's slogans. The Divan's first session saw enthusiastic speeches, including one by Rosetti which ended with shouts of Tr\u0103iasc\u0103 Rom\u00e2nia! (\"Long Live Romania!\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0038-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Results\nIt subsequently organized itself: two committees were set up to validate the deputies and come up a parliamentary procedure; one was chaired by Grigore Gr. Ghica. Metropolitan Neofit was, ex officio, the Divan's president, and tacitly endorsed the union, with N. Golescu elected vice president by a large margin. The Divan's secretaries included D. Br\u0103tianu (elected with 85 votes), C. A. Cre\u021bulescu, Rosetti, Scarlat Turnavitu, \u0218tefan Golescu, and Bosianu. Iancu Iona\u0219cu oversaw the official printing office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0039-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Divan resolutions and disputes\nIn Moldavia and Wallachia alike, the unionist camps of all hues agreed on the core agenda, with demands which they presented to the overseeing powers: the unification under the name of \"Romania\", with the election of a foreign hereditary Domnitor; increased autonomy toward the Ottoman Empire, with the (re)introduction of Capitulations; a new Divan with a fuller democratic mandate. Bibescu openly supported the election of Westerner, but for particular reasons: he argued that a European prince could not only pacify tensions between the classes, but also instill a greater political ideal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0039-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Divan resolutions and disputes\nA main issue of contention between conservative and radical unionists was that of electoral law and philosophy: radicals such as Rosetti felt themselves bound by an imperative mandate, or \"dutiful program\", whereas conservatives rejected such notions as impinging on individual freedom. Persuaded by Concordia leftists, a majority of the Divan agreed on the notion of unicameralism, viewing upper houses as a throwback to the Regulamentul era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0040-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Divan resolutions and disputes\nNews of the deputies' vote on union were received with much enthusiasm in both Bucharest and Craiova; the celebrations were witnessed by Aman, and are the source for one of his other political paintings. The four principles were drafted into a motion, carried by unanimous suffrage on October 21 (November 2). Its consultative function fulfilled, the Divan only survived to late December 1857, closing some days after the Moldavian assembly. By then, as the attention moved to social issues, the conservative and liberal factions were again emerging, and clashing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0040-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Divan resolutions and disputes\nRobescu and other right-wing unionists signaled this by asking that positive references to the peasant revolt of 1821 be erased from the Divan's addresses. In October, Bibescu warned that party politics were the sordid future of the post-union era, \"making this forsaken country of ours into an arena, collecting all her strengths and vitality\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0041-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Divan resolutions and disputes\nIn late November, more controversy was sparked by the letter sent to the Moldavian Divan, which A. G. Golescu described as \"unbecoming and dangerous\", initiating a public dispute with the other deputies. Two variants of the letter were eventually sent: a longer one, which made explicit reference to the two peoples \"components of the same trunk, spread into several ancestries\", as well as to their shared history, \"even our [shared] name\", being erased by the intrusion of foreigners; the shorter version simply acknowledged Moldavian primacy in upholding union as a \"patriotic feat\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0041-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Divan resolutions and disputes\nMeanwhile, the Wallachian Divan continued to face dissent in its own ranks, particularly over whether its deputies could rule on the future organization of \"Romania\". In early November, Christian Tell and \u0218tefan Golescu attempted to replicate the Moldavian example and pass legislation which could see the Divan taking on more parliamentary responsibilities. They were defeated by a conjectural alliance of deputies, headlined by Dulie, Nicolae Ruc\u0103reanu and A. G. Golescu\u2014a rift which ran through both the National Party and the Golescu family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0042-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Divan resolutions and disputes\nDuring the disputes, church deputies also blocked conservative advances by siding with the progressive unionist agenda, arguing in writing that its demands needed to be imposed on the European powers. In a private letter, Calinic made additional demands to condition his left-wing allies: that future rulers of the Romanian state were to be baptized Orthodox, and that parliamentary debates be carried out in a form of Romanian that lower-class deputies could follow. On November 27, Bibescu resigned and left the country, arguing that progressive elements, though a minority of the country, were \"imposing their ruinous politicking on the majority\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0042-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Divan resolutions and disputes\nOn the right, the \u0218tirbeists were evasive on the topic of union: \u0218tirbei and his son George Barbu were hopeful that they could preserve friendly relations with the Ottoman Empire, which they prioritized over the nationalist goals. Another major rift opposed the landed or urban classes to the peasantry. During the election, Conservatorul had alleged that peasants were not interested in the vote, describing peasant candidates to a boyar assembly as \"sheep among wolves\". In the peasant college of V\u00e2lcea, interest in voting had been marginal, possibly a sign that this class did not find itself represented. In one Divan session, peasant deputy Gheorghe Lupa\u0219cu advanced a concrete proposal for direct suffrage. Described as untimely by Cre\u021bulescu, it was withdrawn by its proponent; a motion was passed according to which the Divan would refrain from ruling on electoral matters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 951]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0043-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Divan resolutions and disputes\nAs explained in a speech by Ion Br\u0103tianu, nominally a leader of the \"far-left\", all middle- and upper-class deputies agreed on not instituting or demanding universal suffrage. Overall, Br\u0103tianu advocated class collaboration for \"the general interest\", hoping not to antagonize the conservatives. The same ideal was championed by Vasile Boerescu in his newspaper Na\u021bionalul, published from December 1857: though discussing the peasantry's \"precarious state\", he also advised self-restraint on both sides of the social divide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0043-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Divan resolutions and disputes\nIn its final sessions, the Divan heard another plea from peasant delegates T\u0103nase of Olt and Marin P\u00e2rc\u0103l\u0103bescu of Romana\u021bi, who demanded \"laws based on justice\" and an increased electoral weight for the peasantry. Debates over the suspension of the corv\u00e9e ensued, with the boyars advancing their own report. It restated that land used by the peasants was boyar property paid for in labor, and noted that mechanized agriculture and the resulting drop of labor costs justified maintaining and expanding the corv\u00e9e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0044-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Aftermath\nWhile Br\u0103tianu had officially embraced moderation and gradualism, radicalized members of the National Party, including Bolintineanu and George Cre\u021bianu, began preparing for reorganization as a secret society. On February 22, 1858, another firman officially dissolved the Wallachian Divan. Its text described the country as a \"province and integral part\" of the Ottoman territory, which caused consternation among the deputies; 24 of them signed to a letter of protest. It then fell on the European powers to evaluate the demands stated by both Divans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0044-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Aftermath\nThis they did in a new conference, delayed by the war in Montenegro and eventually convened at Paris in August 1858. The resulting Convention of Paris recognized the concept of \"United Principalities\" under Ottoman suzerainty. It designated the Domnitor as Hospodar, but did not allow hereditary rule and limited eligibility to local men of property, of any social standing, with a view to formally abolishing boyar ranks and titles. Under the Convention, both the thrones and the assemblies remained separate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0044-0002", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Aftermath\nThe legislatures were only supervised by a quasi-federal Central Commission, meeting in Foc\u0219ani, with attributions only in the matter of \"legislation of common interests to both Principalities\", having some elements of a constitutional court and an election commission. A technicality made it legally possible for the same person to be elected as ruler of both countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0045-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Aftermath\nIn 1857, \u0218tirbei had advanced projects to drastically reduce electoral participation, seen by him as a meritocracy that discriminated between active citizens and purely governed ones. The Convention supplanted the firman of January 1857 in matters of electoral legislation, operating some major changes, all of them having a conservative bias, and cutting the electoral corps back to some 2,000 voters, less than half of whom voted directly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0045-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Aftermath\nThe five classes of both Principalities were replaced with two, of rural and urban voters, subdivided into groups which elected directly or indirectly; the voting age was lowered to 25, and the minimum property requirement was set as 100 ducats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0045-0002", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Aftermath\nEach county dispatched 3 rural deputies, of whom 2 were directly elected; cities and towns voted 1 deputy each, except for Bucharest, which had 3, Craiova and Ploie\u0219ti, which sent 2. Candidates, who had to be aged 30 and possess 400 ducats to their name, could be elected in several constituencies at once, but were required to settle for only one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0046-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Aftermath\nIn the rural constituencies, all those under 1,000 ducats could only vote indirectly\u2014prompting members of the National Party to donate some of their land to landless colleagues, in a bid to increase their relative voting power; that threshold was set at 6,000 ducats in the cities, but property as defined for that class could include many forms of capital assets. Extreme discrepancies resulting from these requirements included Muscel County, which now had only 7 qualified direct voters in the rural constituencies, while its capital town, C\u00e2mpulung, produced 17 voters of all categories. In nearby Pite\u0219ti, there were only 8 voters in all. In Moldavia, the same rules created an infamous paradox at Ismail, where there was only one qualified voter, Vladimir Stoica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0047-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Aftermath\nAccording to the Swiss traveler Johann Fridolin Herzog, Caimacam Ghica survived for the rest of his term as a \"powerless plaything\" of the boyardom, his executive power rendered null by their \"petty intrigues\". The political spectrum was again dividing itself, with moderates such as Costaforu and Boerescu declaring themselves placated by the Convention, while radicals such as Br\u0103tianu openly embraced the concept of an \"independent Romania\". Despite its anti-revolutionary bias, the new electoral law again produced a victory for the unionist camps, when it came to voting in the Hospodar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0047-0001", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Aftermath\nIn Moldavia, the Elective Assembly was voted in in December 1858, and unanimously selected deputy Alexandru Ioan Cuza for the throne. In Wallachia, conservative unionism took hold with the triumvirate of Caimacams, favoring either Bibescu or Barbu \u0218tirbei: Ioan Manu, Emanoil B\u0103leanu, Ioan A. Filipescu. The Ottoman Empire supported \u0218tirbeist conservatives, but reportedly kept neutral during the actual round of voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0048-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Aftermath\nThe Assembly of Bucharest was elected in January 1859, after which negotiations began about whether Cuza should also be put up as a candidate in Bucharest. The Caimacams made a final attempt at intimidation by ordering Eugeniu Carada to be arrested at Craiova. Although technically a minority in the new chamber, with the vast majority of delegates favoring Bibescu, radical unionists colluded to advance Cuza as the surprise option, and also stoked tensions between the various conservative unionists. Conservatives such as Caimacam Ghica and Catargiu reconciled with each other and also joined the National Party coalition. A guild of tanners entered the assembly hall and forced through the invalidation of seven conservative mandates, then stood their ground menacingly as Cuza was proposed and voted as Hospodar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023532-0049-0000", "contents": "1857 Wallachian legislative election, Aftermath\nBoth Bibescu and \u0218tirbei were slowly made to reconsider under this pressure\u2014they only ceded to, and voted for, Cuza under the assumption that the Ottomans would invalidate this personal union. The Principalities' merger and the name \"Romania\" were eventually recognized in December 1861, with Cuza styling himself Domnitor rather than Hospodar, and being referred to only as Bey by his overlord, Abd\u00fclaziz I. The new firman also provided Cuza with sweeping executive powers, which he immediately used against his conservative Assemblies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023533-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nThe 1857 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1857. Republican Party candidate Alexander Randall won the election with just over 50% of the vote, defeating Democratic candidate James B. Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023533-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party\nJames B. Cross was the incumbent Mayor of Milwaukee at the time of the 1857 gubernatorial election, serving his third consecutive term in that role. He had also represented Milwaukee in the Wisconsin State Assembly for three terms. Cross was a lawyer and had previously served as a probate judge in Milwaukee County. He was a Wisconsin delegate to the 1856 Democratic National Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023533-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party\nJames B. Cross was nominated on the third ballot at the Wisconsin Democratic Party Convention. He received 89 votes; Jairus C. Fairchild received 37; Francis Huebschmann received 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023533-0003-0000", "contents": "1857 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Republican Party\nAlexander W. Randall was a Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge in Milwaukee prior to the 1857 gubernatorial election, having been appointed by the previous Governor, Coles Bashford. Randall had been an attorney for Governor Bashford in his challenge of the 1855 Wisconsin gubernatorial election results. Earlier, in 1846, Randall had been a delegate to the first Wisconsin constitutional convention and had successfully advocated for including a provision by which African American suffrage could be legalized via referendum. Randall served as a Democrat in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1855, but became a Republican later that year when he ran unsuccessfully for election to be Attorney General of Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023533-0004-0000", "contents": "1857 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Republican Party\nRandall became a compromise choice for gubernatorial nominee at the 1857 Wisconsin Republican Convention after delegates became deadlocked between the two leading candidates, Edward Holton and Walter McIndoe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023534-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1857 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023538-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1857 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023546-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1857 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023546-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 in New Zealand, Population\nThe estimated population of New Zealand at the end of 1857 is 57,150 M\u0101ori and 49,802 non-M\u0101ori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023546-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 in New Zealand, Sport, Horse racing\nTwo existing clubs combine to form the Auckland Racing Club. The ARC holds its first meeting at Ellerslie Racecourse. (see also 1874)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023551-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1857 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023553-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in Switzerland\nThe following is a list of events, births, and deaths in 1857 in Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023554-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1857 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023556-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in art\nThe following is a list of events from 1857 in art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023557-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023558-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: paleo, \"ancient\"; ontos, \"being\"; and logos, \"knowledge\") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023559-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023559-0001-0000", "contents": "1857 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023559-0002-0000", "contents": "1857 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023560-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023561-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in science\nThe year 1857 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023562-0000-0000", "contents": "1857 in sports\n1857 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023565-0000-0000", "contents": "1857\u20131858 Dallas municipal election\nThe 1857 Dallas municipal election was the second mayoral election in Dallas, Texas. The election was held sometime between late 1857-1858. John M. Crockett won the election, becoming mayor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023566-0000-0000", "contents": "1858\n1858 (MDCCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1858th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 858th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 58th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  9th   year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1858, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023567-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Akaroa by-election\nThe Akaroa by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the Akaroa electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 31 May 1858. The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP John Cuff on 12 January 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023567-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Akaroa by-election\nThe election and was won unopposed by William Moorhouse, who had represented the seat in the previous parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1858 Atlantic hurricane season was one of only three Atlantic hurricane seasons on record in which every tropical cyclone intensified into a hurricane (the others were in 1852 and 1884). The first hurricane was first observed over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on June\u00a012. The sixth and final storm was last noted on October\u00a026. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Three tropical cyclones during the season existed simultaneously. Two of the cyclones have only a single known point in its track due to a sparsity of data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0000-0001", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season\nOperationally, another tropical cyclone was believed to have existed over the eastern Atlantic between September\u00a017 and September\u00a018, but HURDAT \u2013 the official Atlantic hurricane database \u2013 excludes this system. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only cyclones that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are currently known, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to four tropical cyclones per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Of the six known 1858 Atlantic cyclones, five were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe first system was spotted over the western Caribbean Sea on June\u00a012. It had a single-point track. Another tropical cyclone was first observed over the northern Atlantic Ocean on August\u00a05 and also had a single-point track. On September\u00a014, the next system was observed over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Several hours later, the storm struck Florida, causing severe damage to crops. Strong winds and rough seas were reported by ships and on land, particularly in Maine. The storm dissipated on September\u00a017. That same day, another tropical cyclone developed over the central Atlantic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0001-0001", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe storm capsized the bark Phantom, though no one drowned. The next hurricane developed over the Bahamas on September\u00a022, but caused little damage, despite its proximity to land. On October\u00a021, the sixth and final system of the season was first observed over the Bahamas. The storm brought coastal flooding to Nassau and Bermuda later in its duration, before dissipating on October\u00a026.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nOn June\u00a012, the brig L. H. Sampson encountered a hurricane in the northwestern Caribbean Sea. The vessel suffered some damage. The storm was a Category\u00a01 hurricane on the modern day Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale, based on winds of 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h) observed by the L. H. Sampson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nA Category\u00a01 hurricane was first observed about 585\u00a0mi (940\u00a0km) west-northwest of Corvo Island in the Azores on August\u00a05, based on reports from two ships, the Shelter and the A.Z.Greenland. Another ship that encountered the storm, the Magistrate, was abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0004-0000", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nThe bark Cavallo encountered experienced severe weather in the eastern Gulf of Mexico between September\u00a013 and September\u00a015. It is believed that a tropical storm developed on September\u00a014. Moving northeastward, the storm made landfall near modern-day Palmetto, Florida at 15:00\u00a0UTC, with winds of 70\u00a0mph (110\u00a0km/h). While crossing the state, the storm brought severe damage. Ships remained in port at river ports in the state and at St. Marys, Georgia. After emerging into the Atlantic Ocean near Oak Hill, Florida early on September\u00a015, the system reached hurricane status several hours later. Shortly thereafter, the storm intensified into a Category\u00a02 hurricane, peaking with winds of 105\u00a0mph (165\u00a0km/h). On September\u00a016, the hurricane passed offshore North Carolina and then weakened to a Category\u00a01 hurricane while east of the Mid-Atlantic states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0005-0000", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nAt 17:00\u00a0UTC on September\u00a016, the storm made landfall near East Hampton, New York with winds of 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h). About an hour later, it struck again just west of Groton, Connecticut with winds of 75\u00a0mph (120\u00a0km/h). Early on September\u00a017, the system weakened to a tropical storm and dissipated over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence several hours later. Parts of this storm were first described by David M. Ludlum, who called it The New England Tropical Storm of 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0005-0001", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nHowever, barometer readings taken at Sag Harbor, New York and Providence, Rhode Island, along with ship reports and wind speeds recorded at Bangor, Maine and Nantucket, Massachusetts, conclude that the system reached hurricane intensity. In Maine, strong gales occurred, with Bangor reported having \"one of the heaviest in years.\" Trees and chimneys toppled throughout the southeastern portions of the state. There was also minor damage to shipping in Belfast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0006-0000", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nOn September\u00a017, a hurricane was observed in the mid-Atlantic by the bark Phantom. Later that day, the Phantom sank, though all of the crew survived. They described the system as a 'perfect hurricane' with a lull around midnight on September\u00a017 before the wind changed direction and blew with even greater force than before. The hurricane continued travelling on a northwest track and between September\u00a022 and the night of September\u00a023 it was encountered by the Hudson, the City of Washington and the bark Lanark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0006-0001", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nThe system weakened to a tropical storm early on September\u00a024 and dissipated later that day about 610\u00a0mi (980\u00a0km) east of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Until reanalysis, this storm was considered two separate systems, including in the 1995 study by Partagas and Diaz. However, they stated that further information could indicate a single storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0007-0000", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nBased on reports from the bark Wh H. Chandler, a tropical storm developed in the Bahamas near Acklins on September\u00a022. Moving northward, the storm strengthened into a Category\u00a01 hurricane by 12:00\u00a0UTC the next day. Later on September\u00a023, the Harkaway noted a \"severe hurricane\" at Bermuda, though the report was considered \"doubtful\" due to the storm's distance from the island. The hurricane continued northward and was last noted about 200\u00a0mi (320\u00a0km) east of Virginia on September\u00a025, after the Priscilla observed sustained winds of 90\u00a0mph (150\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0008-0000", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six\nThe final known tropical cyclone of the season was first observed by the brig Sea Lark on October\u00a021, while located just north of Inagua in the Bahamas. Throughout the Bahamas, storm surge impacted some islands. At Nassau, several ships were driven ashore, parts of the town were flooded and buildings along the shoreline suffered damage. The storm moved northeastward and strengthened into a hurricane at 12:00\u00a0UTC on October\u00a022. About 24\u00a0hours later, the hurricane deepened into a Category\u00a02 hurricane. Later on October\u00a023, it passed just west of Bermuda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023568-0008-0001", "contents": "1858 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six\nGale force winds and rough seas were observed on the island, causing damage to several vessels. Peaking with winds of 105\u00a0mph (165\u00a0km/h), the storm began to weaken, falling to Category\u00a01 intensity on October\u00a025. It weakened to a tropical storm early the following day and dissipated hours later, while located about 195\u00a0mi (315\u00a0km) east-southeast of Sable Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023569-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Boston mayoral election\nThe Boston mayoral election of 1858 saw the reelection of Frederic W. Lincoln Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023569-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Boston mayoral election\nAlthough nominated by both the People's Union  and National American parties, former mayor Jerome V. C. Smith declined to run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023570-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Bradford sweets poisoning\nThe 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning was the arsenic poisoning of more than 200 people in Bradford, England, when sweets accidentally made with arsenic were sold from a market stall. Twenty-one victims died as a result. The event contributed to the passage of the Pharmacy Act 1868 in the United Kingdom and legislation regulating the adulteration of foodstuffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023570-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Background\nWilliam Hardaker, known to locals as \"Humbug Billy\", sold sweets from a stall in the Greenmarket in central Bradford (now the site of Bradford's Arndale Centre). Hardaker purchased his supplies from Joseph Neal, who made the sweets (or \"lozenges\") on Stone Street a few hundred yards to the north. The lozenges in question were peppermint humbugs, made of peppermint oil incorporated into a base of sugar and gum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023570-0001-0001", "contents": "1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Background\nHowever, sugar was expensive (6\u00bdd per 1 pound (0.45\u00a0kg)) and so Neal would substitute powdered gypsum (\u00bdd per 1 pound (0.45\u00a0kg)) \u2014 known as \"daff\" \u2014 for some of the required sugar. The adulteration of foodstuffs with cheaper substances was common at the time and the adulterators used obscure nicknames (\"daff\", \"multum\", \"flash\", \"stuff\") to hide the practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023570-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Accidental poisoning\nOn the occasion in question, on 30 October 1858, Neal sent James Archer, a lodger who lived at his house, to collect daff for Hardaker's humbugs from druggist Charles Hodgson. Hodgson's pharmacy was 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km) away at Baildon Bridge in Shipley. Hodgson was at his pharmacy, but did not serve Archer owing to illness and so his requests were seen to by his young assistant, William Goddard. Goddard asked Hodgson where the daff was, and was told that it was in a cask in a corner of the attic. However, rather than daff, Goddard sold Archer 12 pounds (5.4\u00a0kg) of arsenic trioxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023570-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Accidental poisoning\nThe mistake remained undetected even during manufacture of the sweets by James Appleton, an \"experienced sweetmaker\" employed by Neal, though Appleton did observe that the finished product looked different from the usual humbugs. Appleton was suffering symptoms of illness during the sweet-making process and was ill for several days afterwards with vomiting and pain in his hands and arms, but did not realise it was caused by poison. 40 pounds (18\u00a0kg) of lozenges were sold to Hardaker who also noticed the sweets looked unusual and used this to obtain a discount from Neal. Like Appleton, Hardaker, as one of the first to taste the sweets, also promptly became ill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023570-0004-0000", "contents": "1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Accidental poisoning\nRegardless, Hardaker sold 5 pounds (2.3\u00a0kg) of the sweets from his market stall that night\u00a0\u2013 reportedly at a price of 1\u00bdd for 2 ounces (57\u00a0g). Of those who purchased and ate the sweets, 21 people died with a further 200 or so becoming severely ill with arsenic poisoning within a day or so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023570-0005-0000", "contents": "1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Consequences\nOriginally the first deaths\u2014those of two children\u2014were thought to be owed to cholera, a major problem in Britain at the time. The growing number of casualties soon showed that the purchase of lozenges from Hardaker's stall was the cause, and from there the trail led to Neal and Hodgson. Goddard was arrested and stood before magistrates in the court house in Bradford on 1 November with Hodgson and Neal later committed for trial with Goddard on a charge of manslaughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023570-0005-0001", "contents": "1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Consequences\nDr John Bell identified arsenic as the cause, and this was confirmed by Felix Rimmington, a prominent chemist and druggist and analytical chemist. Rimmington estimated that each humbug contained between 14 and 15 grains (910 and 970 milligrams) of arsenic, though a contemporary account suggests 9 grains (580 milligrams), with 4.5 grains (290 milligrams) being a lethal dose. Thus, each lozenge would have contained enough arsenic to kill two people, and enough distributed by Hardaker in total to kill 2,000. The prosecution against Goddard and Neal was later withdrawn and Hodgson was acquitted when the case was considered at York Assizes on 21 December 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023570-0006-0000", "contents": "1858 Bradford sweets poisoning, Consequences\nThe tragedy and resulting public outcry was a major contributing factor to The Pharmacy Act 1868 which recognized the chemist and druggist as the custodian and seller of named poisons (as medicine was then formally known). The requirement for record keeping and the requirement to obtain the signature of the purchaser is currently upheld under the Poisons Act 1972 for \"non-medicinal\" poisons. W. E. Gladstone's ministry of 1868\u20131874 also brought in legislation regulating the adulteration of foodstuffs as a result of the events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023571-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the 1858 Chicago mayoral election, Republican John Charles Haines defeated Daniel Brainard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023572-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Christiania fire\nThe 1858 Christiania fire, starting on 14 April 1858, severely destroyed several city blocks near Stortorvet in Christiania, Norway. 41 buildings were destroyed, and about 1,000 people lost their homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023572-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Christiania fire, Course of events\nThe fire started around at one o'clock in the night, in the home of a carpenter in a wooden building within the city block west of the street Dronningens gate. The wind was blowing from the north, and within one hour five houses were set on fire. Within three hours buildings east of Dronningens gate started burning. This block had many old wooden houses, and the whole block was soon on fire and burned down completely except for one building. An important task for the firefighters was to prevent the fire from spreading southwards across the street Prinsens gate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023572-0001-0001", "contents": "1858 Christiania fire, Course of events\nA fire engine pump from the fortress was placed here, and the crew managed to stop it spreading further southwards. Somewhat unexpectedly the fire jumped across the wide street of Kirkegaten. Some of the buildings collapsed rather quickly, and two of the firefighters perished during those events. To the east, crew from the ship Lindesnes managed to prevent the fire from crossing the street Skippergaten. After great efforts the firefighters succeeded in stopping the fire from spreading north and westwards across the streets Kongens gate and \u00d8stre gate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023572-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 Christiania fire, Outcome\nEventually the whole block between the streets Prinsens gate, Kirkegaten, \u00d8stre gate and Dronningens gate was destroyed. Also nearly all buildings of the block east of Dronningens gate burned down, as well as large parts of the block west of Kirkegaten. A total of 41 buildings burned down. Based on the census from 1855, the number of persons living within the destroyed area was 808. Adding an assumed extra number due to later development, it was estimated in contemporary newspaper reports that about 1,000 persons lost their homes due to the fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023572-0002-0001", "contents": "1858 Christiania fire, Outcome\nThe number of livestock numbered to 38 horses and eight cows in 1855, and was presumed to be of the same order in 1858, although no specific report is available. Large quantities of household contents and goods had been saved from the burning houses, much of it assembled at the market place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023572-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 Christiania fire, Aftermath\nThe fire had a definite impact on decisions regarding the future of the city. Funding for a new water supply was decided four weeks after the fire. This included a new dam at Maridalsoset, the outlet of Maridalsvannet. The old piping system of the city was made of linked pine logs with drilled holes. The new water pipelines were based on cast iron. The old water pumps at the crossroads disappeared, and households got tap water installed. Also, the fire department of the city was eventually reorganized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023573-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 City of Auckland by-election\nThe City of Auckland by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the City of Auckland electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 27 April 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023573-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 City of Auckland by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP John Campbell and was won by Thomas Forsaith on a show of hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023574-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 City of Wellington by-election\nThe City of Wellington by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the multi-member City of Wellington electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 27 July 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023574-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 City of Wellington by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of two of the three incumbent MPs Isaac Featherston and William Fitzherbert, and was won by Featherston and William Rhodes. Featherston resigned in order to return to England, but then decided to remain in New Zealand while Rhodes resigned to contest the Hutt 1858 by-election which he subsequently won. On nomination day (26 July) Featherston, Rhodes, Jerningham Wakefield and William Bowler were nominated, and after a show of hands in favour of  Rhodes and Featherston a poll was demanded by Wakefield and Bowler. Featherston and Rhodes were subsequently elected the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023575-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1858 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 7, 1858. Former Norwich mayor and Republican nominee William Alfred Buckingham defeated former congressman and Democratic nominee James T. Pratt with 51.97% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023576-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Cumberland (North Riding) colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Cumberland North Riding in September 1858 because of the resignation of Henry Parkes due to financial difficulties with his newspaper The Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023577-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Danish Folketing election\nFolketing elections were held in Denmark on 14 June 1858. Carl Christian Hall remained Prime Minister following the elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023577-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 15% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as \"dependents\" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023578-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1858 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1858. Incumbent Know Nothing Governor Peter F. Causey was unable to seek re-election. His 1854 opponent, William Burton, once again ran as the Democratic nominee. James S. Buckmaster, the former State Treasurer, ran as the People's Party candidate. Burton narrowly defeated Buckmaster to win back the governorship for the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023578-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023579-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Dunedin Country by-election\nThe Dunedin Country by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the multi-member Dunedin Country electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 16 June 1858. The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP John Cargill and was won by John Taylor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023579-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Background\nThe Dunedin Country electorate was one of the original 24 parliamentary electorates of New Zealand from 1853, and it was one of the two-member electorates. John Cargill was one of the original representatives of the Dunedin Country electorate, and he again won election in 1855; the second representative in 1855 was his father, William Cargill. Cargill Jr. was one of many members of the House of Representatives who resigned prior to the second session of the 2nd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023579-0001-0001", "contents": "1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Background\nThe house had not been convened in 1857 and Cargill placed an advertisement in the Otago Witness on 12 September 1857, announcing his intention of handing in his resignation. At the opening of the second session of the 2nd Parliament on 10 April 1858, the speaker read out 14 resignations, including that of Cargill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023579-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Background\nThe Otago Witness discussed various potential candidates for the by-election prior to the nomination meeting. William Henry Teschemaker was known to have declined to be elected; he would later in the year be elected to Northern electorate of the Otago Provincial Council. The intentions of Alexander Chalmers were unknown. It was speculated that William Henry Valpy, Jr. would accept to be the representative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023579-0002-0001", "contents": "1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Background\nIt was also known that John Taylor was interested in standing, but the Otago Witness had a strong dislike to him, as he frequently moved to new towns and had only been in Otago for a short time. A week later, the next edition of the Otago Witness discussed Taylor and Valpy as the only candidates who would contest the election; it was stated that both had no prior political experience. Valpy had, however, not offered himself for election, whilst Taylor had addressed the electors at a meeting. At the meeting, Taylor confirmed his political independence and inexperience:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023579-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Background\nI must, however, distinctly state that, as I have hitherto but very superficially studied New Zealand politics, if elected, I go to the Assembly entirely unfettered by any pledge, excepting to oppose Dr. Menzies' proposal for the division of the Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023579-0004-0000", "contents": "1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Background\nDr Menzies was a settler near the later town of Wyndham, and he was the leader of the Southland separatist movement, the initiative to split the Southland Province off from the Otago Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023579-0005-0000", "contents": "1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Nomination meeting\nThe nomination meeting was held at the Dunedin court house on Tuesday, 15 June at noon. John Gillies, the father of John Lillie Gillies, acted as the returning officer. John Taylor was proposed by Edward McGlashan and seconded by Dr William Purdie. As no other candidates were proposed, the returning officer was just about to declare Taylor elected unopposed when several electors asked to be informed of Taylor's political opinions, and questions to that effect were put to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023579-0005-0001", "contents": "1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Nomination meeting\nThe returning officer was unsure how to proceed, when William Cutten proposed to nominate a pro forma candidate so that the candidates are given the opportunity to state their attitudes to important political questions. To that end, Cutten proposed and G. Smith seconded Peter Murdoch Napier, a runholder and one of the original explorers of the Maniototo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023579-0006-0000", "contents": "1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Nomination meeting\nTaylor and Napier then addressed the electors and answered questions. Their views differed on one issue only; whilst Napier favoured the introduction of the secret ballot, Taylor wanted to retain the status quo where electors would tell the returning officer their choice of favoured candidate, i.e. oral voting. Napier stated that he had not intended to be a candidate until proposed by Cutten. After a show of hands in favour of Taylor, Napier demanded a poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023579-0007-0000", "contents": "1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Results\nThe poll was held the following day from 12 noon. Taylor won the Dunedin polling booth by 51 votes to 20. The results from the outlying polling booths came in the following day, and at 12 noon on Friday, 18 June 1858, the returning officer declared Taylor elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023579-0008-0000", "contents": "1858 Dunedin Country by-election, Results\nDespite the promises that he made to the electors, Taylor assisted in bringing in the New Provinces Act, which constituted Southland as a separate provincial district. This brought him into conflict with many of his constituents, and he chose to retire from parliament at the end of the electoral term in 1860. The Dunedin Country electorate was abolished at the same time. The separation of Southland from the Otago Province went ahead in March 1861, and Menzies was elected its first Superintendent, succeeded by Taylor in 1865. The secret ballot was introduced in 1870, and first used in the 1871 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023580-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Grand National\nThe 1858 Grand National was the 20th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 6 March 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023581-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Grey and Bell by-election\nThe Grey and Bell by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the Grey and Bell electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 17 May 1858, and was, the second by-election in the electorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023581-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Grey and Bell by-election, Background\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP John Lewthwaite and was won by Charles Brown (who had previously resigned the seat, forcing the by-election that returned Lewthwaite). Electors signed a requisition for Dillon Bell, who was not a resident of the district, and who was not in the district prior to the election. No formal response was received by the electors from Bell; apparently, there was a delay in him receiving the requisition. Thomas Hirst advertised that he would contest the election in case that Bell would not stand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023581-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 Grey and Bell by-election, Background\nAt the nomination meeting on 15 May, Bell was nominated in absentia by Captain Henry King and James Crowe Richmond. Another elector, Mr Watt, guaranteed that Bell had conveyed to him by private mail that he would represent the electorate, but that he would not wish to stand for election if either Mr King or Mr Thomas Hurst intended to stand against him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023581-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 Grey and Bell by-election, Background\nCharles Brown, who had signed the Bell requisition, then came forward and offered himself as a candidate in view of the fact that no official response had been received from Bell. Brown was formally nominated by John Hursthouse (the husband of Richmond's aunt Helen Hursthouse, n\u00e9e Wilson) and seconded by Mr Sunley. Brown stated that he had been asked by Harry Atkinson, a member of the Taranaki provincial council (and later Premier of New Zealand), to stand for election to prevent the return of Hirst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023581-0004-0000", "contents": "1858 Grey and Bell by-election, Background\nThomas Hirst was the third person to be nominated. With regards to his earlier pledge of not contesting the election against Bell, he stated that since no formal reply had been received, he felt that he had not broken his pledge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023581-0005-0000", "contents": "1858 Grey and Bell by-election, Background\nAfter a show of hands in favour of Bell, Brown's supporters demanded a poll; only two attendees had shown their support for Hirst. Charles Brown was subsequently elected on 17 May, with 75 votes for Brown and 61 votes for Bell. Hirst declined to stand in favour of Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023582-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Hietsu earthquake\nThe Hietsu earthquake (\u98db\u8d8a\u5730\u9707, Hietsu jishin) was a doublet earthquake that took place on April 9, 1858 (according to the old Japanese calendar, February 26, Ansei 5). It most likely occurred on the Atotsugawa and Miboro faults, which connect the Am\u014d Pass in Gifu Prefecture (in the part that was called Hida Province) and Mount Tate in Toyama Prefecture (then known as Etch\u016b Province) on the island of Honsh\u016b in Japan. Its name includes one kanji from Hida (\u98db\u9a28\u56fd) and one from Etch\u016b (\u8d8a\u4e2d\u56fd). The earthquakes are estimated to have killed 200\u2013300 people. It also caused the Mount Tombi landslide and blocked the upper reaches of the J\u014dganji River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023582-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Hietsu earthquake, Sources\nThis article incorporates material from \u98db\u8d8a\u5730\u9707 (Hietsu jishin) and linked articles in the Japanese Wikipedia, retrieved on February 29, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023583-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Hutt by-election\nThe 1858 Hutt by-election was a New Zealand by-election held in the multi-member electorate of Hutt during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament on 31 July 1858, following the resignation of Dillon Bell and Samuel Revans on 22 March. The election was won by Alfred Renall and William Fitzherbert, who had resigned from the multi-member electorate City of Wellington in order to contest this by-election. That resignation forced a by-election to happen. Two other candidates unsuccessfully contested the electorate, George Hart and Peter Cheyne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 1 November 1858. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result\nBecause of the large number of uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Abercromby\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Phoenix Inn, on the east side of Mount Pleasant, occupied by Edward Robinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Castle Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Commercial Hotel, Dale Street, occupied by Mr. Deakin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0004-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Everton\nThe polling place was Halliday's Coffee House, south west corner of Rupert Lane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0005-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Exchange\nPolling Place\u00a0: The north end of the Sessions house in Chapel Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0006-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Great George\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Shop, No. 70, on the north side of Nelson Street, occupied by Edwin Thomas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0007-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Lime Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House, No. 88, on the south side of London Road, occupied by Edward Ford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0008-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, North Toxteth\nPolling Place\u00a0: The house, No. 60, Saint Jame's Place, occupied by William Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0009-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Pitt Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Committee room of the South Corporation School, in Park Lane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0010-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Rodney Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Coffee House, No. 71, near the entrance to the new arcade, on the east side of Renshaw Street, occupied by Mr. Mitchells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0011-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Anne Street\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House of Mrs. Hindle, No. 55 on the west side of Christian Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0012-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Paul's\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House of Mr. John Mather, at the north-west corner of St. Paul's Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0013-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, St. Peter's\nPolling Place\u00a0: The Public House, sign of \"The Ring of Bells\" in School Lane, occupied by Mr. John Bennion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0014-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland\nPolling place\u00a0: The House, No. 237, on the north side of Burlington Street, occupied by Mr. Des?er.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0015-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Scotland\nRichard Sheil was the first Catholic elected to Liverpool Town Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0016-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, South Toxteth\nPolling Place\u00a0: The shop on the west side of Park Road, occupied by Eliza Gould, near the church of St. John the Baptist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0017-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Vauxhall\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House occupied by Mr. George Gurden, No. 167, on the west side of Vauxhall Road nearly opposite the end of Paul Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023584-0018-0000", "contents": "1858 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, West Derby\nPolling Place\u00a0: The House on the south side of Edge Hill, in the occupation of John Jackson, and opposite St. Mary's Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023585-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Lobachevskij\n1858 Lobachevskij (prov. designation: 1972 QL) is a rare-type background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 August 1972, by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Russian mathematician Nikolai Lobachevsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023585-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Lobachevskij, Orbit and classification\nLobachevskij had already been photographed in precovery images dating back to the 1930s, providing it with a much larger observation arc. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,620 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First observed as 1928 SG at Heidelberg Observatory in 1928, the asteroid's first used observations was a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in 1954, extending its observation arc by 18 years prior to its official discovery at Nauchnyj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023585-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 Lobachevskij, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of mathematician Nikolai Lobachevsky (1792\u20131856), Russian mathematician and creator of the first comprehensive system of non-Euclidean geometry. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3826).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023585-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 Lobachevskij, Physical characteristics\nLobachevskij is a strongly reddish and relatively uncommon L-type asteroid in the SMASS classification. It has an absolute magnitude between 11.5 and 12.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023585-0004-0000", "contents": "1858 Lobachevskij, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn May 2011, photometric observation of Lobachevskij gave a rotation period of 5.413 and 5.435 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 and 0.33 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/2), superseding a previous period of 7.00 hours (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023585-0005-0000", "contents": "1858 Lobachevskij, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn September 2012, two rotational lightcurves were obtained in the S- and R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a period of 5.409 and 5.4141 hours with an amplitude of 0.26 and 0.22 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023585-0006-0000", "contents": "1858 Lobachevskij, Physical characteristics, Occultation\nLobachevskij covered a 10.4 mag star\u2014a phenomenon known as occultation\u2014in the constellation Sagittarius in June 2007. It was predicted that the event could be seen in the northeastern United States and southeast Canada. The combined light magnitude of the bodies would drop momentarily\u2014for a maximum of 2.2 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023585-0007-0000", "contents": "1858 Lobachevskij, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Lobachevskij measures between 10.769 and 10.919 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.3737 and 0.383, respectively, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a lower albedo of 0.18 and calculates a diameter of 12.47 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023586-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1858 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 2. Incumbent Republican Governor Nathaniel Banks was easily re-elected to a second term in office, beginning a period of Republican dominance which would extended into the 1870s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023587-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 79th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1858 during the governorship of Nathaniel Prentice Banks. Charles Wentworth Upham served as president of the Senate and Julius Rockwell served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023587-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Massachusetts legislature\nNotable legislation included setting a salary of $300 per year for each member of the legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023588-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1858 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1858. Republican nominee Moses Wisner defeated Democratic nominee Charles E. Stuart with 53.77% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023589-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 New England and Macleay colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of New England and Macleay on 26 November 1858 because of the resignation of Abram Moriarty, for reasons that included the difficulty of serving a far distant electorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023590-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 New South Wales colonial election\nThe 1858 New South Wales colonial election was held between 13 January and 12 February 1858. This election was for all of the 54 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in 18 single-member constituencies, 13 2-member constituencies, two 3-member constituencies and one 4-member constituency, all with a first past the post system. Suffrage was limited to adult white males. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 19 December 1857 by the Governor, Sir William Denison, on the advice of the Premier, Charles Cowper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023590-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 New South Wales colonial election\nThere was no recognisable party structure at this election; instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023590-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 New South Wales colonial election, Results\nNew South Wales colonial election, 13 January 1858 \u2013 12 February 1858Legislative Assembly << 1856\u20131859 >>", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023591-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 New York state election\nThe 1858 New York state election was held on November 2, 1858, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner, and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and two members of the New York State Senate. Besides, the question was asked if a Constitutional Convention should be held, and answered in the negative: The vote was 135,266 for and 144,526 against.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023591-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 New York state election, History\nThe \"Mass State Convention to nominate Gerrit Smith for Governor\" met on August 4 at Syracuse, New York, Isaac Parks, of Canastota, presided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023591-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 New York state election, History\nThe Republican and the American state conventions met on September 8 at Syracuse, New York. At the Republican convention, Thurlow Weed was a delegate to a state convention for the first time after twenty years. There was some debate about the nomination of a joint ticket with the Americans. Ezra Graves was temporary chairman until the choice of Daniel T. Jones as president. A motion to nominate candidates for governor was voted down by 166 to 67, and the convention adjourned. At the American convention, Daniel Ullmann was chosen President, and after much debate they adjourned too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023591-0002-0001", "contents": "1858 New York state election, History\nThe Republican convention re-assembled on September 9, and Edwin D. Morgan was nominated for governor on the second ballot (first ballot: Morgan 116, Timothy Jenkins 51, James M. Cook 35, George W. Patterson 23, A. S. Diven 21, John Alsop King 4, Horace Greeley 3; second ballot: Morgan 165, Jenkins 52, Patterson 20, Diven 18). Between the two ballots an American delegation arrived. Robert Campbell was nominated for lieutenant governor by acclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023591-0002-0002", "contents": "1858 New York state election, History\nNow the American delegation marched back to the American convention with a Republican delegation which announced the Republican nominations and offered the Americans to complete the joint ticket with the nominees for Canal Commissioner and Prison Inspector. The Americans decided against it and nominated Lorenzo Burrows for governor, and Nathaniel S. Benton for lieutenant governor by acclamation. James R. Thompson was nominated for Canal Commissioner on the first ballot (vote: Thompson 84,  Jesse C. Dann 64, Benoni Thompson 15, Justus Deming 4, scattering 4). The incumbent William A. Russell was re-nominated for Prison Inspector on the first ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023591-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 New York state election, Result\nThe whole Republican ticket was elected. The incumbent Russell was defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023591-0004-0000", "contents": "1858 New York state election, Result\nOne Republican and one American were elected for the session of 1859 to the New York State Senate, which had then 16 Republicans, 12 Democrats, 3 Americans and one Independent Republican.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023591-0005-0000", "contents": "1858 New York state election, Result\n99 Republicans and Americans, and 29 Democrats were elected for the session of 1859 to the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023592-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Oregon gubernatorial election\nThe 1858 Oregon gubernatorial election took place on June 7, 1858 to elect the first governor in anticipation of Oregon statehood. With the state Democratic Party split into factions driven by personal rivalry and state government influence, the election matched insurgent E. M. Barnum against establishment candidate John Whiteaker, who won. The Republican Party first nominated John Denny, but he later withdrew in favor of the insurgent Democrat, whom the party hoped to win over to the Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023593-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Pensioner Settlements by-election\nThe Pensioner Settlements by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the multi-member Pensioner Settlements electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 29 April 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023593-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Pensioner Settlements by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Joseph Greenwood and was won by Jermyn Symonds. On nomination day (28 April) Jermyn Symonds and Captain Balneavis were nominated, and after a show of hands in favour of Symonds, Balneavis demanded a poll. John Symonds was subsequently elected the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023594-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1858 saw the election of Alexander Henry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023595-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Portuguese legislative election\nThe Portuguese legislative election, 1858 was held on 2 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023596-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 San Diego hurricane\nThe 1858 San Diego hurricane was a very rare hurricane that impacted southern California. It is the only known tropical cyclone to directly impact California as a hurricane, although other systems have impacted California as tropical storms. The storm caused considerable damage to many homes and other structures in southern California, mainly around San Diego. A later estimate indicated that if a similar storm happened in 2004, it would have caused $500 million (2004 USD) in damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023596-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 San Diego hurricane, Meteorological history\nIn late September\u00a01858, a hurricane formed over the eastern Pacific Ocean, concurrent with a moderate El Ni\u00f1o event spanning 1857\u201358. Unlike most east Pacific storms, this one accelerated toward the north-northeast. On October 2, it neared Southern California while weakening, due to cool sea surface temperatures and strong wind shear. The hurricane just missed making landfall, while turning to the west-northwest. The storm approached Santa Catalina Island in the Channel Islands and dissipated later on that day. There is some uncertainty to this reconstructed path.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023596-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 San Diego hurricane, Impact\nIn San Diego, heavy rain fell, and property damage was significant; many homes lost their roofs, and a few even collapsed. In addition, trees were uprooted, and fences destroyed. A recently constructed windmill was also blown away completely. Three schooners, the Plutus, the Lovely Flora, and the X.L., were blown ashore, although only the X.L. suffered major damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023596-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 San Diego hurricane, Impact\nRainfall in San Pedro was also heavy, but high winds were not reported. Parts of the embankment in the city were washed away, causing only around US$100 ($3,100.02 in 2019) in damage. The yacht Medora was washed ashore. Many reports claimed that the yacht was irreparable, but it was later claimed that the damage wasn't actually that great and could be repaired. A barge was destroyed, as was a large portion of the San Pedro wharf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023596-0004-0000", "contents": "1858 San Diego hurricane, Impact\nEl Monte was buffeted by high winds, damaging corn crops and trees. Los Angeles and Visalia noted large amounts of rain, as much as 7 inches (180\u00a0mm), but low winds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023596-0005-0000", "contents": "1858 San Diego hurricane, Impact\nTwo researchers with NOAA, Michael Chenoweth and Christopher Landsea reconstructed the path of the hurricane using accounts from newspapers of the strong winds. They estimated that if a similar storm were to have hit in 2004, it would have caused around US$500\u00a0million in damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023596-0006-0000", "contents": "1858 San Diego hurricane, Records\nThe hurricane was the only hurricane known to impact California. Due to cold water temperatures from the Arctic, tropical cyclones usually weaken, and steering currents in the eastern Pacific steer storms away from land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023597-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Southern Division by-election\nThe Southern Division by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the multi-member Southern Division electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 8 May 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023597-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Southern Division by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Charles Taylor and was won by Theodore Haultain. On nomination day (28 April) Haultain and David Graham were nominated; Graham was the brother of the other member representing the electorate, Robert Graham. After a show of hands in favour of Haultain, Graham demanded a poll. Theodore Haultain was subsequently elected on 8 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023598-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Town of Lyttelton by-election\nThe Town of Lyttelton by-election 1856 was a by-election held in the Town of Lyttelton electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 28 May 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023598-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Town of Lyttelton by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP James FitzGerald and was won unopposed by Crosbie Ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023599-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe 1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Monday, October 4, 1858 to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 36th Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including various state and local elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023599-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1859, to March 4, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023599-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign\nThis election was held in the middle of the presidency of James Buchanan, with tensions between free states of the North and slave states of the South growing to the point of irreparability. Both the Whig Party and the Know Nothing Party had already collapsed, leaving no true opposition to the Democratic Party in Florida. Hawkins was very popular in the former Whig stronghold of Pensacola, bringing the populous city firmly into the Democratic column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023599-0002-0001", "contents": "1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign\nThough Hawkins was expected to run unopposed, he was challenged by Westcott, the former surveyor general of Florida and brother of former U.S. senator James Westcott. Westcott, running as an Independent Democrat, was opposed to the corruption in the Florida Democratic Party, perceiving the party's selection of nominees at conventions making the state's politicians open to political patronage. Westcott also promised cheap land to frontier settlers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023599-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign\nWestcott performed best in the frontierlands of East Florida and South Florida, where he was very popular due to his role in the Seminole Wars. Despite this, he could not make inroads into West Florida and was crushed in the general election, only receiving 38% of the vote to Hawkins' 62%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023599-0004-0000", "contents": "1858 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Aftermath\nThis was the last election before the American Civil War to send a U.S. representative to Congress. An election was held in 1860, but the winner of that race did not serve in Congress as Florida seceded from the Union prior to the start of the 37th Congress. Hawkins withdrew from Congress on January 21, 1861 after Florida had joined the Confederate States of America. This was the last successful congressional election in Florida until 1868.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 74], "content_span": [75, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023600-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio\nOhio elected its members October 12, 1858, netting a 3-seat Republican gain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023601-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 United States elections\nThe 1858 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic President James Buchanan's term, during the opening stages of the Third Party System. Members of the 36th United States Congress were chosen in this election. In the first election since the Supreme Court decided Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Republican Party won a plurality in the House, taking control of a chamber of Congress for the first time in the party's history. Although Democrats lost control of the House, they retained their majority in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023601-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 United States elections\nIn the House, Democrats suffered a major defeat, losing seats to Republicans and a group of southern party members who opposed secession, running on the Opposition Party ticket. Although no party won a majority, Republicans won a plurality of seats. Republican William Pennington won election as Speaker of the House, becoming the first Republican Speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023601-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Republicans picked up several seats, but Democrats retained a commanding majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023602-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1858 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont was held on Tuesday, September 7. In keeping with the \"Mountain Rule\", incumbent Republican Ryland Fletcher was not a candidate for a third one-year term. The Republican nominee was Hiland Hall. The Democratic nominee was Henry Keyes, who was also the Democratic nominee in 1856 and 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023602-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Vermont gubernatorial election\nVermont continued to strongly support abolitionism and the Republican Party, and Hall was easily elected. Hall took the oath of office for a one-year term that began on October 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023603-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Waimea by-election\nThe Waimea by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the multi-member Waimea electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 21 May 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023603-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Waimea by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Charles Elliott on 20 March 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023603-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 Waimea by-election\nThe by-election was won unopposed by David Monro, who had represented the seat in the previous parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023604-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay by-election\nThe 1858 Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay by-election was a by-election held in the Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 22 July 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023604-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP J. Valentine Smith and was won unopposed by James Ferguson. Owing to an arbitrary shortening of the time between the issue of the writ and the holding of nominations at Castlepoint (where a single nomination was received) the election was over before many electors knew it was due to take place. Charles Carter had published his intention to stand on 17 July \u2013 five days before the nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023604-0001-0001", "contents": "1858 Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay by-election\nThe validity of the election was called into question and a petition was sent to the Governor requesting a new writ, although it seems it was disallowed. The Electoral Districts Act 1858 (coincidentally passed a few weeks after the election) split the electorate in two with Ferguson declared as incumbent in County of Hawke and Carter winning Wairarapa in the 1859 supplementary election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023605-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Wairau by-election\nThe Wairau by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the Wairau electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 21 May 1858. The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP William Wells and was won unopposed by Frederick Weld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023606-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 Wellington Country by-election\nThe 1858 Wellington Country by-election was a New Zealand by-election held in the single-member electorate of Wellington Country during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament on 29 July 1858, following the resignation of Dudley Ward. The election was won by Alfred Brandon, who beat the only other candidate, Francis Bradey, easily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 36th Congress were held during President James Buchanan's term at various dates in different states from August 1858 to November 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections\nWinning a plurality for the first time, Republicans benefited from multiple factors including the collapse of the nativist American Party, sectional strife in the Democratic Party, Northern voter dissatisfaction with the infamous March 1857 Dred Scott Supreme Court decision, political exposure of Democrats to chaotic violence in Kansas amid repeated attempts to impose slavery against the express will of a majority of its settlers, and a sharp decline in President Buchanan's popularity due to his perceived fecklessness. In Pennsylvania, his home state, Republicans made particularly large gains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe pivotal Dred Scott decision was only the second time the Supreme Court had overturned law on Constitutional grounds. The decision created apprehension in the North, where slavery had ceased to exist, that a ruling in a different case widely expected to be heard by the Supreme Court would strike down any limitations on slavery anywhere in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections\nShort of a majority, Republicans controlled the House with limited cooperation from smaller parties also opposing the Democrats. Republicans were united in opposing slavery in the territories and fugitive slave laws, while rejecting the abrogation of the Missouri Compromise, key aspects of the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision. Though not yet abolitionist, Republicans openly derived a primary partisan purpose from hostility to slavery while furnishing a mainstream platform for abolitionism. None of the party's views or positions was new. However, their catalytic cohesion into a unified political vehicle, and the bold dismissal of the South, represented a newly disruptive political force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0004-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections\nDemocrats remained divided and politically trapped. Fifteen Democratic members publicly defied their party label. Of seven Independent Democrats, six represented Southern districts. Eight Northern Anti- Lecompton Democrats favored a ban on slavery in Kansas, effectively upholding the Missouri Compromise their party had destroyed several years earlier. Democrats lacked credible leadership and continued to drift in a direction favorable to the interests of slavery despite obviously widening and intensifying Northern opposition to the expansion of those interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0004-0001", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections\nA damaging public perception also existed that President Buchanan had improperly influenced and endorsed the Dred Scott decision, incorrectly believing that it had solved his main political problem. Such influence would violate the separation of powers. The wide gap between Democratic rhetoric and results alienated voters, while defeat in the North and intra-party defection combined to make the Party both more Southern and more radical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0005-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections\nDemocrats lost seats in some slave states as the disturbing turn of national events and surge in sectional tensions alarmed a significant minority of Southern voters. Southern politicians opposing both Democrats and extremism, but unwilling to affiliate with Republicans, ran on the Southern Opposition Party ticket (not to be conflated with the Opposition Party of 1854).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0006-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections\nFor 11 states, this was the last full congressional election until the Reconstruction. Twenty-nine elected members quit near the end of the session following their states' secession from the Union, whose immediate motivation was the result of the election of 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0007-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nOne seat each was added for the new states of Oregon and Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0008-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1858 and 1859 to the 35th United States Congress and 36th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0009-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections, California\nCalifornia held its election September 7, 1859. From statehood to 1864, California's members were elected at-large, with the top finishers winning election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0010-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections, Minnesota\nMinnesota became a new state in 1858 having already elected its first two members at-large in October 1857 to finish the current term. The state then held elections to the next term October 4, 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023607-0011-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections, Ohio\nOhio elected its members October 12, 1858, netting a 3-seat Republican gain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 68], "content_span": [69, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023608-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1858 and 1859 were elections which had the Republican Party gain five additional seats in the United States Senate, but the Democrats retained their majority. That majority would erode in 1860 with the secession of the southern states leading up to the Civil War. In Illinois, incumbent Stephen A. Douglas (D) and challenger Abraham Lincoln (R) held a series of seven debates, known as the \"Lincoln\u2013Douglas debates.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023608-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections\nAs this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023608-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 35th Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were seated during 1858 or in 1859 before March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023608-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 36th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1859; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023608-0004-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 36th Congress\nIn this election, the winner was elected in 1859 on or after March 4; ordered by date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023608-0005-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Race leading to the 37th Congress\nIn this regular election, the winner was elected for the term beginning March 4, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023608-0006-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Illinois\nIncumbent U.S. Senator Stephen Douglas, a Democrat, defeated a challenge by former U.S. Representative Abraham Lincoln, the Republican nominee. Lincoln, who had been a member of the Whig Party prior to 1856, attacked Douglas for his perceived subservience to the Slave Power, as evidenced by his support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the recent Supreme Court ruling in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford. The election was extremely close, hinging on Douglas' ability to appeal to former Whigs who had resisted joining the Republicans following the decline of the Whig party after 1854. In the finale weeks of the campaign, Douglas received the coveted endorsement of Kentucky's John J. Crittenden, a prominent former Whig and Douglas' colleague in the Senate. Crittenden's support for Douglas considerably diminished Lincoln's chances of winning the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023608-0007-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Illinois\nOn election day, the statewide Republican ticket took 50.6% of the popular vote, outpolling the Democrats by a margin of 3,402 votes. Further down ballot, Republican candidates for the state legislature collectively received 24,094 more votes than the Douglas Democrats. (Buchanan Democrats received almost 10,000 votes, and there were a scattering of votes for write-in candidates.) Despite this, strategically-drawn district boundaries produced Democratic majorities in both houses of the state legislature: 40 Democrats and 35 Republicans were elected to the state House of Representatives, while the Democratic margin in the Senate was 14-11. On the day of the election in the Illinois General Assembly, Douglas received 54 votes to Lincoln's 46. The change of just over 300 votes in three state legislative districts from Democrats to Republicans would have been sufficient to deny Democrats a legislative majority and defeat Douglas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 994]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023608-0008-0000", "contents": "1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections, Illinois\nIn spite of his defeat, Lincoln's debates with Douglas were followed nationally and established Lincoln as a leading contender for the Republican nomination in the 1860 United States presidential election. In the aftermath of the senatorial election, Lincoln contacted editors looking to publish the texts of the debates. George Parsons, the Ohio Republican committee chairman, got Lincoln in touch with Ohio's main political publisher, Follett and Foster, of Columbus. They published copies of the text under the title, Political Debates Between Hon. Abraham Lincoln and Hon. Stephen A. Douglas in the Celebrated Campaign of 1858, in Illinois. Four printings were made, and the fourth sold 16,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023609-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1858 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023612-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in Canada, Historical Documents\nIn Britain, \"New Caledonia\" bill's \"immediate object is to establish temporary law and order amidst a motley inundation of immigrant diggers\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023612-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 in Canada, Historical Documents\n\"Our miners, however, did not trust[... ]to mere hearsay\" - How Californians slowly caught Fraser River gold fever (Note: blackface)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023613-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1858 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023618-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in India\nEvents in the year 1858 in India. Act of Parliament 1858", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023621-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1858 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023621-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 in New Zealand, Events\nProvincial Council Chambers are constructed in Wellington. These will eventually become the seat of Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023624-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in Russia\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by JarrahTree (talk | contribs) at 11:34, 13 January 2020 (Reverted edits by 212.179.174.227 (talk) to last version by Cydebot). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023626-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1858 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023628-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1858 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023631-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023632-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023633-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023633-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023633-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 in poetry, Deaths\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023634-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023635-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in science\nThe year 1858 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023636-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 in sports\n1858 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023639-0000-0000", "contents": "1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem\nThe van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem were an important scientific mapping of the region of Palestine and mapping of Jerusalem, published in 1858 by Dutch cartographer Charles William Meredith van de Velde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023639-0001-0000", "contents": "1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem\nThe surveys were carried out by Van de Velde during his 1851 visit to Palestine, where he carried out various surveys, drawings, paintings and around one hundred watercolours for postcards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023639-0002-0000", "contents": "1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem\nAfter his trip, he held lectures on Palestine in Geneva and Lausanne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023639-0003-0000", "contents": "1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem\nTogether with the maps, Van de Velde published an album of 100 lithographs of the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023639-0004-0000", "contents": "1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem\nVan de Velde met Titus Tobler in Switzerland in 1855, where they agreed to make a new map of Jerusalem based on combining Tobler's own measurements with the flawed Royal Engineers map of 1840\u201341. Tobler published a 26-page memoir to accompany the map.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023639-0005-0000", "contents": "1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem\nThe map was published in 1858 ahead of his later Map of the Holy Land. Van de Velde carried out the work alone with a 7-inch surveyor\u2019s compass, without theodolites (which required multiple people to operate) and without making astronomical observations (which required significant time). Despite this, his map was considered the most accurate made at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023639-0006-0000", "contents": "1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem\nWhen he returned from his trip to Palestine, he was able to obtain the 1840 Royal Engineers\u2019 survey data, and used this in the production of this maps. Given the known flaws in the work, Van de Velde used the Royal Engineers\u2019 raw data to construct his map, cross-comparing the data with his work as well as all known previous geographical and cartographical knowledge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023639-0007-0000", "contents": "1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem\nYehoshua Ben-Arieh stated that: \u201cRitter\u2019s writing and van de Velde\u2019s map together may be considered the crowning achievements of fifty years exploration and research in the geography of Palestine.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023639-0008-0000", "contents": "1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem\nFaehndrich wrote that: \u201cvan de Velde\u2019s map represented the complete body of Western geographical knowledge on Palestine, critically compiled, then verified on site and completed by his own measurements and his own (physical) experience, including the hardships needed to make a scientific map\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023639-0009-0000", "contents": "1858 van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem\n4,409 copies of the regional maps and 612 copies of the Jerusalem map were sold between 1858 and 1877.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023640-0000-0000", "contents": "1858\u201359 Cape Colony parliamentary election\nThe 1858\u201359 Cape Colony parliamentary election was conducted between September 1858 and early March 1859. This was the second election for the Cape parliament, which had been established in 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023640-0001-0000", "contents": "1858\u201359 Cape Colony parliamentary election\nDespite the election, the parliament was weak and executive power remained firmly in the hands of the Governor, Sir George Grey, who was appointed from London. Rawson W. Rawson continued as the colony's Colonial Secretary. As Colonial Secretary, Rawson could speak in both the Assembly and Council, but held no voting rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023640-0002-0000", "contents": "1858\u201359 Cape Colony parliamentary election\nIn the Eastern Province, the assembly elections saw little excitement, with some constituencies had difficulty even finding willing candidates. Andries Stockenstr\u00f6m and Robert Godlonton, both representatives for the Eastern Division in the Council, chose not to seek re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023640-0003-0000", "contents": "1858\u201359 Cape Colony parliamentary election, Constituencies\nFor elections to the House of Assembly, the Cape was divided into 22 electoral divisions, returning a total of 46 members. The electoral division boundaries corresponded with the existing Cape Colony fiscal divisions. The only exceptions to this were for Albany, and the urban areas of Cape Town-Green Point and Grahamstown, (which were not included in the Cape electoral division), which had their own electoral divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 58], "content_span": [59, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023641-0000-0000", "contents": "1859\n1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1859th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 859th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 59th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1859, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023642-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 (magazine)\n1859 Oregon's Magazine is a bi-monthly lifestyle magazine based in Bend, Oregon whose mission is to Live Think Explore. Named for Oregon's year of statehood, the publication was established in Bend, Oregon in the summer of 2009, largely the brainchild of Kevin Max and Heather Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023642-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 (magazine), Publication details, Launch\n1859 Oregon's Magazine is run by a small staff in Bend, Oregon. Kevin Max is the chief content officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023642-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 (magazine), Publication details, Launch\nKevin Max, a New York City financial journalist, relocated to Oregon and founded the magazine. While working as a journalist around the state, Max was inspired by historic buildings dating back to the year of Oregon's statehood, 1859, and by the prominence of the year on the Oregon flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023642-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 (magazine), Publication details, Launch\nDespite the difficult economic situation prevalent at the time of its 2009 launch \u2014 a moment at which American magazines were experiencing a 26% decline in ad revenue over previous-year figures \u2014 1859 Oregon's Magazine experienced initial success powered by its placement in Borders Books, Barnes & Noble, and the grocery chain Whole Foods. The magazine's debut issue saw a total of 30,000 copies produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023642-0004-0000", "contents": "1859 (magazine), Publication details, Launch\n1859 found its niche covering statewide arts and culture, adventure and exploration, and focussing on Oregon as a whole rather than any single region or city. The magazine  grew from a quarterly to a bi-monthly publication in 2012 and in 2017 Max launched a sister publication, , a journal of statewide culture in Washington state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023642-0005-0000", "contents": "1859 (magazine), Publication details, Launch\ncontinues to expand upon its original mission statement exploring statewide culture and community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023642-0006-0000", "contents": "1859 (magazine), Publication details, Content\n1859 relies upon freelance writers and photographers for a majority of its content. Other regular content features are produced by members of the publication's staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023642-0007-0000", "contents": "1859 (magazine), Publication details, Content\nThe magazine covers stories dealing with the length and breadth of the state of Oregon, from the Pacific Coast to high desert of Eastern Oregon. The magazine deals with both geographical and biographical material, including both contemporary and historical content. The publication has been characterized as \"a National Geographic for the state of Oregon.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023642-0008-0000", "contents": "1859 (magazine), Publication details, Content\nThe publication touts Oregon for \"a wealth of recreational, ecological, historical and entrepreneurial intrigue,\" including residents who are \"pioneers in the sustainable movement, bike geeks and techies, Native Americans and cowboys, financiers and vintners.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023642-0009-0000", "contents": "1859 (magazine), Publication details, Sustainability philosophy\n1859 magazine has been outspoken in its promotion of the concept of sustainability, making use of soy-based ink, and supporting Oregon wildlife protection by means of a campaign through which half of the magazine's subscription price was targeted to the conservation group Oregon Wild.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023642-0010-0000", "contents": "1859 (magazine), Publication details, Honors\nIn April 2011, 1859 was nominated for a Maggie Award in the category \"Best New Quarterly Magazine\" by the Maggie Awards Committee of the Western Publishing Association in Los Angeles. The nomination, based upon inspection of publication's Autumn 2010 issue, was based upon ten specific editorial aspects involving cover design, layout, typography, and editorial content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023642-0011-0000", "contents": "1859 (magazine), Publication details, Honors\n1859 Oregon's Magazine won the 68th Annual Maggie Awards  and Best State/Regional Publication in 2020. Its sister publication, 1889 Washington's Magazine, took Best Special Interest Publication 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023643-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1859 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 1, 1859, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democrat Andrew B. Moore won his second term as Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1859 Atlantic hurricane season featured seven hurricanes, the most recorded during an Atlantic hurricane season until 1870. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0000-0001", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season\nOf the eight known 1859 cyclones, five were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partag\u00e1s and Henry Diaz, which was largely adopted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in their updates to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT), with some adjustments. HURDAT is the official source for hurricane data such as track and intensity, although due to sparse records, listings on some storms are incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe first tropical cyclone was a hurricane observed in the Tuxpan area of Veracruz, Mexico, on July\u00a01. Hurricane conditions were observed along the coast and several vessels were lost. On September\u00a02, another hurricane struck Saint Kitts and Saint Croix, damaging ships on the former. The fifth storm of the season, possibly the most devastating of the season, brought storm surge and hurricane-force winds to the Florida Panhandle and Mobile, Alabama, as well as flooding and wind damage to some areas of the Mid-Atlantic. In early October, the sixth cyclone brought damage to Inagua in the Bahamas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0001-0001", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season\nAt least 25 boats sunk, with several people drowning after one vessel capsized. Two ships capsized in the Bahamas due to the seventh storm. A ship in the Gulf of Mexico capsized during the eighth and final cyclone, drowning an unknown number of people. The storm became extratropical offshore the Southeastern United States on October\u00a029.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 56. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39\u00a0mph (63\u00a0km/h), which is tropical storm strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nLittle is known about the first observed tropical cyclone of the 1859 season, which was first analyzed in 1995. During late June or early July, cities along the coastal Mexican state of Veracruz experienced a formidable hurricane, and several ships in the Gulf of Mexico were lost. Due to a lack of reports, the storm's listing in the Atlantic hurricane database is limited to a single point near Tuxpan, Veracruz, on July\u00a01, although this date was chiefly chosen as a placeholder in lieu of definitive data. It is estimated that sustained winds reached 105\u00a0mph (165\u00a0km/h), which is equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane on the modern day Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0004-0000", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nThe second known storm of the season was discovered in contemporary reanalysis. It existed in the northwestern Atlantic in the middle of August with the only evidence of the storm being reports from two vessels in the vicinity of bad weather. One vessel, the Tornado, encountered severe winds, starting on August\u00a017, which forced her to abandon her easterly course and sail into New York City. The Caure also experienced strong winds on August\u00a018 and August\u00a019 with a barometric pressure as low as 982\u00a0mbar (29.0\u00a0inHg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0004-0001", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nA standard wind\u2013pressure relationship model for that value yields winds of 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h). The wind patterns reported by each ship indicate that neither vessel reached the storm's core, where winds are typically at their strongest. As a result, the system is estimated to have attained at least Category 2 intensity. Its approximate track follows an east-northeasterly trajectory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0005-0000", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nThe first of three hurricanes in September was also the first of the season to be identified prior to 1995. It was described by W. H. Alexander in a 1902 publication as a \"mild\" system which passed over St. Kitts and later St. Croix on September\u00a02. A short track formulated for the storm in 1995 indicated a path across the northern Lesser Antilles on September\u00a02; the track was shifted slightly toward the south for its inclusion within HURDAT. The highest sustained winds are estimated to have been 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0006-0000", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nBased on reports of strong winds from a ship near 40\u00b0N, 50\u00b0W, Partag\u00e1s documented another new storm near that point on September 12. As with the previous hurricane, no track existed for this storm until the 1995 HURDAT, when more extensive observations from several additional vessels were utilized. At least four ships sustained structural damage or took on water, and the Bell Flower lost her captain and a crew member to the sea. The severity of the weather encountered by the ships suggested a cyclone of modest hurricane intensity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0007-0000", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nThe fifth storm was first mentioned by David M. Ludlum in 1963 as having affected Mobile, Alabama, on September 15, but with no description of its genesis or impacts. Partag\u00e1s also acknowledged the storm without attempting to reconstruct its track. As a result, the cyclone was initially added to the hurricane database with only a single data point, placing it near Mobile as a Category\u00a01 hurricane. However, in 2003, the reanalysis project expanded the track from September\u00a015 through September\u00a018, using newspaper accounts and reports from both land and sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0007-0001", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nWith winds of minimal hurricane strength, the storm moved north-northeastward toward the central Gulf Coast. The cyclone made landfall early on September\u00a016 over Alabama with winds estimated at 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h) and a barometric pressure of 982\u00a0mbar (29.0\u00a0inHg). It likely weakened into a tropical storm as it pushed inland, and traversed the Southeastern United States and Mid-Atlantic region. The storm re-emerged into the Atlantic as it continued towards the northeast, and based on ship reports, it is believed to have reattained hurricane intensity prior to passing south of New England and the Canadian Maritimes, before being last noted on September\u00a018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0008-0000", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nHurricane-force winds were reported in the Florida Panhandle. In Alabama, the storm brought strong winds and large waves to the Mobile area. After a wharf was flooded, authorities warned residents to seek higher ground. Businesses also moved their merchandise to the second floors of their buildings. Wharves, bathhouses, bales, barrels, and boxes washed away. The train system was also interrupted for a few days. A few ships, such as the schooner W W. Harkness and the steamboat Crescent suffered damage. Two oyster boats capsized and 2 people drowned. Winds downed fences, trees, and telegraph lines. Damage reached at least US$10,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0008-0001", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nLater, flooding was reported in Virginia and Washington, D.C.. The Potomac River rose considerably in some areas of Virginia and Washington, D.C., especially at Georgetown, where water reached the wharves. Two bridges nearly swept away. With the storm causing over 8\u00a0in (200\u00a0mm) of rain, crops, mill dams, and fences were damaged. In New York, strong winds destroyed a five-story warehouse and another adjoining building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0009-0000", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six\nThe sixth storm of the season was first documented by Edward B. Garriott in 1900. After being first observed by a ship near Jamaica on October\u00a02, the hurricane tracked northward over the extreme eastern tip of Cuba, according to its reconstructed track. Heavy weather was reported in Baracoa. The storm later reached southeastern Bahamas, where the cyclone severely impacted the Inagua region on October 2 and 3, destroying at least 25\u00a0boats. Several ships underway around Inagua endured rough seas and strong winds; \"several of the crew and two soldiers\" aboard one vessel wrecked by the hurricane died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0009-0001", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six\nMeteorological reports from ships confirm that the hurricane continued northward, passing about midway between Bermuda and the East Coast of the United States. On October\u00a06, a vessel near the center of the storm recorded a barometric pressure of 938\u00a0mbar (27.7\u00a0inHg), signalling it was an intense hurricane even after it crossed the 40th parallel north. This was also the lowest pressure associated with the storm and was used to estimate that maximum sustained winds peaked at 125\u00a0mph (205\u00a0km/h). Also on October\u00a06, a ship near Sable Island encountered the storm, which likely continued to approach the Canadian Maritimes. That day, the storm was last noted offshore Nova Scotia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0010-0000", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven\nBeginning on October\u00a016, ships throughout the central Bahamas experienced squally conditions accompanied by strong winds. Based on those reports, this storm was documented in 1995 as a west-northwestward-moving system. One ship ran aground on Paradise Island and another suffered a similar fate in the Abaco Islands. Continuing westward, the storm made landfall near modern-day Boca Raton, Florida, with winds of 70\u00a0mph (110\u00a0km/h) at 16:00\u00a0UTC on October\u00a017. The system was last noted near present-day Arcadia early the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0011-0000", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight\nA low pressure area developed over the Bay of Campeche between October\u00a023 and October\u00a024, with a tropical storm forming on the latter date. At least four other ships in that portion of the Gulf of Mexico sustained appreciable structural damage. One ship capsized in the storm with all hands lost except one seaman, who was picked up on November 2 by a passing vessel. The survivor said he was stranded on the wreck for five days, indicating that his ship went down on October\u00a028. Stormy weather was reported near Bermuda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023644-0011-0001", "contents": "1859 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight\nPartag\u00e1s and Diaz used these reports to create a track for the storm. Initially, the storm drifted north-northeastward and northeastward. By 12:00\u00a0UTC on October\u00a026, it was estimated that the system became a hurricane and intensified slightly further to peak at winds of 90\u00a0mph (150\u00a0km/h). Shortly thereafter, the hurricane began accelerating east-northeastward due to a cold front. At 18:00\u00a0UTC on October\u00a028, the storm made landfall near St. Petersburg, Florida. A barometric pressure of 974\u00a0mbar (28.8\u00a0inHg) was observed, the lowest in relation to the storm. The storm emerged in the Atlantic less than six hours later and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone early on October\u00a029.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023645-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Belgian general election\nPartial general elections were held in Belgium on 14 June 1859. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 69 of the 116 seats in the Chamber of Representatives and 31 of the 58 seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was 55.9%, although only 49,672 people were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023645-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Belgian general election\nUnder the alternating system, elections for the Chamber of Representatives were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders. Additionally, special elections were held on the same day in the arrondissements of Charleroi, Li\u00e8ge and Mons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023645-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 Belgian general election, Campaign\nTwelve of the 58 seats were uncontested, of which the Catholics won nine and the Liberals three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023645-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 Belgian general election, Results, Chamber of Representatives\nThe results exclude the voting figures for the Leper Colony seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023645-0004-0000", "contents": "1859 Belgian general election, Constituencies\nThe distribution of seats among the electoral districts was as follows for the Chamber of Representatives, with the difference compared to the previous election due to population growth:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023646-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Boston mayoral election\nThe Boston mayoral election of 1859 saw the reelection of Frederic W. Lincoln Jr. to a third consecutive term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023647-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 California gubernatorial election\nThe 1859 California gubernatorial election was held on September 7, 1859 to elect the governor of California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023647-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 California gubernatorial election\nSince the beginning of the 1850s, issues regarding slavery had effectively split the state Democratic Party. Initially divided by pro-slavery Chivalrists and anti-slavery Free Soilers, by 1857, the party had split into the Lecompton and Anti-Lecompton factions. Lecompton members supported the Kansas Lecompton Constitution, a document explicitly allowing slavery into the territory, while Anti-Lecompton faction members were in opposition to slavery's expansion. The violence between supporting and opposition forces led to the period known as Bleeding Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023647-0001-0001", "contents": "1859 California gubernatorial election\nSplits in the Democratic Party, as well as the power vacuum created by the collapse of the Whig Party, helped facilitate the rise of the American Party both in state and federal politics. In particular, state voters voted Know-Nothings into the California State Legislature, and elected J. Neely Johnson as governor in the 1855 general elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023647-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 California gubernatorial election\nDuring the 1859 general elections, Lecompton Democrats voted Latham, who had briefly lived in the American South, as their nominee for governor. Anti -Lecomptons in turn selected John Currey as their nominee. The infant Republican Party, running in its first gubernatorial election, selected businessman Leland Stanford as its nominee. To make matters more complicated, during the campaign, Senator David C. Broderick, an Anti-Lecompton Democrat, was killed in a duel by slavery supporter and former state Supreme Court Justice David Terry on September 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023648-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the 1859 Chicago mayoral election, incumbent Republican John Charles Haines defeated Democratic challenger Marcus D. Gilman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023649-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1859 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 6, 1859. It was a rematch of the 1858 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Incumbent governor and Republican nominee William Alfred Buckingham defeated former congressman and Democratic nominee James T. Pratt with 51.19% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023650-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Costa Rican general election\nThe Costa Rican elections of 1859 allowed the re-election for the third time of Juan Rafael Mora Porras, hero of the Filibuster War. However, Mora would not finish his term because he would be overthrown by his political opponents on August 14 of that same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023650-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Costa Rican general election\nThe 1859 Constitution in force at that time only allowed men over 25 years old and owners of a property valued at least 200 pesos to cast the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023651-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 East Camden colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Eastern Division of Camden on 15 March 1859 because Robert Owen's seat was declared vacant on his acceptance of an appointment as a judge of the District Court, filling the position created by the resignation of John Hargrave. The Illawarra Mercury reported that the nomination of John Tighe was intended to cause one week's delay before Hargrave could take his seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023652-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 East Macquarie colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Macquarie on 10 August 1859 because of the resignation of William Suttor Sr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023653-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 East Maitland colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Maitland on 15 September 1859 because the seat of Joseph Chambers was declared vacant because he had accepted appointment as a Crown Prosecutor at Quarter Sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023654-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 East Sydney colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Sydney on 10 November 1859 because the Cowper government was defeated, causing Charles Cowper to resign his commission as Premier and Colonial Secretary and he resigned from parliament the following day. The second vacancy was caused because John Black had been appointed Secretary for Lands in the new Forster ministry,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023654-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 East Sydney colonial by-election, Aftermath\nCharles Cowper was nominated in his absence and resigned after the election, resulting in the 1860 by-election, won by Peter Faucett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023655-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Erzurum earthquake\nThe 1859 Erzurum earthquake occurred at 10:30 on 2 June. It had a Richter magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum intensity of IX on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing 15,000 casualties. The earthquake destroyed much of the city of Erzurum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023656-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Grand National\nThe 1859 Grand National was the 21st renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 2 March 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023657-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Greek legislative election\nParliamentary elections were announced in Greece on 1 August 1859. The elections took place in September and the first days of October. Supporters of Athanasios Miaoulis won a majority of the 139 seats. Miaoulis remained Prime Minister. The Sixth Parliamentary session was announced on 7 October and convened on 28 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023658-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Illawarra colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Illawarra on 28 October 1859 because John Hargrave resigned to accept an appointment to the Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023659-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Iowa Senate election\nIn the 1859 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the eighth Iowa General Assembly. Following the expansion of the Iowa Senate from 36 to 43 seats in 1859, elections were held for 27 of the state senate's 43 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023659-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Iowa Senate election\nFollowing the previous election in 1857, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 22 seats to Democrats' 14 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023659-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 Iowa Senate election\nTo claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net eight Senate seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023659-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 Iowa Senate election\nRepublicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 22 seats and Democrats having 21 seats (a net gain of 7 seats for Democrats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023660-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Kovalevskaya\n1859 Kovalevskaya, provisional designation 1972 RS2, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023660-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Kovalevskaya\nIt was discovered on 4 September 1972, by Russian\u2013Ukrainian astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Russian mathematician Sofia Kovalevskaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023660-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 Kovalevskaya, Orbit and classification\nKovalevskaya orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,100 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023660-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 Kovalevskaya, Orbit and classification\nIt was first identified as A915 TK at Heidelberg Observatory in 1915, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 57 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnyj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023660-0004-0000", "contents": "1859 Kovalevskaya, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn September 2013, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, gave a rotational lightcurve with a period of 11.1084\u00b10.0066 hours and a brightness variation of 0.13 in magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023660-0005-0000", "contents": "1859 Kovalevskaya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Kovalevskaya measures between 44.6 and 48.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.043 and 0.069.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023660-0006-0000", "contents": "1859 Kovalevskaya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a smaller diameter of 34.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023660-0007-0000", "contents": "1859 Kovalevskaya, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the first major Russian mathematician, Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850\u20131891), who has made important contributions to partial differential equations and rigid body motion (also see Kovalevskaya top). The lunar carter Kovalevskaya is also named after her. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3826).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023660-0008-0000", "contents": "1859 Kovalevskaya, Naming\nFrom 1972 to 1992, the discoverer of this asteroid, Lyudmila Zhuravleva, has made more than 200 minor planets discoveries, and ranks 61st on the Minor Planet Center discoverer chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023661-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Liberian general election\nPresidential elections were held in Liberia in 1859. The result was a victory for incumbent President Stephen Allen Benson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023662-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Liskeard by-election\nThe Liskeard by-election of 1859 was an uncontested election held on 19 August 1859. The by-election was brought about due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, Ralph William Grey, who was appointed the Commissioner of Customs. It was won by the Liberal candidate Ralph Bernal Osborne, who was the only declared candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023663-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Thursday 1 November 1859. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023663-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result\nBecause seven of the sixteen seats were uncontested, these statistics should be taken in that context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023663-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Lime Street\nAs there had been no votes cast between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m., the poll was closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023663-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nAt the meeting of the Council on 9 November 1859, the terms of office of eight alderman expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023663-0004-0000", "contents": "1859 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nThe following eight were elected as Aldermen by the Council (Aldermen and Councillors) on 10 November 1862 for a term of six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023663-0005-0000", "contents": "1859 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 2, Scotland, 18 November 1859\nCaused by the election of Councillor John Woodruff (Conservative, Scotland, elected 1 November 1859) as an alderman by the Council on 9 November 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 85], "content_span": [86, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023663-0006-0000", "contents": "1859 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 15, South Toxteth, 18 November 1859\nCaused by the election of Councillor John Stewart (Conservative, South Toxteth, elected 1 November 1857) as an alderman by the Council on 9 November 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023664-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Louisiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1859 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the third election to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1852. As a result of this election Thomas Overton Moore became Governor of Louisiana. This was the last Louisiana gubernatorial election before the outbreak of the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023665-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1859 Massachusetts gubernatorial elections was held on November 2. Incumbent Republican Governor Nathaniel Banks was easily re-elected to a third term in office in a race featuring three Governors of Massachusetts: incumbent Governor Banks, former Governor George Nixon Briggs (1844\u201351), and future Governor Benjamin Franklin Butler (1882\u201383).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023666-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 80th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1859 during the governorship of Nathaniel Prentice Banks. Charles A. Phelps served as president of the Senate and Charles Hale served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023666-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Massachusetts legislature\n\"In 1858 the Republicans took a firm grip on both branches of the Legislature electing 34 Senate members as against two Democrats and four other. The House went Republican by the widest margin ever with 314 Republicans and but three Democrats.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023667-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Minnesota gubernatorial election\nThe 1859 Minnesota gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1859 to elect the governor of Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023668-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Mudgee colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Mudgee on 19 December 1859 because of the resignation of Lyttleton Bayley. Bayley had been appointed to the Legislative Council in January 1859, shortly after arriving in the colony and the following month was appointed Attorney General in the Cowper Government. The government fell in October 1859 and Bayley resigned from parliament the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023669-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election\nThe 1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1859. Republican nominee Charles Smith Olden defeated Democratic nominee Edwin R. V. Wright with 50.76% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023669-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nThe Democratic Party held a convention in Trenton on August 24. Entering the convention, the leading candidates were Edwin R.V. Wright, Charles Skelton, Alexander Wertz, and Garrett Sykes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023669-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nAt the start of the convention, there were many disputes between delegations over the Lecompton Constitution; Lecomptonites outnumbered opponents four-to-one. A lengthy dispute between rival delegations from Sussex, split over the Lecompton question, resulted in neither delegation being seated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023669-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nNames were placed in nomination for Governor, including Wright, Skelton, Wertz, Sykes, joined by Charles Sitgreaves, J.C. Potts, and T.S. Herring. Before balloting began, the Party adopted a platform embracing the Buchanan administration and opposing any attempt by Congress to regulate slavery in the territories. The party also denounced any attempt to revive the Atlantic slave trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023669-0004-0000", "contents": "1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nBalloting commenced, with Wright taking a strong plurality on the first ballot and extending his lead on the second. After the Sussex delegates failed to reach an agreement, there was a motion to exclude their votes entirely, causing a lengthy delay as the convention recessed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023669-0005-0000", "contents": "1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nAfter the convention was recalled to order, balloting restarted, Wright maintaining his large plurality. Herring's name was also withdrawn. On the fifth ballot, it became clear Wright had a majority. Many delegations switched their votes to make his nomination unanimous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023669-0006-0000", "contents": "1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Democratic\nWright was notified of his victory and appeared at the convention to make an acceptance speech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023669-0007-0000", "contents": "1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Opposition\nOnce again, elements opposed to the incumbent Democratic administration in Washington joined together to present a candidate for Governor. Upon a public call by opposition legislators, they met at Temperance Hall in Trenton on September 7. The plurality of the convention were Know-Nothings, joined by a large number of Republicans and a significant minority of Democrats opposed to the Lecompton Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023669-0008-0000", "contents": "1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Opposition\nCharles Smith Olden, Joseph W. Allen, Joseph W. Porter, Andrew K. Hay, William K. McDonald, Ephraim Marsh, Edward Y. Rogers, and Dudley S. Gregory were nominated. Before balloting began, Allen's name was withdrawn. On the first ballot, Smith led. Gregory's name was withdrawn by his request. After the second ballot, Olden led by a larger margin and Rogers's name was withdrawn. A motion was made to nominate Olden by acclamation, but it was shouted down. On the third ballot, Olden received a majority, and his nomination was made unanimous by acclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023669-0009-0000", "contents": "1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Opposition\nSome hesitation ensued after a delegate announced that the American convention, meeting elsewhere in Trenton, had nominated Peter Clarke, thus splitting the opposition. However, word soon came that the Americans had nominated Olden as well, and the convention concluded with speeches made in favor of the candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023669-0010-0000", "contents": "1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, Opposition\nThe convention adopted a moderate platform that was nearly silent on the issue of slavery, except that it opposed any effort to revive the Atlantic slave trade. It endorsed a protective tariff and denounced the Buchanan administration as corrupt, extravagant, and oppressive of free speech and thought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023669-0011-0000", "contents": "1859 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Nominations, American\nThe American Party met simultaneous to the Opposition convention at the Trenton Atheneum. During the first ballot for Governor, word arrived that the Opposition convention had nominated Olden. On the first ballot, the Americans nominated Olden by 96 votes against 35 for Peter J. Clarke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023670-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 New South Wales colonial election\nThe 1859 New South Wales colonial election was held between 9 June and 7 July 1859. This election was for all of the 80 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in 58 single-member constituencies, seven 2-member constituencies and two 4-member constituencies, all with a first past the post system. Suffrage was limited to adult white males. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 11 April 1859 by the Governor, Sir William Denison, on the advice of the Premier, Charles Cowper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023670-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 New South Wales colonial election\nThere was no recognisable party structure at this election; instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023670-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 New South Wales colonial election, Results\nNew South Wales colonial election, 9 June 1859 \u2013 7 July 1859\u200aLegislative Assembly << 1858\u20131860 >>", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023671-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 New York state election\nThe 1859 New York state election was held on November 8, 1859, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioner, an Inspector of State Prisons and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate. Besides, the voters were asked if the State could take a loan of US$ 2,500,000, which was answered in the affirmative with 125,370 for and 77,466 against.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023671-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 New York state election, History\nThis was the last campaign of the American Party. They did not nominate anyone on their own ticket, but endorsed five Republican and four Democratic nominees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023671-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 New York state election, Results\nAlmost the whole cross-endorsed American ticket was elected. The approximate strength of The Republican Party (251,000 votes) was about the same as the combined strength of the Democratic Party (227,000 votes) and the American Party (24,000 votes). The five Republicans endorsed by the American Party had an easy victory, three of the four Democrats endorsed by the American Party struggled to win in a very tight race, only Elderkin missed the mark by 590 votes out of more than half a million cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023671-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 New York state election, Results\nThe incumbents Church, Tremain, Vanderpoel and Johnson were defeated. The incumbent Richmond was re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023671-0004-0000", "contents": "1859 New York state election, Results\n23 Republicans and nine Democrats were elected to a two-year term (1860-61) in the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023671-0005-0000", "contents": "1859 New York state election, Results\n91 Republicans and 37 Democrats were elected for the session of 1860 to the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023672-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Newfoundland general election\nThe 1859 Newfoundland general election was held in 1859 to elect members of the 7th General Assembly of Newfoundland in Newfoundland Colony. 18 Liberals and 12 Conservatives were elected. The Liberal Party led by John Kent formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023673-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1859. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) was increased from 111 to 117. Voter turnout was 47.7%, although only 4.9% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023674-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Ohio gubernatorial election\nThe 1859 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 11, 1859. Republican nominee William Dennison Jr. defeated Democratic nominee Rufus P. Ranney with 51.87% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023675-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Perugia uprising\nThe 1859 Perugia uprising occurred on 20 June 1859, in Perugia, central Italy. The inhabitants rebelled against the temporal authority of the Pope (under the Papal States) and established a provisional government, but the insurrection was bloodily quashed by Pius IX's troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023675-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Perugia uprising\nWhen Perugia later became free of papal control, due to Italian unification, King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy sent some of his troops to protect the retreating Swiss guards from the vengeful citizens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023675-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 Perugia uprising, Gallery\nRegiments of the Swiss Guard attacking rebels, by Napoleone Verga", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023676-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Shamakhi earthquake\nThe 1859 Shamakhi earthquake struck Shamakhi in the Baku Governorate (present-day Azerbaijan Republic) of the Russian Empire, on 11 June. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 5.9 and caused moderate damage and killed approximately 100 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023677-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 State of the Union Address\nThe 1859 State of the Union Address was written by James Buchanan, the 15th president of the United States. It was read to both houses of the 36th United States Congress on Monday, December 19, 1859, by a clerk. Predicting the American Civil War, he stated, \"Whilst it is the duty of the President 'from time to time to give to Congress information of the state of the Union,' I shall not refer in detail to the recent sad and bloody occurrences at Harpers Ferry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023677-0000-0001", "contents": "1859 State of the Union Address\nStill, it is proper to observe that these events, however bad and cruel in themselves, derive their chief importance from the apprehension that they are but symptoms of an incurable disease in the public mind, which may break out in still more dangerous outrages and terminate at last in an open war by the North to abolish slavery in the South.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023678-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Texas gubernatorial election\nThe 1859 Texas gubernatorial election was held on August 1, 1859 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Democratic Governor Hardin Richard Runnels was running for reelection, but was defeated by Sam Houston, who received 57% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023679-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Town of Dunedin by-election\nThe 1859 Town of Dunedin by-election was a New Zealand by-election held in the single-member electorate of Town of Dunedin during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament on 14 January 1859, after the resignation of James Macandrew. The election was won by Macandrew, who had resigned from his seat on 2 November 1858 as a result of not attending a parliamentary session earlier in his term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023679-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Town of Dunedin by-election, Background\nMacandrew had forfeited his seat on 2 November 1858 after his not attending of a session of parliament earlier in his term. It was said by the Otago Witness to be a remarkable fact that out of all the Members of Parliament that didn't attend that session of parliament, Macandrew was the only one to have resigned from his seat due to that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023679-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 Town of Dunedin by-election, Overview\nA nomination meeting was held in the Mechanics' Institute on 12 January 1859. The Returning Officer gave a speech reminding the electors of the duty they were to perform. Mr. Shaw proposed Mr. James G. S. Grant, a nomination seconded by Mr. Carnegie. However, the proposal of Grant was not unanimous, with Mr. G. Smith, seconded by James Kilgour, proposing Mr. James Macandrew for the role. Mr. Shaw also proposed William John Dyer, although since at the time it was considered unusual for an elector to propose multiple candidates for the same office at the same election, Dr. Williams, pro forma, proposed Dyer. Mr. W. Iles seconded that nomination. No other candidate was proposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023679-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 Town of Dunedin by-election, Overview, Speeches\nThe Returning Officer then called upon the candidates to address the electors in the order of which they proposed. Mr. Grant was therefore the first person to speak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023679-0004-0000", "contents": "1859 Town of Dunedin by-election, Overview, Speeches\nIn an account in the 15 January 1859 issue of the Otago Witness, Mr. Grant was said to have delivered a long speech in which he alluded to Macandrew's absence from the General Assembly, and that he would push for the General Assembly to allocate funds for the establishment of a university in Wellington or Nelson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023679-0005-0000", "contents": "1859 Town of Dunedin by-election, Overview, Speeches\nAccording to the Otago Witness, Macandrew stated that he had no intention of representing New Zealand again in the House of Representatives, the highest council of New Zealand. During his speech, Macandrew said that he would push for banks to be as cheap as stores, that he would support the idea of having fewer laws, and that he would support the intention of seeing a simpler form of registration used\u2014a system in which a person could sell their properties with no intervention of lawyers among other conservative ideas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023679-0006-0000", "contents": "1859 Town of Dunedin by-election, Overview, Speeches\nAgain according to the Otago Witness, Dyer's stance differed quite a bit from Macandrew with regard to being solicited to take a seat, Dyer thought it was or should be a point of ambition with every person to hold a place in the House of Representatives; he thought that no doubt it was a large responsibility to make laws for future generations and that he would vote for allocating funds to be put into the education of the Maori people in the province of Otago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023679-0007-0000", "contents": "1859 Town of Dunedin by-election, Overview, Show of hands\nThe Returning Officer then called a show of hands for the candidates which the results were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023679-0008-0000", "contents": "1859 Town of Dunedin by-election, Overview, Show of hands\nThe Returning Officer then declared the results were in favour of Macandrew. Grant demanded a poll, which was held two days later and which Macandrew won. Dyer did not participate in the poll, therefore effectively withdrawing his candidacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023679-0009-0000", "contents": "1859 Town of Dunedin by-election, Election\nThe election was on 14 January 1859. The polling commenced at 10.00am and closed at 4.00pm. Macandrew won the election in a landslide with over 90% of the votes. Grant only got 3 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023679-0010-0000", "contents": "1859 Town of Dunedin by-election, Aftermath\nThe next election, in 1860, Macandrew did not contest and the electorate became a multi-member electorate. William John Dyer, who had withdrawn his nomination for representative of the electorate two years earlier for the by-election, contested the election. The election was held on 24 December 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023680-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Ulster revival\nThe 1859 Ulster revival was a Christian revival in Ulster which spread to the rest of the United Kingdom. It has been reported that the revival produced 100,000 converts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023680-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Ulster revival\nThe revival began in Kells and Connor in County Antrim. In late 1857, through the encouragement of the minister of Connor Presbyterian Church, John Hamilton Moore, four recent converts began meeting in the Kells National Schoolhouse for prayer and Bible study. 1 January 1858 saw the first person converted as a direct result of the prayer meeting, and by the end of 1858 the attendance was around fifty. By Spring 1859 there were 16 prayer meetings in the parish. The revival spread to Ahoghill in March 1859 and then to Ballymena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023680-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 Ulster revival\nAlthough the revival started with laymen, revival preachers such as Henry Grattan Guinness and Brownlow North soon got involved. On one occasion North preached to 12,000 people at Newtonlimavady. James Bain, pastor of the Congregational church at Straid, described a typical Sunday during the revival in the following terms:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023680-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 Ulster revival\nOur Sabbath services are continuous, from nine in the morning until ten at night. We are engaged from nine to twelve in prayer meetings for the young, from twelve to two in public service, from two to four in prayer meetings, from five to eight in the evening service, and finally in our evening prayer meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023680-0004-0000", "contents": "1859 Ulster revival\nThe revival was a largely Presbyterian phenomenon, but not all Presbyterians supported it. William Gibson, Moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Ireland in 1859, wrote a book about the revival called Year of Grace: A History of the Ulster Revival of 1859. However, another Presbyterian minister wrote a response to this called, The Year of Delusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023680-0005-0000", "contents": "1859 Ulster revival\nJ. Edwin Orr suggested that the 1859 revival \"made a greater impact spiritually on Ireland, than anything else known since the days of St. Patrick.\" According to Ian Paisley, the revival explains why Northern Ireland is much more religiously conservative than the rest of the UK or Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023681-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 United Kingdom general election\nIn the 1859 United Kingdom general election returned no party a majority of seats in the House of Commons. The Earl of Derby's Conservatives formed a minority government, but  despite making overall gains, Derby's government was defeated in a confidence vote by an alliance of Palmerston's Whigs together with Peelites, Radicals and the Irish Brigade. Palmerston subsequently formed a new government from this alliance which is now considered to be the first Liberal Party administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023681-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 United Kingdom general election\nThere is no separate tally of votes or seats for the Peelites. They did not contest elections as an organised party but more as independent Free trade Conservatives with varying degrees of distance from the two main parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023681-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 United Kingdom general election\nIt was also the last general election entered by the Chartists, before their organisation was dissolved. As of 2021, this is the last election in which the Conservatives won the most seats in Wales, as well as being the last election to date in which the Conservative Party took less than a third of the vote in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023681-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 United Kingdom general election\nThe election was the quietest and least competitive between 1832 and 1885, with most county elections being uncontested. The election also saw the lowest number of candidates between 1832 and 1885, with Tory gains potentially being the result of a lack of opposition as much as a change in public opinion. According to A.J.P. Taylor:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023682-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 United Kingdom general election in Ireland\nThe 1859 British general election in Ireland produced the last overall victory for the Conservatives in Ireland. They won a majority of seats on the island despite the Liberals receiving over 60% of the vote; this was partly due to a disproportionately large number of Conservative candidates standing unopposed. The franchise was restricted to the middle and upper classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023682-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 United Kingdom general election in Ireland\nElectoral reform in subsequent decades saw something of a rise in the Tory vote in Ireland accompanied by a diminution in the number of seats the party won. This was again due in some degree to the relative numbers of candidates standing unopposed for the two parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023683-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 United States House of Representatives election in California\nCalifornia held its election September 7, 1859. From statehood to 1864, California's members were elected at-large, with the top finishers winning election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023684-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 United States House of Representatives election in Minnesota\nMinnesota became a new state in 1858 having already elected its first two members at-large in October 1857 to finish the current term. The state then held elections to the next term October 4, 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023685-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nThe 1859 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held during January 1859. Incumbent Senator Henry Wilson, who had been elected in 1855 to fill the unexpired term of Edward Everett, was re-elected easily to a full term as a member of the Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023685-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nAt the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a majority vote of each separate house of the Massachusetts General Court, the House and the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023685-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background\nAt the time, the Massachusetts legislature was dominated by a coalition of Republican Party and American Party supporters, united in opposition to slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023685-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the Senate\nOn January 11, the State Senate convened and re-elected Wilson overwhelmingly, with 35 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023685-0004-0000", "contents": "1859 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the House\nOn January 12, the House ratified the Senate result, electing Wilson to a full term in the U.S. Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023686-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 United States Senate election in Minnesota\nThe 1859 United States Senate election in Minnesota took place for the state's Class II seat on December 15, 1859 by the Minnesota legislature in a joint convention. Democratic incumbent James Shields drew the short-term Class II seat lot (expiring March 3, 1859) when he was elected on December 19, 1857 prior to Minnesota statehood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023687-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1859 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont was held on Tuesday, September 6. In keeping with the \"Mountain Rule\", incumbent Republican Hiland Hall was a candidate for a second one-year term. The Democratic nominee was John Godfrey Saxe, former State's Attorney of Chittenden County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023687-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Vermont gubernatorial election\nVermont's support for the Republican Party and the abolition of slavery remained strong, and Hall was easily re-elected. Hall took the oath of office for a one-year term that began on October 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023688-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Virginia gubernatorial election\nThe 1859 Virginia gubernatorial election was held on May 26, 1859 to elect the governor of Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023689-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Waimea by-election\nThe Waimea by-election of 1859 was a by-election for the electorate of Waimea during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament. It was triggered by the resignation of William Travers when he was appointed as a judge. According to Wilson, Travers was disqualified under the Act of 1858, and vacated the seat on 26 July 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023689-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Waimea by-election\nOnly one candidate was nominated on 26 December 1859, Fedor Kelling, and he was immediately declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023690-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Welsh revival\nThe 1859 Welsh revival was a Christian revival in Wales. It was led by two ministers: Humphrey Jones and David Morgan. The revival had its roots in the 1857\u201359 revival in the United States. Jones, a Methodist minister, had experienced the revival in New York. On his return to Tre'r Dd\u00f4l, he recruited Morgan, a Presbyterian, to the cause. It is estimated that the revival produced 100,000 converts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023690-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Welsh revival\nSome writers, such as Martyn Lloyd-Jones, also view the revival as connected to the revival in Ulster during the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023691-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 West Macquarie colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of West Macquarie on 21 December 1859 because John McPhillamy resigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023692-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nThe 1859 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1859. Republican Party incumbent Governor Alexander Randall won re-election with 53% of the vote, defeating Democratic candidate Harrison Carroll Hobart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023692-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party\nHarrison Carroll Hobart was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly at the time of the election, representing Calumet County. He had previously served as Speaker of the Assembly in the 1849 session, and was state senator for the 1st district in the 1st Wisconsin Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023692-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Republican Party\nAlexander W. Randall was the incumbent Governor, having been elected in the 1857 election. He had previously served as a Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge in Milwaukee, and served one term in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1855. Earlier, in 1846, Randall had been a delegate to the first Wisconsin constitutional convention and had successfully advocated for including a provision by which African American suffrage could be legalized via referendum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023693-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 Yass Plains colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Yass Plains on 15 September 1859 because Thomas Laidlaw resigned as he realised his role as deputy postmaster at Yass, on a salary of \u00a320 a year, was an office of profit under the crown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023694-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 college baseball season\nThe 1859 college baseball season was the first season of intercollegiate baseball in the United States. The competing systems of rules known as Massachusetts Rules and Knickerbocker Rules were both used in different parts of the country. The season consisted of only four teams and two games, with each game featuring one of the competing systems of rules. No champion for college baseball was determined until 1893, and it would not be until 1947 that the College World Series began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023694-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 college baseball season, Programs\nWhile many institutions had baseball teams, only three colleges fielded intercollegiate teams in 1860, with one game involving a preparatory school. The collegiate teams were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023694-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 college baseball season, First game\nThe first game between teams composed completely of players enrolled at separate colleges was held on July 1, 1859, between Amherst College and Williams in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. The game was held using Massachusetts rules, and Amherst won 73\u201332. The game was loosely similar to modern baseball, with no foul territory, no called strikes, and only one out per inning. Despite the score, the game took just three and a half hours to play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023694-0003-0000", "contents": "1859 college baseball season, Second game\nThe first game to be held using Knickerbocker Rules, largely used today, was held on November 3, 1859, between the St. John's College Fordham Rose Hill Baseball Club (known today as Fordham University) and St. Francis Xavier. St. John's won 33\u201311.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023696-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1859 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023698-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in Brazil\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Dom Pedro IV (talk | contribs) at 15:18, 27 March 2020 (Periods at the end of the bullet points.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023705-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in India, Events\nThis year in India article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023707-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1859 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023712-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1859 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023715-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1859 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023716-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in architecture\nThe year 1859 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023718-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023719-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023720-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023720-0001-0000", "contents": "1859 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023720-0002-0000", "contents": "1859 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023721-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023722-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in science\nThe year 1859 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023723-0000-0000", "contents": "1859 in sports\n1859 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023726-0000-0000", "contents": "185th (2/1st West Riding) Brigade\nThe 185th (2/1st West Riding) Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army. It was assigned to the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023726-0001-0000", "contents": "185th (2/1st West Riding) Brigade, Formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron\nThe 185th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron\nKnown as the \"Bats\", the 185th Aero Squadron is notable as it was the first and only night pursuit (fighter) squadron organized by the United States during World War I. Its mission was night interception of enemy aircraft, primarily bombers and observation aircraft. It was engaged in combat for less than a month before the 1918 Armistice with Germany. After the armistice, the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and was demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron\nThe 185th Aero Squadron was reactivated as the 185th Cyberspace Operations Squadron in June 2019, 100 years after being demobilized. Just as the Bats of WW1 were faced with a new mission in a new domain to protect their fellow soldiers on the ground, the Bats of today hunt and illuminate their adversaries within the Air Force's Cyberspace environment. The 185 COS is under the 192nd Wing, Virginia Air National Guard, which shares a total force integration relationship with the 1st Fighter Wing on Langley Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe 185th Aero Squadron was organized on 11 November 1917 at Kelly Field #2, Texas by the transfer of men from the 24th Aero Squadron. Many of the men had experience flying or maintaining the Curtiss JN-4B \"Jenny\" trainers. On the 15th, additional men were transferred to the squadron from the 2d Recruit Battalion and 3d Recruit Battalion. On 20 January 1918, the squadron was transferred to Aviation Concentration Center, Mitchell Field, Long Island for duty overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0003-0001", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nAfter just over a week, the squadron embarked on the RMS Adriatic, arriving in Liverpool, England on 16 February after being delayed in Halifax, Nova Scotia for a convoy. At Liverpool, the squadron boarded a train and arrived at Winchester, England that evening, where it was assigned to the Romney Rest Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nOn 28 February, the squadron was divided into Flights and placed under control of the Royal Flying Corps for training. \"B\", \"C\" and \"D\" flights were transferred to 4 Training Depot Station (TDS) at RFC Hooton Park in Cheshire. \"A\" flight was transferred to 63 TDS, RFC Ternhill, Shropshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0005-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nAt Hooton, the squadron was trained in the airplane repair shop, the engine repair shop and also in motor transport repair. Other men were trained in various clerical duties. The men at Ternhill were trained in a similar manner. The squadron was trained on both Sopwith strutters and Sopwith Camels with rotary engines and Sopwith Dolphin fighters equipped with Hispano-Suiza 8B engines. In April, the 185th Aero Squadron was recombined at RFC Hooton, where the squadron continued training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0005-0001", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nOn 16 June, the squadron was inspected by RFC Colonel Mansfield, Commander of the 37 Wing and he expressed his appreciation for the work provided by the squadron, owing to the shortage of British men who were at the front. By July, the men of the 185th were becoming impatient, as it was rumored the squadron would remain in England on a permanent basis, however orders were finally relieved to report to the Flower Down Rest Camp near Winchester on 7 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0006-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nAfter a final inspection at Flower Down, the squadron received a final inspection before boarding a train to Southampton on 11 August. Late the next afternoon, the squadron crossed the English Channel and arrived at American Rest Camp #2 in Le Havre, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0007-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nThe next day the squadron boarded a troop train, bound for the St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, arriving on 16 August. There the squadron was equipped with steel helmets and gas masks and training in the tear gas chamber. On 20 August, the squadron boarded a troop train and proceeded to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, arriving on the 23d. Once the authorities at the depot realized the 185th was fully trained, the men were assigned to aircraft maintenance duties and also at the depot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0008-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nThe need for pilots being so great on 16 September, seventeen squadron pilots were transferred out to fill vacancies in other squadrons at the front, leaving the 185th with two trained pilots, and still without any aircraft to fly. Finally, on 7 October, orders were received to move to Rembercourt Aerodrome and join the 1st Pursuit Group. After a rainy, long, uncomfortable trip by truck, the squadron arrived on the 10th late in the afternoon. On 12 October, fourteen Sopwith Camels were assigned to the 185th and the pilots began trial flights. A few days later, five pilots, who had been transferred out at Colombey returned to the 185th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0009-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France\nAt Rembercourt, the 185th was designated as a \"Night Chase\" Squadron, the first of its type organized by the American Army. Night Pursuit work was in its infancy. The Sopwith Camels were planes that were considered almost to be obsolete, except for training. The pilots were not trained in night flying, with many of them never having taken off after dusk. Also, the squadron had to experiment with wing flares, parachute flares and instrument lights. Also the airdrome had no landing lights, and the searchlights and Anti- Aircraft batteries were not versed with American planes flying after dusk. In addition, there were not enough searchlights for the guidance of our pilots, who frequently could not find the airfield at night and had to make forced landings after running out of gasoline. Many accidents were caused and there was a chronic lack of spare parts for the airplanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 930]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0010-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France, Night Pursuit Operations\nNevertheless, on 18\u201319 October 1918, the first orders were issued and the 185th Aero Squadron (Night Pursuit) stood its first alert that night from dusk until dawn. On the night of the 21st the squadron was alerted that there were several enemy aircraft flying over Troyon, and the squadron took off in its first night interception mission. However upon arrival over the area, no enemy aircraft were seen. On the night of the 22d, the squadron made a low-level fight over enemy territory and Lieutenant Kelton fired about 100 rounds into a troop train between Spincourt and Longuyon. However, due to poor visibility, he was unable to report the results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0011-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France, Night Pursuit Operations\nThe only aerial combat of the squadron happened on the night of 23 October when Lts Kelton and Johnson were on alert when a report came in that enemy Gotha bombers were over Bar-le-Duc. Immediately, both pilots took off to intercept the enemy aircraft. Kelton reported that he observed searchlights in the Bar-le-Duc area performing sweeps to locate the enemy aircraft. He saw one bomber and fired a burst of 20 shots that struck the aircraft. He then saw another enemy aircraft that he fired a burst of 10 shots at. He observed Anti-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0011-0001", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France, Night Pursuit Operations\nAircraft fire and searchlights in the sky and saw tracer bullets being fired into the air. He fired at long range at the aircraft but the results were unobserved. It was later learned that Kelton and Johnson frightened away the enemy aircraft by their unexpected appearance before dropping all of their bombs. They later jettisoned the remainder of their bombs in an open countryside area as they returned to their lines. Although the 185th did not shoot down any of the aircraft, by disrupting their mission, a symbolic victory was achieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0012-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France, Night Pursuit Operations\nOne pilot was killed in an aircraft accident, Lt Ewing on 28 October. His plane caught on fire and crashed 500 yards southwest of Rembercourt due to a malfunctioning altimeter. Lieutenant Kelton went missing on the 30th. He was on a strafing mission in enemy territory and was shot down. Taken POW, he escaped and walked back to the unit arriving one month later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0013-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Combat in France, Night Pursuit Operations\nActive operations of the squadron ended on 11 November with the signing of the Armistice with Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0014-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nDaylight Proficiency flights were conducted after the Armistice with Germany, however, no flights were permitted to be flown over German-controlled territory. The squadron remained at Rembercourt for about a month. On 11 December 1918 orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's Sopwith aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the British. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0015-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nDuring the organization's stay at Colombey, the men attended to the usual camp duties. Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. On 6 May 1919, the 185th was moved to Base Station #5 near the port of Brest prior to its return to the United States. Upon arrival the men were caught up on any back pay owed to them, de-loused, a formal military records review was performed and a passenger list was created prior to the men boarding a ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023727-0016-0000", "contents": "185th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nOn 1 June 1919, the 185th Aero Squadron boarded a troop ship and sailed for New York Harbor, arriving on the 28th. It proceeded to Mitchel Field, Long Island on 15 June where the personnel of the squadron were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing\nThe 185th Air Refueling Wing is a unit of the Iowa Air National Guard, stationed at Colonel Bud Day Field, Sioux City, Iowa. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing, Mission\nThe mission of the 185th Wing is to provide air refueling and mobility sustainment in support of the global mission of the Air Force. As a community-based organization the wing and its subordinate units are also tasked to support the state of Iowa in the event of a state emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing, Units\nThe 185th Air Refueling Wing consists of the following major units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing, History\nThe wing was first organized on 1 October 1962 as the 185th Tactical Fighter Group as a single headquarters for the 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron and its support units. This reorganization nearly doubled the authorized personnel of the Air National Guard at Sioux City Municipal Airport to over 800 officers and airmen. This era would also mark the longest continuous period the group flew one model aircraft. The 185th flew the North American F-100 Super Sabre from its establishment until 1977, a period of 15 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing, History, Vietnam era\nOn 26 January 1968, the 185th was called to active Federal service as a result of the Pueblo Crisis. During its active duty period, the group moved to Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico, but became little more than a paper unit. Its 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron, augmented by other personnel from the group, deployed with their F-100s to Ph\u00f9 C\u00e1t Air Base, South Vietnam on 11 May 1968 where it was assigned to the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0004-0001", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing, History, Vietnam era\nDuring the course of the next 90 days, the balance of the 185th was deployed to six military bases in South Korea and others in the United States. During its year in South Vietnam, the 174th flew 6,539 combat sorties totaling 11,359 hours of combat time. The unit was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. Individually, its members were awarded 12 Silver Stars, 35 Distinguished Flying Crosses, 30 Bronze Star Medals, 115 Air Force Commendation Medals, 325 Air Medals, and 1 Purple Heart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0005-0000", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing, History, Vietnam era\nWhile at Ph\u00f9 C\u00e1t, one pilot that flew one of the 174th's planes was Dick Rutan. Dick went on to become the first pilot to take a non-stop unrefuelled trip around the world. Dick was also one of the Misty FACs, a top-secret squadron that flew high-risk missions during their tours. Another member of this famous squadron was Medal of Honor recipient Colonel George \"Bud\" Day, for whom the airfield in Sioux City is named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0006-0000", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing, History, Vietnam era\nAll personnel and aircraft were released from active duty in May 1969 and returned to Sioux City. Vietnam also spawned the nickname Bats. The \"Bat\" depicted on the tails of the aircraft and the shoulder patch of the pilots became a legendary symbol of the 185th when its 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron was called to duty in Vietnam. \"Bat\" was the call sign of the 174th. The other symbol often associated with the squadron has been the Indian Chief that is part of the unit patch as well as part of the paint work on the aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0007-0000", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing, History, A-7D Corsair IIs\nIn 1977, the 185th converted to the LTV A-7D Corsair II. While flying the A-7Ds, the unit won the Spaatz Trophy for the second time in 1990, recognizing them as the best Air Guard unit in the country. The Unit also was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit award five times; in 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989 and in 1991. In addition, the 185th's Logistics Group was a two-time winner of the Daedalian Trophy which recognizes the best maintenance team in the Aior Guard. In 1989, the 185th won the Twelfth Air Force A-7 gunnery meet for the second time. Also in 1989, the 185th received the Gunsmoke A-7 Maintenance Team Award for its aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0008-0000", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing, History, Modern era\nOn 19 December 1991, the group received General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons. On 16 March 1992, the 185th Tactical Fighter Group was redesignated the 185th Fighter Group. One month later, the unit was rated operational with the Fighting Falcon. As the Air Force and Air Guard standardized unit structures under the Objective Wing concept, the 185th was designated the 185th Fighter Wing. The F-16 \"Fighting Falcon\" would be the last jet that the unit would fly before conversion to KC-135E tankers in 2003. The 185th continued to be an award-winning unit. In 1994, the unit gained the Winston P. Wilson Award as well as the Air Force Association Outstanding Air National Guard Unit Award. In 1999, Congress appropriated $6.5 million for the Air National Guard Aircraft Paint Facility located on base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0009-0000", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing, History, Modern era\nThe wing was redesignated the 185th Air Refueling Wing. In November 2003, the first all Sioux City crew flew a Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker out of Sioux City. Within a year, the 185th was flying refueling missions from Geilenkirchen, Germany supporting Airborne Warning and Control System aircraft of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 2007, the 185th began transitioning from the KC-135E to the KC-135R model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0010-0000", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing, History, Modern era\nToday, the 185th consists of nearly 900 members that include traditional guardsman, full-time military, air technicians and state contract employees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023728-0011-0000", "contents": "185th Air Refueling Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment\nThe 185th Armor Regiment was an armor regiment of the United States Army consisting of soldiers from the California Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History\nThe 185th Armor Regiment was created on 1 July 1959 by combining several existing units. The 185th Armor Regiment shares the lineage of some of those existing units, which can be traced back to 1885 with the 7th Infantry Regiment (California).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1885 \u2013 1917 7th Infantry (California)\nOn 22 July 1885, the 7th Infantry Battalion was constituted in the California National Guard by consolidating existing companies in Los Angeles and San Diego. On 5 May 1888, the 7th Infantry Battalion was expanded, reorganized, and redesignated as the 7th Infantry Regiment (California). On 7 November 1895 the 7th Infantry Regiment (California) was consolidated with the 9th Infantry Regiment (California), which had been organized on 8 February 1890 in the California National Guard, and the consolidated unit was designated as the 7th Infantry Regiment (California).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1885 \u2013 1917 7th Infantry (California), Spanish American War\nOn 9 May 1898, the 7th Infantry Regiment (California) was mustered into federal service at the Presidio of San Francisco, California, as the 7th California Volunteer Infantry. On 2 December 1898, the regiment mustered out of federal service at Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 90], "content_span": [91, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1885 \u2013 1917 7th Infantry (California), World War I\nOn 29 June 1916, the 7th Infantry Regiment (California) was mustered into federal service at Sacramento. On 11 November 1916, the regiment was mustered out of federal service at Los Angeles. On 5 August 1917, the 7th Infantry Regiment (California) was drafted into federal service. From 25 September 1917 through 1 November 1917, the 7th Infantry Regiment (California) was consolidated with the 2nd Battalion, Companies L and M, and the Sanitary Detachment of the 2nd Infantry Regiment (California). The consolidated unit was reorganized and redesignated as the 160th Infantry and assigned to the 40th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 81], "content_span": [82, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0005-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1919 \u2013 49 precursor elements\nThe 160th Infantry's performance during World War 1 is discussed here. On 7 May 1919, the 160th Infantry demobilized at Camp Kearny, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0006-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1919 \u2013 49 precursor elements, 1919\u201341\nFrom 23 August 1921 through 6 October 1921, the former southern California elements were reconstituted and reorganized as the 160th Infantry and assigned to the 40th Division in the California National Guard, with headquarters at Los Angeles. On 31 January 1922, the 160th Infantry was federally recognized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0007-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1919 \u2013 49 precursor elements, 1919\u201341\nOn 1 April 1929, the 2nd Battalion, 160th Infantry was withdrawn, reorganized, and redesignated as the 2nd Battalion, 185th Infantry, an element of the 40th Division (later redesignated as the 40th Infantry Division). Concurrently, the 160th Infantry reorganized with a new 2nd Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0008-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1919 \u2013 49 precursor elements, 1919\u201341\nFrom March through April 1930, the 2nd Battalion, 185th Infantry expanded and reorganized as the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, 185th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0009-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1919 \u2013 49 precursor elements, World War II\nOn 3 March 1941, the 160th Infantry and 185th Infantry were inducted into federal service at home stations, and more information regarding their service during the war is available here for the 160th Infantry and here for the 185th Infantry. On 7 April 1946, the 160th Infantry and 185th Infantry were inactivated at Camp Stoneman, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0010-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1919 \u2013 49 precursor elements, 1946\u201350\nOn 5 August 1946, the 185th Infantry expanded and reorganized, with the 2nd and 3rd Battalions redesignated as the 223rd and 224th Infantry and assigned to the 40th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0011-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1919 \u2013 49 precursor elements, 1946\u201350\nOn 14 October 1946, the 160th Infantry was reorganized and federally recognized with headquarters at Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0012-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1919 \u2013 49 precursor elements, 1946\u201350\nOn 15 October 1946, the 223rd Infantry and 224th Infantry were organized and federally recognized with headquarters at Pasadena and Ontario, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 68], "content_span": [69, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0013-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1919 \u2013 49 precursor elements, Korean War\nOn 1 September 1950, the 160th Infantry, 223d Infantry, and 224th Infantry were ordered into active federal service at home stations. On 2 September 1950, the 160th Infantry [NGUS], 223d Infantry [NGUS], and 224th Infantry [NGUS] were organized and federally recognized with headquarters at Los Angeles, Pasadena and Ontario, respectively. The three regiments consisted of the three maneuver units of the 40th Infantry Division, which saw significant action in the Korean War in 1952. More information regarding their service during the war is available here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0014-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1919 \u2013 49 precursor elements, 1954\u20131959\nOn 30 June 1954, the three regiments were released from active federal service and reverted to state control. Federal recognition of 223rd Infantry (NGUS), 224th Infantry (NGUS) and 160th Infantry (NGUS) was concurrently withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0015-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1919 \u2013 49 precursor elements, 1954\u20131959\nOn 1 July 1954, the units underwent the changes described below that are germane to the lineage of the 185th Armor Regiment. For more information regarding the lineage of the other elements, refer to their respective lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0016-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1919 \u2013 49 precursor elements, 1954\u20131959\nOn 1 July 1959, the 185th Armor Regiment was created as an element of the 40th Armored Division by consolidating the following units: 133rd and 139th Tank Battalions, 111th Reconnaissance Battalion, and 140th and 134th Tank Battalions. The lineage of the 140th and 134th Tank Battalions is described below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0017-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 1959\u20132000\nOn 1 May 1962, the 6th and 7th Medium Tank Battalions were added to the regiment through a reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0018-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 1959\u20132000\nOn 1 March 1963, the 3rd Medium Tank Battalion was added and the 7th Medium Tank Battalion was removed from the regiment through a reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0019-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 1959\u20132000\nOn 15 March 1964, the 3rd Reconnaissance Squadron was removed from the regiment through a reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0020-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 1959\u20132000\nOn 29 January 1968, the regiment was reorganized to include three battalions (1st, 2nd and 3rd) of the 185th Armor Regiment, an element of the 40th Armored Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0021-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 1959\u20132000\nOn 13 January 1974, the regiment and its three battalions were assigned as an element of the 40th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0022-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 1959\u20132000\nOn 1 May 1992, the regiment was ordered into active federal service at home stations for the 1992 Los Angeles riots and released on 9 May 1992 whereupon it went on State Active Duty for the remainder of the urban unrest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0023-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 1959\u20132000\nOn 1 October 2001, Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 185th Infantry was ordered to active federal service in support of Operation Nobel Eagle, and deployed to Fort Huachucca Arizona to guard the Military Intelligence Training Center (which was also the alternate Pentagon following the attacks on 11 September 2001).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0024-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 1959\u20132000\nIn 2002, 1st Battalion, 185th Armor was detached from the 40th Infantry Division and assigned to the 81st Armor Brigade (Washington National Guard).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0025-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nIn early 2004, the 1st Battalion was mobilized for a deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 01-02 as part of the 81st Heavy Brigade Combat Team. The battalion was responsible for security for three bases south of Baghdad and corresponding route security along main supply routes between Baghdad and Kuwait. The battalion was reorganized and retrained for this deployment which included all but one of the companies (Bravo) deploying as provisional infantry units. The battalion returned to California in March 2005 where it was restructured into a Combined Arms Battalion shortly thereafter. First battalion's Bravo Company, was equipped with M1 Abrams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0026-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nThe first battalion's Bravo Company (along with other attached battalion elements to specified active duty units) received a Valorous Unit Award for actions as part of the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division in early 2005 as part of operations in support of Iraq's first elections after the fall of Saddam Hussein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0027-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nIn September 2005, the 2nd Battalion's Bravo Company was mobilized for a deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In Iraq, Bravo Company was responsible for the security of more than 2,200 detainees at Baghdad Central Prison (formerly known as Abu Ghraib) until June 2006 when the camp was closed. During their time at the prison, Bravo Company Soldiers foiled several escape attempts. Upon the closure of the prison, it was then the responsibility of the unit to transport approximately 5,000 detainees to various holding facilities throughout Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0027-0001", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nFollowing that mission, Bravo Company Soldiers were responsible for convoy security and operational control of a forward operating base where the company's convoy team operated without any coalition or civilian casualties for more than 10,000 miles. In December 2006, Bravo Company demobilized at Fort Lewis, Washington before returning to San Diego, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0028-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nThe second battalion's Bravo Company received one Iraq Campaign streamer with the following inscription: NATIONAL RESOLUTION. Bravo Company also received a Meritorious Unit Commendation as part of the 43rd Military Police Brigade, Rhode Island Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0029-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nOn 1 September 2007, the 2nd Battalion was reorganized and eliminated from the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0030-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nIn August 2008, the first battalion was mobilized for a deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 08-09 as part of the 81st Heavy Brigade Combat Team. As part of the mobilization, Alpha Company was attached to the first battalion, 184th Infantry Regiment to provide the only mechanized infantry company for their mobilization for Operation Joint Guardian in Kosovo. In turn, the first battalion was augmented with Alpha and Bravo companies from the first battalion, 184th Infantry Regiment. After mobilization, the first battalion completed training in Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, and arrived in Iraq in October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0031-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nWhile in Iraq, the first battalion's Echo Company and Alpha and Bravo companies from the first battalion, 184th Infantry Regiment were attached to the 30th Support Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0032-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nThe remainder of the first battalion performed a security force mission throughout Multi-National Division-North at COB Speicher near Tikrit, Iraq. With the battalion's headquarters and headquarters company providing command and control, the three companies provided convoy security support to corps assets, which included coalition force operational moves, Kellogg, Brown and Root, and third country national logistical convoys. The first battalion executed more than 1,500 missions, totaling more than 1,000,000 mission miles, throughout MND-N and Multi-National Corps-Iraq without incident. In August 2009, the first battalion returned to California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0033-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nThe first battalion's Bravo, Charlie and Delta Companies received two Iraq Campaign streamers with the following inscriptions: IRAQI SURGE and IRAQI SOVEREIGNTY and a Meritorious Unit Commendation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0034-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nThe first battalion's Echo Company received two Iraq Campaign streamers with the following inscriptions: IRAQI SURGE and IRAQI SOVEREIGNTY and a Meritorious Unit Commendation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0035-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nIn October 2008, the first battalion's Alpha Company was mobilized under the command of the 184th Infantry Regiment for a deployment to Kosovo as part of the 40th Infantry Division as the only mechanized infantry company. The company mobilized ahead of other units and conducted most of its training separate from its parent unit, because of the need for specialized gunnery training on the company's Bradley vehicles. This training was conducted at Fort Irwin in November and Camp Shelby in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0035-0001", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nOnce the gunnery training was completed, the company traveled to Camp Atterbury to join its parent unit to complete the required training. The company traveled to JMRC Hohenfels for additional training, before arriving in Kosovo in February. The company was utilized as one of three maneuver companies tasked with providing a safe and secure environment and ensuring freedom of movement in accordance with United Nations Resolution 1244. While accomplishing this mission, the company also was required to both maintain their Bradley Fighting Vehicles as well as their proficiency with using them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0035-0002", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, 1959\u2013present, 21st century\nIn November 2009, the company departed Kosovo to conduct demobilization operations at Fort Lewis near Seattle, Washington and returned to California a few weeks later. While the battalion did not receive campaign participation credit, those Soldiers who served with Alpha company during this deployment received the Kosovo Campaign Medal and the NATO Non-Article 5 Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0036-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, History, Redesignation\nOn 2 February 2016, the 1st Battalion of the 185th Armor Regiment was redesignated as 1st Battalion of the 185th Infantry Regiment, due to the transition of the 81st Armored Brigade Combat Team to a Stryker brigade. This unit inherits the lineage of the 185th Armor and is not connected with the previous 185th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0037-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, Subordinate units\nThe first and second battalions remain as active \"Combined Arms Battalions\" which each typically consist of two armor companies, two infantry companies, and a combat engineer company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0038-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, Subordinate units, First Battalion\nThe first battalion had served as one of two armor battalions of the 81st Heavy Brigade Combat Team in the Washington Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023729-0039-0000", "contents": "185th Armor Regiment, Subordinate units, Second Battalion\nThe second battalion was stationed in Southern California as part of the California Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023730-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Aviation Brigade (United States)\nThe 185th Aviation Brigade is an aviation brigade of the United States Army. It is a unit of the Mississippi Army National Guard with units throughout the state of Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023730-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nUS Army Aviation units were first organized in Mississippi in 1948 to support artillery units in the northern part of the state and Hattiesburg. These aviation units were located at Grenada Airport 100 miles north of Jackson, Mississippi, the state capitol. In January 1951, all army aviation units in Mississippi were ordered to active duty and sent to Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Six of the original ten aviators saw combat duty in the Korean War. The Grenada facility was closed during this time leaving no active army aviation programs in Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023730-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nIn early 1953, the Mississippi Aviation program was reorganized at Hawkins Field in Jackson. Mississippi received its first helicopters, two Bell OH-13s, in 1954. By 1958, the program had expanded to include a total of 40 aviators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023730-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nThe Mississippi Army Aviation program began operations as separate companies in 1959 and continued until 1968. During this time full-time maintenance support facilities were opened in Tupelo and Meridian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023730-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nThe state\u2019s first battalion sized aviation unit, the 131st Aviation Battalion, was formed on 15 February 1968. The 131st was in service until 1986 when it was restructured to become an aviation group. In 1987, the 131st Aviation Group was redesignated as the 185th Aviation Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023730-0005-0000", "contents": "185th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nIn 1992, Company E, 185th Aviation in Meridian was redesignated Company G. This resulted in the company\u2019s CH-54 Sky Cranes being replaced by twin-rotor CH-47 Chinook medium lift helicopters. In 1994 the mission of Company C, 1\u2013185th Aviation in Tupelo was changed to armed aerial assault using the OH-58D/I Kiowa Warrior. Company C was then redesignated Company H, 185th Aviation. During 1996 Companies C and D, 1\u2013185th Aviation in Jackson replaced their aging UH-1Hs with the UH-60 Blackhawk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023730-0006-0000", "contents": "185th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nOn 1 October 1999, Company H was reformed as Company D, 1\u2013159th Aviation based at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. They are one of the first reserve component units in the nation to be part of an active component aviation battalion. The company is still located in Tupelo, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023730-0007-0000", "contents": "185th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nAviation assets under the 185th that are presently located in Mississippi are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023730-0008-0000", "contents": "185th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nHeadquarters, 185th Aviation Group was deployed to Iraq and stationed at Balad, Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom-II from January 2004 to December 2004. The 185th served as the aviation group for the entire theatre and controlled all aviation assets in the country of Iraq during their deployment. The 185th returned on 24 December 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023730-0009-0000", "contents": "185th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nIn September 2006 the 185th Aviation Group was redesignated to the 185th Theater Aviation Brigade. It has since changed back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023730-0010-0000", "contents": "185th Aviation Brigade (United States), History\nIn November 2010, 1st Battalion, 185th Aviation Brigade was again activated to serve in support of Operation New Dawn. Deploying to Iraq in January 2011, the Battalion served as the primary Aviation assets in Northern Iraq, based out of Camp Speicher near Tikrit. Alpha Company was stationed at Camp Taji and served as the direct asset to the 25th ID at Camp Liberty in Baghdad. The 1\u2013185th returned to the United States in November 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023731-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Aviation Regiment (United States)\n185th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023732-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Canadian Infantry Battalion (Cape Breton Highlanders), CEF\nThe 185th (Cape Breton Highlanders) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023732-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Canadian Infantry Battalion (Cape Breton Highlanders), CEF, History\nThe 185th (Cape Breton Highlanders) Battalion, CEF was authorized on 15 July 1916. Based in Broughton, Nova Scotia, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 throughout Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia and embarked for Great Britain on 12 October 1916. There it provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 15 February 1918, when its personnel were absorbed by the 17th Reserve Battalion. The battalion was subsequently disbanded on 29 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 73], "content_span": [74, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023732-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Canadian Infantry Battalion (Cape Breton Highlanders), CEF, History\nThe 185th (Cape Breton Highlanders) Battalion, CEF had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Parker Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 73], "content_span": [74, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023732-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Canadian Infantry Battalion (Cape Breton Highlanders), CEF, History\nIn 1920 the perpetuation of the battalion was assigned to the Cape Breton Highlanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 73], "content_span": [74, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023733-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 185th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c185\u5e08) was created in January 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 44th Brigade, 15th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced to 2nd Military Sub-district, Taiyue Military District of Jinjiluyu Military Region formed in August 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023733-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 553rd, 554th and 555th Infantry Regiments. As a part of 62nd Corps the division took part in the Chinese Civil War, including the Taiyuan Campaign, Fumei Campaign and Lanzhou Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023733-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Division (People's Republic of China)\nSince February 1950 the division was combined with Ya'an Military Sub-district of Xikang Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023733-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Division (People's Republic of China)\nDuring its deployment in southwestern China, the division was gradually torn apart: in February 1951, 554th Infantry Regiment was transferred to 184th Division; in September, 553rd Infantry Regiment was transferred to 186th Division; in May 1952, 555th Infantry Regiment detached from the division and became 6th Independent Infantry Regiment of Southwestern Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023734-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment\nThe 185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 185. \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a, romanized:\u00a0185. lova\u010dko-bombarderski avijacijski puk) was established in 1949 as the 185th Mixed Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 185. \u043c\u0435\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a, romanized:\u00a0185. me\u0161oviti puk) as part of the SFR Yugoslav Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023734-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History\nThe 185th Mixed Aviation Regiment was formed on July 24, 1949, in Ljubljana. It was equipped with various Soviet and Yugoslav aircraft such as the Yak-3, Ilyushin Il-2, Pe-2, Ikarus Aero 2. By 1953, the regiment was located in Pula, where it remained for the longest period of its existence. That same year, it was rearmed with new domestic-made Ikarus S-49C fighter aircraft and become a Fighter Aviation Regiment. The regiment was renamed the Aviation Technical Group of the Aviation Training School in 1956 and re-equipped with various Yak-9 types. The following year, the first US-made F-84 Thunderjet and T-33 Shooting Star jets arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023734-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History\nThe regiment was re-established as the 185th Training Aviation Regiment by 1960. In that period, F-86 Sabres were introduced into service, in 1964 it became a Fighter-Training/Fighter Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023734-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History\nBy 1961, with the application of the \"Drvar\" reorganization of the Air Force, a new type of designation system was used to identify the two squadrons in the regiment, which became the 129th Fighter Aviation and the 243rd Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023734-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History\nBy the end of the 1960s, all US jets had been replaced with new Yugoslav-made SOKO G-2 Galeb jet trainers; the unit was re-designated as a Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment. By 1975, 129 Squadron was renamed the 229th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron, equipped with Galeb trainer aircraft. In 1978 243 Squadron became the 1st Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron, it was reassigned to the 'Center for training of pilots of foreign armed forces' at Mostar. 129 Squadron was issued MiG-21 fighters by 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023734-0005-0000", "contents": "185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History\nTraining of 229 Squadron with a new type of jet trainer, the G-4 Super Galeb, began on December 3, 1984. The 185th Regiment and 229th Squadron were the first units of the Yugoslav Air Force to be equipped with Super Galeb trainers. Six G-4s from 229th Squadron demonstrated the new product of domestic aviation industries at the 1985 Victory Day parade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023734-0006-0000", "contents": "185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History\nThe Regiment was active in combat operations in 1991 during the wars in Slovenia and Croatia. G-4s from 229th Squadron were tasked with attacking Slovenian Territorial Defence barricades on roads held by ground units of the Yugoslav People's Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023734-0007-0000", "contents": "185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History\nOn September 18 and 19, 1991 the Regiment withdrew from Pula military airport to Tuzla Air Base where it was disbanded from October 30. It's 129th Fighter Aviation Squadron remained at Tuzla and the 229th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron re-located to Golubovci Air Base in Montenegro on October 10 where it was re-attached to the 172nd Aviation Brigade. 129th Squadron was later moved from Tuzla to Pri\u0161tina, where it was disbanded on May 12, 1992, with personnel and equipment being divided between the 83rd and 204th Fighter Aviation Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023735-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 185th Infantry Brigade (185 Bde) was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army raised during the Second World War that participated in the Normandy landings of 6 June 1944, fighting in the Normandy Campaign and the subsequent campaign in North-West Europe with the 3rd British Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023735-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nThe Brigade was formed on 1 September 1942 by redesignation of 204th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a static Home Defence formation serving under Durham and North Riding Area HQ. It was assigned frontline infantry battalions and became the infantry component of the new 79th Armoured Division. When 79th Armoured was reorganised as a specialist armour formation in April 1943, 185th Brigade transferred to the 3rd Infantry Division, training for Operation Overlord. The 3rd Infantry Division was the first British formation to land at Sword on D-Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023735-0001-0001", "contents": "185th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nDuring the often intense fighting from Sword to Bremen, the 3rd Infantry Division suffered 2,586 killed with over 12,500 wounded or missing. Throughout the North West Europe Campaign, two members of the brigade (and division) were awarded the Victoria Cross. They were Corporal Sidney Bates of the 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment and Private James Stokes of the 2nd Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023735-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Composition\nThe following units comprised 185th Brigade from its formation until August 1945:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023735-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Sword\nSword was the codename of one of the five main landing beaches in Operation Neptune, the initial assault phase of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023735-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Sword\nStretching 8\u00a0km from Ouistreham to Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer it was the furthest east of the landing points and around 15\u00a0km from Caen. The landing site was divided into four zones \u2014 Oboe, Peter, Queen and Roger (west-east). The German Army's defences consisted of beach obstacles, anti-tank ditches, mines, machine guns and mortars at the beaches and across the River Orne at Merville there were heavy guns. The defending troops belonged to the 716th Static Infantry Division and could call on the support of the nearby 21st Panzer division. The landing forces were the British I Corps, comprising the 3rd British Infantry Division and the 27th Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023735-0005-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Sword\nAs well as being the furthest east of the landing beaches, Sword was also the smallest, only wide enough for a brigade-sized landing force. The 3rd British Division had the task of getting enough troops ashore to push inland quickly and seize Caen, and link up with the British 6th Airborne Division, which had dropped in the night before in Operation Tonga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023735-0006-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Sword\nSword experienced the only counter-attack by the Germans on 6 June. British troops had been unable to link up with the 3rd Canadian Division on Juno, as had been planned and they were attacked by the 21st Panzer Division, veterans of the Western Desert Campaign. The 192nd Panzer Grenadier Regiment had reached Sword by 2000 hours but were subject to aerial attacks and were destroyed by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the tanks of the 27th Armoured Brigade which had landed on Sword.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023735-0007-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Sword\nBy the end of the day, 29,000 men had been landed at Sword with 630 casualties. Allied forces had advanced about four miles inland, the situation was stable and a link up with the Canadians on Juno had been established. However the major objective of Caen which was to have been captured on D Day still evaded them. There would be fierce fighting around the area for the next 6 weeks, known as the Battle for Caen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023735-0008-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Sword\nThe 185th Brigade went on to fight at Bourguebus Ridge, Mont Pincon, the Nederrijn, the Rhineland, and across the Rhine River. By the end of the war the 185th Brigade had been awarded both the VCs awarded to the 3rd Division and had suffered more casualties than the other two infantry brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023736-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 185th Infantry Division (185. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 185th Infantry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army made up of soldiers from the California Army National Guard, represented by the 1st Battalion, part of the 81st Stryker Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 185th Infantry was first used for a unit that traced its lineage back to the 6th Infantry Battalion of the California National Guard. The last active unit of the former 185th Infantry was the 1st Battalion, 185th Infantry, part of the 100th Troop Command, headquartered in Moreno Valley, CA. Its higher headquarters, in turn, was the 40th Infantry Division. This unit was disbanded in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nIn 2016, the 1st Battalion of the 185th Armor Regiment was redesignated as the 1st Battalion of the 185th Infantry to form the current unit, which is not connected to the previous 185th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 19th century\nThe 1st Battalion, 185th Infantry Regiment was originally constituted on 22 July 1885 as the 6th Infantry Battalion, California National Guard. The unit was expanded, reorganized, and redesignated on 21 February 1888 as the 6th Infantry Regiment. It was mustered into federal service on 11 May 1898 at San Francisco as the 6th California Volunteer Infantry; and mustered out on 15 December 1898 at Fort Point, CA. It was reduced and consolidated on 11 May 1907 with the 2nd Infantry Regiment, California National Guard (organized in 1864 as the Sacramento Light Artillery) to form the 2nd Infantry Regiment, California National Guard, with headquarters at Sacramento.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Early 20th century\nThe unit was called into federal service on 15 June 1916 for Mexican border service; mustered into federal service on 27 June 1916 at Sacramento; and mustered out on 15 November 1916. It was called into federal service on 26 March 1917; and drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0005-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Early 20th century\nThe 2nd Infantry Regiment (less 2nd Battalion, Companies L and M, and Sanitary Detachment) consolidated on 24 September \u2013 1 November 1917 with the 5th Infantry Regiment, California National Guard, and the consolidated unit was designated as the 159th Infantry, an element of the 40th Division; demobilized on 1 May 1919 at the Presidio of San Francisco, CA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0005-0001", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Early 20th century\nThe 2nd Battalion, Companies L and M, and Sanitary Detachment, 2nd Infantry Regiment consolidated on 25 September \u2013 1 November 1917 with the 7th Infantry Regiment, California National Guard, and the consolidated unit was designated as the 160th Infantry, an element of the 40th Division; it demobilized on 7 May 1919 at Camp Kearny in San Diego.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0006-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Early 20th century\nThe 185th Infantry Regiment was not re-formed until 1929. The 184th Infantry Infantry was constituted in the National Guard in 1921, assigned to the 40th Division, and allotted to California; the regiment was reorganized in the California National Guard and the headquarters was federally recognized on 20 October 1924 at Sacramento. Beginning in 1929, elements of the 160th and 184th Infantry Regiments stationed in central and northern California, less those in the San Francisco area, were used to form parts of the 185th Infantry Regiment. Other elements of the 185th Infantry Regiment were formed by redesignating existing 185th Infantry units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0007-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAs part of the United States mobilization during World War II, the 185th Infantry Regiment was federalized at Fresno, California, on 3 March 1941 and moved to Camp San Luis Obispo, California, within two weeks. The regiment trained there for over a year as part of the 40th Division before relocating to Fort Lewis, Washington, on 29 April 1942. From there, the regiment went to San Francisco, California, in August and was shipped to Hawaii the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0007-0001", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe regiment stayed in Hawaii where it trained in jungle warfare for over a year before being moved forward during January 1944 to the Solomon Islands. From April through December the regiment was employed in combat on New Britain island during the New Britain campaign. Then the regiment landed on Manus Island in December 1944 and invaded the Japanese-held Philippine Islands on 9 January 1945. The regiment participated in various actions of the Philippines Campaign of 1944\u201345 during the rest of the war, and arrived back at San Francisco, California on 5 April 1946, being inactivated the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0008-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nThe regiment was relieved on 25 June 1946 from assignment to the 40th Infantry Division, it was assigned on 5 August 1946 to the 49th Infantry Division. The unit was reorganized and federally recognized on 18 November 1946, with headquarters at Fresno (former 2nd and 3rd Battalions reorganized as the 223rd and 224th Infantry, respectively (separate lineage); and a new 2nd Battalion, 185th Infantry was organized from existing units; 980th Field Artillery Battalion was reorganized, redesignated and federally recognized on 24 August 1947 as the new 3rd Battalion, 185th Infantry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0009-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nThe unit was reorganized on 1 May 1959 as the 185th Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st Battle Group, an element of the 49th Infantry Division; on 1 March 1963 to consist of the 1st and 2nd Battalions, elements of the 49th Infantry Division (the 2nd Battalion was relieved on 4 December 1963 from assignment to the 49th Infantry Division and assigned to the 49th Infantry Brigade); and on 29 January 1968 to consist of the 2nd Battalion, an element of the 49th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0010-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 21st century\nFollowing the events of 11 September multiple national guard units were activated for various reasons. The 185th was no different with the regiment activated for Operation Noble Eagle, when it was assigned to guard military bases, airports, and other possible targets of opportunity. In late 2003 the 185th was activated again, this time in the wake of the Invasion of Iraq. This is not to be confused with the activation of the 185th Armor Regiment, which was activated at the same time. In 2005, the unit returned from active duty. In 2006, Headquarters Company was activated, and was deployed to Camp Bucca, Iraq for a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0011-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 21st century\nDuring the 2006\u201307 deployment when the regiment's only death, as of June 2009, occurred. Specialist Sellen, posthumously promoted to sergeant, was killed while attached to 16th MP Brigade due to an accidental discharge of a firearm by a fellow soldier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0012-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 21st century\nIn early 2007, the Company C of the 1st Battalion was mobilized for a deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom under the command of 1st Battalion, 143rd Field Artillery of the California Army National Guard. After completing training at Fort Dix, New Jersey, the company moved to Camp Slayer in Baghdad, Iraq and conducted force protection, convoy security, and military police missions throughout the country. During their six months in Iraq, they completed over 250 successful combat missions, including the care and custody of over 2,000 detainees and escorting numerous high-profile detainees to Iraqi courts in Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0012-0001", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 21st century\nOn 22 February 2008, the company transferred responsibility to Charlie company, 1st Battalion, 279th Infantry Regiment of the Oklahoma Army National Guard. In March 2008, the company returned to Los Alamitos. The company received a Meritorious Unit Commendation for their service pursuant to Department of the Army Permanent Orders 272-43 dated 29 September 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023737-0013-0000", "contents": "185th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 21st century, New lineage\nOn 2 February 2016, the 1st Battalion of the 185th Armor Regiment was redesignated as 1st Battalion of the 185th Infantry Regiment, due to the transition of the 81st Armored Brigade Combat Team to a Stryker brigade. This unit inherits the lineage of the 185th Armor and is not connected with the previous 185th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023738-0000-0000", "contents": "185th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 185th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023738-0001-0000", "contents": "185th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 185th New York Infantry was organized August 26, 1864 at Syracuse, New York and mustered in September 19, 1864 for one-year service under the command of Colonel Edwin S. Jenney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023738-0002-0000", "contents": "185th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023738-0003-0000", "contents": "185th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 185th New York Infantry mustered out of service May 30, 1865 in Washington, D.C.. Veterans and recruits were transferred to the 5th New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023738-0004-0000", "contents": "185th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Petersburg, Va., September 27, 1864. Siege of Petersburg, Va., October 1, 1864 to April 2, 1865. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328, 1864. Warren's Raid on Weldon Railroad December 7\u201312. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Lewis Farm, near Gravelly Run, March 29. Junction of Boydton and Quaker Roads March 29. White Oak Road March 31. Five Forks April 1. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Washington, D. C., May 1\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023738-0005-0000", "contents": "185th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 98 men during service; 3 officers and 53 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 39 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0000-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature\nThe 185th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5, 1983, to December 31, 1984, during the first and second years of Mario Cuomo's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0001-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn May 8, 1982, Senate Republicans and Assembly Democrats announced that they had agreed upon a new apportionment. The number of seats in the State Senate was increased from 60 to 61. The new district lines were gerrymandered by the Republican Senate majority to increase Republican strength, and by the Democratic Assembly majority to increase Democratic strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0002-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn June 23, 1982, a special panel of three federal judges ordered Special Master Robert P. Patterson Jr. to revise the new apportionment proposed by the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0003-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn July 3, 1982, the revised re-apportionment was approved by the U.S. Department of Justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0004-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Background\nThus, under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938 and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1982 by the Legislature, 61 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned contiguously without restrictions regarding county boundaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0005-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, the Right to Life Party, the Libertarian Party, a \"Statewide Independent Party\", a \"Unity Party\", the New Alliance Party, and the Socialist Workers Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0006-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1982, was held on November 2. Lieutenant Governor Mario Cuomo was elected Governor, and Westchester County Executive Alfred DelBello was elected Lieutenant Governor, both Democrats. The elections to the other three statewide elective offices resulted in the re-election of the three incumbent officeholders: a Republican Comptroller, a Democratic Attorney General and a Democratic U.S. Senator. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 2,560,000; Republicans 2,249,000; Conservatives 230,000; Liberals 116,000; Right to Life 52,000; Libertarians 17,000; Statewide Independents 16,000; Unity 6,000; New Alliance 5,000; and Socialist Workers 4,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0007-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Elections\nSixteen of the nineteen women members of the previous legislature\u2014State Senators Carol Berman (Dem. ), of Lawrence; Mary B. Goodhue (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Kisco; Olga A. M\u00e9ndez (Dem. ), of East Harlem, and Linda Winikow (Dem. ), of Spring Valley; and Assemblywomen Elizabeth Connelly (Dem. ), of Staten Island; Pinny Cooke (Rep.), of Rochester; Geraldine L. Daniels (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Gloria Davis (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Eileen C. Dugan (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Aurelia Greene (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Rhoda S. Jacobs (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Gerdi E. Lipschutz (Dem. ), of Queens; May W. Newburger (Dem. ), of Great Neck; Toni Rettaliata (Rep.), of Huntington; Gail S. Shaffer (Dem. ), of North Blenheim; and Helene Weinstein (Dem. ), a lawyer of Brooklyn\u2014were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0007-0001", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Elections\nAnna V. Jefferson (Dem. ), an accountant of Brooklyn, was also elected to the State Senate. Cynthia Jenkins (Dem. ), a librarian of Queens; Helen M. Marshall (Dem. ), a teacher and librarian of Queens; Nettie Mayersohn (Dem. ), of Queens; Mary M. McPhillips (Dem. ), of Middletown; Barbara Patton (Dem. ), a lawyer of Hempstead; and Louise M. Slaughter (Dem. ), of Fairport; were also elected to the Assembly. Gail S. Shaffer did not take her seat in the Assembly, and was appointed as Secretary of State of New York instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0008-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Elections\nOn May 24, 1983, Julia Harrison (Dem. ), of Queens, was elected to fill a vacancy in the Assembly. Thus the 185th Legislature finished having 23 women members, surpassing the previous record of 19 in the 184th New York State Legislature (in 1982).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0009-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1983, was held on November 8. One vacancy in the Assembly was filled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0010-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the first regular session (the 206th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1983; and recessed indefinitely on June 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0011-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWarren M. Anderson (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0012-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for a special session on September 15, 1983, to consider changes to the laws concerning transportation of cargoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0013-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the second regular session (the 207th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1984; and recessed indefinitely shortly before 2 a.m. on July 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0014-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nAn hour after midnight, on May 30, the State Assembly rejected after a stormy debate of many hours the proposal to raise the legal drinking age from 19 to 21 years; the vote stood 80 to 69.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0015-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for another special session on December 6, 1984. At this session, the legislators raised the wages of the legislators who were elected to the next Legislature; approved a sales tax increase for Erie County; and extended a corporate tax surcharge used to subsidize the New York City mass transit system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0016-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Andrew Jenkins and Lloyd Stephen Riford Jr. changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this Legislature. Assemblyman Leonard P. Stavisky was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0017-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0018-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023739-0019-0000", "contents": "185th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023740-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 185th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 185th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 185th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023740-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 185th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in for one year service on February 25, 1865, under the command of Colonel John E. Cummins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023740-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment left Ohio under orders for Nashville, Tennessee, February 27. Detained at Louisville, Kentucky, and assigned to guard duty at various points in Kentucky from Owensboro to Cumberland Gap, with headquarters at Eminence, until September. 1865. Skirmish in Bath County, Kentucky, March 26. Performed garrison duty at Mt. Sterling, Shelbyville, LaGrange, Greensboro, Cumberland Gap, and other locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023740-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 185th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 26, 1865, at Lexington, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023740-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 35 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023741-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\"\nThe 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore (Italian: 185\u00b0 Reggimento Artiglieria Paracadutisti \"Folgore\") is an artillery regiment of the Italian Army, specializing in airborne operations. The regiment was raised in March 1942 to support the Paratroopers of the 185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\". The division served with distinction the Western Desert Campaign and was destroyed in November 1942 during the Second Battle of El Alamein. Between 2000 and 2013 the regiment was named 185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\" and a Special Operations unit, tasked with reconnaissance and target acquisition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023741-0000-0001", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\"\nOn 1 July 2013 the regiment was reformed as artillery unit in Bracciano and received war flag of the 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\", while the 185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\" received the war flag of the 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", which had been disbanded in September 1944 after serving with the Italian Co-Belligerent Army. Today the regiment is based in Bracciano near Rome and operationally assigned to the Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023741-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\", History\nThe Regiment traces its origins back to the 185th Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\", framed within the \"Folgore\" Division established in 1941. The artillery regiment fought at the Second Battle of El Alamein and was disbanded on 8 December 1942 because of the losses suffered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023741-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\", History\nDuring the Italian Army 1975 reform the regiment was raised again on 1 October 1975 as the 185th Paratroopers Field Artillery Group \"Viterbo\". On September 8, 1992, the group was renamed 1st Paratroopers Artillery Group, within the re-established 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023741-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\", History\nIn winter 1999-2000, the unit was transformed into a special operations reconnaissance unit, and in 2004 it changed its name to 185th Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\" (185th RAO \"Folgore\"), while maintaining traditions and War Flag of the old 185th Artillery Regiment. In 2013, the 185th regiment was \"doubled\": the 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" was reconstituted with men and materiel of the 33rd Field Artillery Regiment \"Acqui\" in Bracciano (RM) and entered the Folgore Parachute Brigade, while the 185th RAO \"Folgore\" entered the Italian special operations command COMFOSE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023741-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\", Deployments\nDuring World War II, the Regiment was deployed in El Alamein, where it fought valiantly alongside its parent formation and the \"Pavia\" and \"Trento\" Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023741-0005-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\", Deployments\nThe activity abroad of 185th Regiment, after the World War II, began with the first overseas mission of the Italian Army in 1982: a battery participated in the mission in Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023741-0006-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\", Deployments\nIn 1991, as part of the Italfor Airone Mission, the Group contributes to the establishment of the Paratroopers Tactical Group sending its personnel to Iraq. The 185th Regiment was the first unit involved in the national operation \"Vespri Siciliani\", and immediately afterwards was sent into the operational cycles of Somalia, maintaining a mortar battery there. Then it was the turn of former Yugoslavia: the 185th Regiment was present in all the missions that involve the Parachute Brigade in Bosnia and Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023741-0007-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\", Current Structure\nAs of 2019 the 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 66], "content_span": [67, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023741-0008-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\", Current Structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Battery fields the following sections: C3 Section, Transport and Materiel Section, Medical Section, and Commissariat Section. The regiment is equipped with 120mm mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 66], "content_span": [67, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\"\n185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\" (Italian: 185\u00aa Divisione Paracadutisti \"Folgore\") was a Parachute division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History\nThe history of the 185th Division \"Folgore\" spans from late 1930s, when its immediate ancestors were established, to 1945, when its immediate successor was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, Libyan paratroopers\nDirect and immediate origins of the 185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\" lie in the paratroopers units formed in the wake of the breaking out of the World War Two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, Libyan paratroopers\nIn 1938 Marshal of the Air Force Italo Balbo established the Camp-School for Paratrooper of the Libyan Troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Goffredo Tonini and stationed at the airport of Castel Benito near Tripoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, Libyan paratroopers\nBy 1939 there were two Libyan Paratroopers Battalions. By early 1940 an Italian paratroopers battalion was also established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0005-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, Libyan paratroopers\nAt the beginning of the Italian participation in World War Two there were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0006-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, Libyan paratroopers\nOn 15 January 1941 both Libyan Paratroopers School and Libyan Paratroopers Battalion were assigned to the defence of El Fteiah airport (near Derna) with 850 troops (418 Italians and 432 Libyans).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0007-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, Paratroopers Military Schools\nAfter quarrels, in 1937 paratroopers schools were assigned by law to the Regia Aeronautica. Two years later, in 1939, two Paratroopers Military School based in Tarquinia and in Viterbo were established. School personnel was drawn from the Air force, while personnel to instruct consisted of Royal Italian Army officers and sub-officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0008-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, Paratroopers Military Schools\nThe 2-months Instructors course began in March 1940. In late November 1940 was established only one Paratroopers Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0009-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, 1st Paratroopers Division\nOn 1 September 1941 the Royal Italian Army raised the 1st Paratroopers Division in Tarquinia. The division initially was organized as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0010-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, 1st Paratroopers Division\nFor reasons of order of precedence the title I Paratroopers Battalion was reserved for the I Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion. The division was intended to be used in Operation Hercules \u2013 the planned Axis invasion of Malta. On 30 April 1941 the Italian paratroopers were deployed for the first time when the II Paratroopers Battalion jumped onto Cephalonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0011-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, 1st Paratroopers Division\nIn 1942 the division was further augmented: on 15 January the II Paratroopers Artillery Group was raised, followed by the III Paratroopers Artillery Group on 10 March. On the same date the Paratroopers Division Artillery Regiment was activated. The regiment took command of the three paratroopers artillery groups, which each fielded two batteries with four 47/32 cannons per battery. On 15 March 1942 the 3rd Paratroopers Infantry Regiment with the battalions VIII, IX, and X was raised in Tarquinia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0012-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, 185th Infantry Division \"Folgore\"\nOn 27 July 1942 the division's name was changed to 185th Infantry Division \"Folgore\" and its regiments were renumbered and renamed as well. The new structure was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0013-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, 185th Infantry Division \"Folgore\"\nThe division was then sent to Italian Libya to bolster Axis forces in the Western Desert campaign. Before the departing for North Africa the 185th Infantry Regiment \"Folgore\" and 187th Infantry Regiment \"Folgore\" switched units: the 185th ceded the more experienced II and IV to 187th, which in turn ceded the VIII and X to the 185th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0013-0001", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, 185th Infantry Division \"Folgore\"\nWhen the division arrived in Africa the three artillery groups of the 185th Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" were merged into two artillery groups of three batteries each, thus providing one group for each infantry regiment, which in turn could now provide one battery to each battalion of a regiment. Additionally a seventh battery was formed with surplus materiel found by the division during its transfer to the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0014-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, 185th Infantry Division \"Folgore\"\nOn 15 September the 185th Infantry Regiment \"Folgore\", which had remained in Italy, left the division and changed its name to 185th Infantry Regiment \"Nembo\" and became the basis for the 184th Infantry Division \"Nembo\" (Nemo Italian for Nimbus). To aid in the raising of the 183rd Infantry Regiment \"Nembo\" the 185th ceded its X Paratroopers Battalion to the 183rd and raised the XI Paratroopers Battalion in its stead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0015-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, 185th Infantry Division \"Folgore\"\nIn North Africa the division participated in the First and Second Battle of El Alamein. During the latter division put up a fierce defense against attacking Commonwealth forces, managing to drive repeated attacks conducted by tanks and infantry. However in the course of the battle the division was annihilated and declared lost on 23 November 1942. The Division held back countless attacks from tanks with use of homemade incendiary's to usage of hand grenades and firing of the M28 grenade launchers at tanks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0016-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, El Alamein\nDuring the Second battle of El Alamein the Folgore Division came under attack from three Allied divisions 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division, 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, 7th Armoured Division, and the 1st Free French Brigade. Operation Lightfoot, launched on 24 October 1942, was designed to break through the weak Italian-held southern sector of the Alamein line where the 17th Pavia, 25th Bologna, 27th Brescia, and Folgore divisions anchored the right flank. The Allied attack began with an artillery barrage, followed by an all out assault by the 7th Armoured and 44th Infantry divisions. However, all that was achieved at a high casualty rate was a small salient, which was soon recaptured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0017-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, El Alamein\nIn the following days between 25 October and 4 November, the 50th, 7th, 44th divisions, 1st and 2nd Free French and the Royal Hellenic Brigades, supported by artillery and armour, failed to break through in the southern sector. The Folgore used everything at their disposal including letting the Allied soldiers advance into a \"cul-de-sac\" and then launching a counterattack from all sides. They also used their 47mm Anti-tank guns from enfilade positions and Molotov cocktails to knock out advancing armor. On 6 November, after having exhausted all its ammunition, the remainder of the Division surrendered. The few survivors, who managed to withdraw, were reorganized into the 285th Formation Battalion and fought in Tunisia, where they surrendered to the Allies in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0018-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, El Alamein, Battle analysis\nAt El-Alamein, throughout several engagements, the paratroopers were either able to resist the attacks made upon them or, when the Allied forces had been successful in completely wiping out the first line of Folgore outposts, to reform again, usually counterattacking. The main Allied effort during the battle was in the northern part of the Axis line. However, the four divisions attacking the Folgore positions in the south had also been given breakthrough objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0018-0001", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, El Alamein, Battle analysis\nThe 7th Armoured Division had been ordered to spare their tanks, so their attacks were called off after the bloody fighting during the night of October 24: 31 Allied tanks were destroyed or damaged during that night alone. At the end of the battle of El Alamein, Harry Zinder of Time magazine noted that the Italians paratroopers fought better than had been expected, and commented that: \"In the south, the famed Folgore Paratroopers Division fought to the last round of ammunition\". With a few survivors and some replacement, the 285th Paratroopers Battalion \"Folgore\" commanded by Captain Lombardini, was formed, and participated in the defense of the Mareth Line in Tunisia in mid 1943, particularly at the Battle of Takrouna, where it was destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0019-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", History, Organization 1942\nThe division was sent to Africa and fought in the Battle of El Alamein with the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0020-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", Honours\nFor its conduct during the Second Battle of El Alamein the division as whole was awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valor. The 185th Artillery, 186th Paratroopers and 187th Paratroopers regiments received a second Gold Medal for specific actions during the Second Battle of El Alamein. Additionally the following soldiers of the division were awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valor during the Western Desert Campaign:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0021-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", Combat Group \"Folgore\"\nOn 25 September 1944 the Italian Co-Belligerent Army raised the Combat Group \"Folgore\" with soldiers and materiel from the disbanded 184th Paratroopers Division \"Nembo\". After the war the combat group became the Mechanized Division \"Folgore\", which was disbanded on 31 October 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023742-0022-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\", Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\"\nOn 1 January 1963 the Italian Army raised the I Paratroopers Brigade in Pisa, which received the name \"Folgore\" on 10 June 1967. After the end of the Cold War the Italian Army decided to rename the battalions in the brigade as regiments for historical reasons. Therefore, the battalions in the Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\" were given the names of the regiments of the former 185th Paratroopers Division \"Folgore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\"\nThe 185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\" (Italian: 185\u00b0 Reggimento Paracadutisti Ricognizione e Acquisizione Obiettivi \"Folgore\", sometimes abbreviated as: 185\u00b0 RAO) is an Italian special forces unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\"\nThe paratroopers of the 185th Regiment are the result of a selection lasting about two years, through which aspiring operators learn the techniques to conduct missions in every operational theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History\nThe 185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\" tracks its history back to 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 80], "content_span": [81, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\"\nThe 185th Target Acquisition Regiment is the heir of the 1st Parachute Infantry Regiment (RFP) set up at the Tarquinia paratroopers school in April 1941, under Colonel Riccardo Bignami.p. 82", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 128], "content_span": [129, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\"\nBecause the 1st Regiment was intended to be deployed in the Corinth Canal, the Regiment was strengthened with a Paratroopers-Divers unit of the Regia Marina, led by Giulio Cesare Conti. In summer 1941, the I Battalion, deployed in North Africa, was replaced by the IV Battalion. Following Colonel Bignami, the Regiment, now officially named \"Folgore\", was commanded by Colonel Luigi Scrimin.p. 131-132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 128], "content_span": [129, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0005-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\"\nOn 1 September 1941, the 1st Regiment joined the 1st Paratroopers Division, destined to take the name of \"Folgore\" in early August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 128], "content_span": [129, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0006-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\"\nWhile the Folgore Division was in Apulia, the Regiment was given the denomination 185th Parachute Infantry Regiment \"Folgore\" and sent in Merano and Bolzano for training and then reunited to the parent Division, in order to train for the invasion of Malta.p. 132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 128], "content_span": [129, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0007-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\"\nIn the following months, the 185th Regiment lost two Battalions to the newly established 187th Regiment, acquired the XI and VIIIbis Battalions. The new commander was Colonel Giannetto Parodi.p. 134,356 The 185th Regiment was held in Italy, as the initial nucleus for the establishment of the \"Nembo\" Division. On 15 September 1942, the Regiment, then based in Rovezzano, near Florence, took the name of 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\" and was assigned to the homonymous Division. In the early March 1943, the 185th Regiment was sent to the Carso to counteract intense guerrilla activity by Slav partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 128], "content_span": [129, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0007-0001", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\"\nThe counter-insurgency achieved full success and forced the partisans to emigrate to other areas. The 185th Regiment was later destined to Calabria, then to Sicily, in order to counter the landing and the advance of the Anglo-American forces. In Calabria, in particular, the 185th Regiment was engaged in very harsh fights of extreme rearguard alongside German units, where it suffered air attacks and heavy losses. The 185th Regiment was initially subordinated to the 4th Infantry Division \"Livorno\" in the XVI Army Corps and then to the 211st Coastal Division in the XXXI Army Corps. On 3 September 1943 the XI Battalion was involved in a fight against units of the Eight Army.p. 361-362 In September 1943 the slow withdrawal of the 185th Regiment saw the VIII Battalion acting as a counter-commando force.p. 364", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 128], "content_span": [129, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0008-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", Italian civil war\nOn 8 September 1943, Captain Sala,p. 376 the commander of III Battalion of the 185th Regiment, chose to continue the war alongside the Germans, while the rest of the Regiment remained loyal to the King, although several paratroopers of the XI Battalion followed the III Battalion (later placed under the 1st Parachute Division).p. 378,382 In Sardinia, the XII Battalion and part of the XIII Battalion remained alongside the Germans, remaining also involved in some internal clashes with loyalist units of the Nembo Division.p. 386 -387", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 147], "content_span": [148, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0009-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", Italian civil war\nOn the loyalist side, elements of the III Battalion, under the command of Captain Carlo Gay and reinforced by several Arditi under Captain Carlo Bonciani, constituted the initial nucleus of the Unit which subsequently took the name of 1st Special Autonomous Unit and finally that of 1st Reconnaissance Squadron \"Folgore\". The Squadron operated from 6 October 1943 subordinated to the 1st Canadian Division and later of the XIII British Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 147], "content_span": [148, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0010-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", Italian civil war\nSome paratroopers of the 185th Regiment were assigned to intelligence services, with tasks of coordination with Italian partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 147], "content_span": [148, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0011-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", 185th Arditi Paratroopers Unit \"Nembo\"\nIn late 1943, the 185th Regiment was reduced to VIII and XI Battalion and some other companies.p. 440-441 Then, headquartered in Santa Maria di Leuca and Presicce, it was restructured and reduced to the Battalion size (185th Unit \"Nembo\"). Then, on 20 January 1944, it took the name of 185th Arditi Paratroopers Unit \"Nembo\", ceded troops to the \"Folgore\" Squadron, to the military intelligence and to the \"Piceno\" Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 168], "content_span": [169, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0012-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", 185th Arditi Paratroopers Unit \"Nembo\"\nAs of January 1944, the Unit consisted of three Paratroopers Companies, one Gun Company, one Mortars Company and a Vehicle Section.p. 453", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 168], "content_span": [169, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0013-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", 185th Arditi Paratroopers Unit \"Nembo\"\nThe 185th Arditi Paratroopers Unit \"Nembo\" was then part of the 1st Motorized Group. On 5 February, the 185th Unit passed under the 2nd Moroccan Infantry Division of the French Expeditionary Corps; however, two weeks later it returned to the 1st Motorized Group.p. 453 -454 The first operational engagement of the new phase was the reconnaissance operations in Monte Marone and Monte Mare: by the end of March 1944, the 1st Motorized Group, now under the 2nd Polish Corps, occupied Monte Marone;p.\u00a0456-458 on 19 May 1944, the 185th Unit occupied Monte San Michele.p. 462", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 168], "content_span": [169, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0014-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", 185th Arditi Paratroopers Unit \"Nembo\"\nIn June 1944, the Italian Liberation Corps was deployed on the Adriatic Coast, and the 185th Unit was assigned to the Nembo Division; there, it occupied Orsogna and L'Aquila.p. 466-467 In August 1944, the 185th Unit was inserted in the Combat Groups of the Italian Liberation Corps.p. 472", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 168], "content_span": [169, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0015-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", Squadron \"F\"\nThe Squadron \"F\" conducted information-gathering missions in Italy, patrolling, infiltration and sabotage actions beyond the German lines that culminated with the Operation Herring (20 April 1945), the only paratrooper war operation carried out by our Army on Italian territory, in the area of the Po Valley, centred on the municipality of Poggio Rusco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 142], "content_span": [143, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0016-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", Squadron \"F\"\nIn early October 1943, Captain Carlo Gay and his men were placed under the 1st Canadian Division; on 15 November 1944 it was assigned directly to the XIII British Army Corps and, on 7 December 1943, the Italian Army Staff formally established the 1st Special Autonomous Unit, later 1st Reconnaissance Squadron \"F\".p. 472-473", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 142], "content_span": [143, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0017-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1941-1945: 185th Paratroopers Regiment \"Nembo\", Squadron \"F\"\nThe first assignment of the Squadron \"F\" was Abruzzo, earning admiration from Allied officers. In late March 1944, the Squadron \"F\" was moved to Cassino.p. 473-474 On 8 August 1944, the Squadron was placed under the British 1st Infantry Division in Tuscany.p. 477 In September 1944, the Squadron \"F\" was reinforced by a paratroopers contingent led by Captain Bonciani. In March 1945, the Squadron \"F\" was placed under the 25th Indian Infantry Brigade.p. 480", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 142], "content_span": [143, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0018-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1960-1993: 13th Target acquisition Group\nThe target acquisition capability in the Italian Army has been developed since 1960, then part of the 3rd Missile Brigade \"Aquileia\". Nowadays, the 185th Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\" provides the same capability to the Italian Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 122], "content_span": [123, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0019-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1960-1993: 13th Target acquisition Group\nThe first nucleus of the target acquisition capability was the Reconnaissance and Surveillance Battery (Batteria Ricognizione e Sorveglianza, B.R.S. ), established in 1960, within the 3rd Missile Brigade. The Reconnaissance and Surveillance Battery subsequently changed, in January 1961, the 13th Reconnaissance Artillery Battalion and finally, in 1962, the 13th Target Acquisition Battalion. This transformation led, in 1964, to the establishment of the Remotely controlled Aircraft Battery in 1973. In 1975 the Battalion was transformed in the 13th Target Acquisition Group (13\u00b0 Gruppo Acquisizione Obiettivi, 13\u00b0 Gr.Ac.O. ), operating within the 3rd Missile Brigade \"Aquileia\". Paratroopers of the 13th Group were trained to jump from light aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 122], "content_span": [123, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0020-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1960-1993: 13th Target acquisition Group\nThe Group was tasked with infiltration operations beyond the enemy lines, in order to conduct observation and information-gathering activity, to acquire targets and direct the fire of surface-to-surface missiles (MGR-1 Honest John missiles) and, from 1973 until the early 1990s, of tactical ballistic missiles (MGM-52 Lance).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 122], "content_span": [123, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0021-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1960-1993: 13th Target acquisition Group\nThe 13th Group was subdivided into Batteries: the first (the Remotely controlled Aircraft Battery) operated Canadair CL-89 unmanned aerial vehicles; the second Battery, the Target Acquisition Battery, consisted of highly qualified paratrooper personnel, also known as Pipistrelli (Italian for \"Bat\"). The Target Acquisition Battery sought only rigorously selected personnel, working as much for the benefit of 3rd Missile Brigade as for the 5th Army Corps and the Allied Land Forces Southern Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 122], "content_span": [123, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0022-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 1960-1993: 13th Target acquisition Group\nIn October 1993 the 13th Gr.Ac.O. was dissolved due to the restructuring of the Italian Army. Part of the staff was brought into the Long Range Reconnaissance Nucleus, placed under the responsibility of the 5th Army Corps Artillery Command. In 1995 the Long Range Reconnaissance Nucleus was upgraded to Long Range Reconnaissance Company and, on 24 June 1995, it was assigned to the 9th Paratroopers Assault Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 122], "content_span": [123, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0023-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 2000-2013: 185th Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment in the Folgore Brigade\nOn 3 April 2000, the 185th Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" took the name of 185th Terrestrial Artillery Regiment (Target Acquisition Paratroopers) \"Folgore\". The Regiment gave up the artillery and began to train its own personnel as Target Acquirer, with only the 30% being able to pass the course. The first Objective Acquisition Detachments were established, with the transformation of the 1st Battery, then followed by the other two which, in turn, carried out the specialization courses and received a different environmental characterization. The 1st Battery \"Draghi\" took on a particular predisposition to operate in the arctic and alpine area, the 2nd Battery \"Aquile\" in a desert environment and the 3rd Battery \"Diavoli\" in the continental terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 164], "content_span": [165, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0024-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 2000-2013: 185th Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment in the Folgore Brigade\nIn 2002, the 185th Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" was included within the Special Operations Forces of the Army and was assigned to Mostar, Bosnia, directly under the Multinational Division South East \"Salamanders\". Other Detachments were deployed in Kosovo and in Macedonia. In 2003, the Regiment gained, from the 9th Paratroopers Assault Regiment, a LRRP company, which became the fourth Battery (company-level unit in Artillery units).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 164], "content_span": [165, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0025-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 2000-2013: 185th Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment in the Folgore Brigade\nThe 185th Target Acquisition Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\" was established in 2004 within the Folgore Brigade, inheriting the War Flag and traditions of the 185th Artillery Regiment \"Folgore\"; the Regiment, in turn, assumed the motto (Videre nec videri) and the coat of arms (bat with parachute and sword) of the paratroopers of the Target Acquisition Battery of the dissolved 13th Target acquisition Group \"Aquileia\" (13\u00b0 GR.AC.O.) of the 3rd Missile Brigade \"Aquileia\", also disestablished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 164], "content_span": [165, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0026-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 2000-2013: 185th Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment in the Folgore Brigade\nIn 2013, the 185th Parachute Regiment \"Folgore\" was reestablished and, on 21 June 2013, it took up the flag previously handed over to the 185th Regiment RAO. The 185th RRAO, in turn, was assigned the War Flag that once belonged to the 185th Parachute Infantry Regiment, leaving Artillery for Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 164], "content_span": [165, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0027-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 2014-present: COM.FO.S.E.\nWith the restructuring of the Italian Armed Forces, in 2014 the 185th RRAO, as well as the 9th Parachutist Assault Regiment \"Col Moschin\", transitioned from the Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\" to the new Army Special Forces Command (Comando Forze Speciali Esercito, COM.FO.S.E. ), which sees under its command the special operations departments of the Army to standardize their training and doctrines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 107], "content_span": [108, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0028-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 2014-present: COM.FO.S.E.\nIn June 2015 the 185th Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", as a beret flash, was grainted the emblem of the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron \"Folgore\" (Squadron \"F\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 107], "content_span": [108, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0029-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", History, 2014-present: COM.FO.S.E.\nIn 2017, the Regiment was upgraded to a Tier-1 special forces unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 107], "content_span": [108, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0030-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Mission\nThe 185th Regiment has, by its very nature, a vocation markedly directed towards Intelligence tasks and is specialized in Direct Actions that involve the engagement of remote objectives. The Regiment is particularly specialized in conducting special reconnaissance and terminal guidance operations (TGO), Joint Terminal Attack Controller operations and the terminal control of each source of fire against high-value targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 80], "content_span": [81, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0031-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Mission\nThe 185th RRAO is not a unit tasked with carrying out incursions and sabotage, nor counter-terrorism operations, at least in ordinary circumstances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 80], "content_span": [81, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0032-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Structure\nAs of 2019 the 185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 82], "content_span": [83, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0033-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon. The Operational Support Company consists of a C4 Platoon and an Amphibious Platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 82], "content_span": [83, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0034-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Structure, Target Acquirers Companies\nTarget Acquirers Companies include the Command and a number of Target Acquisition Detachments, of the nominal strength of 12 men each and commanded by an experienced lieutenant or marshal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 110], "content_span": [111, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0035-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Structure, Target Acquirers Detachment\nThe Target Acquirers Detachment has a formal staff of 12 elements including the commander, a lieutenant or an experienced marshal, and can be split into three teams of 4 men or two of 6 operators. However, its exact composition in operations depends on the specific needs and characteristics of the mission. A generally motorized use may require, even for security reasons, configurations with more personnel, while others may require less personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 111], "content_span": [112, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0036-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Structure, Target Acquirers Detachment\nThe key figures present in a detachment are ordinarily the scout, the observer, the image acquisition operator, the radio operator, the medic, the CBRN specialist, the JTAC and the sniper. Some functions may be duplicated or, on the contrary, a single operator may hold more than one position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 111], "content_span": [112, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0037-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Training\nThe training of an operator of the 185th Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\" is long and complex and lasts about two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 81], "content_span": [82, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0038-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Training\nThe process to become \"Target Acquirer\" consists of three phases (70 weeks):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 81], "content_span": [82, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0039-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Training, Selective Phase\nThe Selective Phase, common to all Special Forces units, lasts six weeks and it is structured on a distance preparation phase (4 weeks), during which the aspirant must train and prepare in ordert to take the physical selection, and on physical tests and on the psycho-aptitude selection internship (2 weeks), whose purpose is to verify the athletic preparation of the aspirants and test their psycho-physical resistance and attitudinal profile, through the conduct of tactical activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 98], "content_span": [99, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0040-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Training, Common Basic Training Phase\nThe Common Basic Training Phase lasts fourteen weeks, and is subdivided into two consecutive sub-phases. The first phase is the parachuting course (4 weeks), conducted at the Parachuting Training Center (C.A.PAR.) of the Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\", preparatory to the acquisition of the military paratrooper brevet. Those already in possession of the brevet have direct access to the O.B.O.S. course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 110], "content_span": [111, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0041-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Training, Common Basic Training Phase\nThe second phase is the \"Basic Operator for Special Operations\" Course (Operatore Basico per Operazioni Speciali, or O.B.O.S. ), which lasts 10 weeks. This training phase is conducted under the authority of the Commander of COM.FO.S.E. and performed at the Special Forces Training Unit (R.A.FO.S.). The O.B.O.S. Course aims to provide a homogeneous basic preparation, common to all Special Forces Operators of all Special Forces units, according to the principle of interoperability. Passing the O.B.O.S. Course entails the achievement of the qualification of \"Basic Operator for Special Operations\" and represents the necessary condition for access to the subsequent specialization phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 110], "content_span": [111, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023743-0042-0000", "contents": "185th Paratroopers Reconnaissance Target Acquisition Regiment \"Folgore\", Training, Specialization Phase\nThe specialization phase for \"Target Acquisition\" lasts 50 weeks, and is divided into several modules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 103], "content_span": [104, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron\nThe 185th Special Operations Squadron is a unit of the Oklahoma Air National Guard's 137th Special Operations Wing,  located at Will Rogers World Airport (Will Rogers Air National Guard Base), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The 185th is the only National Guard unit (and only US Air Force unit) to be equipped with the MC-12W. The unit is known as the \"Sooners\". Famous unit alumni include former Vietnam prisoner of war Brig. Gen. James Robinson \"Robbie\" Risner and Astronaut Captain Fred Wallace Haise Jr., Apollo 13 Lunar Module Pilot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first organized at Key Field, Mississippi in February 1943 as the 620th Bombardment Squadron, one of the four original squadrons of the 404th Bombardment Group. The squadron was initially equipped with a mix of Douglas A-24 Banshees and Bell P-39 Airacobras. In July 1943, the squadron moved to Congaree Army Air Field, South Carolina, where it was redesignated the 506th Fighter-Bomber Squadron The following month. In early 1944, the squadron converted to Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. Completing its training for combat in March, it deployed to the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron arrived at its first overseas station, RAF Winkton, England in early April. It became operational on 1 May and began bombing and strafing targets in France to help prepare for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy. At the end of the month, it dropped the \"Bomber\" from its name and became the 506th Fighter Squadron, but retained the air support mission. The squadron provided top cover for the landings on D-Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0002-0001", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nA month later, on 6 July, the squadron moved to Chippelle Airfield in France, from which it provided air support for Operation Cobra, the Allied breakout at Saint-L\u00f4, later that month. Despite suffering heavy losses from flak, the squadron helped cover four armored divisions dunging the breakout. This support earned the squadron the French Croix de Guerre with Palm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron supported the Allied advance across the Netherlands, operating from bases in France and from Sint-Truiden Airfield, Belgium. Its actions in this area, resulted in the squadron being cited in the order of the day of the Belgian Army and the award of the Belgian Fourrag\u00e8re for its contributions to the liberation of the Belgian people. On 10 September, the squadron participated in three armed reconnaissance missions. On these missions, despite adverse weather and heavy antiaircraft fire, the squadron attacked lines of communications, factories and rail targets as ground forces advanced. These missions earned the squadron the Distinguished Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nDuring December 1944 and January 1945, attacked German positions during the Battle of the Bulge. Later it supported Operation Lumberjack and the establishment of a bridgehead on the west bank of the Rhine in March 1945. The squadron also flew air interdiction missions, strafing and bombing troop concentrations, railroads, highways, bridges, ammunition and fuel dumps, armored vehicles, docks, and tunnels. It covered bombing missions by Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, Consolidated B-24 Liberators, and Martin B-26 Marauders. On 4 May, the squadron flew armed reconnaissance missions that would prove to be its last combat missions of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0005-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron briefly served with U.S. forces in the American occupation zone of Germany before returning to the United States in August 1945. It reassembled at Drew Field, Florida on 11 September, but was inactivated on 9 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0006-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard\nThe 506th Fighter Squadron was redesignated the 185th Fighter Squadron and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at the Westheimer Airport, Oklahoma, and was extended federal recognition on 18 December 1947. The squadron was equipped with North American P-51D Mustang fighters and was assigned to the Oklahoma National Guard's 137th Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0007-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard\nThe 137th Fighter Group provided command and logistical support for both the 185th and the 125th Fighter Squadrons, based at Tulsa Municipal Airport. The 125th performed air defense training missions over Northern Oklahoma and the panhandle; the 185th trained over Southern Oklahoma to the Texas border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0008-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard\nIn April 1949, a tornado struck the Airport at Norman. The damage was considered too extensive for economical repair and the decision was made to move the 185th Fighter Squadron to Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City. The move was accomplished on 6 September 1949. Fortunately, none of the unit's F-51D aircraft were destroyed due to all being checked out by pilots for training flights away from base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0009-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nThe 185th's parent 137th Fighter Group was federalized and ordered to active service on 10 October 1950. The squadron was then assigned directly to the Oklahoma Air National Guard, continuing its air defense mission. However, on 1 February 1951, the squadron was re-equipped with North American RF-51D Mustangs as the 185th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, and began training for tactical aerial reconnaissance and flying aerial photography missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 98], "content_span": [99, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0010-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Korean War federalization\nThe 185th was federalized and ordered to active service on 1 April 1951. It was assigned to the 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Group and moved to Memphis Municipal Airport the same month. The squadron moved to Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina on 5 January 1952. Squadron RF-51Ds were sent to Korea along with many of their pilots and joined the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Group where they served in combat. The remainder of the squadron were equipped with Lockheed RF-80A Shooting Star reconnaissance jets. On 1 January 1953 the 185th was inactivated and transferred its personnel and planes to the regular 30th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, which was simultaneously activated. It was returned to Oklahoma state control and to Will Rogers Airport as the 185th Fighter-Bomber Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 98], "content_span": [99, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0011-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter interceptor mission\nReforming after their active duty service, the 185th was again assigned to the 137th Group on 1 January 1953, becoming Tactical Air Command gained. The squadron was equipped with Mustangs again, due to the shortage of jet aircraft in the United States (almost all were in Korea). In the spring of 1953 they received reworked F-80A Shooting Star aircraft, brought up to F-80C standards. On 1 July 1955 the squadron was given a fighter-interceptor mission in Air Defense Command, and the became the 185th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, equipped with North American F-86D Sabres. Their F-80s were transferred to the civilian Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for various experimental testing activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 100], "content_span": [101, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0012-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Fighter interceptor mission\nWith the fighter interceptor mission assignment, the 185th also assumed a runway alert program on full 24-hour basis - with armed jet fighters ready to scramble at a moment's notice. This event brought the squadron into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing it on \"the end of the runway\" alongside regular USAF air defense fighter squadrons. In June 1959 the squadron traded their F-86Ds for the upgraded F-86L Sabre Interceptor with uprated afterburning engines and new electronics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 100], "content_span": [101, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0013-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nIn April 1961, the 185th was traded its Sabre interceptors for 4-engined Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter transports and became the 185th Air Transport Squadron. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the 185th augmented Military Air Transport Service airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force\u2019s needs. Throughout the 1960s, the 185th flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to the Caribbean, Europe, Australia, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0014-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nPart of the squadron's mission was a specially equipped C-97E, 51-0224, the \"Miss Oklahoma City\" also known as the \"Talking Bird\". From 1961 though 1963 the aircraft was used as an airborne command post to maintain constant secure communications between the nation's capital and President John F. Kennedy during his visits to foreign countries. The C-97s were retired in 1968 and the squadron re-equipped with Douglas C-124C Globemaster II heavy transports. The squadron continued to fly long-distance intercontinental airlift flights until the Globemasters were retired in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0015-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nIn 1975 the squadron became the 185th Tactical Airlift Squadron when it was re-equipped with the Lockheed C-130A Hercules tactical airlifter. In June 1979 the 185th Tactical Airlift Squadron was the first Air National Guard unit to receive C-130H aircraft, receiving new aircraft direct from Lockheed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0016-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nIn subsequent years the squadron served in humanitarian missions worldwide. During the 1990s the 185th provided counter-drug support coordinated through the Oklahoma Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. As of mid-2001, numerous drug enforcement operations had resulted in the destruction of 7.2 million marijuana plants, estimated 4.1 billion dollars in destroyed drugs, 814 arrests, 165 seized weapons, and 1.1 million dollars in currency and assets seized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0017-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nFollowing the Oklahoma City bombing in April 1995, unit air guardsmen provided site security and medical, rescue, and recovery personnel, assisting in every aspect of the disaster rescue and recovery effort. The squadron provided operational support during the 1991 Gulf War, and contributed logistical assistance in Bosnia in the late 1990s. Personnel from the squadron aided New Mexico ranchers faced with livestock devastation after severe winter storms covered the grasslands with snow. 137th aircrew delivered much needed hay to starving livestock, averting near disaster to New Mexico's livestock industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0018-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Oklahoma Air National Guard, Air refueling\nIn its 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommendations, the Department of Defense recommended relocating the 137th Airlift Wing to Tinker Air Force Base and associate with the 507th Air Refueling Wing of Air Force Reserve Command. The squadron's C-130H aircraft would be distributed to the 136th Airlift Wing at NAS JRB Fort Worth, Texas (4 aircraft), and the 139th Airlift Wing at Rosecrans Memorial Airport, Missouri (4 aircraft). The other elements of the wing's expeditionary combat support would remain in place at Will Rogers. Beginning in October 2008, the 185th Air Refueling Squadron aircrews jointly operated the Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft at Tinker with the aircrews of the Air Force Reserve 465th Air Refueling Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 86], "content_span": [87, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0019-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Current status\nAs a result of the National Defense Authorization Act of 2015, the squadron transitioned from Air Mobility Command as an associate KC-135R unit at Tinker AFB to Air Force Special Operations Command as a MC-12W unit. The unit ceased operations as an associate unit flying KC-135s in the summer of 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0020-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Current status\nIt started receiving its MC-12W aircraft in July 2015, returning to its previous home of Will Rogers World Airport/ANG Base. The squadron first deployed to support United States Special Operations Command elements in October 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0020-0001", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, History, Current status\nWhile commonly known as \"Liberty,\" after the Second World War Liberty ships, the aircraft does not have an official nickname, and AFMC's Project Liberty Office was closed upon transfer of the aircraft to the Project Javaman Office for support to United States Special Operations Command. 'Javaman' was named after a declassified World War II naval project involving remote control attack boats controlled by retrofitted bomber aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023744-0021-0000", "contents": "185th Special Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0000-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company\nThe 185th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0001-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0002-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0002-0001", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0002-0002", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0003-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Background\nMost tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0004-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme 1915/16\n185th Tunnelling Company was formed in Rouen in October 1915, moved immediately to the Somme area, for work at La Boisselle. From its formation until the end of the war the company served under First Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0005-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme 1915/16\nIn the Somme sector of the Western Front, local but very fierce underground fighting had taken place in the winter of 1914 and spring of 1915 at La Boisselle, Fricourt, Bois Fran\u00e7ais and Carnoy. Fowke moved the 174th and 183rd Tunnelling Companies there to relieve the French engineers, but the British did not have enough miners to take over the large number of French shafts and the French agreed to leave their engineers at work for several weeks. To provide the tunnellers needed, the British formed the 178th and 179th Tunnelling Companies in August 1915, followed by the 185th and 252nd Tunnelling Companies in October. The 181st Tunnelling Company was also present on the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0006-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme 1915/16\nEarly attempts at mining by the British on the Western Front had commenced in late 1914 in the soft clay and sandy soils of Flanders. Mining at La Boisselle was in chalk, much harder and requiring different techniques. The German advance had been halted at La Boisselle by French troops on 28 September 1914. There was bitter fighting for possession of the village cemetery, and for farm buildings on the south-western edge of the village, known as \"L'\u00eelot de La Boisselle\" to the French, as \"Granathof\" (German: \"shell farm\") to the Germans and as \"Glory Hole\" to the British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0006-0001", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme 1915/16\nIn December 1914, French engineers had begun tunnelling beneath the ruins. With the war on the surface at stalemate, both sides continued to probe beneath the opponent's trenches and detonate ever-greater explosive charges. In August 1915, the French and Germans were working at a depth of 12 metres (39\u00a0ft); the size of their charges had reached 3,000 kilograms (6,600\u00a0lb). The British extended and deepened the system, first to 24 metres (79\u00a0ft) and ultimately 30 metres (98\u00a0ft). Above ground the infantry occupied trenches just 45 metres (148\u00a0ft) apart. Around La Boisselle, the Germans had dug defensive transversal tunnels at a depth of about 80 feet (24 metres), parallel to the front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0007-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme 1915/16\nAs Allied preparations for the Battle of the Somme (1 July \u2013 18 November 1916) were begun, the tunnelling companies were to make two major contributions by placing 19 large and small mines beneath the German positions along the front line and by preparing a series of shallow Russian saps from the British front line into no man's land, which would be opened at zero hour and allow the infantry to attack the German positions from a comparatively short distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0007-0001", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme 1915/16\nFour mines were planned at La Boisselle: Two 3,600-kilogram (8,000\u00a0lb) charges (known as No 2 straight and No 5 right) were planted at L'\u00eelot, intended to wreck German tunnels and create crater lips to block enfilade fire along no man's land. To assist the attack on the village, two further mines, known as Y Sap and Lochnagar after the trenches from which they were dug, were laid to the north-east and the south-east of La Boisselle on either side of the German salient \u2013 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0007-0002", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Somme 1915/16\n185th Tunnelling Company started work on the Lochnagar mine on 11 November 1915, and eventually handed the tunnels over to 179th Tunnelling Company in March 1916, which finished and fired it. A month before the handover, eighteen men of the 185th Tunnelling Company (2 officers, 16 sappers) lost their lives to a German camouflet at La Boisselle on 4 February 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0008-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916/17\n185th Tunnelling Company next moved to the \"Labyrinth\" sector near Vimy in March 1916. The German \"Labyrinth\" stronghold was located near Neuville-Saint-Vaast, between Arras and Vimy and not far from Notre Dame de Lorette. 185th Tunnelling Company seems to have shared this sector with the 176th Tunnelling Company, which had moved to Neuville-Saint-Vaast in April 1916 and remained there for a considerable time, and the 172nd Tunnelling Company, which was relieved in this area by the 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company in May 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0009-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916/17\nThe front sectors at Vimy and Arras, where extremely heavy fighting between the French and the Germans had taken place during 1915, had been taken over by the British in March 1916. Vimy, in particular, was an area of busy underground activity. British tunnellers progressively took over military mining in the area from the French between February and May 1916. Other units active around Vimy were 175th, 182nd, 184th and 255th Tunnelling Companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0009-0001", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916/17\nFrom spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge, and  during the first two months of their tenure in the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans. Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this 7 kilometres (4.3\u00a0mi) sector of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0010-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916/17\nOn 29 March 1916, the 185th Tunnelling Company was relieved at Roclincourt-Chantecler by the New Zealand Tunnelling Company. During summer and much of autumn 1916, the unit further developed and expanded its mining to create an effective underground defence at Roclincourt-Chantecler. In May 1916, a German infantry attack at Vimy, which forced the British back 640 metres (700\u00a0yd), was aimed at neutralising British mining activity by capturing the shaft entrances. From June 1916, however, the Germans withdrew many miners to work on the Hindenburg Line and also for work in coal mines in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0010-0001", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916/17\nIn the second half of 1916 the British constructed strong defensive underground positions, and from August 1916, the  Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme to support a large-scale infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was subsequently postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of 12 kilometres (7.5\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0011-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916/17\nThe Canadian Corps was posted to the northern part of Vimy Ridge in October 1916 and preparations for an attack were revived in February 1917. 185th Tunnelling Company then dug subways near Neuville-Saint-Vaast in early 1917. Prior to the Battle of Vimy Ridge (9 \u2013 12 April 1917), the British tunnelling companies secretly laid a series of explosive charges under German positions in an effort to destroy surface fortifications before the assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0011-0001", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916/17\nThe original plan had called for 17 mines and 9 Wombat charges to support the infantry attack, of which 13 (possibly 14) mines and 8 Wombat charges were eventually laid. At the same time, 19 crater groups existed along this section of the Western Front, each with several large craters. In order to assess the consequences of infantry having to advance across cratered ground after a mining attack, officers from the Canadian Corps visited La Boisselle and Fricourt where the mines on the first day of the Somme had been blown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0011-0002", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916/17\nTheir reports and the experience of the Canadians at St Eloi in April 1916 \u2013 where mines had so altered and damaged the landscape as to render occupation of the mine craters by the infantry all but impossible \u2013, led to the decision to remove offensive mining from the central sector allocated to the Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0011-0003", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916/17\nFurther British mines in the area were vetoed following the blowing by the Germans on 23 March 1917 of nine craters along no man's land as it was probable that the Germans were aiming to restrict an Allied attack to predictable points. The three mines already laid by 172nd Tunnelling Company were also dropped from the British plans. They were left in place after the assault and were only removed in the 1990s. Another mine, prepared by 176th Tunnelling Company against the German strongpoint known as the Pimple, was not completed in time for the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0011-0004", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Vimy 1916/17\nThe gallery had been pushed silently through the clay, avoiding the sandy and chalky layers of the Vimy Ridge, but by 9 April 1917 was still 21 metres (70\u00a0ft) short of its target. In the end, two mines were blown before the attack, while three mines and two Wombat charges were fired to support the attack, including those forming a northern flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023745-0012-0000", "contents": "185th Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Douai 1918\nUnits of 185th Tunnelling Company were the first British troops to enter Douai, on 17 October 1918, during the great advance to victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023746-0000-0000", "contents": "186\nYear 186 (CLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Glabrio (or, less frequently, year 939 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 186 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023747-0000-0000", "contents": "186 (number)\n186 (one hundred [and] eighty-six) is the natural number following 185 and preceding 187.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023748-0000-0000", "contents": "186 BC\nYear 186 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Albinus and Philippus (or, less frequently, year 568 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 186 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023749-0000-0000", "contents": "186 Celuta\nCeluta (minor planet designation: 186 Celuta) is a 50\u00a0km Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by the French astronomers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on April 6, 1878. This was the last discovery credited to the Prosper brothers. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023749-0001-0000", "contents": "186 Celuta\nThe asteroid is named after C\u00e9luta, a female character in two works of fiction by Fran\u00e7ois-Ren\u00e9 de Chateaubriand, Atala (1801) and Ren\u00e9 (1802). The Henry brothers had already named another of their discoveries, 152 Atala, after the heroine of Atala. Both Atala and C\u00e9luta are American Indian fictional characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023749-0002-0000", "contents": "186 Celuta\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico during 2010 gave a light curve with a period of 19.842 \u00b1 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.54 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023750-0000-0000", "contents": "1860\n1860 (MDCCCLX) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1860th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 860th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 60th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1860, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023751-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 (film)\n1860 is a 1934 Italian historical film directed by Alessandro Blasetti and starring Giuseppe Gulino, Aida Bellia and Gianfranco Giachetti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023751-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 (film)\nThe film presages Italian neorealism in that it was shot mainly on location. Some scenes were also shot at the Cines Studios in Rome. Also, most contemporaneous historical epics used a star to focus on grand historical characters. This film focuses on a character whom nobody knows or will ever know; a patriot riding to get the assistance of Giuseppe Garibaldi. This film (in its heralding of neorealism) illustrates how the average man plays a part in grand histories. The film also uses non-actors (a key element of Italian neorealism) and a rarity for its time and era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023751-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 (film), Cast\nThe film includes many non-professional actors, Gianfranco Giachetti (brother of Fosco Giachetti), Maria Denis, and Mario Ferrari. It was the last film of Ugo Gracci. A list of the non-actors includes Giuseppe Gulino, Aida Bellia and many others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023751-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 (film), Plot\nThe story is the harried attempt of a Sicilian partisan (as part of the Risorgimento) to reach Garibaldi's headquarters in Northern Italy, and to petition the revered revolutionary to rescue part of his besieged land. Along the way, the peasant hero encounters many colorful Italians, differing in class and age, and holding political opinions of every type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023751-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 (film), Plot\nThe film ends on the battlefield, making Italian unification a success, despite brutal losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023751-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 (film), Scholarly and other interpretation\nGabriella Romani, in an Italica article from 2002 (part of the JSTOR arts and sciences complex), writes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023751-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 (film), Scholarly and other interpretation\nCertainly the film drew upon the Soviet films of Sergei Eisenstein and the Macchiaioli painters, but just as important may be, the \"Risorgimento female iconography was produced by nineteenth-century patriotic painters and writers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023752-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Argentine presidential election\nThe Argentine presidential election of 1860 was held on 6 February to choose the second president of the Argentine Confederation. Santiago Derqui was elected president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023752-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Argentine presidential election\nThe Buenos Aires Province seceded from the Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires on 11 September 1852 and did not participate in elections until 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1860 Atlantic hurricane season featured three severe hurricanes that struck Louisiana and the Gulf Coast of the United States within a period of seven weeks. The season effectively began on August 8 with the formation of a tropical cyclone in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, and produced seven known tropical storms and hurricanes until the dissipation of the last known system on October 24. Six of the seven storms were strong enough to be considered hurricanes on the modern-day Saffir\u2013Simpson Hurricane Scale, of which four attained Category 2 status and one attained Category 3 major hurricane strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0000-0001", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe first hurricane was the strongest in both winds and pressure, with peak winds of 125 miles per hour (201\u00a0km/h) and a barometric pressure of 950 millibars (28\u00a0inHg). Until contemporary reanalysis discovered four previously unknown tropical cyclones that did not affect land, only three hurricanes were known to have existed; all three made landfall in Louisiana, causing severe damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe first two hurricanes to strike the Gulf Coast\u2014in August and September, respectively\u2014caused significant inundation of low-lying and coastal communities, inflicting severe damage and killing dozens of people. In some cases, flood waters were more than 12\u00a0ft (3.7\u00a0m) deep, and the center of destruction shifted slightly with each storm. Sugar cane crops were destroyed by these two systems as well as the succeeding storm in early October. Property and infrastructure suffered with all three events. With the third storm that made landfall, extreme winds blasted the city of New Orleans and surrounding areas. All other storms remained away from land with no effects except on shipping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Methodology\nPrior to the advent of modern tropical cyclone tracking technology, notably satellite imagery, many hurricanes that did not affect land directly went unnoticed, and storms that did affect land were not recognized until they made landfall. As a result, information on older hurricane seasons was often incomplete. Modern-day efforts have been made and are still ongoing to reconstruct the tracks of known hurricanes and to identify initially undetected storms. In many cases, the only evidence that a hurricane existed was reports from ships in its path.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0002-0001", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Methodology\nHowever, judging by the direction of winds experienced by ships, and their location in relation to the storm, it is possible to roughly pinpoint the storm's center of circulation for a given point in time. This is the manner in which four of the seven known storms in the 1860 season were identified by hurricane expert Jos\u00e9 Fern\u00e1ndez Partag\u00e1s's reanalysis of hurricane seasons between 1851 and 1910. Partag\u00e1s also extended the known tracks of three other hurricanes previously identified by scholars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0002-0002", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Methodology\nThe information Partag\u00e1s and his colleague uncovered was largely adopted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in their updates to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT), with some slight adjustments. HURDAT is the official source for such hurricane data as track and intensity, although due to a sparsity of available records at the time the storms existed, listings on some storms are incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Methodology\nAlthough extrapolated peak maximum sustained winds based on whatever reports are available exist for every storm in 1860, estimated minimum central barometric air pressure listings are only present for the three storms that made landfall in the United States. As the three landfalling storms moved inland, information on their meteorological dissipation was limited. As a result, the intensity of these storms after landfall and until dissipation is based on an inland decay model developed in 1995 to predict the deterioration of inland hurricanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nThe first known storm of the season\u2014which would also become the strongest\u2014is listed in the hurricane database as having formed on August 8 in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, just offshore the west coast of the Florida peninsula, although it is possible the hurricane was related to a heavy gale encountered by a ship on August 5 during its voyage from Havana, Cuba to New York City. The cyclone drifted southwest for three days, gradually intensifying to attain a strength corresponding to Category 4 major hurricane status on the modern-day Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Beginning on August 11, the hurricane slowly curved to the north, then gained an easterly component to its movement, and was at its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 130\u00a0mph (210\u00a0km/h) about midday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nComing ashore at an \"oblique\" angle, the storm crossed the coast at modern Burrwood, Louisiana, and traversed the Mississippi River Delta. The storm made landfall in Mississippi between Biloxi and Pascagoula early on August 12. The hurricane quickly weakened as it continued inland and turned toward the east, likely deteriorating below tropical storm status while over southern Georgia, although because the hurricane database does not utilize tropical depression status for storms before 1871, it is listed as maintaining tropical storm intensity as it crossed the southeastern U.S.; by August 14, it had remerged into the western Atlantic Ocean. Ship reports from the vicinity of the system indicate it regained some strength once over open waters, although it only persisted a couple more days before it disappeared on records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nStorm conditions battered New Orleans, Louisiana, on August 11, with winds of up to roughly 50\u00a0mph (80\u00a0km/h) and heavy rainfall. The hurricane wrought a great deal of damage throughout southeastern Louisiana. At least 35 to 40 people drowned when a low-lying community at the eastern end of Lake Pontchartrain was inundated with flood waters up to a depth of 12 feet (3.7\u00a0m), a result of intense and persistent winds generating a significant storm surge. It was reported that in the town \"there is hardly a house remaining\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0006-0001", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nA railroad wharf near the lake was largely destroyed, and another settlement called Milneburg was flooded; residents were rescued by boat. In Plaquemines Parish, where vast areas of land were left underwater, the hurricane was the most severe since 1812. At least 20 additional people drowned, although it was suspected that since up to 200 fishermen along the Mississippi River would have had extreme difficulty finding shelter amid the rapidly rising waters, the death toll was likely substantially higher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0006-0002", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nThe storm flattened sugarcane fields across the parish: \"the knowing ones will say that two thousand hogshead of sugar less will be made here\", according to a post-storm account. Monetary losses from the destruction totaled over $250,000. Rice and corn crops were also ruined, and 300 head of cattle drowned in the flood on Cat Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nAt La Balize (now known as Pilottown), ominous weather conditions on the night of August 9 preceded the onset of gathering clouds and \"a violent storm\", characterized by building seas and torrents of rain and wind such that water was driven under roof shingles, \"leaving not a dry spot to lay our heads\". Sea water swamped the town overnight on August 10, and it was not until around noon when the storm let up and waters receded with a shift in winds. Property damage was widespread and many trees were blown down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0007-0001", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nThe hurricane beached several watercraft, destroyed wharves, and inflicted losses that \"can hardly by estimated\", but were initially judged at up to $10,000. No lives were lost in Balize. Further down the storm's track, Biloxi, Mississippi, experienced a gale beginning on the morning of August 11 and lasting until early the next morning. Tides ran 10\u00a0ft (3.0\u00a0m) above average at Biloxi, and in Mobile, Alabama, residents also found wind-driven rain seeping \"through cracks and crevices not known before to exist\" in dwellings \"always waterproof to ordinary showers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0007-0002", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nWaters rose enough to cause minor inundations, but not nearly at the same severity as those that occurred in other areas. Heavy storm conditions extended as far east as Pensacola, Florida, where 3.03\u00a0in (77\u00a0mm) of rain fell, accompanied by frequent thunder and lightning. The overall death toll from the hurricane was at least 47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nOver a week after the dissipation of the first system, another tropical storm formed to the east of Florida on August 23. The storm tracked generally northeastward, roughly paralleling the East Coast of the United States as it peaked with sustained winds of 105\u00a0mph (169\u00a0km/h) on August 25. These winds would have made it a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Continuing in the same general direction, the hurricane began to weaken shortly after attaining peak intensity, and the last official data point for the storm places it east of New England on August 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0008-0001", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nThe hurricane was undetected until modern-day reanalysis reconstructed its path based on reports from ships in the area. On August 24, the vessel Mary Rusell encountered the storm and sustained some damage. A day later, a heavy southeasterly gale left the vessel Rocius in a \"sinking condition\"; her captain and crew were rescued by the crew of the Zurich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0009-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nThe third storm discovered in contemporary reanalysis was identified based on meteorological reports from a single ship, the Ocean Spray, which experienced a northeast gale shifting to northwest on September 11. Given the intensity of the winds, the cyclone is estimated to have been a Category 1 hurricane, although due to a nearly complete lack of information on the system, its track is unknown with the exception of a single set of coordinates well to the southeast of Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0010-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nA hurricane in the middle of September affected some of the same areas along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico as the August hurricane. It was first detected on the evening of September 10 in the southeastern Gulf, although its track may be far off from the actual storms movement due to a lack of available information. Its first data point in the hurricane database lists it as possessing sustained winds of 100\u00a0mph (160\u00a0km/h), placing it at Category 2 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The storm followed a broad northward curve through the central Gulf of Mexico, making landfall along the Mississippi River Delta of Louisiana on the night of September 14. It continued toward the north-northeast, dissipating on September 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0011-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nOnce again, Balize, Louisiana was directly in the hurricane's path, and suffered heavily as a consequence. The storm lasted from the afternoon on Friday, September 14 to late Saturday morning. Local reports indicate heavy rain and large hail fell in association with the cyclone, and in Balize, nearly every structure was destroyed; any buildings that withstood the initial winds were swept away by the ensuing inundation. Floodwaters killed ten people at one location alone in Plaquemines Parish. Residents of the hardest-hit communities were forced to wade to safety, in some cases through water shoulder-high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0011-0001", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nNortherly winds drove water from Lake Pontchartrain that had already been built up by northeasterly winds southward over small fishing and resort towns along the southern bank of the lake. Sheds, wharves, and bathhouses along that section of the lake were destroyed. Several people drowned in flood waters that covered lower Plaquemines Parish. The hurricane drove several ships, including the steamer Galveston, ashore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0012-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nAn article published in The Times-Picayune contrasted this hurricane with the cyclone of August, noting that the two storms were of similar intensity, and although the September system did not last as long in any one location, hydrology played a more significant role: \"in August the swamps were nearly dry and the waters from the lake found a natural outlet; whereas, yesterday, the swamp being full, the water rose in the streets of Milneburgh and covered the railroad track for some distance.\" In New Orleans proper, heavy rain and gusty winds were reported, but no flooding was observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0012-0001", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nThe worst damage from the hurricane most likely occurred in Biloxi, where the coastline itself was altered by up to 20 to 30\u00a0ft (6.1 to 9.1\u00a0m) and the lighthouse was swept out to sea. A hotel collapsed amid the disaster, killing at least one person, and loose debris covered the town. At East Pascagoula, Mississippi, the sea rose well beyond that of any storm in around 40 years, and nearby a wharf was totally destroyed. Initial estimates placed total damage in the area at $40,000. The storm was just as severe in Mobile, Alabama, and the majority of the $1 million in losses there was from lost cotton stored on flooded wharves. At Pascagoula, water reportedly rose 7\u00a0ft (2.1\u00a0m) in 20 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0013-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Five\nThe fifth known storm of the year was yet another cyclone first identified in post-season reanalysis. Forming on September 18 well to the north of Puerto Rico, efforts made to piece together wind observations from ships reveal a track that curved toward the northwest, passing about midway between the U.S. East Coast and Bermuda before heading northeast. Based on available information, the cyclone is estimated to have remained at tropical storm intensity for its entire existence. It is last noted southeast of New England on September 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0014-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six\nThe third hurricane was known to have existed prior to reanalysis formed in the south-central Gulf of Mexico. Ludlum (1963) describes the storm along the Gulf Coast, but a reconstruction of its track further south, including its intensification, was made possible by ship reports. In particular, a schooner along the coast of the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula encountered stormy conditions around September 30 with southeasterly winds and was driven northward through the Gulf. The storm moved toward the north for a few days, reaching its peak with winds of 105\u00a0mph (169\u00a0km/h) early on October 2. It likely made landfall on the Atchafalaya Basin around noon on October 2 before passing west of New Orleans, weakening to a tropical storm before moving into central Mississippi. Strong winds at New Orleans lasted more than 24 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0015-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six\nThe New Orleans area was hit harder than in the two prior storms to strike the Gulf Coast; the most densely populated areas were now located in the eastern semicircle of the storm, which is one of the most intense quadrants. Residents in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana reported the storm to be the worst wind event they had ever experienced. Coinciding with the beginning of the annual season of sugar production, the storm destroyed vast fields of sugar cane south and southwest of New Orleans and flattened many sheds used to store farming equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0015-0001", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six\nWinds throughout the region of south-central Louisiana inflicted \"unparallelled destruction\", causing major structural damage. It was reported to be nearly impossible to walk through the streets of the city at the height at the storm; the winds came with over 5\u00a0in (130\u00a0mm) of rain. Thirteen people died in the hurricane at New Orleans. A five-story brick building succumbed to the force of the hurricane and crashed onto the city below; caught in its path were two other buildings. This particular incident killed two people. Many other buildings suffered damaged roofs and broken glass, and telegraph and police wires were brought down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0016-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six\nThe easterly winds created a storm surge on Lake Pontchartrain and inundated eastern and northern areas of New Orleans. The dynamics of the flood were considered \"unprecedented\", having come within 0.75\u00a0mi (1.21\u00a0km) of the Mississippi River. Flood waters rose until early on October 4, when they slowly began to recede. The Jackson Railroad, on the western and northwestern shore of the lake, was flooded up to a depth of 5\u00a0ft (1.5\u00a0m), and 11\u00a0mi (18\u00a0km) of track were washed out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0016-0001", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six\nNumerous families in residents near the railroad were forced to leave their homes and seek shelter upon the onset of rising waters. Numerous coal boats and steamboats were swamped and sunk in and around Baton Rouge, which experienced its first severe hurricane strike in many years. Countless trees were uprooted along the Mississippi, and crop damage continued its prevalence going further north. Natchez saw the highest winds in the town since a tornado in 1840, and although the hurricane struck further west than the previous two, gale winds still extended eastward to Pensacola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0017-0000", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven\nThe final known storm of the season existed in late October, and followed roughly the same track as Tropical Storm Five, forming in the southwestern Atlantic basin and curving northward between the U.S. and Bermuda. Its track is only known between October 20 and October 24, and it was also not recognized until subsequent reanalysis. It was determined to have attained the equivalence of Category 2 hurricane intensity based on reports from many ships. Its last data point places it southeast of Nova Scotia early on October 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023753-0017-0001", "contents": "1860 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven\nThe hurricane is thought to have only been a threat to shipping interests, and numerous ships encountered dangerous conditions in association with the cyclone. A few vessels sustained significant damage: the Gondar experienced winds \"with such violence that the top gallant mast was broken off by the cap, the maintopsail was blown to pieces and the ship thrown on her beam ends.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023754-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Birthday Honours\nThe 1860 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette on 18 May 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023754-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Birthday Honours\nThe recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election\nThe election in 1860 for the position of Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford was a competition between two candidates offering different approaches to Sanskrit scholarship. One was Monier Williams, an Oxford-educated Englishman who had spent 14 years teaching Sanskrit to those preparing to work in British India for the East India Company. The other, Max M\u00fcller, was a German-born lecturer at Oxford specialising in comparative philology, the science of language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0000-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election\nHe had spent many years working on an edition of the Rig Veda (an ancient collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns), and had gained an international reputation for his scholarship. Williams, in contrast, worked on later material and had little time for the \"continental\" school of Sanskrit scholarship that M\u00fcller exemplified. Williams regarded the study of Sanskrit as a means to an end, namely the conversion of India to Christianity. For M\u00fcller, his work, while it would assist missionaries, was also valuable as an end in itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election\nThe election came at a time of public debate about Britain's role in India in the wake of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Opinions were divided on whether greater efforts should be made to convert India or whether to remain sensitive to local culture and traditions. Both men battled for the votes of the electorate (the Convocation of the university, consisting of over 3,700\u00a0graduates) through manifestos and newspaper correspondence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0001-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election\nWilliams laid great stress in his campaign on the intention of the original founder of the chair, that the holder should assist in converting India through dissemination of the Christian scriptures. M\u00fcller's view was that his work on the Rig Veda was of great value for missionary work, and published testimonials accordingly. He also wanted to teach wider subjects such as Indian history and literature to assist missionaries, scholars, and civil servants\u00a0\u2013 a proposal that Williams criticised as not in accordance with the original benefactor's wishes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0001-0002", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election\nThe rival campaigns took out newspaper advertisements and circulated manifestos, and different newspapers backed each man. Although generally regarded as the superior to Williams in scholarship, M\u00fcller had the double disadvantage (in the eyes of some) of being German and having liberal Christian views. Some of the newspaper pronouncements in favour of Williams were based on a claimed national interest of having an Englishman as Boden professor to assist with the work of governing and converting India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election\nSpecial trains to Oxford were provided on the day of the election, 7 December 1860, for non-residents to cast their votes. At the end of the hard-fought campaign, Williams won by a majority of over 220 votes. Thereafter, he helped to establish the Indian Institute at Oxford, received a knighthood, and held the chair until his death in 1899. M\u00fcller, although deeply disappointed by his defeat, remained in Oxford for the rest of his career, but never taught Sanskrit there. The 1860 election was the last time that Convocation chose the Boden professor, as this power was removed in 1882 as a result of reforms imposed by Parliament. As of 2017, the professorship is still in existence, and is now the last remaining Sanskrit professorship in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Background\nThe position of Boden professor at the University of Oxford was established by the bequest of Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Boden of the Bombay Native Infantry, who died in 1811. His will provided that on the death of his daughter (which occurred in 1827), his estate should pass to the university to fund a Sanskrit professorship. His purpose was to convert the people of India to Christianity \"by disseminating a knowledge of the Sacred scriptures among them\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0003-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Background\nThe university statutes governing the chair provided that the professor should be chosen by the members of Convocation\u00a0\u2013 all those who had obtained the Oxford degree of Master of Arts, whether or not they taught in the university\u00a0\u2013 rather than by the professors and college fellows. At the time of the 1860 election, there were 3,786\u00a0members of Convocation. According to the religious historian Gwilym Beckerlegge, the professorship was regarded at the time as \"prestigious and handsomely remunerated\". An editorial in the British national newspaper The Times in 1860 said that the professorship was \"one of the most important, most influential, and most widely known institutions at Oxford, not to say in the whole civilised world.\" It paid between \u00a3900 and \u00a31,000 per year for life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Background\nThe first Boden professor, Horace Hayman Wilson, was elected in 1832 and died on 8 May 1860. The election for his successor came at a time of public debate about the nature of British missionary work in India, particularly after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The East India Company, which controlled the British territories until they were absorbed into the British Empire in 1858, had had a general policy until 1813 of non-interference with Indian customs, including religion. Christian missionaries required a licence to proselytize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0004-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Background\nIn practice, most could operate without a licence, except for Evangelicals, who were regarded as too radical in an age when Christians from other backgrounds were more prepared to be tolerant of other faiths. As the Evangelical movement grew in strength, it pressed for greater efforts to bring Christianity to India, and so the company relaxed its approach to missionaries in 1813. After 1858, the British government was reluctant to provoke further unrest by interference with local traditions and religion, but many of those charged with running India were themselves Evangelicals sympathetic to efforts to convert the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0004-0002", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Background\nAs Beckerlegge has commented, \"the furtherance of Christian mission had become inextricably bound up with attempts to define Britain's role in India and indeed to justify Britain's presence in India.\" The issue was whether Britain was there simply to govern India or to \"civilise\" it, and if the latter, whether to draw up or destroy India's existing culture and religion. Many of those who supported increased missionary work in India, says Beckerlegge, regarded the events of 1857 as \"nothing less than a divine judgment\" on Britain's failure to bring Christianity to the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Background\nThere were two schools of thought on whether Sanskrit should be taught for the purpose of assisting the administration and conversion of India, or for its own merits. The East India Company had provided instruction in Sanskrit to its employees at its college at Haileybury, Hertfordshire, and the College of Fort William in Calcutta, to educate them in local culture. For some, this led to an interest in Indian religion and culture as revealed in the Sanskrit texts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0005-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Background\nThis was in contrast to the situation in continental Europe, where scholars examined Sanskrit as part of the \"science of language\", comparative philology, rather than for reasons of imperial administration. Fewer European scholars visited India, but many British Sanskritists had lived and worked there. Some British scholars in other fields had strong doubts in any event about Sanskrit, as a \"crude linguistic forgery pieced out of Latin and Greek\", or as proving little \"except a thoroughly unwelcome kinship between Briton and Brahmin\", in the words of the American academic Linda Dowling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Candidates\nAlthough five men indicated their intent to seek the chair in 1860 or were proposed in their absence, in the end the two who contested the election were Monier Williams and Max M\u00fcller. Williams (known later in life as Sir Monier Monier-Williams) was the son of an army officer and was born in India. He studied briefly at Balliol College, Oxford, before training at Haileybury for the civil service in India. The death of his brother in battle in India led to him to return to Oxford to complete his degree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0006-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Candidates\nHe also studied Sanskrit with Wilson before teaching this and other languages at Haileybury from 1844 until 1858, when it closed following the Indian rebellion. He prepared an English\u2013Sanskrit dictionary, at Wilson's prompting, which the East India Company published in 1851; his Sanskrit\u2013English dictionary was supported by the Secretary of State for India. As the Dutch anthropologist Peter van der Veer has written, Williams \"had an Evangelical zeal\" according with the views that had inspired Boden to establish the chair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Candidates\nM\u00fcller was from the German duchy of Anhalt-Dessau and took up Sanskrit at university as a fresh intellectual challenge after mastering Greek and Latin. At this time, Sanskrit was a comparatively new subject of study in Europe, and its connections with the traditional classical languages had attracted interest from those examining the nature and history of languages. He obtained his doctorate from Leipzig University in 1843, aged 19, and after a year studying in Berlin he began work in Paris on the first printed edition of the Rig Veda (an ancient collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0007-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Candidates\nWhat was supposed to be a brief visit to England for research in 1846 turned into a lifelong stay. The Prussian diplomat Baron von Bunsen and Wilson persuaded the directors of the East India Company to provide financial support for Oxford University Press to publish the Rig Veda. M\u00fcller settled in Oxford in 1848 and continued his Sanskrit research, becoming Taylorian Professor of Modern European Languages in 1854 after three years as the deputy professor; in this post he was paid \u00a3500 per year, half the stipend of the Boden chair. A British subject from 1855, he was elected a fellow of All Souls College in 1858, \"an unprecedented honour for a foreigner at that time\", in the words of his biographer, the Indian writer Nirad C. Chaudhuri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Candidates\nThree other scholars indicated an intention to stand for the chair, or were nominated by others, but withdrew before the ballot. The candidacy of Edward Cowell, Professor of Sanskrit at the Government College in Calcutta, was announced in The Times on 28 May 1860, where it was said that Wilson had pronounced him \"eminently qualified\" to succeed him. He later wrote from India refusing to stand against M\u00fcller. Ralph Griffith, a former Boden scholar who was a professor at the Government Sanskrit College in Benares, announced his candidacy in August 1860, but withdrew in November. James R. Ballantyne, principal of the college in Benares, was proposed in June 1860 by friends based in England, who described him as the \"chief of British Sanscrit scholars\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0009-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Candidates, M\u00fcller's manifesto\nM\u00fcller announced his candidacy on 14 May 1860, six days after Wilson's death. His submission to Convocation referred to his work in editing the Rig Veda, saying that without it missionaries could not fully learn about the teachings of Hinduism, which impeded their work. He therefore considered that he had \"spent the principal part of my life in promoting the object of the Founder of the Chair of Sanskrit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0009-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Candidates, M\u00fcller's manifesto\nHe promised to work exclusively on Sanskrit, and said that he would provide testimonials from \"the most eminent Sanskrit scholars in Europe and India\" and from missionaries who had used his publications to help \"overthrow the ancient systems of idolatry\" in India. In due course, he was able to provide a list of missionary societies that had requested copies of the Rig Veda from the East India Company, including the Church Missionary Society and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0010-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Candidates, Williams's manifesto\nWilliams declared his intention to stand for election on 15 May 1860, one day after M\u00fcller. In his written submission to Convocation, he emphasised his suitability for appointment in the light of Boden's missionary wishes. After giving details of his life and career, particularly his experience in Sanskrit obtained at Haileybury, he stated that for the past 14 years \"the one idea of my life has been to make myself thoroughly conversant with Sanskrit, and by every means in my power to facilitate the study of its literature.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0010-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Candidates, Williams's manifesto\nHe assured voters that, if elected, \"my utmost energies shall be devoted to the one object which its Founder had in view;\u2014namely 'The promotion of a more general and critical knowledge of the Sanskrit language, as a means of enabling Englishmen to proceed in the conversion of the natives of India to the Christian religion.'\" Unlike M\u00fcller, he regarded the study of Sanskrit \"as chiefly a means to the missionary conversion of the Hindus rather than as an end in itself\", as Dowling puts it. In this way, Dowling says, he could attempt to deflect attention from his \"modest abilities in classical Sanskrit\" when compared to M\u00fcller's \"internationally acknowledged achievements\". Moreover, the appeal to Boden's original intentions came during a period when Convocation tended to pay little attention to the expressed wishes of benefactors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0011-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Rival campaigns\nThere are Two Candidates, with ample Testimonials. The Organs of Public Opinion have thought the contest not unworthy of their notice. What then is the result? By common consent both are pronounced scholars of world-wide reputation. But one of them is specially and earnestly recommended to Convocation by a great number of our Countrymen in India itself. These Englishmen, educated by him, grateful for his instruction, and personally attached to him, are a machinery existing ready to hand for the great work to be done.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0011-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Rival campaigns\nThey have no Votes to give, but their voice from that distant land should ring in our ears and hearts. They know their man, they know the Natives, they are in daily communication with them. Is it wise to disregard their opinion? The Professorship is not for Oxford alone. It is not for 'The Continent and America'. It is for India. It is for Christianity. Let us then Vote for the man who is well-known and loved in India, and who, even by the voice of his opponents, is declared to be a trustworthy depositary of the Christian interests of a Christian Foundation. M.A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0012-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Rival campaigns\nIn August 1860, M\u00fcller wrote to the members of Convocation about his plans to teach a broad range of topics in addition to Sanskrit, including comparative philology, Indian history, and literature. Simply teaching the language \"would be but a mean return\" for Boden's generosity, he wrote. In this way, he would help to supply \"efficient\" missionaries, \"useful\" civil servants, and \"distinguished\" Boden scholars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0013-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Rival campaigns\nIn turn, Williams wrote that if Boden had left instructions that the man elected should be the one \"most likely to secure a world-wide reputation for the Sanskrit Chair, I confess that I should have hesitated to prosecute my design.\" However, this was not the case and it would be \"unjustifiable\" in terms of the statutes governing the chair if the professor were to lecture on wider topics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0013-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Rival campaigns\nIn his view, the Vedic literature was \"of less importance\" and the philosophical literature was \"very mystical and abstruse\", whereas \"the classical or modern\" period (the laws, two heroic poems, and the plays) was the \"most important\". Reminding his readers that he had edited two Sanskrit plays, he stated that the literature of the third period constituted the Sanskrit scriptures, not (\"as has hitherto been believed\") the Veda, \"still less the Rig Veda\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0013-0002", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Rival campaigns\nHe commented that M\u00fcller's edition of the Rig Veda was requiring \"an expenditure of time, labour, money, and erudition far greater than was ever bestowed on any edition of the Holy Bible\", adding that Boden did not intend to \"aid in the missionary work by perpetuating and diffusing the obsolescent Vedic Scriptures.\" He claimed that his own approach to Sanskrit scholarship, with his dictionaries and grammar books, was \"suited to English minds\", unlike M\u00fcller's \"continental\" and \"philosophical\" approach, which dealt with texts no longer relevant to modern Hindus that missionaries would not benefit from studying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0014-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Rival campaigns\nIn a letter to The Times published on 29 October 1860, M\u00fcller took issue with Williams. To the claim that it would be unjustifiable to teach history, philosophy, and other subjects as Boden professor, he quoted from one of Wilson's public lectures in which he had said that it had always been his intention to offer \"a general view of the institutions and social condition, the literature, and religion of the Hindus.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0014-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Rival campaigns\nHe noted that he had published in all three areas into which Williams divided Sanskrit literature, and disputed Williams's views on the relative importance of Vedic literature with reference to a review of one of his publications by Wilson. Williams, he said, \"stands as yet alone\" in asserting that the heroic poems and the plays, not the Vedas, were the real scriptures. He refused to accept Williams's estimate of the labour involved in the edition of the Rig Veda, and said that to compare his little effort with that carried out on the Bible was \"almost irreverent.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0014-0002", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Rival campaigns\nHe concluded by attempting to rebut the claim that Boden would not have wanted the Vedic scriptures to be supported. He noted that the Bishop of Calcutta (George Cotton) had written that it was of \"the greatest importance\" for missionaries to study Sanskrit and its scriptures \"to be able to meet the Pundits on their own ground\", and that the bishop's view was that nothing could be more valuable in this work that M\u00fcller's edition, and Wilson's translation, of the Rig-Veda.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0015-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Rival campaigns\nAfter this letter, Williams complained about M\u00fcller conducting his campaign in the newspapers and misrepresenting what Williams was saying. M\u00fcller asked three professors and the Provost of Queen's College to consider the accuracy of his letter, and they pronounced in his favour. In Beckerlegge's view, all these replies and counter-replies did was \"illustrate the increasingly heated tone of the exchanges\" between the two men and their supporters. It was \"as if the protagonists were prospective members of Parliament\", in the words of one modern scholar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0015-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Rival campaigns\nTerence Thomas, a British lecturer in religious studies, records \"insults regarding the nationality of Max M\u00fcller and the proficiency of Monier Williams as a Sanskritist being bandied back and forth by their supporters.\" For example, one of the Boden scholars at Oxford, Robinson Ellis, claimed that Williams had not been able to prove that he could read a Sanskrit text. When challenged, he later amended this to a claim that Williams could only read a text when he could compare it to another one, describing this as \"mechanical labour which is paid for at the public libraries at Paris and Berlin at the rate of half a crown a year.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0016-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Rival campaigns\nEach had a committee of helpers; Williams had two, one in London, the other in Oxford. He spent over \u00a31,000 on his campaign\u00a0\u2013 as much as the Boden professor was paid in a year. In June 1860, M\u00fcller complained in a letter to his mother about having to write to each one of the \"4,000\u00a0electors, scattered all over England\"; he said that sometimes he wished he had not thought of standing for election, adding \"if I don't win, I shall be very cross! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0017-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nAccording to Beckerlegge, there was a view held by many of those involved in the keenly fought struggle between Williams and M\u00fcller that more depended on the result than simply one man's career\u00a0\u2013 missionary success or failure in India, \"and even the future stability of British rule in this region\" (in the light of events in India a few years previously) might depend on the abilities of the Boden professor. Victory would depend on each side's ability to persuade non-resident members of Convocation to return to Oxford to cast their votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0017-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nEach candidate had their supporters: M\u00fcller was backed by scholars of international merit, whereas Williams was able to call upon Oxford-based academics and those who had served in India as administrators or missionaries. Both candidates claimed support from Wilson\u00a0\u2013 \"as if the principle of apostolic succession was involved in the appointment\", says Chaudhuri. The Times reported on 23 May that friends of Williams placed considerable weight upon a private letter to him from Wilson, \"indicating Mr. Williams as his probable successor.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0017-0002", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nIn return, Wilson was revealed to have said \"two months before his death\" that \"Mr. Max M\u00fcller was the first Sanskrit scholar in Europe\". The source of this information was W. S. W. Vaux, of the British Museum, who described his conversation with Wilson in a letter to M\u00fcller in May 1860. In reply to Vaux's comment that he and others wanted Wilson's successor to be \"the finest man we could procure\", Vaux quoted Wilson as saying that \"You will be quite right if your choice should fall on Max M\u00fcller.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0018-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nThe Times published a list of leading supporters for each candidate on 27 June 1860, noting that many people were not declaring support for either \"since they wish to see whether any person of real eminence announces himself from India\". M\u00fcller was backed by Francis Leighton, Henry Liddell and William Thomson (the heads of the colleges of All Souls, Christ Church, and Queen's), Edward Pusey, William Jacobson and Henry Acland (the Regius Professors of Hebrew, of Divinity, and of Medicine) and others. Williams had the declared support of the heads of University and Balliol colleges (Frederick Charles Plumptre and Robert Scott), and fellows from ten different colleges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0019-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nOn 5 December 1860, two days before the election, friends of M\u00fcller took out an advertisement in The Times to list his supporters, in response to a similar record circulated on behalf of Williams. By then, M\u00fcller's list included the heads of 11 colleges or halls of the university, 27 professors, over 40 college fellows and tutors, and many non-resident members of the university including Samuel Wilberforce (the Bishop of Oxford) and Sir Charles Wood (the Secretary of State for India). A list published on the following day added the name of Charles Longley, Archbishop of York, to M\u00fcller's supporters. Overall, the public supporters for each candidate were about the same in number, but while M\u00fcller was backed by \"all the noted Orientalists of Europe of the age\", Williams's supporters \"were not so distinguished\", according to Chaudhuri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0020-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nNewspapers and journals joined the debate, some in strong terms. One evangelical publication, The Record, contrasted the two candidates: M\u00fcller's writings were \"familiar to all persons interested in literature, while they have destroyed confidence in his religious opinions\"; Williams was described as \"a man of sincere piety, and one who is likely, by the blessing of God on his labours, to promote the ultimate object which the founder of the Professorship had in view.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0020-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nOther newspapers highlighted the nationalities of the candidates; as Beckerlegge has put it, \"voting for the Boden Chair was increasingly taking on the appearance of being a test of patriotism.\" The Homeward Mail (a London-based newspaper that concentrated on news from, and relating to, India) asked its readers whether they wanted \"a stranger and a foreigner\" to win, or \"one of your own body\". A writer in The Morning Post said that voters should \"keep the great prizes of the English universities for English students\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0020-0002", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nThe Morning Herald said that it was \"a question of national interest\", since it would affect the education of civil servants and missionaries and therefore \"the progress of Christianity in India and the maintenance of British authority in that empire\". It anticipated that Britain would be ridiculed if it had to appoint a German to its leading academic Sanskrit position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0021-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nM\u00fcller was not without support in the press. An editorial in The Times on 29 October 1860 called him \"nothing more nor less than the best Sanscrit scholar in the world.\" It compared the situation to the 1832 election, when there had also been a choice between the best scholar (Wilson) and a good scholar \"who was held to have made the most Christian use of the gift\" (William Hodge Mill).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0021-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nWilliams, it said, appeared as \"the University man\u00a0... , the man sufficiently qualified for the post, and, above all, as the man in whose hands, it is whispered, the interests of Christianity will be perfectly safe.\" His proposal not to teach history, philosophy, mythology or comparative philology \"seems to strip the subject very bare\" and would, it thought, leave the post as \"an empty chair.\" It stated that M\u00fcller \"best answers to the terms of Colonel Boden's foundation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0021-0002", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nHis field of study\u00a0\u2013 the oldest period of Sanskrit literature\u00a0\u2013 \"must be the key of the whole position\", whereas Williams was only familiar with the later, \"less authentic, and less sacred\" writings. The editorial ended by saying that Oxford \"will not choose the less learned candidate; at all events, it will not accept from him that this is the true principle of a sound Christian election.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0022-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nPusey, the influential \"high church\" Anglican theologian associated with the Oxford Movement, wrote a letter of support to M\u00fcller, reproduced in The Times. In his view, Boden's intentions would be best advanced by electing M\u00fcller. Missionaries could not win converts without knowing the details of the religion of those with whom they were dealing, he wrote, and M\u00fcller's publications were \"the greatest gifts which have yet been bestowed\" on those in such work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0022-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nHe added that Oxford would gain by electing him to a position where M\u00fcller could spend all his time on work \"of such primary and lasting importance for the conversion of India.\" Beckerlegge finds Pusey's support noteworthy, since Pusey would not have agreed with M\u00fcller's particular \"broad\" approach to Christianity, and was thus providing a judgment on the academic abilities of the candidate best placed to advance missionary work in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0022-0002", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Supporters and newspapers\nOne anonymous writer of a letter to the press in support of M\u00fcller, shortly before the election, expressed it thus: \"A man's personal character must stand very high, and his theological opinions can afford but little ground for animadversion on either hand, when he unites as his unhesitating supporters Dr. Pusey and Dr. Macbride\"\u00a0\u2013 a reference to John Macbride, described in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as \"a profoundly religious layman of the 'old' evangelical school\". However, Dowling describes M\u00fcller as \"impercipient of the subtle twists of theological argument, the fine shadings and compunctions of Victorian religious feeling\"\u00a0\u2013 a weakness that was held against him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0023-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Election\nThe election was held on 7 December 1860 in the Sheldonian Theatre. Three special trains were laid on between Didcot and Oxford that afternoon to meet passengers travelling from the west of England, and one additional train was provided between Oxford and London via Didcot in the evening. A London-bound train from the north of England called additionally at Bletchley to allow onward connections to Oxford for passengers from places such as Liverpool, Manchester and Birkenhead. Evangelical clergymen turned out in force to vote. Over about five and a half hours of voting, 833\u00a0members of Congregation declared for Williams, 610 for M\u00fcller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0024-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Election\nHistorians have advanced various views as to why, even though M\u00fcller was generally regarded as the superior scholar, he lost to Williams. Beckerlegge suggests several possible factors: unlike Williams, M\u00fcller was known as a writer and translator rather than a teacher of Sanskrit, he did not have links to the East India Company or the Indian Civil Service that he could call upon for supporters, and he had not been educated at Oxford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0024-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Election\nIn his obituary of M\u00fcller, Arthur Macdonell (Boden professor 1899\u20131926) said that the election \"came to turn on the political and religious opinions of the candidates rather than on their merits as Sanskrit scholars\", adding that \"party feeling ran high and large numbers came up to vote.\" Similarly, Dowling has written that \"in the less cosmopolitan precincts outside Oxford\u00a0... the argument that M\u00fcller was 'not English' told heavily against him\" since \"the argument was (and was meant to be, of course) unanswerable.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0024-0002", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Election\nShe adds that Tories opposed him for his liberal political views, traditionalist factions within Oxford rejected \"Germanizing\" reform, and \"the Anglican clergy\u00a0... detected unbelief lurking in his umlaut\". The American historian Marjorie Wheeler-Barclay takes the view that the three motives for people voting against M\u00fcller cannot be disentangled. Those who supported Indian missionary work, Dowling writes, saw it as the key to continued British rule, and there was no need to take a chance by electing M\u00fcller, who had \"a reputation for unsound religious opinions\", since Williams was a scholar \"of distinction known for his conservatism and piety.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0025-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Election\nM\u00fcller attributed his defeat to his German background and suspicions that his Christianity was insufficiently orthodox, factors that had been used to influence in particular those voters who were no longer resident members of the university. He had lost, he wrote, because of \"calumnious falsehood and vulgar electioneering tactics\" Williams wrote in his unpublished autobiography that he had been \"favoured by circumstances\" and that, unlike M\u00fcller, he had been regarded as politically and religiously conservative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0026-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Subsequent events\nWilliams was Boden professor until his death in 1899, although he retired from teaching (while retaining the title) in 1887 because of his health. He took as the title for his inaugural lecture \"The Study of Sanskrit in Relation to Missionary Work\", in keeping with his views as to the role of the chair. Thomas notes that as the East India Company had switched to using English rather than Sanskrit or Persian for its work, \"a natural source of students had already dried up not long after the Boden Chair was inaugurated [in 1832]\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0026-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Subsequent events\nWilliams helped establish the Indian Institute at Oxford, proposing the idea in 1875 and helping to raise funds for the project on his visits to India, and persuaded the university to add a degree course in oriental studies. His publications included translations of plays and grammatical works. He received a knighthood in 1886, and was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1887, when he changed his surname to become Sir Monier Monier-Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0027-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Subsequent events\nRobinson Ellis was required to attend Williams's lectures despite his low opinions of the new professor's abilities. Williams said that Ellis's \"whole demeanour was that of a person who would have welcomed an earthquake or any convulsion of nature which would have opened a way for him to sink out of my sight\". Overall, Williams won over most of those who had opposed his election, with the exception of M\u00fcller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0028-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Subsequent events\nFor M\u00fcller, losing the election was \"a decisive turning point in his scholarly and intellectual life\", according to Chaudhuri. It meant that M\u00fcller was never to teach Sanskrit at Oxford, although he remained there until his death in 1900; nor did he ever visit India. Greatly disappointed by not winning the chair, M\u00fcller \"regularly avoided or snubbed Monier Williams and his family on the streets of Oxford\", according to Williams. He was appointed to a chair of comparative philology in 1868, the first Oxford professorship to be established by the university itself without money from royal or private donations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0028-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Subsequent events\nHe wrote a letter of resignation in 1875 when the university proposed to award an honorary doctorate to Williams, giving as his reason that he wanted to spend more time studying Sanskrit. Friends attempted to talk him out of it, and the university then appointed a deputy professor to discharge his duties, an honour he greatly appreciated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0029-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Subsequent events\nThe Indian historian Rajesh Kochhar, noting the East India Company's support for M\u00fcller, commented that \"Oxford professors may have had their own reasons for their assessment of him, but the Company and the natives both found him very relevant.\" Despite his electoral defeat, he enjoyed a high reputation at Oxford and beyond: he \"occupied a central role in the intellectual life of the nation\", according to Beckerlegge, and was \"viewed by the world as a model of academic success\" (as Dowling puts it).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0029-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Subsequent events\nDowling considers that \"[w]ithin his own lifetime, M\u00fcller was discredited as a linguistic scientist\" and has \"little relevance\" to later models of the study of language. In Beckerlegge's opinion, M\u00fcller's views about the nature of Christian missionary work showed the difficulty at that time for Christian academics \"actively working to promote a more tolerant and even-handed study of other religious traditions\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0030-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Subsequent events\nOf the other candidates, Cowell was elected as the first Sanskrit professor at the University of Cambridge in 1867, supported by M\u00fcller and others. Griffith was principal of his college from 1861 until 1878 (succeeding Ballantyne); he carried out further work in India after his retirement, and died there. Ballantyne resigned as principal because of health problems and returned to England, where he served as librarian to the India Office (a position that Wilson had held in addition to the professorship) until his death in 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0031-0000", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Subsequent events\nThe academic Jeremy Dibble (in his biography of the composer John Stainer, a friend of M\u00fcller) has written that the election \"amply foreshadowed the ensuing battle between contemporary sacred and secular forces in the university, the anachronism of Oxford's systems of academic election and the burning need for reform\". The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act 1877 continued a process of change imposed by Parliament that had begun in the middle of the 19th century, and empowered a group of commissioners to lay down new statutes for the university and its colleges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0031-0001", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Subsequent events\nThe commissioners' powers included the ability to rewrite trusts and directions attached to gifts that were 50 years old or more. The statutes governing the Boden chair were revised by the commissioners in 1882; Joseph Boden's original proselytising purpose was no longer mentioned, nor was the professor to be chosen by Convocation. The commissioners' new statutes for Balliol College in 1881 included a provision that the holder of the Boden professorship was to be appointed as a fellow of the college, creating a link between the chair and Balliol that is still in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023755-0031-0002", "contents": "1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, Subsequent events\nAs with other professorships, the University Council now makes arrangements for convening a board of electors, upon which Balliol has two representatives, in the event of a vacancy. As of 2017, the Sanskrit professor is Christopher Minkowski, appointed in 2005. His predecessor Richard Gombrich has said that he had to \"fight a great battle\" in 2004 to ensure that another professor was appointed after he retired, and credited his victory to the university's realisation that it was the last chair in Sanskrit left in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023756-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Boston mayoral election\nThe Boston mayoral election of 1860 saw the election of Joseph Wightman, Boston's first mayor from the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023757-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Braidwood colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Braidwood on 10 August 1860 because of the resignation of Frederick Cooper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023758-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Canterbury colonial by-election\nA by-election for the seat of Canterbury in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly was held on 4 February 1860 because of the resignation of Edward Flood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023759-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of 1860, Democrat John Wentworth defeated Republican Walter S. Gurnee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023759-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Chicago mayoral election\nBoth candidates had served as mayor before and, incidentally, each had previously been mayor under the opposite party affiliation. Gurnee had served two terms as a Democrat, having been elected in 1851 and 1852, Wentworth had previously served one term as a Republican, having been elected in 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023760-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Christchurch Country by-elections\nThe 1860 Christchurch Country by-elections were two by-elections held in the Christchurch Country electorate in Canterbury in April and May 1860 following two resignations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023760-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Christchurch Country by-elections\nThe Christchurch Country electorate was one of the original 24 electorates used for the 1st New Zealand Parliament in 1853 and existed until the end of the term of the 2nd New Zealand Parliament in 1860. It was a two-member electorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023760-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Christchurch Country by-elections\nThe first by-election on 2 April after the resignation of John Ollivier on 21 January 1860 resulted in the election unopposed of Isaac Cookson on 2 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023760-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Christchurch Country by-elections\nThe second by-election was held on 21 April after the resignation of John Hall on 10 March and resulted in the election of Charles Hunter Brown. John Ollivier nominated Brown and as he was the only candidate at the nomination meeting, he was thus declared elected unopposed. Brown's election was on 21 April and was gazetted at the end of May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023761-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 City of Auckland by-election\nThe 1860 City of Auckland by-election was a by-election held  on 5 April in the City of Auckland electorate in Auckland during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023761-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 City of Auckland by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Thomas Beckham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023761-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 City of Auckland by-election\nClark's opponent, Bernard Reynolds, was a member of the Auckland Provincial Council for the Pensioner Settlements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023762-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Colombian presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in the Granadine Confederation in 1860, the first under the 1858 constitution. The elections were held during the 1860\u201362 civil war, but not in the parts of the country controlled by the Liberal Party, and the Liberal Party did not put forward a candidate in the remainder of the country. As a result, the election was a contest between two Conservative Party candidates, Pedro Alc\u00e1ntara Herr\u00e1n and Julio Arboleda Pombo, with Julio Arboleda Pombo emerging as the winner with 73% of votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023763-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Colony of Vancouver Island election\nA total of 13 members were elected to the Second House of Assembly of Vancouver Island, which sat from March 1, 1860 to February 27, 1863. The members were elected over a number of weeks in January with each constituency holding its election on a different day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023763-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Colony of Vancouver Island election\nThe election did not have political parties but did feature two factions. One was made up of men connected with the Hudson's Bay Company and close to Governor James Douglas and the other of reformers led by the British Colonist editor Amor De Cosmos. The reform faction lost in most cases and Amor De Cosmos used his newspaper to claim the election was not run fairly. Of particular concern to De Cosmos was that the 'coloured' people voted primarily for the HBC candidates. The information on who is from which faction is from information in the British Colonist, which was not neutral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023763-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Colony of Vancouver Island election, Constituencies\nGeorge Hunter Cary, 137Selim Franklin, 106Amor De Cosmos, 91 Reformer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023763-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Colony of Vancouver Island election, Constituencies\nWilliam Fraser Tolmie, 44 HBCHenry Pering Pellew Crease, 39 HBC resigned October 18, 1861, replaced by Joseph William Trutch on November 26, 1861Alfred Pendrell Waddington, 35 Reformer, resigned October 15, 1861, replaced by James TrimbleJames Yates, 14 ReformerC. A. Bayley, 14 Reformer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023763-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 Colony of Vancouver Island election, Constituencies\nJohn Sebastian Helmcken,  36 HBCJames Cooper, 22 Reformer resigned July 27, 1860, replaced by Robert BurnabyThomas James Skinner, 21 Ind", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023763-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 Colony of Vancouver Island election, Constituencies\nGeorge Tomline Gordon, 27  resigned and was replaced by Thomas Harris March 31, 1862. He resigned on September 9, 1862 and was replaced by William Cocker. James Cooper, 10 \u2013 also ran in Esquimalt County and was elected there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023763-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 Colony of Vancouver Island election, Constituencies\nAugustus Rupert Green, (unknown if he faced an opponent) resigned February 6, 1861, replaced on November 4, 1861, by David Babington Ring", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023764-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1860 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 4, 1860. Incumbent governor and Republican nominee William Alfred Buckingham defeated former governor and Democratic nominee Thomas H. Seymour with 50.30% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023765-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Constitutional Union Convention\nThe 1860 Constitutional Union National Convention met on May 9, 1860 in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the only national convention ever held by the Constitutional Union Party, which was organized largely by former Whig Party members from the Southern United States who opposed secession. The convention nominated former Senator John Bell of Tennessee for president and former Secretary of State Edward Everett of Massachusetts for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023765-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Constitutional Union Convention\nBell won the presidential nomination on the second ballot of the convention, defeating Everett, Governor Sam Houston of Texas, Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, former Governor William Alexander Graham of North Carolina, Associate Justice John McLean of Ohio, and several other candidates. In the 1860 presidential election, Bell and Everett finished third in the electoral vote and fourth in the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023765-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Constitutional Union Convention, Background\nAfter the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Whigs collapsed due to divisions over slavery. Many Northern Whigs shifted to the new Republican Party, while many Southern Whigs joined the American Party, or \"Know Nothings.\" By 1859, the Know Nothing movement had collapsed, but some former Southern Whigs who refused to join their long-time rivals in the Democratic Party had organized themselves into the \"Opposition Party.\" Several of this party's supporters, among them Knoxville Whig editor William Brownlow, former vice presidential candidate Andrew Jackson Donelson, and California attorney Balie Peyton sought to launch a third-party presidential ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023765-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Constitutional Union Convention, Background\nIn May 1860, disgruntled ex-Whigs and disenchanted moderates from across the country convened in Baltimore, where they formed the Constitutional Union Party. The party's platform was very broad and made no mention of slavery. While there were several candidates for the party's presidential nomination, the two frontrunners were Bell and Sam Houston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023765-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 Constitutional Union Convention, Candidates\nBell led the initial round of balloting with 68 votes to Houston's 59, with more than a dozen other candidates splitting the remainder. Houston's military endeavors had brought him national renown, but he reminded the convention's Clay Whigs of their old foe Andrew Jackson. On May 10, Bell received 138 votes to Houston's 69, and was declared the candidate. The vice presidential nomination went to Edward Everett of Massachusetts, who had served as president of Harvard University and as Secretary of State in the Fillmore administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023766-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Costa Rican general election\nThe 1860 general election in Costa Rica was held one year after the previous elections in which Juan Rafael Mora Porras was re-elected. However, Mora was deposed months after his reelection and one of the coup leaders, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Montealegre Fern\u00e1ndez, assumed power. Montealegre immediately called for elections and a Constituent Assembly. The Moristas postulated Manuel Mora Fern\u00e1ndez, relative of Juan Rafael, without success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023767-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 County of Hawke by-election\nThe County of Hawke by-election of 1860 was a by-election held in the County of Hawke electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 26 April 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023767-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 County of Hawke by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP James Ferguson on 10 March 1860, and was won unopposed by Thomas FitzGerald. A nomination meeting was held on 26 April 1860. FitzGerald was proposed and seconded. Another person (Richard John Duncan) was proposed, but no seconder was found. A third person (William Colenso) was proposed and seconded, but declared that he didn't want to stand. The returning officer advised that Colenso could not withdraw once he had been seconded. After addressing the electors, a show of hands was called for, and the returning officer declared the result to be in favour of FitzGerald. One of the attendees then proposed a formal vote, but this was not seconded. The returning officer thus declared FitzGerald duly elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions\nThe 1860 Democratic National Conventions were a series of presidential nominating conventions held to nominate the Democratic Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1860 election. The first convention, held from April 23 to May 3 in Charleston, South Carolina, failed to nominate a ticket, while two subsequent conventions, both held in Baltimore, Maryland in June, nominated two separate presidential tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions\nSenator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois entered the Charleston convention as the front-runner for the presidential nomination, and while he won a majority on the first presidential ballot of the convention, the convention rules required a two-thirds majority to win the nomination, with Douglas's adherence to the Freeport Doctrine regarding slavery in the territories engendering strong opposition from many Southern delegates: opponents of Douglas's nomination spread their support among five major candidates, including former Treasury Secretary James Guthrie of Kentucky and Senator Robert M. T. Hunter of Virginia. After 57 ballots over 10 days, in which Douglas consistently won a majority but failed to reach the two-thirds required, the Charleston convention adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions\nThe Democratic convention reconvened in Baltimore on June 18, but many Southern delegates either boycotted the convention or walked out in protest after the convention adopted a platform in which it pledged to abide by the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States upon questions of Constitutional Law regarding slavery. While Douglas was nominated for president on the second ballot (the 59th ballot overall), Senator Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Alabama was nominated for vice president, but he refused the nomination: he was replaced by former Governor Herschel Vespasian Johnson of Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions\nThe boycotting Southern Democrats and those who had walked out held their own separate convention and adopted a pro-slavery platform, nominating Vice President John C. Breckinridge for president, and Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon for vice president. While Douglas and Breckinridge received a combined 47.62% of the popular vote in the 1860 presidential election, they lost the election to Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention\nThe 1860 Democratic National Convention convened at South Carolina Institute Hall (destroyed in the Great Fire of 1861) in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 23, 1860. Since Charleston was the most pro-slavery city in the U.S. at the time, the galleries at the convention were packed with pro-slavery spectators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention\nThe front-runner for the nomination was Douglas, who was considered a moderate on the slavery issue. With the 1854 Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act, he advanced the doctrine of popular sovereignty: allowing settlers in each Territory to decide for themselves whether slavery would be allowed\u2014a change from the flat prohibition of slavery in most Territories under the Missouri Compromise, which the South had welcomed. However, the Supreme Court\u2019s ensuing 1857 'Dred Scott' decision declared that the Constitution protected slavery in all Territories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention\nDouglas was challenged for his Senate seat by Abraham Lincoln in 1858, and narrowly won re-election, after the Lincoln-Douglas debates, by professing the Freeport Doctrine, a de facto rejection of Dred Scott, with militant Southern \"Fire-Eaters\", such as William Yancey of Alabama, opposing him as a traitor. Many of them openly predicted a split in the party and the election of Republican front-runner William H. Seward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention\nUrged by Yancey, the delegations from seven Deep South states (Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, and Florida) met in a separate caucus before the convention. They reached a tentative consensus to \"stop Douglas\" by imposing a pro-slavery party platform which he could not run on if nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention\nThe \"Fire-eater\" majority on the convention's platform committee, chaired by William Waightstill Avery of North Carolina, produced an explicitly pro-slavery , endorsing Dred Scott and Congressional legislation protecting slavery in the territories. Northern Democrats refused to acquiesce, as Dred Scott was extremely unpopular in the North, and the Northerners said they could not carry a single state with that platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0008-0001", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention\nThat would end Democrat hopes of retaining the White House, as no previous candidate had won the presidency without winning either New York or Pennsylvania, and only four (John Adams in 1796, James Madison in 1812, John Quincy Adams in 1824, and James Buchanan in 1856) had been elected without winning both.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0009-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention\nOn 30 April, the convention (by a vote of 165 to 138) adopted the minority (Northern) platform, which omitted these planks, and 50 Southern delegates walked out of the convention in protest: the entire Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas delegations, three of the four delegates from Arkansas, and one of the three delegates from Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0010-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention\nThese delegates gathered at St. Andrews Hall on Broad Street and declared themselves the real convention as the Institute Hall convention proceeded to nominations. The dominant Douglas forces believed their path was now clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0011-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention\nSix major candidates were nominated at the convention: Douglas, former Treasury Secretary James Guthrie of Kentucky, Senator Robert M. T. Hunter of Virginia, Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon, former Senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, and Senator Andrew Johnson of Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0012-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention\nWhile Douglas led on the first ballot, receiving 145\u00bd of 253 votes cast, convention rules at the time required a two-thirds vote to win the nomination. Further to this, convention chairman Caleb Cushing further ruled that this was two-thirds of the whole membership, not just two-thirds of those present and voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0013-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention\nThis ruling meant Douglas needed 202 votes (or 56\u00bd more votes), or 80% of the remaining 253 delegates, and also would have required several of the remaining Southern delegates to vote for Douglas, who they vehemently opposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0014-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention\nConsequently, the convention held 57 ballots, and though Douglas led on all of them, he never received more than 152\u00bd votes. On the 57th ballot, Douglas received 151\u00bd votes, still 50\u00bd votes short of the nomination, though far ahead of Guthrie, who was second with 65\u00bd. On 3 May, the delegates voted to adjourn the convention, and reconvene in Baltimore six weeks later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0015-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Charleston convention, Presidential candidates\nA few votes went to former Senator Isaac Toucey of Connecticut and Senator James Pearce of Maryland, while Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi (the future Confederate President) received one vote on over fifty ballots from Benjamin Butler of Massachusetts. Ironically, during the Civil War, Butler became a Union general, and Davis ordered him hanged as a criminal if ever captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0016-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Baltimore convention\nThe Democrats re-convened at the Front Street Theater (destroyed in the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904) in Baltimore, Maryland on 18 June. The resumed convention's first business was to decide whether to re-admit the delegates who had walked out of the Charleston session, or to seat replacement delegates who had been named by pro-Douglas Democrats in some states: other delegates had boycotted the Baltimore convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0017-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Baltimore convention\nThe credentials committee's majority report recommended re-admitting all delegates except those from Louisiana and Alabama, while the minority report recommended re-admitting some of the Louisiana and Alabama delegates as well. After the committee's majority report was adopted 150-100\u00bd, and new Louisiana and Alabama delegates were seated, 56 delegates - most of those remaining from the South, and a scattering of delegates from northern and far western states - all walked out of the convention in protest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0018-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Baltimore convention, Presidential balloting\nAfter the convention resumed voting on a nominee, Douglas received 173\u00bd of 190\u00bd votes cast on the first ballot (the 58th overall), and 181\u00bd votes of 194\u00bd votes cast on the second ballot (the 59th overall).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0019-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Baltimore convention, Presidential balloting\nAfter a rollcall following the second ballot, it was realized that there were only 194\u00bd delegates present, meaning there were insufficient delegates for Douglas to receive 202 votes as per Cushing's earlier ruling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0020-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Baltimore convention, Presidential balloting\nAfter the delegates unanimously voted to rescind this, it was declared by acclamation that Douglas had received the required two-thirds of the votes cast, and was therefore nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0021-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Baltimore convention, Presidential balloting, Vice-Presidential balloting\nSenator Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Alabama was the only candidate for the Vice Presidential nomination: William C. Alexander of New Jersey was withdrawn when it was mentioned he would not allow his name to be presented as a candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 111], "content_span": [112, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0022-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Baltimore convention, Presidential balloting, Vice-Presidential balloting\nWhile Fitzpatrick received 198\u00bd votes, he later refused the nomination, something that has only happened thrice (the other occasions were Silas Wright (D) in 1844 and Frank Lowden [R] in 1924).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 111], "content_span": [112, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0023-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Baltimore convention, Presidential balloting, Vice-Presidential balloting\nSince the Conventions concluded with no vice-presidential candidate being nominated, Douglas offered the nomination to former Senator and Governor Herschel V. Johnson of Georgia, which Johnson accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 111], "content_span": [112, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0024-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, \u201cBreckinridge Democrats\u201d convention\nThe Southern Democrats who had walked out of or boycotted the convention, with their allies, reconvened at the Maryland Institute in Baltimore. This rival convention adopted a radical pro-slavery platform, and nominated Breckinridge for president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 73], "content_span": [74, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0025-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Consequences\nAfter the break-up of the Charleston convention, many of those present stated that the Republicans were now certain to win the 1860 Presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0026-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Consequences\nIn the general election, the actual division in Democratic popular votes did not directly affect any state outcomes except California, Oregon, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. Of these states, only California and Oregon were free states, and although both were carried by Republican nominee Abraham Lincoln they combined for only seven of Lincoln\u2019s 180 electoral votes. The latter three states were slave states that were carried by neither Douglas, Breckinridge nor Lincoln but by John Bell, nominee of the Constitutional Union Party. Composed mainly of former Whigs and Know-Nothings, the Constitutional Union Party attempted to ignore the slavery issue in favor of preserving the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0027-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Consequences\nEven if California, Oregon and every state carried by Douglas, Breckinridge or Bell had been carried by a single Presidential nominee, Lincoln would still have had a large majority of electoral votes. However, the split in the Democratic Party organization was a serious handicap in many states, especially Pennsylvania, and almost certainly reduced the aggregate Democratic popular vote. Pennsylvania\u2019s 27 electoral votes were especially decisive in ensuring a Republican victory \u2013 had Lincoln failed to carry that state combined with any other free state, he could not have obtained a majority of electoral votes, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023768-0028-0000", "contents": "1860 Democratic National Conventions, Consequences\nJames M. McPherson suggested in Battle Cry of Freedom that the \u201cFire-eater\u201d program of breaking up the convention and running a rival ticket was deliberately intended to bring about the election of a Republican as President, and thus trigger secession declarations by the slave-owning states. Whatever the \u201cintent\u201d of the fire-eaters may have been, doubtless many of them favored secession, and the logical, probable, and actual consequence of their actions was to fragment the Democratic party and thereby virtually ensure a Republican victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023769-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Dunedin Country by-election\nThe Dunedin Country by-election 1860 was a by-election held in the multi-member Dunedin Country electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament. The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP William Cargill. The nomination meeting was held on 28 March and as Thomas Gillies was the only person proposed, he was declared elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023769-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Dunedin Country by-election, Background\nThe Dunedin Country electorate was one of the original 24 parliamentary electorates of New Zealand from 1853, and it was one of the two-member electorates. From the 1855 election, the electorate was represented by William and John Cargill, a father and son team. Cargill Jr. was one of many members of the House of Representatives who resigned prior to the second session of the 2nd New Zealand Parliament; the house had not been convened in 1857. In the resulting 1858 Dunedin Country by-election, he was replaced by John Parkin Taylor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023769-0001-0001", "contents": "1860 Dunedin Country by-election, Background\nCargill Sr. rarely spoke in the house and found travel to parliament in Auckland difficult. Regarded as the father of Otago, he had also been the first Superintendent of Otago Province. In July 1859, he announced \"that it has been his feeling for some time past, under a sense of advancing years, to retire from the Superintendency\". He did retire at the next provincial election in November 1859. Cargill senior resigned from the House of Representatives on 12 December 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023769-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Dunedin Country by-election, Results\nThe returning officer, John Gillies, set the date of the nomination meeting for 28 March 1860, and if an election would become necessary, this was to be held on 11 April. John Richard Jones proposed and Charles Kettle seconded Thomas Gillies, the son of the returning officer. As this was the only person proposed, Gillies Jr. was declared elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023769-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Dunedin Country by-election, Results\nGillies represented the Dunedin Country electorate until the end of the term; parliament was dissolved on 5 November 1860 and the Dunedin Country electorate was abolished. Gillies was instead elected as a representative of the Bruce electorate in 1861. William Cargill died on 6 August 1860, less than a year after his resignation from parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023770-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Dutch general election\nPartial general elections were held in the Netherlands on 12 and 26 June 1860 to elect 37 of the 72 seats in the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023771-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 East Macquarie colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Macquarie on 10 May 1860 because of the resignation of Thomas Hawkins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023772-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 East Moreton colonial by-election\nThe East Moreton colonial by-election, 1860 was a by-election held on 27 October 1860 in the electoral district of East Moreton for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023772-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 East Moreton colonial by-election, History\nOn 29 September 1860, Henry Buckley, member for East Moreton, resigned. Thomas Warry won the resulting by-election on 27 October 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023773-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 East Sydney colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Sydney on 20 January 1860 because Charles Cowper had resigned from parliament on 26 October 1859, but was re-elected at the resulting by-election, having been nominated without his consent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023774-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Grand National\nThe 1860 Grand National was the 22nd renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 7 March 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023775-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Great Meteor\nThe 1860 Great Meteor procession occurred on July 20, 1860. It was a unique meteoric phenomenon reported from locations across the United States. American landscape painter Frederic Church saw and painted a spectacular string of fireball meteors cross the Catskill evening sky, an extremely rare Earth-grazing meteor procession. It is believed that this was the event referred to in the poem Year of Meteors, 1859-60, by Walt Whitman. In 2010, 150 years later, it was determined to be an Earth-grazing meteor procession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023776-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Grey and Bell by-election\nThe 1860 Grey and Bell by-election was a by-election held on 28 May during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament in the Taranaki electorate of Grey and Bell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023776-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Grey and Bell by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Charles Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023776-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Grey and Bell by-election, Notes\nThis New Zealand election-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023777-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Honduran presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Honduras in 1860. The result was a victory for Jos\u00e9 Santos Guardiola, who became the first president elected solely on the basis of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023777-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Honduran presidential election, Results\nThe elections were a contest between conservative incumbent Jos\u00e9 Santos Guardiola and his liberal vice president Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Lazo Guill\u00e9n. Guardiola was elected with 90% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023777-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Honduran presidential election, Aftermath\nFollowing the elections, the General Chamber elected Victoriano Castellanos as Vice President. Guardiola and Castellanos took office on 7 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023778-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Hunter colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Hunter on 25 April 1860 because of the resignation of Richard Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023779-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1860 Illinois gubernatorial election was the twelfth election for this office. Republican governor William Henry Bissell died early in his term, and incumbent governor John Wood did not seek re-election. Former Democratic Congressman and former Clerk of the U.S. House James C. Allen was the Democratic nominee. A Number of third-party candidates ran as well; none received over one percent of the vote. At this time in Illinois history the Lieutenant Governor was elected on a separate ballot from the governor. This would remain the case until the adoption of the 1970 constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023780-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Indiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1860 Indiana gubernatorial election was held on October 1, 1860. Republican nominee Henry Smith Lane defeated Democratic nominee Thomas A. Hendricks with 51.89% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023781-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Liverpool Plains colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Liverpool Plains on 10 August 1860 because of the resignation of Andrew Loder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023782-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Thursday 1 November 1860. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023782-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result\nBecause only three of the sixteen seats were contested, these statistics should be taken in that context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023783-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Londonderry City by-election\nThe Londonderry City by-election of 1860 was held on 2 April following the 13 March 1860 death of the incumbent, the Liberal Party's Sir Robert Ferguson. Ferguson had held the seat since 1830 and had received significant support from the Catholic segment of the constituency. The Liberal Party's candidate Samuel MacCurdy Greer had counted on this support transferring to him, however the Irish Conservative Party's candidate William McCormick, who employed a significant number of Catholic workers, managed to split the Catholic vote. The Liberal Party's Presbyterian support had also been adversely affected by their defeat to the Tories in Londonderry County in 1857, which led many to withdraw from politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023783-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Londonderry City by-election\nThe election resulted in a narrow victory for McCormick, with a 19-vote majority. He held the seat until his retirement at the 1865 United Kingdom general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023783-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Londonderry City by-election, Background\nLondonderry City, a one-seat borough constituency, had been represented in the House of Commons of the British Parliament by Sir Robert Ferguson, 2nd Baronet since the 1830 United Kingdom general election. Ferguson, who represented first the Whig and then the Liberal Party, died on 13 March 1860, triggering a by-election. Ferguson had been unopposed in all five elections held in the constituency since 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023783-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Londonderry City by-election, Candidates\nThe Irish Conservative Party's candidate was William McCormick, a Donegal-born engineering contractor. He arrived in Londonderry in 1840 as an entrepreneur during a land reclamation project on Lough Swilly. McCormick was popular as he had intervened to save local railway lines running to Coleraine and Enniskillen and employed hundreds of local people. There were two Liberal Party candidates Samuel MacCurdy Greer and George Skipton. Greer was born in County Londonderry and represented the county constituency as a Radical between the 1857 and 1859 general elections. Skipton was a resident of Beech Hill in Londonderry. All of the candidates were prominent in the municipal life of Londonderry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023783-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 Londonderry City by-election, Results\nThe electorate comprised freemen of the city, houseowners with property rated at a value in excess of \u00a310 per year and occupiers of properties rated at \u00a38 or more per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023783-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 Londonderry City by-election, Results\nFerguson had been largely apolitical and had received the support of the Catholic population. However the majority of constituents were Protestants (around 37% Presbyterians and 22% Episcopalians) and, with a weakening of Liberal support in the city following Ferguson's death, from 1860 the Conservative Party entered a period of dominance. The Presbyterians had supported Greer at the 1857 by-election for Londonderry County but the victory of Tory landlord-nominee James Johnston Clark led to the withdrawal of many Presbyterians from politics. McCormick, many of whose employees were Catholic, campaigned heavily for support from this segment of the population. This was successful in splintering the Catholic vote, which Greer had thought he could count on. Skipton had hoped to attract support from across all groups in the city, but because of strong denominational ties in the constituency only received a handful of votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 974]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023783-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 Londonderry City by-election, Results\nMcCormick won the election, held on 2 April, with 327 votes compared to 309 for Greer and 82 for Skipton. An election petition was made against the result but the House of Commons committee declared the result as valid on 8 June 1860. McCormick chose to serve only one term, retiring on 11 July 1865 with the dissolution of parliament ahead of the 1865 United Kingdom general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023784-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Maltese general election\nGeneral elections were held in Malta on 24 January 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023784-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Maltese general election, Background\nThe elections were held under the 1849 constitution, which provided for an 18-member Government Council, of which ten members would be appointed and eight elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023784-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Maltese general election, Results\nA total of 3,343 people were registered to vote, of which 3,044 cast votes, giving a turnout of 91%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023785-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1860 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 6. Incumbent Republican Governor Nathaniel Banks did not run for re-election to a fourth term. He was succeeded by Republican John Albion Andrew, a radical abolitionist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023785-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican convention, Campaign\nIncumbent Governor Nathaniel Banks, a moderate on the slavery issue, supported Congressman Henry L. Dawes as his successor. To give Dawes the greatest possible advantage at the state convention, Banks delayed his retirement announcement as long as possible. However, party chairman William Claflin leaked the news to U.S. Senator Charles Sumner, an abolitionist and supporter of John Albion Andrew. Sumner sprang the Andrew campaign into gear before Banks announced his retirement, allowing them to get the jump on Dawes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 74], "content_span": [75, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023785-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican convention, Campaign\nTwo additional candidates joined the race: Ensign H. Kellogg and John Z. Goodrich. Both hailed from Berkshire County, like Dawes, and their campaigns may have eaten into his regional support there. By the time the convention opened, Andrew was the strong favorite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 74], "content_span": [75, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023785-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican convention, Results\nThe Republican State Convention was held in Worcester on August 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023786-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1860 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1860. Republican nominee Austin Blair defeated Democratic nominee John S. Barry with 56.69% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023787-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 1860 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on August 6, 1860, and resulted in a victory for the Democratic nominee, Claiborne Fox Jackson. Jackson defeated the nominee of the Constitutional Union Party, Sample Orr, and Southern \"Brekenridge\" Democrat Former Gov. Hancock Lee Jackson to become the fifteenth governor of Missouri. Republican James B. Gardenhire also ran in the election, but received a negligible number of votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023787-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Missouri gubernatorial election\nBefore the next election in 1864, three men would serve as Governor of Missouri: first, Claiborne Fox Jackson until his defection to the Confederacy in July 1861, then Hamilton Rowan Gamble until his death in January 1864, and finally Lt. Gov Willard Preble Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023788-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Morpeth colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Morpeth on 7 August 1860 because Edward Close resigned. Close later stated that he resigned because it had been a lengthy session of parliament, marked by a contest for power between Charles Cowper, William Forster and John Robertson in which nothing was done.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023789-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 New South Wales colonial election\nThe 1860 New South Wales colonial election was held between 6 December and 24 December 1860. This election was for all of the 72 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in 52 single-member constituencies, six 2-member constituencies and two 4-member constituencies, all with a first past the post system. Suffrage was limited to adult white males. This was the first election after the separation of Queensland in December 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023789-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 New South Wales colonial election\nThe previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 10 November 1860 by the Governor, Sir William Denison, on the advice of the Premier, John Robertson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023789-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 New South Wales colonial election\nThere was no recognisable party structure at this election; instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system. Although Robertson won the election, he relinquished the premiership to Charles Cowper to concentrate on passing land reform bills as Secretary of Lands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023789-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 New South Wales colonial election, Results\nNew South Wales colonial election, 6 December 1860 \u2013 24 December 1860\u200aLegislative Assembly << 1859\u20131864\u201365 >>", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023790-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 New York state election\nThe 1860 New York state election was held on November 6, 1860, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner, and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly. Besides, the question of Negro suffrage was asked, and was answered in the negative with 197,503 votes for and 337,984 against it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023790-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 New York state election, History\nWilliam Kelly was the candidate of the majority faction of the Democratic Party which supported Stephen A. Douglas for President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023790-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 New York state election, History\nThe \"Breckinridge and Lane Democratic\" state convention met on August 8 at Syracuse, New York, Henry S. Randall presided. James T. Brady (a Tammany man from New York City who had run for Attorney General on the Hard ticket in 1853) was nominated for Governor on the first ballot (vote:Brady 99, O'Connor 8, Greene C. Bronson 3, Brown 2, Lawrence 1, Kemble 1, Gideon J. Tucker 1). Henry K. Viele was nominated on the first ballot (vote: Viele 57, Edward Tompkins 56). The incumbent John M. Jaycox was re-nominated for Canal Commissioner by acclamation. Robert W. Allen was nominated for Prison Inspector on the first ballot. After the nominations, Daniel S. Dickinson made a speech. Brady accepted the nomination in a letter dated on August 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023790-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 New York state election, Result\nThe whole Republican ticket was elected, an average of about 50,000 votes ahead of the combined Democratic vote. The incumbents Morgan and Campbell were re-elected. The incumbents Jaycox and Rhodes were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023790-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 New York state election, Result\n93 Republicans and 35 Democrats were elected for the session of 1861 to the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023791-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 New York suffrage referendum\nA referendum on black suffrage was held in New York in 1860. Voters were asked whether universal suffrage for black men 21 years of age and older should be introduced. At the time, black voters were required to meet certain property-owning criteria. Black men who owned the required amount of property could still vote in the state, and many did vote in the referendum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023791-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 New York suffrage referendum\nThe referendum question failed, with 64% voting against the change, and property restrictions to vote were maintained for blacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023791-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 New York suffrage referendum\nThe referendum was most heavily supported by voters in Upstate New York. The Five Boroughs of New York City, as well as most of the area around the city, voted against the proposed amendment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023792-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Northern Division by-election\nThe 1860 Northern Division by-election was a by-election held  on 23 May in the Northern Division electorate in Auckland during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023792-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Northern Division by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Thomas Henderson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023792-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Northern Division by-election\nHenderson was the only nomination for the by-election, so was declared (re)elected unopposed. He had resigned because he was not able to go down the Assembly Session in Wellington, which was summoned for 3 May, as his partner Mr Macfarlane was absent and was not expected back by that date. So he had resigned as he wanted Auckland to be \"fully represented\". But the Assembly was postponed and his business partner had returned. He was \"requested to resume his seat\" and had consented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023793-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Omata by-election\nThe 1860 Omata by-election was a by-election held  on 16 April in the Omata electorate in Taranaki during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023793-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Omata by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Alfred William East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023793-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Omata by-election\nRichmond was the only nomination, so was declared elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023794-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Open Championship\nThe 1860 Open Championship was a golf competition held at Prestwick Golf Club, in Ayrshire, Scotland. It is now regarded as the first Open Championship. Until his death in 1859, Allan Robertson was regarded as top golfer in the world. The Open Championship was created to determine his successor. Eight golfers contested the event, with Willie Park, Sr. winning the championship by 2 shots from Tom Morris, Sr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023794-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Open Championship\nPrestwick Golf Club organised the event, \"to be played for by professional golfers\". Golf clubs in Scotland and England were invited to name and send up to three of their best players to compete. The contest was over three rounds of the twelve-hole links course. The prize for winning was the Challenge Belt; a player winning the belt three successive years would keep it. \"Cawdies, i.e. Professional Players, not Keepers of Links\" were eligible and had to produce a certificate of respectability from their club. George Daniel Brown was the only Englishman to play in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023794-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Open Championship\nJames Ogilvie Fairlie was the principal organizer of this inaugural Open Championship. In a proposed competition for a \"Challenge Belt\", Fairlie sent out a series of letters to Aberdeen, Blackheath, Bruntsfield, Carnoustie Panmure, Dirleton Castle, Innerleven, Montrose, North Berwick, Perth, Musselburgh and St. Andrews (as noted in Prestwick Golf Club Archive), inviting a player known as a \"respectable caddie\" to represent each of the clubs in a tournament to be held on 17 October 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023794-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Open Championship\nThe pairings were Tom Morris, Sr. (Prestwick) and Robert Andrew (Perth), Willie Park Sr. (Musselburgh) and Alexander Smith (Bruntsfield), William Steel (Bruntsfield) and Charlie Hunter (Prestwick St Nicholas), George Daniel Brown (Blackheath) and Andrew Strath (St Andrews).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate\nThe 1860 Oxford evolution debate took place at the Oxford University Museum in Oxford, England, on 30 June 1860, seven months after the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Several prominent British scientists and philosophers participated, including Thomas Henry Huxley, Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, Benjamin Brodie, Joseph Dalton Hooker and Robert FitzRoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate\nThe debate is best remembered today for a heated exchange in which Wilberforce supposedly asked Huxley whether it was through his grandfather or his grandmother that he claimed his descent from a monkey. Huxley is said to have replied that he would not be ashamed to have a monkey for his ancestor, but he would be ashamed to be connected with a man who used his great gifts to obscure the truth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate\nOne eyewitness suggests that Wilberforce's question to Huxley may have been \"whether, in the vast shaky state of the law of development, as laid down by Darwin, any one can be so enamoured of this so-called law, or hypothesis, as to go into jubilation for his great great grandfather having been an ape or a gorilla? \", whereas another suggests he may have said that \"it was of little consequence to himself whether or not his grandfather might be called a monkey or not.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate\nThe encounter is often known as the Huxley\u2013Wilberforce debate or the Wilberforce\u2013Huxley debate, although this description is somewhat misleading. Rather than being a formal debate between the two, it was actually an animated discussion that occurred after the presentation of a paper by John William Draper of New York University, on the intellectual development of Europe with relation to Darwin's theory (one of a number of scientific papers presented during the week as part of the British Association's annual meeting). Although Huxley and Wilberforce were not the only participants in the discussion, they were reported to be the two dominant parties. No verbatim account of the debate exists. There is considerable uncertainty regarding what Huxley and Wilberforce actually said, and subsequent accounts were subject to distortion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Background\nThe idea of transmutation of species was very controversial in the first half of the nineteenth century, seen as contrary to religious orthodoxy and a threat to the social order, but welcomed by Radicals seeking to widen democracy and overturn the aristocratic hierarchy. The scientific community was also wary, lacking a mechanistic theory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Background\nThe anonymous publication of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation in 1844 brought a storm of controversy, but attracted a wide readership and became a bestseller. At the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting at Oxford in May 1847, the Bishop of Oxford Samuel Wilberforce used his Sunday sermon at St. Mary's Church on \"the wrong way of doing science\" to deliver a stinging attack obviously aimed at its author, Robert Chambers, in a church \"crowded to suffocation\" with archaeologists, geoscientists, astronomers, chemists, physicists, and biologists. The scientific establishment also remained skeptical, but the book had convinced a vast popular audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Background\nCharles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was published on 24 November 1859 to wide debate and controversy. The influential biologist Richard Owen wrote a negative anonymous review of the book in the Edinburgh Review, and coached Wilberforce, who also wrote an anonymous 17,000-word review in the Quarterly Review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Background\nThomas Huxley, one of the small group with whom Darwin had shared his theory before publication, emerged as the main public champion of evolution. He wrote a favourable review of \"Origin\" in The Times in December 1859, along with several other articles and a lecture delivered at the Royal Institution in February 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Background\nThe reaction of many orthodox churchmen was hostile, but their attention was diverted in February 1860 by a much greater furore over the publication of Essays and Reviews by seven liberal theologians. Amongst them, the Reverend Baden Powell had already praised evolutionary ideas, and in his essay he commended \"Mr. Darwin's masterly volume\" for substantiating \"the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0009-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Background\nThe controversy was at the centre of attention when the British Association for the Advancement of Science (often referred to then simply as \"the BA\") convened their annual meeting at the new Oxford University Museum of Natural History in June 1860. On Thursday 28 June, Charles Daubeny read a paper \"On the final causes of the sexuality in plants, with particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work\u00a0...\" Owen and Huxley were both in attendance, and a debate erupted over Darwin's theory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0009-0001", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Background\nOwen spoke of facts which would enable the public to \"come to some conclusions\u00a0... of the truth of Mr. Darwin's theory\", and repeated an anatomical argument which he had first presented in 1857, that \"the brain of the gorilla was more different from that of man than from that of the lowest primate particularly because only man had a posterior lobe, a posterior horn, and a hippocampus minor.\" Huxley was convinced this was incorrect, and had researched its errors. For the first time he spoke publicly on this point, and \"denied altogether that the difference between the brain of the gorilla and man was so great\" in a \"direct and unqualified contradiction\" of Owen, citing previous studies as well as promising to provide detailed support for his position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0010-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Background\nWilberforce agreed to address the meeting on Saturday morning, and there was expectation that he would repeat his success at scourging evolutionary ideas as at the 1847 meeting. Huxley was initially reluctant to engage Wilberforce in a public debate about evolution, but, in a chance encounter, Robert Chambers persuaded him not to desert the cause. The Reverend Baden Powell would have been on the platform, but he had died of a heart attack on 11 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0011-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nWord spread that Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, known as \"Soapy Sam\" (from a comment by Benjamin Disraeli that the Bishop's manner was \"unctuous, oleaginous, saponaceous\"), would speak against Darwin's theory at the meeting on Saturday 30 June 1860. Wilberforce was one of the greatest public speakers of his day and, according to Bryson, \"more than a thousand people crowded into the chamber; hundreds more were turned away.\" Darwin himself was too sick to attend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0012-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nThe discussion was chaired by John Stevens Henslow, Darwin's former mentor from Cambridge. It has been suggested that Owen arranged for Henslow to chair the discussion \"hoping to make the expected defeat of Darwin the more complete\". The main focus of the meeting was supposed to be a lecture by New York University's John William Draper, \"On the Intellectual Development of Europe, considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin and others, that the progression of organisms is determined by law\". By all accounts, Draper's presentation was long and boring. After Draper had finished, Henslow called on several other speakers, including Benjamin Brodie, the President of the Royal Society, before it was Wilberforce's turn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0013-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nIn a letter to his brother Edward, the ornithologist Alfred Newton wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0014-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nIn the Nat. Hist. Section we had another hot Darwinian debate\u00a0... After [lengthy preliminaries] Huxley was called upon by Henslow to state his views at greater length, and this brought up the Bp. of Oxford\u00a0... Referring to what Huxley had said two days before, about after all its not signifying to him whether he was descended from a Gorilla or not, the Bp. chafed him and asked whether he had a preference for the descent being on the father's side or the mother's side?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0014-0001", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nThis gave Huxley the opportunity of saying that he would sooner claim kindred with an Ape than with a man like the Bp. who made so ill a use of his wonderful speaking powers to try and burke, by a display of authority, a free discussion on what was, or was not, a matter of truth, and reminded him that on questions of physical science 'authority' had always been bowled out by investigation, as witness astronomy and geology. A lot of people afterwards spoke\u00a0... the feeling of the meeting was very much against the Bp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0015-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nAccording to Lucas, \"Wilberforce, contrary to the central tenet of the legend, did not prejudge the issue\", but he is in a minority on this, as Jensen makes clear. Wilberforce criticised Darwin's theory on ostensibly scientific grounds, arguing that it was not supported by the facts, and he noted that the greatest names in science were opposed to the theory. Nonetheless, Wilberforce's speech is generally only remembered today for his inquiry as to whether it was through his grandmother or his grandfather that Huxley considered himself descended from a monkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0016-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nAccording to a letter written 30 years later to Francis Darwin, when Huxley heard this he whispered to Brodie, \"The Lord hath delivered him into mine hands\". Huxley's own contemporary account, in a letter to Henry Dyster on September 9, 1860, makes no mention of this remark. Huxley rose to defend Darwin's theory, finishing his speech with the now-legendary assertion that he was not ashamed to have a monkey for his ancestor, but he would be ashamed to be connected with a man who used great gifts to obscure the truth. Later retellings indicate that this statement had a tremendous effect on the audience, and Lady Brewster is said to have fainted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0017-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nReliable accounts indicate that although Huxley did respond with the \"monkey\" retort, the remainder of his speech was unremarkable. Balfour Stewart, a prominent scientist and director of the Kew Observatory, wrote afterward that, \"I think the Bishop had the best of it.\" Joseph Dalton Hooker, Darwin's friend and botanical mentor, noted in a letter to Darwin that Huxley had been largely inaudible in the hall:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0018-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nWell, Sam Oxon got up and spouted for half an hour with inimitable spirit, ugliness and emptiness and unfairness\u00a0... Huxley answered admirably and turned the tables, but he could not throw his voice over so large an assembly nor command the audience\u00a0... he did not allude to Sam's weak points nor put the matter in a form or way that carried the audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0019-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nIt is likely that the main point is accurate, that Huxley was not effective in speaking to the large audience. He was not yet an accomplished speaker and wrote afterward that he had been inspired as to the value of oration by what he witnessed in that meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0020-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nNext, Henslow called upon Admiral Robert FitzRoy, who had been Darwin's captain and companion on the voyage of the Beagle twenty-five years earlier. FitzRoy denounced Darwin's book and, \"lifting an immense Bible first with both hands and afterwards with one hand over his head, solemnly implored the audience to believe God rather than man\". He was believed to have said: \"I believe that this is the Truth, and had I known then what I know now, I would not have taken him [Darwin] aboard the Beagle.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0021-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nThe last speaker of the day was Hooker. According to his own account, it was he and not Huxley who delivered the most effective reply to Wilberforce's arguments: \"Sam was shut up\u2014had not one word to say in reply, and the meeting was dissolved forthwith\" Ruse claims that \"everybody enjoyed himself immensely and all went cheerfully off to dinner together afterwards\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0022-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nIt is said that during the debate, two Cambridge dons happened to be standing near Wilberforce, one of whom was Henry Fawcett, the recently blinded economist. Fawcett was asked whether he thought the bishop had actually read the Origin of Species. \"Oh no, I would swear he has never read a word of it\", Fawcett reportedly replied loudly. Wilberforce swung round to him scowling, ready to recriminate, but stepped back and bit his tongue on noting that the protagonist was the blind economist. (See p.\u00a0126 of Janet Browne (2003) Charles Darwin: The Power of Place.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0023-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Debate\nNotably, all three major participants felt they had had the best of the debate. Wilberforce wrote that, \"On Saturday Professor Henslow\u00a0... called on me by name to address the Section on Darwin's theory. So I could not escape and had quite a long fight with Huxley. I think I thoroughly beat him.\" Huxley claimed \"[I was] the most popular man in Oxford for a full four & twenty hours afterwards.\" Hooker wrote that \"I have been congratulated and thanked by the blackest coats and whitest stocks in Oxford.\" Wilberforce and Darwin remained on good terms after the debate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0024-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Legacy\nSummary reports of the debate were published in The Manchester Guardian, The Athenaeum and Jackson's Oxford Journal. A more detailed report was published by the Oxford Chronicle. Both sides immediately claimed victory, but the majority opinion has always been that the debate represented a major victory for the Darwinians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0025-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Legacy\nThough the debate is frequently depicted as a clash between religion and science, the British Association at the time had a number of clergymen occupying high positions (including Presidents of two of its seven sections) In his speech to open the annual event, the President of the Association (Lord Wrottesley) concluded his talk by saying \"Let us ever apply ourselves to the task, feeling assured that the more we thus exercise, and by exercising improve our intellectual faculties, the more worthy shall we be, the better shall we be fitted to come nearer to our God.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0025-0001", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Legacy\nTherefore, a case could be made for saying that for the many clerics in the audience, the underlying conflict was between traditional Anglicanism (Wilberforce) and liberal Anglicanism (Essays and Reviews). On the other hand, Oxford academic Dr Diane Purkiss says the debate \"was really the first time Christianity had ever been asked to square off against science in a public forum in the whole of its history\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0026-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Legacy\nMany of the opponents of Darwin's theory were respected men of science: Owen was one of the most influential British biologists of his generation; Adam Sedgwick was a leading geologist; Wilberforce was a Fellow of the Royal Society (though at that time about half of the Fellows were well-placed amateurs). While Darwin himself was a gentleman scholar of independent financial means, key disciples like Huxley and Hooker were professionals, and they concentrated on the advance of scientific knowledge, and were determined not to be baulked by religious authority. Their kind of science was to grow and flourish, and ultimately to become autonomous from religious tradition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0027-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Legacy\nThe debate has been called \"one of the great stories of the history of science\" and it is often regarded as a key moment in the acceptance of evolution. However, at the time it received only a few passing references in newspapers, and Brooke argues that \"the event almost completely disappeared from public awareness until it was resurrected in the 1890s as an appropriate tribute to a recently deceased hero of scientific education\". The contemporary accounts of the participants were largely replaced by a somewhat embellished version (see the much later insertion of Huxley's remark to Brodie, for example). The great popularity of the anecdote in the 20th century was largely due to shifting attitudes towards evolution and anachronistic re-interpretation of the actual events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023795-0028-0000", "contents": "1860 Oxford evolution debate, Legacy\nThe debate marked the beginning of a bitter three-year dispute between Owen and Huxley over human origins, satirised by Charles Kingsley as the \"Great Hippocampus Question\", which concluded with the defeat of Owen and his backers. The debate was the inspiration for, and is referenced in, the play Darwin in Malibu by Crispin Whittell. A commemorative pillar marks the 150th anniversary of the debate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023796-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1860 Pennsylvania gubernatorial was held on October 9, almost one month before Presidential election. Andrew Curtin of the newly formed Republican Party won the governor's mansion over Democrat Henry Donnel Foster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023796-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Campaign\nAs in most of the county, the growing tension over the expansion of slavery was the dominant electoral issue. Although outgoing Governor William F. Packer had been lauded for expanding public education and for aiding the state's iron and glass industries through tough economic times, his reputation was tainted by a strong connection to President James Buchanan. Nonetheless, the state Democratic Party remained strong, and, despite the national split, leadership united behind Foster. By contrast, the Republicans, which had participated in only one prior gubernatorial election, was marked by division. Although Abraham Lincoln was emerging as the party's presidential candidate, state party bosses had hoped to nominate Simon Cameron; it took some time for the party establishment to unify around Curtin, a Lincoln supporter, and his campaign got off to somewhat of a slow start.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023796-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Campaign\nAlthough both candidates discussed similar issues in their campaign, particularly public education and industrial development, local issues were totally overshadowed by the impending threat of war. While Democrats, who backed the Stephen A. Douglas and the Northern plank of their national party almost unanimously, rallied hard behind Foster, the problems with the party's national machinery caught up with their candidate. Curtin, a powerful speaker, was able to convince voters that choosing the Republican line was the only way to keep the nation from division, a message that allowed him to achieve a narrow victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023797-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe Philadelphia mayoral election of 1860 saw the reelection of Alexander Henry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023797-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThis was the first Philadelphia mayoral election won by the then-young Republican Party. Henry had previously been elected as a member of the \"People's Party\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023798-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Portuguese legislative election\nThe Portuguese legislative election, 1860 was held on 1 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023798-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Portuguese legislative election, Notes and references\nThis Portuguese elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023799-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Queensland colonial election\nElections were held in the Australian state of Queensland between 27 April 1860 to 11 May 1860 to elect the members of the state's Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023799-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Queensland colonial election, Key dates\nDue to problems of distance and communications, it was not possible to hold the elections on a single day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention\nThe 1860 Republican National Convention was a presidential nominating convention that met from May 16 to May 18 in Chicago, Illinois. It was held to nominate the Republican Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1860 election. The convention selected former Representative Abraham Lincoln of Illinois for president and Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention\nEntering the 1860 convention, Senator William H. Seward of New York was generally regarded as the front-runner, but Lincoln, Governor Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, former Representative Edward Bates of Missouri, and Senator Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania all commanded support from a significant share of delegates. Seward led on the first ballot but fell short of a majority, while Lincoln finished in a strong second place. Cameron's delegates shifted to Lincoln on the second ballot, leaving Lincoln essentially tied with Seward. Lincoln clinched the nomination on the third ballot after consolidating support from more delegates who had backed candidates other than Seward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention\nHamlin was nominated on the second vice presidential ballot, defeating Cassius Clay of Kentucky and several other candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention\nThe ticket of Lincoln and Hamlin went on to win the 1860 general election. After taking office in 1861, Lincoln appointed all four of his major opponents for the nomination to his cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, History, Background\nBy 1860 the dissolution of the Whig Party in America had become an accomplished fact, with establishment Whig politicians, former Free Soilers, and a certain number of anti-Catholic populists from the Know Nothing movement flocking to the banner of the fledgling anti-slavery Republican Party. While 1856 Republican presidential nominee John C. Fr\u00e9mont had met with failure, party gains were made throughout the Northern United States as the sectional crisis over slavery intensified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, History, Background\nParty leaders sought to hold their 1860 nominating convention in the burgeoning Middle Western trade center of Chicago, then a city of some 110,000 people. The city had no sufficiently large meeting hall, so an appropriation was made for a temporary wood-frame assembly hall\u00a0\u2013 known as the \"Wigwam\"\u00a0\u2013 to seat ten thousand delegates, guests, and observers. The rapidly designed and constructed building proved well fit for the purpose, featuring excellent lines of sight and stellar acoustics, allowing even an ordinary speaker to be heard throughout the room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, History, Background\nThe Convention commanded the interest and attention of a multitude of curious citizens who crowded the \"Wigwam\" to the rafters. Delegations were seated by state and the gathering was virtually devoid of Southern participation, with no delegations attending from the slave states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, History, Background\nDelegation voting strength was loosely based upon the size of each state's congressional delegation, subject to some modification by the Credentials Committee, with the Northeastern delegations of New York (70), Pennsylvania (54), Massachusetts (26), and New Jersey (14) constituting the largest regional block, surpassing the Midwestern states of Ohio (46), Indiana (26), Illinois (22), and Iowa (8). Some 86 votes were apportioned to the six states of New England. Slave and border states with substantial delegations under the rules (but with small actual party organizations) included Kentucky (23), Virginia (23), and Missouri (18). The total of all credentialed delegate votes was 466.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, History, Daily affairs\nWith the convention called to order on May 16, former U.S. Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania was elected temporary chairman of the gathering. He had been the author in 1848 of the Wilmot Proviso which would have banned slavery from new states incorporated into the Union. Upon his election, Wilmot delivered the keynote speech to the Convention, in which he declared that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0009-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, History, Daily affairs\nA great sectional and aristocratic party, or interest, has for years dominated with a high hand over the political affairs of this country. That interest has wrested, and is now wresting, all the great powers of this government to the one object of the extension and nationalization of slavery. It is our purpose, gentlemen, it is the mission of the Republican Party and the basis of its organization, to resist this policy of a sectional interest.... It is our purpose and our policy to resist these new constitutional dogmas that slavery exists by virtue of the constitution wherever the banner of the Union floats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0010-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, History, Daily affairs\nOrganizational tasks filled the rest of the first day's activities, including the appointment of a Credentials Committee and a Resolutions Committee. There were no contested seats although a delegation purporting to represent the state of Texas was ruled ineligible by the Credentials Committee. A Platform Committee was also named, including one delegate from every state and territory in attendance. This committee began its work at once and completed its task with a report on the evening of the second day, May 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0011-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, History, Platform\nThe reading of the platform, as drafted by the Platform Committee chaired by Judge William Jessup of Pennsylvania, was received with stormy applause and an immediate move followed to adopt the document unanimously and without amendments. An effort followed to amend the platform after adoption with insertion of famous language from the Declaration of Independence that \"All men are created equal; and they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights...\" This Amendment was initially rejected by the convention, prompting a walkout by its proposer, long time Ohio Congressman Joshua Reed Giddings. The matter was hastily reconsidered by the Convention, and with the addition of the amendment the disgruntled Mr. Giddings returned to his seat, crisis resolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0012-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, History, Platform\nThe 1860 Republican platform consisted of 17 declarations of principle, of which 10 dealt directly with the issues of free soil principles, slavery, the Fugitive Slave Act, and the preservation of the Union, while the remaining 7 dealing with other issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0013-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, History, Platform\nClauses 12 through 16 of the platform called for a protective tariff, enactment of the Homestead Act, freedom of immigration into the United States and full rights to all immigrant citizens, internal improvements, and the construction of a Pacific railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0014-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, History, Platform\nIn addition to the preservation of the Union, all five of these additional promises were enacted by the Thirty-seventh Congress and implemented by Abraham Lincoln or the presidents who immediately succeeded him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0015-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts\nThe convention met in mid-May, after the Democrats had been forced to adjourn the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina, without a nominee and had not yet re-convened in Baltimore, Maryland. With the Democrats in disarray and with a sweep of the Northern states possible, the Republicans were confident of victory. Senator William H. Seward of New York was generally expected to get the nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0016-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts\nThe Republican National Convention met in mid-May 1860, after the Democrats had been forced to adjourn their convention in Charleston. With the Democrats in disarray and a sweep of the Northern states possible, the Republicans felt confident going into their convention in Chicago. William H. Seward from New York was considered the front-runner, followed Salmon P. Chase from Ohio, and Missouri's Edward Bates. Abraham Lincoln from Illinois, was lesser known, and was not considered to have a good chance against Seward. Seward had been governor and senator of New York, was from firm Whig backgrounds, and was a very able politician. Also running were John C. Fr\u00e9mont, William L. Dayton, Cassius M. Clay, and Benjamin Wade, who might be able to win if the convention deadlocked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0017-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts\nAs the convention developed, however, it was revealed that frontrunners Seward, Chase, and Bates had each alienated factions of the Republican Party. Seward had been painted as a radical, and his speeches on slavery predicted inevitable conflict, which spooked moderate delegates. He also was firmly opposed to nativism, which further weakened his position. He had also been abandoned by his longtime friend and political ally Horace Greeley, publisher of the influential New-York Tribune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0018-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts\nChase, a former Democrat, had alienated many of the former Whigs by his coalition with the Democrats in the late 1840s. He had also opposed tariffs demanded by Pennsylvania, and even had opposition from his own delegation from Ohio. However, Chase's firm antislavery stance made him popular with the radical Republicans. But what he had in policy he lacked in charisma and political acumen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0019-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts\nThe conservative Bates was an unlikely candidate, but found support from Horace Greely, who sought any chance to defeat Seward, whom he now had a bitter feud with. Bates outlined his positions on the extension of slavery into the territories and equal constitutional rights for all citizens, positions that alienated his supporters in the border states and Southern conservatives, while German Americans in the party opposed Bates because of his past association with the Know Nothings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0020-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts\nInto this mix came Lincoln. Lincoln was not unknown; he had gained prominence in the Lincoln\u2013Douglas debates, and had served as a house representative from Illinois. He had been quietly eyeing a run since the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858, ensuring that the debates were widely published, and that a biography of himself was published. He gained great notability with his February 1860 Cooper Union speech, which may have ensured him the nomination. He had not yet announced his intentions to run, but it was superb speech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0020-0001", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts\nDelivered in Seward's home state, and attended by Greely, Lincoln used the speech to show that the Republican party was a party of moderates, not crazed fanatics as the South and Democrats claimed. Afterwards, Lincoln was in much demand for speaking engagements. As the convention approached, Lincoln did not campaign very actively, as the \"office was expected to seek the man\". So it did at the Illinois state convention, a week before the national convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0020-0002", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts\nYoung politician Richard Oglesby had secretly found several fence rails from the Hanks-Lincoln farm that Lincoln may have split as a youngster, and paraded them into the convention with a banner that proclaimed Lincoln to be \"The Rail Candidate\" for President. Lincoln received a thunderous ovation, surpassing the expectations of him and his political allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0021-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts\nEven with such support from his home state, Lincoln faced a difficult task if he was to win the nomination. He set about ensuring that he was the second choice of most delegates, realizing that the first round of voting at the convention was unlikely to produce a clear winner. He engineered that the convention would happen in Chicago, which would be inherently friendly to the Illinois based Lincoln. He also made sure that the Illinois delegation would vote as a bloc for him. Lincoln did not attend the convention in person, and left the task of delegate wrangling to his friends Leonard Swett, Ward Hill Lamon, and David Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0022-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts\nDuring the night of May 17\u201318, they worked frantically to win anti-Seward delegates for Lincoln. They showed that Lincoln already had the most support after Seward, which persuaded some. They also made a deal with Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania, who recognized that he had no chance of winning the nomination himself. Cameron controlled the Pennsylvania delegation, and he offered to trade his support for the promise of a cabinet position for himself and control of Federal patronage in Pennsylvania. Lincoln did not want to make any such deal; from Springfield, he telegraphed to Davis \"I authorize no bargains and will be bound by none\". Despite this restriction, Davis reached an understanding with Cameron, which eventually led to Cameron's appointment as Secretary of War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0023-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts\nThe next day (May 18), when voting for the nomination began, Seward led on the first ballot with Lincoln a distant second. But on the second ballot, the Pennsylvania delegation switched to Lincoln, as well as some other delegates, putting him in a near-tie with Seward. Lincoln's combination of a moderate stance on slavery, long support for economic issues, his western origins, and strong oratory proved to be exactly what the delegates wanted in a president. On the third ballot on May 18, Lincoln secured the nomination overwhelmingly. Senator Hannibal Hamlin from Maine was nominated for vice-president, defeating Cassius M. Clay. Hamlin was surprised by his nomination, saying he was \"astonished\" and that he \"neither expected nor desired it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0024-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts, President\nAmong other accounts, an article, entitled \"The Four Votes\", published in the May 19, 1860, edition of the Chicago Press and Tribune attests that after seeing how close Lincoln was to the 234 votes needed, Robert K. Enos, a member of the Ohio delegation, was responsible for getting three fellow Ohio delegates to announce after the close of the third ballot that they were shifting their four votes to Lincoln, giving him sufficient votes to win the nomination. This triggered an avalanche towards Lincoln on the fourth ballot, with a final count of 349 votes for Lincoln out of 466 cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023800-0025-0000", "contents": "1860 Republican National Convention, Ballot counts, Vice President\nSenator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine was nominated for vice president, defeating Cassius M. Clay of Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023801-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 South Australian colonial election\nColonial elections were held in South Australia from 9 March to 3 April 1860. All 36 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023801-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 South Australian colonial election\nSince the inaugural 1857 election, no parties or solid groupings had been formed, which resulted in frequent changes of the Premier. If for any reason the incumbent Premier of South Australia lost sufficient support through a successful motion of no confidence at any time on the floor of the house, he would tender his resignation to the Governor of South Australia, which would result in interested members declaring their intent to run for the vacant position. A parliamentary ballot would then take place, resulting in the member with the most votes being sworn in by the Governor as the next Premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023801-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 South Australian colonial election\nInformal groupings began and increased government stability occurred from the 1887 election. The United Labor Party would be formed in 1891, while the National Defence League would be formed later in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023802-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 St Leonards colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of St Leonards on 2 May 1860 because Edward Sayers resigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023803-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 State of the Union Address\nThe 1860 State of the Union Address was written by James Buchanan, the 15th president of the United States. It was read on Monday, December 3, 1860, to both houses of the 36th United States Congress, by a clerk. He stated, \"Why is it, then, that discontent now so extensively prevails, and the Union of the States, which is the source of all these blessings, is threatened with destruction?\" He spoke on the eve of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023803-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 State of the Union Address, The verdict\n\"The long-continued and intemperate interference of the Northern people with the question of slavery in the Southern States has at length produced its natural effects. The different sections of the Union are now arrayed against each other, and the time has arrived, so much dreaded by the Father of his Country, when hostile geographical parties have been formed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023804-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Swiss federal election\nFederal elections were held in Switzerland on 28 October 1860. Despite large losses, the Radical Left remained the largest group in the National Council, winning 64 of the 120 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023804-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Swiss federal election, Electoral system\nThe 120 members of the National Council were elected in 49 single- and multi-member constituencies; there was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population. The elections were held using a three-round system; candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. In six cantons (Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Glarus, Nidwalden, Obwalden and Uri), National Council members were elected by the Landsgemeinde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023804-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Swiss federal election, Results, National Council, Summary\nVoter turnout was highest in the Canton of Schaffhausen (where voting was compulsory) at 86.4% and lowest in the Canton of Z\u00fcrich at 8.9%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023805-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Brisbane colonial by-election\nThe Town of Brisbane colonial by-election, 1860 was a by-election held on 8 December 1860 in the electoral district of Town of Brisbane for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023805-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Brisbane colonial by-election, History\nOn 17 October 1860, Henry Jordan, member for Town of Brisbane, resigned. Robert Cribb won the resulting by-election on 8 December 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election\nThe Town of Christchurch by-election in 1860 was triggered by the resignation of Richard Packer as the Member of the House of Representatives for the Town of Christchurch electorate, and occurred during the term of the 2nd New Zealand Parliament. The previous representative of the electorate, the politician Henry Sewell, had returned after three years in England and the general expectation was that Sewell would be the sole contender for election. The Lyttelton Times wrote several provocative editorials, generally endorsing Sewell for his obvious ability, but criticising him for not publicly talking about his policies and plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0000-0001", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election\nSewell eventually arranged a public meeting the evening prior to nomination day; this was the only public meeting during the election campaign. After a lengthy address, which was favourably received by the Lyttelton Times, a second contender for the office put his name forward at that meeting: the publican Michael Hart. Sewell, a former premier and one of New Zealand's most senior politicians at the time, was successful against the political novice Hart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Background, Candidates\nHenry Sewell had first come to New Zealand as the deputy chairman (a paid position) of the Canterbury Association in February 1853. The Association was in financial crisis and Sewell was instrumental in resolving the debt issues for Canterbury Province. In August 1853 Sewell stood in New Zealand's first general election, winning the Town of Christchurch electorate, which he represented in the 1st New Zealand Parliament. Sewell was re-elected in the 1855 election and also elected onto the Canterbury Provincial Council for the Lyttelton electorate in 1855. In May 1856, he became New Zealand's first Premier. He resigned from Parliament later in 1856 but remained an unofficial member of Parliament's executive and returned to England on ministerial duties. Sewell returned to New Zealand in early 1859 and again took up a previous role as Colonial Treasurer. By all accounts, Sewell was a senior politician.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 974]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Background, Candidates\nMichael Hart arrived in Lyttelton with his wife and their two sons on the Cressy on 27 December 1850, one of the First Four Ships reaching Canterbury. Before he came out to New Zealand, he had been a plumber. Hart founded the White Hart on the corner of High and Cashel Streets, the first hotel in Christchurch. The hotel opened on 15 November 1851, less than a year after the organised settlement of Christchurch. In December 1852, Hart catered for 150 guests who had assembled to farewell John Robert Godley, the founder of Canterbury who returned to England after his short stay in the colony. A well-known man, Hart had no political experience; he was never elected onto the Canterbury Provincial Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Background, Campaign\nAfter Sewell's resignation from Parliament in 1856, Richard Packer won the resulting 1856 by-election. Packer resigned from Parliament on 28 December 1859, triggering the 1860 by-election. The resignation was announced to the public via a statement in the Canterbury Standard, a newspaper published by Joseph Brittan. This was accompanied by a brief statement by Sewell, offering himself for election again. Hart accused Packer of having been a locum tenens (i.e. a place holder) for Sewell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Background, Campaign\nIn an editorial, the Lyttelton Times welcomed Sewell's intention of representing the electorate again, but criticised him for the briefness of his statement. The newspaper's expectation was that Sewell should publicly state what his policies were, and not just rely on his past representation in Parliament. On 7 January 1860, Sewell placed an advertisement in the Lyttelton Times, inviting electors to a meeting at the Mechanics' Institute next to the Christchurch Town Hall on Friday, 13 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Background, Campaign\nIn an editorial on 11 January, the Lyttelton Times implied that Sewell's election was a foregone conclusion; no other candidates having come forward, so Sewell would simply be declared elected on nomination night. The editorial urged Sewell to address the issue of improved education when he again represented Christchurch in Parliament. On 14 January, the Lyttelton Times repeated and increased its criticism of Sewell's policies and plans being unknown to the public, and it talked of the option of rejecting Sewell. An editorial said of Sewell: \"a thick impenetrable haze has hitherto enveloped his relations with the public.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0005-0001", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Background, Campaign\nIn 1860, the Lyttelton Times was still based in Lyttelton (the newspaper only moved to Christchurch in 1863) and was a bi-weekly. When it went to print after the meeting in the Town Hall the previous night, the editorial expressed disappointment that they could not report on the meeting called by Sewell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Background, Campaign\nThis ongoing criticism caused Sewell to provide his own report to the Lyttelton Times of the meeting with electors. The editor compared this report with the one supplied by their own reporter and, containing no substantial differences, decided to print Sewell's account in the next edition on 18 January. The editorial defended the newspaper's critical stance: \"We disclaim all hostile feelings against Mr. Sewell ... we have not decided to thwart but to understand him.\" The editor welcomed Sewell's detailed address and expressed general satisfaction with Sewell's statements. By finally addressing the electors, Sewell \"removed the only objection urged against him.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Background, Campaign\nThe meeting on 17 January was crowded. Many attendees were not electors, as franchise was attached to land ownership in excess of \u00a350, or yearly rental over \u00a310, and the resulting roll was only about 160 names long, including absentee owners in England. There had been rumours beforehand that somebody would come forward to oppose Sewell. William Thomson was elected to chair the meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0007-0001", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Background, Campaign\nSewell spoke at length about various issues: that he should be elected because of the service that he had given Canterbury as their representative when in financial crisis, that he even delayed his departure to England to resolve the issues, that he had no conflict of interest with the steam ship company that provided New Zealand's postal service with England, that he did not have land holdings in the North Island more valuable than holdings in Canterbury, that he gave qualified support to the Lyttelton Rail Tunnel project and he gave his reasons for leaving the Stafford Ministry so soon after his return to the colony last year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0007-0002", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Background, Campaign\nHe disagreed with Stafford's government on some issues. The two most important disagreements were land policy, where Sewell wanted the land revenue to be retained by the provincial governments, rather than the southern provinces pay a high proportion of their revenue to enable purchase of land in the north, and native policy, where Sewell predicted that the land policy being pursued would result in strong conflict with M\u0101ori; in fact, the First Taranaki War started in March 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0007-0003", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Background, Campaign\nAs a solution, Sewell suggested the possible separation of the North Island and the South Island into separate countries; this was the first time, as far as the editor of the Lyttelton Times was aware, that such a suggestion had been made in public by a politician. The politician who is today known to have favoured separation is Julius Vogel, and he started campaigning for this idea in 1862. The Lyttelton Times argued, against the objection of many, that such an idea had merit for further consideration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Background, Campaign\nAfter Sewell had spoken, Michael Hart briefly addressed those present. He announced himself as a candidate and vouched his support for the Lyttelton Rail Tunnel project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0009-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Nomination\nThe nomination meeting was held on 18 January at the Town Hall. The returning officer, John Hall, read the writ. Richard Packer proposed Sewell as a candidate, and William Wilson seconded this. Hart was proposed by Mr Sutcliffe and seconded by Mr Rees. Both Sewell and Hart then spoke. Sewell stressed the importance of electing the right person, with reference to his experience and Hart being an unknown quantity. Hart argued that it was his right to put himself forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0009-0001", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Nomination\nWhilst Hart could not say that he received his qualifications from Oxford or Cambridge, he had obtained his \"knowledge from the university of common sense\". He further argued that he was as able as Packer, whom he regarded as a locum tenens for Sewell. He criticised Sewell for not residing in Christchurch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0010-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Nomination\nThe returning officer, John Hall, after no other candidate came forward, asked for a show of hands and declared it to be in favour of Sewell, upon which Hart demanded a poll. Hall declared that the poll be held at the Town Hall the following day (19 January), from 9\u00a0am to 4\u00a0pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0011-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Results\n110 votes were cast in the election. At the time, voting was done by the elector telling the election official his choice of candidate (the secret ballot was introduced in 1871) and as a tally was being kept by interested parties, the result was immediately known. Sewell won the election by 77 votes to 33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023806-0012-0000", "contents": "1860 Town of Christchurch by-election, Results\nSewell served until the end of the term in November 1860. At the end of the session, he was dissatisfied with the actions of his former fellow Government ministers and did not seek re-election. Instead, he was appointed Registrar-General of Lands by Edward Stafford. In August 1861, he was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council so that he could become part of the 2nd Fox Ministry as Attorney-General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023807-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe 1860 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Monday, October 1, 1860 to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 37th Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including the presidential election, gubernatorial election, and various state and local elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023807-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nThe winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1861, to March 4, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023807-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States House of Representatives election in Florida\nHilton was never seated in Congress, however, as Florida had seceded from the Union before his term began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023807-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign\nBy 1860, the secession of the South from the Union was nearly inevitable. Both Hilton and Allen were secessionists; the only question that remained was what ideology would an independent Florida prefer: the conservatism of the Democratic Party or the Whiggism of the Opposition Party. Due to Hilton's close ties with Vice President John C. Breckinridge, the Democratic nominee for president, it was all but guaranteed that he would ride on Breckinridge's coattails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023807-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Campaign\nHilton soundly defeated Allen in the general election, receiving 60% of the vote to Allen's 40%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 73], "content_span": [74, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023807-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Aftermath\nFlorida seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861, meaning Hilton was not able to take his seat in Congress. However, Hilton won election to the Confederate States House of Representatives later in 1861, representing Florida's 2nd congressional district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 74], "content_span": [75, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023808-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States census\nThe United States census of 1860 was the eighth census conducted in the United States starting June 1, 1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,322 in 33 states and 10 organized territories. This was an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,069,876 persons enumerated during the 1850 census. The total population included 3,953,762 slaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023808-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States census\nBy the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, the nation was sinking into the American Civil War. As a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the census staff to produce a cartographic display, including preparing maps of Southern states, for Union field commanders. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including the white population, slave population, predominant agricultural products (by county), and rail and post road transportation routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023808-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States census\nThis census saw Philadelphia regain its position as a second-most populous American city, which it had lost to Baltimore in 1820, due to the Act of Consolidation, 1854 merging many smaller surrounding townships, such as Spring Garden, Northern Liberties, and Kensington, into the main city of Philadelphia. Philadelphia would in turn permanently lose the position to Chicago in 1890.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023808-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States census, Census questions\nThe 1860 census Schedule 1 (Free Inhabitants) was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States; the other was Schedule 2 (Slave Inhabitants). Schedule 1 collected the following information:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023808-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 United States census, Data availability\nFull documentation for the 1860 population census, including microdata, census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from  the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS). Aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023808-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 United States census, Common occupations\nNational data reveals that farmers (owners and tenants) made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations. Farm laborers (wage workers) represent the next highest percent with 3.2%, followed by general laborers at 3.0%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023808-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 United States census, Common occupations\nMore localized data shows that other occupations were common. In the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. This heavy demand of shoe-related labor reinforces the high demand for rigorous physical laborers in the economy, as supported by the data of very large amounts of farm related work as compared to most other labor options.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023808-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 United States census, Common occupations\nIPUMS' data also notes that the share of the population that had been enrolled in school or marked as \"Student\" stood at 0.2%. This demonstrates a small rate of growth, if any, in the proficiency of the human capital of the time\u2014the skill set a worker has to apply to the labor force, which can increase total output through increased efficiency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023808-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 United States census, Common occupations\nThe census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves\u2014still legally considered property. Analogous to today where wealth can fluctuate with value changes in stocks, factories, and other forms of property, the South suffered a huge loss of total wealth and assets when the American Civil War ended and slaves were no longer counted as physical property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023809-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States elections\nThe 1860 United States elections elected the members of the 37th United States Congress. The election took place during the Third Party System, shortly before the start of the Civil War. The Republican Party won control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress, making it the fifth party (following the Federalist Party, Democratic-Republican Party, Democratic Party, and Whig Party) to accomplish such a feat. The election is widely considered to be a realigning election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023809-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States elections\nIn the Presidential election, Republican former Representative Abraham Lincoln of Illinois defeated Democratic Vice President John C. Breckinridge (who became the first incumbent Vice President to lose a presidential election) and Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, as well as the Constitutional Union candidate, former Senator John Bell of Tennessee. Lincoln swept the Northern states while Breckinridge carried much of the South, foreshadowing the political alignment of the country throughout the Third Party System. At the 1860 Republican National Convention, Lincoln won on the third ballot, defeating Senator William H. Seward of New York and several other candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023809-0001-0001", "contents": "1860 United States elections\nThe Democratic Party split its votes after three chaotic conventions. Douglas was nominated at the second Democratic convention, while the Southern Democrats nominated Breckinridge as their own candidate in a third convention. Bell ran on a platform of preserving the union regardless of the status of slavery. Lincoln's victory made him the first Republican President. Lincoln took just under 40 percent of the popular vote, a lower share of the popular vote than any other winning presidential candidate aside from John Quincy Adams's 1824 campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023809-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States elections\nIn the House, Republicans retained control of the chamber and won a majority for the first time after several states seceded. Democrats remained the largest minority, but several Congressmen also identified as unionists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023809-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Republicans made moderate gains, but Democrats initially retained a majority. They lost that majority shortly after the election when several Southern senators resigned. The Democrats would have the second-most members in the Senate, although many senators identified as unionists rather than Democrats or Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election\nThe 1860 United States presidential election  was the 19th quadrennial presidential election, held on November 6, 1860. In a four-way contest, the Republican Party ticket of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin, absent from the ballot in ten slave states, won a national popular plurality, a popular majority in the North where states already had abolished slavery, and a national electoral majority comprising only Northern electoral votes. Lincoln's election thus served as the main catalyst of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election\nThe United States had become increasingly sectionally divided during the 1850s, primarily over extending slavery into the Western territories. The incumbent president, James Buchanan, like his predecessor, Franklin Pierce, was a Northern Democrat with Southern sympathies. From the mid-1850s, the anti-slavery Republican Party became a major political force, driven by Northern voter opposition to the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act and the Supreme Court's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford. From the election of 1856, the Republican Party had replaced the defunct Whig Party as the major opposition to the Democrats. A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party, which sought to avoid disunion by resolving divisions over slavery with some new compromise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election\nThe 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago nominated Lincoln, a moderate former one-term Whig Representative from Illinois. Its platform promised not to interfere with slavery in the South but opposed extension of slavery into the territories. The 1860 Democratic National Convention adjourned in Charleston, South Carolina, without agreeing on a nominee, but a second convention in Baltimore, Maryland, nominated Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0002-0001", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election\nDouglas's support for the concept of popular sovereignty, which called for each territory's settlers to decide locally on the status of slavery, alienated many radical pro-slavery Southern Democrats, who wanted the territories, and perhaps other lands, open to slavery. With President Buchanan's support, Southern Democrats held their own convention, nominating Vice President John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. The 1860 Constitutional Union Convention nominated a ticket led by former Tennessee Senator John Bell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election\nLincoln's main opponent in the North was Douglas, who won the popular vote in two states, Missouri and New Jersey. In the South, Bell won three states and Breckinridge swept the remaining 11. Lincoln's election motivated seven Southern states, all voting for Breckinridge, to secede before the inauguration and the secession of four more, including two that voted for Bell, after Lincoln mobilized Federal troops to protect Federal property and coerce the seven initially seceding states. The election was the first of six consecutive Republican victories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations\nThe 1860 presidential election conventions were unusually tumultuous, due in particular to a split in the Democratic Party that led to rival conventions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican Party candidates gallery\nThe Republican National Convention met in mid-May 1860, after the Democrats had been forced to adjourn their convention in Charleston. With the Democrats in disarray and a sweep of the Northern states possible, the Republicans felt confident going into their convention in Chicago. William H. Seward from New York was considered the front-runner, followed by Salmon P. Chase from Ohio, and Missouri's Edward Bates. Abraham Lincoln from Illinois, was lesser known, and was not considered to have a good chance against Seward. Seward had been governor and senator of New York, was from firm Whig backgrounds, and was a very able politician. Also running were John C. Fr\u00e9mont, William L. Dayton, Cassius M. Clay, and Benjamin Wade, who might be able to win if the convention deadlocked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 119], "content_span": [120, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican Party candidates gallery\nAs the convention developed, however, it was revealed that frontrunners Seward, Chase, and Bates had each alienated factions of the Republican Party. Seward had (undeservingly) been painted as a radical, and his speeches on slavery predicted inevitable conflict, which spooked moderate delegates. He also was firmly opposed to nativism, which further weakened his position. He had also been abandoned by his longtime friend and political ally Horace Greeley, publisher of the influential New-York Tribune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 119], "content_span": [120, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican Party candidates gallery\nChase, a former Democrat, had alienated many of the former Whigs by his coalition with the Democrats in the late 1840s. He had also opposed tariffs demanded by Pennsylvania, and even had opposition from his own delegation from Ohio. However, Chase's firm antislavery stance made him popular with the radical Republicans. But what he had in policy he lacked in charisma and political acumen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 119], "content_span": [120, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican Party candidates gallery\nThe conservative Bates was an unlikely candidate, but found support from Horace Greeley, who sought any chance to defeat Seward, whom he now had a bitter feud with. Bates outlined his positions on the extension of slavery into the territories and equal constitutional rights for all citizens, positions that alienated his supporters in the border states and Southern conservatives, while German Americans in the party opposed Bates because of his past association with the Know Nothings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 119], "content_span": [120, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0009-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican Party candidates gallery\nInto this mix came Lincoln. Lincoln was not unknown; he had gained prominence in the Lincoln\u2013Douglas debates, and had served as a house representative from Illinois. He had been quietly eyeing a run since the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858, ensuring that the debates were widely published, and that a biography of himself was published. He gained great notability with his February 1860 Cooper Union speech, which may have ensured him the nomination. He had not yet announced his intentions to run, but it was superb speech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 119], "content_span": [120, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0009-0001", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican Party candidates gallery\nDelivered in Seward's home state, and attended by Greeley, Lincoln used the speech to show that the Republican party was a party of moderates, not crazed fanatics as the South and Democrats claimed. Afterwards, Lincoln was in much demand for speaking engagements. As the convention approached, Lincoln did not campaign very actively, as the \"office was expected to seek the man\". So it did at the Illinois state convention, a week before the national convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 119], "content_span": [120, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0009-0002", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican Party candidates gallery\nYoung politician Richard Oglesby had secretly found several fence rails from the Hanks-Lincoln farm that Lincoln may have split as a youngster, and paraded them into the convention with a banner that proclaimed Lincoln to be \"The Rail Candidate\" for president. Lincoln received a thunderous ovation, surpassing the expectations of him and his political allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 119], "content_span": [120, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0010-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican Party candidates gallery\nEven with such support from his home state, Lincoln faced a difficult task if he was to win the nomination. He set about ensuring that he was the second choice of most delegates, realizing that the first round of voting at the convention was unlikely to produce a clear winner. He engineered that the convention would happen in Chicago, which would be inherently friendly to the Illinois-based Lincoln. He also made sure that the Illinois delegation would vote as a bloc for him. Lincoln did not attend the convention in person, and left the task of delegate wrangling to several close friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 119], "content_span": [120, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0011-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican Party candidates gallery\nThe first round of voting predictably produced a lead for Seward, but not a majority, with Lincoln in second place. The second round eliminated most of the minor contenders, with votes switching to Seward or mostly to Lincoln. The convention remained deadlocked however, and skillful political maneuvering by Lincoln's delegate wranglers convinced the delegates to abandon Seward in favor of Lincoln. Lincoln's combination of a moderate stance on slavery, long support for economic issues, his western origins, and strong oratory proved to be exactly what the delegates wanted in a president. On the third ballot on May 18, Lincoln secured the nomination overwhelmingly. Senator Hannibal Hamlin from Maine was nominated for vice-president, defeating Cassius M. Clay. Hamlin was surprised by his nomination, saying he was \"astonished\" and that he \"neither expected nor desired it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 119], "content_span": [120, 1000]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0012-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Republican Party candidates gallery\nThe party platform promised not to interfere with slavery in the states, but opposed slavery in the territories. The platform promised tariffs protecting industry and workers, a Homestead Act granting free farmland in the West to settlers, and the funding of a transcontinental railroad. There was no mention of Mormonism (which had been condemned in the Party's 1856 platform), the Fugitive Slave Act, personal liberty laws, or the Dred Scott decision. While the Seward forces were disappointed at the nomination of a little-known western upstart, they rallied behind Lincoln, while abolitionists were angry at the selection of a moderate and had little faith in Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 119], "content_span": [120, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0013-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic (Northern Democratic) Party nomination, Democratic Party candidates gallery\nAt the Democratic National Convention held in Institute Hall in Charleston, South Carolina, in April 1860, 50 Southern Democrats walked out over a platform dispute, led by the extreme pro-slavery \"Fire-Eater\" William Lowndes Yancey and the Alabama delegation: following them were the entire delegations of Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas, three of the four delegates from Arkansas, and one of the three delegates from Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 141], "content_span": [142, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0014-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic (Northern Democratic) Party nomination, Democratic Party candidates gallery\nSix candidates were nominated: Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois, James Guthrie from Kentucky, Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter from Virginia, Joseph Lane from Oregon, Daniel S. Dickinson from New York, and Andrew Johnson from Tennessee, while three other candidates, Isaac Toucey from Connecticut, James Pearce from Maryland, and Jefferson Davis from Mississippi (the future president of the Confederate States) also received votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 141], "content_span": [142, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0015-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic (Northern Democratic) Party nomination, Democratic Party candidates gallery\nDouglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored \"popular sovereignty\", was ahead on the first ballot, but was 56\u00bd votes short of the secure the nomination. On the 57th ballot, with Douglas was still ahead, but 51\u00bd votes short of the nomination, the exhausted and desperate delegates agreed on May 3 to cease voting and adjourn the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 141], "content_span": [142, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0016-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic (Northern Democratic) Party nomination, Democratic Party candidates gallery\nWhile the Democrats convened again at the Front Street Theater in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18, 110 Southern delegates (led by \"Fire-Eaters\") boycotted the convention or walked out after the convention informed them they would not adopt a resolution supporting extending slavery into territories whose voters did not want it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 141], "content_span": [142, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0017-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic (Northern Democratic) Party nomination, Democratic Party candidates gallery\nWhile some considered Horatio Seymour a compromise candidate for the National Democratic nomination at the reconvening convention in Baltimore, Seymour wrote a letter to the editor of his local newspaper declaring unreservedly that he was not a candidate for either spot on the ticket. After two ballots - the 59th ballot overall - the remaining Democrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois for president. The election would now pit Lincoln against his longtime political rival, whom Lincoln had lost to in the Illinois senate race just two years earlier. That two candidates were from Illinois showed the importance of the West in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 141], "content_span": [142, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0018-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic (Northern Democratic) Party nomination, Democratic Party candidates gallery\nWhile Benjamin Fitzpatrick from Alabama was nominated for vice president, he refused the nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 141], "content_span": [142, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0019-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic (Northern Democratic) Party nomination, Democratic Party candidates gallery\nAfter the convention concluded with no vice-presidential nominee, Douglas offered the nomination to Herschel Vespasian Johnson from Georgia, who accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 141], "content_span": [142, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0020-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Democratic Party nomination, Southern Democratic Party candidates gallery\nThe delegates who walked out of the convention at Charleston  reconvened in Richmond, Virginia on June 11. When the Democrats reconvened in Baltimore, they rejoined (except South Carolina and Florida, who had stayed in Richmond).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 137], "content_span": [138, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0021-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Democratic Party nomination, Southern Democratic Party candidates gallery\nWhen the convention seated two replacement delegations on June 18, they walked out again or boycotted the convention, accompanied by nearly all other Southern delegates and erstwhile Convention chair Caleb Cushing, a New Englander and former member of Franklin Pierce's cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 137], "content_span": [138, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0022-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Democratic Party nomination, Southern Democratic Party candidates gallery\nThis larger group met immediately in Baltimore's Institute Hall, with Cushing again presiding. They adopted the pro-slavery platform rejected at Charleston, and nominated Vice President John C. Breckinridge for president, and Senator Joseph Lane from Oregon for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 137], "content_span": [138, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0023-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Democratic Party nomination, Southern Democratic Party candidates gallery\nYancey and some (less than half) of the bolters - almost entirely from the Lower South - met on June 28 in Richmond, along with the South Carolina and Florida delegations, at a convention that affirmed the nominations of Breckinridge and Lane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 137], "content_span": [138, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0024-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Southern Democratic Party nomination, Southern Democratic Party candidates gallery\nBesides the Democratic Parties in the Southern states, the Breckinridge/Lane ticket was also supported by the Buchanan administration. Buchanan's own continued prestige in his home state of Pennsylvania ensured that Breckinridge would be the principal Democratic candidate in that populous state. Breckinridge was the last sitting vice president nominated for president until Richard Nixon in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 137], "content_span": [138, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0025-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Constitutional Union Party nomination\nThe Constitutional Union Party was formed by remnants of both the defunct Know Nothing and Whig Parties who were unwilling to join either the Republicans or the Democrats. The new party's members hoped to stave off Southern secession by avoiding the slavery issue. They met in the Eastside District Courthouse of Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee for president over Governor Sam Houston of Texas on the second ballot. Edward Everett was nominated for vice-president at the convention on May 9, 1860, one week before Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 92], "content_span": [93, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0026-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Constitutional Union Party nomination\nJohn Bell was a former Whig who had opposed the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act and the Lecompton Constitution. Edward Everett had been president of Harvard University and Secretary of State in the Millard Fillmore administration. The party platform advocated compromise to save the Union with the slogan \"The Union as it is, and the Constitution as it is.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 92], "content_span": [93, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0027-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty (Union) Party nomination, Liberty Party (Radical Abolitionists, Union) candidates gallery\nBy 1860, very little remained of the Liberty Party, after most of its membership left to join the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nearly all of what remained of it joined the Republicans in 1854. The remaining party was also called the Radical Abolitionists. A convention of one hundred delegates was held in Convention Hall, Syracuse, New York, on August 29, 1860. Delegates were in attendance from New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Massachusetts. Several of the delegates were women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 152], "content_span": [153, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0028-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty (Union) Party nomination, Liberty Party (Radical Abolitionists, Union) candidates gallery\nGerrit Smith, a prominent abolitionist and the 1848 presidential nominee of the original Liberty Party, had sent a letter in which he stated that his health had been so poor that he had not been able to be away from home since 1858. Nonetheless, he remained popular in the party because he had helped inspire some of John Brown's supporters at the Raid on Harpers Ferry. In his letter, Smith donated $50 to pay for the printing of ballots in the various states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 152], "content_span": [153, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0029-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty (Union) Party nomination, Liberty Party (Radical Abolitionists, Union) candidates gallery\nThere was quite a spirited contest between the friends of Gerrit Smith and William Goodell in regard to the nomination for the presidency. In spite of his professed ill health, Gerrit Smith was nominated for president and Samuel McFarland from Pennsylvania was nominated for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 152], "content_span": [153, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0030-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, Liberty (Union) Party nomination, Liberty Party (Radical Abolitionists, Union) candidates gallery\nIn Ohio and Illinois, slates of presidential electors pledged to Smith ran with the name of the Union Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 152], "content_span": [153, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0031-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, People's Party nomination\nThe People's Party was a loose association of the supporters of Governor Samuel Houston. On April 20, 1860, the party held what it termed a national convention to nominate Houston for president on the San Jacinto Battlefield in Texas. Houston's supporters at the gathering did not nominate a vice-presidential candidate, since they expected later gatherings to carry out that function. Later mass meetings were held in northern cities, such as New York City on May 30, 1860, but they too failed to nominate a vice-presidential candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 80], "content_span": [81, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0031-0001", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Nominations, People's Party nomination\nHouston, never enthusiastic about running for the Presidency, soon became convinced that he had no chance of winning and that his candidacy would only make it easier for the Republican candidate to win. He withdrew from the race on August 16, and urged the formation of a Unified \"Union\" ticket in opposition to Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 80], "content_span": [81, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0032-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Political considerations\nIn their campaigning, Bell and Douglas both claimed that disunion would not necessarily follow a Lincoln election. Nonetheless, loyal army officers in Virginia, Kansas and South Carolina warned Lincoln of military preparations to the contrary. Secessionists threw their support behind Breckinridge in an attempt either to force the anti-Republican candidates to coordinate their electoral votes or throw the election into the House of Representatives, where the selection of the president would be made by the representatives elected in 1858, before the Republican majorities in both House and Senate achieved in 1860 were seated in the new 37th Congress. Mexican War hero Winfield Scott suggested to Lincoln that he assume the powers of a commander-in-chief before inauguration. However, historian Bruce Chadwick observes that Lincoln and his advisors ignored the widespread alarms and threats of secession as mere election trickery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 1001]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0033-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Political considerations\nIndeed, voting in the South was not as monolithic as the Electoral College map would make it seem. Economically, culturally, and politically, the South was made up of three regions. In the states of the \"Upper\" South, later known as the \"Border States\" (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri along with the Kansas territories), unionist popular votes were scattered among Lincoln, Douglas, and Bell, to form a majority in all four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0033-0001", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Political considerations\nIn the \"Middle\" South states, there was a unionist majority divided between Douglas and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee; in North Carolina and Arkansas, the unionist (Bell and Douglas) vote approached a majority. Texas was the only Middle South state that Breckinridge carried convincingly. In three of the six \"Deep\" South states, unionists (Bell and Douglas) won divided majorities in Georgia and Louisiana or neared it in Alabama. Breckinridge convincingly carried only three of the six states of the Deep South (South Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi). These three Deep South states were all among the four Southern states with the lowest white populations; together, they held only nine percent of Southern whites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0034-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Political considerations\nAmong the slave states, the three states with the highest voter turnouts voted the most one-sided. Texas, with five percent of the total wartime South's population, voted 75 percent Breckinridge. Kentucky and Missouri, with one-fourth the total population, voted 73 percent pro-union Bell, Douglas and Lincoln. In comparison, the six states of the Deep South making up one-fourth the Confederate voting population, split 57 percent Breckinridge versus 43 percent for the two pro-union candidates. The four states that were admitted to the Confederacy after Fort Sumter held almost half its population, and voted a narrow combined majority of 53 percent for the pro-union candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0035-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Political considerations\nIn the eleven states that would later declare their secession from the Union and be controlled by Confederate armies, ballots for Lincoln were cast only in Virginia,where he received 1,929 votes (1.15 percent of the total). Unsurprisingly, the vast majority of the votes Lincoln received were cast in border counties of what would soon become West Virginia \u2013 the future state accounted for 1,832 of Lincoln's 1,929 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0036-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Political considerations\nLincoln received no votes at all in 121 of the state's then-145 counties (including 31 of the 50 that would form West Virginia), received a single vote in three counties and received ten or fewer votes in nine of the 24 counties where he polled votes. Lincoln's best results, by far, were in the four counties that comprised the state's northern panhandle, a region which had long felt alienated from Richmond, was economically and culturally linked to its neighbors Ohio and Pennsylvania and would become the key driver in the successful effort to form a separate state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0036-0001", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Political considerations\nHancock County (Virginia's northernmost at the time) returned Lincoln's best result \u2013 he polled over 40% of the vote there and finished in second place (Lincoln polled only eight votes fewer than Breckinridge). Of the 97 votes cast for Lincoln in the state's post-1863 boundaries, 93 were polled in four counties along the Potomac River and four were tallied in the coastal city of Portsmouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0037-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Political considerations\nSome key differences between modern elections and the those of the mid-nineteenth century are that at the time, not only was there was no secret ballot anywhere in the United States, but the state did not print and distribute ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0037-0001", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Political considerations\nIn theory, any document containing a valid or at least non-excessive number names of citizens of a particular state (provided they were eligible to vote in the electoral college within that state) might have been accepted as a valid presidential ballot, however what this meant in practice was that a candidate's campaign was responsible for printing and distributing their own ballots (this service was typically done by supportive newspaper publishers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0037-0002", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Political considerations\nMoreover, since voters did not choose the president directly, but rather presidential electors, the only way for a voter to meaningfully support a particular candidate for president was cast a ballot for citizens of his state who would have pledged to vote for the candidate in the Electoral College. In ten southern slave states, no citizen would publicly pledge to vote for Abraham Lincoln, so citizens there had no legal means to vote for the Republican nominee. In most of Virginia, no publisher would print ballots for Lincoln's pledged electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0037-0003", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Political considerations\nWhile a citizen without access to a ballot for Lincoln could theoretically have still voted for him by means of a write-in ballot provided his state had electors pledged to Lincoln and the voter knew their identities, casting a ballot in favor of the Republican candidate in a strongly pro-slavery county would have incurred (at minimum) social ostracization (of course, casting a vote for Breckinridge in a strongly abolitionist county ran a voter the same risk).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0038-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Political considerations\nIn the four slave states that did not secede (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware), Lincoln came in fourth in every state except Delaware (where he finished third). Within the fifteen slave states, Lincoln won only two counties out of 996, Missouri's St. Louis and Gasconade Counties. In the 1856 election, the Republican candidate for president had received no votes at all in twelve of the fourteen slave states with a popular vote (these being the same states as in the 1860 election, plus Missouri and Virginia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0039-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nThe election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860, and was noteworthy for the exaggerated sectionalism and voter enthusiasm in a country that was soon to dissolve into civil war. Voter turnout was 81.2%, the highest in American history up to that time, and the second-highest overall (exceeded only in the election of 1876).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0040-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nSince Andrew Jackson had won re-election in 1832, all six subsequent presidents had only won one term, while the last four of those had won with a popular vote under 51 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0041-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nLincoln won the Electoral College with less than 40 percent of the popular vote nationwide by carrying states above the Mason\u2013Dixon line and north of the Ohio River, plus the states of California and Oregon in the Far West. Unlike every preceding president-elect, Lincoln did not carry even one slave state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0042-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nThere were no ballots distributed for Lincoln in ten of the Southern states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. Lincoln was therefore the second President-elect to poll no votes in some states which had a popular vote (the first was John Quincy Adams, who polled no ballots in the popular votes of two states in the election of 1824, the only other election in which there were four major candidates, none of whom distributed ballots in every state).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0042-0001", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nIt should be further noted that, prior to introduction of the secret ballot in the 1880s, the concept of ballot access did not exist in the sense it does today: there was no standardized state-issued ballot for a candidate to \"appear\" on. Instead, presidential ballots were printed and distributed by agents of the candidates and their parties, who organized slates of would-be electors publicly pledged to vote for a particular candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0042-0002", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nThe 1824 and 1860 presidential elections were the only two prior to the introduction of the secret ballot where a winning candidate was so unpopular in a particular region that it was impossible to organize and print ballots for a slate of eligible voters pledged to vote for that candidate in an entire state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0043-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nSince 1860, and excluding unreconstructed Southern states in 1868 and 1872, there have been two occasions where a Republican presidential candidate failed to poll votes in every state, while national Democratic candidates have failed to appear on all state ballots in three elections since the introduction of the secret ballot, though in all three, the Democratic candidate nonetheless won the presidency , but none of them were off the ballot in as many states as Lincoln in 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0044-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nLincoln won the second-lowest share of the popular vote among all winning presidential candidates in U.S. history. Lincoln's share of the popular vote would likely have been even lower if there had been a popular vote in South Carolina, though conversely it would likely have been higher had he been on the ballot in Southern states. The Republican victory resulted from the concentration of votes in the free states, which together controlled a majority of the presidential electors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0045-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nLincoln's strategy was deliberately focused, in collaboration with Republican Party Chairman Thurlow Weed, on expanding on the states Fr\u00e9mont won four years earlier: New York was critical with 35 Electoral College votes, 11.5 percent of the total, and with Pennsylvania (27) and Ohio (23) as well, a candidate could collect 85 votes, whereas 152 were required to win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0045-0001", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nThe Wide Awakes young Republican men's organization massively expanded registered voter lists, and although Lincoln was not even on the ballot in most Southern states, population increases in the free states had far exceeded those seen in the slave states for many years before the election of 1860, hence free states dominated in the Electoral College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0046-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nThe split in the Democratic party is sometimes held responsible for Lincoln's victory despite the fact that Lincoln won the election with less than 40% of the popular vote, as much of the anti-Republican vote was \"wasted\" in Southern states in which no ballots for Lincoln were circulated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0047-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nAt most, a single opponent nationwide would have deprived Lincoln of only California, Oregon, and four New Jersey electors, whose combined total of eleven electoral votes would have made no difference to the result since every other state won by the Republicans was won by a clear majority of the vote: in this scenario, Lincoln would have received 169 electoral votes, 17 more than the 152 required to win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0048-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nIn the four states of New York, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and New Jersey where anti-Lincoln votes were combined into fusion tickets, Lincoln still won three and split New Jersey; despite this, a shift of 25,000 votes to the fusion ticket in New York would have left Lincoln with 145 electoral votes - seven votes short of winning the Electoral College - and forced a contingent election in the House of Representatives. Of the five states that Lincoln failed to carry despite polling votes, he received 20 percent of the vote in only one (Delaware), and 10 percent of the vote in only one more (Missouri).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0049-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nLike Lincoln, Breckinridge and Bell won no electoral votes outside of their respective sections. While Bell retired to his family business, quietly supporting his state's secession, Breckinridge served as a Confederate general. He finished second in the Electoral College with 72 votes, carrying eleven of fifteen slave states (including South Carolina, whose electors were chosen by the state legislature, not popular vote). Breckinridge stood a distant third in national popular vote at eighteen percent, but accrued 50 to 75 percent in the first seven states that would form the Confederate States of America. He took nine of the eleven states that eventually joined, plus the border slave states of Delaware and Maryland, losing only Virginia and Tennessee. Breckinridge received very little support in the free states, showing some strength only in California, Oregon, Pennsylvania and Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 953]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0050-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nBell carried three slave states (Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia) and lost Maryland by only 722 votes. Nevertheless, he finished a remarkable second in all slave states won by Breckinridge or Douglas. He won 45 to 47 percent in Maryland, Tennessee and North Carolina and canvassed respectably with 36 to 40 percent in Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Georgia, and Florida. Bell himself had hoped that he would take over the former support of the extinct Whig Party in free states, but the majority of this support went to Lincoln. Thus, except for running mate Everett's home state of Massachusetts, and California, Bell received even less support in the free states than did Breckinridge, and consequently came in last in the national popular vote, at 12.62%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0051-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nDouglas was the only candidate who won electoral votes in both slave and free states (free New Jersey and slave Missouri). His support was the most widespread geographically; he finished second behind Lincoln in the popular vote with 29.52%, but last in the Electoral College. Douglas attained a 28 to 47% share in the states of the Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, and Trans-Mississippi West, but slipped to 19 to 39% in New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0051-0001", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nOutside his regional section, Douglas took 15 to 17% of the popular vote total in the slave states of Kentucky, Alabama, and Louisiana, then 10 percent or less in the nine remaining slave states. Douglas, in his \"Norfolk Doctrine\", reiterated in North Carolina, promised to keep the Union together by coercion if states proceeded to secede: the popular vote for Lincoln and Douglas combined was 69.17% of the turnout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0052-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\nThe 1860 Republican ticket was the first successful national ticket that did not feature a Southerner, and the election marked the end of Southern political dominance in the United States. Between 1789 and 1860, Southerners had been president for two-thirds of the era, and had held the offices of Speaker of the House and President pro tem of the Senate during much of that time. Moreover, since 1791, Southerners had comprised a majority of the Supreme Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0053-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results\n(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0054-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Results by state\nSource: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836\u20131892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247\u201357.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0055-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Trigger for the Civil War\nLincoln's victory and imminent inauguration as president was the immediate cause for declarations of secession by seven Southern states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) from 20 December 1860 to 1 February 1861. They then formed the Confederate States of America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0056-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Trigger for the Civil War\nSeveral other states also considered declaring secession at the time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0057-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Trigger for the Civil War\nAll of the secessionist activity was motivated by fear for the institution of slavery in the South. If the President (and, by extension, the appointed federal officials in the South, such as district attorneys, marshals, postmasters, and judges) opposed slavery, it might collapse. There were fears that abolitionist agents would infiltrate the South and foment slave insurrections. (The noted secessionist William Lowndes Yancey, speaking at New York's Cooper Institute in October 1860, asserted that with abolitionists in power, \"Emissaries will percolate between master [and] slave as water between the crevices of rocks underground. They will be found everywhere, with strychnine to put in our wells.\") Less radical Southerners thought that with Northern antislavery dominance of the federal government, slavery would eventually be abolished, regardless of present constitutional limits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 959]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0058-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Trigger for the Civil War\nBertram Wyatt-Brown argues that secessionists desired independence as necessary for their honor. They could no longer tolerate Northern state attitudes that regarded slave ownership as a great sin and Northern politicians who insisted on stopping the spread of slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0059-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Trigger for the Civil War\nAnother bloc of Southerners resented Northern criticism of slavery and restrictions on slavery but opposed secession as dangerous and unnecessary. However, the \"conditional Unionists\" also hoped that when faced with secession, Northerners would stifle anti-slavery rhetoric and accept pro-slavery rules for the territories. It was that group that prevented immediate secession in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas whenLincoln took office on 4 March 1861. He took no action against the secessionists in the seven \"Confederate\" states but also declared that secession had no legal validity and refused to surrender federal property in those states. (He also reiterated his opposition to slavery anywhere in the territories.) The standoff continued until mid-April, when Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered Confederate troops to bombard and capture Fort Sumter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023810-0060-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election, Trigger for the Civil War\nLincoln then called for troops to put down rebellion, which wiped out the possibility that the crisis could be resolved by compromise. Nearly all \"conditional Unionists\" joined the secessionists. The Virginia convention and the reconvened Arkansas convention both declared secession, as did the legislatures of Tennessee and North Carolina; all four states joined the Confederacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023811-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Alabama\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Alabama voters chose nine representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023811-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Alabama\nAlabama was won by the 14th Vice President of the United States John Breckenridge (SD\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Joseph Lane, with 54.00% of the popular vote, against Senator John Bell (CU\u2013Tennessee), running with the Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett, with 30.89% of the popular vote and the 15th Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Illinois), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 15.11% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023811-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Alabama\nRepublican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023812-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Arkansas voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023812-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nArkansas was won by the 14th Vice President of the United States John C. Breckinridge (SD\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Joseph Lane, with 53.06% of the popular vote, against Senator John Bell (CU\u2013Tennessee), running with the Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett, with 37.05% of the popular vote and Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Illinois), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel Johnson, with 9.89% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023812-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Arkansas\nRepublican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023813-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in California\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in California took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. State voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023813-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in California\nCalifornia narrowly voted for the Republican nominee, former Illinois representative Abraham Lincoln, over the Democratic nominee, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas and the Southern Democratic nominee, Vice President John C. Breckinridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023814-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 2, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters chose six electors of the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023814-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Connecticut\nConnecticut was won by Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln, who won by a margin of 32.36%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023815-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Delaware\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023815-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Delaware\nDelaware was won by the 14th Vice President of the United States John C. Breckinridge (SD\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Joseph Lane, with 45.54% of the popular vote, against Senator John Bell (CU\u2013Tennessee), running with the Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett, with 24.13% of the popular vote, Illinois Representative Abraham Lincoln (R\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Hannibal Hamlin, with 23.72% of the popular vote and the 15th Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Vermont), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 6.61% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023815-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Delaware, Results\n*In this county where Lincoln ran ahead of Belll, margin given is Breckinridge vote minus Lincoln vote and percentage margin Breckinridge percentage minus Lincoln percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023816-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Florida\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 2, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters chose three electors of the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023816-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Florida\nFlorida was won by Southern Democratic candidate John C. Breckinridge, who won the state by a margin of 26.13%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023816-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Florida\nRepublican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023816-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Florida\nThis was the last presidential election Florida was in until the 1868 election due to the American Civil War and the beginnings of the Reconstruction Era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023817-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Georgia\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Georgia voters chose 10 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023817-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Georgia\nGeorgia was won by the 14th Vice President of the United States John Breckenridge (SD\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Joseph Lane, with 48.89% of the popular vote, against Senator John Bell (CU\u2013Tennessee), running with the Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett, with 40.26% of the popular vote and Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Illinois), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 10.85% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023817-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Georgia\nRepublican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln was not on the ballot in the state. This was the last time until 1964 that Georgia did not vote for the national Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023818-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Illinois\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Illinois voters chose 11 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023818-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Illinois\nIllinois was won by the former congressman Abraham Lincoln (Whig\u2013Illinois), running as a Republican with Senator Hannibal Hamlin, with 50.69% of the popular vote, against Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Illinois), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 47.17% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023818-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Illinois\nLiberty Party (under the name Union Party) candidate Gerrit Smith received 35 of his 171 popular votes in Illinois alone. The other 136 votes came from Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023819-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Indiana\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Indiana voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023819-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Indiana\nIndiana was won by Representative Abraham Lincoln (R\u2013Illinois), running with Senator Hannibal Hamlin, with 51.09% of the popular vote, against Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Illinois), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 42.44% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023820-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Iowa\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Iowa voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023820-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Iowa\nIowa was won by Illinois Representative Abraham Lincoln (R\u2013Illinois), running with Senator Hannibal Hamlin, with 54.61% of the popular vote, against Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Vermont), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 43.22% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023821-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Kentucky voters chose 12 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023821-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nKentucky was won by the Senator John Bell (CU\u2013Tennessee), running with the Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett, with 45.18% of the popular vote, against 14th Vice President of the United States John Breckenridge (SD\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Joseph Lane, with 36.35% of the popular vote and the 15th Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Illinois), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 17.54% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023821-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Kentucky\nDespite former representative Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois) having been born and raised for the first five years of his life in Kentucky, he came in a distant fourth, failing to win 1% of the vote. Even worse, Lincoln failed to win LaRue County, the location of his birth. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Clay County voted for a Democratic candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023822-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Louisiana voters chose six representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023822-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nLouisiana was won by Southern Democratic candidate, Vice President John C. Breckinridge and his running with Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon. The ticket defeated the Constitution Union ticket of Senator John Bell of Tennessee and his running mate Massachusetts Governor Edward Everett along with Northern Democrat Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and his running mate Georgia Governor Herschel V. Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023822-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nBreckinridge won the state by a narrow margin of 4.90%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023822-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Louisiana\nRepublican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023823-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Maine\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 2, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight electors of the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023823-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Maine\nMaine was won by Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln, who won by a margin of 32.82%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023823-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Maine\nWith 62.24% of the popular vote, Maine would prove to be Lincoln's fourth strongest state in terms of popular vote percentage after Vermont, Minnesota and Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023824-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Maryland\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Maryland voters chose eight representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023824-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Maryland\nMaryland was won by the 14th Vice President of the United States John Breckenridge (SD\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Joseph Lane, with 45.93% of the popular vote, against Senator John Bell (CU\u2013Tennessee), running with the 15th Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett, with 45.14% of the popular vote and Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Vermont), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 6.45% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023824-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Maryland\nDespite coming in a distant fourth place with 2,294 votes Abraham Lincoln did receive over 2,000 more votes than John C. Fr\u00e9mont received in 1856 and would later win the state in 1864 with 55% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023825-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 2, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 electors of the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023825-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nMassachusetts was won by Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln, who won the state by 42.57%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023825-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Massachusetts\nWith 62.80% of the popular vote, Massachusetts would prove to be Lincoln's third strongest state in the 1860 election in terms of popular vote percentage after neighboring Vermont and Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023826-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Michigan\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023826-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Michigan\nMichigan was won by Illinois Representative Abraham Lincoln (R\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Hannibal Hamlin, with 57.23% of the popular vote, against Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Vermont), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 43.97% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023827-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Minnesota\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Minnesota took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Minnesota voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023827-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Minnesota\nMinnesota voted in its first ever United States presidential election, having been admitted as the 32nd state on May 11, 1858. The state was won by Illinois Representative Abraham Lincoln (Republican Party (United States)), running with Senator Hannibal Hamlin, with 63.53% of the popular vote, against Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Illinois), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 34.31% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023827-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Minnesota\nWith 63.53% of the popular vote, Lincoln's victory within the state would be his second strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote in the 1860 election after Vermont. Minnesota would never vote Democratic until Franklin D. Roosevelt won it in 1932, 72 years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023828-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Mississippi voters chose seven representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023828-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nMississippi was won by the 14th Vice President of the United States John C. Breckinridge (SD\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Joseph Lane, with 59.00% of the popular vote, against Senator John Bell (CU\u2013Tennessee), running with the 15th Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett, with 36.25% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023828-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Mississippi\nThe Republican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023829-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Missouri\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 2, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023829-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Missouri\nMissouri was won by Democratic candidate, Stephen A. Douglas. He won the state by a very narrow margin of 0.26%. The state was the only one to fully give its votes to Douglas, though he would win the popular vote and three of the seven electoral votes from New Jersey under a fusion ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023829-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Missouri\nAs of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion when Putnam County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate and the last occasion when Taney County did not vote for the Republican candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023830-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 2, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters chose five electors of the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023830-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire was won by Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln, who won the state by 17.61%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023831-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on 6 November 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters in New Jersey chose seven electors of the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President. New Jersey voters voted for each elector individually, and thus could split their votes. All seven electors were chosen in a single at-large election. That is, each voter voted for up to seven candidates, and the seven candidates with highest vote counts were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023831-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe state's seven electoral votes were split, with Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln getting four, while Democrat Stephen A. Douglas won 3. That was because the Democratic electors were part of a fusion ticket between the regular Democrats, supporting Douglas, breakaway Democrats, supporting John C. Breckinridge, and the Constitutional Union Party, former Whigs supporting John Bell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023831-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe fusion ticket was formed because none of the three factions thought that it could defeat the Republicans separately, but their combined votes could do so, and then, each group would get some electoral votes. Several different slates were proposed. The final fusion ticket consisted of three electors pledged to Douglas, two pledged to Breckinridge, and two pledged to Bell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023831-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nHowever, many Douglas Democrats resented the concession to the Breckinridge and Bell factions and believed that the Breckinridge and Bell voters were much fewer and that Douglas could carry the state if all opponents of Lincoln supported him. That group formed a slate of seven Douglas Democrats, which included the three on the fusion ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023831-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nAt the time, election authorities did not issue pre-printed ballots with all candidates' names, to be marked by voters. Instead, each voter wrote his votes down on a piece of paper or used a pre-printed ballot distributed by a political party or faction that had only the names of that group's candidates. The voter could modify a pre-printed ballot by crossing off or writing over one or more of the printed names. The state Democrats issued a pre-printed ballot with the seven fusion candidates; the dissident Democrats issued a ballot with the all-Douglas slate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023831-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nIn the election, about 58,200 fusion ticket ballots were cast, about 4,600 straight-Democrat ballots, and about 58,300 Republican ballots. The exact numbers cannot be determined, as some voters altered their pre-printed ballots or cast hand-written ballots. It appears that the names of some of the Breckinridge or Bell electors were crossed off or replaced by from 400 to 2,000 fusion-ticket voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023831-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThe three Douglas candidates who were on both the fusion and straight-Democrat tickets got over 62,000 votes, the seven Republican candidates all got about 58,300 votes, and the four non-Douglas candidates on the fusion ticket got 58,200 or less.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023831-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nThus, three Douglas candidates and four Lincoln candidates were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023831-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New Jersey\nNew Jersey was one of four states in 1860 on which the Democrats formed a fusion ticket. The other three states were New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023832-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New York\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters chose 35 electors of the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023832-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New York\nNew York was won by Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln, who defeated the Democratic fusion ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023832-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in New York\nNew York in the election was one of the 4 states that had a fusion ticket for the Democratic Party. The other three states were New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023833-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. North Carolina voters chose 10 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023833-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nNorth Carolina was won by the 14th Vice President of the United States John C. Breckinridge (SD\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Joseph Lane, with 50.51% of the popular vote, against Senator John Bell (CU\u2013Tennessee), running with the 15th Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett, with 46.66% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023833-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in North Carolina\nRepublican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln was not on the ballot in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023834-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Ohio took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Ohio voters chose 23 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023834-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Ohio\nOhio was won by Illinois Representative Abraham Lincoln (R\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Hannibal Hamlin, with 51.24% of the popular vote, against Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Vermont), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 43.30% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023834-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Ohio\nLiberty Party (under the name Union Party) candidate Gerrit Smith received 136 of his 171 popular votes in Ohio alone. The other 35 votes came from Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023834-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Ohio\nThe 1860 presidential election in Ohio began a streak in which no Republican candidate won the election without carrying the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023835-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Oregon\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Oregon took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Oregon voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023835-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Oregon\nOregon voted in its first ever presidential election, having become the 33rd state on February 14, 1859. The state was won by Illinois Representative Abraham Lincoln (R\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Hannibal Hamlin, with 36.20% of the popular vote, against the 14th Vice President of the United States John C. Breckinridge (SD\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Joseph Lane, with 34.37% of the popular vote and Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Illinois), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 27.99% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023835-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Oregon\nOregon was the only state where the first and second place finishers matched the first and second place national finishers in the electoral college (Lincoln first, then Breckenridge in second).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023836-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters chose 27 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023836-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nThe Democratic Party chose its slate of electors before the National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina. Since this was decided before the party split, both Douglas supporters and Breckinridge supporters claimed the right for their man to be considered the party candidate and the support of the electoral slate. Eventually, the state party worked out an agreement: if either candidate could win the national election with Pennsylvania's electoral vote, then all her electoral votes would go to that candidate. Of the 27 electoral candidates, 15 were Breckinridge supporters; the remaining 12 were for Douglas. This was often referred to as the Reading electoral slate, because it was in that city that the state party chose it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023836-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nNot all of the Douglas supporters agreed to the Reading slate deal and established a separate Douglas-only ticket. This slate comprised the 12 Douglas electoral candidates on the Reading ticket, and 15 additional Douglas supporters. This ticket was usually referred to as the Straight Douglas ticket. Thus 12 electoral candidates appeared on 2 tickets, Reading and Straight Douglas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023836-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania voted for the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln, over the fusion ticket. Lincoln won Pennsylvania by a margin of 18.72%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023836-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania\nPennsylvania in the election was one of the four states that had a fusion ticket for the Democratic Party. The other three states were New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023837-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place on November 2, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters chose four electors of the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023837-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nRhode Island was won by Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln, who won by a margin of 22.74%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023837-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nWith 61.37% of the popular vote, Rhode Island would prove to be Lincoln's fifth strongest state in terms of popular vote percentage in the 1860 election after Vermont, Minnesota, Massachusetts and Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023837-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Rhode Island\nLike New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania, Rhode Island was one of the four states that had a fusion ticket for the Democrats, which consisted of not just the Northern Democrats, but of supporters of Southern Democrats and Constitutional Unionists as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023838-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 8 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. By 1860 only one state, South Carolina, used this procedure in a presidential election. This would be, as of 2020, the final time a state exercised its option to restrict its presidential franchise to state legislators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023838-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in South Carolina\nSouth Carolina cast 8 electoral votes for the Southern Democratic candidate John C. Breckinridge. These electors were chosen by the South Carolina General Assembly, the state legislature, rather than by popular vote. However, Republican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln would win the election nationally and would cause a major upset in the Southern States. South Carolina would be the first state to secede from the Union, on December 20, 1860, and would join the newly formed Confederate States of America in the February of the following year. South Carolina would not vote in another presidential election until 1868.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023839-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose 12 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023839-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nTennessee was won by the Senator John Bell (CU\u2013Tennessee), running with the 15th Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett, with 47.72% of the popular vote, against the 14th Vice President of the United States John Breckenridge (SD\u2013Kentucky), running with Senator Joseph Lane, with 44.55% of the popular vote and Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D\u2013Illinois), running with 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson, with 7.72% of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023839-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Tennessee\nRepublican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln (who was elected President) was not on the ballot in Tennessee, the only one of ten such states to be carried by a candidate other than Breckinridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023840-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Texas\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Texas was held on November 6, 1860. State voters chose four electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023840-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Texas\nTexas voted for the Southern Democratic nominee John C. Breckinridge, who received 75% of the vote. Texas was Breckinridge's strongest state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023840-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Texas\nRepublican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln was not on the ballot in Texas; neither was \"Northern Democrat\" Stephen A. Douglas, although Douglas did gain 18 votes as a write-in candidate. Douglas supporters had agreed to transfer their allegiance to Constitutional Union candidate John Bell, but Bell carried only three counties in the state and it is sometimes thought that the German-American abolitionists in such counties as Gillespie refrained from visiting the polls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023840-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Texas\nTexas eventually seceded from the United States in March 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America. It would not participate in the following elections in 1864 and 1868. The state would not be readmitted into the Union until 1870 and would not participate in another presidential election until 1872.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023841-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Vermont\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Vermont took place on November 2, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters chose five electors of the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023841-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Vermont\nVermont was won by Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln, who won the state by a 56.45% margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023841-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Vermont\nWith 75.86% of the popular vote, Vermont would be Lincoln's strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023841-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Vermont\nNorthern Democratic presidential candidate Stephen A. Douglas was born in Brandon, Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023842-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023842-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia was one of only three states to vote for the Constitutional Union candidate, former U.S. Senator John Bell, over the Southern Democratic candidate, Vice President John C. Breckinridge, and the Democratic candidate, U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas. Former U.S. Representative Abraham Lincoln was also the Republican candidate in this election, but he received the lowest support for any Republican presidential candidate (as well as the lowest support of any candidate who won the presidency) in the history of Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023842-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Virginia\nThis was the first presidential election since the formation of political parties in which Virginia did not vote for the Democratic or Democratic-Republican candidate. It was also the closest presidential election result in Virginia history: Bell won by 156 votes, or a margin of 0.093474% \u2013 the thirteenth-closest statewide presidential result in United States history and the closest between 1836 and 1876. Virginia eventually seceded from the United States on April 17, 1861, and did not participate in the following elections in 1864 and 1868.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023842-0002-0001", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Virginia\nHowever, unionist counties in the Ohio basin, plus a number of adjacent counties in the northwest, seceded to form the state of West Virginia and did participate in those two elections. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Morgan County, one of the counties that broke off to form West Virginia, did not vote for the Republican candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023842-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Virginia\nVirginia was the only one of the eleven states that would later declare their secession from the Union and be controlled by Confederate armies where any ballots for Lincoln were distributed, and the vast majority of the votes Lincoln received were cast in border counties of what would soon become West Virginia \u2013 the future state accounted for 1,832 of Lincoln's 1,929 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023842-0003-0001", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Virginia\nLincoln received no votes at all in 121 of the state's then-145 counties (including 31 of the 50 that would form West Virginia), received a single vote in three counties and received ten or fewer votes in nine of the 24 counties where he polled votes. Lincoln's best results, by far, were in the four counties that comprised the state's northern panhandle, a region which had long felt alienated from Richmond and which was economically and culturally linked to its neighbors Ohio and Pennsylvania and which would become the key driver in the successful effort to form a separate state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023842-0003-0002", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Virginia\nHancock County (Virginia's northernmost at the time) returned Lincoln's best result \u2013 he polled over 40% of the vote there and finished in second place (Lincoln polled only eight votes fewer than Breckinridge). Of the 97 votes cast for Lincoln in the state's post-1863 boundaries, 93 were polled in four counties along the Potomac River and four were cast in the coastal city of Portsmouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023843-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Wisconsin\nThe 1860 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 6, 1860 as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. State voters chose five electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023843-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 United States presidential election in Wisconsin\nWisconsin was won by the Republican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln with 57% of the popular vote, winning the states five electoral votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023844-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Vermont elections\nThe Vermont Election in 1860 consisted of elections for federal, state, and local elections. All state offices were for two years. All terms expired in 1862. Elections included the gubernatorial, all state offices, including all state senators and representatives, the federal Congress and the presidential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023844-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Vermont elections\nSeats were distributed two state senate seats per county; 1 state lower house seat per town or city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023844-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Vermont elections\nVoters elected 29 Republicans to the state senate and 1 Democrat. They elected 211 Republicans to the lower house; 25 Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023845-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1860 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont was held on Tuesday, September 4. In keeping with the \"Mountain Rule\", incumbent Republican Hiland Hall was not a candidate for a third one-year term. The Republican nominee was former Governor Erastus Fairbanks. With the Democratic Party fracturing nationally over the slavery issue, John Godfrey Saxe, the Democratic nominee against Hall in 1859, appeared on the ballot as a supporter of Stephen A. Douglas for president. Robert Harvey appeared as a supporter of Democratic presidential candidate John C. Breckinridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023845-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Vermont gubernatorial election\nVermont continued to strongly oppose the continuation of slavery and its backing of the Republican Party's abolitionist platform was unwavering. Fairbanks easily defeated both Democrats to win a one-year term. He took his oath of office on October 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023846-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Wellington colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Wellington on 26 July 1860 because Nicolas Hyeronimus died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023847-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 West Moreton colonial by-election\nThe West Moreton colonial by-election, 1860 was a by-election held on 9 July 1860 in the electoral district of West Moreton for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023847-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 West Moreton colonial by-election, History\nOn 22 June 1860, William Nelson, member for West Moreton, was unseated by petition. Joseph Fleming won the resulting by-election on 9 July 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023848-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Williams colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of The Williams on 16 February 1860 because Stephen Dark resigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023849-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Windsor colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Windsor on 12 March 1860 because of the resignation of William Dalley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre\nThe Wiyot massacre refers to the incidents on February 26, 1860, at Tuluwat (original name) on what is also known as Indian Island, near Eureka in Humboldt County, California. In coordinated attacks beginning at about 6 am, caucasian settlers murdered 80 to 250 Wiyot people with axes, knives, and guns. The February 26 attacks were followed by similar bloody attacks on other Wiyot villages later that week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Background\nImmigrants had settled in the area since the California Gold Rush, during the 10 years prior to the massacre. The Wiyot were at this time a peaceful tribe. They had never fought with white settlers and were not expecting an attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Background\nThe killings followed two years of hostility by a group of local whites against the residents of Indian Island, numerous editorials in the local newspapers, and the formation of volunteer militia groups. Hostility had developed between local Indians and the settlers, who let their cattle stray onto Indian lands. Indians used the cattle, but the cattle owners retaliated. On the night of 26 February 1860, a small group of settlers crossed Humboldt Bay, and to avoid drawing attention from nearby Eureka residents, many of whom may not have condoned the killings, performed the attack primarily with hatchets, clubs and knives. Contrary to a common opinion, guns were also used, with some Eureka residents reported hearing shots that night, but knowledge of the attack was not widespread at the time. News accounts report only adult men being shot, with handheld weapons used against women and children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 945]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Deaths\nBased upon Wiyot Tribe estimates, 80 to 250 Wiyot people were murdered. Another estimate states the number of American Indian people killed at 150. Because most of the adult able-bodied men were away gathering supplies as part of continuing preparation for the World Renewal Ceremony, nearly all the Wiyot men murdered are believed to have been older men, which is one reason why the Wiyot were largely defenseless. It is untrue to say the Wiyot were killed with ease because they were \"exhausted from the annual celebration.\" The celebration usually lasted seven to ten days, and the men traditionally left at night for the supplies while the elders, women and children slept. That is why most victims were children, women and older men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Deaths\nArcata's local newspaper, the Northern Californian, described the scene as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Deaths\nBlood stood in pools on all sides; the walls of the huts were stained and the grass colored red. Lying around were dead bodies of both sexes and all ages from the old man to the infant at the breast. Some had their heads split in twain by axes, others beaten into jelly with clubs, others pierced or cut to pieces with bowie knives. Some struck down as they mired; others had almost reached the water when overtaken and butchered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Survivors\nThere were few survivors. One woman, Jane Sam, survived by hiding in a trash pile. Two cousins, Matilda and Nancy Spear, hid with their three children on the west side of the island and later found seven other children still alive. A young boy, Jerry James, was found alive in his dead mother's arms. Polly Steve was wounded badly and left for dead, but recovered. One of the few Wiyot men on the island during the attack, Mad River Billy, jumped into the bay and swam to safety in Eureka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0006-0001", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Survivors\nAnother woman, Kaiquaish (also known as Josephine Beach) and her eleven-month-old son William survived by not being on the island in the first place. Kaiquaish had set out in a canoe with her son to participate with the ceremonies, but became lost in the fog and was forced to return home before the attacks began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Coordinated attacks\nThe Tuluwat/Indian Island massacre was part of a coordinated simultaneous attack that targeted other nearby Wiyot sites, including an encampment on the Eel River. The same day the same party was reported to have killed 58 more people at South Beach, about 1 mile (1.6\u00a0km) south of Eureka even though many of the women worked for the white families and many could speak \"good English.\" On 28 February 1860, 40 more Wiyot were killed on the South Fork of the Eel River, and 35 more at Eagle Prairie a few days later. Though the attack was widely condemned in newspapers outside Humboldt County, no one was ever prosecuted for the murders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Coordinated attacks\nBret Harte, wrote an editorial from Uniontown (now Arcata, California) against the massacre and would soon need to leave the area due to the threats against his life. In the editorial, Harte wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0009-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Coordinated attacks\n[ A] more shocking and revolting spectacle was never exhibited to the eyes of a Christian and civilized people. Old women, wrinkled and decrepit, lay weltering in blood, their brains dashed out and dabbled with their long gray hair. Infants scarce a span long, with their faces cloven with hatchets and their bodies ghastly with wounds.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0010-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Coordinated attacks\nSeveral prominent local citizens also wrote letters to the San Francisco papers angrily condemning the attacks and naming suspected conspirators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0011-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Investigation\nThe local sheriff, Barrant Van Ness, stated in a newspaper editorial published in the San Francisco Bulletin a few days after the massacre that the motive was revenge for cattle rustling. Ranchers in the inland valleys claimed as much as one-eighth of their cattle had been stolen or slaughtered by Indians over the previous year and one rancher, James C. Ellison, was killed while pursuing suspected rustlers in May 1859. However, the area where the ranches were located was occupied by the Nongatl tribe, not the Wiyot, so the victims of the massacre would not have been responsible for any rustling. Van Ness ended his written statement by saying he did not excuse the killers for their deeds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0012-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Investigation\nMajor Gabriel J. Rains, Commanding Officer of Fort Humboldt at the time, reported to his commanding officer that a local group of vigilantes had resolved to \"kill every peaceable Indian - man, woman, and child.\" The vigilantes, calling themselves the Humboldt Volunteers, Second Brigade, had been formed in early February 1860 in the inland town of Hydesville, one of the ranching communities in the Nongatl area. They spent most of February \"in the field\" attacking Indians along the Eel River. A petition had been sent to California Governor John G. Downey asking that the Humboldt Volunteers be mustered into service and given regular pay. Downey refused the petition, stating that the U.S. Army was sending an additional Company of Regulars to Fort Humboldt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0013-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Investigation\nA review of subsequent communications to Governor Downey revealed the true motive for the series of massacres that included Indian Island. The volunteer company commanded by Seman Wright wanted to become officially recognized as state militia, thereby becoming eligible for state funding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0013-0001", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Investigation\nHydesville rancher E. L. Daivs, who had presided at the meeting where the company was formed, wrote Downey just after the massacre, stating that \"This company is needed for the protection of lives & property & if we do not get it we will never ask the state again & I for one shall oppose paying any more state Taxes & [we will] fight our own battles in our own way-- exterminate the Indians from the face of the earth as far as this county is concerned. In fact, the little mess at Indian Island is only a beginning if we can't get our just protection from [the] state or [federal] government that the citizens are entitled to.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023850-0014-0000", "contents": "1860 Wiyot massacre, History, Consequences\nThe Wiyot Tribe said their people were not allowed to return to the island or their other land and they often found their land stolen or destroyed. Soldiers from Fort Humboldt took many of the surviving Wiyot into protective custody at the fort, later transporting them to the Klamath River Reservation. However, the Indians did not leave their former home without any resistance. In fact, many Wiyots returned home soon after arriving at the Fort and attacks on caucasian settlements were stronger in areas with sparse settlement of caucasians. Recently the Wiyot have been repurchasing the land in order to perform their annual World Renewal Ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023851-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 Wollombi colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Wollombi on 2 May 1860 because William Cape resigned to take his children to England to complete their education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives for the 37th Congress were held at various dates in different states from August 1860 to October 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections\nIn November 1860, Republican Abraham Lincoln won the Presidency. Though Republicans lost seats, the party won a House majority anyway as seven slave states reacted to Lincoln's election by seceding before Presidential inauguration. These seceding states formed the Confederacy in February 1861 while withdrawing many Representatives and Senators from Congress, almost all Democrats. As both sides in the impending American Civil War initially mobilized troops, another four slave states seceded by May 1861 in response to Lincoln's policy of using Federal force to defend Federal property and to coerce the seven initially seceding states. The four remaining slave states did not secede, electing and returning Representatives normally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections\nUnionist regions of three seceding states returned ten Representatives: five from western Virginia, three from eastern Tennessee, and two from southern Louisiana. Except for a tiny minority of outspoken Democrats, all Representatives supported the Union. Representatives opposing Democrats but unwilling to identify as Republican, particularly from slave states and including some remaining nativist American Party members, coalesced as the Unionist Party. In coalition with the Unionists, Republicans commanded over a two-thirds House supermajority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nCalifornia was apportioned one additional seat for the 37th Congress, increasing the total seats to 239.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nRepresentatives from seceding states overwhelmingly were Democrats. Withdrawal of these Representatives boosted Republican House control. Some seceding states held Federal elections, but seceded before the elected Representatives served. Other seceding states held no Federal elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were special elections in 1860 and 1861 during the 36th United States Congress and 37th United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Impact of the secessionist movement\nIn the wake of the declared secession of South Carolina from the Union on December 20, 1860, many Southern House members, mostly Democrats, refused to take their seats, rejecting the election of Lincoln as illegitimate. Before 1872, different states held elections at various times; the first elections for the 37th Congress were held on August 6, 1860 in Arkansas and Missouri, while the last election took place in California on September 4, 1861, a year later. Three Southern states \u2013 Arkansas, Florida, and South Carolina \u2013 chose Representatives before the presidential election, electing seven Democrats and two independents. These were the only House elections from the seceding states to the 37th Congress. After South Carolina resolved disunion and the Confederate States of America was formed, other Southern states declared as well and elected Representatives to the new Congress of the Confederate States instead of the United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 99], "content_span": [100, 1054]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Impact of the secessionist movement\nSince the states not holding elections had many strong Democratic districts \u2013 in the previous 36th Congress their Representatives included a total of 46 Democrats, 14 Oppositionists, five independents, and one member of the American Party \u2013 when Congress was called into session on July 4, 1861 (five months earlier than usual at the time) the size of the Democratic House caucus had been drastically reduced, resulting in a huge Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 99], "content_span": [100, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Impact of the secessionist movement\nOf the 183 seats, 102 were held by Republicans, 45 by Democrats, 23 by Unionists, and five others by one party each. There were several vacancies, and California had not held its election when Congress assembled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 99], "content_span": [100, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0009-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, End of a Congressional era\nIn 1860, Lincoln's campaign brought the Republicans the Presidency. Likewise, the congressional elections also marked the transition from one major era of political parties to another. In just six years, over the course of the 35th, 36th and 37th Congresses, a complete reversal of party fortunes swamped the Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 90], "content_span": [91, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0010-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, End of a Congressional era\nElections for Congress were held from August 1860 to June 1861. They were held before, during and after the pre-determined Presidential campaign. And they were held before, during and after the secessionist campaigns in various states as they were reported throughout the country. Political conditions varied hugely from time to time during the course of congressional selection, but they had been shifting to a considerable extent in the years running up to the crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 90], "content_span": [91, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0011-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, End of a Congressional era\nIn the 1856 elections, the Democrats had taken the Presidency for the sixth time in the last 40 years, with James Buchanan's victory over John C. Fremont and Millard Fillmore. They held almost a two-thirds majority in both the US House and Senate. Democrats held onto the Senate during the midterm elections, but the four opposition parties then amounted to two-thirds of the House. The congressional elections in 1860 transformed Democratic fortunes: Republican and Unionist candidates won a two-thirds majority in both House and Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 90], "content_span": [91, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0012-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, End of a Congressional era\nAfter the secessionist withdrawal, resignation and expulsion, the Democrats would have less than 25% of the House for the 37th Congress, and that minority divided further between pro-unionists (Stephen Douglas), and anti-war (Clement Vallandingham) factions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 90], "content_span": [91, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0013-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region\nThe politics of these elections were distinctive in every region of the country. The more conventional listing of Members in their state delegations, alphabetically by state, can be found at the 37th Congress article.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0014-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region\nEach Region below lists the states composing it using Freehling's descriptions from 1860. The Representative's biographies are linked at their names. Each congressional district has a link, named by its state abbreviation and its assigned number or noted At-large election. In a time before the Census Department published aggregate population data by congressional district, the reader may have ready access to census data identifying the make up of those each district by referring to their respective articles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0015-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region\nThe articles use different formats. The constituent counties of congressional districts are sometimes listed in a contents heading \"List of representatives\" within tables. These tables have a column naming the District's counties for each election, such as (a) \"District Area\" for Massachusetts, or (b) \"Area\" for Illinois and Maryland. Virginia uses \"Historical composition of the district\" to describe composition at each reapportionment. Pennsylvania notes the home county of the elected representative, sometimes holding the largest population for respective districts. Minnesota makes a geographical allusion for its 1st District applicable to the 37th Congress. Michigan uses \"History\" since 1852 for its 4th district. In some states, previous district composition is not described.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0016-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region, New England\nThe twenty-nine seats in the House among these six states are divided 24 Republican, two Union one Constitutional Union, and two Democratic. The region is important nationally in manufacturing and intellectually as the center of literature, Transcendentalism and the abolition movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 94], "content_span": [95, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0017-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region, North Central\nThe 38 Representatives from this region would seat 25 Republicans and thirteen Democrats. This region had the closest commercial and social ties to the South due to its sea-going commerce and trans-shipping cotton to local textile plants and for export.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 96], "content_span": [97, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0018-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region, Border North\nThe 73 seats in this region were split 50 Republican, 23 Democratic. Illinois is the only state here with more Democrats than Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 95], "content_span": [96, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0019-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region, Border North\nThese are free-soil states, north of the Mason\u2013Dixon line. These states had either abolished slavery, or Congress had forbidden it in their Territory, and they had forbidden it at the beginning of their statehood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 95], "content_span": [96, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0020-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region, Border South and Middle South\nOf the 47 Representatives in these six states, 24 are Union Party, 1 Constitutional Union, 6 Democratic, and 15 would be vacant in Virginia and Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 112], "content_span": [113, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0021-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region, Border South and Middle South\nThese were \"slave holding\" states, all south of the Mason\u2013Dixon line. The border south states had less than 2% to more than 19% of their 1860 population held as slaves, with an average of 13%; middle south states ranged from 25-33% slaves, with an average of 29%. (Deep south 43-57%, except Texas, with 30%.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 112], "content_span": [113, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0022-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region, Border South and Middle South\nEight seats in Virginia and seven seats in Tennessee represented large numbers of citizens resisting the Lincoln administration of the United States government during the Civil War. They were declared vacant in 37th Congress documents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 112], "content_span": [113, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0023-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region, Trans-Mississippi West\nWest of the Mississippi, there were 16 Representatives from states, and 9 Delegates from territories. The states elected nine Republicans and one Democrat. The Territories elected four Republicans, one Democrat and two Independents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 105], "content_span": [106, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0024-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region, Trans-Mississippi West\nWhen California entered the Union, it broke the free soil - slave state tie in the Senate. Minnesota, and Oregon followed as free soil states. Once Congress was depleted of the secessionist Democrats, the lame duck 36th Congress admitted Kansas as a free state in January 1861, in time for it to send a Representative to the 37th Congress in March. The Republican Congress elected in 1860 began funding the transcontinental railroad, July 1862. Nevada was admitted before the end of the Civil War in the next, 38th, Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 105], "content_span": [106, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0025-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region, Vacant state delegations\nAlabama \u2014 Arkansas \u2014 Florida \u2014 Georgia \u2014 Louisiana \u2014 Mississippi \u2014 North Carolina \u2014 South Carolina \u2014 Texas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 107], "content_span": [108, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0026-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region, Vacant state delegations\nForty-three seats represented large numbers of citizens in nine states resisting the Lincoln administration of the United States government during the Civil War. The following state delegations were entirely vacated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 107], "content_span": [108, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0027-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Results by region, Vacant state delegations\nMissouri, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia are accounted for in the \"Border South and Middle South\" section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 107], "content_span": [108, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0028-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, California\nFrom statehood to 1864, California's representatives were elected at-large, with the top two vote-getters winning election from 1849 to 1858. In the 1860 Census, California gained a seat in the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0029-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, California\nCalifornia elected its members on September 4, 1861, after the first session of the new Congress began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0030-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, California\nThe top three vote-getters were elected, but only the top two were seated at the beginning of session. When Congress later authorized California a third seat, Frederick Low was seated June 3, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0031-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members on April 1, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0032-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Delaware\nDelaware elected its member on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0033-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Illinois\nIllinois elected its members on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0034-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nKansas elected its members June 20, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0035-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana\nLouisiana seceded January 26, 1861 and did not elect members of the 37th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0036-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nMaryland elected its members June 13, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0037-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Massachusetts\nMassachusetts its members on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0038-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Michigan\nMichigan its members on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0039-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Minnesota\nMinnesota elected its members on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0040-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nMississippi seceded January 9, 1861 and did not elect members of the 37th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0041-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire\nNew Hampshire elected its members March 12, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0042-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, New Jersey\nNew Jersey its members on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0043-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York its members on the November 6, 1860 Election Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0044-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina seceded May 20, 1861 and did not elect members of the 37th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0045-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Oregon\nPoorly coordinated state legislation created confusion. As a result, two elections were held in 1860: on June 4 (won by George K. Shiel and on November 6 (won by Andrew J. Thayer). Thayer was seated March 4, 1861, but Shiel contested the election. On July 30, 1861, the House Elections Committee seated the Shiel for the rest of the term ending March 3, 1863. Both disputants were Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 70], "content_span": [71, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0046-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island elected its members April 3, 1861, after the new term began but before Congress convened..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0047-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee elected its members August 1, 1861, but only in East Tennessee, after the first session of the new Congress began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0048-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Texas\nTexas seceded February 1, 1861 and did not elect members of the 37th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 69], "content_span": [70, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023852-0049-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates\nAll are trans-Mississippi west non-voting delegates in the 37th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1860 and 1861 were elections corresponding with Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency. The nascent Republican Party increased their Senate seats in the regular elections, and after southern Democrats withdrew to join the Confederacy, Republicans gained control of the United States Senate. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections\nAs this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 36th Congress\nIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1860 or in 1861 before March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 104], "content_span": [105, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 37th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1861; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 37th Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were elected in 1861 after March 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, New York\nWhig William H. Seward had been re-elected in February 1855 to this seat, had become a Republican upon the foundation of that party in September 1855, and his term would expire on March 3, 1861. Seward did not seek re-election, instead being certain to be appointed to an office in the incoming Lincoln administration (Lincoln subsequently appointed Seward Secretary of State).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, New York\nAt the State election in November 1859, 23 Republicans and 9 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1860-1861) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1860, 93 Republicans and 35 Democrats were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1861. The 84th New York State Legislature met from January 1 to April 16, 1861, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, New York\nIra Harris was the candidate of the Republican Party. Harris had been a Whig assemblyman in 1845 and 1846, and a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1847 to 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, New York\nEx-Governor Horatio Seymour (in office 1853-1854) was the candidate of the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0009-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, New York\nBoth in the Assembly and the Senate a strict party vote confirmed the caucus selections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0010-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, New York\nIn the Assembly 119 votes were given: Republicans Smith Anthony (Cayuga Co.), Martin Finch (Essex Co.), Henry A. Prendergast (Chautauqua Co.), Victor M. Rice (Erie Co.) and Perez H. Field (Ontario Co.), along with Democrats Luke F. Cozans (NYC), Benjamin H. Long (Erie Co.), N. Holmes Odell (Westchester Co.) and Christian B. Woodruff (NYC) did not vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0011-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, New York\nIn the State Senate, 31 votes were given as William H. Ferry (Rep., 19th D.) was absent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0012-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, New York\nIra Harris was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0013-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (Regular)\nThe regular election in Pennsylvania was held January 8, 1861. Edgar Cowan was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0014-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (Regular)\nIncumbent Democrat William Bigler, who was elected in 1856, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 8, 1861, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1861. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0015-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (Special)\nA special election was held in Pennsylvania on March 14, 1861. David Wilmot was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0016-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (Special)\nRepublican Simon Cameron had been elected to the United States Senate by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in January 1857. After Senator Cameron resigned his seat on March 4, 1861, to become United States Secretary of War in Abraham Lincoln's administration, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 14, 1861, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023853-0017-0000", "contents": "1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (Special)\nThe results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus\nThe 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus (also called the 1860 Syrian Civil War) was a civil conflict in Mount Lebanon during Ottoman rule in 1860\u20131861 fought mainly between the local Druze and Christians. Following decisive Druze victories and massacres against the Christians, the conflict spilled over into other parts of Ottoman Syria, particularly Damascus, where thousands of Christian residents were killed by Muslim and Druze militiamen. The fighting precipitated a French-led international military intervention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background\nOn 3 September 1840, Bashir Shihab III, a distant cousin of the once-powerful Emir Bashir Shihab II, was appointed emir of Mount Lebanon by Ottoman Sultan Abdulmejid I. Geographically, the Mount Lebanon Emirate corresponded with the central part of present-day Lebanon, which historically has had a Christian and Druze majority. In practice, the terms \"Lebanon\" and \"Mount Lebanon\" tended to be used interchangeably by historians until the formal establishment of the Mandate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 61], "content_span": [62, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background\nBitter conflicts between Christians and Druzes, which had been simmering under Ibrahim Pasha's rule (mostly centred on the firmans of 1839 and, more decisively, of 1856, which equalised the status of Muslim and non-Muslim subjects, the former resenting their implied loss of superiority) resurfaced under the new emir. The sultan deposed Bashir III on 13 January 1842 and appointed Omar Pasha as governor of Mount Lebanon. Representatives of the European powers proposed to the sultan that Mount Lebanon be partitioned into Christian and Druze sections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 61], "content_span": [62, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0002-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background\nOn 7 December 1842, the sultan adopted the proposal and asked the governor of Damascus to divide the region into two districts: a northern district under a Christian deputy governor and a southern district under a Druze deputy governor. The arrangement came to be known as the \"Double Qaimaqamate\". Both officials were to be responsible to the governor of Sidon, who resided in Beirut. The Beirut-Damascus highway was the dividing line between the two districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 61], "content_span": [62, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background\nWhile the Ottoman authorities pursued a divide-and-rule strategy, various European powers established alliances with the various religious groups in the region. The French established an alliance with the Lebanese Christians, while the Druze formalized an alliance with the British, allowing them to send Protestant missionaries into the region. The increasing tensions led to an outbreak of conflict between Christians and Druzes as early as May 1845. Consequently, the European great powers requested for the Ottoman sultan to establish order in Lebanon, and he attempted to do so by establishing a new council in each of the districts. Composed of members of the various religious communities, the councils were intended to assist the deputy governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 61], "content_span": [62, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background, Leadup to war\nThe system failed to keep order when the peasants of Keserwan, overburdened by heavy taxes, rebelled against the feudal practices that prevailed in Mount Lebanon. In 1858, Tanyus Shahin, a Maronite Christian peasant leader, demanded for the feudal class to abolish its privileges. The demand was refused, and the peasants began to prepare for a revolt. In January 1859, an armed uprising, led by Shahin, was launched against the Maronite Khazen muqata'jis (feudal lords) of Keserwan. Khazen lands were pillaged and homes burned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 76], "content_span": [77, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0004-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background, Leadup to war\nAfter driving the Maronite feudal lords out of Keserwan and seizing their land and property, the insurgent peasants set up their own rule. The Keserwan uprising had a revolutionary effect on other regions in Lebanon. The disturbances spread to Latakia and to central Mount Lebanon. Maronite peasants, actively supported by their clergy, began to prepare for an armed uprising against their Druze lords. In turn, the Druze lords, who had been hesitant to confront the growing assertiveness of the Maronite peasantry due to the numerical imbalance in the Maronites' favour, began to arm Druze irregulars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 76], "content_span": [77, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background, Leadup to war\nIn August 1859, a brawl occurred between Druze and Maronites in the Metn area in the Christian sector of the Qaimaqamate. The dispute enabled Maronite bishop Tobia Aoun to mobilise his Beirut-based central committee to intervene in the matter. Soon, a Druze muqata'ji of the Yazbaki faction, Yusuf Abd al-Malik, and his fighters intervened in a brawl between young Maronite and Druze men in the vicinity of the Metn village of Beit Mery, which resulted in 20 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 76], "content_span": [77, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0005-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background, Leadup to war\nThe Druze lords began making war preparations, allegedly in co-ordination with the local Ottoman authorities, while Bishop Aoun oversaw the distribution of weapons to Maronite peasants. According to the historian William Harris, the Christians of Mount Lebanon felt \"buoyed by their local numerical superiority, yet despondent because of the hostile Muslim mood in Syria\" in the aftermath of the Ottoman Empire's reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 76], "content_span": [77, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0006-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background, Leadup to war\nIn March, April and May 1860, numerous acts of murder, looting and skirmishing took place across the mixed Christian-Druze districts of southern Mount Lebanon in the Druze-run sector of the Double Qaimaqamate. According to the historian Leila Terazi Fawaz, the initial acts were \"random and unpredictable enough to seem more the acts of lawless men than a calculated war against other sects, especially since banditry was always part of the objective\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 76], "content_span": [77, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0007-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background, Leadup to war\nIn March, the father of a Catholic monastery in Aammiq was killed and the monastery looted, and soon, a Druze man from Ainab allegedly killed a Christian man from Abadiyeh. Those acts fuelled a cycle of revenge attacks that significantly increased in frequency by April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 76], "content_span": [77, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0008-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background, Leadup to war\nIn April, two Druze men were killed in the vicinity of Beirut, followed by the killing of three Christians outside of Sidon. Two Christians from Jezzine were killed at Khan Iqlim al-Shumar by Druze from Hasbaya on 26 April, and the next day, another four Christians were killed in Katuli. On 11 May, Christians from Katuli killed two Druzes at the Nahr al-Assal River, and three days later, two Druzes from Chouf were killed near Sidon. The tit-for-tat killings continued, rendering most of the roads of Mount Lebanon unsafe for travellers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 76], "content_span": [77, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0009-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background, Leadup to war\nAround the end of May, Christians reported to the European consuls that killings of their co-religionists occurred in the districts of Beqaa, Arqub and Gharb. The Maronite clergy communicated to one another their increasing concerns on the violence and the need to end it, but some clergymen believed that the cycle of retaliatory attacks would not stop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 76], "content_span": [77, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0010-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Background, Leadup to war\nWith Maronite militias launching raids into Metn and Shahin's forces making incursions into the Gharb area west of Beirut, the Druze muqata'jis held a war council in Moukhtara in which the Jumblatti factions and their more hawkish Yazbaki counterparts agreed to appoint Sa'id Jumblatt as their overall commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 76], "content_span": [77, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0011-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Outbreak of war\nMost sources put the start of the war at 27 May, while the British consul considered 29 May the actual start of full-fledged conflict. The first major outbreak of violence occurred when a 250-strong Maronite militia from Keserwan led by Taniyus Shahin went to collect the silk harvest from Naccache, but instead of returning to Keserwan, proceeded to Baabda in the al-Sahil district near Beirut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0011-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Outbreak of war\nThe local Druze leadership considered the Maronite mobilization at Baabda to be a provocation to the Druze in the mixed Metn district, while the Maronites saw the garrisoning of Ottoman troops under Khurshid Pasha near Naccache on 26 May as a prelude to a Druze assault. The Ottoman garrison established itself at Hazmiyeh with the support of the European consuls in order to bring order to Mount Lebanon. However, the Maronites considered it a threat since they viewed the Ottomans as allies of the Druze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0012-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Outbreak of war\nOn 29 May, Keserwani Maronites raided the mixed villages of Qarnayel, Btekhnay and Salima and forced out its Druze residents. The tension broke out into open conflict later that day during a Druze assault against the mixed village of Beit Mery, with the village's Druze and Christian residents subsequently calling for support from their co-religionists in Abadiyeh and al-Sahil, respectively. The Druze, backed by an Ottoman commander of irregulars named Ibrahim Agha, and Maronite fighters burned down the houses of the rival sect in Beit Mery. The Maronite fighters defeated the Druze and Ibrahim Agha at Beit Mery before withdrawing from the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0013-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Outbreak of war\nOn 30 May, the Keserwani Maronite militiamen attempted to renew their assault against Beit Mery, but were countered by 1,800-2,000 Druze militiamen led by the Talhuq and Abu Nakad clans on the way, prompting previously neutral Maronites from Baabda, Wadi Shahrur, Hadath and elsewhere in al-Sahil to join the fighting. Although casualties among the Christian militiamen were relatively low during the fighting on 30 May, in the renewed battle on 31 May, the 200-strong Maronite force was routed at Beit Mery and forced to retreat to Brummana. By the day's end, the Druze fighters were in complete control of Metn, where clashes were widespread, and between 35 and 40 Maronite majority villages were set alight and some 600 Maronites in the district slain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0014-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Outbreak of war\nAlso on 30 May, full-fledged fighting between Druze and Christians occurred in the area of Zahle, when a 200-strong Druze force led by Ali ibn Khattar Imad confronted 400 local Christian fighters at the village of Dahr al-Baidar, prompting Christian militiamen from nearby Zahle to join the fighting. Imad's men retreated to Ain Dara, where the Christians followed them before being defeated. Ali Imad died of his wounds on 3 June; consequently, a 600-strong Druze force was mobilized under the command of his father Khattar Imad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0014-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Outbreak of war\nSome 3,000 Christian fighters, predominantly from Zahle, met Khattar's forces near Ain Dara where a major battle took place. The Druze experienced twice as many casualties as the Christians, but ultimately forced the Christians to retreat to Zahle. Between 29 and 31 May, 60 villages were destroyed in the vicinity of Beirut, and 33 Christians and 48 Druzes were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0015-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Outbreak of war\nIn the last days of May, Druze forces under the command of Bashir Nakad and backed by the Imad and Jumblatt clans besieged Deir al-Qamar. In the first days of June, reports from the town to European consuls reported that starvation was beginning to set in. A relief supply of grain and flour sent by the Ottoman general Khurshid Pasha apparently did not reach the town. Bashir's forces, numbering some 3,000 Druze fighters, launched an assault on Deir al-Qamar on 2 June and another assault the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0015-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Outbreak of war\nThe Christian defenders in Deir al-Qamar initially put up stiff resistance and inflicted heavy casualties on the Druze forces, who managed to raze the town's outskirts. After eight hours of the Druze assault, Deir al-Qamar surrendered on 3 June, partially as a result of internal divisions among the town's Christian militia. Fatality reports ranged from 70 to 100 slain Druze and 17 to 25 Christians. Following its capture, the Druze plundered Deir al-Qamar until 6 June and destroyed 130 houses. Around half of the town's Christian residents had remained neutral and appealed for protection by the Druze, with whom many had long maintained social and commercial ties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0016-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Wadi al-Taym clashes and Hasbaya massacre\nUnlike their co-religionists elsewhere in Syria, the Greek Orthodox inhabitants of Wadi al-Taym were generally aligned with the Maronites of Mount Lebanon, due to shared opposition to Protestant missionary activity, and were loyal to their lords, the Sunni Muslim Shihab emirs of Rashaya and Hasbaya. Fighting between the Shihab emirs led by Sa'ad al-Din Shihab and the Druze led by Sa'id al-Shams and Sa'id Jumblatt had been going on since the last days of May, particularly in Deir Mimas. The clashes led to shoot-outs in Hasbaya between Christians and Druze peasant fighters from various other Wadi al-Taym villages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 133], "content_span": [134, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0016-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Wadi al-Taym clashes and Hasbaya massacre\nBefore casualties became heavy, emergency Ottoman reinforcements led by Yusuf Agha intervened to back the Ottoman garrison led by Uthman Bey, and stopped the fighting in Hasbaya. Meanwhile, fighting between Druzes and Christians had broken out in nearby Shebaa, prompting Uthman Bey to intervene in the village and then confer with Druze sheikhs in Marj Shwaya ostensibly to gain assurances from them that they would cease hostilities. Not long after Uthman Bey assured the Christians of Hasbaya that Druze attacks would end, Druze forces set fire to a Christian village in Wadi al-Taym and proceeded to assault Hasbaya, where Christians fleeing the clashes had been seeking shelter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 133], "content_span": [134, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0017-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Wadi al-Taym clashes and Hasbaya massacre\nAt the advice of Uthman Bey, a large part of Hasbaya's Christian community took refuge in Hasbaya's government house, along with several Shihabi family members, and surrendered their weapons, which numbered around 500 guns. The surrendered guns were soon looted by the Druze and according to the British consul, this had been Uthman Bey's actual intention. The Christians of Hasbaya, along with 150 Christian refugees from Qaraoun, had taken shelter in the government house on 3 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 133], "content_span": [134, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0017-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Wadi al-Taym clashes and Hasbaya massacre\nSome 400 sheltered in the home of Sa'id Jumblatt's sister Nayifa, due to her concerns that the gathering of so many Christians at government house would put so many of their lives in danger. Many Christians did not trust Nayifa due to her frequent hosting of Uthman Bey, who the local Christians increasingly lost trust of, and her family's leadership of the Druzes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 133], "content_span": [134, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0018-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Wadi al-Taym clashes and Hasbaya massacre\nThe Druzes of Wadi al-Taym had been receiving numerous reinforcements from Majdal Shams, Iqlim al-Ballan and the Hauran plain, and were quietly backed by Uthman Bey. Led by commanders Ali Bey Hamada, Kenj Ahmad and Hasan Agha Tawil, the Druze forces assembled around Hasbaya on 3 June. Several hundred (possibly up to 1,000) largely disorganized and inexperienced Christian men from Hasbaya mobilized as well. After heavy fighting that day, the Christians, who suffered 26 casualties, managed to briefly push back the Druzes, who suffered 130 fatalities, and proceeded to burn down Druze homes in the area. On 4 June, the much larger Druze force defeated the Christians after an hour-long assault and the Christian forces fled. The Christians had apparently been waiting for Ottoman troops to arrive and protect them as they were promised, but this did not materialize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 133], "content_span": [134, 1003]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0019-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Wadi al-Taym clashes and Hasbaya massacre\nFollowing the Druzes' capture of Hasbaya, their forces proceeded to assault the government house. At first, the Druzes sought out and killed 17 Shihabi men, including Emir Sa'ad al-Din, who was decapitated and thrown off the three-story building's rooftop. The Druze fighters then began killing the Christians who had taken refuge there. Druze fighters massacred about 1,000 Christian males, adults and children, while sparing the women. According to an account by a Christian survivor, \"the men were slaughtered in the embrace of their wives and the children at the breasts of their mothers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 133], "content_span": [134, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0019-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Wadi al-Taym clashes and Hasbaya massacre\nAbout 40-50 men survived after managing to escape. The 400 Christians who had sheltered with Nayifa Jumblatt survived because she had them relocated initially to the Jumblatt stronghold of Moukhtara and from there to the port of Sidon, from which they were able to make it to Beirut on a Royal Navy warship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 133], "content_span": [134, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0020-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Assault on Rashaya\nIn the days after the Druze victory at Hasbaya, violence raged in the southern Beqaa Valley. The hostilities were set off after two Druze men from Kfar Qouq were arrested by the authorities for their suspected role in the deaths of two Christians from Dahr al-Ahmar who were shot down as they were transporting clay pots on their way to Damascus. The Druze men were quickly released by the Ottomans after protests by the local Druze community. The local Druze were angry at the Christians for complaining to the authorities, which led to the arrests, and launched an attack on Dahr al-Ahmar. On 8 June Christians from Dahr al-Ahmar and the vicinity fled to Rashaya, which had an Ottoman garrison, for protection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 110], "content_span": [111, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0021-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Assault on Rashaya\nAs the Christians fled to Rashaya, Druzes began burning down the homes they left behind and assaulted the Christian villages of Kfar Mishki, Beit Lahia and Hawush. The Christians received assurances of safety from Emir Ali Shihab, governor of Rashaya, and the Druze al-Aryan family, which held significant influence in the town. About 150 took refuge in the government house and set up barricades on the streets leading to the building as additional security measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 110], "content_span": [111, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0021-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Assault on Rashaya\nThat same day, a Druze force attacked the town and burnt down Christian homes, forcing many other local Christians to seek shelter in the government house. Several Christians were killed before the Druze force withdrew after a meeting with the Ottoman authorities at Ziltatiat. The Christians remained in the government house upon the counsel of the local Ottoman garrison's commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 110], "content_span": [111, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0022-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Assault on Rashaya\nBy 11 June, a 5,000-strong Druze force assembled outside Rashaya consisting of local Druze militiamen, the Druze force from the previous Hasbaya battle and Druze troops under the command of Isma'il al-Atrash. Al-Atrash's men had attacked several Christian villages in the Anti- Lebanon Mountains on their way to Rashaya. That day, the Druze force split into two main contingents, with one attacking the Christian village of Aya and the other storming Rashaya. The Shihab emirs of Rashaya, with the exception of two, were slain. The Druze assaulted the government house and killed the men inside, including priests. The combined Christian fatalities from the massacre at Hasbaya and the assault on Rashaya and its neighboring villages were roughly 1,800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 110], "content_span": [111, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0023-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Battle of Zahle\nThe Druze followed up on their victory at Rashaya by raiding villages in the central Beqaa Valley and the vicinity of Baalbek together with Shia Muslim peasants and irregulars, guided by the Harfush clan. While the Harfushes continued to assault Baalbek, the Druze proceeded back south towards Zahle, which at that time remained the last major Christian stronghold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0023-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Battle of Zahle\nThe Zahalni Christians, largely led by Abdallah Abu Khatir, appealed for support from Maronite militia leaders in Kesrawan and Metn, namely Taniyus Shahin of Reifun, Youssef Bey Karam of Ehden and Yusuf al-Shantiri of Metn. Shahin feared antagonizing the Ottoman authorities and did not respond to the appeal, while al-Shantiri preferred to wait and assess any moves made by Shahin or Karam first. Karam responded positively to the appeal and assembled a 4,000-strong force, but it did not make it further than the Metn village of Bikfaya. After the conflict's end, Karam claimed his abrupt halt was due to prohibitions on further advances by the French consul and the Ottoman authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0024-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Battle of Zahle\nThe Christian force assembled in Zahle numbered around 4,000 men, mostly from Zahle, but also 400 cavalry from Baskinta and a smaller force from Metn. They stockpiled ammunition and had hundreds of horses available for battle. The Zahalni militiamen prepared the town's defences by digging deep trenches around it, building a brick wall at its southern edge and fortifying parts of the town's narrow roads and paths. They stocked foodstuffs and other supplies, and townspeople hid any valuable items in their possession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0024-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Battle of Zahle\nMeanwhile, Druze forces from Wadi al-Taym, Rashaya, Chouf and the Hauran were assembling in Zahle's vicinity, using the nearby mixed village of Qabb Ilyas to Zahle's south, as their headquarters. Zahalni Christian forces launched an assault against Qabb Ilyas on 14 June. According to an account of that confrontation, the Christians fought \"without discipline\" and were \"heedless of danger\", spreading themselves thin across the plains of Qabb Ilyas, with fighters taking up uncoordinated positions and firing their weapons. The Druze defenders forced them to retreat to Zahle. The Zahalni repeated their assault a few days later, but were again repulsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0025-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Battle of Zahle\nOn 18 June, Druze forces under Khattar Imad's command and reinforced by Shia peasants and Sunni Sardiyah Bedouin cavalry from Hauran (3,000 men altogether) began their assault on Zahle, some of whose defenders were feuding among each other at the time of the attack. The Druze assault was well-planned according to accounts of the battle, with some of their forces attacking Zahle's well-defended eastern, southern and western sides, while Imad's contingent launched a surprise attack against the town from the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0025-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Battle of Zahle\nThe Zahalni had not concentrated their fortifications at Zahle's north because they expected that side of town to be safe due to the heavy Christian presence there. Furthermore, they were still expecting Karam's men to be arriving from the north side (they had not yet been notified of his troops' halt at Bikfaya). Imad disguised his contingent as Christians by adorning them with crosses and Christian flags taken from slain Christian fighters in previous battles. Thus, when Imad and his men approached Zahle from the north, its defenders enthusiastically welcomed them, believing them to be Karam's men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0026-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Battle of Zahle\nAs Imad's Druze forces entered Zahle, they proceeded to burn down its northern neighborhoods. When Druze forces commanded by Isma'il al-Atrash saw the flames emanating from northern Zahle, they stormed the town. Within hours, Zahle was under Druze control. Zahle's residents panicked and fled the town for Metn, Keserwan and al-Sahil. By 19 June, the town was emptied of its inhabitants. The Christians suffered between 40 and 900 casualties, while the Druze and their allies suffered between 100 and 1,500 casualties. The Druze agreed beforehand not to loot Zahle, but the Sardiyah Bedouin tribesmen plundered the town, taking money, horses and jewellery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0027-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Battle of Zahle\nThe outcome at Zahle held enormous significance for both sides in the war. For the Christians, the fall of the strongest Christian town meant the loss of their principal support base, as the Zahalni supported other Christians in many earlier battles during the conflict. Zahle was believed by many Christians in Mount Lebanon to be unconquerable. According to the British consul, the Christian defeat at Zahle caused many Christians to consequently want to flee Ottoman Syria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0027-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Battle of Zahle\nThe Druze victory at Zahle was a major morale boost for their forces since the fall of Zahle effectively symbolized their total victory over the Christians of Mount Lebanon, which they then controlled indisputably. It was also a cause for celebration among Muslims of all sects in Ottoman Syria because many Muslims viewed its inhabitants as arrogant, and reportedly \"suffered from the people of Zahle and heard of their sly deeds\", according to the Damascene notable Sayyid Muhammad Abu'l Su'ud al-Hasibi, who condemned what he saw as Druze and Muslim excesses during the conflict. The Muslims of Damascus held celebrations in the city after the fall of Zahle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0028-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Battle of Zahle\nFollowing Zahle's fall, groups of Sunni and Shia Muslims from Baalbek used the opportunity to settle scores with local Christians and plunder the town and its vicinity. Up to 34 Christian villages in the Beqaa Valley were plundered and burned, with many houses and churches destroyed, and harvests and livestock taken. The Shia Harfush clan led the siege and assault on Baalbek, attacking the Ottoman garrison there commanded by Husni Bey and the headquarters of the district governor, Faris Agha Qadro, killing several of the latter's employees. The Kurdish irregulars led Hassan Agha Yazigi that were dispatched by the Ottoman governor of Damascus did not attempt to relieve the siege. Baalbek was largely destroyed and Yazigi's irregulars would later participate in the town's plunder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0029-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Massacre of Deir al-Qamar\nDeir al-Qamar had already been captured by Druze forces and its residents had consistently appealed for protection from their friends among the local Druze and from the Ottoman authorities. Nonetheless, following their decisive victory at Zahle, the Druze renewed their assault against Deir al-Qamar on 20 June. In the weeks prior, some of the town's wealthier residents managed to leave for Beirut or gained Sa'id Jumblatt's protection in Moukhtara. However, thousands of Christians remained in Deir al-Qamar and the Druze militiamen were preventing many from leaving.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 117], "content_span": [118, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0029-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Massacre of Deir al-Qamar\nAs Druze fighters moved in on the town, ostensibly guarding homes and shops, they proceeded to loot many buildings that had been abandoned by their patrons. The Christian residents did not put up armed resistance against the Druze fighters, and sometime before 20 June the Christians had been disarmed either at the counsel of the district governor Mustafa Shukri Effendi or an Ottoman general from the Beirut garrison named Tahir Pasha. The Ottomans' advice to the Christians regarding disarmament was that it would help in not provoking the Druze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 117], "content_span": [118, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0030-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Massacre of Deir al-Qamar\nOn the evening of 19 June, a Christian resident and a priest were killed outside the government house in Deir al-Qamar, where thousands of residents had begun taking refuge. Hundreds of others took shelter in the abandoned Ottoman barracks at Beit ed-Dine or the district governor's residence. Meanwhile, Druze fighters from Moukhtara, Baakline, Ain al-Tineh, Arqub district, Manasif district, Boutmeh, Jdaideh, Shahahir, and Ammatour were streaming into Deir al-Qamar from several directions. At least part of these forces were commanded by Sheikh Qasim Imad. The roughly 4,000 Ottoman troops stationed in Deir al-Qamar did not stop the incoming Druzes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 117], "content_span": [118, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0030-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Massacre of Deir al-Qamar\nOn the morning of 20 June, the Druzes assaulted the government house and proceeded to kill the males taking refuge in it, all of whom were unarmed. European consuls who witnessed the killings or their aftermath reported that many women were assaulted as well in an unprecedented manner. Afterwards, the Druzes plundered Deir al-Qamar, which was well known for being wealthy. Unlike in Zahle, the Druzes looted large quantities of horses, livestock, jewellery and other goods. Large parts of the town were burned down. Other Christians were killed throughout Deir al-Qamar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 117], "content_span": [118, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0031-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Massacre of Deir al-Qamar\nNearby Beit ed-Dine and its countryside was also sacked. The plunder in Deir al-Qamar ended on 23 June, after intervention by Sa'id Jumblatt, Bashir Nakad, sheikhs from the Hamada clan, and an Ottoman colonel. By the end of the fighting, much of Deir al-Qamar, which was the most prosperous town of the predominantly Druze Chouf district, was in ruins, and corpses, some mutilated, were left throughout the town's streets, markets, houses and Ottoman government buildings and military installations. Between 1,200 and 2,200 Christians had been killed in the onslaught and many more had fled. By October 1860, Deir al-Qamar's population which had been roughly 10,000 before the conflict, had been reduced to 400. According to Fawaz, the ceasefire negotiated between by the Druze sheikhs and the authorities marked the \"end to the most violent phase of the civil war\" in Mount Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 117], "content_span": [118, 1001]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0032-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Civil war in Mount Lebanon and environs, Casualties in Mount Lebanon and environs\nMost sources put the figure of those killed between 7,000 and 11,000, with some claiming over 20,000. or 25,000. A letter in the English Daily News in July 1860 stated that between 7,000 and 8,000 had been murdered, 5,000 widowed, and 16,000 orphaned. James Lewis Farley, in a letter, spoke of 326 villages, 560 churches, 28 colleges, 42 convents, and 9 other religious establishments, having been totally destroyed. Churchill puts the figures at 11,000 murdered, 100,000 refugees, 20,000 widows and orphans, 3,000 habitations burnt to the ground, and 4,000 perishing from destitution. Other estimates claim 380 Christian villages were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 132], "content_span": [133, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0033-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Early tensions in the city\nThe early reports of the war in Mount Lebanon received in Damascus were generally sketchy but evolved into more graphic reports from Beirut-based newspapers. The reports were often distorted or amplified in mosques, churches, marketplaces and in neighborhoods throughout the city. In early June, the French and Belgian consuls of Damascus reported news of decisive Christian victories and the arrival of Druze reinforcements from the Hauran and Damascus. Soon after, the stories were replaced by more accurate reports of decisive Druze victories and massacres against the Christians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 113], "content_span": [114, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0033-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Early tensions in the city\nThe news and rumors heightened existing inter-communal tensions between Muslims and Christians in Damascus. Local Christians and European consuls feared Druze and Muslim plots against the Christian community, while local Muslims feared plots by the European powers, particularly France and Russia, and their perceived local sympathizers. The local Christian chronicler Mikhail Mishaqah expressed surprise at Muslim panic about the local Christians due to the significant military advantage of the local Muslims and Ottoman authorities against the local Christians, who were largely unarmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 113], "content_span": [114, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0033-0002", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Early tensions in the city\nRumors spread in the Christian community, including one in which the Druze requested the Ottoman governor of Damascus, Ahmad Pasha, to hand over 72 Christians who were wanted by the Druze. A related rumor among the Muslims held that 72 Christian notables had signed a petition calling for a Christian king to rule Zahle and Mount Lebanon. Other rumors circulating among the Muslim community regarded alleged Christian attacks on mosques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 113], "content_span": [114, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0034-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Early tensions in the city\nWhen the war spread to the Beqaa Valley, which was geographically closer to Damascus, a number of Damascenes volunteered or were dispatched to the battlefronts, including Muslims from the Salihiya quarter who marched towards Zahle. Muslims and Druze throughout Syria celebrated the fall of Zahle, a town viewed by many Damascene Muslims as \"insolent and ambitious [sic]\", according to the historian Leila Tarazi Fawaz. Fawaz asserts that the Damascene Muslims' rejoice at the fall of Zahle stemmed from what they believed was the end of Zahle's threats to the interests of Damascene grain and livestock merchants. Mishaqah wrote that the extent of the celebrations would lead one to believe that \"the [Ottoman] Empire conquered Russia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 113], "content_span": [114, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0035-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Early tensions in the city\nMost Damascenes were not directly involved in the civil war in Mount Lebanon, but tensions in Damascus were raised by the arrival of Christian refugees. The war had precipitated an influx of Christian refugees to Damascus, mostly women and children and smaller numbers of adult males, from Hasbaya and Rashaya. Many Christians living in towns between Damascus and Mount Lebanon, such as Zabadani, also fled to Damascus due to the potential threat of attack by Druze forces. By the end of June, estimates of Christian refugees in Damascus ranged from 3,000 to 6,000, most of them Greek Orthodox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 113], "content_span": [114, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0035-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Early tensions in the city\nIn addition to the refugees, large numbers of Christian peasants from Mount Hermon who had traveled to work in the agricultural plains around Damascus and in the Hauran were unable to return due to the threat of violence and were stranded in Damascus. The influx of refugees and peasants caused overcrowding in the city, particularly in the Christian quarter, which had a demoralizing effect on the Damascene Christians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 113], "content_span": [114, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0036-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Early tensions in the city\nDamascene Christians, many of them poor, helped care for the new arrivals, and much of the efforts to aid the refugees came from the city's Greek Orthodox and Melkite churches, but also from large contributions from some Muslim notables, including Muhammad Agha Nimr, Abd Agha al-Tinawi, Muhammad Qatana, al-Sayyid Hasan and Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri, the last an Algerian Sufi cleric who had previously led resistance against the French in Algeria. Aid for the refugees was the insufficient and most did not have shelter, sleeping in alleys between the churches and in stables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 113], "content_span": [114, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0036-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Early tensions in the city\nAlthough Muslim notables contributed aid to the refugees, the latter were seen as a threat by some Damascene Muslims, according to Fawaz. There was a high incidence of random and hostile acts against Christians, particularly refugees, by Muslims. Violence became more common between June and early July, after news of Druze victories in Rashaya, Hasbaya and Zahle. According to Mishaqah, the anger towards the refugees by \"ignorant\" Damascene Druze and Muslims grew in the aftermath of the Druze victories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 113], "content_span": [114, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0037-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Attempts to defuse tensions\nMuslim notables such as Mahmud Effendi Hamza and Ahmad Hasibi attempted to stop celebrations of Zahle's fall because it contributed to local Muslim-Christian tensions, but were unsuccessful. Hamza also attempted to mediate between the Druze and Christians in Zahle. The Muslim notable who organized the most concerted effort to reduce tensions was Abd al-Qadir. Using his status as a hero of Muslim resistance against the French in Algeria, he commenced diplomatic efforts and met with nearly every leader of the Muslim community in Damascus and its environs, from ulema (scholars), aghas (local paramilitary commanders) and mukhtars (village headmen).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 114], "content_span": [115, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0037-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Attempts to defuse tensions\nHe also met regularly with the French consul in Damascus, Michel Lanusse, and persuaded him to fund efforts to arm about 1,000 of his men, mostly Algerians, whom he tasked with defending the local Christians. On 19 June he began efforts to set up the defense of the Christian quarter in case of attack, but while he attempted to secretly prepare the defenses, local residents were likely aware of his activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 114], "content_span": [115, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0038-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Attempts to defuse tensions\nAhmad Pasha, the governor of Damascus, assigned more guards to the Christian quarter in early June and prohibited weapons sales to the Druze and Christian belligerents in Mount Lebanon. European consuls requested that he help bring Christian survivors of the massacres in Hasbaya and Rashaya to Damascus and to reinforce the Ottoman garrisons in the Beqaa Valley. The European consuls also tasked Yorgaki, the vice-consul of Greece and a Turkish speaker, with conveying their concerns to him about the danger posed to Christians amid the hostile environment in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 114], "content_span": [115, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0038-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Attempts to defuse tensions\nThe most alarmed European consul was Lanusse, who firmly believed there was a great danger posed to the Christians and \"predicted the worst\", according to Fawaz. His concerns were generally not shared by the other European consuls. In the opinion of the British consul, James Brant, while there were acts of hostility, verbal abuse and ill-treatment of Christians, there was \"no fear\" of Muslims harming Christians in the city, particularly if the Ottoman authorities intervened. Brant and the other consuls were generally content with Ahmad Pasha's repeated reassurances that the situation in Damascus was under control. In early July, Ahmad Pasha had 14 cannons installed at the Citadel of Damascus and a cannon installed at the gate of the Umayyad Mosque and other mosques during Friday prayer as a means of deterrence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 114], "content_span": [115, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0039-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Attempts to defuse tensions\nLocal Christian fears of attack increased during the celebrations of Zahle's fall, and the tension became more acute in late June as the four-day Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha approached. Many Christians stayed home during this time and avoided visits to public places, relinquished rights to monetary debts owed them by Muslims and did not attend their jobs during the Eid festivities, bringing the local government to a standstill as most government clerks in the city were Christians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 114], "content_span": [115, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0039-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Attempts to defuse tensions\nEid passed without incident, and Abd al-Qadir received assurances from all the local Muslim leaders that they would keep order in the city, and Muslim notables, such as Mustafa Bey al-Hawasili, personally guaranteed the safety of Christians in meetings with the notables of the Christian quarters, including Hanna Frayj, Antun Shami and Mitri Shalhub. As a result, a sense of calm was restored for eight days and Christians returned to their shops, professions, and schools by 9 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 114], "content_span": [115, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0040-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, First day\nOn 8 July or 9 July, a group of Muslim boys, some the sons of Muslim notables, vandalized Christian property or otherwise targeted Christians, such as marking Christian houses and drawing crosses on the ground throughout the city's neighborhoods to make it inevitable that Christian pedestrians would step on their religious symbols. Frayj, Shami and Shalhub complained to Ahmad Pasha about the incidents, prompting the latter to seek out the boys and publicly punish them. A few were arrested, shackled and sent to the Christian quarter with brooms to sweep the streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0040-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, First day\nAs the boys were led to the Christian quarter, Muslim onlookers inquired about the situation and Abd al-Karim al-Samman, a brother one of the arrested boys, yelled at the Ottoman guards to release the boys, and proceeded to chase after them with a stick. Al-Samman, who was thereafter known as al-sha'al (the fire starter), was joined by his kinsmen, neighbors, friends and passersby, who beat the guards and released the boys. Al-Samman then urged the crowd to revolt and mete out vengeance on the Christians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0041-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, First day\nFollowing al-Samman's speech, the occupants of the shops around the Umayyad Mosque formed a mob and headed for the Christian quarter yelling out anti-Christian slogans. A captain of local irregulars, Salim Agha al-Mahayani, may have led the initial crowds to the Christian quarter. News of the events spread throughout the city and its suburbs, and crowds from Midan, Salihiya, Shaghour, and Jaramana marched towards the Christian quarters. The crowds, estimated at 20,000 to 50,000 (the figures were likely smaller than the crowds' actual size), were made up of Muslim and Druze peasants, Kurdish irregulars, and ruffians from the city quarters. They were largely armed with sticks and clubs, although a few carried axes, pistols or muskets. The overwhelming majority of Christians in the city were unarmed, with the exception of a few pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0042-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, First day\nThe gates of the Aqsab Mosque leading to the Christian quarter were broken down by Kurdish irregulars from Salihiya and as the mob approached the quarter, its Ottoman guards were ordered to fire into the crowds and to fire cannon shells into the air by their commander, Salih Zaki Bey Miralay. Two rioters were killed or wounded and the crowds briefly dispersed. However, some rioters set alight the roof of the Greek Orthodox church and the local bazaar, and the ensuing flames prompted others to follow and set alight homes in the quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0042-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, First day\nBy mid-day, Miralay and his soldiers were ordered to withdraw from their positions. Ottoman officers began to lose control of their soldiers, some of whom joined or led the rioters. The Kurdish irregulars under Muhammad Sa'id Bey, the son of Shamdin Agha, began to kill, rape and loot in the Christian quarter. Al-Hawasili attempted to intervene and hold back the crowds, but his soldiers abandoned him and joined in the riots. Besides al-Hawasili's failed attempt, no Ottoman military or political official attempted a significant intervention in the first few days of the riots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0043-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, First day\nAlthough the mob targeted several different areas at the same, in general, the first homes to be targeted were those of the wealthier Christians, followed by the neighboring Christian homes. Typically, the rioters broke down the homes' doors, attacked the men with their various weapons, and looted anything of value, stripping houses of windows, doors, paneling, and floor tiles. Women and children were threatened if they would not inform the mob about the whereabouts of the household's adult men or hidden jewelry, and occasionally girls and young women were abducted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0043-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, First day\nAfter a particular house was plundered, it would be set alight. Irregular troops took the lead and priority in the plunder and they were followed by others in the mob. After the homes were burned, the Greek Orthodox, Melkite and Armenian churches were looted. At some point, a hospice for lepers was burned down with its residents inside. Christians hiding in cellars, rooftops, and latrines in the quarter were mostly found and attacked by the mobs, but most of those who hid in wells evaded detection and were rescued by Abd al-Qadir's men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0043-0002", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, First day\nAmong the Christians who fled the city, a number were confronted by peasants and either killed or forced to convert to Islam. A large number of Christians from Bab Sharqi joined the metropolitan of the Syriac Catholics and found safety in the Greek Orthodox monastery of Saidnaya, a Christian village on the city's outskirts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0044-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, First day\nForeign consulates were also assaulted, with the Russian consulate plundered and burned and its dragoman, Khalil Shehadi, killed. The Russians were especially targeted likely due to resentment against them stemming from the Crimean War between Russia and the Ottomans four years prior. Afterward, the French consulate, which the rioters held in particular disdain, was burned down, followed by the Dutch, Austrian and Belgian consulates. The American vice-consul and Dutch consul narrowly escaped the mobs. The only two foreign consulates not targeted during the massacre were the English and Prussian consulates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0044-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, First day\nThe Russian and Greek consuls and the French consulate's staff had taken refuge in Abd al-Qadir's residence. Abd al-Qadir had been in a meeting with Druze elders in the village of Ashrafiya, three-four hours' distance from Damascus, when the riots began. Abd al-Qadir's men evacuated the French Lazarist missionaries from their monastery, as well as the French Sisters of Charity with the one-hundred fifty children under their care.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0045-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, Second day\nAs most property had been looted and several hundred homes burned down during the first day, there was little property left to plunder on the following day. The rioters proceeded to loot Christian shops throughout the city's major bazaars. The Christians who remained in the quarter were largely in hiding for fear of attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0045-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, Second day\nOn the first day, Abd al-Qadir's men had attempted three times to escort the Spanish Fransciscans of Terra Santa to safety, but the Franciscans and a number of their acquaintances did not heed their calls; they were all killed on the second day and their convent was looted and burned. A brief lull in the violence began to set in during the first night and the second day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0046-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, Third day\nOn 11 July, the violence was renewed after rumors had spread that Christians had shot at a group of Muslims attempting to put out a fire that threatened to spread to the home of a Muslim religious sheikh, Abdallah al-Halabi. The Christians had been hired and armed by al-Halabi to guard his home from rioters and mistakenly shot at the group of Muslim fire extinguishers, believing them to be rioters. Some of the Muslims were wounded and the Christian shooters were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0046-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, Third day\nThe incident raised the intensity of the riots, according to Brant, who wrote that any Christian who was encountered by the mob was killed. Kurdish irregulars and local Muslims attempted to storm the home of Abd al-Qadir, where numerous Christians were being sheltered, but Abd al-Qadir emerged from the home with his men and threatened to fire up on them. The crowds subsequently moved on to several other Muslim homes where Christians were being hidden and the homeowners were threatened to hand over the Christians, hundreds of whom were seized and executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0047-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Massacre, Last five days\nThe intensity of the killing and looting began to slow down on 12 July and tapered off completely by the 17 July. During those last five days, rioters looted the few remaining objects in the ruined buildings of the Christian quarters, including doors, wood, and marble pieces. The only Christian-owned property untouched during the riots were in the caravanserais of the city's souks (market places).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 111], "content_span": [112, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0048-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Aftermath\nThe 1860 Damascus Massacre was followed by a period of international tensions. Reports of the riots had made the international media, which led to international outrage. The French sent six thousand soldiers to the Levant in order to protect the Syrian Christians and increase their own power in the region. The British sent an investigative team, led by Lord Dufferin, in order to investigate the massacres and prevention of possible repetitions. This forced the Ottomans to take action in order to show the European powers that they were capable of protecting their own minorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 96], "content_span": [97, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0048-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Aftermath\nThis was necessary so that the Europeans would not use this insurrection as a way to enlarge their power within the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans sent Fuad Pasha to the region in order to restore order and fend off the European powers. This tactic worked as Fuad Pasha's swift reaction to the violence conveyed the message that the Ottomans did not need the help of the French or any other European nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 96], "content_span": [97, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0049-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Aftermath\nAfter the riots the Christian quarter of Damascus was completely destroyed. All inhabitants had either died or fled from the violence towards the city's citadel. The atmosphere in the city remained tense for weeks after the riots and even after most of the Christian inhabitants had fled to Beirut. Fuad Pasha, after arriving in the city, immediately decided to punish the Druzes for the committed violence in the hopes of restoring order to the city. He quickly had 110 Druze men executed for their role in the riots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 96], "content_span": [97, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0049-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Aftermath\nThe regime of punishment held on for weeks after the riots, until  late August. The swift punishment by Fuad Pasha ensured that he was praised even by his harshest European critics for his role in the restoration of order in Damascus. The year after the riots the Ottoman government tried to compensate the victims of the riots. An unexpected consequence of the riots was the increase in historical documentation about Damascus and the violence. To the residents of Damascus, the violence made such an impact that they started documenting the violence en masse. Mostly Christian, but some Muslim, accounts survived the war. Mihayil Misaqa wrote his account of the events, which eventually resulted in him writing a historical work on Syria in the 18th and 19th century. He had experienced the violence himself as he was attacked by an angry mob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 96], "content_span": [97, 942]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0050-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Incidents elsewhere in Syria\nThe war in Mount Lebanon and the Beqaa Valley caused inter-communal tension throughout Ottoman Syria. On 23 June, a Sunni Muslim man had been killed during a dispute with a Christian refugee in Beirut. The man's death prompted his angry relatives to demand from the Ottoman authorities that the perpetrator be executed. The authorities arrested a suspect and tried him immediately, but by then mobs were forming throughout the city, whose population had doubled due to the influx of Christian refugees. Panic ensued among the Christians in Beirut, and many were assaulted or threatened, including Europeans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 79], "content_span": [80, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0050-0001", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Incidents elsewhere in Syria\nThe acting governor of Beirut, Isma'il Pasha, deployed troops throughout the city to prevent violence, but ultimately decided that the only way to disperse the mobs was by executing the Christian suspect, who consistently declared his innocence. Although only the actual governor, Khurshid Pasha (who was in Deir al-Qamar), could sanction an execution and the European consuls refused to give their blessing to it, Isma'il Pasha had the suspect executed within twelve hours of the Muslim man's killing to avert further violence. The angry crowds consequently dispersed and calm was restored to Beirut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 79], "content_span": [80, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0051-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Incidents elsewhere in Syria\nTensions were also raised in other coastal cities, such as Tripoli, Sidon, Tyre, Acre, Haifa, and Jaffa, but their proximity to European warships in the Mediterranean helped maintain calm. Nonetheless, Tyre and Sidon were at the brink of civil strife due to violence between Sunni and Shia residents on the one side and Christian refugees fleeing the war on the other. Hundreds of Christians opted to leave Syria altogether, boarding ships to Malta or Alexandria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 79], "content_span": [80, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0052-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, Incidents elsewhere in Syria\nIn the Galilee, peace was maintained by local Bedouin chieftains, such as Aqil Agha, who assured Christians in Nazareth and Acre of his protection. However, in the village of Kafr Bir'im near Safad, three Christians were killed by Druze and Shia Muslim raiders, while the mixed village of al-Bassa was also plundered. A violent incident occurred between a Muslim and Christian man in Bethlehem, ending with the latter being beaten and imprisoned. The authorities strengthened security and maintained calm in Jerusalem and Nablus. The authorities also maintained calm in Homs, Hama, Latakia and Aleppo by introducing additional security measures. In the latter city, the Ottoman governor Umar Pasha appeared keen to maintain order, but his garrison was too small to ensure security in the city. Instead, many Christians pooled money together to pay for protection by local Muslims, who formed an ad hoc police force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 79], "content_span": [80, 995]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0053-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, International intervention\nThe bloody events led France to intervene and stop the massacre after Ottoman troops had been aiding local Druze and Muslim forces by either direct support or by disarming Christian forces. France, led by Napoleon III, recalled its ancient role as protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire which was established in a treaty in 1523. Following the massacres and an international outcry, the Ottoman Empire agreed on 3 August 1860 to the dispatch of up to 12,000 European soldiers to reestablish order. This agreement was further formalized in a convention on 5 September 1860 with Austria, Great Britain, France, Prussia and Russia. France was to supply half of that number, and other countries were to send supplementary forces as needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 77], "content_span": [78, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0054-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, International intervention\nGeneral Beaufort d'Hautpoul was put in charge of the expeditionary force. D'Hautpoul had experience and knowledge of matters in the Middle East, as he had served during the 1830s as chief of staff for Ibrahim Pasha in the Egyptian campaigns in Southern Syria. The French expeditionary corps of 6,000 soldiers, mainly from Ch\u00e2lons-sur-Marne, landed in Beirut on 16 August 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 77], "content_span": [78, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0055-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, International intervention\nD'Hautpoul had instructions to collaborate with the Ottoman authorities in reestablishing order, and especially to maintain contact with the Ottoman minister Fuad Pasha. Although the troubles had already been quelled by the Ottomans, the French expeditionary corps remained in Syria from August 1860 to June 1861, longer than the initially agreed period of six months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 77], "content_span": [78, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0056-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, International intervention\nThe prolonged French presence in Syria was soon objected to by the British government, which argued that pacification should be left to Ottoman authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 77], "content_span": [78, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0057-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, International intervention\nAn important consequence of the French expedition was the establishment of the autonomy of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate from Ottoman Syria, with the nomination by the Sultan of an Armenian Christian Governor from Constantinople, Daud Pasha, on 9 June 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 77], "content_span": [78, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023854-0058-0000", "contents": "1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, International intervention\nThe French intervention has been described as one of the first humanitarian interventions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 77], "content_span": [78, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023855-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1860 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023856-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in Australian literature\nThis article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023856-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 in Australian literature, Births\nA list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1860 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023856-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 in Australian literature, Deaths\nA list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1860 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023859-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in Canada, Historical documents\nEscaped slave in Victoria allowed by court to remain, and local paper finds reaction in U.S.A. \"blustering,\" \"ridiculous\" and \"buncombe\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023859-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 in Canada, Historical documents\n\"Pernicious habit\" - Letter to the editor (with excerpt from The Lancet) warns against young men and boys smoking", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023860-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1860 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023869-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1860 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023869-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law\nThe general election of 1860\u20131861 begins on 12 December but does not conclude until 28 March the following year. The 2nd Parliament continues until the completion of the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023869-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 in New Zealand, Sport, Cricket\nThe first inter-provincial cricket game is played between Auckland and Wellington. Auckland win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023869-0003-0000", "contents": "1860 in New Zealand, Sport, Horse racing\nThe New Zealand Derby is held for the first time, at Riccarton Racecourse. This is the first race in New Zealand to have a continuous annual history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023869-0004-0000", "contents": "1860 in New Zealand, Sport, Lawn bowls\nBowls is first known to have been played in the country, in Auckland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023869-0005-0000", "contents": "1860 in New Zealand, Sport, Shooting\nThe Government recommends that prizes be given for rifle shooting. This leads to thefirst National Rifle Shooting Championships in 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023875-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1860 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023877-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1860 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023878-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in architecture\nThe year 1860 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023880-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023881-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023882-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023882-0001-0000", "contents": "1860 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023882-0002-0000", "contents": "1860 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023883-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023884-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in science\nThe year 1860 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023885-0000-0000", "contents": "1860 in sports\n1860 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023888-0000-0000", "contents": "1860s\nThe 1860s (pronounced \"eighteen-sixties\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1860, and ended on December 31, 1869.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023888-0001-0000", "contents": "1860s\nThe decade was noted for featuring numerous major societal shifts in the Americas. In the United States, the election of abolitionist Abraham Lincoln to the presidency in 1860 led to the secession of the southern states in the form of the Confederate States of America (CSA). The resulting American Civil War (1861-1865) would be among the first industrial wars, featuring advanced technology such as steel warships and machine guns. The victory of the Union and subsequent abolition of slavery would contribute to the decline of the global slave trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023888-0002-0000", "contents": "1860s\nIn Latin America, conflict in Mexico ensued after the French Empire installed Maximilian I as Emperor of Mexico; former President Benito Ju\u00e1rez would regain his position in 1867 after a power struggle. The Triple Alliance of Empire of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay in the Paraguayan War (1864-1870) would be among the bloodiest conflicts in South American history, leading to the death of almost 60% of the Paraguayan population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023888-0003-0000", "contents": "1860s\nThe formation of the union of Austria-Hungary in 1867 and the ongoing campaign to unify Italy by Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont would effect the European balance of power. The United Kingdom would continue engaging in a series of conflicts known as the New Zealand Wars with the indigenous M\u0101ori, with the New Zealand land confiscations beginning in 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023888-0004-0000", "contents": "1860s\nIn Asia, the Meiji Restoration of 1868 would begin the process of transforming Japan into a global imperial power. The Qing Dynasty of China would experience decline following its defeat to the British in 1860 in the Second Opium War. In 1864, the Russian Empire would embark upon the Circassian genocide in the Caucasus, leading to the deaths or expulsion of at least 75% of the Circassian people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023889-0000-0000", "contents": "1860s Pacific typhoon seasons\nThis article encompasses the 1860s Pacific typhoon seasons. The list is very incomplete; information on early typhoon seasons is patchy and relies heavily on individual observations of travellers and ships. There were no comprehensive records kept by a central organisation at this early time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023889-0001-0000", "contents": "1860s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1862 season\nA typhoon struck near Hong Kong, killing around 80,000\u00a0people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023889-0002-0000", "contents": "1860s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1863 season\nThere were four typhoons in the western Pacific in 1863. A typhoon in December killed 49\u00a0people in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023889-0003-0000", "contents": "1860s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1865 season\nThere were 8\u00a0tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1865, 7 of which was a typhoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023889-0004-0000", "contents": "1860s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1866 season\nThere were 5\u00a0tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1866, 3 of which was a typhoon. A typhoon in June killed five people, and another typhoon in September killed four people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023889-0005-0000", "contents": "1860s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1867 season\nThere were five typhoons in the western Pacific in 1867. A typhoon in September killed 1,800 people when it rose the waters of the Abra River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023889-0006-0000", "contents": "1860s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1868 season\nThere were two typhoons in the western Pacific in 1868.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023889-0007-0000", "contents": "1860s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1869 season\nThere were 3\u00a0tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1869, 1 of which was a typhoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0000-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer\nThe following article is about notable events in American soccer during the 1860s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0001-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer\nThe 1860s were widely considered the first decade where organized forms association football codes were played in the United States, although it is uncertain whether or not it was variants of modern-day rugby football, American football or association football. The first reported types of organized ball kicking originated during the American Civil War, and following the Civil War the first official match reports for association football were reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0002-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer, Pre-1865, Oneida Football Club\nThe Oneida Football Club was established in 1862 by Gerrit Smith \"Gat\" Miller, a graduate of the Latin School of Epes Sargent Dixwell, a private college preparatory school in Boston. At the time there were no formal rules for football games, with different schools and areas playing their own variations. This informal style of play was often chaotic and very violent, and Miller had been a star of the game while attending Dixwell. However, he grew tired of these disorganized games, and organized other recent preparatory school graduates to join what would be the first organized football team in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0003-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer, Pre-1865, Oneida Football Club\nThe team consisted of a group of Boston secondary school students from relatively elite public (state) schools in the area, such as Boston Latin School and the English High School of Boston. Organization served the club well, and it reportedly never lost a game, or even allowed a single goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0004-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer, 1866, International matches\nNo international matches were played during the 1866 calendar year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0005-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer, 1866, Club matches\nThe following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0006-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer, 1866, Club matches\nAnother match between Waukesha Town Club and Carroll College was played on October 23, 1866, but the score of the match is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0007-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer, 1867, International matches\nNo international matches were played during the 1867 calendar year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0008-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer, 1867, Club matches\nNo club matches were reported during the 1867 calendar year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0009-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer, 1868, International matches\nNo international matches were played during the 1868 calendar year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0010-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer, 1868, Club matches\nThe following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1868. The only reported soccer fixtures in the United States occurred in the Salt Lake City and New Orleans metropolitan areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0011-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer, 1869, International matches\nNo international matches were played during the 1869 calendar year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0012-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer, 1869, Club matches\nThe following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1869. Reported matches primarily consisted of men's college soccer teams, mostly of Ivy League schools and military academies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023890-0013-0000", "contents": "1860s in American soccer, 1869, Club matches\nThe two matches between Rutgers and Princeton are generally regarded as the first ever games of American Football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023891-0000-0000", "contents": "1860s in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the decade 1860 - 1869 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0000-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion\n1860s fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by extremely full-skirted women's fashions relying on crinolines and hoops and the emergence of \"alternative fashions\" under the influence of the Artistic Dress movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0001-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion\nIn men's fashion, the three-piece ditto suit of sack coat, waistcoat, and trousers in the same fabric emerged as a novelty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0002-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Colors\nMauveine Aniline dyes (first chemical dyes) were discovered in 1856 and quickly became fashionable colors. The first ones were mauve and bright purple. In 1860, two fashionable brilliant pink aniline dyes were named after battles in Italy's fight for independence: magenta, named after the Italian town of Magenta, Lombardy, and the similar solferino, named after Solferino. Magenta was popularized in England by the Duchess of Sutherland after she was appealed to by the Spitalfields silk weavers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0003-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nBy the early 1860s, skirts had reached their ultimate width. After about 1862 the silhouette of the crinoline changed and rather than being bell-shaped it was now flatter at the front and projected out more behind. This large area was largely occupied by all manner of decoration. Puffs and strips could cover much of the skirt. There could be so many flounces that the material of the skirt itself was hardly visible. Lace again became popular and was used all over the dress. Any part of the dress could also be embroidered in silver or gold. This massive construct of a dress required gauze lining to stiffen it, as well as multiple starched petticoats. Even the clothes women would ride horses in received these sorts of embellishments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0004-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nDay dresses featured wide pagoda sleeves worn over undersleeves or engageantes. High necklines with lace or tatted collars or chemisettes completed the demure daytime look.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0005-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nEvening gowns had low necklines and short sleeves, and were worn with short gloves or lace or crocheted fingerless mitts. The voluminous skirts were supported by hoops, petticoats, and or crinolines. The use of hoops was not as common until 1856, prior supporting the skirts with layers of starched petticoats. Bouffant gowns with large crinolines were probably reserved for special occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0006-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nSkirts were now assembled of shaped panels, since gathering a straight length of fabric could not provide the width required at the hem without unwanted bulk at the waist; this spelled the end of the brief fashion for border-printed dress fabrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0007-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nHeavy silks in solid colors became fashionable for both day and evening wear, and a skirt might be made with two bodices, one long-sleeved and high necked for afternoon wear and one short-sleeved and low-necked for evening. The bodices themselves were often triangular, and featured a two-piece front with a closure and a three-piece back construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0008-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nAs the decade progressed, sleeves narrowed, and the circular hoops of the 1850s decreased in size at the front and sides and increased at the back. Looped up overskirts revealed matching or contrasting underskirts, a look that would reach its ultimate expression the next two decades with the rise of the bustle. Waistlines rose briefly at the end of the decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0009-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nFashions were adopted more slowly in America than in Europe. It was not uncommon for fashion plates to appear in American women's magazines a year or more after they appeared in Paris or London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0010-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nLong coats were impractical with the very full skirts, and the common outer garments were square shawls folded on the diagonal to make a triangle and fitted or unfitted hip-length or knee-length jackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0011-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nFor walking, jackets were accompanied by floor-length skirts that could be looped or drawn up by means of tapes over a shorter petticoat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0012-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Undergarments\nAs skirts became narrower and flatter in front, more emphasis was placed on the waist and hips. A corset was therefore used to help mold the body to the desired shape. This was achieved by making the corsets longer than before, and by constructing them from separate shaped pieces of fabric. To increase rigidity, they were reinforced with many strips of whalebone, cording, or pieces of leather. As well as making corsets more constricting, this heavy structure helped prevent them from riding up, or from wrinkling at the waist. Steam-molding also helped create a curvaceous contour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0012-0001", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Undergarments\nDeveloped by Edwin Izod in the late 1860s, the procedure involved placing a corset, wet with starch, on a steam heated copper torso form until it dried into shape. While tight lacing continued to be a hotly debated topic among moralists and physicians, most extreme descriptions came from male sexual fantasies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0013-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Undergarments\nThe crinoline or hooped petticoat had grown to its maximum dimensions by 1860. As huge skirts began to fall from favor, around 1864, the shape of the crinoline began to change. Rather than being dome-shaped, the front and sides began to contract, leaving volume only at the back. The \"American\" cage, a hooped petticoat partially covered in fabric, came in bright colors made possible by the new aniline dyes. This was followed by a hybrid of the bustle and crinoline sometimes called a \"crinolette\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0013-0001", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Undergarments\nThe cage structure was still attached around the waist and extended down to the ground, but only extended down the back of the wearer's legs. The crinolette itself was quickly superseded by the true bustle, which was sufficient for supporting the drapery and train at the back of the skirt. Under the corset, a chemise was worn. A chemise is typically short sleeve and knee length made of linen or cotton. The chemise and stockings worn were meant to soak up any perspiration and protecting the outer clothing. Due to the many layers of dress, the women of the southern elite would take short naps to rest from wearing their large dress and escape the harsh southern heat and the constraining whalebone corsets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0014-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Military and political influences\nThe Garibaldi shirt or \"Garibaldi jacket\" was popularized by Empress Eug\u00e9nie of France in 1860. These bright red woolen garments featured black embroidery or braid and military details. Following a visit by the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi to England in 1863, the shirt became all the rage there. In America, the early years of the Civil War also saw increased popularity of military-influenced styles such as Zouave jackets. These new styles were worn over a waist (blouse) or chemisette and a skirt with a belt at the natural waistline. Women's fashion overall was highly influenced by the reigning Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 77], "content_span": [78, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0015-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Rise of haute couture\nThe Englishman Charles Frederick Worth had established his first fashion house in Paris in 1858. He was the first couturier, a dressmaker considered an artist, and his ability to dictate design in the 1860s led to the dominance of Parisian haute couture for the next hundred years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0016-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Artistic dress\nThe followers of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and other artistic reformers objected to the elaborately trimmed confections of high fashion with their emphasis on rigid corsets and hoops as both ugly and dishonest. An \"anti-fashion\" for Artistic dress spread in the 1860s in literary and artistic circles, and remained an undercurrent for the rest of the century. The style was characterised by \"medieval\" influences such as juliette sleeves, the soft colors of vegetable dyes, narrow skirts, and simple ornamentation with hand embroidery. Material used in the southern American elite were silk, velvet, muslin and fine lawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0017-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nHair was worn parted in the middle and smoothed, waved, or poofed over the ears, then braided or \"turned up\" and pinned into a roll or low bun at the back of the neck. Such styling was usually maintained by the use of hair oils and pomades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0018-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nStyled hair was often further confined in decorative hairnets, especially by younger women. (NOTE: Although many modern reenactors refer to this garment as a \"snood\", it is not a period term for this article of clothing; snoods were something else entirely.) These hairnets were frequently made of very fine material to match the wearer's natural hair color, but occasionally more elaborate versions were made of thin strips of velvet or chenille (sometimes decorated with beads). Whether plain or resplendent, many hairnets were edged with ruchings of ribbon that would serve to adorn the crown of the wearer's head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0019-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nFashion Bonnets for outdoor wear had small brims that revealed the face. Earlier bonnets of the decade had lower brims. However, by mid-century Spoon Bonnets, which featured increasingly high brims and more elaborate trimmings, became the vogue. Bonnets were made specifically to accessorize a dress. Other less common variants, such as the Marie Stuart Bonnet, with its heart-shaped brim, and the fanchon bonnet, with its very short brim and back curtain, made appearances in the realm of fashionable headwear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0020-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nBonnets could be made of a variety of materials. Bonnets formed from buckram and wire and covered with fashion fabric were very popular. During the warmer seasons, bonnets made of straw, woven horsehair, or gathered net were also seen. Heavier materials like velvet were favored for winter bonnets, though quilted winter hoods were much more practical and warm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0021-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nTrimmings varied according to the changing styles and whims of the individual wearer, but most bonnets of the period followed some general rules with regards to form. Rows of gathered net lining the brim was a fashion carry-over from the decade before, and a decorative curtain (also referred to as a \"bavolet\") appeared on most bonnets in order to shade the wearer's neck and accommodate for the low hairstyles. Another standard of 1860s bonnets is bonnet ties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0021-0001", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nThere were often two sets, a thin pair of \"utility ties\" to take the strain of tying the bonnet, and another set of wide ties of silk or another fancy material. These rich ties were tied below the chin in a bow or left untied to show off the beautiful print or material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0022-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nBonnets fell out of fashion over the decade in favor of small hats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0023-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nBy the early 1860s, skirts had reached their ultimate width. After about 1862 the silhouette of the crinoline changed and rather than being bell-shaped it was now flatter at the front and projected out more behind. This large area was largely occupied by all manner of decoration. Puffs and strips could cover much of the skirt. There could be so many flounces that the material of the skirt itself was hardly visible. Lace again became popular and was used all over the dress. Any part of the dress could also be embroidered in silver or gold. This massive construct of a dress required gauze lining to stiffen it, as well as multiple starched petticoats. Even the clothes women would ride horses in received these sorts of embellishments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0024-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nDay dresses featured wide pagoda sleeves worn over undersleeves or engageantes. High necklines with lace or tatted collars or chemisettes completed the demure daytime look.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0025-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nEvening gowns had low necklines and short sleeves, and were worn with short gloves or lace or crocheted fingerless mitts. The voluminous skirts were supported by hoops, petticoats, and or crinolines. The use of hoops was not as common until 1856, prior supporting the skirts with layers of starched petticoats. Bouffant gowns with large crinolines were probably reserved for special occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0026-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nSkirts were now assembled of shaped panels, since gathering a straight length of fabric could not provide the width required at the hem without unwanted bulk at the waist; this spelled the end of the brief fashion for border-printed dress fabrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0027-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nHeavy silks in solid colors became fashionable for both day and evening wear, and a skirt might be made with two bodices, one long-sleeved and high necked for afternoon wear and one short-sleeved and low-necked for evening. The bodices themselves were often triangular, and featured a two-piece front with a closure and a three-piece back construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0028-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nAs the decade progressed, sleeves narrowed, and the circular hoops of the 1850s decreased in size at the front and sides and increased at the back. Looped up overskirts revealed matching or contrasting underskirts, a look that would reach its ultimate expression the next two decades with the rise of the bustle. Waistlines rose briefly at the end of the decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0029-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nFashions were adopted more slowly in America than in Europe. It was not uncommon for fashion plates to appear in American women's magazines a year or more after they appeared in Paris or London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0030-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nLong coats were impractical with the very full skirts, and the common outer garments were square shawls folded on the diagonal to make a triangle and fitted or unfitted hip-length or knee-length jackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0031-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Gowns\nFor walking, jackets were accompanied by floor-length skirts that could be looped or drawn up by means of tapes over a shorter petticoat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0032-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Undergarments\nAs skirts became narrower and flatter in front, more emphasis was placed on the waist and hips. A corset was therefore used to help mold the body to the desired shape. This was achieved by making the corsets longer than before, and by constructing them from separate shaped pieces of fabric. To increase rigidity, they were reinforced with many strips of whalebone, cording, or pieces of leather. As well as making corsets more constricting, this heavy structure helped prevent them from riding up, or from wrinkling at the waist. Steam-molding also helped create a curvaceous contour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0032-0001", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Undergarments\nDeveloped by Edwin Izod in the late 1860s, the procedure involved placing a corset, wet with starch, on a steam heated copper torso form until it dried into shape. While tight lacing continued to be a hotly debated topic among moralists and physicians, most extreme descriptions came from male sexual fantasies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0033-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Undergarments\nThe crinoline or hooped petticoat had grown to its maximum dimensions by 1860. As huge skirts began to fall from favor, around 1864, the shape of the crinoline began to change. Rather than being dome-shaped, the front and sides began to contract, leaving volume only at the back. The \"American\" cage, a hooped petticoat partially covered in fabric, came in bright colors made possible by the new aniline dyes. This was followed by a hybrid of the bustle and crinoline sometimes called a \"crinolette\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0033-0001", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Undergarments\nThe cage structure was still attached around the waist and extended down to the ground, but only extended down the back of the wearer's legs. The crinolette itself was quickly superseded by the true bustle, which was sufficient for supporting the drapery and train at the back of the skirt. Under the corset, a chemise was worn. A chemise is typically short sleeve and knee length made of linen or cotton. The chemise and stockings worn were meant to soak up any perspiration and protecting the outer clothing. Due to the many layers of dress, the women of the southern elite would take short naps to rest from wearing their large dress and escape the harsh southern heat and the constraining whalebone corsets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0034-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Military and political influences\nThe Garibaldi shirt or \"Garibaldi jacket\" was popularized by Empress Eug\u00e9nie of France in 1860. These bright red woolen garments featured black embroidery or braid and military details. Following a visit by the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi to England in 1863, the shirt became all the rage there. In America, the early years of the Civil War also saw increased popularity of military-influenced styles such as Zouave jackets. These new styles were worn over a waist (blouse) or chemisette and a skirt with a belt at the natural waistline. Women's fashion overall was highly influenced by the reigning Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 77], "content_span": [78, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0035-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Rise of haute couture\nThe Englishman Charles Frederick Worth had established his first fashion house in Paris in 1858. He was the first couturier, a dressmaker considered an artist, and his ability to dictate design in the 1860s led to the dominance of Parisian haute couture for the next hundred years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0036-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Artistic dress\nThe followers of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and other artistic reformers objected to the elaborately trimmed confections of high fashion with their emphasis on rigid corsets and hoops as both ugly and dishonest. An \"anti-fashion\" for Artistic dress spread in the 1860s in literary and artistic circles, and remained an undercurrent for the rest of the century. The style was characterised by \"medieval\" influences such as juliette sleeves, the soft colors of vegetable dyes, narrow skirts, and simple ornamentation with hand embroidery. Material used in the southern American elite were silk, velvet, muslin and fine lawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0037-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nHair was worn parted in the middle and smoothed, waved, or poofed over the ears, then braided or \"turned up\" and pinned into a roll or low bun at the back of the neck. Such styling was usually maintained by the use of hair oils and pomades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0038-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nStyled hair was often further confined in decorative hairnets, especially by younger women. (NOTE: Although many modern reenactors refer to this garment as a \"snood\", it is not a period term for this article of clothing; snoods were something else entirely.) These hairnets were frequently made of very fine material to match the wearer's natural hair color, but occasionally more elaborate versions were made of thin strips of velvet or chenille (sometimes decorated with beads). Whether plain or resplendent, many hairnets were edged with ruchings of ribbon that would serve to adorn the crown of the wearer's head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0039-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nFashion Bonnets for outdoor wear had small brims that revealed the face. Earlier bonnets of the decade had lower brims. However, by mid-century Spoon Bonnets, which featured increasingly high brims and more elaborate trimmings, became the vogue. Bonnets were made specifically to accessorize a dress. Other less common variants, such as the Marie Stuart Bonnet, with its heart-shaped brim, and the fanchon bonnet, with its very short brim and back curtain, made appearances in the realm of fashionable headwear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0040-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nBonnets could be made of a variety of materials. Bonnets formed from buckram and wire and covered with fashion fabric were very popular. During the warmer seasons, bonnets made of straw, woven horsehair, or gathered net were also seen. Heavier materials like velvet were favored for winter bonnets, though quilted winter hoods were much more practical and warm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0041-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nTrimmings varied according to the changing styles and whims of the individual wearer, but most bonnets of the period followed some general rules with regards to form. Rows of gathered net lining the brim was a fashion carry-over from the decade before, and a decorative curtain (also referred to as a \"bavolet\") appeared on most bonnets in order to shade the wearer's neck and accommodate for the low hairstyles. Another standard of 1860s bonnets is bonnet ties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0041-0001", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nThere were often two sets, a thin pair of \"utility ties\" to take the strain of tying the bonnet, and another set of wide ties of silk or another fancy material. These rich ties were tied below the chin in a bow or left untied to show off the beautiful print or material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0042-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear\nBonnets fell out of fashion over the decade in favor of small hats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0043-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nMen's fashion of the 1860s remained much the same as in the previous decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0044-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nShirts of linen or cotton featured high upstanding or turnover collars, and neckties grew wider and were tied in a bow or looped into a loose knot and fastened with a stickpin. Heavy padded and fitted frock coats (in French redingotes), now usually single-breasted and knee length, were worn for business occasions, over waistcoats or vests with lapels and notched collars. Waistcoats were generally cut straight across the front and had lapels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0045-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nThe loosely fitted, mid-thigh length sack coat continued to slowly displace the frock coat for less-formal business occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0046-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nThe slightly cutaway morning coat was worn for formal day occasions. The most formal evening dress remained a dark tail coat and trousers, with a white cravat; this costume was well on its way to crystallizing into the modern \"white tie and tails\". While during the first half of the decade the waist was long, after 1865 the waist became shorter, with pockets in the pleats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0047-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nFull -length trousers were worn, generally of a contrasting fabric. Costumes consisting of a coat, waistcoat and trousers of the same fabric (called a \"ditto suit\") remained a novelty at this time. In domestic settings, the sack coat or a lounge jacket could be worn with a waistcoat and trousers of the same fabric. This form of ditto suit, referred to as a lounge suit in the United Kingdom was generally made of wool, with baggy tailoring. However, the lounge suit was not considered appropriate for public settings until the 1870s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0048-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nOvercoats had wide lapels and deep cuffs, and often featured contrasting velvet collars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0049-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nTop hats briefly became the very tall \"stovepipe\" shape, but a variety of other hat shapes were popular. During this time, the bowler hat gained popularity as an informal hat. This new type of hat was normally made of felt, black for most of the year or brown for the summer months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0050-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Men's fashion\nIn 1865 hatmaker John B. Stetson invented the Boss of the Plains hat. It gained immediate success in the Old West among cowboys and settlers, due to its practicality. It had a vaguely round ribbon-lined crown and a wide brim, originally straight but soon becoming stylized into the iconic rim of the typical cowboy hat. Its dense felt could be rugged enough to carry water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023892-0051-0000", "contents": "1860s in Western fashion, Children's fashion\nBoth boys and girls wore skirts from the time they could walk until they reached age 5 or 6. Very small girls wore their skirts just below knee-length over pantalettes. Skirts became very gradually longer as girls grew up until they reached ankle length at coming-out (in their later teens, usually 16-18). Older girls wore hoops to hold out their skirts. Young girls wore washable pinafores over their dresses for work and play to keep them clean, as typified by the eponymous heroine of Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel, and her Alice in Wonderland dress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023893-0000-0000", "contents": "1860s in association football\nThe following are events in the 1860s decade which are relevant to the development of association football. Included are events in closely related codes, such as the Sheffield Rules. All events happened in English football unless specified otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023893-0001-0000", "contents": "1860s in association football\nThere was constant discussion about the rules throughout this decade and several codes were in use. The Football Association (the FA) was founded in 1863 and its rules eventually prevailed. Points at issue among the various associations included offside, the throw-in, the corner kick, the crossbar and the now-obsolete touch down. Among the clubs founded in the 1860s were Notts County, Nottingham Forest, Queen's Park FC, Sheffield Wednesday, Stoke City and Kilmarnock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023894-0000-0000", "contents": "1860s in sociology\nThe following events related to sociology occurred in the 1860s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023895-0000-0000", "contents": "1860\u20131861 New Zealand general election\nThe New Zealand general election of 1860\u20131861 was held between 12 December 1860 and 28 March 1861 to elect 53 MPs to the third session of the New Zealand Parliament. 13,196 electors were registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023895-0001-0000", "contents": "1860\u20131861 New Zealand general election\n1860 was the year gold miners who held a Miner\u2019s Right continuously for at least three months were able to vote without having to own, lease or rent property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023896-0000-0000", "contents": "1861\n1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1861st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 861st  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 61st  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  2nd   year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1861, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023897-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Alabama gubernatorial election\nThe 1861 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 5, 1861 in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democrat John Gill Shorter won his first term as Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1861 Atlantic hurricane season occurred during the first year of the American Civil War and had some minor impacts on associated events. Eight tropical cyclones are believed to have formed during the 1861 season; the first storm developed on July 6 and the final system dissipated on November 3. Six of the eight hurricanes attained Category 1 hurricane status or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, of which three produced hurricane-force winds in the United States. No conclusive damage totals are available for any storms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0000-0001", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season\nTwenty-two people died in a shipwreck off the New England coast, and an undetermined number of crew members went down with their ship in the July hurricane. Based on maximum sustained winds, the first and third hurricanes are tied for the strongest of the year, although the typical method for determining that record\u2014central barometric air pressure\u2014is not a reliable indicator due to a general lack of data and observations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season\nFour tropical storms from 1861 had been previously identified by scholars and hurricane experts, but three more were uncovered in modern-day reanalysis. Known tracks for most of the systems are presumed to be incomplete, despite efforts to reconstruct the paths of older tropical cyclones. Three systems completely avoided land. They all had an effect on shipping, in some cases inflicting severe damage on vessels. A storm in September, referred to as the \"Equinoctial Storm\", hugged the East Coast of the United States and produced rainy and windy conditions both along the coast and further inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0001-0001", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe last storm of the season followed a similar track, and affected a large Union fleet of ships sailing to South Carolina for what would become the Battle of Port Royal. Two vessels were sunk and several others had to return home for repairs. Ultimately the expedition ended in a Union success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Methodology\nPrior to the advent of modern tropical cyclone tracking technology, notably satellite imagery, many hurricanes that did not affect land directly went unnoticed, and storms that did affect land were not recognized until their onslaught. As a result, information on older hurricane seasons was often incomplete. Modern-day efforts have been made and are still ongoing to reconstruct the tracks of known hurricanes and to identify initially undetected storms. In many cases, the only evidence that a hurricane existed was reports from ships in its path.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0002-0001", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Methodology\nJudging by the direction of winds experienced by ships, and their location in relation to the storm, it is possible to roughly pinpoint the storm's center of circulation for a given point in time. This is the manner in which three of the eight known storms in the 1861 season were identified by hurricane expert Jos\u00e9 Fern\u00e1ndez Partag\u00e1s's reanalysis of hurricane seasons between 1851 and 1910. Partag\u00e1s also extended the known tracks of most of the other tropical cyclones previously identified by scholars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0002-0002", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Methodology\nThe information Partag\u00e1s and his colleague uncovered was largely adopted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in their updates to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT), with some slight adjustments. HURDAT is the official source for such hurricane data as track and intensity, although due to a sparsity of available records at the time the storms existed, listings on some storms are incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Methodology\nAlthough extrapolated peak winds based on whatever reports are available exist for every storm in 1861, estimated minimum barometric air pressure listings are only present for the three storms that directly affected the United States. Two hurricanes during the year made landfall on the mainland United States, and as they progressed inland, information on their meteorological demise was limited. As a result, the intensity of these storms after landfall and until dissipation is based on an inland decay model developed in 1995 to predict the deterioration of inland hurricanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0004-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nThe first tropical cyclone and hurricane of the 1861 season is believed to have formed on July 6, immediately east of the Leeward Islands. A 1938 publication documented the storm's effects on Guadeloupe and St. Kitts, and given a lack of prior reports on the cyclone, modern-day reassessments concluded that it was relatively weak when it affected those islands. After crossing the northern Leeward Islands, the tropical storm broadly curved toward the northwest, likely intensifying into the equivalence of a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale on July 9. The majority of the storm's track in the western Atlantic was unknown until it was reconstructed based on reports from, and the effects on, three ships in its vicinity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0005-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nOn July 10\u2014when the storm was approaching or at its peak intensity with winds of 100\u00a0mph (160\u00a0km/h)\u2014the Bowditch encountered severe hurricane conditions which destroyed both of her masts and washed her entire crew overboard. Her captain was able to climb back aboard, where he survived for over a week with no food or water until he was rescued by a schooner. The Echo and Creole both sustained significant damage, and the crew and captain of the latter ship had to be rescued after she began taking on water. The extent of the damage to the three ships served as the basis for evaluating the storm's intensity in Partag\u00e1s's paper. The hurricane ultimately passed between Bermuda and the United States before dissipating after July 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0006-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nA month after the dissipation of the first hurricane, another tropical storm formed north of Hispaniola on August 13. Ludlum (1963) described the \"Key West Hurricane\" between August 14 and 16, and it was determined that the system had, in fact, surpassed the threshold for hurricane status based on wind observations from two ships. The storm skirted the north coast of Cuba as it moved west-northwest and passed through the Florida Straits. On or around August 15, Havana, Cuba experienced heavy rainfall. Although the cyclone did not directly make landfall, it delivered hurricane-force winds to southern Florida. It turned more toward the northwest as it entered the Gulf of Mexico, where it began to gradually weaken. It is listed as having dissipated on August 17 in the northern Gulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0007-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nThe hurricane damaged or wrecked numerous vessels. Six ships were wrecked or grounded in the Bahamas, and the crews of at least two, the John Stanley and the Linea, had to be rescued. The steamship Santiago de Cuba left port on August 4, and began to encounter squally conditions later that afternoon. Heavy seas and a strong gale inflicted some damage on the vessel. Several ships along the eastern coast of Cuba were wrecked during the storm, leading to great uncertainty and concern regarding the fate of the Santiago. At least three vessels were lost or grounded along the Florida Keys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0008-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nThe first storm to be uncovered in modern-day reanalysis existed in late August, and ties the July hurricane for the strongest system of the season in terms of maximum sustained winds. Its track is known between August 25 and August 30, during which time it progressed generally northeasterly from a point northeast of the island of Bermuda to the central northern Atlantic. On August 30, the Harvest Queen recorded a barometer of 28.30\u00a0inHg (958\u00a0hPa) on August 30; this report was a strong indication that the storm had attained hurricane intensity, although the system was likely undergoing its transition into an extratropical cyclone at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0009-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nThe subsequent hurricane was also previously unrecognized until contemporary research, although the majority of its track remains unknown. The only indication that a tropical cyclone existed was the ship David G. Wilson, which was dismasted by a severe storm on September 17. As no other information is available on the hurricane, it is listed in the Atlantic hurricane database as a single point in the central Atlantic (at 28.5\u00b0N, 50\u00b0W).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0010-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nThe first storm to directly strike the mainland United States was first detected on September 27, off the east coast of the Florida peninsula. The storm is estimated to have been a minimal hurricane based on observations from the ship Virginia Ann. Several other vessels encountered the storm along its track, including the steamship Marion, which experienced hours of violent winds, torrential rainfall, and frequent thunder and lightning. The hurricane curved north, then northeast, striking North Carolina that same day before speeding northeastward as it hugged the United States East Coast. Its track is only known through 1200 UTC on September 28. Ludlum (1963) refers to the hurricane as the \"Equinoctial Storm\", and describes its area of impact as the \"entire coast\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0011-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nIn the aftermath of the Battle of Carnifex Ferry in present-day West Virginia, Rutherford B. Hayes of the 23rd Ohio Infantry was camped south of the battle site, where he wrote about a \"very cold rain-storm\" in a September 27 letter to his wife Lucy. Conditions at the time were characterized by leaking tents and temperatures getting \"colder and colder\". Hayes wrote, \"We were out yesterday P.M. very near to the enemy's works; were caught in the first of this storm and thoroughly soaked. I hardly expect to be dry again until the storm is over.\" Strong winds buffeted the Burlington, New Jersey, area from early evening to midnight on September 27, uprooting trees and causing some damage to property. Further north, Boston, Massachusetts, experienced intense winds and light rainfall for about five hours starting at midnight, with no initial reports of significant destruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 938]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0012-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Six\nTwo tropical systems are known to have existed during the month of October. The first was originally documented by Partag\u00e1s (1995), who detected it based on a faulty report of a violent gale from a ship, the Mariquita. The report was said to have been from October 16, but given her arrival date in New York City four days later and her location at the time of her encounter with the storm, she probably encountered the cyclone much earlier in the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0012-0001", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Six\nThe violent south-southwesterly gale lasted 15 hours when the vessel was probably located at 20.5\u00b0N, 47\u00b0W. The storm was initially assigned a single set of coordinates for October 6, and no attempt was made to reconstruct its track due to a lack of certain data on it. However, it was noted that a ship further north on October 9 experienced a heavy gale. Based on the likely correlation between the two ship reports, the storm's track was extended four days to late on October 9 in the Atlantic hurricane database.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0013-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven\nA 1960 publication mentioned a tropical storm near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina sometime in October 1861 without specifying a date. Newspaper reports indicate that ships mainly north of the Cape Hatteras area encountered strong northerly gales for several days starting on October 7, and winds in New York City persisted from October 7 to October 10 with a northerly component. Partag\u00e1s (1995) noted, \"These findings do not seem to support a tropical system but the author made the decision of retaining the storm [...] due to the lack of solid evidence against its existence.\" However, little is known about the system, and its inclusion in the hurricane database is limited to a single point at 35.3\u00b0N, 75.3\u00b0W.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0014-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight\nThe final storm of the season followed a generally north-northeasterly course from the Gulf of Mexico northward along the U.S. East Coast between November 1 and November 3, dissipating over New England. The storm crossed southern Florida, and based on observations from Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina, and observations from the ship Honduras, it is believed to have attained hurricane intensity. The hurricane made landfall in eastern North Carolina and proceeded up the coast before crossing eastern Long Island and coming ashore in southern New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0014-0001", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight\nIts demise on November 3 marked the end of the 1861 Atlantic hurricane season; the next tropical storm would not form in the Atlantic until June 1862. Two storm systems affected the region in the week following October 28, both of which influenced a Civil War expedition which was \"the largest fleet of war ships and transports ever assembled\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0015-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight\nThe first storm, which is not recognized as a tropical cyclone, disrupted the initial assembly of the fleet on October 28. However, the fleet set sail the next day on its mission to attack Confederate forces (its destination was \"supposedly a military secret\"). On November 2, the expedition encountered the second storm\u2014the tropical hurricane\u2014which wreaked havoc on the organization of the fleet and sunk two of its vessels. There was knowledge at the time of the series of storm systems, but few details on the condition and fate of the fleet, sparking great concern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0015-0001", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight\nSome of the other ships were forced to return home for repairs, but the majority rode out the storm successfully. The expedition proceeded onward and seized Port Royal Sound at the Battle of Port Royal. As described by Ludlum (1963), the hurricane is known as the Expedition Hurricane due to its influence on the fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0016-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight\nHowever, the hurricane also had a significant impact on land. Earlier in the year, Union forces had captured the fort guarding Hatteras Inlet at the Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries. In the early morning hours of November 2, high seas began to overwash Hatteras Island, \"completely covering all dry land except the position of the fort itself\". After four hours, water began to subside. Extremely high tides associated with the cyclone continued up the coast as far north as Portland, Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0016-0001", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight\nStorm tides at various points, including New York City, Newport, Rhode Island, and Boston, reached levels unseen for at least 10 years and up to 46 years. In New York, the storm persisted for 20 hours starting early on November 2; rising waters inundated wharves along the East and Hudson Rivers. Floodwaters flowed up to five blocks inland, and a popular bar located in a hotel became isolated by the flooding. In response, a man transported customers to and from the bar on his private boat at a cost of two cents per ride. Strong winds in Brooklyn brought down trees and telegraph wires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0017-0000", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight\nInfrastructure throughout the Tri-State area suffered. Parts of the New Jersey Railroad line were undermined, and the Shore Line Railway at Bridgeport was inundated. Flooding was also prominent in the New Jersey Meadowlands and along the Newark Turnpike and Plank Road, which was left temporarily impassable. Further east, the hurricane triggered coastal flooding along the shores of Long Island, while northeasterly winds blew several ships ashore along the northern coast of Long Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023898-0017-0001", "contents": "1861 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight\nThe eastern side of the hurricane blasted the southeastern New England coast between November 2 and November 3, damaging over 250 vessels at Provincetown, Massachusetts, and running aground 20 others. Water from the Massachusetts Bay surged into the village of Wareham. In downtown Boston, the storm began late on November 2 and lasted until late the next morning, although the highest tides did not occur until after conditions had already cleared. Twenty-two occupants of the ship Maritania drowned when the vessel sank after striking a rock during the worst of the storm. At the time, she was located 1\u00a0mi (1.6\u00a0km) east of the Boston Light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023899-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Belgian general election\nPartial general elections were held in Belgium on 11 June 1861. In the elections for the Chamber of Representatives the result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 66 of the 116 seats. Voter turnout was 58.4%, although only 47,555 people were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023899-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Belgian general election\nUnder the alternating system, elections for the Chamber of Representatives were only held in four out of the nine provinces: Hainaut, Limburg, Li\u00e8ge and East Flanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023900-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Birthday Honours\nThe 1861 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette on 28 June 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023900-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Birthday Honours\nThe recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023901-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Boston mayoral election\nThe Boston mayoral election of 1861 saw the reelection of Joseph Wightman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023902-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 California gubernatorial election\nThe 1861 California gubernatorial election took place on September 4, 1861. Incumbent Governor John G. Downey was not a candidate for renomination, as his Democratic Party had violently ruptured over the issue of slavery and secession. Downey was a Lecompton Democrat, those who favored slavery in the Kansas Territory and who were running as now as the Breckenridge or \"Chivalry\" Democrats. These Chivalry Democrats supported Attorney General John McConnell. Anti -slavery or anti-secession Democrats were the \"Unionist\" Democrats who favored John Conness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023902-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 California gubernatorial election\nWith the dire split in the Democratic Party, even more bitter then in 1859, former Republican nominee Leland Stanford won a plurality of the popular vote and won the governorship. Stanford polled less than a tenth of the vote last election and became the first Republican Governor of California. Both Stanford and Conness later served in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023903-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Camden colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Camden on 15 August 1861 because John Douglas resigned as he was intending to move to Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023904-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of 1861, Republican Julian Sidney Rumsey defeated People\u2019s nominee Thomas Barbour Bryan by a ten-point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023904-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Chicago mayoral election\nThe election was the first of four Chicago mayoral elections which took place during the course of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023904-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nThe municipal election season came on the tail of the fall of Fort Sumter. Both parties referred to their tickets as \u201cUnion\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023904-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nOn April 15 the Democrats held a meeting where they urged the election of their ticket to maintain the union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023904-0004-0000", "contents": "1861 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nBoth parties adopted strong support for the union and its cause in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023904-0005-0000", "contents": "1861 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nDemocratic nominee Thomas Barbour Bryan was a Chicago business leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023904-0006-0000", "contents": "1861 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nBryan was seen to be a far more prominent figure than Rumsey at the  time of the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023904-0007-0000", "contents": "1861 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nBryan had been drafted for mayor by a number of acquaintances to run on what the being dubbed \"The People's Ticket\". Unaware at the time that he'd be running in opposition to the Republican Party, Bryan reluctantly accepted. He was reported to, ultimately, have seemed somewhat relieved by his ultimate defeat in the polls. He did not desire to be mayor of the city, nor did he want to cause disarray or fractures in the Republican Party at the time that the civil war was beginning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023904-0008-0000", "contents": "1861 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nRumsey was also a largely unwilling candidate, and did not desire to be mayor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023904-0009-0000", "contents": "1861 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nRepublicans primarily took issue not with the Democratic nominee for mayor, who many Republicans saw to be a unionist of strong character, but rather with the overall Democratic ticket for the municipal elections. Many Republicans felt uncomfortable with the fact that the Democratic ticket was strongly supported by the Chicago Times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023904-0010-0000", "contents": "1861 Chicago mayoral election, Results\nDespite the unusual times in which the election was held, much of the city voted along its typical party lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023905-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Chilean presidential election\nThe Chilean presidential election of 1861 took place through a system of electors, and resulted in the election as President of Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn P\u00e9rez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023905-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Chilean presidential election\nP\u00e9rez was a \"unity\" candidate between the conservatives and liberals. He won the election unanimously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023906-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States House of Representatives elections in Florida\nThe 1861 Confederate States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Wednesday, November 6, 1861 to elect the two Confederate States Representatives from the state of Florida, one from each of the state's congressional districts, to represent Florida in the 1st Confederate States Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including the presidential election and various state and local elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023906-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States House of Representatives elections in Florida\nThe winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the Confederate States House of Representatives from February 18, 1862, to February 17, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023906-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Background\nFlorida seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America. The state appointed five delegates to the Provisional Confederate Congress, to serve in interim until the Congress first convened on February 18, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023906-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States House of Representatives elections in Florida, District 1, Aftermath\nDawkins resigned from Congress on December 9, 1862 following his appointment to a state court by Governor John Milton. The special election to replace him was won by John Marshall Martin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 92], "content_span": [93, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election\nThe 1861 Confederate States presidential election of November 6, 1861, was the only presidential election held under the Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis, who had been elected president and Alexander H. Stephens, who had been elected vice president, under the Provisional Constitution, were elected to six-year terms that would have lasted from February 22, 1862 until February 22, 1868. However, the terms expired on May 5, 1865 instead when the Confederate government dissolved, with Davis and Stephens both leaving office without successors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Background\nThe Provisional Congress of the Confederate States met at Montgomery, Alabama, on February 4, 1861. A provisional constitution was adopted on February 8, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Background\nOn February 9, 1861, Jefferson Davis was elected Provisional President and Alexander H. Stephens was elected Provisional Vice President. Stephens took office on February 11 and Davis took office on February 18, 1861. On March 11, 1861, a permanent Constitution was adopted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Background, Constitutional Provisions\nArticle II Section 1(1) reads: \"The executive power shall be vested in a President of the Confederate States of America. He and the Vice President shall hold their offices for the term of six years; but the President shall not be re-eligible.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0004-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Background, Constitutional Provisions\nArticle II Section 1(7) of the Confederate Constitution provides citizenship to people \"born in the United States prior to the 20th of December, 1860\" and also requires candidates for the President of the Confederacy to have resided \"within the limits of the Confederate States\" for 14 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0005-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Background, Constitutional Provisions\nArticle VII Section 1(2) includes instructions for electing permanent officials after the ratification of the Confederate Constitution:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0006-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Background, Constitutional Provisions\nWhen five states shall have ratified this Constitution, in the manner before specified, the Congress under the Provisional Constitution, shall prescribe the time for holding the election of President and Vice President; and, for the meeting of the Electoral College; and, for counting the votes, and inaugurating the President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0007-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Background, Legislation\nOn May 21, 1861, the Congress of the Confederacy passed \"An Act to put in operation the Government under the Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States of America\". It includes the following provisions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0008-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Background, Legislation\nSection 1. ... And on [the first Wednesday in November, eighteen hundred and sixty-one] the several states shall elect or appoint Electors for President and Vice President of the Confederate States of America, according to said Constitution, and in the manner prescribed by the laws of the several States made for that purpose; and in states where no such laws may exist, according to the laws heretofore in force in such states for the election or appointment of Electors for President and Vice President of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0009-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Background, Legislation\nSec . 2 . The Electors for President and Vice President shall meet in their respective states on the first Wednesday in December, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, and proceed to vote for President and Vice President, and make out lists, certify the same, and forward the same to the President of the Senate; all as directed by the said Constitution in that behalf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0010-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Background, Legislation\nSec . 3 . The members of the House of Representatives so elected, and the Senators who may be elected by the several states according to the provisions of said Constitution, shall assemble at the seat of government of the Confederate States, on the eighteenth day of February, eighteen hundred and sixty-two; ... and the President of the Senate shall, on the nineteenth day of February, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, open all the certificates; and the votes for President and Vice President shall then be counted, as directed by said Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0011-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, General election, Results\nThe election effectively confirmed the decision that had been made by the Provisional Confederate Congress earlier in the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0012-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, General election, Results\nDavis remained President until May 5, 1865, when the Confederate government was officially dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0013-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, General election, Results\nSource (Popular Vote): . . (August 30, 2012). Source (Electoral Vote): . . (August 30, 2012).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0014-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, General election, Results\n(a) Totals reflect the popular vote in North Carolina only. (b) Missouri and Kentucky did not participate in this election. Missouri was admitted November 28, 1861, and Kentucky December 10, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0015-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Electoral College\nThe Confederate States Electoral College was the institution that elected the president (Jefferson Davis) and vice president (Alexander H. Stephens) for a six-year term without possibility of re-election for the president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0016-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Electoral College\nThe president and vice president were not elected directly by the voters. Instead, they were elected by electors who were chosen by popular vote on a state-by-state basis, with the exception of South Carolina, where the electors were chosen by the state legislature. This system was established by the Constitution of the Confederate States, in emulation of the United States Constitution. Like the U.S. Constitution, the Confederate Constitution provided that each state would have a number of electors \"equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress\" (Article II, Section 1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0017-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Electoral College\nThe Electoral College consisted of 109 electors. The electors (chosen in the November 6 elections) met in their respective states to cast their votes on December 4, 1861 (Confederate law mandated that electors meet on the first Wednesday in December). The Congress met in joint session on February 19, 1862 and certified the result. Davis and Stephens were inaugurated on February 22, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023907-0018-0000", "contents": "1861 Confederate States presidential election, Official sources\n[ Volume 5], Journal of the House of Representatives of the First Congress of the Confederate States of America, Second Day\u2014Wednesday, February 19, 1862,  and", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023908-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1861 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 1, 1861. Incumbent governor and Republican nominee William Alfred Buckingham defeated Democratic nominee James Chaffee Loomis with 51.23% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023909-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Dalmatian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Kingdom of Dalmatia for the newly formed Dalmatian parliament in 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023910-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Danish Folketing election\nFolketing elections were held in Denmark on 14 June 1861. Carl Christian Hall remained Prime Minister following the elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023910-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 15% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as \"dependents\" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023911-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 East Sydney colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Sydney on 29 May 1861 because Henry Parkes had resigned having accepted a government commission with a salary of \u00a31,000 to travel to England to lecture on immigration with William Bede Dalley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023912-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Goulburn colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Goulburn on 13 June 1861 because of the resignation of Charles Walsh. Walsh stated that he had been elected to support the Land Bills, which would open up the free selection of Crown land, and the Legislative Council Bill which would replace the nominated council with an elected body. These bills had not been passed by the Legislative Council and the Premier Charles Cowper had arranged for 21 new members to be appointed to the council. Walsh stated that as the bills \"will be carried through both branches of the legislature, and become the law of the land\" he therefore resigned as the tasks had been achieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023912-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Goulburn colonial by-election\nIt is unclear when Walsh wrote the letter, because on 10 May 1861, before the new members had been sworn in, Sir William Burton the President of the Legislative Council, announced his resignation and left the chambers, followed by the 13 members of the opposition. Under the standing orders of the council in the absence of the President or the Chairman of Committees, George Allen, the council was adjourned until the next sitting day. As there was no further sitting day before the council was prorogued on 13 May 1861 the bills were not passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023912-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Goulburn colonial by-election, Aftermath\nThe Robertson Land Acts were ultimately passed by both houses and became law in October 1861. The Legislative Council Bill was not passed and the Council did not become a directly elected body until after the 1978 referendum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023913-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Grand National\nThe 1861 Grand National was the 23rd renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 13 March 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023914-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Greek legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Greece on 16 January 1861. Supporters of the Athanasios Miaoulis-led coalition won a majority of the 138 seats. Miaoulis remained Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023915-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Grey and Bell by-election\nThe 1861 Grey and Bell by-election was a by-election held on 20 June during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament in the Taranaki electorate of Grey and Bell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023915-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Grey and Bell by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the death of the incumbent MP William Cutfield King on 8 February 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023916-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Hunter colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of The Hunter on 5 August 1861 because Isidore Blake resigned to accept appointment as a judge of the District Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023917-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Iowa Senate election\nIn the 1861 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the ninth Iowa General Assembly. Following the expansion of the Iowa Senate from 43 to 49 seats in 1861, elections were held for 25 of the state senate's 49 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023917-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Iowa Senate election\nFollowing the previous election in 1859, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 22 seats to Democrats' 21 seats. However, four changes occurred during the eighth general assembly. In the ninth district, Republican Senator Alvin Saunders resigned on May 14, 1861, causing a vacancy in his seat. Republican Leroy G. Palmer succeeded Senator Saunders, holding the seat for the Republicans. In the tenth district, Republican Senator James Falconer Wilson resigned on October 7, 1861, causing a vacancy in his seat. The tenth district seat was left vacant until a special election in 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023917-0001-0001", "contents": "1861 Iowa Senate election\nIn the fourteenth district, Democratic Senator Andrew Oliphant Patterson resigned on May 14, 1861, causing a vacancy in his seat. Republican Joseph A. Green succeeded Senator Patterson, flipping the seat to Republican control. In the thirty-fifth district, Republican Senator Thomas Drummond resigned on May 14, 1861, causing a vacancy in his seat. Republican Joseph Dysart succeeded Senator Drummond, holding the seat for the Republicans. Therefore, by election day in 1861, the Republicans held 22 seats, the Democrats held 20 seats, and one seat was vacant (the seat that had been held by Republican Senator James F. Wilson).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023917-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Iowa Senate election\nTo claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net five Senate seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023917-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Iowa Senate election\nRepublicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 33 seats and Democrats having 16 seats (a net gain of 11 seats for Republicans).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023918-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Italian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Italy on 27 January 1861, with a second round on 3 February. The newly elected Parliament first convened in Turin on 4 March 1861, where, thirteen days later, it declared the unification of the country as the Kingdom of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023918-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Italian general election\nThe election was carried out according to the 1848 electoral law of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in which only literate men over the age of 25 and paying a certain level of taxation were allowed to vote. Candidates were elected in single member constituencies, with a second round required in cases when no candidates received over 50% of the vote or the equivalent of one-third of the registered voters in the constituency. The Pope demanded that Catholics did not take part in the elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023918-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Italian general election, Electoral campaign\nThe Historical Right was led by the former Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, a long-time statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023918-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Italian general election, Electoral campaign\nOn the other hand, the bloc of the Historical Left was led by Urbano Rattazzi, a liberal politician who was among the founders of the Italian left-wing parliamentary group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023918-0004-0000", "contents": "1861 Italian general election, Electoral campaign\nIn opposition to the two main blocs there were a third party known as The Extreme, a far-left coalition, under the leadership of Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary and a key figure of the Unification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023918-0005-0000", "contents": "1861 Italian general election, Electoral campaign\nOnly 418,696 men of a total population of around 22 million were entitled to vote. Right-wing candidates emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament with around 43% of the 443 seats. They were largely aristocrats representing rentiers from the north of the country, and held moderate political views including loyalty to the crown and low government spending. The right-wing leader Camillo Benso di Cavour was elected as the first Prime Minister in the history of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023919-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Komensk\u00fd\n1861 Komensk\u00fd, provisional designation 1970 WB, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, estimated to measure approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 November 1970, by Czech astronomer Lubo\u0161 Kohoutek at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany, and named after John Amos Comenius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023919-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Komensk\u00fd, Orbit and classification\nKomensk\u00fd is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,918 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Komensk\u00fd's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries and no previous identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023919-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Komensk\u00fd, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Komensk\u00fd measures 14.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.158. Based on an absolute magnitude of 11.7, and assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25, the asteroid has a generic mean diameter of 12 to 28 kilometers. As of 2016, Komensk\u00fd's composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023919-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Komensk\u00fd, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Czech educational reformer and theologist, John Amos Comenius (1592\u20131670), known as Jan Amos Komensk\u00fd in the original Czech language. He is considered the father of modern education and spend most of his life in exile. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 December 1974 (M.P.C. 3757).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023920-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Liberian constitutional referendum\nA referendum on additional representation in the House of Representatives for Maryland County was held in Liberia on 7 May 1861. The proposal to increase the number of representatives from one to three was approved by the requisite two-thirds majority, and was passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023921-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Liberian general election\nPresidential elections were held in Liberia in 1861. The result was a victory for incumbent President Stephen Allen Benson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023922-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Friday 1 November 1861. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years, and nine of the 16 wards were uncontested. After the election, the composition of the council was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023922-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result\nBecause of the large number of uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023922-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, Exchange\nUntil the Ballot Act 1872 polling at elections was in public and the state of the polls were reported on an hour by hour basis in the newspapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023922-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Liverpool Town Council election, Ward results, North Toxteth\nThe discrepancy between the final results given in the Council Minute Book and the 4 o'clock final figures as reported in the Liverpool Mercury should perhaps be attributed to errors in the newspaper report.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023923-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Lower Hunter colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Lower Hunter on 19 July 1861 because of the resignation of Alexander Scott to accept an appointment to the Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023924-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1861 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023924-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nGovernor John Albion Andrew was re-elected to a second term in office over Democratic Mayor of Worcester Isaac Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023925-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Melbourne Cup\nThe 1861 Melbourne Cup was a two-mile handicap horse race which took place on Thursday, 7 November 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023925-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Melbourne Cup\nThis year was the first running of the Melbourne Cup. Fifty-seven horses were nominated and there were 21 acceptances. Four were scratched on race day, leaving 17 starters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023925-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Melbourne Cup\nThis is the list of placegetters for the 1861 Melbourne Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023926-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Mendoza earthquake\nThe 1861 Mendoza earthquake occurred in the province of Mendoza, Argentina on 20 March at 11:30 PM. It had a magnitude of 7.2 on the Ms scale and an intensity of IX in the Mercalli scale. Its hypocenter was located at an estimated depth of 30 kilometres (19\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023926-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Mendoza earthquake\nThe earthquake devastated the provincial capital, Mendoza, killing 4,300 of its 12,000 residents and injuring 750. Most of the buildings were destroyed, including the cabildo (colonial government house). The town was rebuilt in a nearby location, and the authorities moved to their new seat in 1863. The new constructions, which incorporated modern architectural tendencies, were markedly different from the old colonial buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023926-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Mendoza earthquake, Further reading\nThis article article about the history of Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023927-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Mexican general election\nGeneral elections were held in Mexico in 1861. Although incumbent president Benito Ju\u00e1rez received a majority (53%) of the popular vote, opponents claimed his margin of victory was not enough and a Congressional vote was required. The Congressional election committee released two reports, one produced by the majority declaring Ju\u00e1rez the winner, and one stating that there should be a Congressional vote between Ju\u00e1rez and runner-up Sebasti\u00e1n Lerdo de Tejada. The majority report was approved by a vote of 61\u201355, and Ju\u00e1rez was subsequently inaugurated on 15 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023928-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Minnesota gubernatorial election\nThe 1861 Minnesota gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1861 to elect the governor of Minnesota. Incumbent Alexander Ramsey was reelected to a second term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023929-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Napier by-election\nThe 1861 Napier by-election was a by-election held in the Napier electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament, on 1 July 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023929-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Napier by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Henry Stark and was won by William Colenso. Messrs Colenso, Sealy, Tucker and Ferguson were nominated, with Colenso subsequently elected with a majority of 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023930-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 New York state election\nThe 1861 New York state election was held on November 5, 1861, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the New York State Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, two Canal Commissioners and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023930-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 New York state election, History\nThe \"Independent People's\" state convention met on September 10 at Syracuse, New York with the intention to nominate a ticket which would be endorsed by the Republican state convention which was due to meet at the same city on the following day. The convention was dominated by the old Hunkers/Hard faction of the Democratic Party (which had supported John C. Breckinridge for the Presidency the year before, and had been reduced to a small minority at the 1860 New York state election) and the Greeley Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023930-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 New York state election, History\nThe Republican state convention met on September 11 at Syracuse, New York and endorsed the Independent People's ticket with the exception of Frederick A. Tallmadge. The Republicans preferred the incumbent Canal Commissioner Benjamin F. Bruce to be re-nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023930-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 New York state election, Results\nThe whole jointly nominated part of the \"Union\" ticket was elected, only the Democratic candidate for short-term Canal Commissioner William W. Wright was elected due to the split of the \"Union\" ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023930-0004-0000", "contents": "1861 New York state election, Results\n22 Republicans and 10 Democrats were elected to a two-year term (1862\u201363) in the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023930-0005-0000", "contents": "1861 New York state election, Results\nThe New York State Assembly of 1862 was almost evenly divided between Republicans and Democrats, most of whom had been elected on the \"Union\" ticket. There was a small majority of Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023931-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Newfoundland general election\nThe 1861 Newfoundland general election was held in 1861 to elect members of the 8th General Assembly of Newfoundland in Newfoundland Colony. 14 Conservatives and 12 Liberals were elected. The results in Harbour Grace and Harbour Main electoral districts were set aside following violence at the polls; members were elected in subsequent by-elections. The Liberal Party led by John Kent was defeated by the Conservatives led by Hugh Hoyles; Ambrose Shea replaced Kent as party leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023932-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Newtown colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Newtown on 12 July 1861 because of the resignation of Alexander McArthur who had been appointed to the Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023933-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Ohio gubernatorial election\nThe 1861 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 8, 1861. National Union nominee David Tod defeated Democratic nominee Hugh J. Jewett with 57.68% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023934-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Open Championship\nThe 1861 Open Championship was a golf competition held at Prestwick Golf Club, Ayrshire, Scotland. It was the second Open Championship and the first to open to amateurs as well as professionals. Ten professionals and eight amateurs contested the event, with Tom Morris, Sr. winning the championship by 4 shots from Willie Park, Sr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023934-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Open Championship\nAs in 1860 the contest was held over three rounds of the twelve-hole links course. There was no prize money, the winner receiving the Challenge Belt for the next year. Whereas the 1860 event was only open to professionals, from 1861 it was \"open to all members of established golf clubs and professionals\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023934-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Open Championship\nFollowing the success of the first event there was a large entry of 18. The Dunn brothers travelled from London for the event while a number of gentlemen entered. The professionals played in five pairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023934-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Open Championship\nPark led by two at the start of the final round. However, at the 2nd hole Park attempted to \"cross the Alps\" in two but he landed in a hazard and lost three strokes, who later played the same hole more conservatively. Morris increased his lead to two at the 4th hole but by the 6th they were level. Morris picked up shots on Park at the 8th, 9th and 10th holes to go three ahead and further increased the lead to four when he holed the short 11th in two strokes. Park had finished on 167 but at the last Morris's tee shot landed in some long grass at the edge of a pool of water. Rather than take a penalty drop he elected to play the ball and kept his four shot lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023935-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Parramatta colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Parramatta on 10 April 1861 caused by the resignation of sitting member James Byrnes. At the election in December 1860 he gained second place behind a newcomer John Lackey. While still successful, Byrnes took offence at being placed second, stating that the majority of voters had decided that he was not fit to serve them and resigned in March 1861 without taking his seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023936-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Patrick's Plains colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Patrick's Plains on 4 July 1861 because of the resignation of William Lesley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023937-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Pembrokeshire by-election\nThe 1861 Pembrokeshire by-election was fought on in early 1861. The byelection was fought due to the elevation of the incumbent Conservative MP, John Campbell to the peerage following the death of his father. It was won by the Conservative candidate George Lort Phillips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023937-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Pembrokeshire by-election, Candidates\nWithin days of the vacancy arising as a result of Cawdor's death and the elevation of his son and heir to the House of Lords, George Lort Phillips of Lawrenny had issued an address declaring himself as the Conservative candidate, with the support of his predecessor. The local Conservative newspaper, the Pembrokeshire Herald, strongly endorsed his candidacy. An editorial on 16 November, described Lort Phillips as a man who would not adopt \"a blind adherence to ant party\" (words often used in the mid-Victorian era to by Conservative candidates) and praised his support of the local militia and agricultural improvement societes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023937-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Pembrokeshire by-election, Candidates\nHowever, he was opposed by a Liberal candidate, Hugh Owen Owen, son of the Lord Lieutenant of Pembrokeshire and previously MP for Pemnroke Boroughs. In contrast to its strong support for Lort Phillips, the Herald referred to Owen's long absence from the county, his age (although he was only in his mid 50s), his abandonment of his previous Conservative views, the attitude of his father and his record years before as member for the Pembroke Boroughs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023937-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Pembrokeshire by-election, Candidates\nAlthough the Pembrokeshire Herald railed against \"the evils\" of a contested election the scene was set for a bitter contest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023937-0004-0000", "contents": "1861 Pembrokeshire by-election, Campaign\nShortly after the vacancy arose, both candidates had issued their addresses, suggesting that they had been preparing for a contest for some time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023938-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Port Curtis colonial by-election\nThe Port Curtis colonial by-election, 1861 was a by-election held on 15 October 1861 in the electoral district of Port Curtis for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023938-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Port Curtis colonial by-election, History\nOn 3 September 1861, Charles Fitzsimmons, the member for Port Curtis, resigned. Alfred Sandeman won the resulting by-election on 15 October 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023939-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Portuguese legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 22 April 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023940-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Suburbs of Nelson by-election\nThe 1861 Suburbs of Nelson by-election was a by-election held  on 20 June 1861 in the Suburbs of Nelson electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023940-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Suburbs of Nelson by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, James Balfour Wemyss, who was travelling overseas and did not want the electorate unrepresented", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023940-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Suburbs of Nelson by-election\nWells was the only nomination, so was declared elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023941-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Sumatra earthquake\nThe 1861 Sumatra earthquake occurred on February 16 and was the last in a sequences of earthquakes that ruptured adjacent parts of the Sumatran segment of the Sunda megathrust. It caused a devastating tsunami which led to several thousand fatalities. The earthquake was felt as far away as the Malay peninsula and the eastern part of Java. The rupture area for the 2005 Nias\u2013Simeulue earthquake is similar to that estimated for the 1861 event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023941-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Sumatra earthquake, Background\nThe island of Sumatra lies on the convergent plate boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The convergence between these plates is highly oblique near Sumatra, with the displacement being accommodated by near pure dip-slip faulting along the subduction zone, known as the Sunda megathrust, and near pure strike-slip faulting along the Great Sumatran fault. The major slip events on the subduction zone interface are typically of megathrust type. Historically, great or giant megathrust earthquakes have been recorded in 1797, 1833, 1861, 2004, 2005 and 2007, most of them being associated with devastating tsunamis. Smaller (but still large) megathrust events have also occurred in the small gaps between the areas that slip during the larger events, in 1935, 1984, 2000 and 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023941-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Sumatra earthquake, Damage\nVillages along the seaward side of the Batu Islands  were devastated. The combined effects of the earthquake and tsunami caused several thousand fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023941-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Sumatra earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake\nThere is evidence of coseismic uplift of Nias, with exposure of reefs and rock piers. There were six major aftershocks over the next seven months, the last of which, on September 27, caused a damaging tsunami. It was the longest earthquake ever recorded, with the shift of the plate taking around 32 years to unfurl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023941-0004-0000", "contents": "1861 Sumatra earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami\nAt least 500\u00a0km of coastline were affected by the tsunami with run-ups of up to 7m recorded on the southwest side of Nias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023942-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Tenterfield colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Tenterfield on 3 December 1861 because Robert Meston resigned. Meston sent a letter to the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly which stated \"As I find it very inconvenient for my affairs at present to attend on the very inopportune sittings of the New Smith Wales Parliament, I hereby resign my seat as representative of the Tenterfield electorate\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023943-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Texas gubernatorial election\nThe 1861 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1861 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Governor Edward Clark was running for his first full term but was defeated by Francis Lubbock by a margin of 124 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023943-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Texas gubernatorial election\nThe election was the first of two held in Texas during the American Civil War. Texas was, at the time, a Confederate state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire\nThe 1861 Tooley Street fire, also called the Great Fire of Tooley Street, started in Cotton's Wharf on Tooley Street, London, England, on 22 June 1861. The fire lasted for two weeks, and caused \u00a32\u00a0million worth of damage. During the fire, James Braidwood, superintendent of the London Fire Engine Establishment, was killed. House of Commons reports cited multiple failures in fire prevention, and the fire led to the 1865 Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act, which established the London Fire Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Blaze\nThe fire started on 22 June 1861, at Cotton's Wharf on Tooley Street, near to St Olave's Church, Southwark, and was first noticed around 4\u00a0p.m. Cotton's Wharf was around 100 by 50 feet (30\u00a0m \u00d7\u00a015\u00a0m), and contained around 5,000 tons of rice, 10,000 barrels of tallow, 1,000 tons of hemp, 1,100 tons of jute, 3,000 tons of sugar and 18,000 bales of cotton at the time of the fire. Unsafe jute and hemp storage in Cotton's Wharf and nearby wharves helped spread the fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0001-0001", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Blaze\nThe cause of the fire is believed to have been spontaneous combustion, and it has been suggested that someone smoking in the wharves may have started the fire. Whilst Cotton's Wharf was classed as good for fire protection, the surrounding buildings were less well protected, which enabled the fire to spread quickly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Blaze\nThe London Fire Engine Establishment (later the London Fire Brigade) were alerted by 5\u00a0p.m. A local distiller acted as temporary fire marshal until the London Fire Engine Establishment arrived, as his distillery had two private fire engines. A number of other private fire engines were also used. By 6\u00a0p.m., 14 fire engines, including one steam engine, from the London Fire Engine Establishment were at the scene. The Fire Establishment's river fire engine was unable to draw water from the River Thames as it was low tide and so the river was too shallow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0002-0001", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Blaze\nThe fire was so great that the river fire engine was forced to retreat. The firefighters were also inhibited when the spice warehouses caught fire, and distributed spices into the air. The Royal Society for the Protection of Life from Fire (which was later merged into the London Fire Brigade) also assisted with controlling the fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Blaze\nAround 7\u00a030 p.m., a section of a warehouse collapsed on top of James Braidwood, the superintendent of the London Fire Engine Establishment, killing him. Another firefighter was killed in the same incident. Braidwood had been giving his firefighters their brandy rations at the time of the collapse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0004-0000", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Blaze\nAround 10 hours after the fire started, it was stabilised and confined to a single area. The fire took two weeks to put out, during which time around 20 police officers remained present at the scene. Over 30,000 people watched the fire burn. The fire caused damage to buildings up to 0.25 miles (0.40\u00a0km) away from Cotton's Wharf, and destroyed 11 acres (45,000\u00a0m2) of land. The range of the fire spanned from St Olave's Church to Battle Bridge Stairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0004-0001", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Blaze\nDuring the fire, tallow and oil from the wharves spilled into the River Thames, destroying four sailing boats and numerous barges. London Bridge station also caught fire in the blaze, but the fire was put out by the station's private fire engines. The fire could be seen from up to 15 miles (24\u00a0km) away. In total, the damages from the fire were around \u00a32 million. In his diary, Arthur Munby described the scene as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0005-0000", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Blaze\n\"For near a quarter of a mile, the south bank of the Thames was on fire: a long line of what had been warehouses, their roofs and fronts all gone; and the tall ghastly sidewalls, white with heat, standing, or rather tottering, side by side in the midst of a mountainous desert of red & black ruin, which smouldered & steamed here, & there, sent up sheets of savage intolerable flame a hundred feet high.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0006-0000", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Blaze\nThe fire has been described as the worst London fire since the Great Fire of London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0007-0000", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Aftermath\nAn 1862 House of Commons report into the fire noted the lack of availability of water when the fire started, as the area did not have a hydraulic pump as other areas such as West India Dock did, and the water company only supplied water to houses in Tooley Street for 90 minutes a day. An 1867 House of Commons report also criticised the ineffectiveness of the allegedly fire proof floors, and general fire protection in the South London District. It recommended that oil should not be stored in places where it could flow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0008-0000", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Aftermath\nAccording to the 1862 House of Commons Report, insurance companies lost over \u00a31 million from the fire. It is believed that one of the owners of Cotton's Wharf was insured for \u00a3400,000, and the Royal Insurance Company lost \u00a375,000. It was the first time that most insurance companies had lost money since they had started having private fire engines. Following the fire, insurance companies changed the way they insured wharves, and their fire insurance policies, to encourage safer storage of goods. They also raised their insurance premiums by between 50 and 100%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0008-0001", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Aftermath\nThe fire and insurance premium rises led to the 1865 Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act, which established the London Fire Brigade. The Act also mandated that iron doors be used as these were less flammable, and recommended that they be shut at all times, which was not the case during the Tooley Street fire. The fire also contributed to the establishment of many new fire insurance firms. These included the Commercial Union and Mercantile companies; and in 1867 the Reinsurance Company in London who specialised in insuring damaged buildings was also established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0009-0000", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Aftermath\nThe wharves destroyed in the Tooley Street fire were rebuilt as separated buildings, to make them safer from fire in future. A plaque to commemorate the fire, and memorialise James Braidwood, is located on Battle Bridge Lane, on the corner of Tooley Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023944-0010-0000", "contents": "1861 Tooley Street fire, Other fires on Tooley Street\nAn 1836 fire destroyed Topping's Wharf on Tooley Street, and an 1843 fire on Tooley Street destroyed St. Olave's Church. In 1891, there was another large fire which took 19 days to extinguish, and was described as the worst fire since the 1861 Tooley Street fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023945-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Tumut colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of The Tumut on 26 September 1861 because Charles Cowper Jr., the son of then Premier Charles Cowper had been appointed Clerk of the Executive Council in the third Cowper ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023946-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 United Kingdom census\nThe United Kingdom Census of 1861 recorded the people residing in every household on the night of 7 April 1861, and was the third of the UK censuses to include details of household members. The census was taken and recorded everyone living in a household on Sunday 7 April 1861  The 1861 format of the census was identical to the previous 1851 census, despite pressures for 'religious affiliation' questions to be included. This suggestion was rejected at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023947-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1861 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 5, 1861, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023947-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nWhig William H. Seward had been re-elected in February 1855 to this seat, had become a Republican upon the foundation of that party in September 1855, and his term would expire on March 3, 1861. Seward did not seek re-election, instead being certain to be appointed to an office in the incoming Abraham Lincoln administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023947-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1859, 23 Republicans and 9 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1860-1861) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1860, 93 Republicans and 35 Democrats were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1861. The 84th New York State Legislature met from January 1 to April 16, 1861, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023947-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nIra Harris was the candidate of the Republican Party. Harris had been a Whig assemblyman in 1845 and 1846, and a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1847 to 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023947-0004-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nEx-Governor Horatio Seymour (in office 1853-1854) was the candidate of the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023947-0005-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nBoth in the Assembly and the Senate a strict party vote confirmed the caucus selections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023947-0006-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nIn the Assembly 119 votes were given. Republicans Smith Anthony (Cayuga Co.), Martin Finch (Essex Co.), Henry A. Prendergast (Chautauqua Co.), Victor M. Rice (Erie Co.) and Perez H. Field (Ontario Co.); and Democrats Luke F. Cozans (NYC), Benjamin H. Long (Erie Co.), N. Holmes Odell (Westchester Co.) and Christian B. Woodruff (NYC); did not vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023947-0007-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nIn the State Senate, 31 votes were given. William H. Ferry (Rep., 19th D.) was absent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023947-0008-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nIra Harris was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023947-0009-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nHarris served one term, and remained in office until March 3, 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023948-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1861 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 8, 1861. Edgar Cowan was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023948-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nIncumbent Democrat William Bigler, who was elected in 1856, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 8, 1861, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1861. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023949-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1861 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held on March 14, 1861. David Wilmot was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023949-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Background\nThe Republican Simon Cameron was elected to the United States Senate by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in January 1857. Sen. Cameron resigned on March 4, 1861, to become United States Secretary of War in the Abraham Lincoln administration, vacating the seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023949-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Results\nFollowing the resignation of Sen. Simon Cameron, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 14, 1861, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023950-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Upper Hunter colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Upper Hunter on 15 April 1861 because of the resignation of John Robertson. Roberston had resigned as Premier on 9 January 1861 to concentrate on the passage of the Robertson Land Acts, which would open up the free selection of Crown land. The bills were passed by the Legislative Assembly on 26 March 1861, and Robertson resigned to be appointed to the Legislative Council to ensure their passage into law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023950-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Upper Hunter colonial by-election, Aftermath\nThe Robertson Lands Acts became law on 18 October 1861. John Robertson resigned from the Legislative Council on 30 December 1861, and returned to the Legislative Assembly on 7 January 1862, unopposed at the 1862 Shoalhaven by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023951-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1861 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont was held on Tuesday, September 3. In keeping with the \"Mountain Rule\", incumbent Republican Erastus Fairbanks, who had also served as governor from 1852 to 1853, was not a candidate for a third one-year term. The Republican nominee was Frederick Holbrook, a former member of the Vermont Senate. With the Democratic Party split nationally over the issue of slavery during the American Civil War, Andrew Tracy, a former member of the United States House of Representatives, appeared on the ballot as a pro-Union Democrat. Benjamin H. Smalley was on the ballot as a \"Peace Democrat,\" Democrats who favored a compromise with the states that had formed the Confederacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023951-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Vermont gubernatorial election\nVermont continued to oppose slavery and support the Union, which was reflected in its support of Republican candidates. Holbrook easily defeated both Democrats and won a one-year term that began on October 15. Illness confined Holbrook at home for most of October, and he delayed traveling to Montpelier to take his oath of office until October 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023952-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Wanganui by-election\nThe 1861 Wanganui by-election was a by-election held  on 5 July 1861 in the Wanganui electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023952-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Wanganui by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Henry Shafto Harrison, as he was a sheriff of the district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023952-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Wanganui by-election\nHe was declared elected unopposed, as he was the only candidate nominated. He was not a supporter of the Fox Party so could mean the lack of support rather than a majority of one for William Fox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023953-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nThe 1861 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1861. Republican Party candidate Louis P. Harvey won the election with 54% of the vote, defeating Democratic candidate Benjamin Ferguson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023953-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nThis was the first Wisconsin gubernatorial election to take place after the outbreak of the American Civil War, and Wisconsin Republicans reorganized under the Union Party banner during the war. Democrats accused them of using patriotism to paper over the state's economic troubles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023953-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Wisconsin in 1861\nWisconsin was experiencing economic depression, the results of the Panic of 1857. The secession of the southern states was further damage to the economy, exacerbating problems in the state's banks, which had invested a great deal of capital in southern bonds. The bonds were essentially worthless after secession, and thirty eight banks had failed by June of 1861, with another forty on the brink. Riots broke out over invalidated bank notes and soldiers had to be called in to restore order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023953-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Wisconsin in 1861\nThe farm economy was also depressed, as prices for agricultural products fell due to the Confederate blockade on the Mississippi River. Railroad companies took advantage of their new monopoly on transportation and raised their freight prices. The combination of low incomes and higher expenses pushed many farms toward foreclosure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023953-0004-0000", "contents": "1861 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Wisconsin in 1861\nAll of these problems weighed heavily on the government, and the Republicans, who held power in the state at the time, took much of the blame for bringing depression and war. It was in this environment that incumbent Republican Governor Alexander Randall chose not to seek re-election to a third term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023953-0005-0000", "contents": "1861 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party\nBenjamin Ferguson was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate at the time of the election, representing Dodge County. Ferguson was a farmer and had previously been elected Sheriff of Dodge County and served on the County Board of Supervisors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023953-0006-0000", "contents": "1861 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Republican (Union) Party\nLouis P. Harvey was the incumbent Wisconsin Secretary of State at the time of the 1861 election, having been elected in the 1859 election. He had previously served two terms in the Wisconsin State Senate, representing Rock County. Harvey was a former Whig who had participated in the founding and organization of the Republican Party of Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023954-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 Yass Plains colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Yass Plains on 15 August 1861 because of the resignation of Henry O'Brien due to ill health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023955-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1861 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023956-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in Australian literature\nThis article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023956-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 in Australian literature, Births\nA list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1861 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023956-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 in Australian literature, Deaths\nA list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1861 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023960-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1861 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023966-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in Iran\nThe following lists events that have happened in 1861 in the Qajar dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023968-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in Liberia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1861 in Liberia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023969-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1861 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023969-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 in New Zealand\nA ceasefire is reached in the First Taranaki War, with British efforts to defeat M\u0101ori disaffected over land purchases having largely failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023969-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 in New Zealand\nProsperity comes to the south with the onset of the Central Otago Gold Rush. Within a year the population of the Tuapeka goldfields is twice that of Dunedin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023969-0003-0000", "contents": "1861 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law\nThe general election of 1860\u201361 concludes on 28 March having begun on 12 December the previous year. The 3rd Parliament commences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023969-0004-0000", "contents": "1861 in New Zealand, Sport, Shooting\nThe first National Rifle Shooting Championships is held. This is the oldest national championships in New Zealand in any sport. The Championships are held in conjunction with various district contests until the first centralised Championships at Trentham in 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023969-0005-0000", "contents": "1861 in New Zealand, Sport, Shooting\nThe winner receives the Championship Belt (and Pouch). In 1907 the belt is won outright by A. Ballinger and it is renamed the Ballinger Belt. This name has been applied retroactively to the Championship since its inception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023974-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1861 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023976-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1861 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023977-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in architecture\nThe year 1861 in architecture involved some significant architectural event and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023979-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023980-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023981-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023981-0001-0000", "contents": "1861 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023981-0002-0000", "contents": "1861 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023982-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023983-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in science\nThe year 1861 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023984-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in sports\n1861 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023986-0000-0000", "contents": "1861 in the United States\nEvents from the year 1861 in the United States. This year marked the beginning of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023987-0000-0000", "contents": "18610 Arthurdent\n18610 Arthurdent, provisional designation 1998 CC2, is an asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 February 1998, by a team of astronomers including Felix Hormuth at Starkenburg Observatory in Heppenheim, Germany. The asteroid was named after Arthur Dent from Douglas Adams's Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023987-0001-0000", "contents": "18610 Arthurdent, Orbit and classification\nArthurdent orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,485 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first known precovery image was taken during the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) at Palomar Observatory in 1988, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023987-0002-0000", "contents": "18610 Arthurdent, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Arthurdent measures 3.5 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.234. This agrees with a generic absolute magnitude-to-diameter conversion for a silicaceous asteroid (albedo of 0.25), which gives a diameter of approximately 3 kilometers for an absolute magnitude of 14.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023987-0003-0000", "contents": "18610 Arthurdent, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, the Arthurdent's composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023987-0004-0000", "contents": "18610 Arthurdent, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Arthur Dent, the bewildered hero of Douglas Adams's radio play and book The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The naming of the asteroid was announced by the Minor Planet Center (MPC) in its Minor Planet Circular on 9 May 2001 (M.P.C. 42677). Two days later, Adams died of a heart attack in Santa Barbara, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023987-0005-0000", "contents": "18610 Arthurdent, Naming, Coincidence with death\nThe near coincidence of these events led to some media reports of the asteroid naming appearing after Adams's death was reported, and to assumptions that the two events occurred on the same day, even by those connected to the naming: on 14 May 2001, German amateur astronomer Reiner Stoss at the Starkenburg Observatory wrote: \"You may have heard the sad news that Douglas Adams passed away last Friday. By accident on the same day the naming of minor planet (18610) Arthurdent was announced by the Minor Planet Center. We wanted to make Mr. Adams a joy, but did never dare to think that he wouldn't be able to receive this surprise, when we sent our name proposal to the MPC a few months back.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023988-0000-0000", "contents": "1862\n1862 (MDCCCLXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1862nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 862nd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 62nd  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  3rd   year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1862, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023989-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 (novel)\n1862 is an alternate history novel by Robert Conroy. It was first published in paperback by Presidio Press/Ballantine in June 2006 and as an ebook by Presidio on December 18, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023989-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 (novel)\nThe novel depicts an alternative version of the American Civil War in which the United Kingdom allies with the Confederacy after the Trent Affair. In our timeline, cooler heads prevailed after the seizure of the RMS Trent by Union forces, with the British retaliating only diplomatically by recognizing the Confederacy as a belligerent, instead of merely being in rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023989-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 (novel), Plot\nIn late 1861, the United Kingdom gets involved in the American Civil War on the side of the Confederacy in the wake of the Trent Affair. In early 1862, the Union attempts to win a decisive victory against the Confederacy before British reinforcements arrive in the Americas at the Battle of Culpeper but fail miserably because of the horrible leadership of George B. McClellan. However, after numerous defeats for the Anglo-Confederate Alliance and losing Robert E. Lee and most of Canada, the United Kingdom accepts an offer of peace from the Union on the latter's terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023989-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 (novel), Plot\nThe British frame the Confederacy for supposedly causing the Trent Affair and switches sides in the war. As a result, the Confederacy admits defeat in early 1863, which ends the conflict two years sooner. John Wilkes Booth is arrested and sentenced to death for trying to help Confederate snipers kill US President Abraham Lincoln and so Lincoln is never assassinated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023989-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 (novel), Plot\nMost of the battles take place in Canada or in the oceans, like Hampton Roads. A cavalry battle near the end of the novel takes place on the outskirts of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, presumably in Hummelstown and Hershey. The climactic battle takes place in Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023990-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Apollo\n1862 Apollo /\u0259\u02c8p\u0252lo\u028a/ is a stony asteroid, approximately 1.5 kilometers in diameter, classified as a near-Earth object (NEO). It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 24 April 1932, but lost and not recovered until 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023990-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Apollo\nIt is the namesake and the first recognized member of the Apollo asteroids, a subgroup of NEOs which are Earth-crossers, that is, they cross the orbit of the Earth when viewed perpendicularly to the ecliptic plane (crossing an orbit is a more general term than actually intersecting it). In addition, since Apollo's orbit is highly eccentric, it crosses the orbits of Venus and Mars and is therefore called a Venus-crosser and Mars-crosser as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023990-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Apollo\nAlthough Apollo was the first Apollo asteroid to be discovered, its official IAU-number (1862) is higher than that of some other Apollo asteroids such as 1566 Icarus, due to the fact that it was a lost asteroid for more than 40 years and other bodies were numbered in the meantime. The analysis of its rotation provided observational evidence of the YORP effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023990-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 Apollo\nIt is named after the Greek god Apollo. He is the god of the Sun, child of Zeus and Leto, after which the minor planets 5731 Zeus and 68 Leto are named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023990-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 Apollo, Satellite\nOn November 4, 2005, it was announced that an asteroid moon, or satellite of Apollo, had been detected by radar observations from Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico, October 29 \u2013 November 2, 2005. The announcement is contained in the International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) 8627. The satellite is only 80\u00a0m (260\u00a0ft) across and orbits Apollo just 3\u00a0km (1.9\u00a0mi) away from the asteroid itself. From the surface of Apollo, S/2005 (1862) 1 would have an angular diameter of about 2.0835 degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023990-0005-0000", "contents": "1862 Apollo, Potentially hazardous object\n1862 Apollo is a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) because its minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) is less than 0.05 AU and its diameter is greater than 150 meters. Apollo's Earth MOID is 0.0257\u00a0AU (3,840,000\u00a0km; 2,390,000\u00a0mi). Its orbit is well-determined for the next several hundred years. On 17 May 2075 it will pass 0.0083\u00a0AU (1,240,000\u00a0km; 770,000\u00a0mi) from Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023991-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Argentine presidential election\nThe Argentine presidential election of 1862 was held on 4 September to choose the first president of Argentina. Bartolom\u00e9 Mitre was elected president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023991-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Argentine presidential election, Background\nThese elections were all indirectly decided in the electoral college, and not reflective of popular vote (whose turnout averaged 10% of male suffrage). The cosmetic nature of this electoral system, which became known locally as the voto cantado (the \"vote song,\" for its predetermined script), resulted from a period of intermittent civil wars between those who favored a united Argentina with a strong central government (Unitarians) and Buenos Aires Province leaders who favored an independent nation of their own (Federalists). These conflicts had dominated local political life since 1820, and did not immediately subside with the enactment of the Argentine Constitution of 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023991-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Argentine presidential election, Background\nThe military guarantor of the Argentine Confederation, General Justo Jos\u00e9 de Urquiza, lost control over his appointed successor, Santiago Derqui, and this led Buenos Aires Governor Bartolom\u00e9 Mitre to take up arms in defense of autonomy against what he saw as Derqui's reneging on their 1860 gentlemen's agreement. Victorious at the 1861 Battle of Pav\u00f3n, Mitre obtained important concessions from the national army - notably the amendment of the Constitution to provide for indirect elections through an electoral college comprised - by design - somewhat disproportionately of electors from the nation's hinterland provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023991-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 Argentine presidential election, Background\nA skilled negotiator, Mitre placated restive sentiment in Buenos Aires and Entre R\u00edos Provinces (where separatist sentiment was highest), and nominated Marcos Paz, a Federalist and former Mitre foe, as his running mate. Arranging an electoral college election on 4 September 1862, he and Paz received the body's unanimous support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023992-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Argyle colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Argyle on 30 October 1862 because the seat of Terence Murray was declared vacant due to his appointment as President of the Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023993-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Arkansas gubernatorial election\nThe 1862 Arkansas gubernatorial election was the ninth gubernatorial election, held on Monday, October 6, 1862. In the midst of the American Civil War, Colonel Harris Flanagin easily defeated incumbent Governor Henry M. Rector and Independent candidate John S. H. Rainey with 69.06% of the vote. Flanagin took office as the seventh governor on November 15, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023993-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Arkansas gubernatorial election\nIt was the only gubernatorial election conducted following the adoption of Arkansas's second constitution. The Democratic Party did not field a candidate and endorsed Flanagin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023994-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1862 Atlantic hurricane season featured six tropical cyclones, with only one making landfall. The season had three tropical storms and three hurricanes, none of which became major hurricanes. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated. Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz initially documented five tropical cyclones in a 1995 report on this season. A sixth system was added by Michael Chenoweth in 2003 from records taken in Col\u00f3n, Panama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023994-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe first tropical cyclone was observed as a tropical storm offshore the East Coast of the United States from June\u00a015 to June\u00a017. The second and third systems were active in mid-August and mid-September, respectively, and both attained Category 2 intensity at their peaks on the modern-day Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale and neither made landfall. A fourth tropical cyclone caused flooding in Saint Lucia and brought heavy rain to parts of Barbados on October\u00a05, but its track prior to that date is unknown. The fifth hurricane was known to be active for a few days in October off the East Coast of the United States. Finally, a sixth system was centered near Panama \u2013 between November\u00a022 and November\u00a025.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023994-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One\nBased on reports from four ships, a tropical storm is known to have existed for two days in mid-June off the East Coast of the United States. It formed approximately 340\u00a0miles (550\u00a0km) east of Savannah, Georgia on June\u00a015 and moved slowly north before dissipating two days later, while located about 250\u00a0miles (400\u00a0km) east of Virginia Beach, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023994-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nA Category\u00a02 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale was first seen on August\u00a018, while located approximately 620\u00a0miles (1,000\u00a0km) east of Florida. Over the next three days, it tracked north and moved parallel to the East Coast of the United States. The system dissipated roughly 310\u00a0miles (500\u00a0km) south of Newfoundland on August\u00a021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023994-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nOn September\u00a012, a Spanish ship, the Julian de Unsueta, was de-masted by a strong gale and thrown onto its beam ends. A few days later, she docked at Saint Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands. On September\u00a013, the barques Montezuma and Gazelle were also both de-masted by a hurricane near Barbados. No information is available on the hurricane between September\u00a014 to September\u00a016, but on September\u00a017, the barques Abbyla and Elias Pike encountered the hurricane, roughly 500\u00a0miles (800\u00a0km) off the coast of North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023994-0004-0001", "contents": "1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nSeveral ships reported encountering hurricane conditions on September 19 off the East Coast of the United States, some as far north as Sable Island. Based on these reports, the track began about 500\u00a0miles (800\u00a0km) northeast of the Virgin Islands on September\u00a012 and ended on September\u00a020 off the coast of Nova Scotia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023994-0005-0000", "contents": "1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Four\nOn October\u00a05, a tropical storm caused flooding in Saint Lucia. That day and throughout the next, high winds and heavy rain were observed in Speightstown, Barbados. The storm may also have affected Saint Vincent. No track has been identified for the storm and it has been assigned a single location in the HURDAT database.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023994-0006-0000", "contents": "1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nA modern-day Category\u00a01 hurricane was first seen on October\u00a014 approximately 310\u00a0miles (500\u00a0km) west of Bermuda. A schooner, Albert Treat, encountered the storm and was thrown onto its beam ends. The schooner suffered considerable damage and three men drowned. The next day, further north, the barque Acacia fell onto its beam ends, but managed to reach safety. Throughout October\u00a016 the hurricane traveled northward, parallel to the East Coast of the United States. The ship Oder reported losing its sails in a hurricane off Sable Island that day. The Confederate cruiser Alabama lost its main yard and several sails, torn to shreds in the wind, and had two boats smashed. The storm became extratropical around midday on October\u00a016 and dissipated completely by October\u00a017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023994-0007-0000", "contents": "1862 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Six\nBased on meteorological records kept by an officer of the U.S. steamer James Adger, a strong tropical storm was centered to the northwest of Aspinwall, Panama from November\u00a022 through to November\u00a025. The storm weakened late on November\u00a024 and began drifting slowly westward on November\u00a025 before dissipating later that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023995-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Avon by-election\nThe 1862 Avon by-election was a by-election held on 11 June 1862 during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament in the Christchurch electorate of Avon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023995-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Avon by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Alfred Richard Creyke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023995-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Avon by-election\nThe by-election was won by William Thomson. He was unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023995-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 Avon by-election\nAt two other Canterbury by-elections held in June 1862 for Ellesmere and Heathcote the candidates were also returned unopposed; see 1862 by-election and 1862 by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023996-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Birthday Honours\nThe 1862 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette on 23 May and 25 July 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023996-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Birthday Honours\nThe recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023997-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Boston mayoral election\nThe Boston mayoral election of 1862 saw the return of Frederic W. Lincoln Jr. to the mayoralty for a fourth non-consecutive term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023998-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Bruce by-election\nThe Bruce by-election 1862 was a by-election held in the multi-member Bruce electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament, on 31 July 1862. The by-election was caused by the death of incumbent MP Charles Kettle on 5 June, and was won by Edward Cargill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023998-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Bruce by-election, Background\nThe Bruce electorate was formed in the 1860 electoral redistribution. It covered the rural area surrounding Dunedin that had previously been part of the Dunedin Country electorate. The Bruce electorate was a two-member constituency. Charles Kettle and Thomas Gillies were the initial representatives. Kettle died on 5 June 1862, and this caused the by-election. The Otago Gold Rush had started in May 1861 and the wider area experienced a significant increase in population, including the Bruce electorate. The lists of registered electors in several electorate, including Bruce, were revised during July 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023998-0001-0001", "contents": "1862 Bruce by-election, Background\nThe Miners' Representation Act, 1860 allowed miners to also vote under certain conditions, and they were not registered in lists; there were approximate 3,000 of them eligible in the Bruce electorate. It is thus not possible to say how many electors were qualified to vote in the by-election. Towards the end of June, it became known that William Baldwin, the gold fields commissioner at Waitahuna, would be a candidate in the by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023998-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Bruce by-election, Background\nJohn Gillies, the father of Thomas Gillies, acted as the returning officer for the by-election, and he set the nomination meeting for Monday, 28 July at 12 noon. At that meeting, F. C. Fulton (a brother of James Fulton) proposed and Otago Provincial Councillor Andrew Todd seconded Baldwin. The second candidate, Edward Cargill, was proposed by William Reynolds and seconded by Johnny Jones, a former business partner of Cargill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023998-0002-0001", "contents": "1862 Bruce by-election, Background\nThe third person to be proposed was John Cargill, the brother of Edward Cargill, but this came as a surprise to the former who stated that he was not available for election. The two candidates then addressed the electors, and the obvious policy difference between them was that Baldwin was a proponent of separation of the South Island from the North Island, whilst Cargill supported one New Zealand. Julius Vogel, himself a strong proponent of the separation question, then put some hard questions to Cargill. The meeting finished with a show of hands in favour of Cargill (42 to 8 hands), and Baldwin demanded a poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023998-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 Bruce by-election, Results\nPolling booths were in Dunedin at the court house, and at the school houses in East Taieri and Tokomairiro (since renamed to Milton), and Warepa (a locality near Balclutha). The election was held on Thursday, 31 July, between 9am and 4 pm. By Saturday, 2 August, the Dunedin newspapers had not received the results from the Warepa booth, but Cargill was leading by 20 votes. The Warepa results were received later that morning, and the returning officer declared the official results that day. There were just two votes at Warepa, with one for each candidate, hence the majority did not change and Cargill was declared elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023998-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 Bruce by-election, Results\nCargill represented the Bruce electorate until 1865, when he resigned. He was succeeded by James Macandrew in the July 1865 by-election. Baldwin was elected in the 1863 supplementary election in the Gold Fields electorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00023999-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Carcoar colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Carcoar on 16 October 1862 because William Watt resigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024000-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of 1862, Democrat Francis Cornwall Sherman won a second non-consecutive term, defeating Republican Party nominee Charles N. Holden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024000-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Chicago mayoral election\nSherman had previously served as mayor two decades earlier, after winning the 1841 election. He had also been an unsuccessful candidate in the 1856 mayoral election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024000-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nThe election was held on April 15, 1862. It was the second of four Chicago mayoral elections which took place during the course of the American Civil War. It was also last regularly-scheduled Chicago mayoral election to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024000-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nDemocratic nominee Francis Cornwall Sherman, was a businessman who had previously served as mayor from 1841 through 1842. He was also supported by a nonpartisan ticket which bore the slogan \"for the Union and the Constitution\". Due to the fact that his son was a noted brigadier in the Union Army, Sherman was able to comfortably avoid accusations that his own loyalties sided anywhere but with the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024000-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign\nCharles N. Holden, a former Chicago alderman and former Chicago City Treasurer, was the nominee of the Republican Party. Efforts had been made for the party to nominate former congressman and mayor John Wentworth. However, Holden supporters succeeded in getting him nominated over Wentworth. Some Wentworth supporters, angered over this, placed their support behind Sherman instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024001-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 City of Auckland West by-election\nThe 1862 City of Auckland West by-election was a by-election held  on 14 June 1862 in the City of Auckland West electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament. It was then a two-member electorate, with the other member being John Williamson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024001-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 City of Auckland West by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Josiah Firth, on 30 April 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024001-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 City of Auckland West by-election\nJames Williamson of Remuera was declared elected unopposed, as he was the only candidate nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024002-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 City of Dunedin by-elections\nThe 1862 City of Dunedin by-elections were three by-elections held in the City of Dunedin electorate in Dunedin following three resignations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024002-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 City of Dunedin by-elections\nThe City of Dunedin electorate was one of the original 24 electorates used for the 1st New Zealand Parliament in 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024002-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 City of Dunedin by-elections\nIn 1862 it was a two-member electorate in the 3rd New Zealand Parliament. That year, the following by-elections were held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024002-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 City of Dunedin by-elections, March 1862\nThomas Dick had resigned as his business interests meant that he could not travel to Auckland for the current session. Major Richardson was nominated to replace Dick, who then decided to stand again. At a nomination meeting on Tuesday, 18 March, a show of hands gave 15 for Dick and 14 for Richardson; Richardson called for a poll. But later it was found that Richardson had been nominated by Mr Lloyd who was not an elector for the same district and so was not qualified to nominate him. So Dick was re-elected on 18 or 19 March without a poll being held. Apart from the period before his re-election, he was a member for the electorate for the whole of 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024002-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 City of Dunedin by-elections, May 1862\nEdward McGlashan resigned and on 30 May was replaced by John Richardson. He was opposed by James Paterson. The result of the poll was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024002-0005-0000", "contents": "1862 City of Dunedin by-elections, November 1862\nJohn Richardson resigned and on 15 November was replaced by James Paterson. Major Richardson was transferred to the new electorate of Dunedin and Suburbs North, and thought it fair to let the electors of the new electorate have a vote. However, the writ was issued for the abolished electorate of the City of Dunedin, and the two individuals present nominated Paterson, the only nomination. As the last person elected, Paterson was transferred to the new electorate of Dunedin and Suburbs South", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024003-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Coleraine by-election\nThe Coleraine by-election of 31 January 1862 was called on the death of the previous M.P. John Boyd in January 1862. The only candidate was Sir Henry Hervey Bruce, 3rd Baronet. He retained the seat until the 1874 United Kingdom general election when he was defeated by the Liberal Daniel Taylor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024004-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1862 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 7, 1862. It was a rematch of the 1861 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Incumbent governor and Republican nominee William Alfred Buckingham defeated Democratic nominee James Chaffee Loomis with 56.48% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024004-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nAs this was the first gubernatorial election held following the start of the American Civil War, a Unionist party convention (called the \"Union Party of Connecticut\") was held in Hartford on January 8, 1862. James T. Pratt, the Democratic nominee in both the 1858 and 1859 elections, presided. Tennessee Senator Andrew Johnson was supposed to attend, and made it as close as New York City, but was called to Kentucky at the last minute to participate in the movement of troops there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024004-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThis convention endorsed a fusion ticket of both Republicans and War Democrats, and adopted resolutions supporting the Union side and eliminating traditional party labels. The Republican convention held on January 16, 1862, endorsed the same candidates, who went on to win the election. As a result, Republican governor Buckingham was re-elected, and Roger Averill, previously a Democrat, was elected Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024005-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein\nThe 1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein was signed into law by Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein on September 26 at Eisgrub, Moravia. It was heavily influenced by the constitutions of Vorarlberg (1861) and Sigmaringen (1863).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024006-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 1862 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1862. Incumbent Democratic Governor William Burton was unable to seek re-election. Samuel Jefferson ran to succeed him as the Democratic nominee, and he faced National Union candidate William Cannon, the former State Treasurer. Cannon narrowly defeated Jefferson, and in so doing, was the last Republican-affiliated candidate to be elected Governor until 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024006-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography\nThis Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024007-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Drayton and Toowoomba colonial by-election\nThe Drayton and Toowoomba colonial by-election, 1862 was a by-election held on 11 August 1862 in the electoral district of Drayton and Toowoomba for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024007-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Drayton and Toowoomba colonial by-election, History\nOn 26 July 1862, John Watts, the member for Drayton and Toowoomba, resigned. William Henry Groom won the resulting by-election on 11 August 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024008-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Eastern Downs colonial by-election\nThe Eastern Downs colonial by-election, 1862 was a by-election held on 2 May 1862 in the electoral district of Eastern Downs for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024008-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Eastern Downs colonial by-election, History\nOn 22 April 1862, Ratcliffe Pring, the member for Eastern Downs, resigned. John Donald McLean won the resulting by-election on 2 May 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024009-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Ellesmere by-election\nThe 1862 Ellesmere by-election was a by-election held on 9 June 1862 during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament in the Canterbury electorate of Ellesmere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024009-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Ellesmere by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Thomas Rowley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024009-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Ellesmere by-election\nThe by-election was won by James FitzGerald. He was unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024009-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 Ellesmere by-election\nAt two other by-elections held in June 1862 for Avon and Heathcote the candidates were also returned unopposed; see 1862 by-election and 1862 by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024010-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Grand National\nThe 1862 Grand National was the 24th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 12 March 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024010-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Grand National\nThe race was marred by the only recorded human fatality in the history of the race when Jame's Wynne suffered chest injuries from which he died hours after the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024011-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Greek head of state referendum\nFrom 19 November 1862 (1 December New Style), a plebiscite in Greece was held in support of adopting Prince Alfred of the United Kingdom, later Duke of Edinburgh, as king. The results were announced in February 1863. Of the 240,000 votes reported, over 95% were in favour of the appointment. The previous king, Otto, who had been deposed in a popular revolt, received one vote. There were six votes for a Greek candidate and 93 for a Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024011-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Greek head of state referendum\nDespite the apparently overwhelming result, the Great Powers of Britain, France and Russia refused to permit any member of their respective royal families to accept the Greek throne. Eventually, Prince William of Denmark, who had received six votes in the referendum, was appointed as the new \"King of the Hellenes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024011-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Greek head of state referendum, Prelude\nIn October 1862, King Otto of Greece was deposed in a popular revolt, but while the Greek people rejected Otto, they did not seem averse to the concept of monarchy per se. Many Greeks, seeking closer ties to the pre-eminent world power, Great Britain, rallied around the idea that Prince Alfred, the second son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, could become the next king. British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston believed that the Greeks were \"panting for increase in territory\", hoping that the election of Alfred as king would also result in the incorporation of the Ionian Islands, which were then a British protectorate, into an enlarged Greek state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024011-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 Greek head of state referendum, Prelude\nThe London Conference of 1832, however, had prohibited any of the Great Powers' ruling families from accepting the crown of Greece, and in any event, Queen Victoria was adamantly opposed to the idea. Nevertheless, the Greeks insisted on holding a plebiscite on the issue of the head of state in November 1862. It was the first referendum ever held in Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024011-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 Greek head of state referendum, Results\nThe results were announced to the Greek National Assembly in February 1863. The number of votes differs slightly between reports, and the total votes reported sometimes exceeds the total in the official list. Differences arise through inaccuracies, misprints, and delays in the collection and count of votes. Votes were rarely if ever secret, and there were no uniformly printed ballot papers. Voters could write the name of their preference for king, and votes generally took the form of signed petitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024011-0005-0000", "contents": "1862 Greek head of state referendum, Aftermath\nDespite the apparently overwhelming support for Alfred, and the declaration by the Assembly that Alfred was elected as king, the Great Powers refused to alter their position, and Alfred declined the throne. The runner-up, Prince Leuchtenberg, as well as several of the other candidates, were also unacceptable to the Great Powers since they were members of the French and Russian royal families, also excluded from contention by the London Conference. The Greeks and Great Powers considered alternative candidates, and their choice eventually fell to Prince William of Denmark, who was the second son of King Christian IX. William was elected unanimously by the Greek Assembly, becoming \"George I, King of the Hellenes\", and reigned for the next 50 years. Prince Alfred was created Duke of Edinburgh by his mother in 1866, and became the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Germany in 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024011-0006-0000", "contents": "1862 Greek head of state referendum, Aftermath\nAt George's enthronement, to the great joy of the Greeks, the British government announced that they would cede the Ionian Islands to Greece as a goodwill gesture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024012-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Greek legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Greece between 24 and 27 November 1862. The elected Parliament was also responsible for drawing up a new constitution. Dimitrios Voulgaris became Prime Minister on 23 December as head of the Provisional Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024013-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Hampden by-election\nThe 1862 Hampden by-election was a by-election held  on 14 June 1862 in the Hampden electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024013-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Hampden by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Thomas Fraser, on 30 April 1862. He had been vacated for absence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024013-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Hampden by-election\nJames Williamson was declared elected unopposed, as he was the only candidate nominated. Julius Vogel was also nominated, but declined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024014-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Heathcote by-election\nThe 1862 Heathcote by-election was a by-election held on 12 June 1862 during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament in the Christchurch electorate of Heathcote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024014-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Heathcote by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP George Williamson Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024014-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Heathcote by-election\nThe by-election was won by William Sefton Moorhouse. He was unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024014-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 Heathcote by-election\nAt two other by-elections held in June 1862 for Avon and Ellesmere the candidates were also returned unopposed; see 1862 by-election and 1862 by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition\nThe International Exhibition of 1862, or Great London Exposition, was a world's fair. It was held from 1 May to 1 November 1862, beside the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington, London, England, on a site that now houses museums including the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Organisation\nThe exposition was sponsored by the Royal Society of Arts, Manufactures and Trade, and featured over 28,000 exhibitors from 36 countries, representing a wide range of industry, technology, and the arts. William Sterndale Bennett composed music for the opening ceremony. All told, it attracted about 6.1 million visitors. Receipts (\u00a3459,632) were slightly above cost (\u00a3458,842), leaving a total profit of \u00a3790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Organisation\nIt was held in South Kensington, London, on a site now occupied by the Natural History Museum. The buildings, which occupied 21 acres, were designed by Captain Francis Fowke of the Royal Engineers, and built by Charles and Thomas Lucas and Sir John Kelk at a cost of \u00a3300,000 covered by profits from the Great Exhibition of 1851. They were intended to be permanent, and were constructed in an un-ornamented style with the intention of adding decoration in later years as funds allowed. Much of the construction was of cast-iron, 12,000 tons worth, though fa\u00e7ades were brick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0002-0001", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Organisation\nPicture galleries occupied three sides of a rectangle on the south side of the site; the largest, with a frontage on the Cromwell Road was 1150 feet long, 50 feet high and 50 feet wide, with a grand triple-arched entrance. Fowke paid particular attention to lighting pictures in a way that would eliminate glare. Behind the picture galleries were the \"Industrial Buildings\" . These were composed of \"naves\" and \"transepts\", lit by tall clerestories, with the spaces in the angles between them filled by glass-roofed courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0002-0002", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Organisation\nAbove the brick entrances on the east and west fronts were two great glass domes, each 150 feet wide and 260 feet high - at that time the largest domes ever built. The timber-framed \"Machinery Galleries\", the only parts of the structure intended to be temporary, stretched further north along Prince Consort Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Organisation\nThe opening took place on 1 May 1862. Queen Victoria, still in mourning for her consort Prince Albert did not attend, instead her cousin the Duke of Cambridge presided from a throne sited beneath the western dome. An opening address was delivered by the Earl Granville, chairman of Her Majesty's Commissioners, the group responsible for the organisation of the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Organisation\nAn official closing ceremony took place on 1 November 1862, but the exhibition remained open to the public until 15 November 1862. Over six million people attended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0005-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Organisation\nParliament declined the Government's wish to purchase the building and the materials were sold and used for the construction of Alexandra Palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0006-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions\nThe exhibition was a showcase of the advances made in the industrial revolution , especially in the decade since the first Great Exhibition of 1851. Among the items on display were; the electric telegraph, submarine cables, the first plastic, Parkesine , machine tools, looms and precision instruments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0007-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions\nExhibits included such large pieces of machinery as parts of Charles Babbage's analytical engine, cotton mills, and maritime engines made by the firms of Henry Maudslay and Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes. There was also a range of smaller goods including fabrics, rugs, sculptures, furniture, plates, porcelain, silver and glass wares, and wallpaper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0008-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions\nThe manufacture of ice by an early refrigerator caused a sensation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0009-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions\nThe work shown by William Morris's decorative arts firm of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. attracted much notice. The exposition also introduced the use of caoutchouc for rubber production and the Bessemer process for steel manufacture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0010-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions\nWilliam England led a team of stereoscopic photographers, which included William Russell Sedgfield and Stephen Thompson, to produce a series of 350 stereo views of the exhibition for the London Stereoscopic Company. The images were made using the new collodion wet plate process which allowed exposure times of only a few seconds. These images provide a vivid three-dimensional record of the exhibition. They were on sale to the public in boxed sets and were delivered to the Queen by messenger so that she could experience the exhibition from her seclusion in mourning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0011-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions\nThe London and North Western Railway exhibited one of their express passenger locomotives, No. 531 Lady of the Lake. A sister locomotive, No. 229 Watt had famously carried Trent Affair despatches earlier that year, but the Lady of the Lake (which won a bronze medal at the exhibition) was so popular that the entire class of locomotive became known as Ladies of the Lake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0012-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions\nThere was an extensive art gallery designed to allow an even light without reflection on the pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0013-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions\nThe exhibition also included an international chess tournament, the London 1862 chess tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0014-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Exhibitions\nA large tiger skin, shot in 1860 by Colonel Charles Reid, was exhibited here. The skin was mounted by Edwin H. Ward and subsequently became \"The Leeds Tiger\", still on display at Leeds City Museum, UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0015-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Music\nUnlike The Great Exhibition of 1851, the Society of Arts chose to have a distinctive musical component to the exhibition of 1862. Music critic Henry Chorley was selected as advisor and recommended commissioning works by William Sterndale Bennett, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Daniel Auber, and Gioacchino Rossini. Being in his retirement, Rossini declined, so the Society asked Giuseppe Verdi, who eventually accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0016-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Music\nWilliam Sterndale Bennett wrote his Ode Written Expressly for the Opening of the International Exhibition (upon a text by Alfred, Lord Tennyson), Meyerbeer wrote his Fest-Ouvert\u00fcre im Marschstil, and Auber wrote his Grand triumphal march. These three works premiered at the opening of the exhibition on 1 May 1862, with the orchestra led by conductor Prosper Sainton. Controversies involving Verdi's contribution, the cantata Inno delle nazioni, prevented the work from being included in the inaugural concert. It was first performed on 24 May 1862 at Her Majesty's Theatre in a concert organized by James Henry Mapleson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0017-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Music\nAt another concert, the French pianist and composer Georges Pfeiffer created his Second Piano Concerto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0018-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Music\nThe pianist Ernst Pauer performed daily piano recitals on the stage under the western dome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0019-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Accident\nAt the opening of the exhibition on 1 May 1862, one of the attending Members of the British Parliament, 70-year-old Robert Aglionby Slaney, fell onto the ground through a gap between floorboards on a platform. He carried on with his visit despite an injured leg, but died from gangrene that set in on the 19th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0020-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Gallery\nForeigners over for the great exhibition. A satirical sketch by Frances Elizabeth Wynne", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0021-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Gallery\nThe Ross Fountain in Edinburgh, manufactured in Paris, was an exhibit at the Great London Exposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0022-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Gallery\nThe Hubert Fountain in Victoria Park, Ashford, Kent, was an exhibit at the International Exhibition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0023-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Gallery\nOld Mrs Jamborough. Punch, 14 June 1862, satirising the fashion for crinolines popular at the time of the exhibition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0024-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Gallery\nSculpture of Urania by Carrier-Belleuse atop conical mystery clock by Eug\u00e8ne Farcot. Made for Great London Exhibition of 1862", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024015-0025-0000", "contents": "1862 International Exhibition, Gallery\nThe members of the First Japanese Embassy to Europe (1862) visiting the 1862 International Exhibition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024016-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Liechtenstein general election\nGeneral elections were held in Liechtenstein in November 1862. Twelve of the seats in the Landtag were indirectly elected by electors selected by voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024016-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Liechtenstein general election, Electors\nElectors were selected through elections that were held between 3 and 17 November. Each municipality had two electors for every 100 inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024016-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Liechtenstein general election, Results\nAll 156 electors met on 24 November in Vaduz to elect 12 Landtag members and five substitute members. The Landtag members and their substitutes were elected in three ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024017-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1862. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024017-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Liverpool Town Council election\nThis was the first year that the 'Proceedings of the Council' were printed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024017-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result\nBecause eleven of the sixteen seats were uncontested, these statistics should be taken in that context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024017-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nAt the meeting of the Council on 10 November 1862, the terms of office of eight alderman expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024017-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections\nThe following eight were elected as Aldermen by the Council (Aldermen and Councillors) on 10 November 1862 for a term of six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024017-0005-0000", "contents": "1862 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 15, South Toxteth, November 1862\nCaused by the election of Councillor John Farnworth (Conservative, South Toxteth, elected 1 November 1861) by the Council as an alderman on 10 November 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024017-0006-0000", "contents": "1862 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 1, Everton & Kirkdale, November 1862\nCaused by the election of Councillor Maurice Hubback (Conservative, Everton & Kirkdale, elected 1 November 1862) by the Council as an alderman on 10 November 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 92], "content_span": [93, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024017-0007-0000", "contents": "1862 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No.\u00a0?, November 1862\nCaused by the election of Councillor John Grant Morris (Party?, ward?, elected\u00a0???) by the Council as an alderman on 10 November 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024018-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1862 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024018-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nGovernor John Albion Andrew was re-elected to a third term in office over Democratic General Charles Devens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024019-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 83rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1862 during the governorship of John Albion Andrew. John Henry Clifford served as president of the Senate and Alexander Hamilton Bullock served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024020-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Melbourne Cup\nThe 1862 Melbourne Cup was a two mile  handicap horse race which took place on Thursday, 13 November 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024020-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Melbourne Cup\nThis year was the second running of the Melbourne Cup and Archer's back-to-back wins would not be repeated again for over one hundred years, until Rain Lover's wins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024020-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Melbourne Cup\nThis is the list of placegetters for the 1862 Melbourne Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024021-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1862 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1862. Incumbent Republican Austin Blair defeated Democratic nominee Byron G. Stout with 52.53% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024022-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Montgomeryshire by-election\nThe 1862 Montgomery by-election was a parliamentary by-election held on 14 July 1862 for the British House of Commons constituency of Montgomeryshire, known at the time as Montgomery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024022-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Montgomeryshire by-election, Cause\nThe seat had become vacant when the constituency's Member of Parliament (MP), Herbert Williams-Wynn died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024022-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Montgomeryshire by-election, Candidates\n- Charles Williams-Wynn was the son of Charles Wiliams-Wynn, who was M.P. for Montgomeryshire 1796\u20131850, and was a Deputy Lieutenant and J.P. for Montgomeryshire, and captain in the Montgomery Yeomanry Cavalry. He was the Conservative Party candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024022-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 Montgomeryshire by-election, Candidates\n- Sudeley Hanbury-Tracy was a British colliery owner. He succeeded his father as Baron Sudeley in February 1863, aged 25. He also succeeded his father as Lord-Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire, a post he held until his death aged 40. He was the Liberal Party candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024023-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Morpeth colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Morpeth on 18 September 1862 because David Buchanan was insolvent and resigned his seat. Buchanan had unsuccessfully sued the Sydney Morning Herald for libel and was required to pay their legal costs. He was unable to pay and declared himself bankrupt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024024-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 New England colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of New England on 28 June 1862 because George Markham resigned, to be appointed superintendent for the southern district in the establishment of the Police Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024025-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 New Jersey gubernatorial election\nThe 1862 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1862. Democratic nominee Joel Parker defeated Republican nominee Marcus Lawrence Ward with 56.8% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024026-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 New York state election\nThe 1862 New York state election was held on November 4, 1862, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner, an Inspector of State Prisons and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024026-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 New York state election, History\nThe Constitutional Union state convention met on September 9 at Association Hall in Troy, New York. B. Davis Noxon was temporary chairman and made a speech stating that the object of this political body was to stop the American Civil War. Eli P. Morton was chosen president of the convention. Ballots were taken for governor and lieutenant governor. The vote stood as follows. For governor: Horatio Seymour 32, John Adams Dix 20, Millard Fillmore 6, Frederick A. Tallmadge 1, James Brooks 1, Lorenzo Burrows 1. For lieutenant governor: William C. Hasbrouck 29, Burrows 13, Washington Hunt 8, Brooks 3, William Duer 2, Tallmadge 1. No ticket was nominated, the Constitutional Unionists instead joined the Democratic convention on the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024026-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 New York state election, History\nThe Democratic state convention met on September 10 at Tweddle Hall in Albany, New York. Henry C. Murphy was temporary chairman until the choice of Alonzo C. Paige as chairman. Ex-Governor Horatio Seymour (who was in office 1853\u201354, and had already twice lost the gubernatorial elections in 1850 and 1854) was nominated for governor by acclamation. Seymour then made a lengthy speech disagreeing with the political course of the Republican federal government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024026-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 New York state election, History\nThe Republican state convention met on September 24 at Wieting Hall in Syracuse, New York. Ex-Chief Judge Alexander S. Johnson (a former Democrat) was temporary chairman until the choice of Henry J. Raymond as president. James S. Wadsworth was nominated for governor on the first ballot. Lyman Tremain (a former Democrat) was nominated for lieutenant governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024026-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 New York state election, Result\nThe whole Democratic/Constitutional Union ticket was elected. The total votes cast were more than 70,000 less than in the previous election because the soldiers in the field were not allowed to vote, which is believed to have given a slight majority (about 10,000 votes of a total of more than 600,000) to those opposed to the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024026-0005-0000", "contents": "1862 New York state election, Result\nThe incumbent Skinner was re-elected. The incumbent Hughes was defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024026-0006-0000", "contents": "1862 New York state election, Result\n64 Republicans and 64 Democrats were elected for the session of 1863 to the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024027-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Northumberland colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Northumberland on 23 December  1862 because Thomas Lewis resigned, as he was unable to afford to attend to the Legislative Assembly at a time when members were not paid. He accepted an appointment as an inspector of coal fields in February 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024028-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Norwegian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1862. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting was reduced from 117 to 111. Voter turnout was 44.6%, although only 4.8% of the country's population was eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024029-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Open Championship\nThe 1862 Open Championship was the third Open Championship and was again held at Prestwick Golf Club, Ayrshire, Scotland. Four professionals and four amateurs contested the event, with Tom Morris, Sr. winning the championship for the second time, by 13 shots from Willie Park, Sr..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024029-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Open Championship\nAs in previous years, the contest was held over three rounds of the 12-hole links course. There was no prize money, the winner receiving the Challenge Belt for the next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024029-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Open Championship\nAfter the first round Morris led by seven strokes over Park, a lead extended to 11 shots after the second round. Eventually Morris won by 13 strokes, which remains the record margin of victory in the Open Championship. It was also the record margin of victory for any major championship until Tiger Woods won the 2000 U.S. Open at Pebble Beach by 15 shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024030-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Orange colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Orange on 28 June 1862 because John Peisley resigned. Piesley had rarely attended the Legislative Assembly and a public meeting in Orange called on him to attend to his parliamentary duties or resign. Piesley's letter of resignation stated that he had been unable to attend to his parliamentary duties due to the pressure of business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024031-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Oregon gubernatorial election\nThe 1862 Oregon gubernatorial election took place on June 2, 1862 to elect the governor of the U.S. state of Oregon. The election matched Republican Addison Crandall Gibbs against Democratic former member of the Territorial Legislature John F. Miller. Gibbs defeated Miller in a landslide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic\nThe 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic was a smallpox outbreak that started in Victoria on Vancouver Island and spread among the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast and into the indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau, killing a large portion of natives from the Puget Sound region to Southeast Alaska. Two-thirds of British Columbia natives died\u2014around 20,000 people. The death rate was highest in southeast Alaska and Haida Gwaii\u2014over 70% among the Haida and 60% among the Tlingit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0000-0001", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic\nAlmost all native nations along the coast, and many in the interior, were devastated, with a death rate of over 50% for the entire coast from Puget Sound to Sitka, Alaska, part of Russian America at the time. In some areas the native population fell by as much as 90%. The disease was controlled among colonists in 1862 but it continued to spread among natives through 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic\nWhile colonial authorities used quarantine and smallpox vaccine and inoculation to keep the disease from spreading among colonists and settlers, it was largely allowed to spread among indigenous peoples. The Colony of Vancouver Island made attempts to save some natives, but most were forced to leave the vicinity of Victoria back to their homelands, despite awareness that it could result in a major smallpox epidemic among natives along the Pacific Northwest coast. Many colonists and newspapers were vocally in favor of expulsion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0001-0001", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic\nThe situation in the Puget Sound region was similar, with newspapers encouraging settlers to get vaccinated, but with little effort towards protecting natives. Most papers supported removing natives. The effect of the epidemic in the Puget Sound area is not well documented and it appears it did not spread south beyond the Chehalis people of the Chehalis River area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic\nSome historians have described it as a deliberate genocide because the Colony of Vancouver Island and the Colony of British Columbia could have prevented the epidemic but chose not to, and in some ways facilitated it. According to historian Kiran van Rijn, \"opportunistic self-interest, coupled with hollow pity, revulsion at the victims, and smug feelings of inevitability, shaped the colonial response to the epidemic among First Nations\". And that for some residents of Victoria the eviction of native people was a \"long-sought opportunity\" to be rid of them and, for some, an opportunity to take over First Nation lands. Some natives believed that the epidemic was being spread deliberately for the purpose of stealing their land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic\nPacific Northwest indigenous peoples experienced several earlier smallpox epidemics, about once per generation after European contact began in the late 18th century: in the late 1770s, 1801-03, 1836-38, and 1853. These epidemics are not as well documented in historical records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Introduction and spread of smallpox\nSmallpox was brought to Victoria by the ship Brother Jonathan, which carried 350 passengers from San Francisco. The population of Victoria at the time was about 4,000 colonists and slightly more indigenous people from all over the Pacific Northwest coast camped nearby. There were several large semi-permanent native camps around Victoria at the time. The largest, known as the \"Northern Encampment\", had been in place since the gold rush of 1858 and was populated by northern coastal natives, especially Tsimshian, Haida, Tlingit, Heiltsuk, and Kwakwaka\u02bcwakw. There were also Songhees villages and other natives from nearby areas, including Halkomelem and Wakashan speaking peoples, such as the Sto:lo and Nuu-chah-nulth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 77], "content_span": [78, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0005-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Introduction and spread of smallpox\nBrother Jonathan arrived at Victoria on 12 March, 1862. The ship left the next day. On 18 March The Daily British Colonist reported one passenger had the disease. A second case was reported on 19 March. By 22 March this second infected person was in the Lower Mainland at New Westminster, having traveled across the Strait of Georgia on the Otter. On 24 March another vessel from San Francisco, the Oregon arrived with at least one passenger infected with smallpox. California was struggling with smallpox at the time, but vaccinations and other preventative measures had kept the death toll relatively low.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 77], "content_span": [78, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0006-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response\nIn late March the paper The Daily British Colonist published the first of several articles calling upon the government to take action, including quarantine and vaccination, to control the spread of smallpox among colonists as well as native people camped near Victoria. By 1 April about half of the colonists in Victoria had been vaccinated. On the same day the first infected native was reported. It is unclear how large a supply of the smallpox vaccine was available. Some sources stated that there was a shortage of vaccines. During May, 3,400 Indians along the lower Fraser River were reportedly vaccinated, as were others, in Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia. These groups avoided much deaths from the epidemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0007-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response\nGovernor James Douglas enlisted Hudson's Bay Company physician Dr. John Helmcken to vaccinate the Songhees. Little was done to prevent smallpox from spreading to the other natives encamped near Victoria. Two missionaries tended to the sick at the Northern Encampment and asked for government assistance. The colonial police commissioner, Augustus Pemberton, said the colony had no authority to interfere or even help bury the dead. On 28 April the Daily British Colonist called upon the government to \"remove...the entire Indian population\" from the Victoria area. Pemberton, with Governor Douglas's permission, ordered the Tsimshians to leave within one day, had a gunboat stationed to enforce the order, and placed armed guards around Victoria to prevent natives from entering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0008-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response\nMost of the Tsimshians left on 1 May, along with a number of Haida and Tlingit. However during May the epidemic continued to ravage the natives still living in the Northern Encampment. Many moved to other nearby camps. The Haida set up a large camp at Cadboro Bay. In early May two gunboats arrived, HMS Grappler and HMS Forward. On 11 May Police Commissioner Pemberton brought the gunboats and many policemen to Cadboro Bay. They forced about 300 natives to evacuate in 26 canoes. One of the gunboats towed the canoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0008-0001", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response\nWhen the Cadboro Bay camp was empty the police went to what remained of the Northern Encampment and burned all the dwellings, leaving about 200 Haidas with no canoes. On 13 May the Daily British Colonist reported that these Haida were to be evicted \"to one of the islands in the Straits\u2014there to rot and die with the loathsome disease which is now destroying the poor wretches at the rate of six each day.\" Police efforts to drive the natives away from Victoria continued through late May, as small groups still remained near Victoria. Reports of natives dying of smallpox near Victoria continued into June. The number of native deaths near Victoria in 1862 is not known, but on 11 June newspapers reported about 1,000 to 1,200 unburied Northern Indian corpses just west of Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0009-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response\nIn April, when the outbreak was just starting, Dr. Helmcken vaccinated about 500 Songhees. On 29 April the Songhees abandoned their villages and moved to Discovery Island in Haro Strait. Due to this and Dr. Helmcken's vaccines the Songhees survived the epidemic with few deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0010-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response\nMost of the Halkomelem-speaking people of the Lower Mainland were saved due to the vaccination efforts of missionaries. The Catholic Oblate missionary Leon Fouquet and his partner Father Pandosy vaccinated a large number Halkomelem peoples such as the Cowichan Quwutsun, as well as some members of other groups like the Squamish and Shishalh. Fourquet also sent a large supply of vaccine to Casimir Chirouse at Tulalip. Chirouse vaccinated most of the Tulalip and Nooksack people. In August, when smallpox arrived in the Puget Sound area the Tulalip and Nooksack were mostly safe, while other native groups were devastated. The Anglican missionary John Good vaccinated the Snuneymuxw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0011-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Response\nSome Hudson's Bay Company officials took part in vaccination efforts, such as Hamilton Moffat who vaccinated over 100 natives near Fort Rupert, and William Manson who vaccinated \"a large number\" at Fort Kamloops. Despite Manson's efforts he reported \"violent outbreaks\" of smallpox in the Kamloops area. Some natives attempted to inoculate themselves, although how many and how effective it was is not known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0012-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north\nStarting in May, 1862, thousands of infected natives were evicted from the Victoria area and forced to return to their homes in the north, all along the coast from Nanaimo to the Stikine River in southeast Alaska. Unlike the region around the Salish Sea the northern coast had little previous exposure to smallpox and no vaccines available. As the disease spread indigenous peoples suffered devastating losses. There are no first-hand accounts of the initial stages of the epidemic in the north. By mid-June Victoria newspapers began receiving reports of the toll the disease was taking. The Pentlatch, Eeksen, and Qualicom peoples were greatly reduced and merged with the K'\u00f3moks (Comox). Although a few Shishalh people had been vaccinated the nation as a whole was devastated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0013-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north\nMany Kwakwaka\u02bcwakw lived near Fort Rupert, on northern Vancouver Island. Over the summer of 1862 various ships reported high death tolls. The disease reduced the Kwakwaka\u02bcwakw population by over 50%. Likewise there were harrowing reports about the Heiltsuk people of the Bella Bella area. On 18 July 1862 the Daily British Colonist reported that smallpox had killed about 60% of the Heiltsuk people. Robert Boyd estimates the Heiltsuk population fell by about 72% due to the epidemic. Many villages were abandoned and survivors soon moved to the consolidated settlement at Bella Bella. Large areas of traditional Heiltsuk territory were abandoned. By 1899 the Heiltsuk population had dropped to 319, almost all at Bella Bella. The Nuxalk people were also decimated by smallpox, with a loss of about 58%, and a similar abandonment of villages and whole regions, with consolidation at Bella Coola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0014-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north\nThe Haida people suffered the most from the smallpox epidemic. Haida Gwaii experienced a large amount of village abandonment and consolidation. No contemporary accounts describe what happened when the first infected Haida returned, but later reports suggest that smallpox circulated among Haida villages for over a year killing about 72% of the Haida people. Many historic Haida villages were abandoned in the years following the epidemic, including Ninstints, Kloo, Skedans, Cumshewa, Dadens, Haina, Hiellen, Kung, Klinkwan, and \"Old\" Kasaan, among others. Survivors consolidated in four main settlements: Skidegate, Masset, Hydaburg, and \"New\" Kasaan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0015-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north\nThe Tsimshian forced away from Victoria brought smallpox to Fort Simpson, whence it spread widely starting in June of 1862. By early July the native settlement outside the fort was deserted due to deaths and people fleeing the area. The Tsimshian settlement at Metlakatla had only just been founded by the missionary William Duncan, who intended it to be a utopian Christian community. Duncan was able to quarantine Metlakatla by refusing to allow natives to be admitted who showed any signs of smallpox. His efforts resulted in Metlakatla being mostly spared from the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0015-0001", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north\nDuncan also used the epidemic to proselytize, saying that the epidemic had been sent by God as a punishment for the sins of the Tsimshian, and that those who repented and \"came to Jesus\" and were baptized would be spared. Duncan also recorded news about the spread of the disease up the Skeena River, and elsewhere, as refugees sought entrance to Metlakatla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0016-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north\nTlingits driven from Victoria brought smallpox to the Stikine River area. Some of the refugees were escorted by the gunboat HMS Topaz all the way from Victoria to Alaska. No records survive of the situation in the Stikine area during July and August, when the epidemic was likely at its height. In early September HMS Devastation visited the area and noted major population loss and the continuing spread of smallpox. The epidemic spread north into the Alexander Archipelago but was limited due to an extensive Russian vaccination program. Some Tlingit groups had not been part of the Russian program and these were decimated by the disease, especially the Henya Tlingit of northern Prince of Wales island. The Mainland Tlingit suffered losses of about 60%, and the Island Tlingit about 37%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0017-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Spread to the north\nOther indigenous peoples who suffered major population loss include the Saanich (about 72%), Nisga'a (about 37%), Gitxsan (about 22%), Sabassas or Kitkatla Tsimshian (about 67%), Wuikinuxv (Oweekeno), as well as the interior nations of the Nlaka'pamux, St\u02bcat\u02bcimc, Dakelh, Tsilhqot\u02bcin, and Secwepemc, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0018-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Aftermath\nUp until the 1862\u20131863 epidemic the colonial authorities acquired indigenous land through treaties. Governor James Douglas had signed 14 land cession treaties on Vancouver Island, known as the Douglas Treaties. In 1864, after the epidemic, the colony's Chief Commissioner of Land and Works Joseph Trutch decided to stop recognizing indigenous title and abandon the treaty process. This set the precedent of British Columbia taking indigenous land by fiat rather than treaty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0019-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Aftermath\nThe large population losses also caused widespread native village abandonment and consolidation, cultural loss, increased conflict and hostility with colonists. In Haida Gwaii, following the 1862 epidemic, over nineteen villages diminished to four by the early 20th entury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024032-0020-0000", "contents": "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, Aftermath\nThe Tsilhqot\u02bcin people resisted when a wagon road began to be built through their territory without permission, resulting in the Chilcotin War. One of the foremen of the road-building project threatened the Tsilhqot\u02bcin with smallpox. The war ended with the hanging of six Tsilhqot\u02bcin chiefs. In 2014 British Columbia Premier Christy Clark formally exonerated the executed chiefs and apologized for these acts, acknowledging that \"there is an indication [that smallpox] was spread intentionally.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024033-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Philadelphia mayoral election\nThe 1862 Philadelphia mayoral election saw the reelection of Alexander Henry to a third consecutive term. It was the first Philadelphia mayoral election to a three-year term, as previous elections since 1854 had been for two-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024034-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Shoalhaven colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Shoalhaven in January 1861 because John Garrett resigned to become a police magistrate at Scone. The by-election allowed John Robertson to return to the Legislative Assembly after the Legislative Council had passed the Robertson Land Acts, which would open up the free selection of Crown land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024035-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 South Australian colonial election\nColonial elections were held in South Australia from 10 November to 28 November 1862. All 36 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024035-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 South Australian colonial election\nSince the inaugural 1857 election, no parties or solid groupings had been formed, which resulted in frequent changes of the Premier. If for any reason the incumbent Premier of South Australia lost sufficient support through a successful motion of no confidence at any time on the floor of the house, he would tender his resignation to the Governor of South Australia, which would result in interested members declaring their intent to run for the vacant position. A parliamentary ballot would then take place, resulting in the member with the most votes being sworn in by the Governor as the next Premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024035-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 South Australian colonial election\nInformal groupings began and increased government stability occurred from the 1887 election. The United Labor Party would be formed in 1891, while the National Defence League would be formed later in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024036-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Town of New Plymouth by-election\nThe 1862 Town of New Plymouth by-election was a by-election held  on 5 May in the Town of New Plymouth electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024036-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Town of New Plymouth by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, William Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024036-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 Town of New Plymouth by-election\nWatt was the only nomination, so was declared elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024037-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 United States elections\nThe 1862 United States elections occurred in the middle of Republican President Abraham Lincoln's first term, during the Third Party System and the Civil War. Members of the 38th United States Congress were chosen in this election. West Virginia and Nevada joined the union during the 38th Congress, but several states were in rebellion, reducing the size of both chambers of Congress. The Republican Party kept control of Congress, although it was reduced to a plurality in the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024037-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 United States elections\nIn the House, Democrats won several seats, ending the Republican majority. Republicans won a plurality of seats, while several seats were occupied by politicians identifying as Unionists. Republican Schuyler Colfax won election as Speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024037-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 United States elections\nIn the Senate, Republicans picked up a small number of seats, retaining a commanding majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024038-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1862 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont was held on Tuesday, September 2. In keeping with the \"Mountain Rule\", incumbent Republican Frederick Holbrook was a candidate for a second one-year term. The Democratic nominee was Benjamin H. Smalley, who had been on the ballot in 1861 as the gubernatorial candidate of the \"Peace Democrats,\" who favored compromise with the Confederacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024038-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Vermont gubernatorial election\nVermont continued to strongly support the Union and the Republican Party. Holbrook was backed by Republicans and pro-Union Democrats, and easily defeated Smalley to win a one-year term that began on October 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024039-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Warwick colonial by-election\nThe Warwick colonial by-election, 1862 was a by-election held on 4 February 1862 in the electoral district of Warwick for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024039-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 Warwick colonial by-election, History\nOn 14 January 1862, St. George Richard Gore, member for Warwick, resigned to contest a ministerial by-election after being made Secretary of Public Lands and Works. He was defeated by John Gore Jones at the resulting by-election on 4 February 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024040-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 Wellington colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Wellington on 26 February 1861 because of the resignation of Silvanus Daniel, who was then appointed a Commissioner of Crown Lands, a position he had held prior to entering parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024041-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 West Moreton colonial by-election\nThe West Moreton colonial by-election, 1862 was a by-election held on 15 December 1862 in the electoral district of West Moreton for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024041-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 West Moreton colonial by-election, History\nOn 3 November 1862, Joseph Fleming, the member for West Moreton, resigned. Joshua Peter Bell won the resulting by-election on 15 December 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the United States House of Representatives were held during President Abraham Lincoln's first term at various dates in different states from June 1862 to November 1863. Republicans lost 22 seats and the majority, while Democrats gained 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe Civil War to date had been only weakly successful for the Union, but had wrought major, disruptive change in the size and reach of the Federal Government, which before the war had been small and little seen beyond post offices, customs houses in ports, and scattered military posts. The Republican Party was also relatively new, yet had led the Union down a radical path of rapid industrialization and destructive total war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections\nVoters turned on the Administration over its failure to deliver a swift victory over the Confederate rebellion (at times verging on military incompetence), along with rising inflation and new taxes to pay for the war effort, the suspension of habeas corpus, and the introduction of conscription.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections\nExpressing a typical sentiment, the Cincinnati Gazette had editorialized that voters \"are depressed by the interminable nature of this war, as so far conducted, and by the rapid exhaustion of the national resources without progress.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections\nShort of a majority, Republicans retained control with the support of the Unionist Party. In September 1862, President Lincoln had warned the South that he planned by executive order, and as a war measure, to liberate all slaves in rebelling states as of January 1, 1863. The popularity of emancipation varied by region. It was more popular in New England and areas near the Great Lakes, and less popular in cities with large immigrant populations and in the southern portion of the North.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0005-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections\nWhile Democrats hailed the elections as a repudiation of emancipation, the results did not alter Lincoln's plan or hamper prosecution of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0006-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections\nIn Lincoln's home district of Springfield, Illinois, John T. Stuart, a Democrat and one of Lincoln's former law partners, defeated the Republican incumbent. A fear of an influx of freed slaves competing for jobs and depressing wages, and a desire by white voters to prevent black suffrage, helped drive this result and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0007-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections\nThe sitting House Speaker, Galusha Grow of Pennsylvania, also lost re-election, but he would return to the House 30 years later in 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0008-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nThe eight Representatives remaining from Tennessee and Virginia in the 37th Congress were absent from the 38th Congress. Other seceded states remained unrepresented, leaving 58 vacancies Upon admission, West Virginia was allotted three Representatives  and during the second session one seat was added for the new state of Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0009-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries\nReapportionment transpired according to the 1860 Census, under the 1850 Apportionment Act providing a total of 233 seats. A later Act added eight seats, increasing the total to 241.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0010-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections\nThere were seven special elections during the 37th Congress, and two during the 38th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0011-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Alabama\nAlabama elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0012-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Arkansas\nArkansas elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0013-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, California\nNote: From statehood to 1866, California's representatives were elected state-wide at-large, with the top two vote-getters winning election from 1849 to 1858. In 1860, when California gained a seat, the top three vote-getters were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0014-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, California\nCalifornia elected its members September 2, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0015-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Connecticut\nConnecticut elected its members April 6, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0016-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Florida\nFlorida elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0017-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Georgia\nGeorgia elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0018-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Kentucky\nKentucky elected its members August 3, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0019-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Louisiana\nLouisiana elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0020-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Maryland\nMaryland elected its members November 3, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0021-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Mississippi\nMississippi elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0022-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, New York\nNew York elected its members November 4, 1862. The state lost two seats in reapportionment, going from 33 members to 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0023-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina\nNorth Carolina elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0024-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Rhode Island\nRhode Island elected its members April 1, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 76], "content_span": [77, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0025-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina\nSouth Carolina elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0026-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Tennessee\nTennessee elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0027-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Texas\nTexas elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 69], "content_span": [70, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0028-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Vermont\nVermont elected its members September 1, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0029-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Virginia\nVirginia elected its members May 28, 1863, but they were all disqualified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 72], "content_span": [73, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0030-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, West Virginia\nWest Virginia elected three representatives on October 22, 1863 after becoming a state on June 20, 1863 but before the Congress convened. It was made up of three districts that previously belonged to Virginia, all of which were vacant before the elections. They were seated on December 7, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0031-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Wisconsin\nWisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 4, 1862, picking up two Democratic gains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024042-0032-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections, Wisconsin\nThree of seats were newly apportioned. One incumbent was redistricted and won re-election, but died three weeks after the general election. A special election was held December 30, 1862, to replace him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 73], "content_span": [74, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections\nThe United States Senate elections of 1862 and 1863 were elections during the American Civil War in which Republicans increased their control of the U.S. Senate. The Republican Party gained three seats, bringing their majority to two-thirds of the body. Also caucusing with them were Unionists and Unconditional Unionists, giving them a commanding majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections\nAs many Southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861, six senators resigned to join the Confederacy, and 14 were expelled for supporting the rebellion: these seats were declared vacant. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections\nAs this election was prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 37th Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were seated during 1862 or in 1863 before March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0004-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections leading to the 38th Congress\nIn these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1863; ordered by state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 100], "content_span": [101, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0005-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 38th Congress\nIn these elections, the winners were elected in 1863 after March 4; ordered by election date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 96], "content_span": [97, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0006-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Illinois (Special)\nRepublican appointee Orville Browning, who had been appointed in June 1861 on the death of Stephen A. Douglas, retired instead of running to finish the class 2 term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0007-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Illinois (Special)\nDemocrat William Richardson won the January 12, 1863 special election over Governor of Illinois Richard Yates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0008-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Illinois (Special)\nRichardson would lose renomination in the 1865 election to the next term, which Yates would win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0009-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Special)\nDemocratic incumbent Jesse D. Bright was expelled from the Senate February 5, 1862 for supporting the Confederacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0010-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Special)\nThe governor appointed Unionist former-Governor Joseph A. Wright February 24, 1862, until a successor could be elected to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0011-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Special)\nDemocrat David Turpie was elected to finish the term, ending March 3, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0012-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Special)\nTurpie was not a candidate for the next term, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0013-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Regular)\nDemocratic former member of the U.S. House, Thomas A. Hendricks, who had not been a candidate to finish the current term, was elected in 1862 to the next term, starting March 4, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0014-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Maine\nFirst-term Republican Lot M. Morrill was elected to his first full term January 13, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0015-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts\nSumner would be re-elected again in 1869 and serve until his death in 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0016-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Minnesota\nMinnesota's U.S. Senate election was held January 14, 1863 by the state legislature in a joint convention. Alexander Ramsey was a former Whig U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania's 14th Congressional District (1843-1847), former Minnesota Territorial Governor (1849-1853), former Mayor of St. Paul (1855), and sitting Minnesota Governor (1860-1863). Ramsey's main challengers for the Republican nomination were Cyrus Aldrich, David Cooper, and James Smith during balloting on January 12, 1863. Andrew G. Chatfield was a former New York state legislator and Associate Justice of the Minnesota Territorial Supreme Court (1849-1858).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0017-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Missouri, Missouri (Regular)\nDemocrat Trusten Polk was expelled January 10, 1862 from the Class 1 seat for supporting the rebellion. Unionist (and later Unconditional Unionist) John B. Henderson was appointed January 17, 1862 to finish the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0018-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Missouri, Missouri (Special)\nDemocrat Waldo P. Johnson was expelled January 10, 1862 from the Class 3 seat for supporting the rebellion. Unionist (and later Unconditional Unionist) Robert Wilson was appointed January 17, 1862 to continue the term, pending a special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0019-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Missouri, Missouri (Special)\nFellow Unconditional Unionist Benjamin Gratz Brown was elected and would align with the Radical Republicans. He would retire at the end of his term in 1867 due to ill health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0020-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New Jersey\nIn both elections, the New Jersey legislature elected its senators in joint convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0021-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New Jersey, New Jersey (Special)\nWall was not elected to the next term, so he only served for less than two months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0022-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe New York election was held February 3, 1863 by the New York State Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0023-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York\nRepublican Preston King had been elected in February 1857 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0024-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York\nAt the State election in November 1861, 22 Republicans and 10 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1862\u20131863) in the state senate. At the state election in November 1862, Democrat Horatio Seymour was elected governor; and a tied Assembly of 64 Republicans and Democrats each was elected for the session of 1863. In December, in the 15th Senate District, Republican William Clark was elected for the session of 1863 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Democrat John Willard. The 86th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 25, 1863, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0025-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe election of a Speaker proved to be difficult in the stalemated Assembly. The Democrats voted for Gilbert Dean, the Republicans for Henry Sherwood, of Steuben Co. The Republicans, led by Chauncey M. Depew, became worried about the U.S. Senate election, due to occur on the first Tuesday in February. If the Assembly was not organized by then, the seat would become vacant, and could remain so until the next elected Assembly met in 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0025-0001", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe Republicans, with a majority of 14 on joint ballot, were anxious to fill the seat, to have a maximum of support for President Abraham Lincoln in the U.S. Senate during the ongoing American Civil War. Theophilus C. Callicot, a Democratic assemblyman from Brooklyn, approached Depew to propose a deal: the Republicans should vote for Callicot as Speaker, and Callicot would help to elect the Republican candidate to the U.S. Senate. Depew put the proposition before the Republican caucus, and they accepted. On January 16, Sherwood and Dean withdrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0025-0002", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe Republicans then voted for Callicot, the Democrats for Eliphaz Trimmer, of Monroe Co.. The Democrats, whose intention it was to prevent the election of a U.S. Senator, managed to postpone the vote for Speaker by filibustering for another ten days, but on January 26, Callicot was elected Speaker on the 92nd ballot (vote: Callicot 61, Trimmer 59, 3 Democrats were absent and 3 Republicans were paired). Thus the Assembly was organized to begin the session of 1863, three weeks late but in time for the U.S. Senate election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0026-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe caucus of Republican State legislators met on February 2, State Senator Alexander H. Bailey presided. They nominated Ex-Governor Edwin D. Morgan (in office 1859\u20131862) for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent senator Preston King was voted down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0027-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York\nThe caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on the evening of February 2, State Senator John V. L. Pruyn presided. They did not nominate any candidate, instead adopting a resolution that \"each Democratic member of the Legislature be requested to name for that office such person as he deems proper.\" They met again on the morning of February 3, and nominated Congressman Erastus Corning. The vote in an informal ballot stood: 28 for Corning, 21 for Fernando Wood, and 18 scattering. Wood's name was however withdrawn and Cornings nomination was made unanimous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0028-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York\nIn the Assembly, Edwin D. Morgan received the votes of the 64 Republicans, and Erastus Corning the votes of 62 Democrats. Bernard Hughes (Dem. ), of New York City, voted for Ex-Mayor of New York Fernando Wood, and Speaker Callicot voted for John Adams Dix. Thus the vote was tied, and no choice made. Speaker Callicot, although elected by the Republicans, refused to vote for the Republican caucus nominee, insisting in his vote for Dix who had been U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury as a Democrat, but was now a Union general in the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0028-0001", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York\nA second ballot was then taken, and the Republicans took Callicot's hint, and voted for Dix who was nominated by the Assembly. Thus Callicot kept his part of the bargain, knowing that, on joint ballot, the Republican state senate majority will outvote the Democrats, and elect their candidate. It was just necessary that the Assembly nominate somebody, so that it became possible to proceed to a joint ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0029-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York\nBoth houses of the legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0030-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, New York\nEdwin D. Morgan was declared elected after a joint ballot of the state legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0031-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nThe Pennsylvania election was held January 13, 1863. Charles Buckalew was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0032-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1863, to elect a senator as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0033-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island\nTwo-term (once in the 1840s and again until 1863) Republican James F. Simmons resigned August 15, 1862 as the Senate was preparing to expel him for bribery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0034-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island, Rhode Island (Special)\nRepublican Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island Samuel G. Arnold was elected September 5, 1862 to finish Simmons's term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0035-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island, Rhode Island (Regular)\nRepublican Governor of Rhode Island William Sprague IV was elected to the next term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 82], "content_span": [83, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0036-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, West Virginia\nPeter G. Van Winkle and Waitman T. Willey, both Unconditional Unionists, were elected August 4, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0037-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, West Virginia\nVan Winkle would serve just until the 1869 end of his term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024043-0038-0000", "contents": "1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections, West Virginia\nBefore being elected senator from West Virginia, Willey was a senator from Virginia representing the Restored Government of Virginia, presenting their petition to Congress for West Virginia's statehood. He would be re-elected in 1865 to the next term served until the end of that term in 1871.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024044-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1862 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024045-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in Australian literature\nThis article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024045-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 in Australian literature, Births\nA list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1862 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024045-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 in Australian literature, Deaths\nA list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1862 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024048-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in Canada, Historical documents\nPublished letter describes Fraser River riches in the Cariboo Gold Rush", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024048-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 in Canada, Historical documents\nSettling Indigenous people near Winnipeg is opposed by residents in published letter", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024049-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1862 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024057-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1862 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024057-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 in New Zealand, Sport, Lawn bowls\nThe Auckland club is now playing on its own green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024057-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 in New Zealand, Sport, Rowing\n1 January \u2013 The first recorded rowing regatta takes place on Lyttelton Harbour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024057-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 in New Zealand, Sport, Rowing\nLater in the year the Canterbury Rowing Club is formed to row on the Avon River in Christchurch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024062-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in Siam\nThe year 1862 was the 81st year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam (now known as Thailand). It was the twelfth year in the reign of King Mongkut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024063-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1862 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024065-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1862 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024066-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in architecture\nThe year 1862 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024068-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in literature\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024069-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024070-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in poetry\n-- first stanza of Julia Ward Howe's Battle Hymn of the Republic conceived as both poem and lyrics to a popular tune and first published in February in The Atlantic Monthly", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024070-0001-0000", "contents": "1862 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024070-0002-0000", "contents": "1862 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024070-0003-0000", "contents": "1862 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024071-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024072-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in science\nThe year 1862 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024073-0000-0000", "contents": "1862 in sports\n1862 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0000-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections\nArgentina held nine presidential elections between 1862 and 1910, every six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0001-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, Background\nThese elections were all indirectly decided in the electoral college, and not reflective of popular vote (whose turnout averaged 10% of male suffrage). The cosmetic nature of this electoral system, which became known locally as the voto cantado (the \"outspoken vote\" because of its non secrecy), resulted from a period of intermittent civil wars between those who favored a united Argentina with a strong central government (Unitarians) and Buenos Aires Province leaders who favored an independent nation of their own (Federalists). These conflicts had dominated local political life since 1820, and did not immediately subside with the enactment of the Argentine Constitution of 1853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0002-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, Background\nThe military guarantor of the Argentine Confederation, General Justo Jos\u00e9 de Urquiza, lost control over his appointed successor, Santiago Derqui, and this led Buenos Aires Governor Bartolom\u00e9 Mitre to take up arms in defense of autonomy against what he saw as Derqui's reneging on their 1860 gentlemen's agreement. Victorious at the 1861 Battle of Pav\u00f3n, Mitre obtained important concessions from the national army - notably the amendment of the Constitution to provide for indirect elections through an electoral college comprised - by design - somewhat disproportionately of electors from the nation's hinterland provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0003-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1862\nA skilled negotiator, Mitre placated restive sentiment in Buenos Aires and Entre R\u00edos Provinces (where separatist sentiment was highest), and nominated Marcos Paz, a Federalist and former Mitre foe, as his running mate. Arranging an electoral college election on September 4, 1862, he and Paz received the body's unanimous support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0004-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1868\nPresiding over a prosperous economy overshadowed somewhat by the costly Paraguayan War, President Mitre was at pains to avoid risking the tenuous national unity his administration had secured. Though he hand-picked prospective candidates, Mitre avoided the appearance of direct support for any one figure, while limiting the field to those he considered acceptable. Electors from Buenos Aires Province favored Autonomist Party candidate Adolfo Alsina, who was instead persuaded by Mitre to run for the vice-presidency. The nomination was handed to the Ambassador to the United States, Domingo Sarmiento, who remained at his post and did not campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0004-0001", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1868\nMitre also supported former Unitarian Party leader Rufino de Elizalde and his running mate General Wenceslao Paunero, a key figure in Mitre's victory at the Battle of Pav\u00f3n. These candidates were all preferred by the president over that year's dark horse, former President Justo Jos\u00e9 de Urquiza (whom Mitre attempted to dissuade from running for fear of the separatist conflict his presence might provoke).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0005-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1868\nThese candidates were, with the exception of Sarmiento, contentious in many circles and provided the new system its first real test. The electoral college met on April 12, 1868, and selected Sarmiento by 79 out of 131 votes, making this the only closely contested race during this era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0006-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1874\nPresident Sarmiento's pragmatic approach to Buenos Aires demands and his successful control of separatist revolts in the north paved the way to high office for his vice president, Autonomist Party leader Adolfo Alsina. Alsina gained the support of a sizable facion of Mitre's Nationalist Party, resulting in the formation of the paramount political group in Argentina for the next 42 years: The National Autonomist Party (PAN). Mitre himself did not support Alsina, however, whom he viewed as a veiled Buenos Aires separatist. The elder statesman ran for the presidency again, though the seasoned Alsina outmaneuvered him by fielding Nicol\u00e1s Avellaneda, a moderate lawyer from remote Tucum\u00e1n Province. The electoral college met on April 12, 1874, and awarded Mitre only three provinces, including Buenos Aires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0007-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1874\nAs he had repeatedly up to 1861, Mitre took up arms again. Hoping to prevent Avellaneda's October 12 inaugural, he mutineered a gunboat; he was defeated, however, and only President Avellaneda's commutation spared his life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0008-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1880\nA leader of the Conquest of the Desert, as well as of the suppression of Mitre's 1874 uprising and others, President Avellaneda had decided on General Julio Roca as his successor, early on. Memories of Mitre's defeat did not sit well with Buenos Aires separatists, and this faction nominated the Governor of Buenos Aires Province, Carlos Tejedor. Roca's April 11, 1880, selection by the electoral college was followed by Tejedor's armed insurrection, and though the latter was defeated, Mitre brokered negotiations between Tejedor's separatists and the national government. These negotiations eventually result in the Federalization of Buenos Aires in September, stabilizing the powerful province's position within Argentina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0009-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1886\nConfident of his authority following six years of peace and prosperity, President Roca was by then known for his shrewdness as \"the fox.\" Enjoying the support of the agricultural elites - as well as of the London financial powerhouse, Barings Bank - Roca daringly fielded his brother-in-law, C\u00f3rdoba Province Governor Miguel Ju\u00e1rez Celman, as the PAN candidate for president. A number of distinguished candidates appeared, including Buenos Aires Governor Dardo Rocha and Foreign Minister Bernardo de Irigoyen. Roca tolerated no opposition against his dauphin, however, who was selected nearly unanimously on April 3, 1886.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0010-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1892\nAn 1888 massacre of a May Day gathering and an unprecedented financial crisis led to the formation of the first meaningful opposition to develop as reform movements in urban areas, culminating in the Revolution of the Park that forced Ju\u00e1rez Celman's 1890 resignation. These developments gathered speed when the Civic Youth Union became the Radical Civic Union (UCR), in 1891. Instability also prompted moderates from within the PAN to advance a diplomat, Roque S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a, as the nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0010-0001", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1892\nRoca foiled this move by persuading former Supreme Court Chief Justice Luis S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a (Roque's father) to run - forcing the young reformist to withdraw. The UCR's appeal, for its part, helped lead President Carlos Pellegrini (who replaced the besieged Ju\u00e1rez Celman) to declare a state of siege a week before the April 10, 1892, elections. The resulting UCR electoral boycott left the ruling PAN as the only party on the ballot, handing its nominee the presidency unanimously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0011-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1898\nHaving obtained the aging Luis S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a's resignation in favor of Vice President Jos\u00e9 Evaristo Uriburu (who was good stead with both Roca and Mitre), Roca once again carried the PAN standard in 1898. The UCR, which had lost its founder, Leandro Alem, to suicide in 1896, was divided between those who backed Senator Bernardo de Irigoyen's drive to form coalitions with more conservative parties, and those who supported the party's new leader, Hip\u00f3lito Yrigoyen (who boycotted this and future \"election songs\" - establishing what later became known as the UCR's \"break before bending\" policy). Public debate was heated on the eve of the January 30 elections to a constitutional assembly entrusted to increase the number of congressmen and cabinet members, as well before the April 10, 1898, general election. The electoral college yielded no surprises, though, and Roca was returned to the presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0012-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1904\nRiding high after another term of prosperity and important diplomatic accomplishments such as the May 1902 Pact with neighboring Chile over a border dispute and Foreign Minister Luis Drago's settlement of imminent war between the German Empire and Venezuela, President Roca enlisted Congressman Manuel Quintana as the PAN standard bearer. Within the PAN itself, some dissent was evident over Roca's dominance. These voices rallied behind former Presidents Carlos Pellegrini (as an Autonomist) and Jos\u00e9 Evaristo Uriburu (as a Republican). The UCR maintained its boycott, and the aging Quintana was selected by the electoral college on April 10, 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0013-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1904\nThe year's legislative elections were more historically significant than the headline presidential selection: the Buenos Aires district of La Boca elected Alfredo Palacios, the first Socialist Congressman in the western hemisphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0014-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1910\nThe ailing President Quintana's death in 1906 was the beginning of the end of Roca's dominance of national politics and policy. Moderate opposition to the PAN had greatly eroded its majorities in Congress, the very day the president died, and within months, Bartolom\u00e9 Mitre and Carlos Pellegrini were dead, as well. President Jos\u00e9 Figueroa Alcorta defied Roca by signing many of Congressman Palacios' labor law reform bills and by 1909, Figueroa Alcorta was poised to nominate the reformist who had been turned away in 1892: Roque S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024076-0015-0000", "contents": "1862\u20131910 Argentine presidential elections, 1910\nOther prominent conservatives, such as La Naci\u00f3n publisher Emilio Mitre and Buenos Aires Governor Marcelino Ugarte, presented token candidacies. S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a, who was the Ambassador to Italy and did not campaign, was selected unanimously on April 12, 1910. He promptly began negotiations with UCR leader Hip\u00f3lito Yrigoyen for the introduction of legislation providing for universal male suffrage and the secret ballot. The president struggled over the bill with a still-conservative Congress, and on February 10, 1912, the Senate narrowly passed Law 8871. Providing for free and fair elections, as well as for the country's first uniform system of voter registration, the S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a Law brought the prolonged \"outspoken vote\" to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024077-0000-0000", "contents": "1862\u201363 Barnes F.C. season\nThis was the first season of Barnes FC following its foundation in 1862. Since a standard set of laws of football did not yet exist (the Football Association would not be founded until 1863), Barnes drew up its own rules to govern play, choosing to prohibit carrying the ball. Though its rules stated that \"the season shall commence on the first Saturday in October\", Barnes FC's first game (against neighbouring Richmond FC) is not recorded until the end of November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024077-0000-0001", "contents": "1862\u201363 Barnes F.C. season\nIn December, Barnes played Blackheath FC, a club which played a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball and \"hacking\" (kicking opponents in the shins). The resulting clash of styles forced \"mutual concessions\" to be made as to the rules for this game. It was nevertheless a lively match, featuring \"dangerous m\u00e9l\u00e9es\" in which club captain Ebenezer Morley narrowly escaped being \"garrotted\". In the first half of 1863, Barnes played against N.N. Club and Forest FC (later renamed Wanderers FC), two teams who, like Barnes, preferred a dribbling game; both would join Barnes in becoming founder members of the Football Association later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024078-0000-0000", "contents": "1863\n1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1863rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 863rd  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 63rd  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  4th   year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1863, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024079-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Akaroa by-election\nThe 1863 Akaroa by-election was a by-election held on 30 October 1863 during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament in the Canterbury electorate of Akaroa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024079-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Akaroa by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Augustus White on 28 August 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024079-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Akaroa by-election\nIt appears that there were no other candidates, and he was declared duly elected. There are no newspaper reports of a poll being held. Although two reports suggested that Captain R. Greaves was proposing to stand, a third said he had withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024080-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Antinous\n1863 Antinous /\u00e6n\u02c8t\u026ano\u028a\u0259s/, provisional designation 1948 EA, is a stony asteroid and near-Earth object, approximately 2\u20133 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1948 by American astronomer Carl Wirtanen at Lick Observatory on the summit of Mount Hamilton, California. It was named after Antinous from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024080-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Antinous, Orbit and classification\nAntinous is also classified as a Mars-crosser and Apollo asteroid. The SU/Sq-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 0.9\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,240 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.61 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024080-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Antinous, Orbit and classification\nIt has an Earth Minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of 0.1836\u00a0AU. In the 20th century Antinous passed within 30\u00a0Gm of the Earth five times; it will do so only once in the 21st. The nearest distance increases each time, from 26 to 29\u00a0Gm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024080-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 Antinous, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen and SMASS taxonomic scheme, Antinous is characterized as a SU and Sq type, respectively, which are subtypes of the broader group of S-type asteroids. The Apollo asteroid has a rotation period of 7.46 hours and an albedo between 0.10 and 0.240,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024080-0004-0000", "contents": "1863 Antinous, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Antinous from Greek mythology. Antinous was one of the many unwelcome suitors for Penelope's hand while her husband, Odysseus, was away on his travels (also see 201 Penelope and 1143 Odysseus). Antinous, being the most insolent of all, was the first to be killed by Odysseus on his return. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3935).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1863 Atlantic hurricane season featured five landfalling tropical cyclones. In the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated. There were seven recorded hurricanes and no major hurricanes, which are Category\u00a03 or higher on the modern day Saffir\u2013Simpson scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0000-0001", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season\nOf the known 1863 cyclones, seven were first documented in 1995 by Jos\u00e9 Fern\u00e1ndez-Partag\u00e1s and Henry Diaz, while the ninth tropical storm was first documented in 2003. These changes were largely adopted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in their updates to the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT), with some adjustments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season\nAlthough it is not officially listed in HURDAT, Hurricane \"Amanda\", named after a ship run aground by the storm, developed in the Gulf of Mexico on May\u00a024. First documented in 2013 by Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock, the system capsized several other ships and caused damage along the coast of the Florida Panhandle. The cyclone made landfall near Apalachicola, Florida, exceptionally early in the season, on May 28. Amanda is the only known hurricane landfall in the United States in the month of May since HURDAT records began in 1851. On land and at sea, the cyclone left at least 110\u00a0fatalities. Few other storms were notable. In August, the third official storm capsized the American brig Bainbridge off Hatteras, North Carolina, drowning 80\u00a0people. The seventh official cyclone caused 10\u00a0deaths near Tampico, Tamaulipas, after the ship J.K.L. sunk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nA Category\u00a02 hurricane was first encountered by the ship Francis B. Cutting about 630\u00a0mi (1,010\u00a0km) south-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland, on August\u00a08. With winds estimated at 105\u00a0mph (165\u00a0km/h), the storm weakened to a Category\u00a01 hurricane several hours later as it tracked northeastward. The cyclone was last noted late on August\u00a09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two\nThe ship American Congress first encountered this storm on August\u00a018, about 320\u00a0mi (510\u00a0km) south-southeast of Sable Island. Reports from American Congress and other ships in the cyclone's path suggest that the storm was a Category\u00a02 hurricane that moved east-northeastward offshore Atlantic Canada between August\u00a018 and August\u00a019. The hurricane caused the loss of the ship B.R. Millam, whose crew transferred to the Thebes, while the Herzogin lost several masts and sails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0004-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nA hurricane was first seen by the ship Addie Barnes on August\u00a019 in the western Atlantic Ocean, about midway between the southeastern Bahamas and Bermuda. It headed northwestward, causing heavy rains and damage to the Outer Banks of North Carolina, but remained offshore. It turned northeastward and made landfall near Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. Several vessels were struck by the hurricane. The American brig Bainbridge capsized in the storm off Hatteras early on August\u00a021 with the loss of 80\u00a0lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0004-0001", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nThe sole survivor was picked up by the South Boston on the evening of August\u00a022. The ship American Congress encountered this hurricane on August\u00a022 off Georges Bank. On August\u00a023, the Minor was wrecked on the south side of St Paul Island, off the northeastern tip of Nova Scotia. Two ships, including the Ashburton recorded a barometric pressure of 975\u00a0mbar (28.8\u00a0inHg), the lowest in relation to the storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0005-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four\nThis hurricane is known from two ship reports. The steamship Dolphin, sailing from Key West to New York City, encountered a hurricane on the night of August\u00a027 and for 18\u00a0hours thereafter. Wind reports from the ship suggested that the storm was a Category\u00a02 hurricane winds of 105\u00a0mph (165\u00a0km/h). The brig Camilla was struck about 200\u00a0mi (320\u00a0km) from Sandy Hook in New Jersey on August\u00a028 and forced to return to port for repairs. The storm was last noted later that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0006-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nA tropical storm was initially encountered near the Lesser Antilles on September\u00a09 by the ship Frank W.. Later that day, the ship Mary Ann was dismasted. It is estimated that the cyclone intensified into a Category\u00a01 hurricane around 12:00\u00a0UTC on September\u00a09, with winds reaching 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h). The system moved north-northwestward or northward for several days and closely approached Bermuda late on September\u00a011. Around that time, some ships to the southeast of the island were damaged during the storm and put into Bermuda as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0006-0001", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nBy early on September\u00a013, the hurricane was beginning to move in a more northeasterly direction. The bark Machae was dismasted on September\u00a014. The cyclone weakened to a tropical storm early the following day. On September\u00a016, the Glad Tiding last observed the storm about halfway between Newfoundland and Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0007-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Six\nA tropical storm formed near South Florida on September\u00a016. Later that day, the sloop Eliza was dismantled at Matanilla Reef, about 50\u00a0mi (80\u00a0km) north of Grand Bahama. Moving north-northeastward, the storm began approaching the Carolinas on September\u00a017. The cyclone intensified and peaked with winds of 70\u00a0mph (110\u00a0km/h) that same day. Around 13:00\u00a0UTC on September\u00a018, the system made landfall in Emerald Isle, North Carolina. Thereafter, the storm tracked rapidly north-northeastward and lost tropical characteristics near the Connecticut\u2013Massachusetts\u2013New York state lines early on September\u00a019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0008-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Six\nIn South Carolina, strong winds and large waves impacted the Charleston area. A number of homes were destroyed, forcing some occupants to ride out the storm completely exposed to the weather. Waves overtopped the levees, flooding army camps along the coast. On September\u00a018, two schooners were capsized in the Lower Potomac River. Crops were also destroyed in the area, while a railroad bridge was carried away. A ship was demasted off Cove Point in Chesapeake Bay on September\u00a018. Heavy rainfall in Pennsylvania resulted in flooding along the Delaware River and Lehigh Canal, especially in Easton. In Jim Thorpe, then known as Mauch Chunk, three bridges washed away, while a dam was destroyed. In New York City, gale-force winds were observed at harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0009-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven\nOn September\u00a018, a heavy northern gale wrecked the ship Smoker on the bar at Tampico, Tamaulipas, in Mexico. On September\u00a019, two ships were capsized, the John Howell and the J.K.L. After the latter sunk, 10\u00a0people drowned, including the captain. No specific locations are known for these shipwrecks so no complete track for this storm is known, but it was active in the western Gulf of Mexico beginning on September\u00a018. The storm made landfall early on September\u00a019 in a rural area of Tamaulipas to the north of Tampico. Based on John Kaplan and Mark DeMaria's inland decay model created in 1995, it is estimated that the cyclone dissipated several hours later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0010-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Eight\nThree ships reported encountering a tropical storm on September\u00a026 in the western Atlantic, beginning with the Horace E. Bell about 320\u00a0mi (510\u00a0km) west-southwest of Bermuda. Data from these ships indicated that the storm peaked with winds of 60\u00a0mph (95\u00a0km/h). The storm moved rapidly north-northwestward and was last noted offshore the Mid-Atlantic early on September\u00a027.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0011-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nine\nA tropical storm formed offshore southeast Texas on at 00:00\u00a0UTC on September\u00a029, though the system exhibited some non-tropical characteristics. Moving northeastward, the cyclone made landfall near Galveston, Texas, about twelve hours later with winds of 70\u00a0mph (110\u00a0km/h). Around that time, a barometric pressure of 999\u00a0mbar (29.5\u00a0inHg) was observed in Houston, the lowest pressure in relation to the storm. At 12:00\u00a0UTC, the cyclone transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over southwestern Louisiana. The remnants moved north-northeastward until dissipating over southern Mississippi on October\u00a01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0012-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nine\nIn Texas, strong winds and tree damage occurred at Sabine Pass, where the schooner Manhasett was driven ashore. The Manhasett, a Union ship, was then captured by the Confederates. In Louisiana, heavy rainfall at the Atchafalaya Basin over the course of two and a half days forced Confederate troops to remain at Morgan's Ferry. Rainfall from the storm in New Orleans ended a drought in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0013-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other storms, Hurricane \"Amanda\"\nBased on analysis from Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock in 2013, a tropical system developed in the Gulf of Mexico on May\u00a024. Given the name Hurricane Amanda, after a Union ship the storm washed ashore, the tropical cyclone is estimated to have intensified into a hurricane on May\u00a027. Amanda moved northward and made landfall to the west of Apalachicola, Florida, on May\u00a028. Early that day, the USS\u00a0Amanda observed a barometric pressure of 975\u00a0mbar (28.8\u00a0inHg), the lowest in association with the cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0013-0001", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other storms, Hurricane \"Amanda\"\nThe storm weakened while moving inland, before accelerating ahead of a cold front and becoming an extratropical cyclone over Kentucky late on May\u00a029. An extratropical low absorbed the remnants of the storm over Quebec on May\u00a031. According to Chenoweth, Amanda is the only documented United States landfalling hurricane in the month of May since HURDAT records began in 1851.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0014-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other storms, Hurricane \"Amanda\"\nAmanda caused heavy damage in the northeast Gulf of Mexico and the Florida Panhandle. In addition to sinking the USS Amanda, several other ships encountered the storm or were also capsized. At least 38\u00a0deaths occurred at sea. In St. Marks, Florida, strong winds destroyed homes and fences, as well as the salt works, ruining about 40,000\u00a0bushels of salt. Storm surge inundated crops and the railroad tracks. A total of 40\u00a0people and 48\u00a0mules and oxen drowned. An additional 32\u00a0people drowned at Dickerson Bay and Goose Creek. Some coastal forts were damaged, while tents and equipment used by Confederate troops were lost. In Tallahassee, heavy rainfall and severe gales were reported, damaging homes and other properties. The hurricane caused upward of 110\u00a0fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024081-0015-0000", "contents": "1863 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other storms, Newfoundland Storm\nOn September\u00a011, the ship North American reported a 'hurricane from SW' at a position that would indicate a storm centre just east of Newfoundland. No evidence of a tropical origin for this cyclone has been found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024082-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Belgian general election\nPartial general elections were held in Belgium on 9 June 1863. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 59 of the 116 seats in the Chamber of Representatives and 33 of the 58 seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was 74.5%, although only 52,519 people were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024082-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Belgian general election\nUnder the alternating system, elections for the Chamber of Representatives were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders. Additionally, special elections were held in the arrondissements of Tournai, Ghent and Hasselt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024083-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Boston mayoral election\nThe Boston mayoral election of 1863 saw Frederic W. Lincoln Jr. reelected to a fifth overall term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024084-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 California gubernatorial election\nThe 1863 California gubernatorial election was held on September 2, 1863, to elect the governor of California. Former governor John G. Downey was unsuccessful in his bid for reelection to a second, non-consecutive term, losing to former United States Representative Frederick Low.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024085-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Central Cumberland colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Central Cumberland on 6 June 1863 because of the resignation of James Atkinson due to insolvency, who then re-contested the seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election\nIn the Chicago mayoral election of 1863, Democrat Francis Cornwall Sherman won reelection, defeating National Union (Republican) nominee Thomas Barbour Bryan by an extremely narrow quarter percent margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Background\nIn 1862, Sherman had appointed a committee which recommended that Chicago pass a new city charter which would annex Bridgeport and Holstein, lengthen the terms for mayor, treasurer, collector, city attorney, and clerk of police each from one to two years. Ultimately, such a charter and measures came to pass before the 1863 mayoral election. This made 1863 the first mayoral election held to a two-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Background\nSince his 1862 mayoral victory, Sherman had, in October 1962, lost a congressional election to Isaac N. Arnold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Background\nThe election was held on April 21. It was the third of four Chicago mayoral elections which took place during the course of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0004-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Background\nTensions between the two parties were strong in the spring of 1863. Alderman Charles C. P. Holden (Sherman's 1862 mayoral opponent) had introduced several resolutions which Sherman vetoed for being too partisan. Republicans sought to see Democrats provide greater support for war measures, while Democrats were critical of President Lincoln's handling of the war. At the time the Common Council's swing vote was Alderman Shimp, a Democrat voted with the Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0005-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nThe Republican (National Union) party nominated Thomas Barbour Bryan. He had previously been an unsuccessful candidate in the 1861 mayoral election. The Democratic Party renominated Mayor Sherman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0006-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nBryan had been a reluctant candidate, as was the case when he ran in 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0007-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nSherman's candidacy benefited immensely from the support of Irish and German voters from the newly-annexed neighborhoods of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0008-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nThe Chicago Tribune characterized Sherman as being sound in his position on the war, but criticized his affiliation with the Chicago Times and copperheads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0009-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Campaigning\nThe Bridgeport ward of Chicago was nicknamed the \"Egypt of Chicago\". Democrats believed the ward alone would secure Sherman's victory, a prediction which ultimately proved true.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0010-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Results\nWith the exception of the nullified March 1844 mayoral election, Sherman's margin of victory was the narrowest in Chicago mayoral election history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0011-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Results\nBy winning this election, Sherman became the first individual to be elected to three terms as mayor of Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0012-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Results\nIn the Common Council elections held simultaneously, nineteen Democrats and twelve Republicans were elected, with an additional seat being vacant. Nearly the entire Democratic ticket was elected by majorities between 250 and 300 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0013-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Results, Controversy\nWith a narrow vote, Republicans claimed that the Democrats had won through electoral fraud. They appointed a committee to investigate, and Bryan notified Sherman that he would contest the result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024086-0014-0000", "contents": "1863 Chicago mayoral election, Results, Controversy\nUltimately, Bryan did not contest. While he believed that he had received a majority of the legal votes, and was pressured by friends to contest the election he was not greatly enough concerned about the result of the election to pursue the process of contesting it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024087-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Clarence colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of the Clarence on 23 July 1863 because Clark Irving had been absent for an entire session without leave, having travelled to England seeking the foundation of a new Anglican Diocese of Grafton & Armidale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024087-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Clarence colonial by-election, Results\nClark Irving was in England at the time of his nomination and the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024088-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Colony of Vancouver Island election\nA total of 15 members were elected to the Third House of Assembly of Vancouver Island which ruled from September 2, 1863, to August 31, 1866. This was the last parliament for an independent Colony of Vancouver Island before unification with the colony of British Columbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024088-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Colony of Vancouver Island election, Constituencies\nWilliam Alexander George Young 229 He resigned and was replaced by Charles Bedford Young October 25, 1864, who then resigned and replaced by Leonard McClure February 14, 1865. Amor De Cosmos 211Israel Wood Powell 203Joseph Charles Ridge 183. He resigned and was replaced by Selim Franklin on February 1, 1864, who then resigned and was replaced by Charles Bedford Young on May 2, 1866. Semlin Franklin 133Pidwell 91", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024088-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Colony of Vancouver Island election, Constituencies\nEdward Henry Jackson 60. He resigned and was replaced by James Dickson on September 22, 1864. William Fraser Tolmie 60James Trimble 57Mr Elliott 28", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024088-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 Colony of Vancouver Island election, Constituencies\nGeorge Foster Foster 22. He resigned and was replaced by Joseph Johnson Southgate on September 22, 1864, who then resigned and was replaced by Edward Stamp on May 18, 1866. Mr Cocker 14", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024088-0004-0000", "contents": "1863 Colony of Vancouver Island election, Constituencies\nJohn Sebastian Helmcken elected by acclamationRobert Burnaby elected by acclamation who resigned and was replaced by John Ash on November 28, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024088-0005-0000", "contents": "1863 Colony of Vancouver Island election, Constituencies\nCharles Street elected by acclamation. He resigned and was replaced by John James Cochrane on November 2, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024088-0006-0000", "contents": "1863 Colony of Vancouver Island election, Constituencies\nJohn Trevasso Pidwell He resigned and was replaced by George Edgar Dennes on October 13, 1863, who then resigned and was replaced by John Trevasso Pidwell on May 30, 1866. G.E.Dennes (he seems to have received more votes than Pidwell but seems to have been disqualified)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024088-0007-0000", "contents": "1863 Colony of Vancouver Island election, Constituencies\nCharles Alfred Bayley He resigned and was replaced by Thomas Cunningham on January 5, 1866. David Babington Ring", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024089-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections\nElections to the Confederate States Congress were held from May to November 1863, during what was intended to be the first of two midterms within President Jefferson Davis' six-year term. The number of Congressmen in the House of Representatives who openly opposed the policies of President Davis increased from 26 to 41 out of 106, while the number of antiadministration Senators went from 11 to 12. The proadministration Senators thus had a narrow majority of two with 14 out of the 26 seats in the Confederate Senate. The 2nd Confederate States Congress would be seated on May 2, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024089-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections, General election\nThe Confederate government did not have formal parties, and candidates ran individual campaigns. Nonetheless, some voters cast their ballots according to past party affiliations such as Democrat or Whig. The lack of parties was popularly believed to be a source of strength, however historians believe that the lack of such organizations prevented Davis from distributing patronage or commanding party loyalty from other elected officials to mobilize support for his policies. Despite this, historians have identified factions or proto-parties. One was largely supportive of President Davis's policies, or Pro-Administration, and the other was largely opposed to Davis' policies, or Anti-Administration. The Anti-Administration faction consisted of former Whigs as well as Fire-Eaters and other former Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 76], "content_span": [77, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024089-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections, General election\nPublic grievances with the administration included supply shortages, inflation, and general financial mismanagement. Other issues that featured prominently in the elections were conscription and taxation. Anti -Administration candidates decried perceived federal government overreach, including Davis' decision to suspend habeas corpus and impose martial law. Pro -Administration officials attempted to appeal to the Confederate public's loyalty and foster a spirit of self-sacrifice for eventual independence of the Confederate States of America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 76], "content_span": [77, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024089-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections, General election\nIn the end, the Pro-Administration faction sustained electoral losses but maintained their majorities in both chambers of the Confederate Congress. Their strongest support came from Confederate soldiers and the Border States. However, this was not without anti-incumbent sentiment. For example, nine of the ten members of Georgia's Congressional delegation were defeated. In terms of policy, the overall sentiment of the Anti-Administration was in favor of the original secession and for continuing the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 76], "content_span": [77, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024089-0003-0001", "contents": "1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections, General election\nExceptions existed, as none of the newly elected Representatives from North Carolina had voted in favor of secession and five of those who won in North Carolina ran on peace platforms, while anti-secessionist former Whigs gained in Mississippi. Williamson Robert Winfield Cobb of Alabama was so openly in favor of peace that he was not seated by the Confederate Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 76], "content_span": [77, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024089-0004-0000", "contents": "1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections, General election\nThe elections were processed over six months due to the amount of Confederate territory occupied by the Union Army, in addition to all of the absentee ballots necessitated by the large refugee population. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas sent 32 of the 41 Anti-Administration Congressmen to the House. The majority wielded by the Confederate Congress would not have been possible without the near unified support from the occupied districts. The results of the 1863 election indicating waning public confidence in the Davis administration, and enhanced the political strength of dissenters within the Confederacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 76], "content_span": [77, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024090-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections in Florida\nThe 1863 Confederate States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Wednesday, November 4, 1863 to elect the two Confederate States Representatives from the state of Florida, one from each of the state's congressional districts, to represent Florida in the 2nd Confederate States Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including various state and local elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024090-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections in Florida\nThe winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the Confederate States House of Representatives from May 2, 1864, to May 1, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024090-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Background\nFlorida seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America. In the 1861 elections, James Baird Dawkins was elected as the C.S. representative for the 1st district, while Robert Benjamin Hilton was elected the C.S. representative for the 2nd district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024090-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Background\nDawkins resigned from Congress on December 8, 1862, with John Marshall Martin winning the 1863 special election to succeed him. Martin did not run for a full term, deciding he was too young to be effective in Congress, opting instead to become an officer in the 9th Florida Infantry in the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024090-0004-0000", "contents": "1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Background\nThe candidates for both districts ran unopposed, and their ballots cast for them were not tallied on official results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 81], "content_span": [82, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024090-0005-0000", "contents": "1863 Confederate States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Aftermath\nThe Confederate States Congress adjourned for the final time on March 18, 1865 and was officially dissolved on May 5, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 80], "content_span": [81, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024091-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1863 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 6, 1863. It was a rematch of the 1860 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Incumbent governor and Republican nominee William Alfred Buckingham defeated former governor and Democratic nominee Thomas H. Seymour with 51.64% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024092-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Costa Rican general election\nIn the 1863 Costa Rican general election Jes\u00fas Jim\u00e9nez Zamora was elected president of Costa Rica for the first time, succeeding Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Montealegre Fern\u00e1ndez. He would dissolve the Congress almost immediately afterwards and call for new parliamentary elections restoring calm and ending his period peacefully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024093-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Dunedin and Suburbs North by-election\nThe Dunedin and Suburbs North by-election 1863 was a by-election held on 3 September 1863 in the Dunedin and Suburbs North electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024093-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Dunedin and Suburbs North by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Thomas Dick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024093-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Dunedin and Suburbs North by-election\nThe election was won by Julius Vogel. As no other candidate was proposed, he was duly declared elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024094-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Dunedin and Suburbs South by-election\nThe 1863 Dunedin and Suburbs South by-election was a by-election held  on 20 June 1876 in the Dunedin and Suburbs South electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament. It was then a two-member electorate; the other member being William Reynolds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024094-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Dunedin and Suburbs South by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, James Paterson. He had resigned because of complaints that there were irregularities in his election, although the election had been gazetted as valid. At the nomination meeting the show of hands was Paterson 19 to Vogel 9, but Vogel demanded a poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024094-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Dunedin and Suburbs South by-election\nPaterson was re-nominated. He was opposed by Julius Vogel but Paterson was re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024094-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 Dunedin and Suburbs South by-election\nPaterson wrote condemning an unseemly and offensive pamphlet that he had not been aware of, referring to the religion of Vogel (who was a Jew).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024095-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 East Moreton colonial by-election\nThe East Moreton colonial by-election, 1863 was a by-election held on 26 September 1863 in the electoral district of East Moreton for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024095-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 East Moreton colonial by-election, History\nOn 15 September 1863, upon a successful petition by Robert Cribb on the basis that printed lines on the ballot paper misled voters, the election in East Moreton was declared void. The election was re-run on 26 September 1863, and William Brookes lost his seat to Cribb, whilst George Edmondstone retained his.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024096-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Florida's 1st congressional district special election\nA special election to the Confederate States House of Representatives for Florida's 1st congressional district was held February 2, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024096-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Florida's 1st congressional district special election\nThe winning candidate would serve the remainder of a two-year term in the Confederate States House of Representatives to represent Florida in the 1st Confederate Congress from February 3, 1863, to February 18, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024096-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Florida's 1st congressional district special election, Background\nIn the 1861 congressional election, James Baird Dawkins was elected to the Confederate States House of Representatives. However, Dawkins resigned on December 8, 1862 after Governor John Milton appointed him as a state judge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024096-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 Florida's 1st congressional district special election, Campaign\nUnique to this election, none of the five candidates came from West Florida, which had been the state's political powerhouse, showing the waning influence of Pensacola. Martin and Ives were both from North Central Florida; Martin was a planter and Confederate States Army captain from Ocala, while Ives was an influential newspaper editor from Lake City. Broome, the former governor of Florida, was from Tallahassee. Gettis, a former state representative from Tampa, was famous in Florida for his actions during the Battle of Tampa. The only candidate out of the five without a major reputation in the state was Hawes, a former state senator from Orlando, which was still a small frontier town at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 68], "content_span": [69, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024097-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 French legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in France on 21 and 22 June 1863, with a second round on 5 and 6 July. Pro -government candidates won a majority of seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024098-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Goldfields North colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Goldfields North on 7 April 1863 because of the resignation of James Hoskins. Hoskins had been supported by a voluntary contribution from miners however he resigned for financial reasons, taking the job of overseer of northern roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024099-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Goldfields South colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Goldfields South on 16 November 1863 because Bowie Wilson had been appointed Secretary for Lands in the first Martin ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested and on this occasion, Peter Faucett (Yass), William Forster (East Sydney) and Arthur Holroyd (Parramatta) were unopposed. Of the other two contested elections, Geoffrey Eagar (West Sydney) was easily re-elected, with more than 90% of the vote, while James Martin was defeated at the Orange by-election. Martin promptly regained a seat in parliament by winning the by-election for The Tumut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024099-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Goldfields South colonial by-election\nFrederick Cooper had been elected for Braidwood at the 1859 election, resigning in 1860, to accept an appointment as a sub-commissioner of goldfields. He was initially at Kiandra, however an inquiry had found he had committed errors, including illegal acts, as a result of his inexperience. Wilson, as member for Goldfields South, had been critical of the response of the then Secretary for Lands, John Robertson, in moving Cooper to Araluen rather than dismissing him. Cooper resigned as sub-commissioner shortly after Wilson had been appointed Secretary for Lands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024099-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Goldfields South colonial by-election, Result\nReturns were only reported for 8 of the 14 polling places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024100-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Grand National\nThe 1863 Grand National was the 25th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 11 March 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024100-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Grand National\nThe winning mare's full sister Emblematic won the race the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024101-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Hampden by-election\nThe 1863 Hampden by-election was a by-election held  on 2 July 1863 in the Hampden electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024101-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Hampden by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, John Richard Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024101-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Hampden by-election\nFrederick Wayne was declared elected unopposed, as he was the only candidate nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024102-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake\nThe 1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake was a devastating magnitude 7.5 Mw earthquake that struck near the town of Waipukurau on 23 February 1863. It remained the single largest earthquake to strike Hawke's Bay until 1931, where a magnitude 7.8 quake leveled much of Napier and Hastings and killed 256 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024102-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake, Tectonic setting\nNew Zealand lies along the boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and Pacific Plates. In the South Island most of the relative displacement between these plates is taken up along a single dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault with a major reverse component, the Alpine Fault. In the North Island the displacement is mainly taken up along the Hikurangi Subduction Zone, although the remaining dextral strike-slip component of the relative plate motion is accommodated by the North Island Fault System (NIFS), which runs from Wellington, up Hawke's Bay and through to Gisborne and the Bay of Plenty. The 1863 earthquake is believed to have occurred outside the Mohaka Fault, just west of Waipukurau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024102-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake, Reported effects\nResidents living in Hawke's Bay at the time reported numerous landslides, as well as vast soil liquefaction and the opening of large fissures in the ground. Residents also reported overturned furniture and snapped chimneys. According to The Hawke\u2019s Bay Herald, There was considerable damage to stock in stores and hotels and although some chimney bricks fell through rooves, no major injuries were reported. Houses were shaken off their piles. Aftershocks continued at short intervals for the rest of the morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024102-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake, Reported effects\nOutside of Hawke's Bay, the earthquake woke many people in Wellington, causing minor structural damage but had a large toll on personal belongings. The Wellington Independent noted that the initial earthquake lasted 30\u201340 seconds and was followed by several smaller aftershocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024102-0004-0000", "contents": "1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake, Reported effects\nIn Wanganui, the earthquake was described as the sharpest shock in both duration and severity since the magnitude 8.2 Wairarapa earthquake in 1855. However, no damage was sustained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024102-0005-0000", "contents": "1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake, Reported effects\nIn Nelson the earthquake was felt as three sharp shocks in quick succession at about 1:20\u00a0a.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024102-0006-0000", "contents": "1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake, Reported effects\nIn Gisborne the earthquake was felt, but did not do any damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024103-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Heathcote by-election\nThe 1863 Heathcote by-election was a by-election held on 28 October in the Heathcote electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024103-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Heathcote by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, William Sefton Moorhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024103-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Heathcote by-election\nAs Cox was the only candidate, he was declared elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024104-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Iowa Senate election\nIn the 1863 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the tenth Iowa General Assembly. Following the downsizing of the Iowa Senate from 49 to 46 seats in 1863, elections were held for 34 of the state senate's 46 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024104-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Iowa Senate election\nFollowing the previous election in 1861, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 33 seats to Democrats' 16 seats. However, three changes occurred during the ninth general assembly. In the third district, Democratic Senator Cyrus Bussey resigned on January 18, 1862, causing a vacancy in his seat. Democrat James Pollard succeeded Senator Bussey, holding the seat for the Democrats. In the sixth district, Republican Senator James Conrad Hagans died on September 7, 1863, causing a vacancy in his seat. The sixth district seat was left vacant until the next election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024104-0001-0001", "contents": "1863 Iowa Senate election\nIn the forty-first district, Republican Senator John Scott resigned on January 18, 1862, causing a vacancy in his seat. Democrat Edwin B. Potter succeeded Senator Scott, flipping the seat to Democratic control. Therefore, by election day in 1863, the Republicans held 31 seats, the Democrats held 17 seats, and one seat was vacant (the seat that had been held by Republican Senator Hagans).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024104-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Iowa Senate election\nTo claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net seven Senate seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024104-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 Iowa Senate election\nRepublicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 41 seats and Democrats having five seats (a net gain of 10 seats for Republicans).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024105-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Jujuy earthquake\nThe 1863 Jujuy earthquake took place in the province of Jujuy, Argentina on 14 January at about 11:00 (UTC). It had an estimated magnitude of 6.4 and its epicenter was at , at a depth of about 50 kilometres (31\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024105-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Jujuy earthquake\nThis earthquake had a felt intensity of VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale. Its magnitude and duration made it exceptionally destructive, causing damage to the cathedral, the cabildo (colonial government house) and precarious homes in San Salvador de Jujuy, the provincial capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024106-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Kaiapoi by-election\nThe 1863 Kaiapoi by-election was a by-election held on 2 September 1863 in the Kaiapoi electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024106-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Kaiapoi by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Isaac Cookson and was won unopposed by Robert Wilkin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024107-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Liberian general election\nPresidential elections were held in Liberia in 1863. The result was a victory for Daniel Bashiel Warner of the Republican Party. Warner took office on 4 January 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024108-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Liverpool Plains colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Liverpool Plains on 7 April 1863 because of the resignation of Alexander Dick, to accept appointment as 2nd examiner of titles under the Real Property Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024108-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Liverpool Plains colonial by-election, Polling places\nPolling was delayed at Carroll and Grover's Inn because the Namoi River was in flood, with polling taking place on 11 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 58], "content_span": [59, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024109-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 2 November 1863. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024109-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result\nBecause seven of the sixteen seats were uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024109-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 2, Scotland,\nFollowing the resignation of Alderman Sanuel Holme, Councillor Richard Sheil (Merchant, of Bankfield Road, West Derby, elected to Scotland ward on 1 November 1861) was elected as an alderman on Wednesday 11 May 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024110-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Louisiana gubernatorial election (Confederate)\nThe 1863 Louisiana gubernatorial (Confederate) election was the fourth election to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1852. As a result of this election Henry Watkins Allen became Governor of Confederate-controlled Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024111-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Manila earthquake\nThe 1863 Manila earthquake was an earthquake that struck the Philippines on June 3, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024111-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Manila earthquake, Overview\nThe Manila earthquake on June 3, 1863, destroyed Manila Cathedral, the Ayuntamiento (city hall), the Governor's Palace (all three located at the time on Plaza Mayor, now Plaza de Roma) and much of the city. The residence of the Governor-General was moved to Malaca\u00f1ang Palace located about 3\u00a0km (1.9 miles) up the Pasig River, while the other two buildings were rebuilt in place. Fatalities was 1,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024112-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1863 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024112-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nGovernor John Albion Andrew was re-elected to a fourth term in office over Democrat Henry W. Paine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024113-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 84th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1863 during the governorship of John Albion Andrew. Jonathan E. Field served as president of the Senate and Alexander Hamilton Bullock served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024114-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Melbourne Cup\nThe 1863 Melbourne Cup was a two-mile handicap horse race which took place on Thursday, 5 November 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024114-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Melbourne Cup\nThis year was the third running of the Melbourne Cup. Controversially, two-time defending winner Archer was not allowed to take his place in the race after his nomination arrived in Melbourne one day late. The nomination arrived on a public holiday in Melbourne: Separation or Succession day to celebrate Victoria separating from New South Wales. As a result, The Victoria Turf Club's offices were closed for the holiday and Archer's nomination was rejected for being \"too late\". Because of this, Sydney trainers boycotted the race leaving only horses trained by Melbourne trainers. The resulting seven horse field is the lowest in the race's history. Archer would have carried 11st 4lb (71kg). By contrast, the winner, Banker carried 5st 9lb (33.5 kg), the lightest weight carried by a winner and third place, Rose of Denamrk carried 5st 12lb (36 kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024114-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Melbourne Cup\nThis is the list of placegetters for the 1863 Melbourne Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024115-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Mexican emperor referendum\nA referendum on Maximilian becoming Emperor was held in Mexico on 4 December 1863. The proposal was supposedly approved by 100% of voters, with not a single vote cast against. Maximilian subsequently took the throne on 11 April 1864, starting the era of the Second Mexican Empire. In 1867 Maximilian was dethroned and executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024115-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Mexican emperor referendum, Background\nIn 1861 Mexican president Benito Ju\u00e1rez declared a moratorium on the country's debt as it was effectively bankrupt. The country's creditors, led by Napoleon III decided to take military action. On 10 June 1863 French troops, commanded by General \u00c9lie Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Forey, captured Mexico City. A Council of Regency and Assembly of Notables were summoned, and on 10 July offered Maximilian the Imperial Crown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024115-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Mexican emperor referendum, Results\nThe official figures are not deemed credible. The invading French army only conducted the referendum in the occupied area between Toluca, Mexico City and Veracruz. Voters signed a register (which ultimately weighed 700lbs) that was subsequently passed to Maximilian in Trieste.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024115-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 Mexican emperor referendum, Results\nAnalysis by Jankoff suggested that in reality 18 of the 24 states had agreed to Maximilian becoming Emperor. In total around 7,303,000 voted for him and around 1,162,000 for Ju\u00e1rez (or the republic).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024116-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Minnesota gubernatorial election\nThe 1863 Minnesota gubernatorial election was held on July 10, 1863 to elect the governor of Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024117-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 New York state election\nThe 1863 New York state election was held on November 3, 1863, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024117-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 New York state election, History\nThe Union state convention - Republicans and War Democrats which supported the Union and Abraham Lincoln's policy during the American Civil War - met on September 2 at Syracuse, New York. Ward Hunt was Temporary Chairman until the choice of Abraham Wakeman as President. Peter A. Porter was nominated for Secretary of State on the first ballot (vote: Porter 213, Chauncey Depew 140, Theophilus C. Callicot 15). Thomas W. Olcott for Comptroller, John Cochrane for Attorney General, George W. Schuyler for Treasurer, and Henry R. Selden [incumbent] for Judge of the Court of Appeals, were nominated by acclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024117-0001-0001", "contents": "1863 New York state election, History\nBenjamin F. Bruce was nominated for Canal Commissioner on the first ballot (vote: Bruce 220, Stephen T. Hayt 131). The incumbent William B. Taylor was re-nominated for State Engineer on the first ballot (vote: Taylor 234, J. Platt Goodsell 67, F. A. Utter 26, Charles W. Wentz 10). The incumbent James K. Bates was re-nominated for Prison Inspector by acclamation. When informed of his nomination, Colonel Porter, who was commanding his troops at Baltimore, declined to run because he \"wanted to serve his country in the field.\" Olcott also declined to run, and the State Committee substituted Depew and the incumbent Lucius Robinson on the Union ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024117-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 New York state election, History\nThe Constitutional Union state convention met on September 9 but did not nominate a ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024117-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 New York state election, History\nThe Democratic state convention met on September 10 at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024117-0004-0000", "contents": "1863 New York state election, Results\nThe incumbents Robinson, Taylor, Selden and Bates were re-elected. The incumbents Lewis and Wright were defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024117-0005-0000", "contents": "1863 New York state election, Results\n21 Unionists and 11 Democrats were elected to a two-year term (1864\u201365) in the New York State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024117-0006-0000", "contents": "1863 New York state election, Results\n82 Unionists and 46 Democrats were elected for the session of 1864 to the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024118-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Ohio gubernatorial election\nThe 1863 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 13, 1863. National Union nominee John Brough defeated Democratic nominee Clement Vallandigham with 60.61% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024119-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Open Championship\nThe 1863 Open Championship was the fourth Open Championship and was again held at Prestwick Golf Club. Eight professionals and six amateurs contested the event in wet and windy weather, with Willie Park, Sr. winning the championship for the second time, by two shots from Tom Morris, Sr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024119-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Open Championship\nAs in previous years, the contest was held over three rounds of the twelve-hole links course. For the first time there was prize money for those finishing 2nd, 3rd and 4th, although the winner only received the Challenge Belt for the next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024119-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Open Championship\nDavie Park, younger brother of Willie, led after the first round with a score of 55. An excellent second round 54 meant that Willie led by four strokes. Eventually Willie won by two strokes from Morris, spoiling Morris's attempt at a third consecutive win, which would have given him outright possession of the Challenge Belt, although Morris took the second prize of \u00a35.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024120-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Orange Free State presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in the Orange Free State on 5 November 1863. The result was a victory for Johannes Brand, who was inaugurated as the fourth President of the country on 2 February 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024121-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Orange colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Orange on 4 November 1863. The by-election was triggered because James Martin had replaced Charles Cowper as Premier, establishing his first ministry. While the title of Premier was widely used to refer to the Leader of Government, it was not a formal position until 1920 and the Premier also held a formal position in the cabinet, in Martin's case this position was Attorney-General. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested and on this occasion, Peter Faucett (Yass), William Forster (East Sydney) and Arthur Holroyd (Parramatta) were unopposed. The two other ministers, Geoffrey Eagar (West Sydney) and Bowie Wilson (Goldfields South) were easily re-elected, with more than 90% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024121-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Orange colonial by-election\nCharles Cowper's son, Charles Cowper Jr., was also a member of parliament and resigned from The Tumut to challenge Martin at the by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024121-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Orange colonial by-election, Aftermath\nWhile defeated, Martin promptly returned to parliament, winning the by-election for The Tumut, the seat vacated by Charles Cowper Jr. In 1864 Cowper stated that his health prevented him from re-contesting Orange, however he was nominated for The Tumut and again defeated Martin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024122-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election\nThe 1863 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 13, 1863. Incumbent governor Andrew Gregg Curtin, a Republican, was a candidate for re-election. Curtin defeated Democratic candidate George Washington Woodward to win another term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024123-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Port Curtis colonial by-election\nThe Port Curtis colonial by-election, 1863 was a by-election held on 12 May 1863 in the electoral district of Port Curtis for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024123-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Port Curtis colonial by-election, History\nOn 11 April 1863, Alfred Sandeman, the member for Port Curtis resigned due to complaints about his inactivity by his constituents. John Douglas won the resulting by-election on 12 May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024124-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Queensland colonial election\nElections were held in the Australian state of Queensland between 30 May 1863 and 27 June 1863 to elect the members of the state's Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024124-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Queensland colonial election, Key dates\nDue to problems of distance and communications, the elections could not be held on a single day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024125-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 State of the Union Address\nThe 1863 State of the Union Address was written by the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and delivered to the United States Congress, on Tuesday, December 8, 1863, amid the ongoing American Civil War. He said, \"The efforts of disloyal citizens of the United States to involve us in foreign wars to aid an inexcusable insurrection have been unavailing,\" referring to the citizens of the Confederate States of America, and their failed efforts to bring the Emperor of France, Napoleon III, or the British Monarch, Queen Victoria, onto their side. He ended with, \"The movements by State action for emancipation in several of the States not included in the emancipation proclamation are matters of profound gratulation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024126-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Swiss federal election\nFederal elections were held in Switzerland on 25 October 1863. The Radical Left remained the largest group in the National Council, but lost its majority for the first time since 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024126-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Swiss federal election, Electoral system\nThe 128 members of the National Council were elected in 47 single- and multi-member constituencies; there was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population. As a result of the 1860 census, the number of seats was increased by eight following the previous elections in 1860, although the number of constituencies was reduced from 49; the extra seats were given to Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Geneva, Graub\u00fcnden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, Vaud and Valais.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024126-0001-0001", "contents": "1863 Swiss federal election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held using a three-round system; candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. In six cantons (Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Glarus, Nidwalden, Obwalden and Uri), National Council members were elected by the Landsgemeinde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024126-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Swiss federal election, Results, National Council, Summary\nVoter turnout was highest in the Canton of Schaffhausen (where voting was compulsory) at 88.2% and lowest in the Canton of Z\u00fcrich at 18.6%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024127-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Texas gubernatorial election\nThe 1863 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1863 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Governor Francis Lubbock did not run for a second term. The election was won by Pendleton Murrah, who received 56% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024127-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Texas gubernatorial election\nThe election was the second of two held in Texas during the American Civil War. Texas was, at the time, a Confederate state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024128-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Town of New Plymouth by-election\nThe 1863 Town of New Plymouth by-election was a by-election held  on 9 October in the Town of New Plymouth electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024128-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Town of New Plymouth by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Isaac Newton Watt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024128-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Town of New Plymouth by-election\nTurton was the only nomination, so was declared elected unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024129-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Tumut colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of The Tumut on 16 November 1863. The by-election was triggered because of the resignation of Charles Cowper Jr.. James Martin had replaced Charles Cowper Sr as Premier, establishing his first ministry, and Cowper Jr. resigned his seat to successfully challenge Martin at the Orange by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024130-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nThe 1863 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held on January 9, 1863. Incumbent Charles Sumner was re-elected to a third term in office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024130-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in Massachusetts\nAt the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a majority vote of each separate house of the Massachusetts General Court: the House and the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024130-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background\nIn the 1862 state legislative elections, supporters of the Lincoln administration who nonetheless opposed the emancipation of Southern slaves and Senator Sumner's re-election organized a \"People's Convention,\" hoping to consolidate opposition and gain enough seats in the legislature to deny Sumner election. However, the legislature remained largely Republican, ensuring Sumner's victory in the January election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024130-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Senate\nThe lone vote for Adams was cast by Senator Whitney of Hampden. Senator Crane of Worcester County did not vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York\nThe 1863 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 3, 1863, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nRepublican Preston King had been elected in February 1857 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nAt the State election in November 1861, 22 Republicans and 10 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1862\u20131863) in the state senate. At the State election in November 1862, Democrat Horatio Seymour was elected governor; and a tied Assembly of 64 Republicans and Democrats each was elected for the session of 1863. In December, in the 15th Senate District, Republican William Clark was elected for the session of 1863 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Democrat John Willard. The 86th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 25, 1863, at Albany, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nThe election of a Speaker proved to be difficult in the stalemated Assembly. The Democrats voted for Gilbert Dean, the Republicans for Henry Sherwood, of Steuben Co. The Republicans, led by Chauncey M. Depew, became worried about the U.S. Senate election, due to occur on the first Tuesday in February. If the Assembly was not organized by then, the seat would become vacant, and could remain so until the next elected Assembly met in 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0003-0001", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nThe Republicans, with a majority of 14 on joint ballot, were anxious to fill the seat, to have a maximum of support for President Abraham Lincoln in the U.S. Senate during the ongoing American Civil War. Theophilus C. Callicot, a Democratic assemblyman from Brooklyn, approached Depew to propose a deal: the Republicans should vote for Callicot as Speaker, and Callicot would help to elect the Republican candidate to the U.S. Senate. Depew put the proposition before the Republican caucus, and they accepted. On January 16, Sherwood and Dean withdrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0003-0002", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York, Background\nThe Republicans then voted for Callicot, the Democrats for Eliphaz Trimmer, of Monroe Co.. The Democrats, whose intention it was to prevent the election of a U.S. Senator, managed to postpone the vote for Speaker by filibustering for another ten days, but on January 26, Callicot was elected Speaker on the 92nd ballot (vote: Callicot 61, Trimmer 59, 3 Democrats were absent and 3 Republicans were paired). Thus the Assembly was organized to begin the session of 1863, three weeks late but in time for the U.S. Senate election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0004-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe caucus of Republican State legislators met on February 2, State Senator Alexander H. Bailey presided. They nominated Ex-Governor Edwin D. Morgan (in office 1859\u20131862) for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent senator Preston King was voted down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0005-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates\nThe caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on the evening of February 2, State Senator John V. L. Pruyn presided. They did not nominate any candidate, instead adopting a resolution that \"each Democratic member of the Legislature be requested to name for that office such person as he deems proper.\" They met again on the morning of February 3, and nominated Congressman Erastus Corning. The vote in an informal ballot stood: 28 for Corning, 21 for Fernando Wood, and 18 scattering. Wood's name was however withdrawn and Cornings nomination was made unanimous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0006-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nIn the Assembly, Edwin D. Morgan received the votes of the 64 Republicans, and Erastus Corning the votes of 62 Democrats. Bernard Hughes (Dem. ), of New York City, voted for Ex-Mayor of New York Fernando Wood, and Speaker Callicot voted for John Adams Dix. Thus the vote was tied, and no choice made. Speaker Callicot, although elected by the Republicans, refused to vote for the Republican caucus nominee, insisting in his vote for Dix who had been U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury as a Democrat, but was now a Union general in the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0006-0001", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nA second ballot was then taken, and the Republicans took Callicot's hint, and voted for Dix who was nominated by the Assembly. Thus Callicot kept his part of the bargain, knowing that, on joint ballot, the Republican state senate majority will outvote the Democrats, and elect their candidate. It was just necessary that the Assembly nominate somebody, so that it became possible to proceed to a joint ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0007-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York, Election\nBoth houses of the legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0008-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York, Result\nEdwin D. Morgan was declared elected after a joint ballot of the state legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 54], "content_span": [55, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024131-0009-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath\nMorgan served one term, and remained in office until March 3, 1869.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024132-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania\nThe 1863 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 13, 1863. Charles Buckalew was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024132-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results\nThe Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 13, 1863 to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1863. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024133-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Vermont gubernatorial election\nThe 1863 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont took place on September 1. In accordance with the Republican Party's \"Mountain Rule\", incumbent Frederick Holbrook was not a candidate for reelection. The Republican nominee was J. Gregory Smith, the Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives. The Democratic nominee was Timothy P. Redfield, a former member of the Vermont Senate and the Free Soil Party's nominee for governor in 1851. In the general election, the Republican Party's dominance of Vermont politics and government continued, and Smith was easily elected to a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024134-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Virginia gubernatorial election (Confederate)\nThe 1863 Virginia Confederate gubernatorial election was held on May 28, 1863 to elect the Confederate governor of Virginia. At the time, the governorship of the state was disputed as a result of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024135-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Virginia gubernatorial election (Union)\nThe 1863 Virginia Union gubernatorial election was held on December 2, 1863 to elect the Union governor of Virginia. At the time, the governorship of the state was disputed as a result of the American Civil War, and incumbent Republican/Unionist Francis Harrison Pierpont ran unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024136-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election\nThe 1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election, held on May 28, resulted in the victory of Arthur I. Boreman. He received the nomination of the Unconditional Union Party and won with no opposition in the general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024136-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election, Background\nOn April 17, 1861, the Virginia Secession Convention voted in favor of succession from the United States and joining the Confederate States of America. On May 13, the First Wheeling Convention was held with the purpose of reorganizing the Virginian government and remaining in the United States. On May 23, 125,950 Virginians voted in favor of the Secession Ordinance against 20,373 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024136-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election, Background\nOn June 11, the Second Wheeling Convention was held and Arthur I. Boreman was selected to serve as its chairman. On June 20, the convention called for returning to the United States and selected Francis Harrison Pierpont to serve as governor until an election was held. On October 24, a referendum on statehood approval received 18,408 votes in favor and 781 against. On June 20, 1863, West Virginia was admitted as a state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024136-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election, Unconditional Union primary\nFrom May 6 to 7, 1863, the Unconditional Union Party's state convention was held to nominate candidates for multiple political offices. For the party's gubernatorial nomination Samuel Crane was nominated by James G. West, Boreman was nominated by E. M. Norton, and Peter G. Van Winkle was nominated by Ben Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 70], "content_span": [71, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024136-0004-0000", "contents": "1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election, Unconditional Union primary\nOn the first ballot Van Winkle received a plurality of the vote, but did not receive the nomination due to a majority being required. West withdrew Crane's nomination before the second ballot in which Boreman defeated Van Winkle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 70], "content_span": [71, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024136-0005-0000", "contents": "1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election, General election\nOn May 28, 1863, Boreman won the gubernatorial election without opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024137-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nThe 1863 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1863. Republican Party candidate James T. Lewis won the election with nearly 60% of the vote, defeating Democratic candidate Henry L. Palmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024137-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\nThe incumbent Governor, Edward Salomon, had ascended to office after the accidental drowning of his predecessor, Louis P. Harvey, in April 1862. He was a former Democrat who had been elected Lieutenant Governor on the Republican Party's Union ticket in 1861. He was not re-nominated by the Republican Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024137-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party\nHenry L. Palmer was a former Speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly, and had served three terms in the Assembly and one term in the Wisconsin State Senate prior to the 1863 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024137-0003-0000", "contents": "1863 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Republican (Union) Party\nJames T. Lewis was the incumbent Wisconsin Secretary of State at the time of the 1863 election, having been elected on the Union ticket in the 1861 election. Lewis was also a former Democrat. As a Democrat, he had previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin from 1854 to 1856, and represented Columbia County in the state legislature for two years\u2014in the Assembly for the 1852 session, and in the Senate for the 1853 session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024138-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in Australia\nThe following lists events that happened during 1863 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024139-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in Australian literature\nThis article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024139-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 in Australian literature, Births\nA list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1863 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024139-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 in Australian literature, Deaths\nA list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1863 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024143-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in Chile\nThe following lists events that happened during 1863 in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024152-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in New Zealand\nThe following lists events that happened during 1863 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024157-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in South Africa\nThe following lists events that happened during 1863 in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024158-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in Sweden\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 20:00, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024159-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in Wales\nThis article is about the particular significance of the year 1863 to Wales and its people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024160-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in architecture\nThe year 1863 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024162-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in literature\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024163-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in paleontology\nPaleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024164-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024164-0001-0000", "contents": "1863 in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024164-0002-0000", "contents": "1863 in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024165-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in rail transport\nThis article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024166-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in science\nThe year 1863 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024167-0000-0000", "contents": "1863 in sports\n1863 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024170-0000-0000", "contents": "1863\u20131875 cholera pandemic\nThe fourth cholera pandemic of the 19th century began in the Ganges Delta of the Bengal region and traveled with Muslim pilgrims to Mecca. In its first year, the epidemic claimed 30,000 of 90,000 pilgrims. Cholera spread throughout the Middle East and was carried to Russia, Europe, Africa and North America, in each case spreading via travelers from port cities and along inland waterways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024170-0001-0000", "contents": "1863\u20131875 cholera pandemic\nThe pandemic reached Northern Africa in 1865 and spread to sub-Saharan Africa, killing 70,000 in Zanzibar in 1869\u201370. Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866. The epidemic of cholera that spread with the Austro-Prussian War (1866) is estimated to have taken 165,000 lives in the Austrian Empire, including 30,000 each in Hungary and Belgium, and 20,000 in the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024170-0002-0000", "contents": "1863\u20131875 cholera pandemic\nIn June 1866, a localized epidemic in the East End of London claimed 5,596 lives, just as the city was completing construction of its major sewage and water treatment systems; the East End section was not quite complete. It was also caused by the city's overcrowding in the East End, which helped the disease to spread more quickly in the area. Epidemiologist William Farr identified the East London Water Company as the source of the contamination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024170-0002-0001", "contents": "1863\u20131875 cholera pandemic\nFarr made use of prior work by John Snow and others, pointing to contaminated drinking water as the likely cause of cholera in an 1854 outbreak. In the same year, the use of contaminated canal water in local water works caused a minor outbreak at Ystalyfera in South Wales. Workers associated with the company, and their families, were most affected, and 119 died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024170-0003-0000", "contents": "1863\u20131875 cholera pandemic\nIn 1867, Italy lost 113,000 to cholera, and 80,000 died of the disease in Algeria. Outbreaks in North America in the 1870s killed some 50,000 Americans as cholera spread from New Orleans via passengers along the Mississippi River and to ports on its tributaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024171-0000-0000", "contents": "1863\u201364 Barnes F.C. season\nThis was the second season of Barnes Football Club. The early part of the season included two defeats against Forest FC (later renamed Wanderers FC), the second of them a bad-tempered affair in which the rules of the game became an object of contention. On 19 December, Barnes played neighbouring Richmond FC in the first ever match under the newly-published laws of the Football Association; this 15-a-side clash ended in a goalless draw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024172-0000-0000", "contents": "1864\n1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar\u00a0and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1864th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 864th  year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 64th  year of the 19th\u00a0century, and the  5th   year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1864, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series)\n1864 is a 2014 Danish television historical war drama series written and directed by Ole Bornedal. It is based on two books by Tom Buk-Swienty about the Second Schleswig War of 1864 between Denmark and an alliance of Prussia and Austria which ended in defeat for Denmark and the loss of a quarter of its territory to Prussia. It follows two brothers from a remote village on Funen who enlist in the Danish army just before the outbreak of war, and experience the horrors of combat in Schleswig. It also features actual historical figures such as Danish prime minister D. G. Monrad and Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck. It was the most expensive Danish TV series to be made to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Production\n1864 was produced by Miso Film for DR. It was a co-production with Film Fyn, TV2 (Norway), TV4 (Sweden), SF Studios, ARTE, ZDF Enterprises and Sirena Film (Czech Republic). DR had recently produced the highly successful series The Killing, Borgen and The Bridge, and several of the stars of those series, such as Lars Mikkelsen, Sidse Babett Knudsen and S\u00f8ren Malling, were among the cast. 1864 was filmed on location at Dybb\u00f8l, scene of the climactic battle of the war, in the Svanninge Hills on Funen, and at Hagenskov, Egebjergg\u00e5rd and Hvidkilde Manors, also on Funen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0001-0001", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Production\nThe battle scenes were filmed in the Czech Republic over a period of seven weeks. Tom Buk-Swienty, on whose books the series was based, was a historical consultant on the series. It was the most expensive television series ever made in Denmark, with a projected cost of 173 million kroner (about $25 million).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Production\nThe director, Ole Bornedal, described it as \"a classic story about power and the abuse of power...of people getting separated.\" The BBC's John Wilson said it had \"the sense of the epic in scale\" but with \"a great undertone of tragedy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0003-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Production\nThe background to the opening credits is the painting Fra forposterne 1864 (From the outposts, 1864) by Vilhelm Rosenstand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0004-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1850s\nIn 1851, the people of a Danish village await the return of the victorious soldiers from the First Schleswig War. Among the soldiers is farmer Th\u00f8ger Jensen, who has suffered a severe leg wound and returns to his wife Karen and sons 12-year-old Laust and 11-year-old Peter. Also returning is Didrich, son of the local landowner, the Baron, who served as a captain. Didrich has been severely damaged psychologically by the war and has also been tainted by cowardice; his father reveals that he bribed his fellow officers not to report him to the military authorities. Didrich's mother died giving birth to him, and his father (Waage Sand\u00f8) has never forgiven him; while kind to his tenants, he treats his son with scorn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0005-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1850s\nOverjoyed to have their father home, Laust and Peter also befriend Inge Juel, the spirited daughter of the Baron's new estate manager. Didrich, too, who is increasingly becoming a dissolute alcoholic, has feelings for Inge, although she is only a child. At the harvest festival celebrations he propositions her, but she slaps his face and runs away. Later, Th\u00f8ger, whose wound has never really healed, dies suddenly while working in the fields. Laust goes to work for the Baron as a stable boy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0006-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1850s\nIn Copenhagen, the leader of the National Liberal Party, D. G. Monrad, meets famous actress Johanne Luise Heiberg, who begins to encourage him in his nationalist ideas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0007-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nIn the 1860s, Monrad is now Council President (prime minister), and has become a convinced nationalist. He actively tries to provoke a war with Prussia over the Schleswig-Holstein Question, still encouraged by Mrs Heiberg. Monrad tries to persuade the new king, Christian IX, that declaring war would show the people that Christian, who was born in Schleswig and grew up speaking German, is a true Dane. In Berlin, King Wilhelm, his minister-president, Otto von Bismarck, and his chief of the general staff, General Helmuth von Moltke, greet Denmark's sabre-rattling with disbelief but also relief as such a war would fit perfectly into Bismarck's plan of placing Prussia as the dominant power in the German Confederation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0008-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nIn the village, Laust and Peter have grown into young men, now both in love with Inge. A group of gypsies led by Ignazio arrives in the village and ask for work. Although Inge's father says they need help with the harvest, Didrich orders them to leave. Later, he and his dissolute friends catch Ignazio's son, Djargo, poaching pheasant on the Baron's land and severely flog him. He is found by Laust, Peter and Inge, who take him to the Baron. The Baron chastises his son and gives the gypsies work in the harvest. He also persuades Laust and Peter and their friend Einar to join the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0009-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nThe brothers complete their basic training and return to the village on leave, arriving at the harvest festival celebrations. They leave with Inge and both end up kissing her. However, after they leave her, Laust, on the pretext of going to search for his lost knife, returns to her without Peter's knowledge and they make love. Later, Didrich, drunk as usual and unable to find Inge, rapes Ignazio's beautiful, mute daughter Sofia, who keeps the attack to herself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0010-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nThe brothers return to the army, where they and Einar are assigned to a company of the 8th Brigade. There they befriend Alfred, a naive young man from Skagen, Erasmus, a cheerful bearded giant who is a miller in civilian life, and Johan Larsen, a middle-aged veteran who has a reputation for being psychic and is soon promoted to corporal. They also form good relations with the company's second-in-command, the young Second Lieutenant Wilhelm Dinesen, and with their senior NCO, Sergeant Jespersen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0011-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nMonrad's plans are finally realised when he announces that Denmark has fully annexed Schleswig and Prussia decides to declare war. The 8th Brigade is sent south to occupy the Danevirke, a line of fortifications which has always been regarded as the country's southern border and which is regarded in Danish mythology as impregnable. However, when they arrive they find the Danevirke dilapidated, with no barracks accommodation. They are also assigned a new company commander to replace the former ancient and senile officer, who has died en route; it is Didrich, who has been recalled to the colours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0012-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nThe company is ordered to Mysunde, where they witness the devastation of the Battle of Mysunde, the first battle of the war giving the Danes an early victory, although Didrich keeps them well behind the action. Laust and Peter have both been writing to Inge and she to them, but she and Laust have also been exchanging further secret letters. Peter receives one of these by mistake and realises that his brother has slept with Inge. Devastated, he disowns Laust. Didrich later promotes Johan to sergeant and Laust to corporal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0013-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nIt becomes obvious to the Danish commander, General Christian de Meza, that he cannot hold the Danevirke because the marshes and water on which he had relied to defend its flanks have been frozen solid by the hard winter, and he asks for permission to withdraw to Dybb\u00f8l, but Monrad refuses. De Meza withdraws anyway and is replaced by the unimaginative General Georg Gerlach, who is guaranteed to do anything he is told to do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0013-0001", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nPeter, Einar and Jespersen are among a small party led by Dinesen who volunteer to remain behind at the Danevirke to spike the guns after the Danish withdrawal. They escape just before the Prussians arrive and are pursued by a group of Prussian hussars, who capture them and execute one man before Dinesen, who has managed to escape, reappears and surprises them; caught off guard, all the hussars are killed by the Danes. Dinesen begins to get a reputation for ferocity and invincibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0014-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nMeanwhile, during the retreat to Dybb\u00f8l, Didrich orders Laust to jump into a frozen pond to retrieve a cannon that has fallen in. After his friends pull him out he begins suffering from severe hypothermia and he and his friends, including Johan, Alfred and Erasmus, begin to fall further behind the column. They thereby miss the Battle of Sankelmark, although they come upon the bloody aftermath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0015-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nBack in the village, Inge realises she is pregnant by Laust. Her mother disowns her and she leaves with the gypsies when they head south to see whether they can make any profit from the war. During the journey she and Djargo realise Sofia too is pregnant and Djargo swears to kill Didrich, whom he correctly surmises has raped his sister. They reach Dybb\u00f8l, where Inge encounters Didrich, who tells her that both brothers are dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0016-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nThe Danish army digs in at Dybb\u00f8l. Both Laust's and Peter's groups arrive, although they do not encounter one another. Laust, now dying from pneumonia, is taken to a military hospital where Inge and Sofia are working as nurses, although they do not meet. Djargo disguises himself as a soldier to try to kill Didrich, but is caught. Didrich wants him executed, but Jespersen persuades him that this would be a crime and he instead has him locked in a dugout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0016-0001", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nDinesen leads his group in a nighttime raid to kill the German bandsmen who have been playing marches near the Danish lines. Celebrating after the successful raid, Alfred, who has joined the group, has too much to drink and climbs onto the parapet, where he has both hands blown off by an exploding shell. He later dies of blood loss in a hospital, where Inge and Peter pass next to each other but do not notice the other. Johan mysteriously manages to cure Laust of his pneumonia and he returns to the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0017-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nFinally, the Prussians attack, beginning with a remorseless six-hour artillery barrage. They are now commanded by the highly competent Prince Friedrich Karl, the Prussian king's nephew, who has replaced the 80-year-old and increasingly senile Field Marshal von Wrangel. Most of Didrich's company are holding the trenches, although Dinesen's men are with the main body of the brigade who are forming a reserve behind the lines. The Prussian infantry attack and Erasmus is killed. Djargo, who has escaped during the barrage, finds Didrich and stabs him in the thigh, but is killed by a stray bullet before he can finish off his sister's rapist. Didrich, terrified and cowering, tries to surrender to a group of Prussian soldiers, but they ignore him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0018-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nThe 8th Brigade attacks, led by Dinesen after its commanding officer refuses to advance without orders from his superiors, and manages to push the Prussians back temporarily. A counterattack, however, destroys the brigade and kills Jespersen, and Peter, trapped behind enemy lines, finally realises that he has to find his brother. Meanwhile, Laust has discovered the wounded and frightened Didrich and begins carrying him to safety. However, he is spotted and shot dead by the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0018-0001", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nPeter, arriving too late but witnessing his brother's death, falls into shock and is captured and confined to a prisoner of war hospital in Austria. Meanwhile, Inge gives birth as the battle rages. Realising his country is defeated, King Christian surrenders, although Monrad, abandoned by Mrs Heiberg, still tries to persuade him to continue fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0019-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nJohan infiltrates the Prussian lines the night after the battle and collects all the papers, letters and photographs from the bodies of his dead comrades. He then travels throughout Denmark handing them to their families. When he reaches Laust and Peter's village he tries to give Laust's last letter to Inge, who has been taken back in by her parents, but her mother Ingrid (Helle Fagralid) refuses to let him see her and later reads and burns the letter without giving it to her. The Baron asks Johan about Didrich, who is in a prisoner of war camp in Hamburg, and Johan bitterly tells him the truth: that his son is a coward and a deserter. As he leaves, the Baron shoots himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0020-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nLater Didrich is released and returns to the village, to find himself the new Baron. He asks Inge to marry him, implying an estate manager's daughter would be a fool to refuse such an offer from a nobleman. Still believing both Laust and Peter to be dead, she accepts, although she becomes hysterical when her child, whom she has named Laust after his father, is taken from her; Didrich has made it clear that he does not want another man's bastard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0021-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nTwo years later, Peter, now sane, fit and healthy once more, is finally released and works his way back across Austria and Prussia to Denmark, encountering en route Prussian troops now marching to fight their former allies, the Austrians. He returns to the village to find Sofia and her baby, whom she has named Peter after him, living with his mother. He goes to see Inge, who, pregnant with her and Didrich's first child, breaks down when she sees him and realises Didrich lied to her. Peter knocks a typically offensive Didrich down and leaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0021-0001", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 1860s\nHe finds little Laust in the orphanage in which he has been abandoned and adopts him as his own son. He falls in love with and marries Sofia, who is now capable of at least limited speech, celebrating with his family and friends, including Einar, who has also survived the war. Monrad and his family make plans to leave for New Zealand. Inge's voiceover tells us that she and Didrich had a number of children, each of whom seemed to calm him a little more, although he was never truly normal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0022-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 2010s\nA parallel and linked story takes place in the modern day. Troubled teenage tearaway Claudia and her drug dealer boyfriend Zlatko are taken on a school trip to the Dybb\u00f8l battlefield, where they are bored and smoke marijuana. Soon afterwards Claudia, whose brother was killed while serving in the army overseas (probably in Afghanistan) and whose parents have retreated into depression, leaves school and is found a temporary job as carer for Baron Severin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0022-0001", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 2010s\nIn his nineties, nearly blind, confined to a wheelchair and probably suffering from dementia, Severin lives alone in his mansion, which it is soon clear is the same mansion formerly owned by Didrich. While looking for things to steal to finance her boyfriend's drug dealing, Claudia finds a handwritten journal, which turns out to be Inge's memoirs, written just before her death in 1939. Inge was Severin's grandmother and he asks Claudia to read it to him. She begins reluctantly, but soon warms to the story and to the old man, and it is this story, read by both Claudia and Inge, that forms the voiceover at various points in the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0023-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Plot summary, 2010s\nLater Claudia discovers that through her mother she is Sofia's great-great-great-great-granddaughter and that she and Severin are therefore distant cousins (presumably her great-great-great-grandfather was little Peter, who was Didrich's son, as was Severin's father). She tries to sell the jewellery she has stolen from Severin, but the jeweller becomes suspicious and calls the police and she flees back to the mansion. Tearfully she admits to Severin what she has done, but he says he knows and forgives her. As she reads the end of the story to him, she realises that he was with Inge at the end and wrote the whole thing down for her. Excitedly she asks him about it, but then realises that the old man has died as she was reading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0024-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Broadcast\n1864 was first broadcast on DR1 on 12 October 2014. It was broadcast in a four-week run on BBC Four in the United Kingdom, starting on 16 May 2015 with 2 episodes shown each week. The series premiered on Swedish commercial broadcaster TV4 and on the Franco-German network Arte in June 2015. It was shown on Irish public service broadcaster RT\u00c92 in July 2015, and in Australia on SBS, commencing on 7 June 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0025-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Reception\nThe series divided reviewers in Denmark; some were enthusiastic, praising the lavish cinematography, while others considered the cost should have been used for other programming, especially more Scandinavian noir. Some Danish critics and historians felt that the series contained historical inaccuracies, particularly in its assertion that excessive nationalism drove Denmark into a war that was bound to end in defeat. The 1864 war had a profound effect on Denmark, setting the country's course for its modern development. As a result, Tom Buk-Swienty, the series' historical consultant, believed that that sort of debate was inevitable. On the other hand, producer Peter Bose commented that \"we were expecting debates but were rather surprised by the continuous bashing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024173-0026-0000", "contents": "1864 (TV series), Reception\nIt received a positive reception from reviewers in the United Kingdom, however. Andrew Collins of The Guardian said that \"1864 really is in television\u2019s top rank\", and that \"the most expensive TV series in Danish history puts every kroner up there on the screen.\" Gerard O'Donovan of the Telegraph said that DR had \"taken a key moment in their nation\u2019s history and made it as compelling as any noir drama.\" Ellen E. Jones of the Independent said that \"the scale of this series is too ambitious to grasp in a single episode, but the more you watch, the deeper you\u2019ll be sucked in.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024174-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 1864 Atlantic hurricane season was the third consecutive Atlantic hurricane season with no hurricane landfall in the United States \u2013 the longest period on record. Of the five known 1864 cyclones, four were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz. In the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated. The first system was initially observed offshore the Southeastern United States on July\u00a016. It peaked as a Category\u00a01 hurricane on the modern day Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale. Moving rapidly northeastward, the storm was last noted well east of Newfoundland on July\u00a018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024174-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe next system was observed in the south-central Gulf of Mexico on July\u00a025. Because the cyclone was not tracked further, only a single-point storm path exists. After tropical cyclogenesis was dormant for over a month, another hurricane was spotted on August\u00a026 to the east of Lesser Antilles. Early on the following day, the hurricane crossed the islands between Dominica and Martinique. After traversing the Caribbean Sea, the storm made landfall in Belize late on August\u00a031, before dissipating the next day. Offshore Belize, several ships encountered the storm. Along the coast, storm surge flooded some areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024174-0001-0001", "contents": "1864 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe fourth tropical storm was observed off the East Coast of the United States between September\u00a05 and September\u00a09. A number of ships sailing in the vicinity of the storm encountered heavy gales. The fifth and final known tropical cyclone was also tracked offshore the East Coast of the United States. Similarly, many vessels experienced rough seas and severe thunderstorms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024174-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One\nThis storm was first observed by the brig Hattie Eaton on July\u00a016, while located a few hundred miles offshore the Carolinas. The Hattie Eaton reported sustained winds of 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h) \u2013 equivalent to a Category\u00a01 hurricane on the modern day Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale. Early on July\u00a018, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm. Several hours later, the storm was last noted by ship Energy, while located about 435\u00a0mi (700\u00a0km) east of Cape Race, Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024174-0003-0000", "contents": "1864 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two\nThis storm is known from a single ship report. On July\u00a025, the bark Daniel bound for New York from Matamoros, Tamaulipas encountered a tropical storm off the Alacran reef, north of the Yucatan Peninsula. The vessel spent several hours in the cyclone and was also struck by lightning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024174-0004-0000", "contents": "1864 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three\nA hurricane was first observed well east of the Lesser Antilles on August\u00a026. The storm moved westward and brought severe weather to Martinique, including hurricane-force winds. Throughout its trek across the Caribbean Sea, the system maintained winds of 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h). Late on August\u00a031, the hurricane made landfall in Belize District of Belize. Off the coast, several ships were damaged or sunk. The brig Antonio, the Hannah, and the bark Berkshire were among the ships that capsized. On land, tides up to 5\u00a0ft (1.5\u00a0m) above normal caused coastal flooding in Belize. This storm has been paleotempestologically traced in sediment near Gales Point. The system steadily weakened over land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024174-0005-0000", "contents": "1864 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Four\nBased on reports from several ships, a tropical storm is known to have existed off the East Coast of the United States between September 5 and September 8. A number of ships approaching New York on September 5 reported an easterly gale. Vessels off Hatteras and Barnegat endured the storm through September 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024174-0006-0000", "contents": "1864 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five\nThe final tropical cyclone of the season was observed by the Santa Martha early on October\u00a022, while located about 355\u00a0mi (570\u00a0km) east-northeast of the Abaco Islands. Based on reports from several ships, it quickly moved northward and intensified into a Category\u00a01 hurricane by midday on October\u00a023. Around that time, the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80\u00a0mph (130\u00a0km/h). The storm moved rapidly east-northeastward and was last noted about 180\u00a0mi (290\u00a0km) south-southwest of Sable Island late on October\u00a024.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024175-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Belgian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Belgium on 11 August 1864, the first full general elections since 1857. The snap elections were called upon the loss of a parliamentary majority for the liberal government of Charles Rogier and a hung parliament, following the death of liberal representative Charles Cumont in July 1864. In the last few parliamentary sessions preceding the elections, all Catholic members quit the Chamber, resulting in it not being quorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024175-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Belgian general election\nAlthough the Catholics received the most votes for seats in the Chamber of Representatives, the result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 64 of the 116 seats. Voter turnout was 76.7%, although only 103,717 people (2.1% of the population) were eligible to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024176-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Boston mayoral election\nThe Boston mayoral election of 1864 saw Frederic W. Lincoln Jr. reelected to a sixth overall term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024177-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Braidwood colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Braidwood on 3 February 1864 because of the death of Merion Moriarty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024178-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Calcutta cyclone\nOn October 5, 1864, most of the areas of Calcutta (present-day Kolkata), India was inundated and destroyed by a tropical cyclone. Dubbed the 1864 Calcutta cyclone, the storm caused over 60,000 fatalities in its wake. The cyclone crossed the coast of West Bengal to the south of Hooghly River, one of the streams that are included in the Ganges River Delta. The majority of the deaths were from drowning and the others from sicknesses prevailing before the storm. The said river overflowed due to a storm surge and as the water rushed inland, everything in its course were washed away. The city, the other surrounding areas, and some harbors had to be rebuilt after the cyclone. There was also fundraising event established, but it failed. The total damages from the said storm were at Rs 99,200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024178-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Calcutta cyclone, Observations\nThe cyclone was first noted on October 2 to the west of Andaman Islands. However, a stormy pattern has been observed in the Andamans, starting on September 27 to 30. Moneka, a ship to the west of the Andamans, experienced \"dark, rainy, squally weather and west-southwestward winds, with a low barometer amount\" on October 1. The ship was heading west-northwest at that time and experienced this conditions until midnight. On the next day, the ship\u2019s course is still the same, the weather is described as cloudy but not raining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024178-0001-0001", "contents": "1864 Calcutta cyclone, Observations\nBy afternoon, the sky looked very black and lowering (possibly referring to the barometer count) and the seas were rising. By midnight that day, the weather conditions are still the same. From observations in Port Blair and the ship Moneka, the vortex of the cyclone formed on the afternoon of October 2. However, by yesterday, despite the weather observations at the capital of Andamans and the ship were stormy, there were no observations of a circulation (present-day tropical disturbance). On all available records, the developing cyclone possibly moved to the northwest then turned north. Another ship, dubbed Conflict' experienced light variable winds from west-northwest and north-northwest, starting from the sunrise of October 2. The sun rose up blood-red and the stars had a sickly appearance. The barometer is still being high on the said ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024178-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 Calcutta cyclone, Observations\nFrom midnight of October 2 to 10 am of the next day, the ship Moneka experienced a fresh breeze to the west while a very black sky is observed to the north. From 10 am onwards, heavy rains started to pour and winds started to impact the ship with short break intervals. The barometric pressure on the ship at that time is 29.61 inHg (1002.71 mbar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024178-0002-0001", "contents": "1864 Calcutta cyclone, Observations\nAnother ship named Wayfarer which was bound for Calcutta had experienced strong breeze and deluge of rains on October 2 and 3. Starting on October 4, heavy rains and gusty winds impacted the shores of Calcutta and the nearby East Bengal. As the time progresses, the rain decreases but the wind remained strong. Three fires were present on Calcutta as the cyclone approaches. The cyclone crossed the coast the East Coast of India to the south of the Hooghly River on October 5. A factory near the coast experienced hurricane-force winds and torrential rainfall, with the said river also rising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024178-0002-0002", "contents": "1864 Calcutta cyclone, Observations\nDacca, 105 miles from the cyclone, observed patterns of strong air which is \"not that strong\", based on observations of residents there. Thunderstorms were seen throughout the area on the night of October 5, being accompanied by strong torrential rains. Some areas in the northeastern Indian state of Assam also seen rains and strong winds. The cyclone moved north-northeast and is believed to be dissipated on October 7, inland, possibly near or on East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024178-0003-0000", "contents": "1864 Calcutta cyclone, Impacts and aftermath\nAt exactly 14:30 UTC (10:00 pm IST) on October 5, as conditions calmed, some employees of the factory near the coast of Calcutta went outside to observe, founding that many trees were uprooted, kutcha houses destroyed and boats sunk. A rainfall amount of 24 inches (609.6\u00a0mm) were observed. The ports of Khejuri and Hijli were reported to be destroyed and many ships were either damaged and/or sank in the Bay of Bengal. Tens of thousands of straw and tiled huts were washed out and destroyed by strong winds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024178-0003-0001", "contents": "1864 Calcutta cyclone, Impacts and aftermath\nThe Hooghly River overflowed, drowning an unknown people and a storm wave (storm surge) were also seen in the area, killing another unknown number of individuals. Dacca, which is nearly 170 kilometers south-southwest of the landfall point, also experienced the brunt of the storm. No major damage were seen, but some boats were destroyed in the waters off the Bay of Bengal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024178-0004-0000", "contents": "1864 Calcutta cyclone, Impacts and aftermath\nThere were already a few sicknesses prevalant in Calcutta before the cyclone, namely cholera, dysentery and smallpox. In Midnapore, the deaths were mainly from these, but the total fatalities were unknown. The Pergunnah Gomai recorded 23 deaths from drowning and another estimated amount of 526 more from sickness. In Teraparah, the authorities there reported 132 victims of drowning and 515 deaths of the illnesses. In Mysaudal, the loss from the storm surge was at 3,740 and the sickness at 4,243. In Cassimnugger, the losses from drowning were at 686, while the sickness at an estimate of 496. No other reports of deaths were recorded, but it is estimated that the cyclone killed over 60,000. Telephone lines were downed and in total, Calcutta was heavily destroyed by this cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024178-0005-0000", "contents": "1864 Calcutta cyclone, Impacts and aftermath\nThe total death toll from the cyclone were estimated at 60,000, mainly due to drowning while the total damages were at Rs 99,200 with the majority coming from dockyard building damages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024178-0006-0000", "contents": "1864 Calcutta cyclone, Impacts and aftermath\nIn the following months after the cyclone, the area, ports, and the whole city were rebuilt. Some residents of Calcutta started a fundraiser, but it failed. The loss is still felt in the minds of those who know how the city was destroyed and swept by this infamous cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024179-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Colombian presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in the United States of Colombia in 1864. The Liberal Party was the only party to nominate candidates, and the result was a victory for Manuel Murillo Toro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024179-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Colombian presidential election, Electoral system\nThe 1863 constitution changed the electoral system from a direct vote to an indirect vote. The President was now elected on the basis of which candidate received the most votes in each state, with a candidate required to win in at least five of the nine states to be elected. If no candidate received a majority, Congress would elect the President from the main contenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024180-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Connecticut gubernatorial election\nThe 1864 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 4, 1864, and the first of two gubernatorial elections in which the Republicans adopted the National Union Party name, as the national party had done during the 1864 presidential election. Incumbent governor and National Union nominee William Alfred Buckingham defeated Democratic nominee Origen S. Seymour with 53.65% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024181-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom\nThe 1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom abrogated the 1852 constitution issued by King Kamehameha III. It dramatically changed the way Hawaii's government worked by increasing the power of the king and changing the way the kingdom's legislature worked. It was Hawaii's constitution from 1864 through 1887, during the reigns of kings Kamehameha V, Lunalilo, and Kal\u0101kaua. It was replaced by the 1887 constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024181-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Background\nKamehameha V ascended the throne in 1863. He was a firm believer that the king should be the person firmly in control of Hawaii's government and was against certain aspects of the 1852 constitution. Kamehameha V (as well as his predecessor, Kamehameha IV) was often irritated by the controls on his power by the constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024181-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Background\nThus, when Kamehameha V ascended the throne, he refused to take an oath to the 1852 constitution. Instead, he called for a constitutional convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024181-0003-0000", "contents": "1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitutional Convention\nFor the convention, delegates were chosen by election. They met at Kawaiaha\u02bbo on July 7, 1864 through August 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024181-0004-0000", "contents": "1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitutional Convention\nThe members of the convention however, were not able to agree on Kamehameha V's constitution. Kamehameha V quickly grew impatient, dissolved the convention and, conferring with his advisors, drafted his own constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024181-0005-0000", "contents": "1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, The Constitutional Convention\nOn August 20, 1864 he simply abrogated the 1852 constitution as the ultimate law of the land. Even though Kamehameha V's actions did not follow the provisions set by the 1852 constitution on amending the constitution, it went without resistance for 23 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024181-0006-0000", "contents": "1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Changes in Hawai\u02bbi's Government\nThe Constitution of 1864 brought several changes to Hawaii's government. Among these changes were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 74], "content_span": [75, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024182-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Costa Rican census\nThe Costa Rica 1864 Census was the first official census elaborated in the country by the Direcci\u00f3n General de Estad\u00edstica y Censos, predecessor of current National Institute of Statistics and Census. The total population was at the moment 120,499.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024183-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Daedalus\n1864 Daedalus, provisional designation 1971 FA, is a stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 March 1971, by Dutch\u2013American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory, California, and named after Daedalus from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024183-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Daedalus, Orbit and classification\nDaedalus is a member of the Apollo asteroids, a group of near-Earth object with an Earth-crossing orbit. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 0.6\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 1 years and 9 months (645 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.61 and an inclination of 22\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It has an Earth Minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of 0.2693\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024183-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 Daedalus, Physical characteristics\nDaedalus is a stony asteroid, characterized as an SQ and Sr spectral type in the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024183-0003-0000", "contents": "1864 Daedalus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, it measures 2.7 and 3.7 kilometers in diameter, respectively, and its surface has an albedo of 0.273. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 3.0 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.98.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024183-0004-0000", "contents": "1864 Daedalus, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Daedalus were obtained by astronomers Tom Gehrels, Petr Pravec and Brian Warner. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 8.572 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.85\u20131.04 magnitude, indicating a non-spheroidal shape (U=3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024183-0005-0000", "contents": "1864 Daedalus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Greek mythological figure Daedalus, the builder of King Minos' labyrinth, who was subsequently imprisoned there with his son Icarus. They escaped on wings of feathers and wax, but whereas Icarus was drowned when the wax in his wings melted, Daedalus went on to Sicily and built there a temple to Apollo. There is also a lunar crater called Daedalus. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 December 1974 (M.P.C. 3758).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024184-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Dalmatian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in the Kingdom of Dalmatia (then a region of the Austrian Empire and now part of Croatia and Montenegro) in 1864. The Autonomists claimed their second in a run of three victories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024185-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Danish Folketing election\nFolketing elections were held in Denmark on 7 June 1864. The National Liberal Party emerged as the largest faction, winning 40 of the 101 seats. Following the elections, Christian Albrecht Bluhme became Prime Minister on 7 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024185-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system\nThe elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 14% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as \"dependents\" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention\nThe 1864 Democratic National Convention was held at The Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention\nThe Convention nominated Major General George B. McClellan from New Jersey for president, and Representative George H. Pendleton of Ohio for vice president. McClellan, age 37 at the time of the convention and Pendleton, age 39, are the youngest major party presidential ticket ever nominated in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention, Background\nThe Democratic Party was bitterly split over the American Civil War between the War Democrats and the Peace Democrats. Also making matters complicated were the factions that existed among the Peace Democrats. For much of the war they had been dominated by the Copperheads, led by Clement Vallandigham. The Copperheads declared the war to be a failure and favored an immediate end to hostilities without securing Union victory, either via re-admitting all the Confederate states with slavery intact and legally protected, or by formally recognizing the Confederacy as a sovereign nation and attempting to re-establish peaceful relationships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0003-0000", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention, Background\nAs the tide of the war began to turn, the Peace Democrats started to splinter between the Copperheads and their more moderate members. After the Battle of Gettysburg, when it was clear the Confederacy could no longer win the war, moderate Peace Democrats such as Horatio Seymour proposed a negotiated peace that would secure Union victory. They believed this was the best course of action because an armistice could finish the war without destroying the South. The Copperheads continued to advocate allowing the Confederate states to rejoin with slavery intact, however, believing that to do otherwise would merely lead to another Civil War sooner or later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0004-0000", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention, Platform\nOn the first day of the convention, a peace platform was adopted. McClellan, the front-runner for the Democratic nomination, was personally opposed to a peace platform. McClellan supported the continuation of the war and restoration of the Union, but the party platform, written by Vallandigham, was opposed to this position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0005-0000", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Declined\nGeneral George B. McClellan had widespread support from the War Democrats, and was generally seen as the front-runner. The Peace Democrats, however, found it much harder to come up with a candidate. Many of them had hoped that Horatio Seymour would act as their standard-bearer, but early in 1864 he broke with the Copperheads and aligned himself with the more moderate Peace Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0005-0001", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Declined\nMany of his allies tried to get him to run anyway, believing that he would be an acceptable compromise candidate who could stop McClellan from being nominated, but on the day before the convention commenced, Seymour announced positively that he would not be a candidate. Nonetheless, a portion of the Illinois delegation placed Seymour's name in nomination during the convention. Seymour, the permanent chairman at the Democratic National Convention, declared that the Illinois delegate was \"not in order\" since a different motion was already under discussion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0006-0000", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Declined\nVallandigham, the ideological leader of the Copperheads, recognized that he was too divisive a figure to earn the required two-thirds majority at the convention (indeed, he would be loudly booed by the War Democrats and even some of the more moderate Peace Democrats when he delivered a speech on the first day), and declined to put his name forward. Instead, the Copperheads eventually put forward former governor Thomas H. Seymour of Connecticut. Other candidates were placed in nomination before eventually being withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0006-0001", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Declined\nSenator Lazarus W. Powell was placed in nomination by the Delaware delegation, but Mr. Powell personally asked that his name be withdrawn since he believed the eventual Democratic presidential candidate \"should come from one of the non-slaveholding States.\" Amid \"great applause\", a portion of the Kentucky delegation placed the name of Former President Franklin Pierce before the convention. But Pierce's name was withdrawn from consideration when a delegate revealed that he had received both written and verbal instructions from the former president stating that he did not wish to be presented as a candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0007-0000", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Declined\nWhen the first ballot was taken, McClellan quickly raced into a commanding lead over Seymour, earning the support of both the War Democrats and the moderate Peace Democrats. The Copperheads, realizing that trying to stop McClellan's nomination would most likely be futile, soon started to throw their votes behind the general, who finished comfortably in excess of the required two-thirds majority at the end of the first ballot. A motion to have McClellan's nomination be declared unanimous was carried.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0008-0000", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined\nEight names were placed in nomination: George H. Pendleton, James Guthrie, Lazarus W. Powell, George W. Cass, John D. Caton, Daniel W. Voorhees, Augustus C. Dodge, and John S. Phelps. Following the first ballot roll call, the names of Guthrie, Powell, Caton, and Phelps were withdrawn from consideration when it was revealed none of them desired the nomination. Before the first ballot could be finalized, 70 delegates who had supported one of the withdrawn candidates shifted their votes to Pendleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0008-0001", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined\nAs a result, Pendleton was supported by a majority of the delegates when the vote for the first ballot was finalized. With the exception of Pendleton, the remaining contenders were favorite son candidates who only had the support of their home states. During the second ballot roll call, each state recorded its vote for Pendleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024186-0009-0000", "contents": "1864 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined\nPendleton, a close associate of Vallandigham, was an anti-war representative from the electoral rich state of Ohio. Since the Democrats were divided by issues of war and peace, Pendleton's well-known and vehement opposition to the Union war effort balanced the ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024187-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 East Macquarie colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Macquarie on 6 October 1864 because of the resignation of William Suttor Sr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024188-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 English cricket season\n1864 was the 78th season of cricket in England (since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC)). It was a significant year in cricket history, as it saw the legalisation of overarm bowling and the first edition of John Wisden\u2019s Cricketers\u2019 Almanac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024188-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 English cricket season, Inter-county cricket\nThe first-class county teams in 1864 were: Cambridgeshire, Hampshire, Kent, Middlesex, Notts, Surrey, Sussex and Yorkshire. The unofficial concept of a \"champion county\" took a new turn when periodicals began publishing tables of inter-county results, although there was still no formal or agreed method of deciding positions in the table. Haygarth usually refers to 'generally agreed' when announcing the Champion County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024189-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Franklin by-election\nThe 1864 Franklin by-election was a by-election held on 13 October 1864 in the Franklin electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024189-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Franklin by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the death of the incumbent MP Marmaduke Nixon on 27 May 1864, killed during the New Zealand Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024189-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 Franklin by-election\nThe by-election was won by Theodore Haultain. As no other candidates were nominated, he was declared duly elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024190-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Grand National\nThe 1864 Grand National was the 26th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 9 March 1864. The winning mare was a full sister to the 1863 winner Emblem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024191-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Honduran presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Honduras on 15 February 1864. The result was a victory for Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Medina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024191-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Honduran presidential election, Background\nIn 1863 Guatemala invaded Honduras and removed President Jos\u00e9 Francisco Montes from office. Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Medina, who had travelled with the Guatemalan army, was proclaimed President on 26 June. On 31 December Medina temporarily gave up the presidency to Francisco Inestroza to allow him to contest forthcoming elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024192-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Illinois gubernatorial election\nThe 1864 Illinois gubernatorial election was the thirteenth election for this office and took place during the American Civil War. Republican governor Richard Yates did not run for re-election, but was instead elected to serve in the United States Senate. Major General Richard J. Oglesby resigned his commission to run as the Republican nominee. Congressman James Carroll Robinson was the Democratic nominee. At this time in Illinois history, the Lieutenant Governor was elected on a separate ballot from the governor. This would remain the case until the adoption of the 1970 constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024193-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Indiana gubernatorial election\nThe 1864 Indiana gubernatorial election was held on October 11, 1864. Incumbent Republican Oliver P. Morton defeated Democratic nominee Joseph E. McDonald with 53.72% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024194-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Kiama colonial by-election\nA by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Kiama on 29 April 1864 because of the resignation of Samuel Gray to attend to his business interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024195-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Leichhardt colonial by-election\nThe Leichhardt colonial by-election, 1864 was a by-election held on 14 April 1864 in the electoral district of Leichhardt for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024195-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Leichhardt colonial by-election, History\nOn 8 February 1864, Charles Royds, the member for Leichhardt, resigned. His brother Edmund Royds won the resulting by-election on 14 April 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024196-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Liverpool Town Council election\nElections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1864. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024196-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result\nBecause of the large number of uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024196-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections\nThe death of Councillor James Crellin was reported to the Council meeting on 14 December 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024197-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Louisiana gubernatorial election (Union)\nThe 1864 Louisiana gubernatorial (Union) election was the first election to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1864. As a result of this election Michael Hahn became Governor of Union-controlled Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024198-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Maranoa colonial by-election\nThe Maranoa colonial by-election, 1864 was a by-election held on 27 September 1864 in the electoral district of Maranoa for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024198-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Maranoa colonial by-election, History\nOn 28 July 1864, William Kennedy, the member for Maranoa, was unseated by the Elections and Qualifications Committee. William Miles won the resulting by-election on 27 September 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024199-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Maryland gubernatorial election\nThe 1864 Maryland gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1864. Incumbent Union Party Governor Augustus Bradford did not run for re-election. Union Party candidate Thomas Swann defeated Democratic candidate Ezekiel F. Chambers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024199-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Maryland gubernatorial election\nThe Union Party was a faction of the Maryland Democratic Party which supported the Lincoln administration. The party supported the re-election of Abraham Lincoln under the banner of the National Union Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024199-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 Maryland gubernatorial election\nSwann took his oath of office on January 11, 1865, but by a provision of the 1864 State Constitution, he did not actually become Governor until January 10, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024200-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nThe 1864 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024200-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Massachusetts gubernatorial election\nGovernor John Albion Andrew was re-elected to a fifth term in office over Democrat Henry W. Paine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024201-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 85th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1864 during the governorship of John Albion Andrew. Jonathan E. Field served as president of the Senate and Alexander Hamilton Bullock served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024202-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Melbourne Cup\nThe 1864 Melbourne Cup was a two-mile handicap horse race which took place on Thursday, 3 November 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024202-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Melbourne Cup\nThis year was the fourth running of the Melbourne Cup. Lantern carried just 6st 3lb (39.5 kg) to defeat Poet and Rose of Denmark who finished third for the second straight year. The race was run in heavy going and Lantern's time of 3 minutes and 52 second equaled the 1861 Melbourne Cup for the slowest winning time. Lantern then became the first horse to win the Cup and the VRC Derby in the same year though unlike today the Derby was run after the Cup. The Derby was run a day after the Cup and after winning there he returned to win over a mile the next day to win three races in three straight days. Sadly, Lantern had to be put down after he broke down in the Ballarat Cup days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024202-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 Melbourne Cup\nThis is the list of placegetters for the 1864 Melbourne Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024203-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Michigan gubernatorial election\nThe 1864 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1864. Republican nominee Henry H. Crapo defeated Democratic nominee William M. Fenton with 55.15% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024204-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 1864 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1864 and resulted in a victory for the Union Republican nominee, Thomas Clement Fletcher, over Democratic nominee former Congressman (and former Lt. Gov.) Thomas Lawson Price.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention\nThe 1864 National Union National Convention was the United States presidential nominating convention of the National Union Party, which was a name adopted by the main faction of the Republican Party in a coalition with some War Democrats after some-Republicans nominated John C. Fr\u00e9mont over Lincoln. During the Convention, the party officially called for the end of the ongoing Civil War, the eradication of slavery and the adoption of the Emancipation Proclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Background\nThe party name was created in May 1864, during the Civil War, ahead of the 1864 presidential election, in which President Abraham Lincoln, then a Republican, was running for reelection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Background\nThe Radical Republicans, a hard-line faction within Lincoln's own party, held the belief that Lincoln was incompetent and therefore could not be re-elected and had already formed a party called the Radical Democracy Party, for which a few hundred delegates had convened in Cleveland, Ohio, on May 31, 1864. They eventually nominated John C. Fr\u00e9mont, who had been the Republicans' first presidential nominee during the 1856 election. It was hoped that this act would cause someone other than Lincoln to gain the Republican nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0003-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Background\nRepublicans loyal to Lincoln created a new name for their party at the convention in Baltimore, Maryland, during the first week in June 1864, in order to accommodate the War Democrats who supported the war and wished to separate themselves from the Copperheads. The convention dropped then-Vice President Hannibal Hamlin, a Radical Republican from the ticket, and chose War Democrat Andrew Johnson as Lincoln's running mate. The National Unionists hoped that the new party and the Lincoln\u2013Johnson ticket would stress the national character of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0004-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\nThe party supported a Platform of 11 resolutions. Several resolutions were notable as they specified that the cause of the Civil War was slavery, called for slavery's eradication from the union, called for the complete destruction of the Confederacy, opened military enlistment to freed slaves, adopted the Emancipation Proclamation, and supported an increase in foreign immigration and asylum as just policy. Dennis Francis Murphy, member of the Official Corps of Reporters for the U.S. Senate, transcribed the unveiling of, and response to, the resolutions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0005-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\n1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 58]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0005-0001", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\nResolved, That it is the highest duty of every American citizen to maintain against all their enemies the integrity of the Union and the paramount authority of the Constitution and laws of the United States; and that, laying aside all differences of political opinion, we pledge ourselves, as Union men, animated by a common sentiment and aiming at a common object, to do everything in our power to aid the Government in quelling by force of arms the Rebellion now raging against its authority, and in bringing to the punishment due to their crimes the Rebels and traitors arrayed against it. [ Prolonged applause.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0006-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\n2. Resolved, That we approve the determination of the Government of the United States not to compromise with Rebels, or to offer them any terms of peace, except such as may be based upon an unconditional surrender of their  hostility and a return to their just allegiance to the Constitution and laws of the United States, and that we call upon the Government to maintain this position, and to prosecute the war with the utmost possible vigor to the complete suppression of the Rebellion, in full reliance upon the self-sacrificing patriotism, the heroic valor and the undying devotion of the American people to their country and its free institutions. [ Applause.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0007-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\n3. Resolved, That as Slavery was the cause, and now constitutes the strength, of this Rebellion, and as it must be, always and everywhere, hostile to the principles of Republican Government, justice and the National safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the soil of the Republic [applause]\u00a0: \u2014 and that, while we uphold and maintain the acts and proclamations by which the Government, in its own defence, has aimed a death-blow at this gigantic evil, we are in favor, furthermore, of such an amendment to the Constitution, to be made by the people in conformity with its provisions, as shall terminate and forever prohibit the existence of Slavery within the limits or the jurisdiction of the United States. [ Tremendous applause, the delegates rising and waving their hats.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0008-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\n4. Resolved, That the thanks of the American people are due to the soldiers and sailors of the Army and Navy [applause], who have periled their lives in defence of their country and in vindication of the honor of its flag; that the nation owes to them some permanent recognition of their patriotism and their valor, and ample and permanent provision for those of their survivors who have received disabling and honorable wounds in the service of the country; and that the memories of those who have fallen in its defence shall be held in grateful and everlasting remembrance. [ Loud applause and cheers.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0009-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\n5. Resolved, That we approve and applaud the practical wisdom, the unselfish patriotism and the unswerving fidelity to the Constitution and the principles of American liberty, with which Abraham Lincoln has discharged,  under circumstances of unparalleled difficulty, the great duties and responsibilities of the Presidential office; that we approve and endorse, as demanded by the emergency and essential to the preservation of the nation and as within the provisions of the Constitution, the measures and acts which he has adopted to defend the nation against its open and secret foes: that we approve, especially, the Proclamation of Emancipation, and the employment as Union soldiers of men heretofore held in slavery [applause]\u00a0; and that we have full confidence in his determination to carry these and all other Constitutional measures, essential to the salvation of the country into full and complete effect. [ Vociferous applause.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 995]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0010-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\n6. Resolved, That we deem it essential to the general welfare that harmony should prevail in the National Councils, and we regard as worthy of public confidence and official trust those only who cordially endorse the principles proclaimed in these resolutions, and which should characterize the administration of the Government. [ Applause.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0011-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\n7. Resolved, That the Government owes to all men employed in its armies, without regard to distinction of color, the full protection of the laws of war \u2014 [applause] \u2014 and that any violation of these laws, or of the usages of civilized nations in time of war, by the Rebels now in arms, should be made the subject of prompt and full redress. [ Prolonged applause.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0012-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\n8. Resolved, That foreign immigration, which in the past has added so much to the wealth, development of resources and increase of power to this nation, the asylum of the oppressed of all nations, should be fostered and encouraged by a liberal and just policy. [ Applause.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0013-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\n9. Resolved. That we are in favor of the speedy construction of the Railroad to the Pacific coast. [ Applause.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0014-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\n10. Resolved, That the National faith, pledged for the redemption of the public debt, must be kept inviolate, and that for this purpose we recommend economy and rigid responsibility in the public expenditures, and a vigorous  and just system of taxation; and that it is the duty of every loyal State to sustain the credit and promote the use of the National currency. [ Applause.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0015-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Party platform\n11. Resolved, That we approve the position taken by the Government that the people of the United States can never regard with indifference the attempt of any European Power to overthrow by force or to supplant by fraud the institutions of any Republican Government on the Western Continent \u2014 [prolonged applause] \u2014 and that they mil view with extreme jealousy, as menacing to the peace and independence of their own country, the efforts of any such power to obtain new footholds for Monarchial Governments, sustained by foreign military force, in near proximity to the United States. [ Long-continued applause.]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0016-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Presidential vote\nOn the first ballot, Missouri delegates cast their 22 votes for General Ulysses S. Grant. The Missourians quickly changed their votes to make Lincoln's renomination unanimous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0017-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, The vice presidential vote\nAndrew Johnson, the Military Governor of Tennessee, was named as Lincoln's running-mate. Others who were considered for the position, at one point or another, were former Senator Daniel Dickinson, Major General Benjamin Butler, Major General William Rosecrans, Joseph Holt, and former Treasury Secretary and Senator John Dix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0018-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Lincoln's acceptance\nIn keeping with the tradition of the time, Lincoln did not attend the convention. On hearing the news of his re-nomination, he wrote on June 9, 1864:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0019-0000", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Lincoln's acceptance\nI am very grateful for the renewed confidence which has been accorded to me, both by the convention and by the National [Union] League. I am not insensible at all to the personal compliment there is in this; yet I do not allow myself to believe that any but a small portion of it is to be appropriated as a personal compliment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024205-0019-0001", "contents": "1864 National Union National Convention, Lincoln's acceptance\nThe convention and the nation, I am assured, are alike animated by a higher view of the interests of the country for the present and the great future, and that part I am entitled to appropriate as a compliment is only that part which I may lay hold of as being the opinion of the convention and of the League, that I am not entirely unworthy to be instructed with the place I have occupied for the last three years. I have not permitted myself, gentlemen, to conclude that I am the best man in the country; but I am reminded, in this connection, of a story of an old Dutch farmer, who remarked to a companion once that \"it was not best to swap horses when crossing streams.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024206-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 New York state election\nThe 1864 New York state election was held on November 8, 1864, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024206-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 New York state election, History\nThe Union state convention - Republicans and War Democrats which supported the Union and Abraham Lincoln's policy during the American Civil War - met on September 7 at Syracuse, New York. A. H. Bailey was Temporary Chairman until the choice of DeWitt C. Littlejohn as Permanent Chairman. Reuben E. Fenton was nominated for governor after an informal vote (Fenton 237 \u00bd, Lyman Tremain 69, John Adams Dix 35 \u00bd).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024206-0001-0001", "contents": "1864 New York state election, History\nThomas G. Alvord was nominated for lieutenant governor after an informal vote (Alvord 246, Waldo Hutchins 96 \u00bd, Richard M. Blatchford 19, William H. Robertson 13, James A. Bell 12, Demas Strong 10). The incumbent Canal Commissioner Franklin A. Alberger was re-nominated without formalities. Ex-Prison Inspector David P. Forrest (in office 1860-1862) was nominated again after a large majority was felt halfway through an informal vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024206-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 New York state election, History\nThe Democratic (\"Copperheads\") state convention met on September 14 and 15 at Albany, New York. Daniel Pratt was chosen Permanent Chairman. Gov. Horatio Seymour and Lt. Gov. David R. Floyd-Jones were re-nominated by acclamation. Jarvis Lord for Canal Commissioner, and David B. McNeil for Prison Inspector, also were nominated by acclamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024206-0003-0000", "contents": "1864 New York state election, Result\nThe whole Union ticket was elected in a tight race with less than 8,000 votes majority out of about 730,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024206-0004-0000", "contents": "1864 New York state election, Result\nThe incumbents Seymour and Floyd-Jones were defeated. The incumbent Alberger was re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024206-0005-0000", "contents": "1864 New York state election, Result\n76 Unionists and 52 Democrats were elected for the session of 1865 to the New York State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024207-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Open Championship\nThe 1864 Open Championship was the fifth Open Championship and was held on 16 September at Prestwick Golf Club. Tom Morris, Sr. won the championship for the third time, by two shots from Andrew Strath. There were sixteen competitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024207-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Open Championship\nMorris had the first round lead with a score of 54. Willie Park, Sr. was a stroke behind with Willie Dow and Strath a further stroke behind. Morris kept his lead after the second round with a 58 for a total of 112 with Strath in second place on 113. Park got into the \"Alps\" bunker and took 10, finishing with a round of 67 and dropped out of contention. Morris had a final round of 55 for a total of 167 while Strath's 56 left him two shots behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024207-0002-0000", "contents": "1864 Open Championship\nIn practice before the event Tom Morris, Sr. had accomplished the unprecedented feat of scoring 49 for a round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024207-0003-0000", "contents": "1864 Open Championship, Final leaderboard\nThe scores of the other competitors are not known. Other sources do not mention the fourth prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024208-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Portuguese legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 11 September 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024209-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Romanian general election\nGeneral elections were held in the United Principalities on 24 and 25, November 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024210-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 Romanian plebiscite\nA constitutional referendum was held in United Principalities on 4 June [O.S. 23 May]\u20137 June\u00a0[O.S. 26 May]\u00a01864. The proposals were approved by 99.81% of voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024210-0001-0000", "contents": "1864 Romanian plebiscite, Background\nThe Paris Convention (19 August\u00a0[O.S. 7 August]\u00a01858) remained the governing document following the election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Domnitor over the United Principalities (1859). After the referendum, the Paris Convention was replaced by Cuza's own organic law, entitled \"Statute expanding the Paris Convention\" (Statutul dezvolt\u0103tor al Conven\u021biei de la Paris). The Senate of Romania was created following the referendum, called Corpul Ponderator (Ponderative Body).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00024211-0000-0000", "contents": "1864 State of the Union Address\nThe 1864 State of the Union Address was given by Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. It was presented to the United States Congress on Tuesday, December 6, 1864. It was given right before the end of the American Civil War. He said: \"The war continues. Since the last annual message all the important lines and positions then occupied by our forces have been maintained and our arms have steadily advanced, thus liberating the regions left in rear, so that Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and parts of other States have again produced reasonably fair crops. The most remarkable feature in the military operations of the year is General Sherman's attempted march of 300 miles directly through the insurgent region.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 766]}}